10 Quick Facts ‐ Global Health Grand Rounds Wednesday, December 9, 2009; GR: Uris Auditorium, 5‐6pm CR: A‐250; 6:15‐7:15 pm Med.cornell.edu/globalhealth
Relief, Recovery, and Rehabilitation: Lessons Learned in International Health Response Post‐ Disaster and Conflict Lisa Hilmi , RN, MPH Country Director, Americares Foundation inc in Sri Lanka Former Monitoring and Evaluation Office, WHO Former Rwanda Refugee Health Project Manager, CARE Tanzania
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Overview: On 26 December 2004, a massive earthquake generated a series of tsunamis that affected 14 countries around the Indian Ocean. Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, India, and Thailand were hit the hardest. Over 227,000 people lost their lives, and some 1.7 million persons were displaced. In Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the Tsunami occurred during civil conflict, so access to some areas was limited for security reasons. (de Ville)
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Political conflict in Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka has been at the nexus of multiple influences‐ Sinhalese, Portuguese, Dutch, British, and Indian. Emergence from colonialism led to political developments that has produced a potent brew of suspicion, conflict, ethic nationalism, and war among the country’s Sinhalese, Tamil, and Muslim populations. From the time of independence in 1948 and the disenfranchisement of the tea plantation Tamils, seed of unrest were sown. During the 1950s, the government made Sinhala the national language, which led to increasing unhappiness and, in 1958, rioting between the Tamil minority and the Sinhalese majority. Periodic conflict between Tamil Muslims and Tamils who were both Christian and Hindu, as well as between Tamils and Sinhalese, along with language disputes, continues to influence the course of politics over the subsequent fifty years. (Human rights and vulnerable populations)
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Human rights in Sri Lanka: It is critical to consider the history of Sri Lanka in assessing how a natural disaster such as a tsunami can increase the danger of human rights violations, Ethnic rivalries and violence, the war between the LTTE and the government of Sri Lanka, a long history of government repression and human rights abuses such as torture, murder, and unlawful detentions against civilians of all ethnic groups, the totalitarian methods of the LTTE, the abduction of children by the LTTE to serve as child soldiers, all lead to vulnerabilities that can intensify in the face of catastrophic disaster. Further, the centralization of power in Colombo despite government efforts at devolution, combined with allegations of election fraud, have eroded any trust in the state. (Human rights and vulnerable populations)
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Funding availability: The economic costs of the damages and the consequent losses [from the tsunami] were estimated at (US) $9.9 billion across the affected region, with Indonesia accounting for almost half of the total cost…A massive media‐fueled global response that followed the tsunami produced an estimated (US) $13.5 billion in international aid, far exceeding the total cost of damages and losses… In spite of this overwhelming budget, the external responses were plagued by serious shortcomings, suggesting that the availability of financial resources and technology is not, in itself, a guarantee of effectiveness. (de Ville)
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Decisions not being made based on needs assessments: Foreign donors interviewed by TEC evaluators admitted that decisions were made on political grounds rather than based on needs and priorities. The coverage by the mass media had a considerable greater influence on the decision‐making of donors and agencies than did the results of any survey or report. It is not surprising that the local population felt that the needs, as they perceived them, were overshadowed by the priorities and interests of the assisting organizations…Accountability of many NGOs and some UN agencies was to their donors rather than to the beneficiaries and local authorities. (de Ville)
6. Differences in humanitarian response: In Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the NGOs, provided with considerable direct funding, had little incentive to abide with coordination from the government or the UN. Some of those
NGOs were poorly qualified or ventured into technical areas for which they had no particular expertise. National authorities, particularly the health ministries were unfamiliar with the assets and capabilities of each partner and therefore, failed to exercise knowledgeable discrimination. As a result, inexperienced but well‐ funded agencies embarked on ill‐conceived projects, such as the supply of boats (some of them unsafe for costal fishing), leading to an excessive number of boats of questionable quality in Sri Lanka. (de Ville)
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Overstated risk of post‐tsunami epidemics: The Tsunami offered a remarkable confirmation that the occurrence of massive secondary epidemics after sudden‐onset natural disasters is a myth… The press declaration that “more people will die from outbreaks than from the Tsunami itself,” was issued in spite of the contrary opinion of local and international epidemiologists and experts. Stimulating fear of epidemics may raise international support for public health programs, but only damages credibility when blatantly unsubstantiated. This declaration also led to the waste of scarce operational resources through unnecessary and logistically complex cholera immunization campaigns. (da Ville)
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Camp life: In a situation where NGOs provide some services and the government provides cash, food
coupons, and other services, internally displaced persons (IDPs) complain that it is sometimes unclear who has responsibility for camp maintenance, e.g., sanitation or protection against flooding. Many complain that there is insufficient food or money to purchase food. In some situations, people are cooking with wood stoves inside their houses, which will contribute to acute respiratory diseases. Infrastructure is still a significant problem. Wells remain contaminated by salt water; there is a lack of water delivery to holding tanks; and temporary housing is pooly sited in flood zones. In one camp, there was no water for drinking or sanitation and no government or NGO representatives had visited the camp. Even where the government has developed mechanisms for providing cash and other goods, IDPs (and the village headmen) are uninformed and complain that they have no idea from day to day what will happen next. (Human rights and vulnerable populations) 9.
Mass disasters are a major challenge for child mental health care providers: The North‐Eastern part of Sri Lanka had already been affected by civil war when the 2004 Tsunami wave hit the region, leading to high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. (Catani)
10. Voices from the field‐ lost opportunity at reconciliation: Sarvodaya is a Sri Lankan NGO. One year after the tsunami, members reflected that “we very much regret that Sri Lanka failed to use the catastrophe as an opportunity to bring about inter‐ethnic reconciliation. All ethnic groups in Sri Lanka were impacted by the tragedy and it is a great sadness and disappointment to us that, amongst such terrible human suffering, peace building has deteriorated rather than improved.” (Sarvodaya).
References and Recommended Reading 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
deVille, Claude et al. Health Lessons Learned from the Recent Earthquakes and Tsunami in Asia. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 22.1 (2007) 15‐ 21. After the Tsunami: Human Rights of Vulnerable Populations. (2005). Post‐tsunami lessons learned and best practices workshop: report and working group output. (2005). WHO’s Work‐ 2000 – 2005. Kennedy, Jim et al. Post‐tsunami transitional settlement and shelter: field experience from Aceh and Sri Lanka. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine. Sarvodaya (a local non‐governmental’s perspective) Lessons Learned Maxwell, Daniel et al. Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian Assistance. Humanitarian issues and Development Cantani, Claudia et al. Treating children traumatized by war and Tsunami: A comparison between exposure therapy and meditation‐relaxation in North‐East Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry. 9: 22. (2009).
The Global Health Grand Rounds is sponsored by: The Medical Student Executive Committee (MSEC), the Global Emergency Medicine Program at New York‐Presbyterian Emergency Medicine Residency, The Office of Global Health Education, and the Center for Global Health.