CROSS-BORDER MIGRATION IN SOUTH ASIA Key trends
Dr. Meera Sethi Special envoy to IOM India Orientation Day: “Images of Migrants: Media and its Role in Shaping Public Perception” 5 October 2016
Key Migration Terms
Source: created with tagxedo.com, own adaptation
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Migration in South Asia: Overview South Asia contributes one fifth to the global population South Asians comprised 15 % of the international stock of migrants in 2015 Increase in remittances, from USD 16.3 billion (2000) to 82.2 billion (2010) Emerging challenges: climate change, student mobility, migrants’ health, labour mobility photos: IOM
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Migration context in South Asia
India 16 000 000
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
5 100 000
7 800 000
Nepal Pakistan 2 700 000 6 300 000
Sri Lanka 1 700 000
Approx. 36 million South Asians are outside their birth region Source: Asia-Pacific Migration Report 2015 and UN data base
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Overview: cross-border movement of people Net Migration (thousands)
International Migrant Stock
Refugees (thousands)
(thousands) by Country of Origin
by Country of Asylum
2012
2010
2014
2014
AFGHANISTAN
473
102
2,596.30
280.3
BANGLADESH
-2,226
1,346
10.9
32.5
BHUTAN
10
48
23.6
..
INDIA
-2,598
5,436
10.4
199.9
MALDIVES
0
74
0
..
NEPAL
-372
579
8.6
38.5
PAKISTAN
-1,082
3,942
336
1,505.50
SRI LANKA
-485
39
122
0.5
Source: UN DESA, Population Division: World Population Prospects. The 2015 Revision.
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Inward migration to India in 2015
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Source: UN DESA, Population Division: World Population Prospects. The 2015 Revision. Map: IOM: Global Migration Flows, visit: www.iom.int/world-migration
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Outward migration from India in 2015
Source: UN DESA, Population Division: World Population Prospects. The 2015 Revision. Map: IOM: Global Migration Flows, visit: www.iom.int/world-migration
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Conceptual framework for drivers of migration (general)
Source: Foresight 2011
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Drivers of Migration in South Asia
Political drivers Demographic drivers
Economic drivers
Social drivers
(Crossborder) migration in South Asia
Environmental drivers
Dominance of labour migration in South Asia Labour migrants co-mingle with other migrants
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Why migration in South Asia matters: Remittances I
Source: Development Indicators Group, Worldbank
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Why migration in South Asia matters: Remittances II Perceived importance of remittance utilization for different household expenses (China, India, Nepal and Pakistan)
Source: Banerjee et al. 2011
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Why migration in South Asia matters: Complexity
Irregular migration
Complexity of migration flows in South Asia
Smuggling of migrants
Refugees and asylumseekers
Mixed flows
Trafficking in persons
Statelessness
Source: Asia-Pacific Migration Report 2015 and UN data base, own adaptation
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Why migration in South Asia matters: Climate Change
Photo: IOM
Migration in the context of climate change is a defining phenomenon of our time, a mega-trend of this century that can only be managed with decisive and bold interventions – the time to act is now. IOM Director General William Lacy Swing
South Asia as the world’s most climatically vulnerable region High urban growth rate, growing number of people at risk Rapid and unplanned urbanization as consequence IOM’s position: migration as adaptation strategy promoting livelihood diversification through facilitated migration 13
Why migration in South Asia matters: SDGs
4.b SCHOLARSHIPS (STUDENT MOBILITY)
Other entry points
Specific references
Migration in the goal and target framework
Source: IOM
5.2 TRAFFICKING (FOCUS ON WOMEN AND GIRLS)
1.5 RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE EVENTS AND SOCIO ECONOMIC SHOCKS
8.7 TRAFFICKING 8.8 MIGRANT WORKER RIGHTS (ESP. WOMEN MIGRANTS)
3.8 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE
10.7 WELL-MANAGED MIGRATION POLICIES 10.c REMITTANCES
11.B CITIES IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED POLICIES
16.2 TRAFFICKING
17.16 GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP 17.17 PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND CS PARTNERSHIPS 17.18 DATA DISAGGREGATION (INCLUDING BY MIGRATORY STATUS)
13.1-3 RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE HAZARDS AND NATURAL DISASTERS
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Why migration in South Asia matters: Prospects
Women Labour Migration
Climate Change and Migration
Migration and Health
Student Mobility
Complex Crisis
Photo: Sean Gallup/ Getty Images
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Focus I: Migration Crisis in Bay of Bengal
Source: IOM, compiled by Migration Research Division and Media Communications Division
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Focus II: Migration from Nepal to India __________
Annual remittance transfers All migrants from Nepal
Nepal-India Migration Corridor Study __________
Migrants to India
10%
90%
Major findings Mr Surya Man Gurung, Minster for Labour and Employment, at the National Conference on Migration in Nepal in September 2016
1. 2. 3.
No stereotyping possible Not only poor Nepali migrate to India Few differences between seasonal and long-term migrants to India 17
Focus III: Refugees from Afghanistan Forcibly displaced persons in 2015
Return of over 5.8 million refugees since 2002 Afghan refugees as the 2nd largest refugee population in the world World’s untold migration crisis: every day, up to 1.000 people return back to Afghanistan
Source: UNHCR, 2016
www.features.iom.int/stories/broken-on-the-border/
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Our topic today: migration and media
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i am a migrant – i am a refugee
www.refugeesmigrants.org 20
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