UNIT 4 ­ SPACE  Chapter 30—​STARS  30.3­STELLAR EVOLUTION   BASIC STRUCTURE 

• •

Name:_____________________________ 

determines the star’s temperature, luminosity and size  Larger stars have more mass, producing 

temperatures in their core (due to 

gravity’s pressure).  Therefore, fusion reactions are faster, causing bigger stars to live 



All stars are made of what elements? 



73%



What force BALANCES the force of GRAVITY pulling in on the star?

, 25%

, 2% 

     _

        ​lives! 

 

 



In stars of all sizes/life stages, something must exist to RESIST the force of 

 

 

pushing in.  LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR 



All stars begin as 



As the interstellar cloud collapses with gravity, it forms a 

  and then becomes 

a   (hot, condensed object) 



When 



Once fusion begins in the core, a star continues to burn, converting the 

finally begins, the star becomes stable. 

into   until the core has used up all its Hydrogen  ➢ During this time, the star is a “ •

The 

” Star 

of the star shrinks once the Hydrogen is gone, while the surface 

 and then  •

 

The star grows into a “

core becomes so hot that it fuses into 

.  ,” when 

 in the shrinking 

 

DEATH OF STAR 



The next few phases of the life cycle depend on the star’s 

POSSIBILITIES!): 

(3 



1.) A smaller star (​up to   

 the size of the Sun​) will become a 

       _  

 

once all the helium becomes carbon. 



The outer layers expand and are gradually lost.  The shell of gas that remains is called a  





  In the core, 

”​ (nothing to do with planets!).  repel each other to maintain the star as gravity pulls 

inward.  



Eventually, the 

 dwarf cools into a 

 dwarf (which is 

considered a dead star).  •

2.) In larger stars (​massive stars, 

the sun’s size​), Red Giants develop into 

­giants and eventually the  finally, the force of ​     _

 core violently collapses in on itself as 

 overcomes the 

 pressure that has 

been resisting it.  •

This results in a massive explosion, or 

, which produces all the 

elements    than iron, such as copper, uranium, silver and lead.  ➢ Protons and electrons merge together to form 

during this collapse. 

➢ Neutrons resist collapse and the core becomes a dense 

 

, which is 

the end of the cycle for these "larger" stars. 



3.) When a very high­mass star (

greater than sun’s mass​) collapses, the neutrons in the 

core cannot support the collapse, and the core continues to collapse with gravity 



This produces an EXTREMELY high­gravity feature called a 

.   



  REVIEW: 



All stars pass through a stage called a 

 

 when they run out of 

hydrogen in the core and start fusing helium into carbon.  •

When a small star finishes fusing its helium into carbon, it becomes a 

 

.  •

What force balances the gravity pulling in on a white dwarf? . 



In the white dwarf phase, outer layers of gases are blown away.  This shell of gas is called a 

 





In a big star (Supergiant), when all that’s left in the core is IRON, the electrons cannot support the 

force of gravity pulling in during the white dwarf phase.  The collapse and subsequent massive explosion  are called a ________________________________. 



As outer layers of gas collide with the core, electrons and protons fuse to become neutrons, and a 

form of dense degenerate matter arises.  These stars are called________________   ________________. 



The Neutron Star (or Pulsar) is the end of the cycle unless a star is so massive that nothing (not even 

neutrons) can support the collapse of the core.  And then we have a: ______________   ______________.  ➢ What’s Left After the Supernova  ____________________   ____________________ (If mass of core 8­20’x Solar)  Under collapse, protons and electrons combine to form neutrons (10 Km across)  ____________________   ____________________ (If mass of core > 20 x Solar)  Not even compacted neutrons can support weight of very massive stars. 

03.09 Stellar evolution lecture notes 30.3.pdf

The Neutron Star (or Pulsar) is the end of the cycle unless a star is so massive that nothing (not even. neutrons) can support the collapse of the core. And then we have a: ...

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