100 Years of Commercial Aviation KOSTAS IATROU

PU BLISHED BY:

IN PA RT NER SHIP WIT H:

SPONSORED BY:

Dedicated to my wife Evgenia and my sons George and Yianni

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Copyright © 2014: Kostas Iatrou ISBN: 978-618-81502-0-1 First Edition: December 2014 Published by: Hermes Air Transport Club Graphic Design - Layout: Sophia Darviris Printing: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Material (either in whole or in part) from this publication may not be published, photocopied, rewritten, transferred through any electronical or other means, without prior permission by the publisher.

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100 Years of Commercial Aviation

preface

T

his year we celebrate 100 years of commercial aviation, and at the same time 70 years since the signing of the Chicago Convention. The dream of flying goes back to the ancient world, from the mythological flights of Icarus and Daedalus, even though the first heavier-than-air flight did not occur until 1903.

Over the last 111 years, and especially since the dawn of commercial aviation in 1914, humankind has managed to make huge steps in aviation. From what was originally an expensive, for-adventurers pursuit, flying has now become accessible to an ordinary person. Without aviation, the world would be a completely different place. The air transport industry has become a key component in the globalization of the world, with airlines regularly traveling across national borders transporting people and cargo. This book provides a timeline of key moments in commercial air transport history. I have made my best effort to include as many key moments in aviation history as possible, and to provide the most accurate dates for the events that influenced the evolution of the air transport industry. The book gives an understanding of the path air transport has followed to become a major contributor to modern society by bringing together people from around the world, allowing for the exploration of the wonders of our planet, and by playing an important humanitarian role, for example through opportunities for family reunification. The air transport industry remains a fascinating sector. Its future will undoubtedly will bring new adventures – flights in orbit – and wondrous new technologies – flying with solar energy. I would like to thank first and foremost my family, Aikaterini, Evgenia, George, Yianni, Toula and Giannis for their support over the five months I have spent researching and writing this volume. I also appreciate the support of the Hermes Air Transport Club founding members for accepting my invitation to launch Hermes. In addition, I would like to thank Raymond Benjamin, Angela Gittens, Jeff Poole, Tony Tyler and their organizations for partnering with Hermes on this book, SITA for its sponsorship, and the Board of Hermes for its advice and consent. Without the support of Anthony Philbin, Ryan White, Martine Ohayon, Quentin Browell and Tony Concil, who provided me with valuable information and comments, writing this book would have been impossible. Finally, I appreciate the efforts of Professor Martin Dresner, President, ATRS and Hermes Board Member, for his excellent job editing the contents of the book.

Dr Kostas Iatrou Administrator of Hermes Air Transport Club 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION • 1914-2013 / 3

Foreword

I

t behoves the critical importance of International Civil Aviation that while World War ll was still underway in Europe and Asia 52 States met, formulated and on 7 December 1944 signed the Convention on International Civil Aviation better known as the Chicago Convention. As we celebrate the 100 years of commercial aviation and the 70 years of the International Civil Aviation Organization let us remember that a country’s or region’s competitiveness is directly related to its connectivity. Globally Travel & Tourism represents US$7 trillion, 266 million jobs and US$1.3 trillion in exports. 35% of international trade by value is transported by air.

The multiplier effect of air transport is amazing as ICAO estimated that every US$ 100 of revenue produced by air transport triggers an additional US$ 325 and that every 100 jobs generated by air transport triggers over 600 additional jobs in other industries. A more dramatic case for aviation was made in 2010 when Iceland’s volcanic ash led to the closure of 300 European airports for 5 days, over 100,000 cancelled flights, more than 10 million stranded passengers and $5 billion in lost GDP worldwide. However, even if air transport is the strongest link in the job creation and economic development chain it remains the weakest and most exposed link in the travel and tourism value chain. We simply cannot promote connectivity if we ignore profitability and we cannot promote profitability if we ignore all that undermine it. In these exceptionally difficult financial times Governments should not clip the wings of a sector that makes economies take off. Inefficient national and regional air space management, misguided national or regional regulation of the commercial and operational aspects of international civil aviation and unreasonable taxes, fees and charges undermine both connectivity and profitability. It is therefore simply senseless and counter-productive for anyone trying to stimulate socio-economic growth and jobs to fail to effectively promote connectivity. Travel and Tourism will only flow smoothly in a country and in a region only if and when all the stakeholders develop the necessary synergy and work in harmony in the pursuit of a shared vision. To achieve this alignment requires a worldwide culture of communication and cooperation because as States, ICAO and UNWTO, as air navigation service providers and CANSO, as airlines and IATA, as airports and ACI, as cargo operators and TIACA, as travel and tourism professionals and WTTC, as consumers, as employees, as aircraft and engine manufacturers and as ground handlers we need each other and we depend on each other. We are and we will remain a community of linked interests and we will make a formidable difference if and only if we can work together to harness the formidable power of travel and tourism to bring about socio-economic growth, jobs, understanding and happiness worldwide. And we must all work together because we need each other and we depend on each other.

Vijay Poonoosamy President Hermes Air Transport Club

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Foreword

T

he pilot of the first commercial flight to take to the air on 1 January 1914 for the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, in Florida, could not have imagined that his exploit would be celebrated 100 years later as a historic event that would forever alter the way human beings live and relate to each other across a shrinking planet. How could he even think that aviation would one day become a formidable driver of economic, social, cultural and political development, way beyond his town or State? After all, the horizon from his cockpit extended barely a few miles. Could he travel in time, he would be proud to witness how air transport today contributes to the well being of hundreds of millions of people on every continent; how it is directly responsible for the creation of millions of jobs; and how it supports the world’s largest industry, travel and tourism. Indeed, with the democratization of air travel, holidays or visits to family and friends have become and remain affordable and easily accessible. Businesses can flourish and cargo flights readily bring high-value goods to homes everywhere, while young people still dream of fulfilling their dreams with a career in aviation. Perhaps it would be the power of modern air travel to foster friendship and understanding among the peoples of the world that would impress him the most. Or the fact that, in spite of thousands of aircraft criss-crossing the skies above our heads, air travel is amazingly safe and efficient. Of course, such a remarkable achievement could not have been possible without the regulatory framework established by ICAO from the day it was created 70 years ago, on 7 December 1944. Through the development of technical and operational standards, policies covering economic and legal matters, as well as on-going guidance and support to its Member States, ICAO paved the way for the sustained growth of air travel and kept the aviation community cooperatively focused on the issues that matter the most. Just as critical to the dramatic growth of civil aviation was the commitment of airlines, airports, air navigation service providers, manufacturers and all other stakeholders to work together in ensuring the integrity of the air transport system. Cooperation with and among IATA, ACI, CANSO, IFALPA and others will continue to inspire public confidence in air travel as we look forward to the many challenges ahead. On 1 January 2014, the second century of commercial flight held the promise of being as exciting as the first. New technologies will soon enable us to see our blue planet as never before aboard sub-orbital flights, while the liberalization of the industry will open up new markets and allow even more people to fly to more destinations than ever before. And ICAO will remain the global forum for the aviation world to proactively ensure the safety, the security, and the regularity of air travel, respectful of the environment we all depend on. Aviation has progressed as it has on the basis of determined cooperation, and it will certainly deliver humanity even greater connectivity and prosperity in the years ahead if we continue to confront its challenges together.

Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu President ICAO Council

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Foreword

D

espite being a pioneer in the world of air transport, I doubt very much that Tony Jannus could have foreseen just how far afield the consequences of his 1 January 1914 flight–the first commercial flight ever from St. Petersburg to Tampa–would propagate over the 100 years that followed. Since that time, a complex industry has sprung up that contributed US$2.4 trillion to the global economy in 2012, according to figures from the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG).

Airports Council International (ACI) is proud to represent the world’s airports– vital components of the global aviation industry, engines for local economies and drivers of global economic growth. In parallel with the changes that the aviation industry at large has undergone in the last century, airports have evolved from being simple infrastructure providers to complex businesses in their own right. Worldwide some 470,000 people work directly for airport operators, and when on-site workers at airlines, ground handlers, retail outlets, restaurants, hotels, government agencies and other employers are included, this number balloons to 4.6 million. Over and above the statistics, though, let us not forget that aviation produces other more intangible benefits, the effects of which are nigh on impossible to measure. As connecters of people, places and businesses, airports were fortunate to play an important role in the lives of over 6 billion travelers in 2013. From working in the airport industry for most of my life, I can tell you that airports are far more than concrete and metal; they are distinctly human spaces where on any given day people meet, fall in love, bid farewell, dream, create and become inspired. Apart from our dollars-and-cents contribution to the world, we are enablers of the human condition, purveyors of a vast depth and breadth of emotion and experience that cannot be quantified. It is fitting that this publication, conceived as a celebration of the good work that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has done since its inception 70 years ago, has been developed through the cooperation of ACI, the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques (SITA) under the guidance of Hermes Air Transport Club. Certainly, without a clear commitment to collaboration on the part of all stakeholders it is doubtful that aviation would have reached the mass market levels it has today. However, much work remains to be done, and as much as this publication is an homage to how far we’ve come collectively, it is also a call to action for all of us who have a stake in the future of the global aviation industry. We are the safest mode of transport in the world, but we can be safer. We are the first industry to set out ambitious global goals for reducing the climate impact of our operations, but we can be greener. We are profitable, but we can work more closely with regulators to develop policies that will help increase our contribution to the global economy. We are blessed with gifted leaders throughout our industry, but we must work harder to deepen our talent pool by attracting the next generation of young professionals to an industry rife with opportunities for personal and professional growth. For its part, ACI is working closely with stakeholders on the priorities of safety and security, environmental and economic sustainability, customer service, succession planning, training and much more to ensure that the next 100 years are as exciting and productive as the first. Whether you’ve worked in the industry for years or are picking up this book to learn more about a new field, 100 Years of Commercial Aviation will be of interest and value. In addition to discovering where we’ve been, it might just inspire you to help define where we’re going.

Angela Gittens Director General ACI World 6 / 1914-2013 • 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Foreword

W

hen people think of aviation, they tend to think of aircraft and airports because they are visible. Air traffic management (ATM) is the invisible part of aviation, but ATM has played an essential role in ensuring safe and efficient airspace since the earliest days. There was no need for air traffic control on that first commercial flight in 1914 when Tony Jannus flew across Tampa Bay in Florida. But before long, it was clear that there was a need for air traffic control services.   The first essential service was communicating with the aircraft once it was airborne about the weather and operating conditions at arrival airports. Short messages could be relayed to and from the ground through radio and Morse code. The development of high frequency radio and then very high frequency radio, or VHF, meant that it was possible to keep constant contact between the air and the ground. VHF radio continues to be the basis of most communications used today. The second service is navigation. Early pilots used road maps to plot their course. As the aircraft started to fly longer distances, the name of the town would be painted on the roofs of large buildings, such as barns and airport terminals, and large arrows were installed in the ground, lit at night by towers with fires. Radio beacons replaced these, allowing navigation, and thus operations at night. The third service is surveillance, or monitoring the exact location of the aircraft, and importantly the exact location of the aircraft relative to each other. It is only by knowing that, and by being able to communicate with the aircraft, that safety can be assured. The breakthrough in this area was the invention of radar before World War II. With radar, controllers were able to see aircraft accurately, and with VHF radio, talk to the aircraft. Thus, the tools necessary for controlling aircraft were in place.  In 1950, the rules of  separation were created. With these tools controllers can maintain significantly more aircraft in an area than would otherwise be safe, and manage their movements into and out of airports, as well as across the skies. The same principles apply today but modern technologies have changed, and continue to change, the face of ATM. Exchange of data is replacing much of the need for voice communications; automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B), which uses satellites to more accurately track aircraft positions,  is replacing radar as the means for monitoring aircraft and ensuring their safe separation; and performance-based navigation allows aircraft to fly precisely defined paths without relying on ground-based radio navigation systems.  Coordination between the various players in the aviation system has made a big difference. “Collaborative decision making” demonstrates the value of shared information and cooperative planning. “Air traffic flow management” uses up-to-date flight information to anticipate future traffic demand versus capacity and control the flows of traffic. Together they are revolutionising ATM and leading to reduced delays; increased predictability and better use of capacity.  The next 100 years will see huge changes that we cannot possibly begin to imagine. In the near future, ATM faces the challenges of growing traffic; the incorporation of remotely piloted aircraft systems into airspace; increasing automation; as well as the opportunities offered by cutting edge technology.  CANSO’s vision is to transform global ATM performance to enable aircraft to fly in seamless airspace globally across invisible borders. Our goal is a globally harmonised and interoperable air navigation system capable of delivering a safe, efficient and seamless service. Our strategic framework, Vision 2020, sets out the steps required to achieve this vision through 126 deliverables in the related Work Plan. But we cannot do it alone, and in the same way that the early aviation pioneers cooperated to make commercial aviation such a success, CANSO is working with industry partners including airlines, airports and States, to ensure a safe, efficient and harmonised air traffic management system, fit for the future. 

Jeff Poole Director General Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION • 1914-2013 / 7

Foreword

S

cheduled commercial aviation began with a 23-minute journey across Tampa Bay, Florida on 1 January 1914. Since then, it has changed our world immeasurably for the better. As we celebrate our industry’s first 100 years we can be proud of our achievements.Flying is a team effort that started with the partnership of four visionaries. Percival Fansler was the entrepreneur who saw commercial opportunity in the technology of flight. Thomas Benoist built the aircraft. Tony Jannus safely piloted the plane across Tampa Bay. And Abram Pheil became the hero of the day by purchasing the first ticket. The airline industry quickly grew from a single aircraft, one route and a lone passenger. In our 100th year we expect to connect 3.3 billion passengers and 52 million tonnes of cargo over a network of 50,000 routes with 100,000 flights a day. Today, aviation is the life blood of the global economy. The industry supports over 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion in annual economic activity. It creates jobs for Kenyan farmers who sell fresh flowers in world markets. It facilitates global supply chains so that workers in many nations can collaborate to build computers, cars and even airplanes. Aviation delivers many of the real world goods that are traded in the virtual shops of internet commerce. As a catalyst for economic and social development, aviation and the businesses that we support have spread prosperity and lifted countless people from poverty. The intangibles create even greater value. Flying brings people together—families, friends and business colleagues. It helps minds to meet and exchange ideas. It gives people the freedom to be almost anywhere in just 24 hours. And it has turned our wonderfully big planet into a wonderfully small world of enormous and wonderful opportunities. As we stand at the dawn of commercial aviation’s second century, what will define our future success? At least part of the answer can be found in the Chicago Convention. It set forth the framework for post-war aviation and established IATA’s most important partner—the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The words of its preamble ring as true today as they did in 1944: “The future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world.” Recognizing that, governments agreed a global approach to aviation that has fostered the development of an industry that became ever more reliable as it grew. Today we fly as many people in a day as took to the air in all of 1944. And flying is the safest form of transport known to humankind. As with the first flight, partnerships remain at the core of aviation. On safety, for example, ICAO’s Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program works with states to ensure compliance with global standards. And the IATA Operational Safety Audit complements that by working with individual airlines to meet global best practices and standards. And there is a sense of common purpose on safety that carries through to the Airports Council International and Civil Air Navigation Services Organization. As we embark upon commercial aviation’s second century, we carry an important responsibility. Aviation is critically important to humanity. And we must continue to make flying safer, more secure, increasingly efficient, and sustainable. Strong partnerships and global standards remain the key to successfully meeting our many challenges. We should never lose sight of the fact that we are privileged to to be assoicated with a truly great industry. That was clear to some even on commercial aviation’s first day. “What was impossible yesterday is an accomplishment today, while tomorrow heralds the unbelievable.” These prophetic words were uttered by Percival Fansler, the visionary entrepreneur who launched our industry. A century later, aviation is powering economies and lifting the human spirit. We have broken the bounds of speed and distance with ubiquitous global mobility. This very day some nine million people will travel to somewhere that they want to be by air. Aviation’s greatest contribution is the freedom it gives people to follow their dreams and change their lives. Thanks to the Hermes Club for their work in putting together this important centennial commemoration volume. I trust that it will be an inspiration for all who read it.

Tony Tyler Director General and CEO International Air Transport Association (IATA)

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Hermes is a non-profit organisation whose aims are: ä

To provide a forum for networking and exchange of ideas among its members;

ä

To contribute to the progress and promotion of the science of air transport;

ä

To promote and present to the wider public the work of aviation and its contribution to the economic, political and social development around the world; 

ä

To cooperate with Higher Education Establishments and other organisations engaged in aviation;

Founding members of Hermes are personalities of all parts and stakeholders of the air transport sector. The members of the first Board of Directors are the following: - Vijay Poonoosamy, President - Robert Deillon, Vice President - Professor Martin Dresner, Member - Jeff Poole, Member

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Founding

members

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Founding

members

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Founding

members

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SHAPING THE NEXT 100 YEARS OF AVIATION

C

hange is a fact of life for the air transport industry and technology has often been a driver of that change. At SITA, as we look back over the 100-year history of commercial aviation, we are reminded of the company’s contribution to change during as many as 65 of those years. In that time, SITA has stayed at the forefront of the information and communication technologies that have helped to transform the way the industry works. SITA’s own history is testament to the company’s inextricable link with commercial aviation’s evolution. It began with the founding of SITA. In 1947, KLM’s founder met with the Director General of Air France. They proposed creating an independent company to coordinate communications between airlines. For 35 years since the birth of commercial aviation, a rudimentary air passenger service had operated in pockets around the world. Yet in the aftermath of the 1939-1945 war, fledgling airlines were eager to provide faster, safer and more economical services. As the volume of traffic grew, communications problems multiplied.

OWNED BY THE INDUSTRY On 23 February 1949 the idea of shared communications became a reality when the representatives of 11 airlines met in a lawyer’s office in Brussels to approve the Articles of Association creating SITA as a cooperative owned by airlines as both shareholders and users. Being founded and owned by the industry, SITA’s mandate was to deliver common benefits to the global air transport community. It would do this by pooling the industry’s data communication needs, making technology and innovation available for the benefit of its entire community on a shared or common-use basis to reduce total cost of ownership. To this day, the commitment to meeting air transport requirements – as an IT and communications provider totally dedicated to the industry – has not changed. SITA remains driven by the needs of the air transport industry, which is well represented through its 450 or so owner members, steered by the company’s Board and Council.

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DRIVING CHANGE The pace of change through the years has been relentless, with technology often at the helm, and SITA often in the vanguard. Early game-changing communications milestones included a SITA-created nodal distributed network during the 1960s, some three years before the US Department of Defense’s ARPA Network, which eventually led to the internet, began operating with four interconnected nodes. Then, in 1971, SITA became the first to use a common carrier packet switched network to handle data traffic in real time, a technological leap for the evolving aviation industry. Over the years, network developments continued apace, paving the way towards another milestone that would forever change aviation communications – the Internet Protocol. In the early 2000s, SITA led the charge in the industry’s adoption of IP communications, sweeping away legacy systems and enabling air transport organizations to maximize the cost-effectiveness and efficiencies of this new disruptive technology. By then, the network had become the largest in the world; the communications infrastructure backbone of the global industry, and SITA lay at its heart.

I.T. AND THE WIDER COMMUNITY As aviation grew and evolved, so did SITA. Over the years, the company’s focus broadened to encompass information technology and applications, as well as an increasing customer base of airports, ground handlers, air navigation service providers, governments, industry bodies and other players in aviation’s rapidly evolving eco-system. Once again, technology was to usher in change. SITA notched up many firsts, among them the introduction of CUTE (Common Use Terminal Equipment) in 1984, enabling airlines and airports to reduce costs while maximizing check-in facilities. This led to SITA being one of the first to provide Common Use Self Service kiosks (CUSS) and the first to have a true Common Use Passenger Processing (CUPPS) platform, the latest generation of shared use solutions. In 1985, SITA launched VHF AIRCOM, the first step beyond ground network services into radio communications. The AIRCOM VHF network has since grown to provide coverage unequalled by any other line of sight radio network run by a single operator. In 1992, air-ground telephony was introduced through Satellite AIRCOM;

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in 1995, SITA’s software partner company made e-commerce history with the launch the first website able to complete travel bookings and take payments in real time via the internet; and in 1996, the world’s first electronic visa system went live in preparation for the Sydney Olympic Games, leading to SITA’s position today as the world’s foremost border management provider.

A HISTORY OF COLLABORATION Through all of this time, SITA has collaborated closely with industry bodies such as ACI, CANSO, IATA, and ICAO to help drive and create the essential standards and services required for the safe and efficient operation of the complex global aviation eco-system. That includes helping to realize the objectives of major industry programs like IATA’s Simplifying the Business (StB) and Fast Travel, as well as the IATA/ACI Smart Security initiative. IATA’s 2004 StB program, which helped spark the self-service revolution, massively changed air traveler behavior and expectations. SITA’s self-service capabilities played a huge part in driving that evolution. Spanning nine stages of the journey – from booking and check-in to bag drop, boarding and border control – they continue to do so, including exciting new developments that are bringing yet more change that will shape aviation, in areas such as intelligent baggage and self bag drop capabilities, selfservice automated border control, and more.

THE BRINK OF A NEW ERA Today’s technology has changed beyond recognition, and global air transport has become a US$ 600 billion-plus industry, moving more than 3.1 billion people a year. SITA’s own transformation reflects that reality. SITA today is present at more than 1,000 airports and provides common-use services at almost 400. Some 14,500 aircraft use SITA’s communication services; and 300-plus million passengers are handled by SITA’s government business every year. Covering communications and infrastructure, airports, passenger, aircraft communications, government and border security, SITA now offers the largest portfolio of IT and communications services to the air transport industry. Investment in new businesses along the way bring further ground-breaking developments, such as in-flight connectivity through OnAir (initially in partnership with Airbus) and the world’s largest cargo management system through subsidiary CHAMP Cargosystems.

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Tomorrow’s technology will bring even more change to aviation. While it may seem our digital age promises a revolution every day, we are clearly on the brink of a new digital era, the impact of which may even be likened to the historical enormity of the PC or print press. That era will be driven by vast amounts of data, as air travel increasingly depends on data for up-to-the-second intelligence and analysis, and as the Internet of Things begins to connect everything that can benefit from a connection, on the ground and in the air. They will combine with the growing impact of technologies like mobile services, cloud computing, biometrics and wearable computing. Together, technologies like these will bring profound and lasting change to the hugely interdependent aviation eco-system, connecting its stakeholders and assets like never before, and revolutionizing practices in areas such as the passenger experience, airport and aircraft operations, aircraft e-enablement, air navigation, and a whole lot more. Once again, SITA is in the vanguard, through ground-breaking work in all of these areas, including myriad strategic and collaborative industry initiatives by the organization’s ‘engine of innovation’ the SITA Lab. Through these technologies and initiatives, SITA will continue to help shape the future of air travel. As the years have shown, the evolution of air transport and the evolution of SITA cannot be separated. We are traveling, and always will be, on one and the same path – taking the long termview and investing for the years ahead, wherever in the world the industry operates. We are proud of our role in aviation history, and we are delighted to be part of this celebration of 100 years of commercial flight. We extend our congratulations to all industry partners involved.

FRANCESCO VIOLANTE CEO, SITA

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1914-1923

The first steps

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ 19

1914-1923 The first steps It is doubtful that the earliest aviators could have foreseen the incredible developments that have taken place in commercial aviation over its first hundred years. The industry has evolved from a few entrepreneurs flying primitive aircraft to the sophisticated network of manufacturers, air service providers, airlines, and financial firms that comprise today’s industry. It is impossible to single out the most important industry innovations – there have been far too many – so I will confine myself to a discussion of three that I, personally, find important. First, is the inauguration of commercial airmail service in 1918. In that year, the United States Army transferred responsibility for airmail to the U.S. Post Office, with the first regularly scheduled airmail service between College Park, Maryland and Chicago. The revenues from airmail service were vital to the growth of air transport in its formative years. Second, is the introduction of jet aircraft which greatly facilitated long-distance routes. Jets were initially manufactured for military purposes in Germany, but the technology was soon transferred to the commercial sector. BOAC operated the first jet route between London and Johannesburg using de Havilland Comets in 1952. Six years later, the Boeing 707 began transatlantic services, ushering in the modern commercial jet age. The third key innovation was the “invention” of air freight express service by the Federal Express Corporation, now FedEx, in 1971. A visionary, Fred Smith, realized the value in time-definite package delivery. Companies would pay a premium to have packages arrive at the office just one morning after they were sent. Moreover, a hub-and-spoke system could efficiently connect most of the United States on an overnight basis and, indeed, most of the world in two days. With these events in mind, and so many others that you will read about in this book, let’s celebrate the first hundred years of aviation and plan for the next century as well. Who knows what it will bring?

Professor Martin Dresner President, ATRS and Board Member, Hermes Air Transport Club

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1914

Source: State Archives of Florida [1]

ä On the morning of 1 January 1914, the first scheduled commercial airline flight took to the air. Taking off from St Petersburg, Florida, and flying to Tampa, the Benoist flying boat was piloted by Tony Jannus, with former mayor of St Petersburg, Abram C Pheil, as his passenger. This marked the dawn of regular passenger air travel (100 Years of Commercial Flight) [1] äLawrence Sperry demonstrates a gyrostabiliser at a French air show (Grant, 2002)

Early

/ The Do Department is formed as part of “Luftschiffbau Zeppelin” (Dornier, 1983)

February 11 February

/ The second Sikorsky Ilya Muromets prototype (factory airframe 128) takes off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard, marking a record for number of passengers carried (Wikipedia)

June-July 30 June to 12 July / Sikorsky Ilya Muromets sets a world record by making a trip from Saint Petersburg to Kiev, a distance of some 1,200 km, and back. The first leg takes 14 hours and 38 minutes, with one landing for fuel at Orsha, and the return trip, with a fuel stop at Novosokolniki, takes even less time, about 13 hours (Wikipedia)

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1915

[1] Source: SFO Museum

February

for 10 USD. The crossing lasted 10 minutes

20 February

(Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) [1]

/ At the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Franciscan Allan Loughead obtains authorization to launch flight service with a Model G hydro-aeroplane. He transported 600 paid passengers in 50 days over the bay

December 17 December / Handley Page Type O first flight (Royal Air Force Museum)

äSperry Instruments Corporation introduces advanced aircraft instruments, including compass, air speed indicator, altimeter, bank indicator, angle of attack and tall warning (Lockheed Martin)

1916

ä The Loughead brothers establish the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company ä AD Flying Boat/Supermarine Channel first flight (Wikipedia)

ä “Giovan Battista Pastine” Ciampino airport is inaugurated on the Via Appia. The airport was designed for airships and used as a military airport until 1947 (ACI)

March

May

/ The First Conference of Pan-American Aeronautics, held in Santiago, Chile, recommended to the American Republics that consideration be given to the necessity to unify their aerial legislation so as to formulate an international air code (ICAO) / Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 first flight (Jane’s,

July 15 July

/ William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products Co. for $100,000. Boeing buys 998 of the 1,000 stocks issued and moves the operation to the shipyard he bought in 1910

[1]

1993)

June 15 June

/ William Boeing takes Bluebill, the first B & W, on its maiden flight. Pilot Herb Munter takes Mallard, the second B & W, on its first flight in November. Both are sold to New Zealand in 1918 [1]

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Source: Boeing

August

/ Airco DH.4 first flight (de Havilland Aviation)

October 5 October

/ Despite the prohibition of civil aviation activities until the end of the war George Holt Thomas founds the first British airline, Aircraft and Transport and Travel Ltd. (Royal Air

September 2 September / Airplanes in flight communicate with each other directly by radio for the first time (AIAA)

Force Museum)

20 September / Supermarine Aviation Works Ltd is founded (Royal Air Force Museum)

November 21 November / Breguet 14 first flight (Association Breguet XIV)

1917

äFirst flight of: i AEG J.I (Wikiepdia) i Friedrichshafen G.III (Wikipedia) i LVG C.V (Wikipedia) i LVG C.VI (Wikipedia)

ton. Both will become company presidents

May 9 May

/ William Boeing changes the name of Pacific Aero Products to the Boeing Airplane Co.

14 June

June

/ Thomas-Morse S-4 first flight (Wikipedia)

September / Friedrichshafen FF.49 first flight (Wikipedia)

4 June

/ The Boeing Airplane Co. hires Clairmont (Claire) L. Egtvedt and Philip G. Johnson, recent engineering graduates of the University of Washing-

December

1918

/ Nieuport 28 first flight (Wikipedia)

17 December / Deutsche Luft-Reederei (DLR) is established (Heimann, 1988)

ä First flight of: i Farman F.50 (Wikipedia) i Felixstowe F5L (Wikipedia) ä“Reichsamt des Inneren” (German National Office of the Interior) is provisionally charged to settle matters in aviation (LBA) äDet Norske Luftfartsrederi or DNL, Norway’s first scheduled airline, is founded (SAS)

January

/ Blackburn R.T.1 Kangaroo (Jane’s, 1993)

28 March

/ Loughead F-1 “Flying-boat One” first flight (Wikipedia)

March 4 March

/ Airco DH.10 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

April 1 April

27 March

/ Hansa – Brandenburg W.29 first flight (Wikipedia)

/ Austria establishes the world’s first regular international air connection when it opens its 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 23

1918 route between Vienna and Kiev. Initially, this serves only to transport airmail (Austrian)

June

1 November

/ The first scheduled Canadian airmail flight is made, between Montreal and Toronto

/ Creation of the Société des Lignes Aériennes Latécoère. M. Beppo de Massimi is the Managing Director (Air France) [1]

December

(Wikipedia)

July

November

/ The line from Vienna to Budapest is open (Austrian)

25 December / Société des Lignes Aériennes Latécoère begins serving its first airmail route between Toulouse and Barcelona (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

August 18 August

/ U.S. Army transfers responsibility for airmail delivery to the Post Office Department, which launches the first regular airmail service between College Park, Md. and Chicago

[1]

(United Airlines)

October 29 October

/ Det Danske Luftfartselskab A/S (DDL), SAS’s Danish parent company, is founded (SAS)

Source: Air France

ä First flight of: i Airco DH.16 (Wikipedia) i Ansaldo A.300 (Jane’s, 1993) i Curtiss Oriole (Wikipedia) i Nieuport-Delage NiD 30 (Wikipedia) i Sablatnig P.III (Wikipedia) i Zeppelin-Staaken E-4/20 (Wikipedia)

1919

ä Chalk’s Flying Service begins operations ä Paris Le Bourget starts commercial operations (ACI) [1]

ä Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport in Barranquilla is the first airport in South America. The first commercial airline arrives in the Americas that ä Launch of l’ Aéronavale and Messageries Transaériennes (Air France) year, SCADTA (ACI)

January

/ First flight of Farman F.60 Goliath and of Bristol Tourer (Wikipedia)

February 5 February

/ In Germany inaugurates the world’s first sustained scheduled daily passenger service between Berlin and Weimar by the Deutsche Luft-Reederei (DLR), using AEG and DFW biplanes (Wikipedia) [2]

7 February

/ Svensk Lufttrafik is founded (Wikipedia)

8 February

/ Henry Farman carries eleven paying passengers in a Farman F.60 from Paris to London

/ Creation of Aerial Services Ltd in Australia (Trove)

8 January

/ Civil aviation resumes in Germany (Wikipedia)

31 January

/ The UK Air Ministry issue its first aviation meteorological report - the forecast for 1 February (British Airways)

24 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1919

[1] Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

[2] Courtesy LH-Bildarchiv Lufthansa D 50-14-15

[3] 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 25

1919 on the world’s first international commercial flight, initially known as the Lignes Aériennes Farman (Compendium of International

ing the Convention and its Annexes (ICAO) 8 March

/ French Lignes Aérienns Latécoère establishes the first line between Europe and Africa (AENA) as it extends the route from Toulouse and Barcelona to Casablanca (Wikipedia) [3]

20 March

/ The Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens is established (Wikipedia)

31 March

/ SNETA (Syndicat National d’ Etude du Transport Aérienne) is founded (Wikipedia)

April

/ BAT F.K.26 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

12 April

/ Aerial Transport Ltd is founded (Trove)

13 April

/ Vickers Vimy Commercial first flight (Royal Air

Civil Aviation)

12 February

/ The UK Department of Civil Aviation is formed at the Air Ministry. Winston Churchill MP is appointed Secretary of State for Air (British Airways)

12 February

/ Farman opens the route between Paris and Brussels, flown by an F.60 Goliath (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

28 February

/ CMA (Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes) commences a mail and freight service between Paris and Lille (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

March 1 March

/ DLR sets up a regular service between Hamburg and Berlin (Heimann, 1988)

6 March

/ A special Aeronautical Commission of the Peace Conference is formed under the auspices of the Peace Conference. The countries represented at the Commission are: Belgium, Brazil, the British Empire, Cuba, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Romania, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the United States. At the first meeting, the Commission agreed to produce a set of basic principles in prepar-

Force Museum)

17 April

de l’ Aviation, 1991)

23 April

[4]

Source: Junkers

26 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Creation of the airline Nimes – Nice (Chronique

/ The North Sea Aerial Navigation Company is formed as a domestic airline, using surplus military Blackburn RT1 Kangaroo Torpedo Bombers. Each aircraft can carry seven passengers, flying between Hounslow and Leeds (Royal Air Force Museum)

30 April

/ Civil flying in Britain is formally restored with the issue of Air Navigation Regulations 1919, which authorise civil flying from 1 May (Royal Air Force Museum)

May

/ Avro 536 first flight (Wikipedia)

25 June

/ Gordon Selfridge, founder of the Selfridge’s department store in Oxford Street in London, becomes the first businessman to charter an aeroplane exclusively for business use (Royal

/ The de Havilland DH.16 four-seater passenger airliner enters service with Aircraft Transport & Travel (Royal Air Force Museum) 24 May

31 May

/ Avro Civil Aviation Service begins daily flights between Manchester, Southport and Blackpool (Royal Air Force Museum)

Air Force Museum)

July

/ Westland Limousine first flight (Wikipedia)

1 July

/ Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begins operating scheduled international commercial services. First flight is to Paris Le Bourget. This is the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services (ACI) [5]

21 July

/ Fokker founds Hollands’ first aircraft factory: The Netherlands Aircraft Factory

31 July

/ Dornier Gs I flying boat first flight (Dornier,

/ The Société des Transports Aéronautiques du Sud-Ouest – TASO is founded (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

June 21 June

/ The UK Secretary of State for Air appoints the Standing Advisory Committee on Civil Aviation under the chairmanship of Lord Weir to “advise and report on the best method of organising Imperial Air Routes.” (British Airways)

25 June

/ Junkers F 13, the world’s first all-metal transport aircraft and the world’s first selfsupporting cabin low-wing transport, first flight (Junkers & Wikipedia) [4]

1983)

August 24 August

/ The airship LZ 120 Bodensee with accommodation for 23 passengers starts a regular service between Friedrichshafen and Berlin (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

[5]

Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003). Independent picture: Putnam Aero Journal

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 27

1919 25 to 28 August/ Representatives of five air transport companies from Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden meet at The Hague, Netherlands and sign an agreement to form the International Air Traffic Association (IATA) in order to help airlines standardize their paperwork and passenger tickets and also help airlines compare technical procedures (ICAO) [6] 25 August

/ The world’s first scheduled international service takes place when single-engine de Havilland DH.4A G-EAJC (Pilot: Lt E H “Bill” Lawford) of Air Transport and Travel flies from Hounslow Heath, Middlesex to Paris carrying one passenger, a consignment of leather, several brace of grouse and some jars of Devonshire cream (British Airways) [7]

30 September / The British Aerial Transport Company begins domestic flights between London and Birmingham (Royal Air Force Museum)

October

/ Fokker F.II first flight. It is the first of a long series of commercial aircraft from the Fokker Aircraft Company (Jane’s, 1993)

7 October

/ Dutch Royal Airlines for the Netherlands and its Colonies (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij voor Nederland en Koloniën) – KLM is founded [8]

11 October

/ The first airline meals are served by Handley Page Transport, when passengers are offered a pre-packed lunch-box, costing 3 shillings, on their London to Paris service (Royal Air Force Museum)

26 August

/ Handley Page Transport carries the first two women to fly on an airline service, between England and France (Royal Air Force Museum)

13 October

September 2 September / Handley Page Transport Ltd starts flights from London Cricklewood to Paris, Le Bourget with Handley Page converted twin-engine World War I bombers. The pilot of the first service was Lt-Col W Sholto Douglas, later a chairman of BEA (British Airways) 12 September / Queen Wilhelmina of Netherlands awards KLM its “Royal” designation [6]

[8]

[7] [9]

Source: British Airways

28 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ The International Air Convention (Paris Convention) is signed by 27 states and lays down the principles and rules for air traffic, which would serve as the basis for uniform international regulations. This Convention consists of 43 articles that dealt with all technical, operational and organizational aspects of civil aviation, and the creation of an International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) under the direction of the League of Nations with its headquarters in Paris (ICAO) [9]

30 October

/ The UK Advisory Committee on Civil Aviation recommends the establishment of certain main trunk routes connecting Canada, Newfoundland, South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand to the UK by air. The committee also recommends that “the proper place for initial action” is the route to India thence to Australia “to be followed by a service to South Africa and that the development of these Imperial routes should be by private enterprise backed by State assistance.” (British Airways)

November / Air Transport and Travel and Compagnie générale transaérienne join forces to operate London – Paris services (IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009)

1 November / Creation of Societe des Transpors Aeriens Guyanais (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) 1 November / West Indies Airways begins service between Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba (Wikipedia) 10 November / Transport and Travel carries international air mail – to Paris (British Airways) 10 November/ Blériot-SPAD S.27 first flight (Wikipedia)

December / The Handley Page W8 is introduced on the London to Paris route and becomes the first civil airliner with a lavatory to be used on a regular passenger service (Royal Air Force Museum) 2 December / Handley Page Type W first flight (Wikipedia) 5 December / Colombia’s flag carrier is founded under the name Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transporte Aéreo, SCADTA (Avianca) 6 December / The first experimental airmail flight in China takes place between Peking and Tientsin (now called Beijing and Tianjin) with a Handley Page O/7 (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) 15 December / Ad Astra Aero S.A. is registered as Aktiengesellschaft (Wikipedia) 27 December / The Boeing Airplane Co. B-1 mail plane, the first Boeing-designed commercial aircraft, makes its first flight 31 December / Colombian President Marco Fidel Suarez sanctions Law 126 of 1919, which becomes the first form of legislation in Colombia dealing with aviation, making aviation companies, and everything related to aviation subject to government regulations (Wikipedia)

1920

ä MAEFORT Hungarian Air Transport Joint Stock Company is established offering regular mail and goods delivery service in Hungary (Malev)

Three years later it is acquired by the government and remains the main airport today (ACI)

ä The first aircraft with an enclosed,

ä DDL is listed on the Copenhagen Stock Market (SAS) [1]

ä Bremen Airport reopens for commercial traffic (ACI) [2]

oxygen enriched cockpit, Packard-Le Père LUSAC-11 a modified French design makes its first flight (Wikipedia) ä Nieuport-Delage NiD.30T first flight (Wikipedia) ä Loughead becomes Lockheed ä Archie League pioneers the world of

ATC with a red and a checkered flag (CANSO) ä La Compagnie Franco-Roumaine is set up (Air France)

ä SCADTA’s first Junker aircraft arrives (Avianca)

ä The first aviation route linking Warsaw with the world is inaugurated (LOT)

ä Schiphol begins accepting civil aircraft. Arrival of the first passenger plane which is a "de Havilland DH.16" (ACI)

ä Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport opens as a private airfield.

ä The first hangar in Minneapolis, a wooden structure, is constructed to accommodate airmail service and the 160-acre property become known as Speedway Field (Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport)

ä Owner George Holt Thomas sells AirCo to BSA (Birmingham Small Arms Company) (liquidated a year later) (BAE Systems)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 29

1920 January 7 January

February

/ A/S Aero (a Norwegian airline company) is founded by Tancred Ibsen (Wikipedia) / The Boeing BB-1 seaplane, another new commercial aircraft, makes its first flight. It is bought by a Canadian and becomes the company’s second international sale

6 February

/ Avro 547 first flight (Holmes, 2004)

22 February

/ First transcontinental mail service arrives in New York from San Francisco. The trip took 33 hours and 20 minutes (AIAA)

March

/ Handley Page Transport in Cricklewood install the first radio direction-finding equipment in an aircraft (Royal Air Force Museum)

29 March

/ London’s airport is moved from Hounslow Heath to the much larger and better equipped airfield of Croydon Aerodrome

/ The Instone Airline Limited starts Hounslow to Paris services (British Airways) / Alan A. Griffith’s analysis of the process of brittle fracture is published (Wikipedia)

(Croydon Airport Society)

1 February

/ The first commercial Hawaii interisland flight takes place (Aloha State)

[1]

Fokker FF-49 DDL first aircraft - Source: SAS

[2]

Source: City Airport Bremen

30 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

the first international airmail to Aeromarine. In addition, Aeromarine becomes the first scheduled U.S. international passenger airline (Key West to Havana) (Wikipedia) [3]

April 8 April

/ de Havilland DH.18 first flight (Wikipedia)

May 17 May

/ Air Transport and Travel, together with KLM, inaugurate Croydon to Amsterdam service (British Airways)

June

26 June

/ The French-Spanish company Cantabrian Seaplane Company inaugurates its air service between Bayonne and Bilbao (AENA) / Establishment of the Romanian Directorate Aviation in the Ministry of Communications (Romanian CAA)

16 November / Papers formally establishing Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd (Qantas) are signed in the Gresham Hotel, Brisbane. The company, based in Winton, is registered with Fergus McMaster as Chairman 24 November / Dornier Delphin flying boat makes its first flight (Dornier, 1983)

December 12 December / Air Transport and Travel cease its operations (British Airways)

July 1 July

22 July

/ Belgium establishes the first internal air service in any European colony with the Lara-Ligne Aérienne Roi Albert in the Belgian Congo (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

12 December / Blériot-SPAD S.33 first flight (Wikipedia) [3]

/ Donald W. Douglas and David R. Davis form the Davis Douglas Co. near Santa Monica, Calif.

August 7 August

/ Svensk Lufttrafik airline make its first flight (Wikipedia)

19 August

/ The Western Queensland Auto Aero Service Limited signs a purchase agreement for two Avro aircraft (Qantas)

September / Geoffrey de Havilland creates the de Havilland Aircraft Company / With Fritz Hammer as pilot, Wilhem Schnurrbush as co-pilot and Stuart Hosie as passenger, SCADTA make its first flight between Barranquilla and Puerto Berrio (Avianca) 1 September / For the first time a plane operated by the newly-founded airline KLM flies from Amsterdam over Bremen to Hamburg, and continues on to Copenhagen. This flight is called the “Europe Northwest Flight” (Hamburg Airport) 8 September / U.S. Air Mail Service becomes a coast-to-coast operation as mail is flown during the day and moved by train at night (United Airlines)

November 1 November

/ The U.S. Post Office awards a contract for 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 31

1921

[1] The world’s first and only preserved copy of Aeromarine West Indies Airways baggage label from December 1920. Removed from an old suitcase in the 1940s, its original background colour was light blue. (Image from “Nostalgia Panamericana” by Don Thomas, 1987)

ä Engineering Division USD-9A, a modified Airco DH.9A, becomes the first aircraft to fly with the addition of a pressurized cockpit module (Wikipedia) ä First flight of: i Caudron C.61 (Jane’s, 1993) i Farman F.90 (Wikipedia) i Loening Model 23 (Wikipedia) i Potez IX (Jane’s, 1993) ä Aeromarine: World’s first airline baggage label (Wikipedia) [1]

ä An initial merger take place between C.G.T. and Les Messageries Aériennes (Air France)

ä Svensk Luftrafik flight operations of the company are terminated (Wikipedia)

ä Aerotarg Poznan Aviation Society is founded, and between May and June sets up the first regular Poznan – Warsaw flights (LOT)

32 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä SCADTA establishes routes between the cities of Barranquilla, Girardot and Neiva (Avianca) ä Croydon Airport is the first airport in the world to introduce air traffic control (ACI) ä Königsberg Devau Airport is open (Wikipedia)

January

vice with its own pilots and aircraft: the Fokker F-II and F-III

/ The first automatic pilot system, known as the Aveline Stabilizer, is installed in a British aircraft by Handley Page Transport (Royal Air Force Museum)

4 April

/ DLR found Aero Union as a holding company of the group AEG, HAPAG, Luftschiffbau-Zeppelin and Metallkonzern Frankfurt/M (Hei-

February 24 February

28 February

/ The first wholly Douglas-designed, Douglasbuilt aircraft, The Cloudster, makes its first flight. It is the first airplane to lift a useful load exceeding its own weight [2]

March

June 1 June

/ Air to ground traffic control is established, when air patrols report information to the police and the Automobile Association on Derby Day (Royal Air Force Museum)

16 June

/ Blériot-SPAD S.46 first flight (Wikipedia)

21 June

/ Bristol Ten-seater first flight (Wikipedia)

Summer

/ First flight of Dorner Komet I (Dornier, 1983)

July

/ Donald W. Douglas incorporates The Douglas Co.

12 July

/ Mexicana Airlines is founded in Mexico City under the name Compania Mexicana de Transportación Aérea (CMTA)

23 July

/ SCADTA establishes regular routes between Girardot and Bogota (Avianca)

August

/ First in-flight movie. Aeromarine. showed a movie promoting Chicago (HOWDY CHICAGO)

/ Due to subsidised European competition, all British airlines cease operations (British Airways)

Spring

mann, 1988)

/ Aeromarine West Indies Airways is reorganized as Aeromarine Airways (Wikipedia) / The Australian Minister for Defence approves the establishment of a civil aerodrome for Melbourne (Essendon Airport)

3 March

/ Junkers K 16 first flight (Wikipedia)

19 March

/ A temporary UK government subsidy is granted enabling British air services to restart. Handley Page Transport operates the first subsidised London to Paris service (British Airways)

22 March

/ Aeronaut is founded (Wikipedia)

28 March

/ Australian Civil Aviation Branch is formed

(White, 2012)

October 15 October

(CASA)

April

/ Fokker F.III first flight (Wikipedia)

4 April

/ Following a winter hiatus, KLM resumes ser-

/ The Spanish airline Compania Espanola de Trafico Aéreo makes its first flight between Seville and Larache (Wikipedia & AENA)

November

[2]

11 November / Lengthy negotiations between the justformed Aero Union and the Trade Delegation of the Soviet Union lead to the founding of Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G., or Deruluft with a share equally contributed by the partners share (Heimann, 1988)

December 5 December

/ The first regular air services in Australia commences with West Australian Airways (Wikipedia)

Source: Boeing

Late

/ Airco DH.9C first flight (Wikipedia) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 33

1922

[1] Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

ä Experimental Design Bureau Tupolev is established headed by Andrey N. Tupolev ä Aero A-14 first flight (Jane’s, 1993) ä First permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation opens at Flughafen Devau (ACI) [1] ä Traffic density leads to a mid-air collision. Flying rules become a necessity (CANSO)

7 April

January 1 January

/ Instone introduces uniforms for pilots and staff, believed to be the first airline service uniforms (British Airways)

3 January

/ Aero Letnany A.10, the first commercial aircraft to be built in Czechoslovakia, makes its first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

March 26 March

/ de Havilland DH.34 first flight (Wikipedia)

April

/ Vickers Vulcan first flight (Wikipedia)

1 April

/ The UK government subsidy is made permanent (British Airways)

2 April

/ The Daimler Airway begins operations from Croydon to Paris using "cabin boys" on their aircraft (British Airways)

34 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ The first airliner collision takes place when a French Farman Goliath of Grands Express flies into the path of a de Havilland DH.18 operated by Daimler Airways. The collision takes place over Poix in northern France (Royal Air Force Museum)

May

/ Radio Position Fixing used in Croydon Airportbased procedure is approved by the Air Ministry with associated NOTAM. This is a new system using aircraft radio transmissions to fix an aircraft’s position, an essential first step in establishing a radio based global air navigation network. G.J.H “Jimmy” Jeffs, Croydon Civilian Air Traffic Officer, is one of the great innovators in developing the new discipline. Issued with Air Traffic Control Licence No.1 (ACI & Croydon Airport. Society) [2]

3 May

/ William E. Boeing becomes Boeing Airplane Co. chairman of the board

June 9 June

/ The first airliner night flight is made by Grands Express, from Le Bourget in France to Croydon (Royal Air Force Museum)

July

/ Aeromarine Airways opens in Cleveland the First U.S. airline ticket office (Wikipedia)

September 5 September / A limited liability company by the name of Aerolloyd Polish Airlines (Polska Linja Lotnicza “Aerolloyd”) is established and launches regular flights from Gdansk to Warsaw and onward from there to Lwnw (LOT)

October 2 October

/ The need for a register classifying aircraft is encouraged by the French Government by a Decree which instructs the Bureau Veritas to exercise on French civil aircraft in construction or operation a technical control (ICAO)

9 October

/ Dornier Komet II first flight (Dornier, 1983)

/ Lioré et Olivier LeO H-13 first flight (Wikipedia) 11 July

/ International Air Convention and ICAN enter into force (ICAO) [3]

August 27 August

November / Passengers on a flight from Geneva to Paris can hear a concert broadcast by radio on board (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

2 November

/ Alexander Kennedy becomes the first Qantas passenger on a scheduled flight on the Longreach – Winton – McKinlay – Cloncurry section of the inaugural mail service from Charleville to Cloncurry [4]

[2]

12 November / Franco-Roumaine inaugurates the first transcontinental air passenger service: Paris – Strasbourg – Prague – Warsaw – Vienna – Budapest – Belgrade – Bucharest (Baneasa) – Istanbul (Ambassade de France à Bucarest)

[3]

Source: ICAO

[4]

Source: Ian Walker - Croydon Airport Society

Source: Qantas

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 35

1923

[1] Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

ä First flight of: ä Aeroexpress Joint Stock Company ä Fred Mockford, Croydon’s Senior Radio Officer, coined the distress i Albatros L 58 (Wikipedia) starts its regular regular flights phrase “Mayday, Mayday, Mayday” i Farman F.120 (Wikipedia) between Budapest and Vienna with (Croydon Airport Society) i Vickers Type 170 Vanguard (Wikipedia) five-person Junkers F 13 aircraft and The Hungarian Aviation Joint ä Boston Municipal Airport’s, now ä Construcciones Aeronauticas S.A. Stock Company starts scheduled Boston – Logan’s, first runways (CASA) is founded in Getafe, Spain passenger, goods and mail deliveries, are laid down in a T-shape, a first in (Compendium of International Civil also on the Budapest – Vienna route runway design (ACI) Aviation) with Fokker F-III 5-person aircraft ä The first airport building at Brussels is built of wooden packing cases. In ä The Caucasus Joint Stock Company of December of the same year Sabena receives permission to build a new Civil Aviation ZAKAVIA is established (Azerbaijan Airlines) airport terminal (ACI) [1] (Malev)

ä Anthony Fokker moves to the United States and he establish an American branch of his company, the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation (Fokker)

January 1 January

/ Compagnie des messageries aériennes merges with Grands Express Aériens to form Air Union (Esperou & Maoui, 1997)

36 / 1914-1923 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

2 January

/ Civil Air Transport Subsidies Committee is appointed under Sir Herbert Hambling “to consider the present working of cross-channel

subsidies and to advise on the best method of subsidising air transport in the future.”

June

/ Supermarine Sea Eagle first flight (Royal Air Force Museum)

(British Airways)

23 June

/ Handley Page Transport Ltd carries 79 passengers in one day (British Airways)

February 3 February

/ Blériot-SPAD S.56 first flight (Wikipedia)

July 9 February

/ Russian Labour and Defence Council issues a resolution entitled “On empowering the Central Air Fleet Administration to handle technical supervision over airlines and on founding the Civil Aviation Council.” (Aeroflot)

March 17 March

/ Open joint stock “DOBROLET” (The Russian Society for Voluntary Air Fleet) is established

15 July

/ Introduction of the first regular Aeroflot domestic route between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod

30 July

/ de Havilland DH.50 first flight (Royal Air Force Museum)

August 23 August

(Aeroflot)

April

/ ZAKAVIA’s Junkers airplane performs a flight from Baku to Tbilisi and back (Azerbaijan Airlines)

/ Bright beacons are placed to facilitate night flying on the grounds of the Illinois State (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

September / Aeromarine AM-1 first flight (Wikipedia) 12 September / The charter establishing the company Aero O/Y is signed in Helsinki (Finnair)

May 1 May

6 May

/ Flights on the first Aeroflot international route Moscow – Konigsberg (part of Germany at that time) are launched and later extended to include Berlin

October

/ Latécoère 17 first flight (Wikipedia)

6 October

/ Czechoslovak State Airlines is founded (CSA)

20 October

/ Tupolev ANT-7 first flight (Wikipedia)

29 October

/ CSA first transport flight from Prague to Bratislava takes place. On that trip, pilot Karel Brabenec flew the distance of 321 km with an Aero A-14 (Brandenburg) bi-plane

/ Latécoère extends its line to Dakar (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

9 May

/ Blériot 115 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

14 May

/ The first aircraft to be operated by ÖLAG (Österreichische Luftverkehrs AG) flies from Vienna to Munich (Austrian)

November 1 November

/ Aero O/Y starts operations (Finnair)

/ Sabena is founded (Chronique de l’ Aviation,

6 November

/ Dornier Wal first flight (Dornier, 1983)

23 May

1991)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-1923 / 37

1924-1933

Setting the standards

38 / 1924-1933 100 YEARS OFiCOMMERCIAL 100 YEARS OFAVIATION COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1924-1933 Setting the standards After WWI spurred the development of aviation for combat purposes, manufactures and pilots turned their attention to converting aviation to civilian uses. The growth during the period 1924-1933 became the foundation for the industry we know today. There was the launch of dozens of new aircraft types by many manufacturers, some of which remain today. Companies such as Sikorsky, Tupolev, Boeing and are just a few of the intrepid builders of that time. The Postal Service became the first “express mail” service and fostered the growth of airlines. Imperial (BA), KLM, Air France, and Pan Am were airlines serving both domestically and across borders to connect people globally. Early aviators quickly recognized that the industry needed to be managed and standards and regulations enacted. The early 1930’s saw the establishment of ground clearance and separation rules, the growth of Air Traffic Control, radio equipped aircraft and pilot regulations. The international community began holding conventions to establish “certain rules relating to international carriage by air” and in 1929 twenty three member states signed the agreement. Aviation as a global business was quickly being born. One hundred years has passed since the first commercial flight by Tony Jannus and the industry today is much different from those early times. Aviation is much more global and intertwined with three major alliances providing the traveler a seamless process and new carriers such as COPA and Emirates emerging into prominence. Big airframe manufacturers have evolved and while Boeing remains, new players like Airbus, Bombardier, and Embraer have emerged. The evolution of aviation as a global industry has changed our societies, our economies and our environment. Today goods ordered online are frequently manufactured that day on the other side of the globe and shipped via air the next day. This provides tremendous economic development impact and jobs. Over 56 million jobs worldwide are supported by aviation, with over 2.2 trillion dollars of global economic impact or 3.5% of global GDP. Finally, organizations like ACI, IATA, CANSO, and other alphabet organizations are working within the framework of ICAO to solve the global challenges aviation faces.

Frederick Piccolo CEO, Sarasota Bradenton International Airport and Chairman, ACI World

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 39

1924

Source: Dana Bell, 2008, European Air Services

ä First flight of: i
Focke-Wulf A.16 (Wikipedia) i
Letov S-19 (Jane’s, 1993) i
Nieuport-Delage NiD 38 (Wikiepdia) i
Swallow New Swallow (Wikipedia) ä Lincoln Standard L.S.5 introduction

ä The Huff Daland Dusters crop-dusting operation, a predecessor to Delta Air Lines, is founded in Macon, Ga. This is the world’s first commercial agricultural flying company ä A four-passenger DH.50 with an enclosed cabin is introduced by Qantas

ä Early 1924: Aeromarine Airways cease operations due to a freeze on mail contracts by the U.S. Postal Service (Wikipedia)

a German-registered Junkers F 13 D-335 (Fin-

February 1 February

/ Aleksandrov – Kalinin AK-1 first flight (Wikipedia)

15 February

/ Dorner Delphin II first flight (Dornier, 1983)

nair) [1]

20 March

/ Aero O/Y makes its maiden commercial flight

carrying 162 kilos of mail from Helsinki to Tallinn (Finnair)

March 14 March

on the Charleville – Cloncurry run, marking the introduction of post-war commercial aircraft to Australia

/ Aero O/Y takes delivery of its first aircraft,

40 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

25 March

31 March

/ Supermarine Swan, British experimental amphibian aircraft, first flight (Wikipedia)

June 2 June

/ AB Aerotransport (ABA) commence operations (Wikipedia). Aero O/Y begins to fly to

/ Imperial Airways is incorporated on 31 March

as the “chosen instrument” of the British Government with the mission of developing British commercial air transport on an economic basis. The new airline is formed the fleets of The Instone Airline Limited, The Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Limited and British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd (operating a Southampton to Guernsey flying boat service) (British Airways)

Stockholm in cooperation with the Swedish airline ABA (Finnair) 28 June

/ Avro Andover first flight (Holmes, 2004)

July 19 July

/ Blériot 135 first flight (Wikipedia)

August

/ Savoia-Marchetti S.55 first flight (Wikipedia)

20 August

/ In Tampico, Americans George L. Rihl, William

April 11 April

/ Fokker F-VII first flight (www.dutch-aviation. nl)

23 April

/ Stout 2-AT Pullman first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

26 April

/ Imperial Airways launches its first flight be-

Mallory, R.G. Piper and Carl V. Schlaet establish Mexicana Airlines. The new partners purchased the majority of CMTA assets

September 18 September / Junkers G 23 first flight (Junkers)

tween London Croydon and Paris Le Bourget with DH.34 G-EBCX (Captain H.S. Robertson) (British Airways)

October 1 October

/ KLM initiates its first intercontinental flight,

from Amsterdam to Batavia (Colonial Jakarta) in a Fokker F-VII

May 4 May

/ Sikorsky S-29A first flight (Sikorsky Archives)

5 May

/ The German airline Deutsche Aero Lloyd es-

November

ginnings as the Republic of Albania signing a Governmental Agreement with German Air Company “Luft Hansa”. On the basis of this ten-year concession agreement, the Albanian Airline with the name “Adria Aero Lloyd” is established

tablished a partnership with the Colombian company Sociedad Colombo – Alemana de Transporte Aéreo – SCADTA to create the Condor Syndikat (Wikipedia) 26 May

/ Tupolev ANT-2 piloted by test-pilot N.I.Petrov taking off for the first time [2]

/ The civil air transport in Albania marks its be-

4 November

/ Canadian Vickers Vedette first flight (Wikipedia)

December 7 December

/ Dornier Komet III first flight (Dornier, 1983)

[1] [X]

[2]

Source: Finnair

Source: Tupolev

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 41

1925

[1] Source: Atlanta Airport

ä First flight of: x CRDA CANT 6 (Jane’s, 1993) x CRDA CANT 10 (Wikipedia) x Curtiss Carrier Pigeon (Wikipedia) x Farman F.170 Jabiru (Wikipedia) x Fokker Universal (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) x NVI F.K.33 (Wikipedia) Xxxxxxx x Pitcairn PA-1 Fleetwing (Wikipedia) Xxxxxxxxxx / Xxx x Sikorsky S-31 (Sikorsky Archives) ä Aerolloyd is transformed into Aerolot S.A., a joint stock company, and its technical facilities are transferred from Gdansk airport to Warsaw’s Mokotow airport. In Poznan, Aero Sp. z o.o., a limited liability air transport company, is founded and launches regular carrier operations on the Poznan – Lodz – Warsaw route (LOT)

42 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Huff Daland Duster’s headquarters moves to Monroe, La. Huff Daland’s 18 planes are the largest privately owned fleet in the world. Operations range south to Florida, north to Arkansas, and west to California and Mexico (Delta Air Lines)

ä Stout Air Services is founded by the engineer and businessman, William Bushnell Stout (Wikipedia) ä The Mayor of Atlanta signs a five-year lease on an abandoned auto racetrack and commits the City to developing it into an airfield. Flights are operational in 1926 (ACI) [1] ä Cleveland Airport (CLE) opens and becomes the first municipal airport in the U.S. (Cleveland Airport System) ä Copenhagen Airport is founded (ACI) [2]

February

/ Latécoère 15 first flight (Wikipedia)

2 February

/ The U.S. Air Mail Act, commonly known as the

ment of commercial aviation. A Resolution is adopted to approach the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) with a view to securing its collaboration toward the removal of these difficulties. Also adopt, a Resolution indicating that children under three years of age will be carried free, provided that such children are taken on the knees of the passenger who accompanies them and do not occupy a separate seat (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

Kelly Act, provides for transportation of mail on the basis of contracts between the Post Office Department and individual air carriers. Under the original Kelly Act, however, a carrier’s compensation was computed as a percentage of the actual postage affixed to the mail transported (FAA) 10 February

/ Dornier Merkur I first flight (Dornier, 1983)

Spring

/ Adria Aero Lloyd begins its first domestic flights to Shkodra and Vlora (Albanian Directory General of Civil Aviation)

April 15 April

/ Ukvozduchput airline begins operating when

it offers service from Kharkiv to Odessa and Kiev (Wikipedia)

May March 1 March

15 May Line begins the first scheduled passenger service operated wholly over the U.S. mainland and throughout the year (FAA)

10 March

/ Supermarine Southampton first flight (Wikipedia)

18 to 19 March / The 13th General Meeting of the International Air Traffic Association (IATA), held in London, reviews the excessive formalities and restrictions imposed by European Customs Administrations with respect to aircraft operating international services and concludes that this situation greatly hampers the develop-

/ Imperial Airways’ Croydon to Amsterdam ser-

vice becomes the first sector of England to Scandinavia through service. Imperial Airways operates London to Amsterdam and AB Aerotransport (Swedish Air Lines) works Amsterdam – Copenhagen – Malmo (British Airways)

/ T. Claude Ryan’s Los Angeles – San Diego Air

June 18 June

/ de Havilland DH.54 Highclere first flight (Wikipedia)

Mid

/ Junkers G 24 first flight (Heimann, 1988)

July 6 July

/ First Douglas mail plane, the M-1, starts man-

ufacturer’s flight trials

[2]

Source: Copenhagen Airport

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 43

1925 7 July

/ The Boeing Model 40 mail plane makes its first

flight, testing the wood used to construct its fuselage. It will evolve into the Model 40A [3] 13 July

/ Western Air Express is founded in Los Angeles (TWA)

29 July

/ Blériot 155 first flight (Wikipedia)

August

/ Test flight of the Dornier Wals ATLANTICO and

PACIFICO of SCADTA across the countries of Central America (Dornier, 1983) 6 August

/ Tupolev ANT-3 first flight (Wikipedia)

25 to 26 August / The 14th General Meeting of the International Air Traffic Association (IATA), held in Brussels concludes that there is a need to collaborate with international institutions interested in matters pertaining to the development of scheduled international air transport services (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

15 September / Lloyd Aereo Boliviano is born under the leadership of Guillermo Kyllman as the first elected President of the company based in Cochabamba, Bolivia

October 27 October to 6 November / The First International Conference of Private Air Law is convened in Paris to examine the question of the responsibility of the airlines and to undertake the immense work of the coding of the private air law; the final protocol of this Conference asks for the creation of a special committee of experts (Comité International Technique d’Experts Juridiques Aériens, C.I.T.E.J.A.) (ICAO) [3]

September 2 September / Balair is founded (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) 3 September / SPCA Météore 63 first flight (Wikipedia)

1926

Source: Boeing

i Lioré et Olivier LeO H-190 (Wikipedia) i Messerschmitt M 18 (Jane’s, 1993) i Pitcairn PA-2 Sesquiwing (Wikipedia) i Rohrbach Ro VIII Rol (Heimann, 1988) i SABCA S.2 (Jane’s, 1993)

ä First flight of: i Albatros L 72 (Jane’s, 1993) i Albatros L 73 (Jane’s, 1993) i Breguet 26T first flight (Wikipedia)

ä Aero A.23 introduction (Wikipedia) ä Allan Lockheed officially forms the

Lockheed Aircraft Company

i Buhl-Verville CA-3 Airster first flight,

ä The Aircraft International Register

the first aircraft to receive a type certificate in the U.S. (Wikipedia) i CAMS 51 (Wikipedia) i Fairchild 71 (Wikipedia) i Heinkel HD 39 (Jane’s, 1993) i Junkers G 31 (Junkers) i Latécoère 26 (Wikipedia) i Lioré et Olivier LeO 21 (Wikipedia)

(Registre International Aéronautique, AIR) is organized on the initiative of the Bureau Véritas (ICAO) ä “Radio operators” are put in charge of radio transmissions (CANSO) ä The first organized Authority for the

Civil Aviation is established in Greece

44 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Aeroexpress Joint Stock Company is wound up (Malev) ä Sleeper seats are introduced by Luft

Hansa on the Albatross L73, known as the “flying sleeping car” on trunk routes from Berlin to London, Malmo and Vienna (IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009) ä ZAKAVIA’s regular flights begin on

the Mineralniye Vody – Grozniy – Makhachkala – Baku – Yevlakh – Tbilisi route. Airports started operating in Baku, Yevlakh and Sheki (Azerbaijan Airlines) ä Chicago Municipal Airport is one of

the first airports with a concrete runway (ACI)

route survey that began on 16 November with a flight from the UK to Cape Town and back in the Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar-powered DH.50J G-EBFO. The outward flight was London – Paris – Marseille – Pisa – Taranto – Athens – Sollum – Cairo – Luxor – Assuan – Wadi Halfa – Atbara – Khartoum – Malakal – Mongalla – Jinja – Kisumu – Tabora – Abercorn – Ndola – Broken Hill – Livingstone – Bulawayo – Pretoria – Johannesburg – Kimberley – Blomfontein – Cape Town (British Airways) [1]

January January to February / Spain – Buenos Aires with the Dornier Wal PLUS UTRLA; first South Atlantic flight from the east to the west; 10,270 km in 60 hours (Dornier, 1983)

6 January

/ Founding of “Deutsche Luft Hansa AG” by

Deutscher Aero Llyod and Junkers Luftverkehr (Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Media Relations)

19 January

/ Udet U 11 Kondor first flight (Wikipedia)

25 January

/ Stinson Detroiter first flight (Wikipedia)

February

/ Latécoère 25 first flight (Wikipedia)

14 February

/ Ryan M-1 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

March

/ First flight of:

- Fokker Super Universal (Wikipedia) - Travel Air 5000 (Wikipedia) / Western Canada Airways is established (Wikipedia)

13 March

/ Alan Cobham completes Imperial Airways’

16 March

/ Armstrong Whitworth Argosy first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

April 17 April

/ A Douglas M-2 serving with Western Air

Express begins mail operations on Salt Lake City, Utah, to Los Angeles, Calif., route [2]

May 12 May

/ National Air Transport (NAT) begins air service

between Chicago and Dallas, via Kansas City, Mo. (United Airlines) 20 May

/ U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs into law

the Air Commerce Act, which places the ad-

[1]

Source: British Airways

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 45

1926

23 May

ministration of commercial aeronautics under the Department of Commerce (U.S. Department

11 June

/ The Ford Trimotor makes its first flight (FAA)

of Transportation)

14 June

/ Fairchild FC-1 first flight (Wikipedia)

17 June

/ The single-engine cargo transport low-wing Junkers W 33 makes its first flight (Junkers)

July

/ Avia BH-25 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

/ Aboard a Douglas M-2, Western Air Express’

first two passengers, for a $90 fare, flying between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles 25 May

/ Start of pooling arrangements between two

international airlines; i.e., Deutsche Luft Hansa and the Farman Company –Société Générale de Transport Aérien (SGTA)– permitting joint operations between Berlin and Paris via Cologne (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

/ Latécoère 21 first flight (Wikipedia)

16 July

/ The Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company inau-

gurates the first daily passenger air service between Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. (FAA)

31 May

/ The International Federation of Freight For-

warders Associations (FIATA) is founded in Vienna (FAA) [3]

16 July

Armstrong Whitworth Argosy on the London Croydon – Paris Le Bourget route (British Air-

June 4 June

/ Imperial Airways introduces the three-engine

ways) [4] / Aero O/Y with a state-guaranteed loan, pur-

chases a three-engine, nine-passenger Junkers G 24, which is brought to Helsinki and put into service on the Stockholm route (Finnair)

[2]

August 9 August

/ Focke-Wulf GL 18 first flight (Wikipedia)

11 August

/ The “US Airways Division” is created an early form of an ATS Department (CANSO)

September 1 September / Col. Lewis Brittin founds Northwest Airways as a Michigan corporation with operations

[3]

Source: Delta Flight Museum

46 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

based at Speedway Flying Field (site of today’s Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport) (Delta Air Lines) 15 September / Pacific Air Transport (PAT) inaugurates service between Los Angeles and Seattle (United

10 October

/ Northwest Airways takes to the sky, carrying

air mail from the Twin Cities to Chicago with a “fleet” of two rented, open-cockpit biplanes – a Thomas Morse Scout and a Curtiss Oriole 27 October

/ Blériot 165 first flight (Wikipedia)

Airlines)

November 15 September / Florida Airways delivers mail on the Tampa – Jacksonville – Atlanta route to become the first commercial flight into Candler Field, Atlanta (City of Atlanta) 30 September / Dornier 2-mot.Superwal first flight (Dornier,

2 November

cabin commercial plane: the 3-passenger Stinson Detroiter 13 November / Avio Linee Italiane S.A. (ALI) is founded in Rome (Compendium of International Civil Avia-

1983)

30 September / de Havilland DH.66 Hercules first flight (Royal Air Force Museum)

October

tion)

December 7 December

/ The first airway light beacon erected by the Aeronautics Branch begins operation (FAA)

7 December

/ The U.S. Aeronautics Branch makes its first

/ The Ibero-American Convention (also called

the Madrid Convention) is created under the auspices of Spain, with Portugal and the States of Latin America; this convention differs from the Paris Convention in the way it takes account of the principle of the equal rights of its members. This Convention had limited impact because of the restricted number of ratifications that it received, as only 5 States (Spain, Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica and Mexico) deposited their instruments of ratification (ICAO) 1 October

/ Northwest introduces nation’s first closed-

/ Alan Cobham completes 28,000 miles in 78

days with 320 hours flying time as the DH.50 alights on the Thames at Westminster. He left the Medway at Rochester on 30 June in the DH.50 G-EBFO on a commercial route survey to Melbourne, arriving on 15 August. He left Melbourne on 29 August (British Airways)

[4]

official airworthiness inspection of an American aircraft when Inspector Ralph Lockwood tests a Stinson Detroiter before its delivery to Canadian Air Express (FAA) 27 December / Imperial Airways DH.66 Hercules G-EBMX leaves Croydon for a survey flight to India. The flight reaches Karachi on 6 January and Delhi on 8 January. The aircraft was named City of Delhi by Lady Irwin, wife of the Viceroy, on 10 January. The return flight left on 1 February 1927 and arrived at Heliopolis, Cairo on 7 February. The flying time from Croydon to Delhi was 62 hours 27 minutes and Delhi to Heliopolis 32 hours 50 minutes (British Airways) 31 December / The first Air Commerce Regulations of the Aeronautics Branch, U.S. Department of Commerce, become effective. The regulations require all aircraft engaged in interstate or foreign commerce to be licensed and marked with an assigned identification number. Pilots of licensed aircraft are required to hold private or commercial licenses. Commercial pilots are classed as either transport or industrial. Mechanics repairing aircraft engaged in air commerce are required to secure either engine or airplane mechanic licenses, or both (FAA)

Source: British Airways

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 47

1927

[1] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä First flight of: i Arado V.I (Wikipedia) i Aviméta 132 (Wikipedia) i Bach Air Yacht (Wikipedia) i CANT 22 (Wikipedia) i de Havilland Giant Moth DH.61

Source: iconicphotos.files.wordpress.com [2]

ä Aeronaut stop operations (Wikipedia)

i Ryan Brougham (Wikipedia) i Sikorsky S-36 (Sikorsky Archives)

ä L’ Aéropostale, is set up (Air France)

i Stearman C2 & C3 (Wikipedia)

ä Rohrbach Ro V Rocco seaplane is built (Wikipedia)

ä Huff Daland airline extends dusting services to Peru (Delta Air Lines)

(Wikipedia) i Focke-Wulf A.17 (Wikipedia) i Heinkel HD 40 (Jane’s, 1993) i Keystone Pathfinder (Wikipedia) i Latécoère 28 (Wikipedia) i Nieuport-Delage NiD 39 (Wikipedia) i Nieuport-Delage NiD 640 (Wikipedia) i Pitcairn Mailwing (Wikipedia) i Potez 29 (Jane’s, 1993)

January

ä Atlantic Aircraft Corporation is re-

named Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America ä Light beacons are installed. Perma-

nent tracks for navigation start to be established (CANSO)

/ Imperial Airways operations open Cairo –

28 January

/ Deutsche Luft Hansa establishes the Syndicato

Condor Ltda. in Rio de Janeiro as a Brazilian airline company to introduce joint airmail services between Germany and cities in South America (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

48 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

minican airline is organized under the name West Indian Aerial Express (IDAC) ä Western is the first U.S. airline to pay a cash dividend to stockholders (Delta Air Lines)

/ The Boeing Airplane Co. signs a contract with

the U.S. Postal Department to fly airmail on the 1,918-mile route between Chicago, Ill., and San Francisco, Calif., using the Model 40A mail plane with an air-cooled engine

Baghdad – Basra sector of the Britain to India route (British Airways) 12 January

ä In the city of Barahona the first Do-

February 18-19 February / The 17th Annual General Meeting of the International Air Traffic Association (IATA) held

in Vienna adopts the first standard format of an international air ticket and consignment note (air waybill) and the procedures to be used for their completion, together with a set of general transport conditions applicable to both passengers and goods (Compendium of

June 4 to 5 June

becomes the first person to cross the Atlantic by airplane as a passenger when he flies nonstop between New York and Germany in a Bellanca monoplane piloted by Clarence Chamberlin, whom he had sponsored (FAA)

International Civil Aviation)

March

15 June

12 March

/ Fokker F.VIII (or F.8) first flight (www.dutchaviation.nl)

29 March

/ The Aeronautics Branch issues Aircraft Type

/ Charles A. Levine, a New York businessman,

/ U.S. businessman Van Lear Black charters a

KLM Fokker F.VIIa for a flight from the Netherlands to Batavia, the first international charter flight (Wikipedia)

Certificate No. 1 to the Buhl Airster C-A3, a three-place open biplane (FAA)

17 June

/ Founding date of the Society for Air Transport

/ Latécoère decides to sell 93% of his business

24 June

/ Polikarpov Po-2 first flight (Wikipedia)

to another Brazilian-based French businessman named Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont. On that basis, Bouilloux-Lafont then founds the Compagnie générale aéropostale, better known by the shorter name Aéropostale (Chronique

28 June

/ Iberia, Compania Aérea de Transporte, is for-

AEROPUT, later succeeded by Yugoslav Airlines and now by Air Serbia

April 11 April

mally founded 30 June

/ Boeing Air Transport (BAT), predecessor to

United Airlines, is founded to operate the mail routes and run the new airline. Philip G. Johnson is President, Claire L. Egtvedt is General Manager and William E. Boeing is Chairman of the Board

de l’ Aviation, 1991)

19 April

/ Ryan Airline Company is founded (Wikipedia)

28 April

/ Spirit of St. Louis first flight (Wikipedia)

30 June

/ The U.S. Aeronautics Branch announces that

its first airways strip map is available for purchase: Moline, Ill., to Kansas City, Mo. (FAA)

May 1 May

/ The luxury Silver Wing launches service to

Paris. Service is introduced by Imperial Airways using the Armstrong Whitworth Argosy. With a comfortable recognisable airliner cabin, a steward, a four-course luncheon and a bar service, the flight took 2 hours 30 minutes (British Airways) 4 May

7 May

/ Det Norske Luftfartselskap A/S (DNL), SAS’s Norwegian parent company is founded (SAS & Chronique de l’Aviation, 1991) / S.A. Empresa de Viaçao Aérea Rio-Grandense,

(VARIG) is born 20 May

/ The Boeing Model 40A two-passenger mail

plane makes its first flight

July

/ F.180 Oiseau Bleu first flight (Aviafrance)

1 July

/ Bertha Boeing, William’s wife, inaugurates the

first BAT airmail flight between Chicago and San Francisco, charging passengers $204 for a one-way trip (Boeing & United Airlines) 1 July

/ Condor Syndikat officially ceases to exist (Wikipedia)

4 July

/ First flight of Lockheed Vega

5 July

/ St. Paul businessman Byron Webster be-

comes Northwest’s first ticketed passenger

August

/ The office of Civil Aviation of Air Traffic Min-

istry of Italy buys “Adria Aero Lloyd Society” 20 to 21 May / Charles A. Lindbergh, a former airmail pilot, makes the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic in an airplane, a Ryan monoplane dubbed the Spirit of St. Louis. He flew the 3,610 miles from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, N.Y., to Le Bourget Field, Paris, France, in 33 hours 29 minutes (FAA) [1] [2]

(Albanian Directory General of Civil Aviation)

September 1 September / NAT expands its operations to include a Chicago – New York route, connecting with BAT at Chicago, to establish the first transcontinental passenger air service (United Airlines) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 49

1927 1 September

/ American Railway Express and major airlines begin air cargo express operations (FAA)

1-10 September / First International Air Post Congress at The Hague, Netherlands, initiated by USSR. This Conference results in an agreement that establishes the airline companies as officially recognized carriers of mail at the maximum remuneration of 6 postal gold francs per metric ton-kilogram. It also initiates some significant rules and regulations concerning the acceptance and rapid delivery of airmail by the signatory powers, the expeditious handling of airmail by countries without air services, and the basis of accounting procedures for international airmail. Another provision agreed upon is that the par avion labels should have a blue colour and, when the mail does not actually travel by air, such labels or annotations should be crossed out (ICAO) 10 September / The first rapid transit station to connect an airport with a mass transit system is the Berlin U-Bahn’s Paradestraße station and is built to provide direct access to Berlin Tempelhof Airport (Wikipedia)

Swan flying boat G-EBJY on the Southampton to Guernsey route. The route was discontinued in February 1929 when the Calcutta flying boats were transferred to the Mediterranean for the opening of the UK to India service (British Airways) 19 October

/ Pan American Airways begins its operations

with an airmail flight between the United States and Cuba, accomplished with a rented plane to meet a contract deadline (FAA) 25 October

/ Bunavad, the first national airline of Bulgaria, commences operations (Wikipedia)

26 October

/ Air Union lowers its prices and creates a second

class with very interesting fares on the Paris – London route (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) 28 October

/ Pan American Airways begins regular airmail

service between Key West and Havana and also is the first U.S. airline to operate land aircraft over water on a regular schedule (FAA & Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

November

/ Guinea Airways is established (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

15 September / Pitcairn Aviation, Inc., is formed (Eastern Air Lines)

October

22 November / Aéropostale starts regular flights between Rio de Janeiro and Natal (Chronique de l’ Avia-

/ Imperial Airways introduces second class

travel on the Paris route, using Handley Page aircraft without cabin service and a slower flying time (British Airways) / Survey flights to the Far East and South Af-

rica lay out the basis for the sought after goal of regular links to the Empire. The initial link is established from Cairo to Baghdad in 1927 following pioneering work by the RAF. It is soon extended to Karachi and then Delhi

tion, 1991)

December 14 December / Iberia take-off: King Alfonso XIII looks on as Spain´s first commercial air route Madrid – Barcelona is opened [3]

[3]

(British Airways) / The International Radio Convention meets in

Washington, D.C. During sessions that lasted into November, the conferees secure international agreements on the use of certain frequencies by aircraft and airway control stations (FAA) 6 October

/ Imperial Airways introduces the Supermarine

50 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Source: Iberia

1928

Source: Western Canada Aviation Museum [1]

ä First flight of: x$HUR$(Jane’s, 1993) x$HUR$ (Wikipedia) x%HUQDUG (Wikipedia) x%UHJXHW7 (Wikipedia) x&$06 (Wikipedia) x&DSURQL&D (Wikipedia) x)DLUFKLOG.5 (Wikipedia) x+DPLOWRQ+ (Wikipedia)

x.H\VWRQH®/RHQLQJ$LU
x.RROKRYHQ). (Wikipedia) x/DWpFRqUH (Wikipedia) x/RHQLQJ& (Wikipedia) x0LWVXELVKL0& (Wikipedia) x5RKUEDFK5RPDU (Wikipedia) x6LPPRQGV6SDUWDQ (Wikipedia) ä The first nonstop transcontinental

flight is completed in 19 hours in a Lockheed Vega ä Stanley C. Kennedy, a Silver Star Navy

pilot, convinces the board of directors of Inter-Island Steam Navigation of the importance of air service to the Territory and forms Inter-Island Airways (Hawaiian Airlines)

ä C. E. Woolman, the principal founder

ä Of the several proposed inter-island

ä Hungarian Aviation Joint Stock Com-

air services, the field narrows down to two contenders: Hawaiian Airways and Inter-Island Airways. Hawaiian Airways after erecting a hangar at John Rodgers Airport and making survey flights with a small tri-motor Kreutzer monoplane, runs into organizational difficulties and ceases operations (Aloha State)

pany is reorganized, continuing operations under the name Malert (Ma-

ä Huff Daland operates the first inter-

national mail and passenger route on the west coast of South America (Lima to Paita and Talara) for Pan American subsidiary Peruvian Airways (Delta Air Lines)

of Delta Air Lines, leads movement to buy Huff Daland Dusters; renamed Delta Air Service for the Mississippi Delta region it serves (Delta Air Lines)

lev) ä Iberia starts with three Rohrbach Ro-

land aircraft, powered by three engines and with a top speed of 205 km/h ä Pan American is the first U.S. airline

to develop an airport and airways traffic control system, and also the first U.S. airline to carry emergency life-saving equipment and the first U.S. airline to order and purchase aircraft built to its own specifications, with the Sikorsky S-38 flying boat

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 51

1928 ä Stout Air Services purchases airmail

routes from Ford Air Transport Service (Wikipedia) ä Western is the first airline to fly a tri-

motor (3-engine) plane in the United States, the Fokker F-10 (Delta Air Lines)

munications and weather forecasting. Establishes 37 weather stations along its “model” airway route (Los Angeles-San Francisco) achieving a 99% on-time performance (Delta Air Lines) ä The world’s first airport hotel opens

ä Western begins developing the ba-

sis for today’s air-to-ground com-

at London Croydon Airport (where one of its first visitors is Charlie

14 February

January 1 January

Air Transport’s stock and runs an airline up and down the West Coast 20 February / Pan American Airways begin its scheduled

Aerodrome in honour of the noted Manitoba aviator and pioneer bush pilot, Captain Fred J. Stevenson. This is Canada’s first international airport (ACI) [1]

/ The first Short S.8 Calcutta flying boat G-EBVG

/ The Pan American Convention on Air Navigation

(also called the Havana Convention) is signed in Havana, with clauses that largely enable USA-owned airlines to freely operate services within North and South America. Among the principles of the Havana Convention, is the freedom of air passage, but unlike the Paris Convention it makes no attempt to develop uniform technical standards, nor is there any provision for periodic discussions on common problems through the agency of a permanent organization. This Pan-American Agreement is a certain success, since, signed by 21 States; it is finally ratified by 16 of them (ICAO)

passenger service on the Key West and Havana route (FAA) [2]

February 1 February

ä Winnipeg Airport opens as Stevenson

built for Imperial Airways make its first flight at Rochester (British Airways & Century of Flight)

/ Boeing Air Transport acquires 73% of Pacific

16 January

Chaplin). It is called The Aerodrome Hotel (ACI)

/ Northwest becomes an international airline

with weekly Twin Cities – Winnipeg flights via Fargo, N.D. After only three months, FargoWinnipeg service is suspended due to opposition from the Canadian government [2]

26 February

/ BFW (Messerschmitt) M.20 first flight (Heimann, 1988)

March 1 March

/ The airline Aéropostale (originally called

Lignes Aériennes Latécoère) inaugurates a pioneering mail service by a flying boat between Toulouse and Buenos Aires, with a scheduled journey time of eight days (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) [3]

28 March

/ Assistant U.S. Secretary of Commerce Mac-

Cracken calls a special conference of representatives of the Army Air Corps, Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Weather Bureau, Bureau of Standards, and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to study the causes and prevention of ice formation on aircraft,

52 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

and to discuss the possible development of an instrument to indicate when ice forms on an aircraft in flight (FAA) 30 March

/ Dornier Delphin III first flight (Dornier, 1983)

17 May

/ Vickers Vellore first flight (Wikipedia)

25 May

/ Sikorsky S-38 first flight (Wikipedia)

31 May to 9 June / Australian pilots Charles E. Kingsford-Smith

April

/ Lockheed Air Express first flight (Wikipedia)

15 April

/ Aboard a Mexicana’s single-engine Fairchild

FC2 with 450 horsepower and piloted by Cap. Edward Snyder, the first flight with mail cargo carrying more than 5,000 pieces of mail and an edition of one of Mexico City’s major newspapers arrive in Tuxpan, Veracruz 15 April

/ Travel Air 6000 first flight (Wikipedia)

and Charles T. P. Ulm, accompanied by a navigator and a radioman, both Americans, make the first transpacific crossing by air. They flew from Oakland, Calif., to Brisbane, Australia, with stopovers at Hawaii and the Fiji Islands, in a modified Fokker F.VII (FAA)

June

/ Kalinin K-4 first flight (Wikipedia)

15 June

/ Imperial Airways’ Argosy G-EBLF City of Glas-

gow (Captain Gordon Olley) with 18 passengers, from Croydon to Edinburgh Turnhouse in a race with the London and North Eastern Railways’ Flying Scotsman. The Argosy makes two refuelling stops and completes the journey approximately 15 minutes faster than by train (British Airways) [4]

May 2 May

/ The new passenger terminal at Croydon Air-

port, the Airport of London, is formally open by Lady Maud Hoare. Operations had begun earlier in the year (British Airways) 16 May

[3]

/ Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT) comes into being (FAA)

17 to 18 June / Wilmer Stultz pilots a pontoon-equipped Fokker from Newfoundland to Wales on the first nonstop transatlantic flight by a seaplane. He is accompanied by a mechanic and by Amelia Earhart, the first woman transatlantic air passenger (FAA) 20 June

/ Braniff Air Lines begins operations. Organ-

ized by brothers Thomas and Paul Braniff, the airline carries passengers between Tulsa and Oklahoma City (FAA) 23 June

/ Merger of Aviation Corp of Americas with Pan American Airways Inc (Bell, 2008)

[4]

Source: British Airways

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 53

1928 30 June

/ The U.S. Commerce Department’s Aeronaut-

ics Branch establishes a five-member Aircraft Accident Board and succeeds in developing a practical radio navigation beacon system (FAA)

July

/ Farman F.190 first flight (Aviafrance)

1 July

/ The U.S. Commerce Department begins us-

ing teletype machines to transmit aviation weather information (FAA) 27 July

18 September / The Graf Zeppelin, the most successful rigid airship ever built, makes its first flight (FAA)

October 1 October

/ Newark first major airport in the New York metropolitan area open (The Port Authority of NY & NJ)

30 October

/ The Boeing Airplane and Transport Corp. is

formed to encompass both airline and aircraft manufacturing operations and acquires BAT, PAT and the Boeing Airplane Co. as subsidiaries (Boeing & United Airlines)

/ The Boeing Model 80, a 12-passenger trimo-

tor biplane transport, makes its first flight [5]

27 July

/ Irish-born aviator Mary, Lady Heath, becomes

the first woman appointed as a co-pilot with a civil airline, KLM (Wikipedia & http://www.ladyicarus.com)

August 1 August

/ Luft Hansa and Dobrolet partner to operate

a regular postal service on the route BerlinMoscow-Irkutsk (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

September 15 September / Compania de Aviacion Faucett makes its first flight (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

[5]

Source: Boeing

54 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

November 20 November / Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc. is organized

December 12 to 14 December / The International Civil Aeronautics Conference is held in Washington, D.C., The purpose of the Conference is to consider the strides made throughout the world in the science and practice of civil aeronautics since the first power-driven flight, and to discuss ways and means of further developing air transport for the benefit of mankind. It provides an opportunity for an exchange of views on problems pertaining to aircraft in international commerce and trade, and suitably commemorates the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first flight of the Wright brothers. It also streamlines the way international airmail is prepaid and handled; before that, rules for prepaying international airmail depended on country-to-country treaties (ICAO) 29 December / The Polish Civil Aviation Department at the Ministry of Transport draws up a programme of fundamental changes in Polish air transport. Every private aviation company is closed down. In their stead, a single, self-governing, state enterprise is founded and named LOT Airlines Ltd. (Linje Lotnicze LOT Sp. z o.o.)

1929 ä First flight of:

x%HOODQFD&+ (Wikipedia) x&RQVROLGDWHG&RPPRGRUH (Wikipedia) x&XUWLVV.LQJELUG (Wikipedia) x&XUWLVV7KUXVK (Wikipedia) x+HLQNHO+( (Wikipedia) x.H\VWRQH/RHQLQJ&RPPXWHr (Wikipedia)

x.H\VWRQH3DWULFLDQ (Wikipedia) x/LRUpHW2OLYLHU/H2+ (Wikipedia) x0HVVHUVFKPLWW0 (Wikipedia) ä Waco Mailplanes introduction (Wikipedia) ä Edwin Link, a citizen of the United

States, invents the ground-based pilot training device, the world’s first electro-mechanical flight simulator, that becomes known as the Link Trainer (Compendium of International Civil Aviation & Century of Flight) ä Tests of the ILS system begin in the United States (Wikipedia)

January

ä IATA has grown from the original

ä Linea Aerea Nacional de Chile (LAN) is

five members to 23 airlines. In 1929 five committees exist: Legal, Postal, Radiotelegraphic, Traffic and Cash Examination (IATA Wings for the World

founded by Comandante Arturo Merino Benitez

since 1945, 2009) ä New Zealand Parliament pass the “Lo-

cal Authorities Empowering (Aviation Encouragement) Act 1929”. It give County Councils, Harbour Boards, etc, power to establish and maintain aerodromes (Civil Aviation Authority of

ä Luft Hansa pilots are routinely

trained in instrument flying and aircraft are linked to air traffic controllers by radio (Grant, 2002) ä Luft Hansa opens its first cargo

routes ä Union Airways of South Africa, the

first South African commercial airline, starts its operations (Wikipedia)

New Zealand) ä American Airlines: The consolidation

begins when The Aviation Corporation is formed to acquire younger aviation companies, including Robertson ä Dobrolyot and similar organizations

of other Soviet republics, Ukrvozdukhput (Ukrainian Airways) and Zakavia (a Georgian Airline), are incorporated into Dobrolyot USSR (Wikipedia)

ä UPS becomes the first package deliv-

ery company to provide air service via privately operated airlines. Unfortunately, a lack of volume (caused in part by the Great Depression) contributed to the ending of the service in the same year ä The city of St Louis hires the first

U.S. air traffic controller - Archie W. League, a pilot and mechanic (ACI)

/ Juan Trippe forms Pan American-Grace Airways

[1]

Inc that will open service as far south as Santiago, Chile in July (PANAGRA) (Bell, 2008) [1] 15 January

/ Stearman M-2 Speedmail first flight (Wikipedia)

23 January

/ Pan American takes control of Mexicana

(CMA) stock 26 January

/ The Portuguese National Council of Air, is cre-

ated by Decree-Law No. 16 424 (INAC)

February 1 February

/ The Boeing Airplane and Transport Corp.

changes its name to United Aircraft and Transportation Corp. and by the end of the year expands its operations to include Chance Vought Corp., Hamilton Metalplane Division, Boeing Aircraft of Canada, Stout Airlines, Northrop Aircraft Corp., Stearman Aircraft Co., Sikorsky Aviation Corp., Standard Steel Propeller Co. and Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Co.

Pan American route map 1936: “The Americas”

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 55

1929 6 February

noa-Rome (Ostia) – Naples – Corfu – Athens – Suda Bay (Crete) – Tobruk – Alexandria by Calcutta (by flying boat), Alexandria – Gaza – Rutbah Wells – Baghdad – Basra – Bushire – Lingeh-Jask – Gwadar – Karachi by DH.66 Hercules. The originally planned all-air route could not be operated as Italy would not allow British aircraft to enter Italy from France, and flying over the Alps then was not considered practical. The London – Karachi journey time was seven days and the single fare £130. By December the service had reached Delhi (Bri-

/ First flight carrying international airmail in

Central America and USA. Lindbergh piloting the amphibious Sikorsky S-38 opens the Pan American Miami-Panama route (Autoridad Aeronautica Civil of Panama)

13 February

/ Junkers A50 first flight (Wikipedia)

22 February

/ Westland IV first flight (Wikipedia)

March

/ Mexicana open the international Mexico –

Tuxpan – Tampico – Brownsville route

tish Airways) [2] / Formation of New York, Rio and Buenos Aires Line (NYRBA) (Bell, 2008)

3 March

April 12 April

tional Aviation Corporation (CNAC). Its first objectives are to establish air services between Shanghai and Peking (now called Beijing), Hankow (Wuhan), and Canton (Guangzhou)

/ Aviation Corporation (AVCO), a holding com-

pany is chartered 9 March

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

/ Col. Charles A. Lindbergh inaugurates the first

direct mail route to Mexico City, carrying 13 passengers on a trip from Brownsville, Texas

/ The Chinese Government founds the China Na-

May

/ Tupolev ANT-9 first flight (Wikipedia)

7 May

/ Dornier Do K1 first flight (Dornier, 1983)

(AIAA)

30 March

/ Imperial Airways inaugurates its first through

service from Britain to India (Karachi). The route is London (Croydon) – Paris – Basle by Argosy (by air), Basle – Genoa (by train), Ge[2]

14 to 20 May / The first International Congress on Sanitary Aviation (Congrès international de l’aviation sanitaire) is held in Paris (ICAO) 22 May

/ Pan American inaugurates its passenger ser-

vice between Miami and the Canal Zone that lasts 56 hours (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) 25 May

/ Lasco Lascoter first flight (Wikipedia)

June 17 June

/ Delta’s first passenger flight carries one pi-

lot and up to five passengers. Departed Dallas, Texas, at 8 a.m. Made scheduled stops at Shreveport and Monroe, Louisiana, before landing at Jackson, Mississippi. The 427-mile flight took 5 hours [3]

[3]

Source: British Airways

56 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Source: Delta Flight Museum

18 June

/ The second day of Delta’s passenger service.

Delta’s first woman passenger was on the flight out of Dallas. Her name was Billie Rose, wife of pilot Elmer Rose, and she flew nonrevenue status

July 7 July

/ Transcontinental Air Transport, becomes the

first airline to offer coast-to-coast travel, with combination air-and-rail service (TWA) 12 July

/ Chief Pilot Richard Wagner takes off for the first flight with the Dornier Do X (Dornier, 1983) [4]

August

/ Bernard 60 first flight (Wikipedia)

1 August

/ Twin Cities’ businessmen led by Richard C.

Lilly of St. Paul purchase Northwest Airways from the original Michigan investor group 23 August

/ Fokker F.IX first flight (www.dutch-aviation.nl)

September

/ KLM starts regular, scheduled service be-

tween Amsterdam and Batavia. Until the outbreak of the Second World War, this was the world’s longest-distance scheduled service

13 September / Fokker F.32 first flight (Wikipedia) Mid

/ Trippe buyout of NYRBA (Bell, 2008)

24 September / At Mitchel Field, N.Y., Army Lt. James H. Doolittle becomes the first pilot to use only instrument guidance to take-off, fly a set course, and land. Doolittle received directional guidance from a radio range course aligned with the airport runway, while radio marker beacons indicated his distance from the runway. He relied on a sensitive altimeter to determine his altitude, and controlled the attitude of his aircraft with guidance from a directional gyro and an artificial horizon (FAA)

October 1 October

/ Allocation of radio frequencies by the U.S.

Federal Radio Commission clear the way for air transport companies to develop a communications network supplementing Federal facilities (FAA) 4 to 12 October / The Second International Conference on Private Air Law meets in Warsaw (ICAO) 5 October

/ The Boeing Model 40B-4 makes its first flight.

It is the first plane in the Model 40 series to use the two-way radio, designed by Thorpe Hiscock, William Boeing’s brother-in-law

1 September / NYRBA opens an east coast route connecting Buenos Aires and Santiago (Bell, 2008) 1 September / Delta extends its original route east from Jackson to Meridian, Mississippi, and Tuscaloosa and Birmingham, Alabama

8 October

/ Cubana is founded

12 October

/ Warsaw Convention formally entitled Conven-

tion for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air is signed by 23 States. This convention establishes the international liability for air carriers and the monetary limits for damage, delay and loss

9 September / de Havilland Puss Moth first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 12 September / 18-passenger Boeing Model 80A makes its first flight

(ICAO) [5]

[4] [5]

Source: German Federal Archives - Georg Pahl

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 57

1929 18 October

/ Kalinin K-5 first flight (Wikipedia)

21 October

/ A record flight with 169 people on board is

made with a Dornier Do X (it took 20 years to break this record) (Dornier, 1983)

November 6 November

/ First flight of four-engine large commercial aircraft Junkers G 38 in Dessau (Junkers)

11 November / Inter-Island Airways, Ltd. introduces the first scheduled air service in Hawaii with a fleet of two 8-passenger Sikorsky S-38 (Hawaiian Airlines)

1930

13 November / With Decree No.19, the Costa Rica General Directorate of Civil Aviation is created (Direccion General de Aviacion Civil Costa Rica)

December

/ Dornier Do K 2 first flight (Dornier, 1983)

18 December / The first IATA International Scheduling Conference to coordinate airline schedules and to standardize scheduling information is held in Berlin (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) 21 December / SPCA 40T first flight (Wikipedia)

Mid 1930s: ä Earl Ward the importance of radio contact between all flights (CANSO) ä Glen Gilbert (CANSO) i All pilots should get clearance

from ground personnel

ä First flight of: i Bellanca Aircruiser (Wikipedia) i Desoutter Mk.II (Wikipedia) i Fairchild 100 (Wikipedia) i Focke-Wulf A 32 (Jane’s, 1993) i Focke-Wulf A 33 (Wikipedia) i Heinkel He 58 (Heimann, 1988) i Northrop Alpha (Wikipedia) i Saro A.19 Cloud (Wikipedia) i Savoia-Marchetti S.71 (Jane’s, 1993) i Stearman 4 (Wikipedia) i Stinson SM-6000 Airliner

(www.flugzeuginfo.net) i Wibault 280 (Wikipedia) ä Fokker Aircraft Corporation of Amer-

ica is merged with General Motors Corporation and the company’s new name is General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation

i First separation rules: 1,000 feet

vertical separation and the 10 nm airway width

Late 1930s: ä ATC: Aerodrome (Tower) Control and Area Control (CANSO)

ä The first airplane kitchen is invented ä Bunavad, the national airline of Bul(patented) by Werner Sell (Georg Robgaria, ceases operations (Wikipedia) ert Werner Sell) of Germany (Wikipedia) ä Service begins to Atlanta. Lack of mail ä A sound-locator acoustic system for

detection of aircraft in flight is developed (AIAA) ä Directorate General of Civil Aviation of

Chile is created ä Ghana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) is

established ä Aero O/Y and ABA launch the name

contract forces suspension of passenger service. Company renamed Delta Air Corporation

ä The first Greek airline is established,

a partnership named “Icarus”, which after a few months was replaced by the corporation E.E.E.S (Hellenic Air Transport Company) (Olympic Airways)

“Scandinavian Air Express” to market ä Mexicana become the first international airline to unite two foreign the companies’ routes between Stockdestinations: Brownsville and Guaholm and Helsinki as well as Aero’s temala. The route made stopovers route between Helsinki and Tallinn in Veracruz, Minatitlan, Ixtepec and (Finnair) [1]

58 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1930

Source: Burbank Bob Hope Airport [2]

[1]

Tapachula, and continued on to the city Boeing Aircraft Company develops and of Guatemala. There, Mexicana linked uses the first air-to-ground radio (Delta up with Pan American routes, which at Air Lines) the time flew to Miami, Nicaragua and Panama ä The world’s first radio-equipped Air Traffic Control Tower regulating arrivä Pan American is the first U.S. airline to als, departures and surface movement offer international air express service of aircraft at a specific airport, opens in Cleveland (ACI & Cleveland Airport System) ä TWA is the first airline: and the first runway lighting appeared i to require that its pilots have a flight at Cleveland Municipal Airport (Wikipeplan, flight log, flight clearance and dia) cockpit check lists i to fly four-engine aircraft, when the Fokker F-32 was put into scheduled ä Burbank California Airport is inaugurated one of the first examples of the service “simple terminal” design, which was a i to organize a weather department and standalone building separate from the employ a professional meteorologist hangars (ACI) [2] i to develop the first automatic trailing wire antenna release device and first the elastic de-icible radio beacon antenna ä IATA Traffic Committee develops the first standard hand-written ticket for multiple trips (These same standards served ä Western uses the first directional radio compass for air navigation, and with the the industry into the early 1970s) (IATA)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 59

1930 January

April

13 January

/ Farman F.300 first flight (Wikipedia)

17 January

/ Pitcairn’s name is changed to Eastern Air Transport, Inc. [3]

25 January

May 4 May

/ Sikorsky S-41 first flight (Sikorsky Archives)

6 May

/ The Monomail, the first Boeing commercial monoplane, makes its first flight [4]

15 May

/ Ellen Church, a registered nurse, joins the

/ The Aviation Corporation’s airline subsidiaries

are incorporated into American Airways, Inc. (American Airlines & FAA)

crew of the Boeing Model 80A headed to San Francisco. She is the first world’s female flight attendant [5]

February 1 February

/ Deutsche Luft Hansa, in partnership with the

Chinese Government, establishes the Eurasia Aviation Corporation (Morgensten and Plath,

15 May

/ First air route in Arkhangelsk is launched with

a “Dobrolyot” four-seat aircraft with side number 119 led by Konstantin Deduschenko takes off from Kegostrov airport and successfully operates the route Arkhangelsk – Ust-Sysolsk – Arkhangelsk (Nordavia)

June 12 June

/ Delta enters Atlanta

16 June

/ Imperial Airways inaugurates a London-Bir-

mingham-Manchester-Liverpool thrice-weekly service with Argosy aircraft. This service is to provide continental connections at Croydon (it was withdrawn on 20 September) (British

March 31 March

/ United Aircraft and Transport Corp. (UATC) acquires NAT (United Airlines)

[3]

Airways)

[5]

Source: Eastern

[4]

Source: Boeing

60 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ The U.S. Department of Commerce require

airlines to obtain a certificate of authority to operate if they engage in interstate passenger service (FAA)

2006)

4 February

/ PWS-21 first flight (Wikipedia)

Source: Boeing

July 1 July

/ Northwest moves its operations base to St.

Paul’s Holman Field (today’s St. Paul Downtown Airport). First ground radio installation is purchased 1 July

13 October

/ Junkers Ju 52/1m first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

16 October

/ Saro A.21 Windhover first flight (Wikipedia)

25 October

/ TWA is the first airline to offer all-air trans-

continental service lasting 36 hours, with an overnight stop in Kansas City

/ CSA enters into the world of international

transport with a Ford 5AT plane on the Prague -Zagreb route

November 13 November / Braniff Airways begins operations (FAA)

August 18 August 24 August

/ Eastern inaugurates passenger operations between New York and Washington (FAA) / Latécoère 380 first flight (Wikipedia)

September 23 September / Dornier Do S first flight (Dornier, 1983)

October 1 October

/ Vickers Viastra first flight (Wikipedia)

1 October

/ Western Air Express merges with Transcon-

tinental Air Transport to become Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA)

1931 ä[X] First flight of:

14 November / Handley Page H.P.42 first flight (Wikipedia)

December 5 December

/ Fokker F.XII first flight (www.dutch-aviation.nl)

10 December / Eastern Air Transport inaugurates first continuous passenger service from Atlanta to New York (City of Atlanta) 22 December / Tupolev TB-3 first flight (Wikipedia) 31 December / Airworthiness regulations for aircraft components and accessories become effective in U.S. (FAA)

codes receive an X on the end (LA became LAX and Portland’s PD became PDX), and every subsequent airport is given three letters (ACI) ä Although there is only one passenger fare on a given route,[X] a round trip dis-

i Avro 627 Mailplane (Wikipedia)

count is introduced (IATA Wings for the

i Beriev MBR-2 (Wikipedia)

World since 1945, 2009)

i Farman F.250 (Wikipedia) i Focke-Wulf A 38 (Wikipedia) i Koolhoven F.K.43 (Wikipedia)

ä Eastern acquires New York Airways (FAA)

i Latécoère 300 (Jane’s, 1993) i Letov S-32 (Wikipedia) i Lockheed Model 9 Orion, the first

airliner to have retractable landing gear (Wikipedia) i Savoia-Marchetti S.66 (Wikipedia) i Werkspoor Jumbo (Wikipedia) i Wibault 360 (Wikipedia) ä Airport codes are introduced. The air-

ports with two-letter weather station

ä E.E.E.S (Hellenic Air Transport Com-

pany) first flight is Athens – Thessaloniki and the route opened officially carrying an enthusiastic passenger, Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (Olympic Airways) ä General Motors acquires control of Western through a subsidiary (Delta Air Lines)

ä The “crane” is officially accepted as

the LOT Polish Airlines livery. Also a multi-section route is established, flying Warsaw-Lwow-CzerniowceBucharest ä Pan American is the first U.S. airline

to develop and operate four-engine flying boats, its first Clippers, Sikorsky S-40 fleet ä Qantas establishes its first link with

Britain’s Imperial Airways when it carries the first airmail from Brisbane to Darwin as part of an experimental Australia-England run ä The airline Transportes Aéreos Cen-

troamericanos (TACA) is founded in Tegucigalpa, Honduras ä TWA develops the first transport tail-

wheel lock, applied to the Northrop Alpha airplane

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 61

1931

Schiphol offers flights to multiple European destinations - Source: Schiphol Group

February

/ Breguet 393T first flight (Wikipedia)

21 February

forced to deviate from his planned flight path under threat from a passenger with a weapon. This is the first recorded hijacking (IATA Wings

/ Farman F.280 first flight (Wikipedia)

2 February

/ Northwest resumes “international” service

to Winnipeg. In a compromise to satisfy both U.S. and Canadian governments, Northwest flies to the border town of Pembina, North Dakota, where mail and passengers transfer to Western Canada Airways for the last 67mile leg to Winnipeg 12 February

for the World since 1945, 2009 & Wikipedia)

24 February

/ Short S17 Kent first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

28 February

/ G-ABFA Scipio, the first of three Short S17

Kent flying boats for Imperial Airways, makes its first flight from the Medway at Rochester. It left the UK on 27 April for its Mediterranean station (British Airways) [1]

/ An amendment to existing regulations in U.S.

covering interstate airline operations requires a co-pilot on all aircraft flying a schedule of five or more hours with eight or more passengers (FAA)

62 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ In Peru a pilot of Faucett Aviation transport is

28 February

/ Imperial Airways introduces a weekly Eng-

land to Central Africa service terminating at Mwanza on Lake Victoria, taking ten days to cover the 5,124 mile route (British Airways)

March 26 March

October / Swissair is formed following the merger of

1 October

/ The U.S. Department of Commerce promul-

Balair and Ad Astra 28 March

/ Boeing Air Transport, National Air Transport,

Varney Airlines and Pacific Air Transport combine as United Air Lines, providing coast-tocoast passenger service and mail service. It takes 27 hours to fly the route, one way

June 11 June

gates a regulation prescribing a cockpit crew complement of two, a pilot and co-pilot, on all scheduled air transports capable of carrying fifteen or more passengers or having a gross take-off weight of 15,000 pounds or more (FAA)

/ The Handley Page H.P.42 four-engine bi-

plane, a notable aircraft, is introduced by Imperial Airways on the Croydon to Paris route

November 20 November / Legislative Act No. 3909 is passed by the Philippine Legislative creating an Office under the Department of Commerce and Communications to handle aviation matters (Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines)

(British Airways) [2]

14 June

/ Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia S.A. Avianca

is constituted as a result of the merger of SCADTA and the Servicio Aéreo Colombiano SACO

July

December 9 December

rica is extended experimentally to Cape Town for the carriage of Christmas mail. The aircraft used on the last sector, DH.66 G-AARY City of Karachi arrived in Cape Town on 21 December (British Airways)

/ David Behncke meets with 24 “key men” in

Chicago to officially form ALPA 7 July

/ The Imperial Airways’ service for Central Af-

/ Sikorsky S-40 first flight (Sikorsky Archives) [2]

August

/ PWS-24 first flight (Wikipedia)

6 August

/ TWA is the first airline to inaugurate cargo

service, with a shipment of livestock from St. Louis to Newark 14 August

/ Tupolev ANT-14 first flight. It has been cred-

ited as Russia’s first all-metal aircraft, with a corrosion-resistant-steel structure (Wikipedia) [3]

17 August

/ Dornier Do K 3 first flight (Dornier, 1983) Source: British Airways

[1] [3]

Source: British Airways

Source: Wikipedia

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 63

1932

[1] Source: Alaska Airlines ä First flight of:

ä The company that ultimately be-

i Airspeed AS.4 Ferry (Jane’s, 1993) i Fiat G.2 (Jane’s, 1993) i Northrop Gamma (Jane’s, 1993) i Spartan Cruiser (Wikipedia)

ä Direccion General de Aeronautica of Paraguay is created (Direccion National de Aeronautica Civil of Paraguay)

comes Alaska Airlines is born when Linious “Mac” McGee paints “McGee Airways” on the side of a three-passenger Stinson and starts flying out of Anchorage [1] ä Pan American becomes the first air-

line to sell all-expense international air tour packages

January 20 January

bana (Wikipedia) ä RAF Sharjah opens. It is the first air-

port in the UAE and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, and is used by Imperial Airways (ACI) [2]

February / Routes to East Africa via Cairo are also being

developed and on this day a mail-only route to Cape Town was opened. On 27 April the route was opened to passengers. The flights left Croydon on Wednesday and landed at Cape Town on Sunday, ten days later (British Air-

11 February

/ Couzinet 70 first flight (Wikipedia)

24 February

/ Latécoère 500 first flight (Wikipedia)

25 February

/ The Central Administration of the Civil Air

Fleet is founded and “Aeroflot” is adopted as the official abbreviation of the country’s civil aviation service

ways)

29 January

ä Pan American acquires 100% of Cu-

/ de Havilland Fox Moth first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

64 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

March

/ Junkers Ju 46 first flight (Wikipedia)

2 March

/ National Air Transport Company (Costa Rica) starts operating (Direccion General de Aviacion Civil Costa Rica)

7 May

/ Dornier Do F make its first flight (Dornier, 1983)

9 May

/ Capt. A. F. Hegenberger flies without a check

pilot to make the first blind solo flight on instruments only, at Dayton, Ohio (FAA)

April 30 April

/ The International Aeronautical Q Code, used

in air traffic communications throughout the world, is established at a meeting in London, U.K. (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

21 May

evision reception (a one-time event). The broadcast, from an experimental TV station, features a then unknown actress named Loretta Young (Western & White, 2012)

May 7 May

7 May

/ Egyptair is established (Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation) / Junkers Ju 52/3m first flight (Junkers) [3]

/ Western is the first airline with airborne tel-

22 May

/ General Aviation GA-43 first flight (Wikipedia)

26 May

/ Farman F.220 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

June [2] Source: Sharjah Airport

6 June

/ Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta A.W.15 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

24 June

/ Birthday of Pulkovo Airlines. The first facility,

the Shosseynaya airfield, is commissioned, with the first two airplanes with passengers and mail from Moscow landing on its ground (Rossiya)

30 June

/ Fokker F.XVIII first flight (Wikipedia)

[3]

Source: Kostas Iatrou

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 65

1932 July 1 July 26 July

/ Aero’s first Ju 52/3 goes into service on the Helsinki-Stockholm route (Finnair)

4 October

/ Kharkov KhAI-1 first flight (Wikipedia)

15 October

/ Tata Sons Ltd. operates the first Karachi -

Ahmedabad – Bombay – Bellary – Madras mail service to connect with Imperial Airways’ London – Karachi services. The first service carried mail which had left London on 8 October

/ The Boeing Model 247, the first modern air-

liner, is awarded its patent

August

/ The Douglas Gamma transport, built by John

Northrop, makes its first flight 23 August

/ By Decree No. 147 is established the National Commission for Aviation of Panama (Autoridad Aeronautica Civil of Panama)

24 or 30 October / Bloch MB.120 (Dassault Aviation)

November 8 November

/ Junkers Ju 60 first flight (Wikipedia)

24 November / de Havilland Dragon DH.84 first flight (Jane’s,

September

1993)

20 September / Douglas is awarded a contract by TWA to build the DC-1 prototype, with options for 60 more

December 26 September / Imperial Airways introduces the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.15 Atalanta, four engine aircraft (British Airways)

October

1 December

/ Heinkel He 70 first flight (Heimann, 1988)

8 December

/ SPCA 90 first flight (Wikipedia)

/ First scheduled commercial flight arrives in

Bahrain en-route from London to Delhi

1933

ä The Air Transport Association of Canada (ATAC) is established ä The history of civil aviation of the Kyrgyz Republic start by

adoption Resolution of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Kirghiz SSR (Civil Aviation Agency of the Kyrgyz Republic) ä First flight of: i CAMS 58 (Wikipedia) i Fokker F.XX (www.dutch-aviation.nl) i PWS-54 (Wikipedia) i Stinson Reliant (Wikipedia) ä Larry Jewell improves pilot-controller coordination through the ALDIS lamp (CANSO) ä A code for seat reservations come into general use (IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009)

ä Eastern acquires Luddington Air Lines (FAA) ä Swissair links Switzerland to the European night airmail

network with service between Basel and Frankfurt ä TWA is the first to develop and use advanced “flight plan-

ning” for every flight, based on a thorough analysis of weather and overall operating conditions ä TWA is the first airline to operate regular all-cargo service.

The airline is also the first to fly transcontinental all-cargo service, inaugurated with Ford Tri-Motor “Flying Boxcars.”

66 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1933

Source: Boeing [1]

The purpose of these conventions is to ensure adequate compensation for persons who suffer damage caused on the surface by foreign aircraft while limiting in a reasonable manner the extent of liabilities incurred for such damage in order not to hinder the development of international air transport (ICAO)

January 30 January

/ Curtiss T-32 Condor II first flight (Wikipedia)

February 8 February

/ First flight of Boeing Model 247 [1]

13 February

/ The Warsaw convention of 1929 comes into force (ICAO)

20 May 19 February

/ The “State Airlines Administration” operating

under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense is established (Turkish Airlines)

/ Vultee V-1 first flight (Wikipedia)

[2]

April 11 April

/ Airspeed AS.5 Courier first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

12 April

/ The first International Sanitary Convention

[2]

for Aerial Navigation is signed at The Hague (without a conference) to protect communities against diseases liable to be imported by aircraft and to protect flying personnel against diseases due to flying (ICAO)

May

/ Northrop Delta first flight (Wikipedia)

15 to 29 May / The Third International Conference on Private Air Law meets in Rome. This conference adopts two conventions, as follows: - The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface; - The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Precautionary Arrest of Aircraft.

Source: Turkish Airlines

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1924-1933 / 67

1933 27 May

/ de Havilland Leopard Moth first flight (Wikipedia)

11 July

/ Dewoitine D.332 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

29 May

/ An England to Australia survey flight take-

August

/ Air Orient, Air Union, the Société Générale de

off, operated by Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth XV Atalanta G-ABTL Astraea. Major H G Brackley, Imperial Airways’ Air Superintendent, is in charge of the flight. Astraea flew Croydon – Paris – Lyons – Rome – Brindidsi – Athens – Alexandria – Cairo where it followed the normal route to Karachi then onwards to Jodhpur – Delhi – Calcutta – Akyab – Rangoon – Bangkok – Prachuab – Alor Star – Singapore – Palembang – Batavia – Sourabaya – Bima – Koepang – Bathurst Island – Darwin – Newcastle Waters – Camooweal – Cloncurry – Longreach – Roma – Toowoomba reaching Eagle Farm, Brisbane on 23 June. Sydney was visited on 26 June, Canberra on 28 June and Melbourne on 29 June (British

Transport Aérien (S.G.T.A. formerly Lignes Farman) and the C.I.D.N.A. (formerly FrancoRoumaine), start a joint airline named Société Centrale pour l’ Exploitation de Lignes Aériennes (S.C.E.L.A.). The airline is named Air France following the takeover of the assets of the bankrupt Aéropostale / Egyptair commences commercial operations

with the Spartan Cruiser flying from Cairo to Alexandria 3 August

/ Blériot 5190 first flight (Wikipedia)

11 August

/ Boston and Maine Airways makes its first

flight from Boston to Portland and Bangor, Maine (Northeast Airlines)

Airways)

June 2 June

18 August

/ Short Scion first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

/ The Gamma flown by Capt. Frank Hawks

broke several speed records including flying 13 hours and 278 minutes at 181 mph nonstop between Los Angeles, Calif., and New York 21 June

/ Supermarine Walrus first flight (Wikipedia)

25 June

/ Pacific Seaboard Air Lines makes its first flight (Delta Air Lines)

October 7 October

/ Air France is officially inaugurated at Paris-Le

Bourget Airport

November 1 November

/ Central Airlines and Pennsylvania Airlines

merge to form Pennsylvania-Central Airlines (FAA)

4 November

/ VASP is founded

7 November

/ The formation of Civil Aviation in Belarus be-

July 1 July

/ The first Douglas airliner, the DC-1, makes its

first flight 1 July

/ The UK to India route is extended from Karachi

to Calcutta in conjunction with Indian TransContinental Airways. The trans-India route was Karachi – Jodhpur – Delhi – Cawnpore – Allahabad – Calcutta (On 23 September the route is extended Calcutta – Akyab – Rangoon. On 9 December the route is extended Rangoon – Singapore) (British Airways) 1 July

gins with the construction of the airport in Minsk that is inaugurated with the first flight on the route Minsk – Moscow

December

from Amsterdam to Batavia in a record time of just over four days in a Fokker F-XVIII Pelikaan. The mail arrived in time for Christmas / The only Douglas DC-1 ever built is delivered

to TWA

/ Air France and Deutsche Luft Hansa inaugu-

rate a twice-weekly pool service across the South Atlantic as the volume of airmail continued to grow (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

68 / 1924-1933 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ KLM flies Christmas and New Year’s cards

1 December

/ Indian National Airways commences the first

daily service in India, between Calcutta and Dacca (Wikipedia)

1934-1943

Exploring the world and World War II

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 69

1934-1943 Exploring the world and World War II The first modern airlines were developed during this decade (1934-1943). The Boeing 247 unveiled in 1933 is among the first modern aircraft ordered by United Air Lines. Other innovations during this period included the variable pitch propeller that reduced take-off distance and increased rate of climb and boosted cruising speeds. The DC-1 was the first to be equipped with an automatic pilot and the first efficient wing flaps for added lift during take-off. The DC-2 and 3 followed later. The DC-3 enabled viable commercial operations. It was built with the innovative aluminium alloys and more powerful engines. The use of the hydraulics to lower and raise the landing gear was another significant innovation with the DC-3. Apart from technological breakthroughs, Government decisions were very important to aviation’s future. One of the most important aviation bills ever enacted by Congress in the USA was the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938. Until that time, various government agencies and departments had a hand in aviation policy. The Act created the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) and gave the new agency power to regulate airline fares, airmail rates, interline agreements, mergers and routes, thereby encouraging the development of commercial air transportation. The accident investigation function was bestowed to the CAA, which was renamed the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). These moves, coupled with the tremendous progress made on the technological side, put the industry on the road to success. The Second World War brought about many innovations. One significant one was the pressurisation with the B-29 being the first large pressurised aircraft which led to the growth in comfort, altitude (above 10 000 feet) and range. The Boeing Statoliner, a derivation of the B-17 Bomber was introduced in 1940 and first flown by TWA with pressurised cabin. Another critical innovation was the development of the jet engine. Other advances were recorded in radio technology (communication and radar) and aerodynamics efficiency. During the war, airlines provided much needed airlift to keep troops and supplies moving to the front and throughout the production chain back home. For the first time in their history, the airlines had far more passenger and freight business than they could handle. Several of them also had opportunities to pioneer new routes, gaining an exposure that would give them a decidedly broader outlook when the war ended.

Elijah Chingosho Secretary General, AFRAA

70 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1934 ä The Transport Licensing (Commer-

cial Aircraft Services) Act 1934 come into force, heralding the beginning of regulated airline passenger services in New Zealand (Civil Aviation Authority

ä First flight of: i Avro 642 Eighteen (Wikipedia) i Breda Ba.44 (Jane’s, 1993)

of New Zealand)

i Caudron Simoun (Wikipedia) i ICAR 36 (Wikipedia) i Kellett KD-1 (Wikipedia)

with a new one, representing more adequately the aeronautical, peaceful and international character of IATA’s work

ä TWA is the first to adopt the Sperry

automatic pilot as standard equipment to reduce pilot fatigue

ä Eastern Air Transport takes the name Eastern Air Lines (FAA)

ä Walter T. Varney and his partner Louis

ä Luft Hansa launches airmail service to Buenos Aires (Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Media Relations Lufthansa Group) ä McGee merges with Star Air Service

creating the largest airline in Alaska with 22 aircraft ä An International Air Guide is able to

reassure its readers that “no special clothing is required” for flight (Grant,

velop the rubber wing de-icer and the rubber propeller de-icer overshoe

tested the first automatic directionfinder for airplanes (AIAA)

i Parnall Heck (Wikipedia)

ä IATA replaces a preliminary emblem

ä TWA, with the Goodrich Rubber Co., de-

ä American Airlines developed and

i Messerschmitt Bf 108 (Jane’s, 1993) i Savoia-Marchetti S.73 (Wikipedia)

ultra-high-frequency blind-landing system

ä TWA is the first airline to cooperate

2002)

with the Civil Aeronautics Administration to develop and install an

9 February

January 3 January

/ The Laté 300 “Croix du Sud”, an Air France four-engine seaplane, crosses the South Atlantic (Dakar – Natal) in 19 hours

14 January

/ de Havilland Express DH.86 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

18 January

/ Qantas Empire Airways Limited is registered in Brisbane, effectively combining the interests of Imperial Airways and Qantas each of which held a half share

30 January

/ Junkers Ju 160 first flight (Wikipedia)

February 1 February

/ South African Government takes over the assets and liabilities of Union Airways. The airline is renamed South African Airways (SAA)

3 February

/ Deutsche Luft Hansa begins the first regular airmail service across the Atlantic Ocean, between Berlin and Rio de Janeiro (Wikipedia & Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

Mueller found Varney Speed Lines. That same year, Varney cedes control to Mueller (Continental Airlines) ä Western changes its name to General

Air Lines and once again becomes an independent corporation under the control of General Motors. Also Western’s association ends with TWA when an independent Western Air Express Corporation is created, dissolving both General Air Lines and Western Air Express, Inc. (Delta Air Lines)

/ Postmaster General James A. Farley, carrying out the wishes of U.S. President Roosevelt, announces the cancellation of all existing airmail contracts, effective midnight, 19 February. His action followed disclosures made by a special Senate investigating committee chaired by Senator Hugo L. Black (D-Ala.) and investigations made by Farley himself. The general basis for cancellation of the airmail contracts was the charge that competitive bidding had been bypassed and contract awards had been made as a result of collusion in a series of conferences of operators with Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown. The following day, noting that the airmail contracts had been canceled and that the continuing need for air mail service had created an emergency, President Roosevelt issued an Executive order directing the Secretary of War to make available the planes and pilots necessary to carry the airmail during the emergency. In response to the President’s Executive Order, the Army Air Corps

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 71

1934 began carrying the airmail when the contracts expired (FAA) 19 February

/ The Douglas DC-1 makes record coast-tocoast flight, Los Angeles to Newark, N.J., in 13 hours, 4 minutes

19 February

/ Wideroes Flyveselskap AS is founded

23 February

/ Lockheed Electra L-10 first flight, the first airliner to be pressurised [1]

April 11 April

/ American Airways becomes American Airlines, Inc. (American Airlines & FAA)

16 April

/ Northwest is reincorporated under Minnesota law as Northwest Airlines, Inc. [2] [2]

March 21 March

/ Railway Air Services Ltd. (RAS) is registered. Formed by the four mainline railways, London Midland & Scottish, London & North Eastern, Great Western and Southern and Imperial Airways, the company was “to provide and operate air services in the British Isles and elsewhere, and to form connecting links with the services of Imperial Airways (British

17 April

/ Qantas operates its first overseas passenger flight from Brisbane to Singapore, a four-day trip. The first overseas passenger is Major A. Phillips

17 April

/ de Havilland Dragon Rapide DH.89 first flight

Airways)

26 March

/ Short Scylla first flight (Wikipedia)

30 March

/ Sikorsky S-42, the Flying Clipper, first flight

(Jane’s, 1993)

(Sikorsky Archives)

27 April 31 March

/ By Decree No. 24070, is granted government permission to VASP to “establish air traffic in the country” with the granting of lines: Sao Paulo – Ribeirao Preto – Uberaba (450km) and Sao Paulo – San Carlos – Black River (450km)

May 8 May

/ Mail service by commercial air companies begins again on certain routes in U.S. (FAA)

11 May

/ The Douglas DC-2 makes its first flight [3]

[1]

Source: National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, Lockheed Y1C-36 Fact Sheet Media

72 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Stinson Model A first flight (Wikipedia)

18 May

/ The Douglas DC-2, the production version of the DC-1 and forerunner of the DC-3, enters commercial service on TWA’s Columbus – Pittsburgh – Newark route

24 July

/ Supermarine Stranraer first flight (Wikipedia)

28 July

/ First air hostesses in Europe employed by Swissair (Swissair & Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

19 May

/ Tupolev ANT-20 Maksim Gorky first flight. Its wingspan was similar to that of a modern Boeing 747 (Wikipedia) [4]

August 5 August

/ Delta Air Lines resumes passenger service

24 May

/ Koolhoven F.K.48 first flight (Wikipedia)

28 August

26 May

/ The first official Royal Air Mail pennant is presented to Imperial Airways (British Airways)

/ Società Ala Littoria comes into being through the merger of Società Aerea Mediterranea (SAM), Società Anonima Navigazione Aerea (SANA), Società Italiana Servizi Aerei (SISA) and Aero Espresso Italiana (AEI) (Wikipedia &

June 12 June

Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

/ The U.S. President signs the Air Mail Act of 1934 into law (FAA)

31 August

/ United Aircraft and Transport Corp. dissolved (United Airlines)

22 June

/ Fokker F.XXXVI first flight (Wikipedia)

26 June

/ Airspeed AS.6 Envoy first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

September / Caudron C.510 Pélican (Aviafrance) / P.Z.L. 27 first flight (Wikipedia)

July 1 July

/ The name of the U.S. Aeronautics Branch is changed to Bureau of Air Commerce (FAA)

4 July

/ Delta receives Air Mail Route 24 from Post Office and starts first mail service

15 July

/ Varney Speed Lines first flight is a 530-mile route from Pueblo, Colorado to El Paso, Texas with stops in Las Vegas, Santa Fe and Albuquerque, New Mexico (Continental Airlines)

20 July

/ United Airlines Transport Corporation (UALTC) is formed to succeed UAL as owner/operator of BAT, NAT, PAT and Varney and United Airports of California

13 September / Following a conclusive demonstration of an Army Air Corps blind-landing system, the U.S. Bureau of Air Commerce adopts that system as its standard (FAA) 14 September / Antonio Diaz Lombardo creates Aeronaves de Mexico. Julio Zinser makes the inaugural flight from Mexico City to Acapulco in the airline’s first plane, a Stinson Reliant 28 September / New Boeing Airplane Co. president is Claire L. Egtvedt, after government regulations require that United Aircraft and Transport Corp. divide into three separate companies: United Aircraft Co., Boeing Airplane Co. and United

[3] [X]

[4]

Source: Boeing

Source: Tupolev

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 73

1934 Air Lines. United Air Lines takes over the Boeing School of Aeronautics

8 December

28 September / Deutche Luft Hansa carries its 1,000,000th passenger (Century of Flight)

October

1 October

/ The UK to Australia mail service is open, operated by Imperial Airways (Croydon to Karachi), Indian Trans-Continental (Karachi to Singapore) and Qantas (Singapore to Brisbane) (British Airways)

/ DC-2 is the first Douglas airliner to enter service with an airline outside the United States. KLM’s Douglas DC-2 Uiver wins a “handicap” race –a flight with passengers and cargo– from London to Melbourne

28 December / BAT, NAT, PAT and Varney are merged into UALTC. United Airports of California is sold to Lockheed Corporation (United Airlines)

/ Revised safety requirements for airlines become effective. The revision results from an amendment to the Air Commerce Act of 1926, effective in June 1934, which strengthens and makes more explicit the authority of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to prescribe safety regulations. The new provisions include the requirement for airline pilots to use multi-engine aircraft capable of operating with one engine not functioning when flying at night or over terrain not readily permitting emergency landings. Instrument or “blind” flying is permitted only for multi-engine airliners equipped with a two-way radio (FAA)

31 December / Helen Richey becomes the first woman to pilot a regular civil flight taking a Central Airlines Ford Trimotor on the Washington to Detroit route (Wikipedia & www.women-in-avi-

15 October

/ National Airlines begins operations (FAA)

31 October

/ Fairchild Super 71 first flight (Wikipedia)

30 December / First flight of Martin M-130 (Wikipedia) [5]

ation.com)

[5]

November 1 November

/ South African Airways introduces Junkers Ju 52/3m

4 November

/ Junkers Ju 86 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

16 November / Savoia-Marchetti S.74 first flight (Wikipedia)

December

/ KLM makes its first transatlantic flight, from Amsterdam to Curacao in a Fokker F-XVIII Snip / Caproni Ca.133 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

74 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Source: http://www.nickgrantadventures.com

1935

Source: Delta Flight Museum [1]

ä F irst flight of: • CANT Z.506 (Wikipedia) • Caproni Ca.308 Borea (Wikipedia) • Fiat APR.2 (Jane’s, 1993) • Fokker F.XXII (Jane’s, 1993) • Koolhoven F.K.50 (Wikipedia) • Laville PS-89 (Wikipedia) • Macchi M.C.94 (Jane’s, 1993) • Short Scion Senior (Wikipedia)

äW  estern regroups by leasing and

ä T WA is the first to place combination

acquiring used Boeing 247D aircraft and operating them in conjunction with United Airlines. Hires female flight attendants – called “stewardesses.” [1]

äP  an American is the first airline to de-

ä S wissair Douglas DC-2 aircraft enters service [2]

ä Amelia Earhart dedicates the Newark

äB  oulton & Paul P.71A introduction (Wikipedia)

ä T he company T.A.E. (Technical Airline Enterprises) is established (Olympic Airways)

äD  elta offers first night service with

ä T he State Airlines Administration

the Stinson Model A; first Delta aircraft with two pilots and reclining seats

starts operating under the Ministry of Public Works which at the time is called “Nafia Vekâleti” (Turkish Airlines)

lounge-sleeper planes into service

velop and employ long-range weather forecasting

Airport Administration Building, North America’s first commercial airline terminal. The first Air Route Traffic Control Center, which directs the movement of aircraft between departure and destination, is opened in Newark, NJ. The airport has one of the US’s first runways with lighting, which permits night-time operations (ACI) [3]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION • 1934-1943 / 75

1935 24 February

[2]

/ Heinkel He 111 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

March 1 March

/ Caudron C.440 Goéland first flight (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

10 March

/ VASP is transformed into Mixed Capital Company with stock control by the Government

11 March

/ The Avro 652 G-ACRM Avalon is delivered to Imperial Airways and is the first low-wing monoplane with retractable undercarriages to be delivered to a major airline (British Airways)

15 March

/ Dornier Do 18 E first flight (Dornier, 1983)

18 March

/ Fiat G.18 first flight (Wikipedia)

Source: Swissair

[3] Source: The Port Authority of NY & NJ

April

January

5 April

/ Fairchild 91 a small flying boat airliner makes its first flight (Wikipedia)

13 April

/ Imperial Airways and Qantas Empire Airways open the 12,754 mile London to Brisbane (Kangaroo route) route for passengers for a single fare of £195. There were no through bookings on the first service because of heavy sector bookings, but there were two through passengers on the subsequent service, which left London on 20 April. The route was opened for passengers from Brisbane to London on 17 April. The frequency of service was weekly and the journey time was 12½ days (British Airways) [5]

30 April

/ The Douglas DC-1 breaks its own transcontinental record, flying from Burbank, Calif., to New York in 11 hours 5 minutes

/ Pacific Seaboard Air Lines name changed to Chicago and Southern Air Lines [4] [4]

4 January

/ The Karachi – Bombay – Madras service was re-routed via Hyderabad instead of Bellary. Frequency increased to twice-weekly

7 January

/ Avro 652 first flight (Holmes, 2004)

17 January

/ Latécoère 521 a six-engine flying boat, and one of the first large trans-Atlantic passenger aircraft makes its first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

28 January

/ Potez 62 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

February 23 February

/ Sabena’s first long haul flight to the Congo occurs and takes five and a half days. It was flown by a Sabena Fokker FVII B on a direct service

76 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

[5] Source: British Airways

cuss airway traffic control. Although the conferees agree that the Bureau should establish a uniform system of air traffic control, a lack of funding prevents it from assuming control. Director of Air Commerce Vidal convinces the airline operators to establish airway traffic control immediately and promises that in 90 to 120 days the Bureau of Air Commerce would take over the operations (FAA)

May 11 May

/ Miles M.4A Merlin first flight (Wikipedia)

June 1 June

/ Sikorsky S-43 first flight (Sikorsky Archives)

16 June

/ Tupolev ANT-37 first flight (Wikipedia)

19 June

/ General Aircraft Monospar ST-25 first flight (Wikipedia)

14 November / Noorduyn Norseman first flight (Wikipedia)

July 6 July

/ Fairchild 82 first flight (Wikipedia)

7 July

/ A single-engine Caudron Pelican, piloted by Pierre Janet, left Cotonou carrying passengers and mail to Niamey, a city in the interior of Africa. It was the first flight of the Aéromaritime, air service created by the Chargers Together, and the beginning of an African adventure (Air France & Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

Summer

/ First in-flight sound motion picture: Central Airlines, enroute from Washington DC to Pittsburgh (aerofiles.com)

August 12 August

15 November / Vidal approves an interairline air traffic agreement between carriers flying the Chicago – Cleveland – Newark airway (FAA) 22 November / The Martin M-130, dubbed the China Clipper by customer Pan American, makes the first ever scheduled transpacific flight between San Francisco and Manila (arrived 29 November) 29 November / The U.S. Bureau of Air Commerce, in cooperation with industry, develops a device for elimination of propeller ice (AIAA)

December 1 December

/ A consortium of airline companies organize and man the first airway traffic control center at Newark, N.J. It provides information to airline pilots on the whereabouts of airborne planes in the Newark vicinity during weather conditions requiring instrument flying (FAA)

6 December

/ First TWA “air hostesses” begins flying aboard the DC-2

/ de Havilland DH.90 Dragonfly first flight (Wikipedia)

September 8 September / The first civil airport in Finland is opened at Turku Artukainen (Finnair) 23 September / IAM has been chartered with 35 members

November 12 to 14 November / Representatives of all segments of the aviation community, except manufacturers, meet at the Commerce Building in Washington, D.C., with Bureau of Air Commerce officials to dis-

17 December / The Douglas Sleeper Transport (DST) makes its first flight. This aircraft is the immediate forerunner of the famous DC-3 [6]

End

/ Construction of Tirana Airport (in present day Lapraka) is completed (Albanian Directory General of Civil Aviation)

[6]

Source: Kostas Iatrou

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 77

1936

[1] Source: Delta Flight Museum ä First flight of: i Aero A.204 (Jane’s, 1993) i Dewoitine D.338 (Jane’s, 1993) i Tupolev ANT-35 (Wikipedia) ä IATA members agree on the conditions

and procedures for what may be the first inclusive tour fare. They also set agents’ commissions at 5%, and 3% for

hotel concierges – a major business source (IATA Wings for the World, 2009) ä Sudan Civil Aviation Department is established (Sudan Airways) ä U.S. FAA issues the following regula-

tion: Before obtaining approval for operation, an applicant operating an

78 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

airplane with two piston engines is required to show that intermediate fields available for safe take-offs and landings are located at least at 100-mile intervals along the proposed route (FAA) ä Calendar year, 1936: For the first time

in their history, U.S. domestic airlines

carried a million or more passengers (1,042,042) in scheduled air operations (FAA) ä The first regular mail and passenger

begins with the 14-passenger Lockheed 10 Electra. Co-pilots serve box lunches and coffee [1] ä DETA is founded (LAM)

flight between Minsk and Moscow is opened (Belavia)

ä Gatwick opens. The “Beehive” is rec-

ä Delta Air Lines in-flight meal service

ognised as the world’s first integrated airport building combining

24 March

January 1 January

3 January

/ British Airways Limited is formed from United Airways, Hillman’s Airways and Spartan Airlines. It starts operations from Heston, Middlesex, moving on 17 May to Gatwick. The airline operates to Paris, Hamburg, Copenhagen and Malmo and also receives a government subsidy to develop routes to North and East Europe. It mainly uses American-built Lockheed monoplanes / Air Transport Association of America, Inc. (ATA), becomes the first trade organization for the principal U.S. airlines. Founded by a group of 14 airlines at a meeting in Chicago

April 15 April

17 February

/ Aer Lingus is founded by the Irish Government to provide air services between Ireland and the UK (Aer Lingus & Wikipedia)

May 9 May

/ The German rigid airship Hindenburg moors at Lakehurst, N.J., after a nonstop transatlantic passage of 61 hours 38 minutes from Fiedrichshafen, Germany. The flight marks the inauguration of regularly scheduled transatlantic air service (FAA)

12 May

/ Loire 102 first flight (Wikipedia)

23 May

/ Opening of Stockholm Bromma Airport (Fin-

February 9 February

/ The first commercial passenger flight “Dorado” lands in Penang operated by the Imperial Airways. With this arrival a new era begins for Kai Tak as an airport for public transportation (Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department)

(A4A & FAA)

13-14 January / A Gamma owned by Jackie Cochran, and leased to Howard Hughes, sets a new transcontinental nonstop record flying at an average speed of 259 mph

all necessary functions in a single structure. It was the first airport to give direct, undercover access to the aircraft, and the first to be integrated with a railway station. Originally a local flying club, it was sold in 1933 for 13,500 pounds. This airport is a first example of a split-level/multifloor airports (ACI)

nair)

/ The trans-Africa route is opened by Imperial Airways between Khartoum and Kano and, later, Lagos (British Airways) / Ansett’s makes its first flight from Hamilton to Melbourne. Founded by Reginald Myles Ansett

27 May

/ Aer Lingus makes its maiden voyage from Baldonnel Aerodrome in Dublin to Bristol (Whitchurch airfield) in the UK [2]

[2] Source: Aer Lingus

March 4 March

/ Rigid airship Hindenburg makes its first flight (FAA)

14 March

/ The Hong Kong route is opened by Imperial Airways via Rangoon and, later, Bangkok (British Airways)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 79

1936 25 July

June 6 June

/ The Socony-Vacuum Oil Company begins using the catalytic cracking method to produce aviation gasoline, a step forward in the technology of aviation fuel production (FAA)

11 June

/ Bloch MB.220 first flight (Dassault Aviation)

25 June

/ American is the first airline to fly the Douglas DC-3 in commercial service

26 June

/ The Boeing Airplane Co. signs its first working agreement with the International Association of Machinists Local 751

27 June

/ Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior first flight

france)

30 July

(Wikipedia)

July

/ Mueller sell 40% of Varney Speed Lines to Robert F. Six (Continental Airlines)

4 July

/ Short Empire’s first flight of a medium range four engine monoplane passenger and mail carrying flying boat (Jane’s, 1993)

6 July

/ The U.S. Bureau of Air Commerce takes over the first air traffic control centers at Newark, Chicago, and Cleveland (U.S. Department of

/ H.M.’s government announces its plans for North Atlantic air services. It has decided, after discussions with the Canadian, Irish and Newfoundland governments, that a joint operating company would be responsible for operations and that this company would have three directors from each nominated Canadian, Irish and UK company. The British nominated company is Imperial Airways. Preference is given for a direct route from the UK via Ireland, Newfoundland and Canada but it is considered that initial winter services might have to operate via Bermuda. Experimental flights are to be made by Imperial Airways with the results of the experiments being placed at the disposal of the joint company when it is formed. In fact, no joint company is involved in North Atlantic operations (British Airways)

August 5 August

/ VASP’s PP-SPD takes off from Sao Paulo, inaugurating the new airport, Congonhas, at 8:40 a.m.

7 August

/ The Air Ministry officially licenses Traigh Mhor/Barra Airport as an airfield. The airport is unique, being the only one in the world where scheduled flights use a beach as the runway (Highlands and Islands Airports Limited

Transportation & FAA)

8 July

/ Lioré et Olivier LeO H-47 first flight (Avia-

/ Frankfurt Rhein-Main Airport and Airship Base is officially opened (ACI & Wikipedia)[3]

& Wikipedia & ACI) [4]

21 July

/ The Boeing Airplane Co. signs a contract with Pan American Airways to build six Model 314 Clippers

September 2 September / CSA connects Prague and Moscow 7 September / The tarmac of Geneva Airport is covered with

[3]

[4]

Frankfurt Airport - Source: Fraport AG

80 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Barra Beach Landing Scotland David Greer Source: Highlands and Islands Airports Limited

concrete over a length of 400m, the first of its kind in Europe (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) 10 September / Deutsche Luft Hansa’s twin-engine Dornier Do.18 flying boat Zephyr alights offshore of Port Washington, N.Y., after a flight of 22 hours 18 minutes from Horta in the Azores, where it had been catapulted from the deck of a depot ship. This is the first of a series of German survey flights for possible transatlantic airmail service (FAA) 12 September / Nakajima Ki-34 first flight (Wikipedia)

21 October

/ Pan American Airways initiates regular weekly transpacific passenger service as the Hawaii Clipper takes off from Almeda, near San Francisco, arriving at Manila on 27 October (FAA)

November

/ United Airlines becomes the second DC-3 customer

12 November / The Philippine Legislative pass Commonwealth Act No. 168, better known as the Civil Aviation Law of the Philippines which create the Bureau of Aeronautics (Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines)

18 September / The Douglas DST operated by American Airlines begins transcontinental service between Newark, N.J., and Glendale, Calif.

19 November / PLUNA Lineas Aéreas Uruguayas starts operations (Wikipedia)

October

December

/ Blohm & Voss Ha 139 first flight (Wikipedia)

ä Flugfélag Akureyrar is founded at

1937

Akureyri on the north coast of Iceland (Icelandair)

ä First flight of: i CANT Z.509 (Wikipedia) i Caproni Ca.309 (Wikipedia) i Martin 156 (Wikipedia) i Heinkel He 116 (Jane’s, 1993) ä SAAB is founded ä ATC equipment upgrades – radio lo-

cators, paper flight strips, teletypes etc. (CANSO)

ä Business expands with the purchase of

Alaska Interior Airlines. Late that year, McGee sells Star to a group led by one of his former pilots, Don Goodman, who renames the carrier Star Air Lines ä TWA is the first to develop and use

the anti-rain-static “homing” radio direction finder. TWA also develops shock mounting of all main radio units in a single radio rack and the

January 15 January

pub-mounted quickly-removable pilot’s radio switch box ä ZAKAVIA opens a regular air route, Baku – Moscow (Azerbaijan Airlines) ä A passenger terminal, known as “Bah-

rein Marine Airport”, is established to accommodate the rise of the commercial “flying boat” long haul aircraft (Bahrain Airport Company) ä The city of Houston acquires the site

of its first major airport, William P. Hobby Airport (Houston Airport System)

16 February

/ American carries its one-millionth passenger

22 February

/ The British Air Ministry issues Pan American Airways a permit to operate a regular air service between the United Kingdom and the United States via intermediate points in Canada, Bermuda, Ireland and Portugal (Azores/ Lisbon). A similar permit is signed by Canada

/ Beechcraft Model 18 first flight (Wikipedia) [1]

February 7 February

/ United opens the industry’s first flight kitchen at Oakland, Calif.

/ British Airways Ltd transfers its operational base from Gatwick to Croydon Airport

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 81

1937 on 5 March, Bermuda on 25 March, Ireland on 13 April, and Portugal on 14 April (Compendium

American route from San Francisco to Manila, this new service completed the first commercial airline route from the United States to a point close to the Asian mainland (FAA)

of International Civil Aviation)

March 5 March

31 March

/ Imperial Airways opens Hythe flying boat base on Southampton Water for operations of its Empire services. From that date on, the airline’s European services are operated from Croydon (British Airways)

May 6 May

/ Deruluft (Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G., or Deruluft) ceases operations (Wikipedia)

/ The Hindenburg disaster occurs when the German dirigible Hindenburg catches fire and is destroyed at the end of a transatlantic flight while attempting to dock with a mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Lakehurst, New Jersey. The tragedy signaled the end of serious efforts to use rigid airships in commercial air transportation (Wikipedia & FAA)

April

/ Barkley-Grow T8P-1 first flight (Wikipedia) 7 May

/ The first flight by a fully pressurized airplane, the Lockheed XC-35, occurs (FAA)

/ CSA moves to the new airport in Prague – Ruzyni

20 May

/ de Havilland DH.91 Albatross first flight

/ British Airways Ltd introduces Lockheed 10 Electras on the London to Paris route with a 1½ hour schedule

29 May

/ Manshu Hayabusa first flight (Wikipedia) Beginning

5 April

(Jane’s, 1993)

June 16 June

14 April

/ Ansett Airways is incorporated in Victoria as a public company and moves its base of operations to the state capital, to Essendon Airport

28 April

/ The Pan American Hong Kong Clipper, a Sikorsky S-42B flying boat, arrives at Hong Kong from Manila. Linking with the existing Pan

[1]

Source: Kostas Iatrou

82 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Grumman G-21 Goose first flight (Wikipedia)

/ Imperial Airways and Pan American open joint Bermuda to New York services. Imperial Airways C Class flying boat G-ADUU Cavalier flew from Bermuda to New York and Pan Am’s Sikorsky S-42 NC16735 Bermuda flew New York to Bermuda. This is the first scheduled airplane service over a segment of the North Atlantic (British Airways & FAA)

16 June

/ Air France and Luft Hansa sign a joint operating agreement for transatlantic routes (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

19 June

29 June

/ Imperial Airways operates its first New York to Bermuda flight (British Airways) / The Empire Air Mail programme is inaugurated by the Secretary of State for Air, Viscount Swinton (British Airways)

1 September / Douglas Aircraft Co. acquires the remaining 49% of the shares of its Northrop Corp. subsidiary and begins operating the facility in August 1938 as the Douglas El Segundo (Calif.) Division 5 September / Short S.20 Mercury first flight. Transport seaplane carried to flight altitude by Short S.21 Maia (Wikipedia) 14 September / Percival Petrel first flight (Wikipedia)

July 1 July

5 July

/ Robert F. Six changes Varney Speed Lines name to Continental Airlines

30 September / Lioré et Olivier LeO H-246 first flight (Wikipe-

/ The first commercial survey flights across the North Atlantic commence, operated by Imperial Airways long-range C Class flying boat G-ADHM Caledonia which left Foynes at 1857GMT and landed at Botwood at 1000GMT

October

dia)

12 October

/ Malayan Airways Limited (MAL) is born (Malaysia Airlines)

16 October

/ Short Sunderland first flight (Wikipedia)

November

/ Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 first flight (Jane’s,

(British Airways)

27 July

/ S.21 Maia first flight. Flying-boat, launch aircraft for S.20 Mercury (Wikipedia)

27 July

/ Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor first flight (Wikipe-

1993)

1 November dia)

29 July

/ Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

/ A U.S. Department of Commerce rule comes into effect that requires scheduled air carriers to employ a co-pilot on multi-engine aircraft with retractable landing gear or wing flaps, and on single-engine aircraft incorporating both retractable landing gear and wing flaps (FAA)

August 9 August

/ British Airways Ltd begins a London to Berlin night mail service in cooperation with Luft Hansa

23 August

/ At the Army’s Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, the first wholly automatic landing was made by Capt. Carl J. Crane, the system’s inventor, Capt. George Holloman, pilot, and Mr. Raymond K. Stout, project engineer. The landing was made without intervention from the human pilot or from the ground (FAA)

28 August

19 November / Savoia-Marchetti SM.83 first flight (Wikipedia)

[2]

/ Junkers Ju 90 first flight (Heimann, 1988)

September 1 September / Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) inaugurates its first flight. The 50-minute flight aboard a Lockheed L-10A carried two passengers and mail between Vancouver and Seattle [2]

Source: Air Canada

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 83

1938

[4] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra makes another re- ä Following the occupation of Austria, ÖLAG is forced to cord for circling the globe in 3 days, 19 hours and 14 mincease operations (Austrian)

utes piloted by the millionaire Howard Hughes ä Creation of DTA – Divisao dos Transportes Aéreos de Angola (TAAG) ä With changes to certain orthographic rules, Polskie Linje

ä TCA is the first airline to equip its fleet with alcohol de-

icing nozzles to remove the ice that accumulates on windshields at high altitude. (This sets the stage for the airline’s introduction of electric de-icing to Canada in 1961)

Lotnicze LOT becomes Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT; the trans(Air Canada) formation is merely a matter of spelling, though, and not one of meaning ä Western becomes the first airline to place typewriters onboard for passenger use (Delta Air Lines) ä Northwest assists the Mayo Clinic in developing the first practical aviation oxygen mask, making possible highaltitude flying over the Rocky Mountains ä Athens Hellinikon Airport is built (Wikipedia)

comes into effect for the carriage of first class un-surcharged mail between Karachi – Colombo under the Empire Air Mail Scheme. The route is Karachi – Bhuj – Ahmedebad – Bombay – Hyderabad – Madras – Tiruchirapalli – Colombo (Air India)

January 23 January

/ Armstrong Whitworth Ensign first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

26 January

/ First landing of a scheduled U.S. passenger airliner using ILS occurred when a Pennsylvania Central Airlines Boeing 247-D flew from Washington, D.C., to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and landed in a snowstorm using only the Instrument Landing System (Wikipedia)

February 22 February

/ Government contract with Tata Air Lines

84 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

March

/ First flight of DB-3 modified passenger aircraft

12 March

/ PZL.44 Wicher first flight (Wikipedia)

April

/ North American Aviation finally sells Eastern because of criticism that it was unfair for a

boat ”Cooee” to inaugurate the Qantas’ Sydney – Southampton service

single company to both produce and operate aircraft as North American did

May

/ CANT Z.1012 first flight (Wikipedia)

21 May

/ Dornier Do 26 transocean flying boat makes its first flight (Dornier, 1983)

29 May

/ British Airways Ltd. transfers all daytime operations from Croydon and Gatwick to Heston. Night mail services continued from Croydon

20 July

/ The first “heavier than air” commercial crossing of the North Atlantic. Imperial Airways’ Short S20 floatplane G-ADHJ Mercury (Captain D C T Bennett). The aircraft separated from the Short S21 flying boat G-ADHK Maia near Foynes and then flew non-stop to Montreal, 2,930 miles in 20 hours 20 minutes (British Airways)

August May-June

/ A LOT crew makes its first, experimental, transatlantic flight from the United States to Poland

June 2 June

/ The first aviation group is established in Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Airlines)

7 June

/ The first Boeing Clipper (Model 314) makes its first flight piloted by Eddie Allen [1]

7 June

/ The single Douglas DC-4E prototype makes its first flight [2]

23 June

/ Roosevelt signs into law the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, creating the Civil Aeronautics Authority, predecessor to the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Federal Aviation Agency (U.S. Department of Transportation)

26 June

/ Imperial Airways’ first through flying boat service to Australia leaves Southampton (British Airways)

July 5 July

/ Captain P W Lynch Blosse takes off in flying

4 August

/ The first Qantas official service leaves Rose Bay for Singapore

10 August

/ Deutsche Luft Hansa’s new four-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 200 aircraft Condor makes the first nonstop flight from Berlin to New York. It covered the distance of 6,370 km (3,959 sm) with a flight time 24 h 56 min, one of the longest times aloft for an airliner, at a cruising altitude of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) (Compendium of International Civil Aviation & Wikipedia)

22 August

/ Creation of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Authority (FAA)

September 19 to 30 September / The Fourth International Conference on Private Air Law meets in Brussels. The conference adopts the following: 1. An Additional Protocol related to the Rome Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface

[1]

[2]

Source: Boeing

Source: Boeing

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 85

1938 signed on 29 May 1933, which permitted insurers to use some basic defences. Both were superseded by the 1952 Rome Convention on the same subject. 2. The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Assistance and Rescue of Aircraft or by Aircraft at Sea (ICAO)

11 November / The British government announces its intention to merge Imperial Airways and British Airways Limited to form a single chosen instrument, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). The necessary Bill received Royal Assent on 4 August 1939 (British Airways) 25 November / The de Havilland DH.91 Albatross aircraft entered service with Imperial Airways (British Airways [3]

October 3 October

/ Imperial Airways takes delivery at Croydon of the first of their Armstrong Whitworth AW 27 (British Airways)

11 October

/ Blohm & Voss BV 142 first flight (Wikipedia)

December 10 December / Lockheed Hudson first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 22 December / de Havilland DH.95 Flamingo first flight (Wikipedia)

November 1 November

/ From this date it becomes an offence to operate air services in the UK without a licence issued by the Air Transport Licensing Authority (British Airways)

[3]

Source: British Airways

86 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

31 December / Test pilot Eddie Allen takes the Model 307 Stratoliner, the first pressurized commercial transport, on its first flight [4]

1939

Source: American Airlines [1]

ä First flight of: i Macchi M.C.100 (Wikipedia) i Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 (Wikipedia) i SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc,

four-engine airliner (Wikipedia)

ä All American Aviation brings the first ä Howard Hughes purchases a majority airmail service to many small weststake in TWA (Lockheed Martin)

ern Pennsylvania and Ohio Valley communities with introduction of a ä La Guardia opens as one of the first unique “flying post office” a service combined land and water aerodromes (US Airways) for seaplanes (ACI) [1]

ä The official term of “Air Traffic Con-

trol” is adopted by the British Air Min- ä Iberia becomes a truly international airline starting regular service to Lisbon istry (CANSO)

January 26 January

March / The Boeing Model 314 Clipper is given permission by the Civil Aeronautics Authority to be used for commercial service by Pan American Airways

February 20 February

/ Atlanta Airport opens its first control tower (City of Atlanta)

15 March

/ CSA interrupts activities due to the occupation of Czechoslovakia

20 March

/ United and the Airmen’s Association of America, representing United’s mechanics and related ground service employees, sign airline industry’s first collective bargaining agreement

26 March

/ Cessna AT-17 Bobcat first flight (Wikipedia)

/ The Douglas DC-5 makes its first flight. Only 12 are built, five as commercial DC-5 transports and seven as R3D military transports [2]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 87

1939 April 1 April

12 June

/ The British Overseas Airways Corporation Ltd Bill, providing for the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd, is introduced in the House of Commons by Sir Kingsley Wood

17 June

/ The first Imperial’s Short S26 G Class flying boat G-AFCI Golden Hind launched on the Medway at Rochester (British Airways)

28 June

/ Pan American Boeing Clipper (Model 314) makes the first scheduled trans-Atlantic flight (New York to the Azores, Lisbon, and Marseilles) becoming the first airline with scheduled transatlantic mail and passenger services (FAA)

/ Today marks the inauguration of scheduled transnational passenger service between Montreal and Vancouver, with stops in Ottawa, North Bay, Kapuskasing, Winnipeg, Regina and Lethbridge. The flight takes 15 hours (Air Canada)

May 19 May

20 May

/ The Civil Aeronautics Authority announces issuance of a certificate of public convenience and necessity to Pan American Airways authorizing transatlantic air transport service of two round trips per week (FAA) / The first North Atlantic airmail service is started by Pan American Airways between Port Washington, Long Island, the Azores, Portugal, and Marseille, France (Wikipedia & Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

June 10 June

/ American Airlines begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange

July 6 July

/ James S. McDonnell incorporates the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. in St. Louis, Mo.

6 July

/ Air France puts in service a DC-3 on the route Buenos Aires – Santiago (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

[2]

8 July

/ Pan American opens passenger service between New York and Southhampton, England (FAA) [3]

Source: Boeing

13 July

/ The Boeing Stratoliner is delivered to Howard Hughes

25-29 July

/ A plane of Deutche Luft Hansa flies from Berlin to Bangkok in Siam, inaugurating a regu-

[3]

Source: Foynes Flying Boat Museum

88 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

lar service operated by Focke Wulf Fw200 aircraft (Century of Flight)

21 September / Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar first flight

August

/ Incorporation of Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) –later to become Air New Zealand– is sufficiently advanced for ZK-AMA “Aotearoa” to fly to New Zealand

5 August

/ The first Imperial regular weekly experimental return commercial (air mail) Southampton – Foynes – Botwood – Montreal – New York transatlantic flights begins using two modified C Class flying boats Cabot and Caribou, which refuel in flight (British Airways)

22 September / Imperial Airways reopens the UK to Egypt landplane route at the request of the Air Officer Commanding in Egypt. The route is Shoreham – Bordeaux – Marseille – Tunis – Malta – Sollum – Alexandra. The first flight is operated by a DH.91 G-AFDK Fortuna. The route is later extended to India and remained open until Italy entered the war in 1940 (British Airways)

13 August

/ Vickers Warwick first flight (Wikipedia)

27 August

/ The first air-breathing jet flight of an aircraft, accomplished by a German Heinkel He 178 aircraft with a jet engine by designed by Hans von Ohain (FAA)

End

/ Swissair scheduled services are suspended as war breaks out

30 August

/ Air France suspends its flights and restarts the flights in the non-war zones (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

(Jane’s, 1993)

October 25 October

/ Handley Page Halifax first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

November 24 November / British Overseas Airways Corporation is established under the BOAC Act (British Airways)

December 2 December

/ The first airport lounge, the Admirals Club, opens at LaGuardia airport as “The Flagship Club” because a judge refuses to grant the name “Admirals Club” for fear the public might think it was a facility for Navy admirals only (ACI) [3]

29 December / Consolidated B-24 Liberator first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

30 August

/ Croydon reverts back to its original role of defending Britain from aerial attack (Croydon Airport Society)

30 August

[3]

/ Pan American Airways’ “California Clipper” lands at Auckland, New Zealand, completing the first flight of a regularly scheduled fortnightly service from San Francisco, California

September / As the Second World War gathers force, sixteen of LOT’s fleet of twenty-six planes are held in Romania 3 September / Following the formal declaration of war by the British Government on Germany, all civil flying ceases. The head offices of Imperial Airways, British Airways Ltd and the Civil Aviation Department of the Air Ministry are evacuated to Bristol. The airlines’ land-based planes are moved from Croydon and Heston to Whitchurch and Imperial Airways’ flying boats from Hythe to Poole

Source: American Airlines

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 89

1940 Late 1940s: ä The Ground Controlled Approach – the very first radar system (CANSO)

ä First flight of: i Grumman G-44 Widgeon (Wikipedia) i Siebel Si 204 (Wikipedia)

ics Administration, which returns to the Department of Commerce, and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

from Luanda to Maçâmedes (today Namibe), Lobito and Ponta Negra ä TWA offers the first-ever in-flight au-

ä The Central Department of Civil Avia- ä During the Second World War, the Egyp-

tion, the Belarusian Air Group, is created

tian government takes over Egyptair and changes its name to Misr Airlines

ä U.S. President Roosevelt splits the CAA ä With a fleet of five small airplanes

into two agencies, the Civil Aeronaut-

the first flights of TAAG are initiated

for development of a version of the instrument landing system (ILS) favored by CAA

January 19 January

/ Dublin Airport is officially opened when an Aer Lingus Lockheed 14 aircraft departs from Dublin to Liverpool at 09:00

(FAA)

24 May

/ South African Airways becomes a military wing, and all commercial services are suspended

Summer

/ Tachikawa Ki-54 first flight (Wikipedia)

March 20 March

26 March

/ Boeing delivers Pan American Airways its first Model 307 Stratoliners / Curtiss C-46 Commando first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

July 4 July

/ Three Boeing Stratoliners start flying Latin American routes for Pan American

8 July

/ The first Boeing Trans World Airlines Stratoliner flies from New York to Los Angeles in 12 hours and 18 minutes

August

/ TEAL increase the frequency of its Auckland – Sydney service to three times a fortnight. Connection is made at Auckland with Pan American Airways’ San Francisco – Auckland flying-boat service (Air New Zealand)

April 1 April

dio entertainment, providing individual receivers to passengers to listen to commercial radio programs and also is the first airline to add flight engineers to the crews of four-engine aircraft on U.S. routes

/ BOAC officially takes over the operations of Imperial Airways and British Airways Limited. The Secretary of State requires BOAC to place the whole undertaking at his disposal [1] [1]

2 April

/ After the Winter War (between Finland and the Soviet Union), Aero O/Y resumes flights to Tallinn (Finnair)

26 April

/ TEAL is registered in Wellington as a limited liability company (Air New Zealand)

/ Mitsubishi Ki-57 first flight (Wikipedia)

30 April

/ Inaugural TEAL route from Auckland to Sydney (Air New Zealand)

May 2 May

/ U.S. President Roosevelt gives final approval

90 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ BOAC begins a weekly “Horseshoe“ route from Durban to Sydney via Cairo and Karachi due to the direct route over Europe being cut. In October, the C Class Flying boat services link Poole and Lagos in West Africa as part of the route across Central Africa to Durban

28 August

/ Caproni Campini N.1 first flight. N.1 is an experimental aircraft built by the Italian aircraft manufacturer Caproni. The N.1 is powered by a motorjet, a type of jet engine that powers

the compressor using a conventional aircraft engine producing a successful jet powered aircraft (Jane’s, 1993 & Wikipedia) [2]

September 7 September / Blohm & Voss BV 222, six-engined German flying boat first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

[2]

October

Source: http://www.museoscienza.org

1941 ä A network of Lignes Aériennes Mili-

taires (LAM) is set up in Damascus. Run by Lionel de Marmier, under the authority of General de Gaulle, its purpose is to link the territories of Free France (Air France)

/ Fiat G.12 first flight (Wikipedia)

November

/ Boston and Maine Airways is renamed Northeast Airlines (Delta Air Lines)

27 November / Inception of BWIA West Indies Airways Liited

ä Moscow – Leningrad becomes a regular passenger line (Rossiya)

ä West Coast Airlines is formed (Wikipedia)

ä Luftwaffe assumes control of LH’s aircraft (Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Media Relations Lufthansa Group)

ä Western becomes an international

ä SATA is born. Named “Sociedade Aço-

airline when service extends to Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. In the same year, the name is changed to Western Airlines (Delta Air Lines)

reana de Estudos Aéreos Lda.” (Azorean Society of Air Studies), based in Ponta Delgada on Sao Miguel island

January 1 January

/ United establishes the industry’s first employee pension program

20 January

/ Under Decree Law no. 2961, the Brazilian Aeronautics Ministry is created for the purposes of developing, expanding and coordinating the economic and technical activities of domestic aviation, aiming at progress and national security (Embraer)

February

15 October

/ BOAC starts its special air service from Leuchars to Stockholm, the “ball-bearing run”, using Lockheed 14 aircraft (British Airways) / Philippine Airlines is founded by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano

14 February

/ NWA common stock is publicly traded for the first time

March

/ Philippine Airlines takes to the skies with a twin-engine, five-seater Beech Model 18 aircraft from Nielsen airfield in Makati to Baguio

April 30 April

/ Aeronaves de Mexico sells a 25% share to Pan American

May

/ Resolutions are passed creating the Sarasota Manatee Joint Airport Authority

14 May

/ By Legal Decree, LAB is nationalised

June 16 June

/ U.S. CAA officially opens Washington National Airport for full-time operations (FAA) [1] 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 91

1941 22 June

/ Start of the Continuation War places Aero O/Y under military control once again (Finnair)

between Karachi and Baghdad via Jiwani, Sharjah, Bahrain and Basra. DC-2s loaned by the Government of India are used (Air India)

September / The Philippine government invests in PAL, paving the way for the airline’s nationalisation 1 September / The federal Transport Department purchases the former Dorval Race Track land, which offers the best possible location for a new and larger airport. Montréal Airport (Dorval) begins operations with three paved runways (ACI) 24 September / BOAC’s first operation of the North Atlantic Return Ferry service takes place. The service, flown to the requirements of the RAF, uses Consolidated Liberators (British Airways)

October

/ BOAC re-opens the UK to Cairo route via Lisbon, Gibraltar and Malta with C Class and Catalina flying boats (British Airways)

1 October

/ Inter-Island Airways, Ltd. name changes to Hawaiian Airlines to pave the way for transPacific operations (Aloha State)

16 October

/ BOAC assumes responsibility for the general administration of the Air Transport Auxiliary (British Airways)

November 1 November

/ Tata Airlines begins non-scheduled flights

1 November

/ U.S. CAA begins operating airport traffic control towers (Prior to this time, towers were operated by local airport authorities, except at CAA-managed National Airport) (FAA)

30 November / Mario de Bernardi flies air mail from Milan to Guidonia Montecelio, Italy, in a Caproni Campini N.1 motorjet-powered aircraft. It is the first time air mail is carried in any form of jet aircraft (Wikipedia)

December 13 December / The U.S. President directs the Secretary of Commerce “to exercise his control and jurisdiction over civil aviation in accordance with requirements for the successful prosecution of the war, as may be requested by the Secretary of War.” The Executive order also authorized the latter “to take possession and assume control of any civil aviation system, or systems, or any part thereof, to the extent necessary for the successful prosecution of the war.” (FAA) 13 December / BOAC commences irregular services across the North Atlantic with Boeing 314 flying boats (British Airways)

[1]

Washington National Airport - Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

92 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1942

Source: Delta Flight Museum [1]

ä Representatives of the Allied Pow-

ä Delta contributes to the war effort.

ä Star buys three small Alaskan carri-

ers in London turn their thoughts towards the post-war future of air transport (IATA Wings for the World

Modifies 916 aircraft, overhauls 1,000+ engines and instruments, trains Army pilots and mechanics, and operates cargo supply routes for military [1]

ers and changes its name to Alaska Star Airlines

since 1945, 2009) ä CAA begins a test program to develop

a means of preventing damage to aircraft windshields from collision with birds in flight (FAA) ä American enters the airline catering

business with a subsidiary called Sky Chefs, providing food service to its passengers as well as to other airlines

ä Hawaiian Airlines becomes the first

scheduled air cargo service and has U.S. Cargo service certificate #1 ä Pan American becomes the first air-

line to complete a round-the-world flight. First airline to fly internationally with all-cargo aircraft

ä Western contributes to the war effort

by establishing “Sourdough Operation”, a supply route from Edmonton, Canada, across the Alaskan wilderness to Russia. As part of the Air Transport Command (ATC), Western carries 22 million tons of goods over 67 million passenger miles. Western has the highest aircraft utilization rate in the ATC –15.9 hours a day– and the best safety record during the war

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1934-1943 / 93

1942 Course. Initial plans were for a modest 1,000acre airport, but by the time construction was complete Idlewild Airport had grown to five times that size (ACI)

January 6 January

February

/ Pan American Airways Pacific Clipper lands in New York, the first commercial airplane to circle the globe, exclusive of the continental United States. The aircraft left San Francisco on 2 December 1941, and was operating in the South Pacific when the Pearl Harbor attack forced it to return to home territory by flying west (FAA) / Singapore falls to the Japanese and BOAC’s route to Singapore and Australia is terminated at Calcutta (British Airways)

May 16 May

/ Canadian Pacific Railway Company purchases Canadian Airways and forms Canadian Pacific Air Lines (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

July 5 July

/ Avro York first flight (Holmes, 2004)

November 10 February

/ Sikorsky S-44 first flight (Sikorsky Archives)

4 November

April

/ New York City begins placing hydraulic fill over the marshy tidelands of Idlewild Golf

December

1943 ä A single authority for air transport

responsible to the governments of

ä Flugfélag Akureyrar moves its head-

ä As a result of the extensive engage-

ä Serviços Aéreos Condor is national-

ment in the country’s defense, Aeroput is liquidated (Air Serbia)

ised and changes its name to Cruzeiro do Sul (Wikipedia)

/ Short Sandringham first flight (Wikipedia)

9 January

/ Lockheed L-1049 Constellation first flight (Wikipedia)

/ BOAC introduces Short S-25 Sunderland III flying boats on the UK to West Africa route. The route is withdrawn on 25 October when the Sunderlands opens a UK – Cairo – Karachi service. Because of its operations through military areas, aircraft and crews are given military status (British Airways)

May 8 May

11 December / SNCASE SE.200 first flight (Wikipedia)

Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Uganda and Kenya, then under the British colonial empire, is recommended by a Committee (Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority)

January

March

/ Latécoère 631 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

/ Savoia-Marchetti SM.95 first flight (Wikipedia)

94 / 1934-1943 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

quarters to the capital, Reykjavik, and changes its name to Flugfélag Islands (Icelandair)

June

/ Boeing engineers start preliminary studies for developing a jet-powered aircraft

29 June

/ Qantas, the British Air Ministry and BOAC (formerly Imperial Airways) agree to a daring plan to re-establish the Australia – England air link that had been cut by advancing Japanese forces. The plan calls for regular flights between wan River, Perth, and Koggala Lake, in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The first flight takes place on this date under the command of Captain Russell Tapp with flight times 28–33 h, claimed to be the longest time aloft for an airliner. This was called The Double Sunrise service (Wikipedia) [1]

1943

Source: Qantas [1]

August

/ B OAC’s UK to Gibraltar service resumes, operated twice weekly with DC-3 aircraft. The BOAC UK to Moscow service via North Africa and Iran begins flying, using converted Liberator bombers. During the first six months of the year, BOAC made about 270 flights in the Western Desert. During the year it also introduced Douglas DC-3 aircraft into service between the UK and Lisbon and Gibraltar and in North Africa (British Airways)

September / Ozark is set up (Airlines Remembered, 2000) 27 September / U nited acquires 75% of the capital stock of Lineas Aereas Mexicanas, S.A (LAMSA), a Mexican airline

December 22 December / United Air Lines Transport Corp. (UALTC) changes its name to United Air Lines, Inc. (UAL)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION • 1934-1943 / 95

Agreements signed at the end of the Chicago Conference in the Grand Ballroom of the Stevens Hotel - Chicago

1944-1953

The Dawn of the Chicago Era 96 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1944-1953 The Dawn of the Chicago Era This publication celebrates the fact that 2014 marks 100 years of commercial aviation. Coincidentally, 2014 additionally marks the 70th Anniversary of the signing of the Convention on International Civil Aviation – also known more commonly as the Chicago Convention in light of where its historic Conference was convened in 1944. It is my great honour to be able to introduce readers to this remarkable period in the history of aviation, and indeed, in the history of mankind. The extraordinary advances in aircraft technology during the Second World War, as well as the recognition that they would soon spawn a much more pervasive international air transport industry than the world had yet witnessed, prompted world States both large and small to hammer out the Chicago Convention in the midst of that unprecedented global conflict. Signed three years to the day after Pearl Harbour, the Convention set out as its prime objective the development of international civil aviation “…in a safe and orderly manner”, and such that international air transport services would be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economically “…to create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world.” These were more than noble aspirations, and it has primarily been through the Organization created to manage the Convention’s evolution – ICAO – that the global air transport system has come to represent one of the greatest examples of what humanity can achieve when we choose to establish common objectives and work towards them cooperatively. In the 70 years since the Convention’s inception, aviation has become a linchpin of human activity and socio-economic development. It has also increased prosperity and interconnectedness, shrinking vast distances such that we may consider travelling anywhere in the world in a matter of hours. During this march to the modern air transport era, the Convention’s Annexes have evolved to include over 10,000 international standards and recommended practices, all of which have been agreed by consensus through ICAO and all of which permit hundreds of thousands of commercial, business and leisure flights to be safely and efficiently managed, each and every day.

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 97

1944-1953 The Dawn of the Chicago Era But as an essential human endeavour involving sovereign territory and national ambition, the range of external factors and forces which can and do impact the evolution of global air transport – be they political, technological, economic or environmental – are virtually endless. And yet through ICAO, working cooperatively, world States and the full range of international and industry groups involved in our vast sector do much more than simply deal with aviation’s challenges. They also set a course for our sector’s future, agreeing essential strategic planning and resolving coordinated assistance and capacity-building to ensure our global system remains responsive and at the service of all nations and peoples of the world – just as the Convention’s drafters intended. But none of this would have been possible were it not for the vision and commitment that was established by the more than 50 States which gathered in Chicago on that momentous occasion at the end of 1944. ICAO marks their accomplishments every year when we celebrate International Civil Aviation Day on 7 December with our now 191 Member States, and we are proud that their legacy has played such an important part in permitting the commercial air transport sector to reach its landmark 100th anniversary on a very positive note.

Raymond Benjamin Secretary General, ICAO

98 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES)

Year

Passengers (millions)

Passengerkm (millions)

Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

1945

10,000

1946

20,000

1947

24,067

355

131

2,676

1948

26,600

552

172

3,145

1949

30,401

749

192

3,703

1950

35,467

58,624

61

1,012

202

4,426

7,605

58

1951

44,334

69,380

64

1,209

233

5,428

8,671

63

1952

50,668

80,043

63

1,327

263

6,176

10,175

61

1953

59,534

96,178

62

1,393

283

6,950

11,661

60 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 99

1944

[1] Guilford - Source: Perth Airport ä Canadair is founded (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) ä American introduces the first do-

mestic scheduled U.S. freight service with the DC-3 ä Alaska Star Airlines is renamed

ä Delta converts DC-3 cargo plane,

Delta Ship 43, begins unscheduled freight services ä SAS become the first airline to intro-

duce discounted ticket options with

/ Southern Airways is founded (Wikipedia)

March 10 March

ä The first commercial flight at Guild-

ford Airport Perth takes place. Qantas uses the aerodrome for commercial flights. It is renamed Perth International Airport in 1952 (ACI) [1]

of a new airline category, known as “feeder” or “local service” carriers (FAA)

February 1 February

certain conditions and only available on transatlantic routes

Alaska Airlines (Alaska Airlines)

September / Three young Icelandic pilots, returning from flight training in Canada, found Loftleidir (Icelandair & Wikipedia)

10 September / Fairchild C-82 Packet first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 19 September / Peace is concluded causing an interruption to Aero’s schedule (Finnair)

April 15 April

/ Consolidated R2Y first flight (Wikipedia)

May

/ Iranian Airways Company is founded (IranAir)

15 May

/ Wisconsin Central Airlines is founded (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

June 9 June

/ Avro Lincoln 1 first flight (Holmes, 2004)

July 11 July

/ CAB issues a report concluding that an experiment in providing short-haul and local scheduled air service should be conducted. The experiment involves the establishment

100 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

November 1 November to 7 December / In response to the invitation of the United States Government, representatives of 54 nations meet in Chicago to “make arrangements for the immediate establishment of provisional world air routes and services” and “to set up an interim council to collect, record and study data concerning international aviation and to make recommendations for its improvement.” The Conference is also invited to “discuss the principles and methods to be followed in the adoption of a new aviation convention.” 7 November

/ TCA convinces both the International Civil

Aviation Organization and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to establish their headquarters in Montreal. TCA President H.J. Symington is named president of IATA in 1945 (Air Canada) 9 November

/ The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter prototype, Model 367, makes its first flight in Seattle

13 November / Civil air services to London are restored, with the first flights carried out by Railway Air Services (Wikipedia)

December

/ South African Airways resumes commercial services

7 December

/ The Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as Chicago Convention), is signed by 52 States (ICAO) [2] [3] [4] [5]

[2] From left to right: Kia-Ngau, China; Lord Swinton, United Kingdom; Adolf A. Berle Jr, Assistant Secretary of State, U.S.; H.J. Symington, Canada, and Max Hymans, France - Source: ICAO

[3]

[4]

Heading of the “Journal” of the Conference, dated 7 December 1944, i.e. the 37th and last day of the Conference - Source: ICAO

[5]

Finale of the Opening Session of the Chicago Conference in the Grand Ballroom of the Stevens Hotel, Chicago. The representatives of the 52 participating nations stand to sing the Star-Spangled Banner (the national anthem of the United States) led by the Chairman of the Conference, Adolf A. Berle, Jr. The flags of 52 countries are shown just behind the main stage - Source: ICAO

List of the 55 Governments and Authorities to whom the invitation to attend the Chicago Conference was extended - Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 101

1945

[2] Source: Ilyushin ä Germany is banned from operating

ä Flugfélag Islands make its first inter-

its own airlines after World War II

national flights to Scotland and Denmark (Icelandair)

(Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Media Relations Lufthansa Group) ä Bonanza Air Lines begins scheduled flights (Wikipedia) ä Official corporate name becomes

Delta Air Lines, Inc. Recognized by National Safety Council for more than 300 million passenger miles and 10 years of flights without a passenger or crew fatality

Early

ä Middle East Airlines is established

and launches its first service from Beirut to the neighbouring cities of Syria, Cyprus, Egypt then Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other destinations in the Gulf

ä Iberia begins flights to Buenos Aires,

Argentina, stopping in Villa Cisneros, Natal and Rio de Janeiro. It is the first airline after the war to offer a regular service between Europe and South America

ä Northwest adds its first four-engine

aircraft, the Douglas DC-4 ä The pre-war LOT Polish Airlines Ltd.

(Polskie Linje Lotnicze LOT, Sp. z o.o.)

/ Lignes Aériennes Militaires (LAM) is replaced by the Réseau des Lignes Aériennes Françaises (R.L.A.F.) (Air France)

ä Swissair scheduled services resume

February 26 February

/ Sud-Ouest SO 30P Bretagne first flight (Wikipedia)

27 February

January 17 January

is reactivated under compulsory state control

/ Breguet 500 Colmar first flight (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

/ Avro 691 Lancastrian first flight (Holmes, 2004)

March 26 January

/ Miles M.57 Aerovan first flight (Wikipedia)

102 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

14 March

/ The Director of the Department of the Secretary of Civil Aeronautics, Humberto Delgado, creates the Air Transport Section (under the name of Portuguese Air Transports) (TAP)

April

18 July

/ The LOT Polish Airlines State Enterprise (Przedsiebiorstwo Panstwowe Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT) is established by decree of the Council of Ministers

25 July

/ Flying Tiger Line is formed (FAA)

16 to 19 April / IATA is formed in Havana, Cuba with 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America (ICAO) 22 April

/ By decree, the Egyptian Civil Aviation Administration is established (Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation)

May

5 May

/ Cubana starts its first scheduled international flights to Miami, using Douglas DC-3 aircraft, making the airline the first Latin American carrier to establish scheduled passenger services to this city (Wikipedia) / Before the destruction of all airports and before all flights became insecure, Luft Hansa’s last flight leaves Oslo and arrives at Flesburg

August 15 August

/ Pending ratification of the Convention by 26 States, the Interim Council meets and begins Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO) activities (ICAO) [1]

15 August

/ First flight of Ilyushin IL-12 [2]

17 August

/ During the third meeting of the opening session of the Interim Council of PICAO, Dr. Warner is elected the first President (ICAO)

(Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

September / KLM resumes service following the Second World War, starting with domestic flights

June 1 June

1 June

/ New York service is launched from the Twin Cities via Milwaukee and Detroit, making Northwest the fourth transcontinental air carrier / Ending a monopoly by Pan American Airways, CAB grants three U.S. airlines the authority to serve North Atlantic routes to Europe. The three are Pan American, Transcontinental & Western Air (TWA), and American Export Airlines. On the same day, CAB approves American Airlines’ acquisition of American Export (FAA)

14 June

/ Avro Tudor first flight, Britain’s first pressurised airliner (Holmes, 2004)

14 September / Czech Airlines introduces post-war activity as the only Czechoslovakian airline carrier 17 September / The old International Air Traffic Association, founded in 1919, ceases to exist at a meeting held in London and all documents, including the International Air Traffic Aviation Code, are transferred to the new IATA (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

20 September / The Rolls-Royce Trent turboprop engine makes its first flight using a Gloster Meteor testbed (Royal Air Force Museum) 25 September / de Havilland DH.104 Dove first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

22 June

/ Vickers VC.1 Viking first flight (Royal Air Force Museum) [1]

26 June

/ The French civil aviation industry is nationalized and the formerly private company, Air France, becomes state-owned

July 5 July

/ AOA is formed as a result of a merger between the international division of American and a company called American Export Airlines (American Airlines & Wikipedia) Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 103

1945 October

(BSAA) to operate new services to South American and Caribbean destinations (British

/ The first Annual General Meeting of the International Air Transport Association is held in Montreal, Canada (IATA Wings for the World

Airways)

since 1945, 2009)

16 October

/ Costa Rica signs a contract with Pan American, in which the company Costarricenses Air Lines SA (LACSA) is created: constituting its capital as follows: 40% of the shares by the Company Pan American, 40% to private partners and the remaining 20% to the Costa Rican State (Direccion General de Aviacion Civil Costa Rica)

24 October

24 October

/ A DC-4 operated by American Export Airlines lands at Hurn Airfield, England, after a flight from New York, inaugurating the first scheduled landplane commercial service between North America and Europe (FAA) / Creation of Aeroports de Paris (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

26 October

16 November / Pan American Airways resumes commercial seaplane operations between San Francisco and Hawaii with the Boeing Clippers which had been leased to the Navy during the War (Aloha State)

28 November / Pan American World Airways orders 20 Boeing Stratocruisers (Model 377), a commercial version of the C-97 military transport 30 November / Air Transport Auxiliary ceases to function as a ferry organization after delivering 308,567 aircraft of 147 types since 1940 (British Airways)

/ Miles M.65 Gemini first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

December

November 1 November

10 November / A joint BOAC and South African Airways Springbok service is inaugurated, using Avro York G-AGNT Mandalay. The route is Hurn – Castel Benito – Cairo – Khartoum – Nairobi – Johannesburg (British Airways)

/ The new Labour government announces plans for post-war air services which would be provided by three state corporations: BOAC to continue to operate routes to the Empire, Far East and North America, British European Airways (BEA) to operate services to Europe and domestically within the United Kingdom and British South American Airways

104 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

2 December

/ Bristol Type 170 Freighter first flight (Wikipedia)

2 December

/ Handley Page Hermes first flight (Wikipedia)

29 December / A decision terminates the activities of the RLAF and turns the entire French airline network over to the Société Nationale Air France

1946

Source: Washington State Archives [1]

ä First flight of: i Airspeed AS.65 Consul (Wikipedia) i Yakovlev Yak-12 (Wikipedia)

ä C.I.T.E.J.A. held its last working meet-

ing in Cairo where it recommends that a Committee on International Air Law be established within ICAO (ICAO)

ä Mongolian Civil Air Transportation is

founded with the establishment of civil air transport detachment with 7 super airplanes and 1 Po-2 aircraft and starts civil air services to domestic destinations (MIAT Mongolian Airlines) ä Paris added to the network, becom-

ä Non-directional Beacons (NDBs) en-

hance the airspace division & The Flight Information Regions (FIRs) are officially created in the UK (CANSO) ä The Yugoslavian Office for Civil Aeronautics is established (Civil Aviation Directorate of the Republic of Serbia)

ing the first Continental European city to be served by Aer Lingus ä Aeroflot starts operating the IL-12 ä Avianca expands its flights, operat-

ing routes to Quito, Lima and Panama, and then Miami, New York and Europe in DC-4 and C-54 aircraft

ä The Finnish State acquires a major-

ity holding in Aero O/Y. The remaining 30% of the shares continued to be held by private shareholders, mainly companies (Finnair) ä Greek civil aviation resumes with the

foundation of three companies, T.A.E., Greek Air Transport (A.M.E) and Hellenic Airlines S.A (ELL.A.S) (Olympic Airways)

ä Southern Rhodesia Air Services

(SRAS) and Rhodesia and Nyasaland Airways (RANA) decide to consolidate the airline operations of the three territories into one corporation, thus creating Central African Airways

ä Empire Airlines acquires Zimmerly Airlines (Northwest Airlines) ä The State Airlines Department has

been renamed the General Directorate of the State Airlines Administration (Turkish Airlines) ä LAN operates its first international

flight: Santiago – Buenos Aires ä Misr Airlines is changed to MisrAir

and 10 Beechcraft are purchased (Egyptair) ä Saudi Arabian Airlines is set up as an

operating agency of the Ministry of Defense. The airline’s first airport and operating base is located at Kandara ä Luxembourg Findel Airport opens

with a grass runway and a small wooden building (ACI)

(Wikipedia) ä Comair is founded

ä Sea-Tac Airport civilian operation begins (ACI) [1]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 105

1946 January

operations with services to 15 domestic points. The fleet consists of five Douglas DC-3s

/ Wartime restrictions on flying end (British Airways)

1 January

/ East African Airways is founded (Airlines Re-

15 February

/ The military prototype of the Douglas DC-6, the YC-122, makes its first flight [2]

March

/ PICAO – North Atlantic Route Service Conference is held in Dublin [3]

26 March

/ Braathens is founded (Wikipedia)

27 March

/ The U.S. and France sign a bilateral Five Freedoms Agreement, giving reciprocal rights for the operation of each country’s commercial airlines over the territory of the other (AIAA)

membered, 2000)

1 January

/ BSAA operates the first international departure from Heathrow when Avro Lancastrian “Star Light”, a converted Lancaster bomber, carrying 13 staff passengers, leaves on a proving flight to Buenos Aires (British Airways)

14 January

/ Pan American begins transatlantic Constellation flights (Wikipedia)

28 January

/ Iraqi Airways starts operations (Wikipedia)

29 March

/ TWA begins transatlantic service with the Lockheed Constellation flying the New York – Gander – Shannon – Paris route

/ An agreement is signed under which Maszovlet, the Hungarian-Soviet Civil Air Transport Joint Stock Company and the legal predecessor of Malev, is established

April

/ Aigle Azur is created by Sylvain Floirat

4 April

/ Pan American World Airways launches its international hotel brand: InterContinental Hotels. First opening in Belém Brazil (Interconti-

February 5 February

11 February

12 February

/ The United States and Great Britain sign the Bermuda Agreement, an Air Service Agreement for the operation of commercial air services, which sets a pattern for the conclusion of subsequent bilateral civil aviation treaties by the United States (FAA)

nental)

8 April

/ Formation of Trans-Australia Airlines (TAA) (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

14 February

/ Philippine Airlines resumes post-World War II

[2]

[3]

Source: Boeing

Source: ICAO

106 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Ethiopian first scheduled flight takes place to Cairo via Asmara in a Douglas C-47 Skytrain. The national airline was set up a few months earlier as Ethiopian Air Lines Inc., a joint venture with American airline, TWA (Trans World Airlines)

30 April

/ Grumman G-73 Mallard first flight (Wikipedia)

May

/ Bahamas Government, forms the Department of Civil Aviation

1 May

hamas Government assumes control of the Oakes Field, which is selected as the major Civil Airport of the Colony 1 June

/ Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux is created (Wikipedia)

6 June

/ Montreal is selected as the permanent headquarters of PICAO, by 27 votes; the other candidate cities obtained respectively: Paris 9 votes, Geneva 4 votes, a city not named in China 1 vote. The choice of Montreal proposed by Chile was supported by Peru, the United States, United Kingdom and Australia

/ Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department is established

12 May

/ The first post-war UK to Australia flying boat service is operated jointly by BOAC and Qantas with Hythe flying boats taking five and a quarter days

19 May

/ Handley Page Marathon first flight (Wikipedia)

(ICAO)

21 May

/ KLM initiates scheduled service between Amsterdam and New York using the Douglas DC-4 Rotterdam

14 June

/ Fairchild F-11 Husky first flight (Wikipedia)

23 June

/ Air France reopens flights to South America with a DC-4 flying the route Paris – Rio de Janeiro (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

21 May to 7 June / The Interim PICAO Assembly is held in Montreal (ICAO) [4]

July 24 May

/ Chicago and Southern (C&S) Air Lines is awarded its first international route to the Caribbean

1 July

/ The Air France Paris – New – York flight is officially inaugurated, operated by a DC-4 with a flight time of 19 hours and 50 minutes

28 May

/ BOAC operates its first departure from London Airport instead of Hurn (British Airways)

1 July

31 May

/ Heathrow officially opens as the new London Airport to replace the old Croydon grass airfield [5]

/ BOAC opens London – Shannon – Gander – New York flights by Lockheed Constellations, the first British civilian flights on the North Atlantic (British Airways)

15 July

/ Canadair North Star first flight (Wikipedia)

26 July

/ Trans-Pacific Airlines, later to become Aloha Airlines, inaugurates a non-scheduled operation using DC-3 planes (Aloha State)

June 1 June

/ R.A.F. withdraws from the Bahamas and Windsor Field, and its base of operations is closed to all traffic. At the same time The Ba-

[4] Source: ICAO

[5]

Heathrow official opening tents Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 107

1946 29 July

/ Tata Air Lines converts to a public Company and is renamed Air India Limited. Genell Moots of TWA comes from Kansas City to train India’s first batch of Air Hostesses

30 July

/ Sobelair is founded as a charter airline (Wiki-

15 September / Australian National Airways (ANA) inaugurates its first regular air service across the Pacific between Sydney, Australia and Vancouver, Canada (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

pedia)

31 July

/ Philippine Airlines becomes first Asian airline to cross the Pacific when it operates a chartered Douglas DC-4 on the first of several flights to ferry home 40 U.S. servicemen

August 1 August

16 August

/ British European Airways Corporation (BEA) takes over the services operated by the British European Airways Division of BOAC, operating shorthaul routes from Northolt. BOAC begins services to Hong Kong with Hythe flying boats (Dragon service) and return fares are introduced on all BOAC routes (British Airways)

17 September / SAS is formed from Det Danske Luftfartselskab A/S (DDL), Det Norske Luftfartselskap A/S (DNL) and Svensk Interkontinetal Lufttrafik AB (SILA). The first intercontinental flight Stockholm – New York (SAS & Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

19 September / The first TAP commercial line opens (Lisbon – Madrid) 24 September / American Roy C Farrell and Australian Sydney H de Kantzow found Cathay Pacific Airways [6]

25 September / British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines (BCPA) inaugural flight departs from Sydney (Wikipedia)

/ East Anglian Flying Services commercial operations commence (Wikipedia)

Autumn

/ Syrian Arab is established

September 2 September / BSAA begins fortnightly London – Azores – Bermuda– Jamaica – Caracas. The first flight is by a Lancastrian G-AGWL Star Guide (British Airways) 6 September / The United States and Brazil sign an air transport agreement, the first such agreement to be made with a South American country (FAA)

[6]

Source: Cathay Pacific

108 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

October 15 October

/ Amidst celebratory scenes, the first two Maszovlet flights departed from Budaörs airport to Szombathely and Debrecen (Malev)

19 October

/ Lockheed L-649 Constellation first flight (Wikipedia)

23 October

/ Orient Airways is born (PIA)

November

/ South West Air Transport (SWAT) is established (Wikipedia)

[7]

11 November / Short Solent flying boat first flight (Wikipedia) 14 November / An air treaty between the Philippines and the U.S. is signed. Among other things, the treaty limits the Philippines to one route across the Pacific which Philippine Airlines is already operating, while American airlines are allowed two in the exchange of air services. It also gives fifth freedom rights to and beyond Manila while the Philippines is allowed only traffic to and from the U.S. 16 November / Saab 90 Scandia, SAAB’s first civil airliner, first test flight is carried [7]

1947 ä The first Traffic Conference is held [X] in Rio de Janeiro and reaches unani-

mous agreement on nearly 400 resolutions covering all aspects of air travel, for example: fare construction rules for multiple sector trips; baggage allowances; ticket and air waybill forms and agency appointment procedures (IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009) ä The Department of Civil Aviation of Pakistan is formed (Wikipedia) ä Sri Lankan Department of Civil Aviation is created (Sri Lankan Ministry of Civil Aviation) ä U.S. CAA commission inaugurates the

first very high frequency omnidirec-

Source: SAAB

23 November / Martin 2-0-2 first flight (FAA) 25 November / SAVAG is founded (Wikipedia)

December

/ Philippine Airlines starts regular service between Manila and San Francisco

tional radio ranges (VORs) (FAA)

ä SATA takes the commercial name,

ä BWIA is bought outright by British

South American Airways and pending the formation of a new company, BWIA temporarily takes on the name [X] Airways, a of British International subsidiary of BSAA

“Sociedade Açoreana de Transportes Aéreos Lda.”, and starts operations with a Beechcraft UC-45B Expeditor (CS-TAA), named “Açor” ä Sudan Airways is incorporated under

The Companies’ Ordinance (1925) Act ä CSA enters into intercontinental air

transport for the first time, with the opening of flights to Cairo and Ankara

ä Inauguration of Swissair DC-4 service

ä Northwest’s twin engine Martin 2-0-2 enters service [1]

ä TWA is the first airline to develop

ä Pan American World Airways’ (Pan-

Am) “Clipper” becomes the world’s first in-flight magazine (Century of Flight) ä The Australian Government acquires

all remaining Qantas shares. Qantas maintains its role as Australia’s overseas airline

to New York

and use the quick-frozen precooked method of food preparation, packaging and shipping for in-flight meal service and the first airline to place into operation the “Teleflite,” a system of instantaneous reservations ä The world’s first duty free store is

opened at Shannon Airport in Ireland by Brendan O’Regan (ACI) [2]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 109

1947 January 6 January

7 January

Mid

March / IATA Clearing House is established in London, participation being voluntary for the settlement of interline transactions for passenger, cargo and other services, such as ground handling, catering, maintenance and other technical services (Compendium of Interna-

5 March

/ Spain is the 26th state (Chicago Convention requires 26 States to come into force) to deposit, with the Government of the USA, its instrument of ratification to the Chicago Convention

tional Civil Aviation & IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009)

14 March

/ Lockheed L-749 Constellation first flight

/ PICAO Air Navigation Committee and the first Procedures for International Notices to Airmen Services (Procedures for Air Navigation Services: PANS – NOTAM) are approved by the PICAO Council (ICAO)

16 March

/ The civil aviation traffic administration becomes part of the Transport Ministry of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (Air

(Wikipedia)

1993)

28 March

/ In a dual ceremony, the first two Douglas DC-6 commercial airliners are delivered to American Airlines and United Air Lines

30 March

/ CAA Administrator T. P. Wright announces that he has lowered ceilings and visibility requirement for airlines using the instrument landing system, known as ILS (FAA)

Serbia)

19 January

/ Fiat G.212 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

30 January

/ Inauguration of TWA transatlantic all-cargo service. This is the first regularly scheduled direct all-cargo service ever operated over the North Atlantic

April 1 April

/ New Zealand National Airways Corporation begins licensed operations (Air New Zealand)

1 April

/ The first aircraft of the new airline, Yugoslav Airlines (JAT), takes off (Air Serbia)

February 12 February

25 February

/ The first international voyage of State Airlines Administration “Ankara – Istanbul – Athens” is flown (Turkish Airlines)

/ Convair CV-240 family first flight (Jane’s,

[2]

/ U.S. CAA demonstrates a new stall warning instrument which it had developed (FAA)

[1]

Source: Delta Flight Museum

110 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Credit: Shannon Airport

2 April

/ Malayan Airways Limited takes to the skies with its first commercial flight as the national airline (Malaysia Airlines)

4 April

/ ICAO comes into being taking over from PICAO, and ICAN is dissolved (ICAO)

4 April

/ CAB certificates Piedmont Airlines as a local service carrier (FAA)

15 April

/ The first commercial BOAC operation to Canada commences with a weekly Constellation service between London and Montreal, via Prestwick and Gander (British Airways)

May

3 May

5 May

10 May

/ Aero’s DC-3s begin operations. Aero O/Y starts to use the name Finnish Air Lines on its aircraft (Finnair) / Philippine Airlines starts a DC-4 service to Rome and Madrid, thus earning the distinction of being the first airline in Southeast Asia to fly to Europe / Alitalia-Aereolinee Italiane Internazionali, incorporated in September 1946, operates its first domestic flight on the Turin – Rome – Catania route with a three-engine Fiat G-12. In July of the same year, it made its first international flight from Rome to Oslo with a Savoia Marchetti SM95 aircraft with 38 passengers on board

international sector to be flown by an airline registered in India (PIA) 4 June

/ Sabena starts a new route across the Atlantic to New York initially using Douglas DC-4s (Sabena)

17 June

/ Pan American Airways inaugurates roundthe-world scheduled passenger service, exclusive of the continental United States, as a Lockheed Constellation takes off from New York and flies eastward on a route that leads to San Francisco (FAA)

29 June

/ Bulgaria’s Civil Aviation is born

29 June

/ BVS-Bulgarske Vazdusne Sobsternic is set up (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

July 8 July

/ First flight of the Boeing 377 Stratocruiser airliner [3]

10 July

/ Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

17 July

/ Sud-Ouest Corse first flight (Wikipedia)

21 July

/ Aero Ae-45 first flight (Wikipedia)

August

/ With the publication of Mainliner Traveler, United becomes the first airline to have its own inflight magazine, although only a single issue was published

/ Seaboard World Airways starts operations (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

13 May

28 May

/ The Agreement between the United Nations and ICAO comes into force (ICAO)

[3]

/ The first meeting of the ICAO Council, attended by twenty-one representatives of ICAO Member States, is held in Montreal. Dr. Edward Warner is elected President of the Council (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

June 4 June

/ Orient Airways commences operations with four Douglas DC-3s. The designated route for Orient Airways is Calcutta – Akyab – Rangoon, which also happens to be the first post-war

Source: Boeing

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 111

1947 1 August

/ The UK, Australian and New Zealand governments agree to form British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines (British Airways)

11 August

/ The last of the famous Douglas Skymasters to be built, DC-4 number 1,242, is delivered by Douglas Aircraft to South African Airways

15 August

16 August

/ Copa Airlines is founded as the national airline of Panama by a group of Panamanian investors and Pan American World Airways, which provided technical and economic assistance as well as capital

14 October

/ Maj. Charles E. Yeager, USAF, piloting the Bell X-l rocket-propelled research aircraft at Muroc, Calif., becomes the first pilot to exceed the speed of sound in level flight (FAA)

25 October

/ Bolivian Directorate General of Civil Aviation is created by Republic Act

November 1 November

/ Braniff becomes the first airline to receive permission to lower its ceiling minimum to 200 feet and one-half mile visibility (FAA)

2 November

/ The Hughes H-4 Hercules (HK-1 Flying Boat), also known as the “Spruce Goose,” makes its first and only flight aloft for about a minute, covering one mile at an altitude of 70 feet (1.6 kilometers at 21.2 meters) (Compendium

/ de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver first flight (Wikipedia)

31 August

/ Antonov An-2 first flight

of International Civil Aviation)

September / Cyprus Airways, the national carrier of Cyprus, is founded

October

/ ICAO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations linked to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (ICAO)

3 November

/ Aero O/Y resumes international flights on the Helsinki – Stockholm route (Finnair)

December

/ TAC is founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with the name TAL -Transportes Aéreos Ltda (Wikipedia)

3 October

11 October

/ President of ICAO Council signs a protocol for the bringing into force of an agreement concerning such a relationship between the United Nations (UN) and ICAO (ICAO) / Trans-Texas Airways begins operations as a local service carrier (FAA)

112 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1 December

/ Qantas begins its first regular weekly service with L-749 Constellation through to London on the famous Kangaroo Route. The journey takes four days

10 December / Inaugural scheduled flight of the new Airline, Air Ceylon (Sri Lankan Ministry of Civil Aviation)

1948 duces scheduled coach service, an economical and comfortable alternative to first class travel

ä First flight of: i Breda-Zappata

BZ.308. It was also the first Italian transatlantic aircraft, and the first aircraft to fly into the new Malpensa airport in 1948 (Wikipedia) i Wideroe C.5 Polar (Wikipedia)

ä One of Hong Kong’s leading trading

companies, Butterfield & Swire (today known as the Swire Group), takes a 45% share in Cathay Pacific ä Comair begins its first scheduled ser-

ä Sri Lanka becomes a signatory to the Chicargo convention (Sri Lankan Ministry of Civil Aviation) ä Air France becomes a Compagnie Na-

tionale, a state-owned corporation governed by the Civil Aviation Code

vice using a new Cessna model 195. Carrying a pilot and four passengers, the Cessna followed the daily return route from Johannesburg to Durban via Kroonstad, Odendaalsrus, Bloemfontein, Bethlehem and Ladysmith ä Delta Air Lines begins interchange

ä American introduces the Family Fare

Plan to enable families to travel together at reduced rates. It also intro-

service with TWA personnel flying Delta planes from Cincinnati to Detroit and Delta crews flying TWA ships

January 1 January

April / Piedmont Airlines is founded (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

south from Cincinnati to Atlanta, Miami and Dallas ä The air transport industry in Korea is

formed with the establishment of Korea National Airlines (KNA), a private company (Korean Air) ä The “Red Tail” is painted on all North-

west aircraft for the first time ä Pan American is the first airline to

provide coach-class service outside continental U.S. ä The French Government authorizes the setting up of SATI (Air France) ä World Airways is founded ä Luxembourg Airlines Company is founded (Wikipedia)

/ Cubana starts a transatlantic route between Havana and Madrid (via Bermuda, the Azores and Lisbon) using Douglas DC-4 aircraft (Wikipedia)

16 January

/ The Airport Operators Council is established as an association of operators of U.S. commercial airports (FAA)

22 January

/ Short Sealand first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

23 January

/ de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover first flight (Wikipedia)

/ Birth of IFALPA during a conference of pilots’ associations held in London for the express purpose of providing a formal means for the airline pilots of the world to interact with ICAO 1 April

February 15 February

24 February

tional Civil Aviation)

/ Post-war operation of Moscow Shosseynaya Airport starts (Rossiya) 14 April

/ Adoption by the ICAO Council of the first set of licensing SARPS contained in Annex 1 (ICAO)

15 April

/ Standards and Recommended Practices for the Rules of the Air are adopted by the ICAO Council (ICAO)

16 April

/ ICAO Council adopts: Annex 3 titled Meteorological Codes Annex 4 – Aeronautical Charts Annex 5 named Dimensional Units to be used

/ Wisconsin Central Airlines begins scheduled service (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

March 8 March

/ Air India International incorporated

16 March

/ First Air India’s L-749 Constellation VT-CQS “Mughal Princess” arrives

/ IATA Member airlines introduce the first Multilateral Interline Passenger Traffic Agreement, adopted by the IATA Composite Traffic Conferences in 1947 (Compendium of Interna-

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 113

1948 in Air-Ground Communications (ICAO)

16 July

/ Vickers Viscount first flight (Royal Air Force Museum)

21 April

/ Pennsylvania – Central Airlines changes its name to Capital Airlines (FAA)

26 July

/ The Berlin Airlift starts (U.S. Department of State)

May 4 May

/ BOAC introduces Short Solent flying boats on UK to Johannesburg service. The route is Southampton – Augusta – Cairo – Luxor – Khartoum – Port Bell – Victoria Falls – Vaaldam (British Airways)

13 May

8 August

/ Philippine Air Lines places DC-6s in operation between San Francisco and Manila on the first sleeper service across the Pacific (Aloha

/ Myanmar becomes a member state of the ICAO (Myanmar Ministry of Transport)

September / EL AL’s inaugural flight brings the country’s first president, Chaim Weizman, home from Geneva

/ Percival P.50 Prince first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

June 4 June

August

15 September / The Standards and Recommended Practices for the Rules of the Air becomes effective as Annex 2 – International Standards and Recommended Practices – Rules of the Air (ICAO)

State)

October 8 June

/ Inauguration of Air India’s weekly Bombay – London service via Cairo and Geneva with Constellation VT-CQP “Malabar Princess”

19 June

/ The Convention on the International Recognition of Rights in Aircraft is adopted in the 2nd Session of the ICAO Assembly. The Geneva Convention provides for the recognition by Contracting States of the Rights of property in aircraft; the Rights to acquire aircraft by purchase coupled with possession; the Rights to possession of aircraft under leases of six months or more. Those rights must be constituted in accordance with the law of the Contracting State in which the aircraft was registered as to nationality at the time of their constitution, and the rights are regularly recorded in a public record of the Contracting State in which the aircraft is registered as to nationality. This Convention was the first product of ICAO’s work in air law (ICAO)

1 October

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

21 October

/ Tunisair is established as Tunisia’s flag carrier by issuance of the first Decree approving the statutes of «Tunisair», with a capital of 60 million French Francs to be shared between the Tunisian government and Air France

26 October

/ Air France inaugurates the first post-war air service between Paris Le Bourget and Madrid

November 4 November

/ Commercial flights begin at Idlewild Airport, New York (The Port Authority of NY & NJ)

114 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Capital Airlines creates coach class on the Chicago – Pittsburgh route. The ticket costs 30% less than the normal class (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

December July

/ The Universal Air Travel Plan (UATP) is introduced by the world’s airlines to facilitate the sale of air transportation and related services on a credit basis through the Air Travel Card

/ The weekly London to Sydney service by Lockheed Constellation aircraft commences (British Airways)

1949

Source: British Airways [3]

ä Macchi M.B.320 first flight (Wikipedia)

ä All American Aviation becomes All American Airways and

makes the transition from airmail to passenger service ä The plastic-lined airsickness bag is created by inventor Gilmore Schjeldahl for Northwest Orient Airlines (Wikipedia)

(US Airways)

ä The date heralds the formal beginning of aviation in Nepal

ä CPAL opens a route from Vancouver to Sydney and Auckland (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

with the landing of a 4 seater lone powered vintage Beachcraft Bonanza aircraft of Indian Ambassador Mr. Sarjit Singh Mahathia at Gauchar (Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal)

ä CSA begins an orientation toward Soviet airline-technology, introducing IL-12 and LI-2 planes [1]

ä Air Ceylon enters into a partnership with Australian National Airways (Sri Lankan Ministry of Civil Aviation)

ä Delta’s Coach Class service starts; discounted-fare “Owly

ä American becomes the only airline in the United States with

ä Israeli Minister of Transport David Remez, decides to set up

a completely post-war fleet of pressurized passenger airplanes

a domestic airline in place of Aviron. The company is called Eilata (Arkia)

Bird” night flights between Chicago and Miami

ä TAA takes over Qantas’s Queensland and Northern Territory [1]

networks along with the Flying Doctor Service ä TABSO is created, a 50/50 participation from the Soviet Union and Bulgaria (Airlines Worldwide, 2000) ä Yemen Airways is created ä Geneva’s first terminal is opened, with a handling capaci-

Source: CSA Czech Airlines

ty of one million passengers a year (The existing terminal was opened in 1968, and has since been expanded several times) (ACI) [2]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 115

1949 25 March

January 11 January

/ The Civil Aeronautics Board grants a certificate of convenience and necessity as a local service carrier to All American Airways (FAA)

26 January

/ The first commercial flight of Indonesian Airways from Calcutta to Rangoon is made using a Douglas DC-3 Dakota aircraft with the tail number “RI 001” (Garuda Indonesia)

/ ICAO Council adopts Annex 9 – Standards and Recommended Practices for the Facilitation of International Air Transport (ICAO)

April

28 January

/ Direccion General de Aeronautica Civil of Dominican Republic is created (Instituto Dominicano de Aviacion Civil)

February 1 February

7 February

/ The ICAO Council adopts the following resolutions on the establishment of the Air Navigation Commission: 1. An Air Navigation Commission of twelve members shall be established in accordance with the Council Resolution dated 5 October 1948. 2. The Air Navigation Committee at its next meeting should consider and dispose of all necessary business to facilitate the transfer of its functions to the Air Navigation Commission. 3. Mr. W.J. Binaghi, Argentina, was appointed the first Chairman of the ANC (ICAO) / The original Annex H –Aircraft Registration and Identification Marks becomes Annex 7– Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks. The ICAO Council adopts the first standards concerning this issue (ICAO)

2 April

1993)

14 April to 12 May / A Special NOTAM Meeting was held in Montreal. It is the first meeting convened by ICAO for the express purpose of standardizing the activities of States in the dissemination of aeronautical information. The principal results of the meeting are the development of a draft set of “Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aeronautical Information Services” (PANS-AIS, to replace the existing “Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Procedures for International Notices to Airmen Services”), the enunciation of principles to govern the promulgation and dissemination of NOTAMS over the international aeronautical telecommunication service, and the formulation of recommendations for the future handling of aeronautical information problems (ICAO)

May 6 May

/ Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) begins operations with service in California (US Airways)

11 May

/ Moscow lifts the blockade of West Berlin (U.S. Department of State)

July 13 July

15 February

/ Breguet 763 Deux-Ponts first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

23 February

/ SITA is founded by eleven airlines: Air France, KLM, Sabena, Swissair, TWA, British European Airways Corporation (BEAC), British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), British South American Airways (BSAA), Swedish A.G.Aerotransport, Danish Det Danske Luftfartselskab A/S and Noweigan Det Norske Luftfartselskap (SITA & Compendium of Inter-

/ Sud-Est SE 2010 Armagnac first flight (Jane’s,

/ Canadian Pacific Airlines (CPA) inaugurates a regular passenger service to Sydney, Australia (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

[2]

national Civil Aviation)

March 1 March

/ Breguet 890 Mercure first flight (Wikipedia)

116 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Source: Geneva Airport

27 July

/ The first flight of the prototype De Havilland Comet, the first commercial jet aircraft

October 13 October

(Jane’s, 1993) [3]

30 July

/ BSAA is merged with BOAC (British Airways)

August 10 August

/ TAI (Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux) and SATI become Union Aéromaritime de Transportis (Air France & Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

November

/ First delivery of Saab 90 Scandia to the Brazilian airline, VASP

2 November

/ CAAC is formed (Wikipedia)

7 November

/ Sikorsky S-55 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

/ Avro Canada C102 Jetliner first flight (Wikipedia)

September / Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

4 September / Bristol Brabazon first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 10 September / Nord Noratlas first flight (Wikipedia) 30 September / The Berlin Airlift officially ends (Wikipedia)

1950

December 28 December / A DC-3 aircraft registered as “PK-DPD” with the logo “Garuda Indonesian Airways” on its fuselage flies from Jakarta to Yogyakarta to pick up President Soekarno. This is the first flight made under the brand of Garuda Indonesian Airways

Late 1950s: ä Τhe Instrument Landing System (ILS) replaces the former radar systems: i It can be linked to the aircraft’s autopilot i Gives the possibility of handling more than one aircraft at a time (CANSO)

ä Altitude reported by pilots and identification of aircraft still kept in mind by controllers (CANSO) ä SITA opens its first telecommunications centre in Rome. Information is manually transmitted using perforated tape and teleprinters. This is the first generation of the world’s largest network (SITA) ä A handful of entrepreneurs found Air Tahiti ä Garuda Indonesia is officially established as a State Corporation ä First official Delta souvenir for children, a paper Junior Pilot Certificate – handed out to both girls and boys ä TWA’s corporate name is officially changed to Trans World Airlines ä Western is the first airline to use a conveyor belt system for aircraft loading and unloading (Delta Air Lines)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 117

1950 January

is flown by BEA from Northolt to Le Bourget, Paris with a Vickers V630 Viscount aircraft

/ Pan American Airways Corporation officially becomes Pan American World Airways, Inc.

(British Airways)

(Wikipedia)

February 20 February

September / Air France introduces a tourist class. First class cabin of DC-4 is equipped for 55 passengers at a reduced fare (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

25 September / Pan American purchases American Overseas Airlines from American

October 1 October

/ Ilyushin IL-14 passenger aircraft first flight

March 24 March

/ Gulf Aviation Company is registered as a private shareholding company (Gulf Air)

May 10 May

/ de Havilland DH.114 Heron first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

18 May

25 May

/ Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services are first adopted by ICAO Council (ICAO) / Annex 12 Search and Rescue is first adopted by the ICAO Council (ICAO)

July 1 July

/ The world’s first regularly scheduled helicopter passenger service, between Cardiff and Liverpool, is opened by BEA (British Airways)

25 July

/ Hostilities in Korea force suspension of commercial service to Seoul; Northwest is selected by the U.S. government as prime contractor for the Korean air lift

28 July

15 to 21 October / During this seven-day period, U.S. CAA puts into operation the first omnirange (VOR) airways (FAA)

/ The world’s first gas turbine-powered service

118 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

21 October

/ Martin 4-0-4 first flight (Wikipedia)

November 7 November

/ BOAC retires its last flying boat airliner from service (British Airways)

December

/ Eilata takes on a new name: Arkia

7 December

/ By decree Nº 26.099 of the Executive Power, Aerolineas Argentinas is created as a State Company

15 December / The Convention establishing the Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) is signed in Brussels, Belgium (World Customs Organization) 18 December / Harewood Aerodrome, Christchurch becomes the first international airport operating in New Zealand (ACI & Air New Zealand)

1951

[1] Source: Fiji Airways ä U.S. CAA places the first nine DME (distance-measuring

equipment) ground transponders in experimental operation along the Chicago – New York airway (FAA)

Source: JAL [2]

major shareholder in Gulf Aviation (Gulf Air) ä DDL, DNL and ABA form the present SAS Consortium

ä Air Gabon is formed (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

ä T.A.E., Greek Air Transport (A.M.E) and Hellenic Airlines S.A (ELL.A.S) are merged in T.A.E. (Olympic Airways)

ä BOAC (British Overseas Aircraft Corporation) becomes the

ä TransAsia Airways is established

March

May

1 March

/ BOAC introduces its luxury Monarch service to New York using the Stratocruiser, which offers sleeper accommodation (British Airways)

22 May

/ JAL acquires business license to provide domestic scheduled air transportation service and is merged with Japan Air Transport

19 March

/ Northwest service to Hong Kong begins via connecting service with Hong Kong Airways

29 May

/ The Standards and Recommended Practices for Aerodromes are first adopted by the ICAO Council (ICAO)

/ Annex 13 named Aircraft Accident Inquiry is first adopted by ICAO Council (ICAO)

July

April 11 April

10 July

/ Berlin Schönefeld Flughafen station is 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 119

1951 opened for the public, an early example of a mainline rail station built to serve an airport

25 October

(Wikipedia)

14 July

/ Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation first flight (Wikipedia)

/ JAL launches the first private domestic airline service in Japan in the postwar period with Northwest Airlines in charge of flight operations. The Martin 2-0-2 “Mokusei” is the first aircraft to enter service [2]

November 1 November

August 20 August

/ First group of JAL’s female flight attendants join the company

September 1 September / A de Havilland Dragon Rapide takes off from Fiji’s Nausori Airport to Drasa Airport near Lautoka, on the west coast of the main island. This first commercial flight is the birth of Fiji Airways [1]

October 1 October

/ The world’s airlines introduce the first Multilateral Interline Cargo Handling Agreement, adopted by the IATA Composite Traffic Conferences, held at Bermuda in May 1951 (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

/ A new ICAO alphabet is implemented in the Aeronautical Telecommunications Annex 10 in civil aviation, with one year transition to this new alphabet (ICAO)

11 November / JAL begins operating regularly scheduled flights (daily flights: Tokyo – Sapporo, one round trip; Tokyo – Osaka, three round trips; Tokyo – Osaka – Fukuoka, one round trip) 12 November / PLUNA becomes a wholly government-owned company (Wikipedia) 27 November / ICAO Council adopts a complete revision and rearrangement of Annex 2 titled International Standards – Rules of the Air (ICAO)

December 12 December / de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter first flight

8 October

/ The first Royal flight by BOAC takes place. The then Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh flew to Montreal in a Stratocruiser for their Canadian tour (British Airways)

1952 ä The Approach Control is officially established in ATC (CANSO)

(Jane’s, 1993)

27 December / First TEAL Auckland-Papeete (Tahiti) service via Suva (Fiji) and Aitutaki (Cook Islands), monthly, known as the “Coral Route” (Air New Zealand)

the Ministry of Aviation to the Ministry of Transports at the level of General Division and is renamed Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority

ä Inland Airlines merges with Western,

ä Indonesia’s government establishes the Civil Aviation Djawatan (Directorate General of Civil Aviation of Indonesia)

after operating as a Western subdivision since 1944, and starts coach service (Delta Air Lines)

ä American introduces the first elec-

ä Wisconsin Central Airlines moves

ä A standard Agency Agreement was

drawn up between IATA and the agencies, which sets the pattern for airline-agent relations (IATA Wings for the

cost air transportation between the United States and Europe

tronic reservations system, Magnetronic Reservisor, to keep track of available seats on flights

its headquarters to Minneapolis/St. Paul and is renamed North Central Airlines (Northwest Airlines)

ä A Royal Decree transfers the Govern-

ä TWA, with its “Sky Tourist” Constella-

mental Civil Aviation Authority from

tion service, is the first to offer low-

ä Civilian use of Antigua airport commences (ACI) [1]

World since 1945, 2009)

120 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1952 agreement between eleven International Air Transport Association member airlines (Air France, British Overseas Airways Corporation, El Al Israel Airlines, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, LAI Italian Airlines, Pan American World Airways, Sabena, Scandinavian Airlines System, Swissair, Trans-Canada Air Lines and Trans World Airlines) that had been announced on 5 December of the previous year, at fares generally about 20 to 25% below the standard first-class fares (London – New York one way tourist fare USD 270) (FAA & Compendium

January 5 January

/ Using Douglas DC-6As, Pan American World Airways inaugurates the first all-cargo air service across the North Atlantic (FAA)

9 January

/ The first aircraft owned by JAL, the DC-4 “Takachiho,” arrives at Tokyo International Airport

14 January

/ The first pre-clearance of airline passengers and baggage entering the United States from Canada –a new concept to facilitate international air travel– is inaugurated at Toronto Malton Airport (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

of International Civil Aviation)

2 May

March 31 March

/ Avio Linee Italiane S.A. (ALI) is absorbed by LAI (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

April 11 April

/ The Pan American World Airways Douglas DC-4 Clipper Endeavor, operating as Flight 526A, suffers the failure of two engines and ditches in rough seas in the Atlantic Ocean. After the accident it is recommended that in the future passengers be briefed about location and usage of flotation equipment and emergency exits before over-water flights (Aviation Safety Network & Wikipedia)

17 April

/ Official opening of Jan Smuts International Airport – Johannesburg (South African Air-

Airways) [2]

20 May

/ Boeing starts building the Model 367-80, the jetliner and jet tanker prototype that will be known as the Dash 80, in a closed-off area at the Renton, Wash., plant

31 May

/ The first TWA Ambassadors’ Club opens at Greater Pittsburgh Airport

June 3 June

/ Mil Mi-4 first flight (Wikipedia)

17 June

/ The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopts a recommendation that, pending development of a more suitable form of speech, English should be used as a universal language in aeronautical radiotelephony and should be available for communications involving international

ways)

May 1 May

/ BOAC flies the world’s first pure jet service. The Comet G-ALYP operates from London Airport to Johannesburg via Rome, Beirut, Khartoum, Entebbe and Livingstone (British

/ The first tourist class air service over the North Atlantic begin, in accordance with an

[1]

[2]

Source: Antigua and Barbuda Airport Authority

Source: British Airways

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 121

1952 the liabilities of those responsible for such damage. The Convention also deals with a host of related matters, such as apportionment of claims, financial security requirements, jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments (ICAO)

air services. This recommended practice, which became applicable on 1 April 1953, is contained in an amendment to Annex 10 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Vol. II, Section 5.2.1.1.2) (FAA)

July

/ United sells LAMSA, its Mexican airline subsidiary, to local interests

4 July

/ Nitto Airlines is established (JAL)

10 July

/ Helsinki Airport is opened (Finnair)

August 16 August 22 August

November 19 November / The first trans-arctic flight with a commercial aircraft: At 8.30am SAS’ first DC-6B, “Arild Viking”, took off from Los Angeles. 28 hours and six minutes later it touched down in Copenhagen, following two intermediate stops at Edmonton, Canada, and Thule, Greenland

/ Bristol Britannia first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

December

/ Formation of JAPAN HELICOPTER & AEROPLANE TRANSPORT Co Ltd., predecessor of All Nippon Airways [3]

7 December

/ Introduction of an All-Tourist Class service by Air India on the Nairobi route on every alternate Sunday with DC-4 aircraft leased from Air India Ltd

/ Saunders-Roe SR.45 Princess first flight (Wikipedia)

September 13 September / Fuji Airlines is established (JAL)

October 3 October

/ The Presidents of Air France, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Sabena and Swissair found the Air Research Bureau (ARB), and were later joined by British European Airways (BEA) and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) (Compendium

[3]

of International Civil Aviation)

7 October

/ An amended Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface is adopted and signed to unify, on an international level, the laws relating to recovery by persons who suffer damage caused on the surface by foreign aircraft, while limiting

1953 ä Commercial air transport in Brunei

begins with the establishment of air service links connecting Bandar Seri Begawan with Anduki in the Belait district

Source: ANA

ä Cambodia becomes a signatory na-

Arabia General Authority of Civil Aviation)

tion of the International Convention on Civil Aviation

ä All American’s route system grows

ä U.S. FAA § 121.161 imposes the 60-min-

and the name is changed to Allegheny Airlines (US Airways)

ute rule on two- and three-engine airplanes (FAA)

ä American pioneers nonstop trans-

ä The first civil aviation rule in the Saudi Kingdom is issued (Kingdom of Saudi

continental service in both directions across the United States with the Douglas DC-7

122 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1953 ä After the association with ANA (Aus-

ä Indian National Airways is national-

ä TAP goes from public service to a

tralia) ceases, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines takes over the Australian airline’s share in Air Ceylon (Sri Lankan

ised and merged into Indian Airlines

limited responsibility corporation with mixed capital but with the majority belonging to the State

Ministry of Civil Aviation) ä The merger of Delta Air Lines with

Chicago and Southern Air Lines brings Delta its first international routes to the Caribbean and Caracas, with the airline called DeltaC&S for the next two years. Delta inherits from C&S its first customer recognition program-Flying Colonel, one of air transport’s coveted awards. Lockheed Constellations join the fleet

(Wikipedia) ä Loftleidir begins its pioneering low-

fare services across the North-Atlantic (Icelandair) ä A new airline is launched in West Germany as Luftag (Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Media Relations Lufthansa Group)

ä Trans Mediterranean Airways is es-

tablished ä UPS resumes air operations (from

1929), offering two-day service to major cities on the east and west coasts. Once again, UPS packages fly in the cargo holds of regularly scheduled airlines

ä South African Airways operates its

first Comet Springbok service from London to Johannesburg using a BOAC Comet, and in the process becomes the first airline outside the UK to operate jet aircraft

ä Wardair Canada, the privately run

airline, is founded by Max Ward

Pacific and to South America on 1 April 1954

January 16 January

/ Bristol Superfreighter first flight (Wikipedia)

27 January

/ Regular services of Aerolineas Argentinas between Buenos Aires and Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia), with stops in Cordoba and Salta, are inaugurated

29 January

/ Hurel-Dubois HD.31 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

February

/ United and the Radio Corporation of America launch a joint project to develop an airborne weather-mapping (C-band) radar. Fleet installation of the units in July 1955 marks an industry first

Spring

/ Aero O/Y starts to use the name Finnair in its marketing

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

18 April

/ The first turboprop airliner, the Vickers V-701 Viscount, enters scheduled passenger service with British European Airways (FAA)

May 15 May

/ The Air Navigation Commission and the first set of Standards and Recommended Practices is adopted by the ICAO Council as Annex 15-Aeronautical Information Services to the Convention for the promulgation of information essential to the safety, regularity and efficiency of air navigation (ICAO)

18 May

/ The Douglas DC-7 airliner makes its first flight. It is the largest and most efficient of the DC series yet designed. Maximum speed is 400 mph, with a cruising speed of 375 mph [1]

21 May

/ Dan Air is founded (Chronique de l’ Aviation,

April 1 April

/ Based on unanimous agreement reached under the auspices of the IATA Traffic Conferences, the concept of tourist-class service is introduced within Europe and between Europe and the Near East. The tourist-class concept is extended to India, Pakistan and Ceylon, as well as between Europe and South Africa, on 1 October 1953, and across the

1991)

28 May

/ Air Corporations Act, ratified by the President of India (Air India)

June 15 June

/ Two Corporations – Air India International 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1944-1953 / 123

1953 Limited and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), come into formal existence

July

/ Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI), the commercial operator of the state-controlled Polynesia inter-island air network, Régie Aérienne Interinsulaire (RAI), asserts its entitlement to the allocation of local transport services, under agreements signed with Air France (Air Tahiti)

9 July

/ New York Airways becomes the first scheduled passenger helicopter air carrier to operate in the United States (FAA)

30 July

/ Kita Nihon Airlines is established (JAL)

August 1 August

/ Nationalisation of Air India International Limited. Mr. J.R.D. Tata is appointed Chairman

1 August

/ Indian Airlines is created by the merger of eight private companies (Chronique de l’ Avia-

October

/ Reorganization of transpacific services carried out by BCPA (British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines). The British Government decides to withdraw from participation in BCPA. Qantas is awarded the transpacific service from Sydney to San Francisco and Vancouver. BCPA is liquidated and arrangements are made for three of its DC-6 Douglas aircraft to be transferred to TEAL for trans-Tasman and Hibiscus (Auckland – Nadi) services / JAPAN HELICOPTER & AEROPLANE TRANSPORT Co Ltd. is authorized to operate a scheduled passenger service

1 October

/ Establishment of the new Japan Airlines and dissolution of the former Japan Air Lines

19 October

/ TWA is the first airline to provide nonstop transcontinental air service. The flight from Los Angeles to New York took 8 hours. Because of prevailing head winds, westbound transcontinental service continued to stop in Chicago to refuel

tion, 1991)

November 10 August

/ Japan becomes the 61st member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (JAL)

10 August

/ First group of JAL male flight attendants join the company

16 November / First nonstop Dakar – Rio flight (5,000 km) by Air France Super Constellation (11h 45 flight time) 30 November / Toa Airways is established (JAL)

December September 1 September / The Belgian airline Sabena opens the first international helicopter services, from Brussels to Rotterdam, Lille, and Maastricht (FAA & Sabena) [2]

[1]

124 / 1944-1953 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ The Conference on Co-ordination of Air Transport in Europe (CATE), is formally constituted by ICAO (ICAO)

10 December / Continental signs a merger agreement with Pioneer Airlines that adds 16 new cities in Texas and New Mexico to its growing route map

[2] Source: Sabena

1954-1963

The jet era 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 125

1954-1963 The jet era The jet age, here defined as the years from 1954 to 1963, brought a remarkable acceleration in the development of air transport, from a technological, perceptual and regulatory point of view. From a technological point of view, the early years of this decade brought regular commercial services on jet-engined aircraft into civilian use, using a technology developed out of military necessity during the Second World War At the same time several nations were already looking further ahead and by the end of this decade the foundations for the next quantum leap in aircraft and engine design – supersonic aircraft – were already in place. From a perceptual point of view, this era was the dawn of mass transport by air. Replacing propeller driven aircraft by internal combustion air-breathing engines increased the range, altitude and speed abilities of these new generation aircraft. This heralded the first steps towards ‘globalisation’, with non-stop intercontinental travel now a reality. And, with the new aircraft also being larger with lower per-seat costs, air travel was now accessible to a much wider audience. The economics of the jet age brought new opportunities and challenges for airlines. Reading about the highlights of the decade, as detailed in the following pages, illustrates that the market dynamics and competitive forces we are all familiar with today – new market entrants, network and business model development and product innovation and differentiation - were already in force 60 years ago. From a regulatory perspective, the fast development of this fledgling industry required an appropriate legal framework. In Europe this led to the 1954 Strasbourg Conference on Transport, and the foundation of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) as the intergovernmental body responsible for ensuring that States should co-operate, and encourage their carriers to co-operate, towards the orderly development of European air transport. This was also the year in which the 6 founding member airlines of the Brussels-based Air Research Bureau decided to formally establish their forum for inter-airline co-operation, known today as the Association of European Airlines.

Athar Husain Khan CEO, Association European Airlines

126 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES) Passengerkm (millions)

Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

1954

65,868

108,514

61

1,472

334

7,724

13,091

59

1955

77,268

124,225

62

1,735

374

9,030

15,305

59

1956

89,935

143,437

63

1,971

404

10,400

17,537

59

1957

103,868

169,997

61

2,155

435

11,693

20,371

57

1958

107,668

183,735

59

2,208

475

12,213

21,693

56

1959

124,135

206,548

60

2,549

526

13,989

24,542

57

1960

138,069

233,225

59

2,839

617

15,650

28,300

55

1961

148,202

268,483

55

3,259

728

17,096

33,067

52

Year

Passengers (millions)

1962

156

164,669

308,370

53

3,824

819

19,163

37,723

51

1963

174

186,241

346,173

54

4,295

870

21,520

42,530

51 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 127

1954

[1] Source: JAL ä The Department of Civil Aviation (DCA)

ä Kuwait Airways is born

is established by Federal Act 10 as a Directorate of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Department of Civil

ä Persian Air Services is formed (IranAir)

Aviation of Zambia)

ä First airline to introduce Tourist

ä Delta Air Lines becomes the first

airline to supplement visual inspection of aircraft parts with a portable x-ray machine to examine interior structures

Class: SAS discounted ticket options, introduced in 1952, are offered on all routes ä Western Luxurious “Champagne Ser-

vice” begins on 60-passenger Doug-

2 February

January 1 January

/ Air Canada becomes the new official French name for Trans-Canada Air Lines

las DC-6B aircraft, with complimentary champagne, steaks, corsages, perfume and cigars (Delta Air Lines) ä Bahrain’s position as the major air-

port in the region is further enhanced with the establishment of a new Flight Information Region based in Bahrain to cover the navigation of aircrafts in transit through Gulf airspace

/ JAL begins its service to San Francisco, first international route [1]

March February

1 February

/ The Air Research Bureau is established on a permanent basis in Brussels / TCA launches “Tourist class” economy fares, made possible by adopting higher-density seating arrangements. The move lowers fares by 20%

128 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

8 March

/ Sikorsky S-58 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

22 March

/ Air France grants 5th freedom rights from USA to carry passengers from New York to Mexico (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

April

/ The Conference on Co-ordination of Air Transport in Europe (CATE), formally constituted

by ICAO in December 1953 meets in Strasbourg. As many of the recommendations being adopted at the meeting would require follow-up action by some duly authorised and competent body operating in close liaison with ICAO, the meeting proposed the establishment of a permanent European organization of high-level aviation authorities to implement its recommendations and to carry out the work it had initiated. This proposal envisaged a body that would meet periodically and that would at least at the outset, be serviced by the ICAO Secretariat. It recommend that this body which, it suggested, might be named the “European Civil Aviation Conference”, should maintain the closest liaison with ICAO as well as with other interested organizations (ECAC) 25 April

/ Paris – Montreal, Paris – Chicago and Paris – New York, all standard transatlantic Air France services, are equipped with beds. Each plane is endowed with a cabin with two double beds and two single beds (Chronicles Aviation, 1991)

regular commercial service between the two cities begins. A Super Constellation is used on this route 6 August

/ CAB announces the signing of an agreement with Norway, Sweden, and Denmark for the operation of an air route by U.S. and Scandinavian airlines between Los Angeles and Scandinavia via Greenland (FAA)

September 18 September / Romanian Air Transport, TAROM, is established

November 6 November

/ A joint statement by Hungary and the Soviet Union announces the closure of their joint venture, Maszovlet, the Hungarian-Soviet Civil Air Transport Joint Stock Company (Malev)

12 November / Air Inter is set up (Wikipedia) 15 November / SAS is the world’s first airline to launch the world’s first Polar shortcut as the Copenhagen – Los Angeles route is open

May 4 May

/ The patent for the inflatable escape chute assembly is submitted by Boyle (Google)

26 November / Malev Hungarian Air Transport Company –as the legal successor of Maszovlet– starts independent activities

/ Pilot Tex Johnston and copilot R.L. “Dix” Loesch take the Boeing Model 367-80 (Dash 80) on its first flight [2]

27 November / First nonstop commercial transatlantic service by Pan American (9 hours, 42 minutes) with a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser

/ The first Madrid – New York flight takes place on the anniversary of Columbus’s departure on his voyage of discovery. Five days later,

30 November / By law (Federal Law Gazette p. 354), the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA), the Federal Aviation Office, is established as the supreme German Federal Authority to fulfil tasks in the field of civil aviation (LBA)

July 15 July

August 3 August

[2]

Source: Kostas Iatrou

December 1 December

/ TEAL share register records the transfer of Qantas and BOAC shareholding to Australian Government which gives the Australian Government 50% and the New Zealand Government 50% of the shares (Air New Zealand)

9 December

/ Herbert Coursin, Henri Martinet and Louis Eschembrenner, Deputy General Manager of the company, found Transpac, predecessor of Air Calédonie

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 129

1955

[1] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä ICAO’s regulations for trans-Atlantic

ä With the signature of the Austria

ä Surinam Airways starts its domestic

flights: 1,000 feet vertically, 120 miles laterally and 30 minutes longitudinally (CANSO)

State Treaty, two separate carriers are founded, Air Austria and Austrian Airways (Austrian)

activities and scheduled services are inaugurated between Paramaribo and the small bauxite town of Moengo

ä Dr. John Morrel introduces the time-

ä Delta pioneers the use of the hub

based concept of collision avoidance

and spoke system. Scheduled airplanes bring passengers to a hub airport where travelers connect to other Delta flights. Delta wins Atlanta to New York route

(EUROCONTROL) ä The colonial Government of Cyprus

establishes the Department of Civil Aviation ä Civil Aviation Act creates the Depart-

ment of Civil Aviation of El Salvador

ä The technical operations team of

TCA changes industry standards again in 1955 by installing anti-skid brakes on various Viscount aircraft. Pilots can finally make turns on water or ice

ä The government of Kuwait takes a 50%

interest in Kuwait Airways (and finally takes a 100% share in Kuwait Airways)

January 1 January

/ Northwest voluntarily becomes the first airline to operate without government subsidy on transpacific and United States – Alaska routes. Northwest flies its first Lockheed L-1049 Constellation

5 January

/ Commander Omar Fontana founds Sadia S.A. Transportes Aéreos Airlines (Transbrazil)

130 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

10 January

/ Birth of a new airline, PIA, through PIAC Ordinance 1955 as the Government of Pakistan decides to form a state-owned airline and invite Orient Airways to merge with it. Later this year (1 February), PIA launches its first scheduled international service (London, via Cairo and Rome)

27 January

/ Ariana Afghan Airlines is founded (Ariana Afghan Airlines & Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

March 14 March

August / Frankfurt (Main) Airport regional station is open (Wikipedia)

7 August

/ Tex Johnston does two “barrel rolls” with the Boeing Dash 80 over the Seafair hydroplane course on Lake Washington in Seattle

/ First flight of Lufthansa (Hamburg to Munich)

25 August

/ Handley Page Dart Herald first flight (Wikipedia)

April 1 April

September May 5 May

9 May

21 May

27 May

/ The Paris Peace Treaties restore full air-space sovereignty to West Germany. This allows Lufthansa’s flight schedule to include nonGerman destinations

17 June

October 13 October

/ Pan American World Airways orders 20 Boeing Model 707 jet transports

/ The title “General Directorate of the State Airlines Administration” is changed by Law number 6623 to Turkish Airlines

16 October

/ The Boeing Dash 80 flies nonstop from Seattle to Washington, D.C., and back, breaking all transcontinental records for a commercial transport, at average speeds of 592 mph and 567 mph

20 October

/ LTU is founded

30 October

/ The first commercial flights begin at the new O’Hare Field, Chicago International Airport (FAA)

November

/ Air Koryo’s Pyongyang-Chita international flight opened

/ The Sud-Aviation SE 210 Caravelle makes its first flight, the first short-haul jet plane to go into general use (Jane’s, 1993) [1]

/ First Lufthansa’s long distance flight operated with a Super Conny leaves Hamburg for New York via Dusseldorf and Shannon / The prototype of Russia’s first modern aircraft, the twin-engine jetliner TU-104, designed by Andrei N. Tupolev (1888-1972), makes its initial flight (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

25 June

/ Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

July 2 July

25 September / TWA is the first airline to propose and introduce an inexpensive one-way transcontinental excursion fare

/ BOAC introduces tourist class on London to Sydney weekly service, using a Constellation aircraft (British Airways)

June 8 June

21 September / Air Koryo is founded under the name Chosonminhang

/ Introduction by Air India of an all-First Class Express service “Flying Rani” Bombay – Cairo – London

24 November / Fokker F27 Friendship first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 29 November to 16 December / ECAC holds its inaugural session in Strasbourg

December 21 December / Condor is founded as “Deutsche Flugdienst GmbH” by four partners, Norddeutscher Lloyd (27.75%), Hamburg-Amerika-Linie (27.75%), Deutsche Lufthansa (26%) and Deutsche Bundesbahn (18.5%)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 131

1956

[1] Source:Qantas ä Aeroflot launches the first jet, the TU-

104, to operate on Russia’s domestic and international routes ä Weather-avoidance radar installed in

noses of all Delta aircraft ä Kuwait Civil Aviation Department is

established (Directorate General of Civil Aviation State of Kuwait) ä TWA is the first to install a dynamom-

eter-type engine test cell, resulting in greater accuracy and safety at less cost ä Eastern acquires a Canadian compa-

January

/ Vietnam Civil Aviation Department is established (Vietnam Airlines)

1 January

/ The International Air Transport Association (IATA) launches the First Edition of the IATA Restricted Articles Regulations (RAR) (renamed Dangerous Goods Regulations – DGR in 1983)

ny, Colonial Airlines, that allows the airline to begin service to Canadian cities such as Montreal and Ottawa ä Qantas carries the Olympic flame into

the Southern Hemisphere for the first time on its longest ever trip, from Athens to Darwin – a total of 13,800km [1]

the first airline to operate its own airport

February 11 February

/ Antonov An-8 first flight (Wikipedia)

18 February

/ Moscow route is opened making Finnair as the first Western airline to begin a service to the Soviet capital after the Second World War

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

1 January

/ Northwest leases Shemya Island in the Aleutian chain from the U.S. government for use as a fuel stop on the North Pacific route, thus becoming

132 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Beginning / 5 An-2 aircraft are delivered from the Soviet Union to Mongolia and the transition training

for pilots is successfully completed enabling Mongolian service with scheduled flights

30 April

/ The Multilateral Agreement on Commercial Rights of Non-Scheduled Air Services in Europe is opened for signatures. This provide liberal access for certain categories of nonscheduled operations (ECAC)

March 1 March

/ The final version of ICAO alphabet (printed in Annex 10, volume II, Chapter 5) is implemented by ICAO. It is adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), ITU, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), etc (ICAO) [2]

June 30 June

/ A Trans World Airlines Super Constellation and a United Air Lines DC-7 collide over the Grand Canyon, Arizona, killing all 128 occupants. The crash triggers sweeping changes in the regulations governing cross-country flights over the United States, which would include the creation of the Federal Aviation Agency

[2]

(FAA & Wikipedia)

August 30 August

1 March

/ Turkish Airlines Inc. is established with a capital stock of 60 million TL

31 March

/ The Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA) is established as a nonprofit professional organization to promote the advancement of air traffic control (FAA)

April 1 April

/ Seaboard and Western Airlines starts scheduled all-cargo services across the North Atlantic (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

13 April

/ The USSR Government issues a resolution on the establishment of a special-purpose air unit (SPAU) in the Civil Air Fleet (Rossiya)

28 April

/ Restoration of Japan’s international aviation rights (JAL)

/ The Air Coordinating Committee approves a study panel’s recommendation that VOR and TACAN, the separate civil and military air navigation systems, be combined. VORTAC (an acronym used to describe a short-range navigation system, using the VOR directional component and the distance component of TACAN) would become a key element of the civil-military common system of air navigation and air traffic control (FAA)

October 10 October

/ Lockheed L-1649 Starliner first flight (Wikipedia)

20 October

/ Bell 204/205 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

November 15 November / A Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) Douglas DC-7C sets a new distance record for commercial airlines by flying 6,005 miles nonstop from Los Angeles to Stockholm, Sweden, following the Great Arctic Circle route

December 17 December / The Council of Ministers of the USSR passes the Resolution of awarding, to S.V. Ilyushin, the title of General Designer, and of appointing him the Executive Officer of Plant 240 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 133

1957

[1] Schiphol Duty Free - Source: Schiphol Group ä Mongolian civil aviation operation

ä The world’s first special facility for

ä BOAC (British Overseas Airways Cor-

headquarters is founded under the name Air Transport Department. Until 1980, the organization was under the Ministry of Defence of the former Republic of Mongolia (Civil Aviation Au-

flight attendant training, the American Airlines Stewardess College, is built in Dallas/Fort Worth

poration) becomes a partner of Turkish Airlines with a 6.5% equity share

thority of Mongolia) ä Department of Civil Aviation of Nepal

is founded ä Aeronaves de Mexico: Permits are

obtained to fly the Mexico City – New York and Acapulco – Los Angeles routes. Mexican shareholders recover the shares that had been sold to Pan American

ä Forklifts and conveyer belts are in-

ways (ANA), which is the biggest airline in the country, and change its name to Ansett-ANA

stalled for handling cargo and baggage in all larger cities served by Delta. A new truck lift cuts in half the time it takes to load and unload planes

ä AUSTRAL Compania Argentina de

ä Clear air turbulence forecasting is

ä Ansett buys Australian National Air-

Transportes Aéreos Comercial e Industrial’ (as it was orignally named) is created under the auspices of the ‘Sociedad Anonima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia’

134 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

pioneered by NWA ä Omar Fontana starts an alliance with Real/Aerovias Brasil (Transbrazil) ä S7 story begins with the first civil

1957 flight from a military airport in Novosibirsk by the Tolmachevo united air group; Sibir Airlines was based on that group

ä Schiphol opens the first mainland

European airport tax-free shopping centre (ACI) [1]

oneering inflight magazine, Mainliner Traveler, United begins regular production of an inflight magazine and calls it simply Mainliner

January 3 January

/ TWA is the first airline to offer passengers freshly-brewed coffee in flight

February 24 February

21 May

/ A Douglas DC-7C takes off from Long Beach (Calif.) Municipal Airport for a record transAtlantic flight that retraces part of the route flown by Charles Lindbergh in 1927. The aircraft flies 6,148 miles to Paris in 21 hours and 52 minutes – 12 hours less than it took Lindbergh to fly 3,625 miles across the Atlantic

June

/ Balair begins operations (Wikipedia)

1 June

/ TCA flies its first nonstop flight from Toronto to Vancouver

/ Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) is the first airline in the world to inaugurate a regular Polar service with Douglas DC-7C aircraft between Copenhagen and Tokyo via Anchorage, AK, U.S.A. (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

March 1 March

/ SNCASE (or Sud-Est) and SNCASO (or SudOuest) merge to form Sud Aviation (Wikipedia)

7 March

/ Antonov An-10 first flight

5 June

/ Mil Mi-6 first flight (Wikipedia)

11 March

/ Tupolev Tu-110 first flight (Wikipedia)

28 June

/ Company Chérifienne Air Transport (CCTA) is created following the merger between Air and Atlas Air Morocco and takes the new name of Compagnie Nationale Air transportation “Royal Air Morocco”

April 4 April

/ Air Austria and Austrian Airways finally merge to form a single airline, Austrian Airlines

6 April

/ T.A.E. is purchased by Aristotle Onassis and renamed Olympic Airways

July 4 July

/ Ilyushin IL-18 passenger aircraft first flight [2]

May

/ Ten years after publishing one issue of its pi-

[2] [X]

[3]

Source: Ilyushin

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 135

1957 August 5 August

November / The Civil Aeronautics Board adopts a rule requiring an approved Flight Data Recorder (FDR) aboard air carriers and commercial airplanes of more than 12,500 pounds maximum certificated take-off weight, with compliance by 15 July 1958 (FAA)

1 November

/ Oakes International Airport closes and Nassau International Airport at Windsor Field is brought into full operation (Bahamas Civil Aviation)

15 November / Tupolev Tu-114 first flight (Wikipedia) [3] 26 November / Piaggio P.166 first flight (Wikipedia)

September December

/ Japan Helicopter & Aeroplane Transport Co Ltd. name is changed to All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd.

6 December

/ Lockheed L-188A Electra first flight (FAA)

29 September / TWA launches polar route service from Los Angeles to London with the L-1649A Constellation

9 December

/ CSA enters the turbojet era by introducing TU-104A aircraft into regular operation on the Prague – Moscow route [4]

30 September / Austrian Airlines AG is founded

16 December / Antonov An-12 first flight (Wikipedia)

October

20 December / Marking a huge milestone in the annals of flight, the first Boeing 707 takes to the Seattle skies

1 September / Alitalia merges with LAI and became Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane with 3,000 employees, a fleet of 37 aircraft and a network of roughly 100,000 km (Alitalia & Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

28 October

/ The first production Boeing Model 707-120 jet rolls-out at Renton, Wash.

[4]

Source: CSA

136 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1958

Source: Dallas Municipal Archives [2]

ä This is the first year that

the total number of transatlantic passengers traveling by air exceeded the number traveling by sea (FAA) ä The ‘Black Box’ flight re-

corder is developed by David Warren of the Aeronautical Research Laboratories in Melbourne (Cen-

and installed on DC-8 and Vanguard aircraft. This leads to the development of the more powerful multichannel recording system, commonly known as the “black box.” TCA introduces the radar-tracking technology which means its aircraft can avoid weather disturbances (Air Canada)

tury of Flight) ä Cooperation agreement ä Lockheed introduces the

first FAA approved flight data recorder (black box)

is signed between Swissair and SAS ä Trans-Pacific Airlines is

ä The multichannel flight

recorder is pioneered by Trans-Canada Air Lines

ä Jan Janssen and Martin

ä Children receive Delta’s

Dekker found OLT “Ostfriesische Lufttaxi” (East Frisian Air Taxi) in Emden, the predecessor of DLT

first “kiddie wings” souvenir pins

(Lufthansa CityLine) ä Luxurious Douglas DC-7

Royal Service first-class flights offer three –instead of the usual two– flight attendants, boarding music by Muzak, complimentary champagne and steaks cooked to order [1] [1]

ä The first moving walkway

in an airport is installed at Dallas Love Field in Texas (ACI) [2] ä A new northwest/south-

east heading 2,529 meter runway is constructed on a promontory into Kowloon Bay. The name, Hong Kong International Airport, is officially adopted for Kai Tak Airport (Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department) [3]

purchased locally and renamed Aloha Airlines (Aloha State)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 137

1958 January

/ Sociedad Anonima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia starts operating from Aeroparque to the Argentine South

14 January

/ Two Qantas Super Constellations take-off from Melbourne to inaugurate a pioneering round the world service. One travels via India along the Kangaroo Route, while the other flies eastward on the Southern Cross Route via the United States. The Super Constellations circumnavigated the globe in opposite directions, arriving back in Sydney six days later. Before long, eight round the world services were operating weekly [4]

28 April

/ Aerolineas Argentinas purchases six Comet IV aircraft

May

March

/ ANA merges with Far Eastern Airlines

2 March

/ Beijing Capital International Airport opens

1 May

/ Mixed-classes, First Class and Tourist, are introduced by BEA (British Airways)

21 May

/ U.S. Senator A. S. “Mike” Monroney (D-OK) introduces a bill to create an independent Federal Aviation Agency to provide for the safe and efficient use of national airspace

24 May

/ Martinair is established by aviation pioneer Martin Schröder. At the time, the airline did not carry its present name, but was called “Martin’s Air Charter” (MAC)

30 May

/ The Douglas DC-8 makes its first flight. It is the first of the DC line to have jet engines

(ACI & Wikipedia)

14 March

/ Antonov An-14 first flight

16 March

/ Air Inter operates its first flight

June 9 June

/ The ‘new’ Gatwick officially opened by HM The Queen. It is the world’s first single facility airport accessible by all modes of transport – air, rail and road (Gatwick Airport)

July

/ The first father-and-son team to fly the Atlantic as captain and co-pilot consists of TCA captain R.M. Smith and his son, first officer Rod Smith, aboard a Super Constellation (Air

April 1 April

/ IATA Member airlines agree to launch a new type of service, called economy class, at fares some 20% lower than for tourist class (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

28 April

/ The first transatlantic service of Aerlinte Eireann leaves Dublin and Shannon for New York (Aer Lingus)

[3]

Source: Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department

138 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Canada) [5]

4 July

/ Ghana Airways is set up with the support of BOAC (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

[4]

Source: Qantas

August 3 August

November / Air France and Aeroflot inaugurate Paris – Moscow route (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

1 November

14 August

/ Grumman Gulfstream I first flight

1 November

15 August

/ Pan American World Airways takes delivery of the country’s first commercial jet airliner, a Boeing 707-120, four months ahead of schedule

/ KLM opens its Amsterdam – Tokyo service, flying over the North Pole using the Douglas DC-7

1 November

/ Retired U.S. Air Force General Elwood “Pete” Quesada becomes the first U.S. FAA Administrator

December

/ First Melbourne – Auckland – Nadi service by Qantas Super Constellation under charter to TEAL

23 August

/ The U.S. President signs the Federal Aviation Act, which transfers the Civil Aeronautics Authority’s functions to a new independent Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) responsible for civil aviation safety

/ The Chilean airline Ladeco is founded (Wikipedia)

27 December / TACV is founded (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

September 18 September / Interflug is set up (Wikipedia)

31 December / U.S. FAA begins its operations

October 1 October

/ West African Airways Corporation Nigeria Limited starts flight operations (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

4 October

[6]

/ BOAC operates the first jet service across the North Atlantic to New York using the Comet 4. G-APDB operates the eastbound flight and G-APDC operates the westbound (British Airways)

26 October

/ Commercial history is made when Pan American World Airways inaugurates trans-Atlantic 707 jet service between New York and Paris [6]

[5]

Source: Air Canada

Source: Delta Flight Museum

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 139

1959

[1] Source: Qantas ä The federal government of Mexico ac-

quires the shares and assets of Aeronaves de Mexico by decree

ance of a jet. First airline to offer complimentary meals on discounted coach flights

port. It then merges its land services (workers and equipment) with Pan Am’s at the same airport

ä American introduces the Lockheed

ä Air France puts into service the Cara-

ä An extension of the passenger board-

Electra, the first U.S. designed turboprop airplane

velle and SAS enters the jet age with the introduction of the Caravelle

ing bridge system is introduced at Los Angeles International Airport (ACI)

ä The red, white, and blue triangle

ä With plans to expand its services,

ä Hilton opens its first airport hotel

“widget” becomes Delta’s logo, resembling the swept-wing appear-

SATA acquires the Trans World Airways equipment at Santa Maria Air-

(San Francisco Airport Hilton) and pioneers the airport hotel concept

January

February

8 January

/ Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

20 January

/ The first flight of a Vickers-Armstrong Vanguard aircraft, prototype G-AOYW, takes place (British Airways)

25 January

27 January

/ American Airlines starts Boeing 707 service from New York to Los Angeles for the first transcontinental jetliner route / First flight of Convair 880 (FAA)

140 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

25 February

/ In a special conference at Montreal, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) approves the distance-measuring element (DMET) as a complement of the very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR) (FAA)

March 11 March

/ Sikorsky S-61 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

31 March

/ Britannia 312 G-AOVT leaves London for New York and Tokyo to inaugurate BOAC’s round-

stalled at San Francisco International Airport

the-world service. The following day, Comet 4 G-APDH inaugurates the eastward roundthe-world service (British Airways)

(Wikipedia)

31 July

April

/ Effective this date, FAA requires that one pilot at the controls of a turbine-powered airliner operating above 25,000 feet wears and uses an oxygen mask, and that the other cockpit crew members have masks ready for immediate use (FAA)

/ Air Koryo’s Pyongyang – Beijing international flight opened / Operation of IL-18 in a configuration for 75 passengers (and, later, for 100 passengers) begins at Aeroflot

2 April

8 April

May

/ FAA announces the adoption of a new “mobile lounge” concept of transporting airline passengers between the terminal building and parked aircraft at Washington’s planned jet airport at Chantilly, Va. (FAA) / CAB rules that foreign airlines could not carry commercial traffic moving only between U.S. cities (FAA) / Cuba’s revolutionary government decides to take over Cubana, expropriating all its investors. The private passenger airline Aerovias Q and private cargo carriers, Cuba Aeropostal and Expreso Aéreo Interamericano, are merged into Cubana, which is rebranded as Empresa Consolidada Cubana de Aviacion and has an initial state investment of 80% (Wiki-

July-September / Ahead of every other airline outside the U.S., Qantas takes delivery of seven Boeing 707138 jet aircraft [1]

August

/ Sheremetyevo Airport opens with the primary task of accommodating international flights

September 10 September / To aid in the control of civil and military air traffic, FAA puts into operation in the New York area a 64-code air traffic control radar beacon system, commonly known as secondary radar (FAA) 18 September / The Douglas DC-8 enters airline service simultaneously with United Air Lines and Delta Airlines [2]

pedia)

4 May

/ Pilatus PC-6 Porter first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

30 September / Croydon Airport is closed. The final service is a de Havilland DH.114 Heron flight to Rotterdam Captained by Geoffrey Last (Croydon

June 1 June

Airport Society)

/ Northwest’s New York – Anchorage – Tokyo polar service is inaugurated

October 6 October

8 June

/ Continental’s first true jet flight (a Boeing 707-120) take place

17 June

/ The first flight from OLT start at airport Emden (Lufthansa CityLine)

/ Spanish Air Taxi Lineas Aéreas S.A. (Spantax) is founded (Wikipedia)

[2]

July 5 July

/ The first air shuttle service in the world is inaugurated between Santos Dumont airport in Rio de Janeiro and Congonhas airport in Sao Paulo by the airlines Varig, Cruzeiro do Sul and VASP (Wikipedia)

29 July

/ The first jet bridge in the United States is in-

Source: Delta Flight Museum

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 141

1959 20 October

/ Antonov An-24 first flight

20 October

/ Official opening of Wellington Airport (Air New

December

Zealand)

November 16 November / Canadair CL-44 first flight (Wikipedia) 23 November / Boeing 720 first flight (FAA)

12 December / In Saint-Louis, Senegal, the Heads of State and Government of the autonomous states from the former Federations AEF, AOF and Madagascar sign the Convention which will give birth to ASECNA 16 December / China Airlines is founded 17 December / Hawker Siddeley absorbs de Havilland (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

1960

Early 1960s:

i The calculation, distribution and

ä Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) identification/altitude reader (CANSO)

over many of the human functions

printing of paper strips to the appropriate sectors. i Other software takes over the radio transmission and ground messages connection (CANSO)

ä Olympic Airways adds the first three

tional Airlines (Airlines Remembered, 2000

Late 1960s: ä Computers come into play, taking

ä The State of Kuwait becomes a signa-

tory to the International Civil Aviation Chicago Agreement (Directorate General of Civil Aviation State of Kuwait) ä Nepal attains ICAO membership (Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal)

jets (Comet 4) to its fleet

ä MisrAir merges with Syrian Airlines

ä SAS opens its first hotel, the SAS Royal

Hotel Copenhagen ä Swissair’s first DC-8 long-haul jets are delivered [1]

ä Aer Lingus enters the jet age, with

Boeing 720s covering the routes from Dublin and Shannon to New York and Boston

[1]

forming a new identity “United Arab Airlines-UAA”. UAA enhances the fleet with Comet 4 jets becoming the first carrier in the Middle East to use these jets (Egyptair) ä A new terminal is added in Montreal Dorval (ACI) [2] [2]

ä Air France puts into service the Boeing

707 ä Alitalia is the official carrier of the

Rome Olympics and for the first time in its history, carries more than 1 million passengers in one year. The first jets enter service ä Avianca begins operating its first jet,

the Boeing 707-120 ä Delta Air Lines becomes the first air-

line to launch Convair 880 jet service ä Lufthansa acquires 100% of Condor’s

capital

Source: Swissair

ä Salvadoran Ricardo Kriete takes con-

trol of TACA Source: Aéroports de Montréal

ä Thai Airways International is founded

as a joint venture between Thailand’s domestic carrier, Thai Airways Company (TAC) and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), with the Scandinavian carrier initially providing a 30% share capital of two million Baht ä Los Angeles Air Service (founded in De-

cember 1948) is renamed Trans Interna-

142 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Opening of Tahiti Faa’a International

Airport ä The first Semi-Automated Business

Research Environment (Sabre) system is installed on two IBM 7090 computers, located in a specially designed computer center in Briarcliff Manor, New York. NY

1960

The Tax Free Shop - Source: Copenhagen Airport

February 21 February

21 February

22 February

26 February

March

/ PIA launches its first Boeing 707 jet service on the London – Karachi – Dacca route

/ Finnair takes delivery of its first Caravelle A and becomes the first airline in the world to operate a jet passenger aircraft with a flight deck crew of two, instead of the normal three / Arrival of first Air India’s Boeing 707-437 (VTDJJ “Nandadevi”) in Bombay, after a record breaking nonstop flight from London to Bombay in 8 hours and 5 minutes / Official opening of Christchurch International Airport (Air New Zealand) / COCESNA is created

/ The Jet Age begins at KLM with the introduction of the Douglas DC-8 29 March

/ Tupolev Tu-124 first flight (Wikipedia)

April 1 April

/ The tripartite partnership between BOAC, Air India and Qantas is formed (British Airways)

1 April

/ Cooperation between JAL and Air France on operation of code share flights on the Polar route between Tokyo and Paris via Anchorage (JAL & Chroniques de l’Aviation, 1991) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 143

1960 4 April

5 April

22 April

/ FAA places in effect the first of a series of regulations designed to minimize aircraft noise at major airports by procedural methods while retaining safety as the primary objective

July

/ BEA introduces de Havilland Comet 4B aircraft on the Nicosia, Athens, Rome, and London routes. Cyprus Airways with the introduction of the Comets becomes the first airline in the Middle East to have jet airplanes (Wikipedia)

August

/ The ‘Multilateral Agreement relating to Certificates of Airworthiness for Imported Aircraft’ to cover the import of spare parts, engines, etc. All-weather operations, mutual recognition of private pilot licences and the performance characteristics of airborne navigation and communications equipment are amongst other issues considered opened for signatures (ECAC)

4 July

14 August

27 May

8 September / FAA adopts the British RAE visual glide path indicator landing lights as a national standard for use at U.S. airports

October 1 October

/ The quadripartite partnership between BOAC, SAA, EAAC and CAA is launched (British Airways)

16 October

/ The last scheduled transatlantic service to be operated by a BOAC Comet 4 service between London – New York takes place (British Airways)

/ Inaugural flight of Air India to New York via London with Boeing 707 on a once-a-week frequency

November

/ BOAC commences flights using Boeing 707 aircraft (British Airways)

December

/ Hawker Siddeley HS 748 first flight (Jane’s,

13 December / EUROCONTROL International Convention relating to Cooperation for the Safety of Air Navigation is signed by the 6 founding States

June 24 June

/ CSA opens the flight to Jakarta

September

May 14 May

/ With one of the five Comet 4Cs bought in England, Mexicana enters into the era of the jetliner with service between Mexico City and Los Angeles

1993)

144 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1 November

/ JAL’s first jet, a DC-8, enters service on the Seattle route

1961 first jet service from California to Montego Bay and Caracas

ä TAM-Taxi Aéreo Marilia is created by

ä Eastern Air Lines sets innovative

ä The Wild Goose emblem designed by

standards with the introduction of Air Shuttle service between New York – Washington and New York – Boston (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

Mesut Manioglu wins first place in a competition and becomes Turkish Airlines’ logo

five charter flight pilots

ä The International Register of Civil

Aircraft (IRCA) is created as a result of a joint decision of the then UK Air Registration Board (now the UK CAA), RAI (now ENAC) and BUREAU VERITAS to gather in one common format the national registers of various countries ä American continues into the jet age

with the introduction of the turbofan engine, another industry first for American

ä Deutsche Flugdienst GmbH acquires ä Ethiopian inaugurates a new east-

west service, linking Addis Ababa with Monrovia in Liberia, via Khartoum and Accra. This is the first direct air link between east and west Africa operated by any airline

ä Arkia begins international flights for

EL AL, which are terminated soon afterwards due to the condition of the aircraft ä Delta flies first nonstop service from

Atlanta to Los Angeles and also links California and the Caribbean with the

“Condor Luftreederei Hamburg”, which was founded by the Oetker Group in 1957, and changes its name to Condor Flugdienst GmbH ä Atlanta Municipal Airport is ushered

ä Sadia breaks its alliance with Real/

into the “Jet Age” with the opening of the largest single terminal in the country. The new $21 million structure accommodates 6 million travellers a year (ACI)

Aerovias Brasil, when the latter is acquired by VARIG Airlines (Trans-

ä AVID is asked to produce the world’s

ä Finnair founds a charter-flight sub-

sidiary, Polar-Air Oy

first IFE headset by TWA

brazil)

January

14 March

15 January

/ “Leonardo da Vinci” International Airport open

24 January

/ First flight of Convair 990 Coronado (FAA)

February

/ Cyprus becomes a member of ICAO (Depart-

/ Inex-Adria Aviopromet (Inex-Adria Airways) is founded [1]

[1]

ment of Civil Aviation Republic of Cyprus)

15 February

/ Instrument landing system begins operation at Tokyo International Airport (JAL)

24 February

/ Iranian Airways and Persian Air Services merge to form a new airline, IranAir, with the acronym of HOMA, a griffin of Persian mythology which symbolizes the mythical Bird of Happiness

March 13 March

/ The Civil Aeronautics Board, rendering a decision in the Southern Transcontinental Service Case, awards Delta Air Lines and National Airlines additional route segments that allow both airlines to begin transcontinental services on 11 June 1961 (FAA)

DC-6B and first Adria Airways cabin crew members Source: Edi Selhaus

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 145

1961 28 March

/ Air Afrique is founded (Wikipedia)

6 June

/ JAL begins independent service on polar routes to Europe (DC-8) and begins freight pool operations with Air France

/ VIASA – the flag carrier of Venezuela – commences operations (Wikipedia)

29 June

/ FAA commissioned the first Doppler VOR system for service at Marquette, Mich. (FAA)

/ All aircraft of IATA member airlines have to fly on IFR (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

30 June

/ Scanair is set up (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

April 1 April

1 April

28 April

/ New Zealand Minister of Civil Aviation, Mr McAlpine, announces that New Zealand has agreed to purchase Australia’s half share in TEAL for $1,622,800, the par value of Australia’s interest, making New Zealand the sole owner of the airline. The sale is backdated to 1 April, 1961, Australia agrees to take progressive payments over a four-year period to 31 March, 1965. The two governments decide that from 1 October, 1961, Qantas would receive trans-Tasman rights

May 1 May

July 7 July

/ Mil Mi-8 first flight (Wikipedia)

19 July

/ TWA is the first to provide in-flight movies. The first film ever shown in-flight was “By Love Possessed,” with Lana Turner

25 July

/ The bilateral air services agreement between the Australian and New Zealand Governments, a sequel to the sale of Australia’s shares, is signed in Wellington

August / Antulio Ramirez Ortiz perpetrates the first hijacking of a commercial airliner to Cuba (U.S.

10 August

/ For the first time, the U.S. Federal government employs armed guards on civilian planes (FAA)

21 August

/ A Canadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-8 sets two world records during a single test flight. First, it reaches 50,000 feet (15,240 meters) at a weight of 107,600 pounds (48,807 kg), a new altitude record for a loaded transport jet. Then, in a dive from that altitude, it reaches Mach 1.012 with a true air speed of 662.5 mph (1,066.8 km/h) at an altitude of 39,614 feet (12,074 meters), becoming the first airliner to break the sound barrier (Wikipedia)

Department of Transportation)

25 May

/ A Special Civil Air Regulation effective this date bans the use of portable FM radios on U.S. civil aircraft (FAA)

29 May

/ Iberia takes delivery of its first three jet airliners, DC-8’s, for use on its long haul routes from Spain to New York, Caracas, San Juan, Mexico City, Havana, and Buenos Aires

June

/ The merger of Sociedad Anonima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia with ALA (Aerotransportes Litoral Argentino) begins and ‘Ala y Austral S.A.’ is created as the firms start operating jointly / The new Republic of Congo begins its own airline: Air Congo (Sabena) / EL AL operates the first nonstop New York – Tel Aviv flight with a Boeing 707

1 June

/ United merges with Capital Airlines, absorbing 7,000 new employees and all of Capital’s routes to become the world’s largest commercial airline

146 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

September / Mil Mi-2 first flight (Wikipedia) 5 September / U.S. President Kennedy signs an amendment to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, which makes it a crime to hijack an aircraft, interfere with an active flight crew, or carry a dangerous weapon aboard an air carrier aircraft (FAA) 7 September / U.S. FAA approves in principle the use of Doppler radar and other flight deck navaids to guide airliners across the North Atlantic (FAA) 21 September / Boeing CH-47 Chinook first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

October

/ ANA is listed on the Second Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Second Section of the Osaka Securities Exchange

3 October

/ Effective date of new scheduling arrangement between TEAL and Qantas arising from inter-governmental negotiations and new ownership arrangements for TEAL

19 and 20 October / The International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Association (IFATCA) is constituted in Amsterdam as a result of the efforts of a group of air traffic controllers to federate and further the interests of the air traffic control profession at the international level [2]

29 October

/ TWA is the first to become an all-jet airline in international service

/ After lengthy negotiations with BOAC, the Gov-

1962 ä American introduces Convair 990 ä CAAC begins operating international

services, initially to other countries in the Communist bloc (Wikipedia)

Source: IFATCA

ernment of Trinidad and Tobago purchases BWIA with BOAC re-purchasing a 10% holding

December 1 December

November 1 November

[2]

/ Euravia (London) Ltd is formed to operate inclusive tour flights (Royal Air Force Museum)

15 December / MADAIR, the national air transport company is born from the merger between the private airline Air Madagascar and the local Air France network

bargo on Cuba, Cubana is forced to cancel all its U.S. services (Wikipedia)

forecasts to warn of sudden changes in wind direction

ä Delta activates the electronic SABRE

ä Pan American develops a global com-

system for “instant” reservations and modifies cabin configurations to offer both First Class and Economy Class on all four-engine aircraft

puter reservations system, named PANAMAC ä Philippine Airlines enters the jet age

with the introduction of DC-8 jetliners

[1]

ä China Airlines inaugurates domes-

ä Korea National Airlines is bankrupt (Korean Air)

tic scheduled flights from Taipei to Hualien

ä Kuwait Airways enter the jet age by

ä Sadia acquires Transportes Aéreos

Salvador Ltda., and expands its services to the Northeastern Region of Brazil

leasing a Comet 4 ä CSA introduces the first trans-Atlan-

tic flight from Prague to Havana ä With the imposition of the U.S. em-

ä Finnish-American ä MADAIR is renamed Air Madagascar ä Northwest originates wind shear

architect, Eero Saarinen, designs the futuristic building, the TWA Terminal. It opens for Trans World Airlines (ACI) [2]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 147

1962

[1] Source: Delta Flight Museum

January 9 January

Spring

/ Caravelle charter flights begin to Tenerife, Palma de Mallorca and Rimini. In this way Finnair, via Polar-Air, moves European charter flight traffic into the jet age

April

/ IranAir officially commences its activities

2 April

/ Luxair starts operations

/ Saudi Arabian Airlines introduces Boeing 720 into service

10 April

/ The first commercial plane to land at Maldives airport is an Air Ceylon Flight (ACI)

/ Attorney General Robert Kennedy swears in FAA’s first “peace officers,” as special U.S. deputy marshals

May

/ Pakistan International becomes the first nonUS carrier showing a regularly scheduled film onboard (White, 2012)

/ Hawker Siddeley Trident first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

February 26 February

March

1 March

/ BEA introduces its electronic reservations unit (British Airways)

/ Los Angeles Airways begins the world’s first airline service by a multi-engine turbinepowered transport helicopter (FAA)

148 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Sterling Airways is set up (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

8 May

/ Howard Hughes becomes associated with Northeast when the Hughes Tool Company purchases controlling interest in the line from Atlas Corporation, Northeast’s owner since 1938

September 6 September / Indonesia government founds Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Airlines Worldwide, 2000) 19 September / Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy first flight

June 8 June

(Jane’s, 1993)

/ Name of Air India International abbreviated to Air India by an amendment to the Air Corporations’ Act

October 1 October

/ TWA is the first to fly the Atlantic in scheduled service using the Doppler radar system, a fully automated system of navigation / East Anglian Flying Services officially changes its name to Channel Airways (Wikipedia)

11 June

/ Air India becomes an all-jet carrier

29 June

/ Vickers VC10 first flight (FAA)

29 October

July

/ TAP receives the first VI-R Caravelle and enters into the jet era

November 5 November

Summer

/ World Airways becomes the first U.S. charter airline to enter the jet age with the acquisition of new Boeing 707s

August

/ Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight first flight

30 August

/ NAMC YS-11 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

30 August

/ The Surinaamse Luchtvaart Maatschappij is officially established (Surinam Airways)

/ FAA announces acceptance of a design concept for a standard air traffic control tower. Prepared by the New York architectural firm I. M. Pei and Associates, the concept features a free-standing tower providing greater visibility from the cab, improved space for operating radio and radar equipment, and a better environment for air traffic control personnel

17 November / Ceremonies mark the opening of Dulles International Airport. Scheduled airline service began two days later (FAA) [3]

[2] JFK TWA Terminal - Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 149

1962

[3] Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003) [3]

[3]

Boeing 720Bs arrive on their delivery flights. Ethiopian is the first airline in Africa to order the Boeing 720B

27 November / The first production 727-100 rolls-out [4] 30 November / Finnair acquires a 27% controlling interest in another Finnish airline, Karair 8 December

December

/ The new runway and control tower at Bole International Airport are operational and two

[4]

Source: Boeing

150 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Bell 206 first flight (Wikipedia) [5]

24 December / Aérospatiale N 262 (Jane’s, 1993)

[5]

Source: Kostas Iatrou

1963

Photographer: Cees Timmers, www.tvc-advertising.com [2]

ä Kuwait becomes a full member of ICAO (Directorate General of Civil Aviation State of Kuwait) ä Timatic, the database containing

beyond Europe, initially establishing a route to Cairo, followed by Baghdad, Beirut, Benghazi, Damascus and Tunisia

cross border passenger documentation requirements, is first established (Wikipedia)

ä With the formation of Malaysia, Ma-

ä Air Inter offers the world’s first trav-

ä Merger of MEA with Air Liban. MEA

layan Airways Limited changes its name to Malaysian Airlines Limited

adds new European, Middle Eastern and West African destinations

el saver cards ä Alia is established (Royal Jordanian)

ä Northwest becomes the nation’s first ä LOT launches its first post-war flights

all fan-jet operator

January

ä TCA becomes the world’s first major

airline with an all-turbine fleet when it retires its last piston-engined aircraft (Air Canada) [1] ä Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport opens

The airport has the shortest commercial runway in the world, only 400 meters long, flanked on one side by high hills, with cliffs that drop into the sea at both ends (ACI) [2] ä Cairo International Airport replaces the old Heliopolis Airport (ACI)

February

2 January

/ First flight of Ilyushin IL-62

15 January

/ Ethiopian inaugurates its first jet service, from Bole to Nairobi

17 January

/ Short SC.7 Skyvan first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

23 January

/ ReserVec, the world’s first computerized reservation system, changes the ticketing game

9 February

/ Boeing 727-100 makes its first flight

[1]

[3] Source: Air Canada

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1954-1963 / 151

1963 strument flight rules (IFR) above 24,000 feet in the contiguous 48 States goes into effect

[3]

29 July

/ Tupolev Tu-134 first flight (Wikipedia)

August 20 August

/ BAC One-Eleven first flight (FAA)

September

Source: Air Canada

14 September / The Tokyo Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft was signed in Tokyo, Japan covering internationally accepted principles as to the immediate release of all aircraft, passengers and crew in the event of unlawful interference of aircraft (Compendium of International Civil Aviation & FAA)

19 February

/ Saudi Arabian Airlines is established as a corporation by Royal Decree No. 45 signed by King Faisal. The airline become an autonomous entity, run by a Board of Directors and chaired by the Minister of Defense and Aviation

October 1 October

/ UTA is formed as a result of a merger between Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT) and Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI) (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

20 February

/ Inauguration of Austrian’s first jet, a Caravelle

November 25 February

/ Transall C-160 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

March

3 November

/ A Boeing 727 completes a 76,000-mile world tour to 26 countries

December

1 March

/ The International Convention relating to Cooperation for the Safety of Air Navigation enters into force and EUROCONTROL Agency is created

29 March

/ Alisarda is set up by Prince Karim al-Hussayn Aga (Meridiana)

May

/ Beechcraft King Air first flight (Wikipedia)

13 December / Aero Transporti Italiani (ATI) is established (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

/ An FAA safety rule requiring distance-measuring equipment (DME) on all airline turbojets and on all other civil aircraft flying in-

24 December / Idlewild Airport is rededicated John F. Kennedy International Airport (The Port Authority

8 December

/ A lightning-induced fuel tank explosion causes the crash of a Pan American Boeing 707 near Elkton, Md., with the loss of all 81 persons aboard. FAA’s response includes an 18 December telegram to air carriers and aircraft operators requiring installation of static dischargers on aircraft using turbine fuels

July 1 July

152 / 1954-1963 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

of NY & NJ)

1964-1973

Getting wider, getting bigger

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 153

1964-1973 Getting wider, getting bigger As we left 100 years of commercial aviation behind, the world now knows that its presence can change a region’s socio-economic conditions remarkably. Aviation became a sector providing about 3.5% of world GDP (ATAG) and significant amount of employment. With the vital task of linking the world in a fast and reliable way, aviation boosts the connectivity and trade, widens markets by encouraging investments, and improves the efficiency and productivity as well as it brings families and friends together ignoring the long distances. Today daily air passenger number exceeds 9 million and more than 16000 city pairs are connected with air links (IATA). 100 years ago, commercial aviation started in the US and expands to other regions in the world. Nature of the business, aircraft and technology used as well as the volume and gravity of business has been being evolving greatly since then. The era from 1964 to 1973 is an important period when the growth of aviation gained a momentum. It got wider and bigger. Passenger, passenger kilometers and cargo carried increased ambitiously and continuously in this period. In 10 years, with more than 10% annual average growth rate, passenger volume grew more than 2.7 times, passenger kilometers grew 3.3 times and freight ton kilometers became more than 4 times larger. Leaded with the increasing demand trend, the first production of bigger jets (B737) and wide body jumbo jets (B747) contributed the capacity increase in the decade. Aviation worldwide got more public and governmental attention and became the shining star that started forming vast transportation links. Besides traffic, infrastructure, resources and scientific attention to the area were greatly improved. Details of which will follow in the section, new airlines and aircraft manufacture companies were founded, new airports were opened and different aircraft models entered the market, new airline associations formed. Also in this decade, some events such as Olympics with high public attention involved air travel boosted the fame and evolution of aviation, maybe prepared and strengthened the sector to the oil crises just after this decade.

Dr Temel Kotil CEO, Turkish Airlines

154 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES) Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

Year

Passengers (millions)

Passengerkm (millions)

1964

200

216,598

387,475

56

5,192

920

25,093

49,009

51

1965

228

250,821

447,096

56

6,630

1,112

29,760

57,562

52

1966

258

290,200

503,819

58

7,877

1,547

34,908

65,989

53

1967

300

345,918

606,874

57

9,027

1,911

41,401

81,659

51

1968

341

400,573

750,137

53

11,491

2,406

47,735

98,019

49

1969

377

445,037

862,475

52

13,513

2,548

54,991

115,286

48

1970

400

484,200

880,364

55

14,635

2,780

60,655

121,311

50

1971

430

520,031

963,020

54

16,040

2,619

64,719

132,080

49

1972

472

589,195

1,033,676

57

17,516

2,509

72,939

140,267

52

1973

513

650,471

1,121,502

58

19,775

2,599

81,108

153,033

53 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 155

1964

[1] Source: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ä U.S. FAA exempts three-engine air-

planes from the 1953, § 121.161 60-minute rule leaving the restrictions only on two-engine airplanes based on the lack of satisfactory engine reliability in operations

ä Delta’s Deltamatic reservation sys-

tem starts with IBM 7074 computers ä Euravia becomes Britannia Airways ä Pan American is the first airline to

relay in-flight messages via satellite ä The first air traffic computers are in-

stalled in the United States by IBM Federal Systems/Unisys (Lockheed Martin)

ä SLM’s international activities start as

a pool agreement is made between

5 January

January 4 January

/ Pope Paul VI, visiting the Holy Land, disembarks from an Alitalia DC-8. This is the first time a pope uses a plane for an official visit (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 2000)

KLM, ALM and SLM to jointly operate the route between Paramaribo and Curacao, with stops at Georgetown (Guyana) and Port of Spain (Trinidad) (Surinam Airways) ä Zambia Airways is founded as a sub-

sidiary of Central African Airways (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

/ Short Belfast first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

February 7 February

/ The Beatles arrive at JFK on their first tour to the United on a flight from London Heathrow (ACI & Wikipedia) [1]

156 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

21 July

April 9 April

/ Pan American World Airways announces that inertial navigation systems will be installed on most of its jet aircraft (FAA)

/ de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

15 April

/ Japan Domestic Airlines Co, Ltd. is established by merging Nitto, Fuji and Kita Nihon Airlines

20 April

/ Lockheed L-100 Hercules first flight

21 April

/ Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB-320 Hansa Jet first flight (FAA)

29 April

/ PIA earns the distinction of becoming the first airline from a non-communist country to fly into the People’s Republic of China. PIA’s first service to China was from Karachi to Shanghai via Canton with a Boeing 720B

August 6 August

/ An FAA rule effective this date requires the closing and locking of crew compartment doors of scheduled air carriers and other large commercial aircraft in flight to deter passengers from entering the flight deck either intentionally or inadvertently

14 August

/ JAL operates a charter flight between Athens and Naha to transport the Olympic Torch for the Tokyo Olympic Games

September 30 September / Piper PA-31 Navajo first flight (Frawley, 2001)

October

June

/ Evangel 4500 first flight (Wikipedia)

1 October

/ Derby Airways changes its name to British Midland Airways (bmi & Wikipedia)

1 June

/ La Guardia Airport opens to scheduled air carrier jet operations (FAA)

2 October

/ FAA issues a rule requiring Cockpit Voice Recorders to be installed in certain aircraft used by air carriers or commercial operators. The rule applies to large turbine-powered aircraft and to large pressurized aircraft with four piston-type engines

/ Taking another step toward the goal of allweather landing, FAA announces qualifying criteria for Category II landing operations

November

/ FAA commissions the first distance-measuring equipment (DME) combined with an instrument landing system (ILS) at John F. Kennedy International Airport

July

/ ANA’s Computerized seat reservations start

December

1 July

/ JAL begins using electronic seat reservation systems on international routes. Establishes fee for cancelling reservations

26 June

8 December

/ A United Air Lines Caravelle jet makes the first computer landing (automatic touchdown) at Dulles International Airport (FAA)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 157

1965

[3] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä IATA association membership pass

from a corporation to share company. At the same time, the name is changed from Ethiopian Air Lines to Ethiopian Airlines

[1]

the hundred-mark. Over 140 million passengers and more than three million tonnes of freight were carried by IATA this year (IATA Wings for the World

ä Flight routes by Garuda Indonesia to

since 1945, 2009) ä AAPA: Asian airline executives pro-

pose establishing a forum for regional cooperation ä Air Canada helps make history by

assisting Midas and Royston Instruments, an English electronics company, to develop the multichannel flight recorder, the world’s first black box [1]

European countries start with Amsterdam as the final destination

Source: Air Canada

ä Air Canada is the first airline to in-

stall covered passenger walkways linking terminals and aircraft ä Britannia and sister tour operation

Universal Sky Tours become part of the International Thomson Organization (now called the Thomson Travel Group)

ä With the separation of Singapore

from Malaysia, Malaysian Airlines Limited become a bi-national airline and is renamed Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA) ä Chicago O’Hare becomes the first Air-

port to reach 20 million passengers ä Ethiopian changes its legal status

January 1 January

/ TCA is renamed Air Canada

4 January

/ Under a rule effective this date, FAA requires approved survivor lights on all life preservers and life rafts carried by U.S. air carriers and other large commercial aircraft flying more than 50 miles from shore, to assist in the rescue of passengers in the event of a night ditching

158 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

(ACI)

February

/ SAS becomes the first to introduce a Europewide instant booking system

25 February

/ The Douglas DC-9 twinjet airliner makes its first flight [2]

27 February

/ Antonov An-22 “Antei” first flight is the world’s largest turboprop-powered aircraft to date [3]

March

/ Los Angeles Airways become the first heli-

copter air carrier certificated by FAA to conduct instrument flight rules (IFR) operations

arrives at Heathrow from Paris Le Bourget making the world’s first fully-automatic landing of a commercial airliner carrying fare paying passengers (British Airways)

April 1 April

/ TEAL changes its name to Air New Zealand

5 April

/ Boeing receives the largest commercial order by an airline to date: United Air Lines orders 66 jetliners with options for 39 more and leases another 25

15 April

/ Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma first flight (Fraw-

12 June

/ The Brazilian Aeronautics Minister Brig. Eduardo Gomes signs a document sanctioning the IPD 6504 twin-engine Bandeirante Project. Under new guidelines, the project development and construction begins

13 June

/ Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

ley, 2001)

21 April

/ FAA eliminates the rule requiring a threeman crew on all transports with a take-off weight over 80,000 pounds, and substitutes a rule that sets forth workload criteria as the standard for determining the size of an air transport cockpit crew

July 1 July

/ U.S. President Johnson announces that the SST project is moving into the next stage, an 18-month detailed design phase (U.S. Department of Transportation)

9 July 24 April

/ Hawker Siddeley Andover first flight (Wikipe-

/ By Decree No. 194, Romania becomes ICAO Contracting State (Romanian CAA)

dia)

20 July

/ Arrival of first Air New Zealand’s DC-8 ZK-NZA after a 6,510-mile, nonstop flight from Long Beach to Auckland [4]

May 3 May

/ Howard Hughes liquidates his TWA share holdings selling 6,584,937 shares and netting $546.5 million

August 25 August

20 May

/ de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

national Civil Aviation)

31 August

10 June

/ Aero Spacelines Super Guppy first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

June 7 June

/ AACO is launched (AACO & Compendium of Inter-

/ FAA new rules governing the rapid evacuation of passengers from aircraft became effective

September / ANA’s YS-11s are introduced

/ BEA’s Trident 1 G-ARPR flight number BE343

/ Libyan Airlines begins operations flying regional routes (Wikipedia)

October [2]

/ United is the first airline to qualify for the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) all-

[4]

Source: Boeing

Source: Air New Zealand

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 159

1965 weather program, allowing DC-8s to land at specified airports with as little as 100-foot ceilings and quarter-mile visibility. In addition, United launches its “Fly the Friendly Skies” slogan which becomes the industry’s longest-running marketing message [5]

[5]

November 24 November / First commercial services through new Auckland International Airport. An Electra from Nadi was the first international arrival. A DC-8 flew out to Sydney (Air New Zealand)

December 8 December

/ The Douglas DC-9 makes its first in-service airline flight for Delta Airlines [6]

[6]

Source: Delta Flight Museum

1966

to Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya and the Dominican Republic ä Delta is first airline with Lockheed

L-100 Hercules all-cargo planes ä China Airlines inaugurates interna-

tional service from Taipei to Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) ä The first Condor long-haul flights go

ä TAROM operates its first flight across

the Atlantic ä Martin’s Air Charter change its name

to “Martinair Holland”

ä TAROM aircraft IL-18 flies around the

world in 80 hours over a 47,000 km distance departing from Bucharest to Delhi, Bangkok, Tokyo, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Ciudad de Mexico, New York, Las Palmas, Rome, Istanbul, Bucharest ä SITA: The first computer adapted for

message switching opens in Frankfurt

January 1 January

/ SAVAG and TAC are bought and merged into Cruzeiro do Sul (Wikipedia)

27 January

/ Fairchild FH-227 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

28 January

/ FAA publishes a rule requiring a life preserver or some other approved flotation device for

each occupant of large aircraft used by air carriers or other commercial operators in all overwater operations 29 January

160 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Official opening of new Auckland International Airport at Mangere with three-day pageant (Air New Zealand)

February

/ Freddie Laker unveils his airline –Laker Airways– to the press (Wikipedia) [1]

October 15 October

/ President Johnson signs the Department of Transportation Act (Public Law 89-670), bringing 31 previously scattered Federal elements, including FAA, under the wing of one Cabinet Department. The DOT Act also creates within the new Department a five-member NTSB (FAA)

21 October

/ Yakovlev Yak-40 first flight (Jane’s, 1993) [2]

[1]

April 13 April

/ Boeing announces it will build a 490-passenger 747 transport. Construction will begin in June on a new plant to build the huge jets in Everett, Wash.

November 1 November

/ Montreal to Moscow. Air Canada launch the first direct air link between North America and the USSR

1 November

/ Sabena stops helicopter flights. More than 400,000 passengers flown in thirteen years

May 20 May

July

/ A $2.50 charge for in-flight motion picture entertainment on international flights receives the approval of the Civil Aeronautics Board. The charge, covering the audio portion of the entertainment, had been put into effect by U.S.-flag carriers on 1 April 1966 (FAA)

(Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

4 November

/ The United States and the Soviet Union sign an agreement authorizing commercial airline services between New York and Moscow (FAA)

/ Beechcraft Model 99 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

16 November / Transavia operates first commercial flight (Wikipedia)

September 12 September / NLM (“Netherlands Airlines”) is founded. This was later renamed NLM Cityhopper 30 September / Four Asian airlines, namely Philippine Airlines, China Airlines, Korean Airlines and Malaysian Airlines, join together to form the Orient Airlines Research Bureau. The primary objective is to undertake research studies, surveys, statistical comparisons and other projects, in close collaboration with its member airlines to assist in the development of the regional airline industry (AAPA)

December

/ American’s last piston airplane flight is operated with a DC-6

31 December / The FAA declares the Boeing Company and the General Electric Company winners of the SST development program competitive design and study phase (U.S. Department of Transportation) [2]

Source: Yakovlev

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 161

1967

[1] Source: Boeing ä Air Mauritius is created ä Compania Aeronautica Uruguaya S.A. (CAUSA) ceases operations (Wikipedia) ä DNL is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (SAS) ä Eastern absorbs Mackey Air Lines (FAA)

ä Lufthansa introduces electronic res-

ervations

an IBM1401

ä Pacific Northern Airlines merges with

Western, bringing routes from Seattle and Portland to Alaska (Delta Air Lines)

13 January

/ Douglas Aircraft and the McDonnell Company merge to form the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, with headquarters in St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.

International

15 March

/ Air Southwest Co. is incorporated

29 March

/ FAA participates in NASA’s first public demonstration of a new data-link system using an orbiting satellite for transmitting navigation data from aircraft to ground stations. A Pan American World Airways cargo jet beamed the data to NASA’s ATS I satellite, which relayed the signals to an antenna at the Mojave Desert Ground Station in California

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

February / Tyumen Civil Aviation Division is created by a Decree of the Minister of Civil Aviation of the USSR (UTair) / MBB Bo 105 first flight (Wikipedia)

March 3 March

liners

make fully automatic approach and landing in scheduled service

/ AirCal begins flying as an intrastate carrier called Air California

16 February

ä TAP operates exclusively with jet air-

ä Trans World Airlines acquires Hilton ä Pan American is the first airline to

January

7 February

ä PIA installs Pakistan’s first computer,

/ Beriev Be-30 first flight (Wikipedia)

162 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

April 1 April

/ U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) begins full operations. At the same time, FAA ceases to be the independent Federal Aviation Agency and becames the Federal Aviation Administration

1 April

6 April

9 April 18 April 28 April

29 April

/ The NTSB is established as the federal government’s primary accident investigation agency for all modes of transportation – aviation, highway, rail, marine and pipeline (Wikipedia)

18 August

/ The last TWA Constellation is retired from passenger service. TWA becomes the first U.S. airline to go all-jet

September

/ First Japan-Soviet code sharing flight arrives from Moscow at Tokyo International Airport / McDonnell and Douglas companies merge to form the new McDonnell Douglas Corp., with headquarters in St. Louis, Mo. James S. McDonnell is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and David S. Lewis is President. Donald W. Douglas is named honorary Chairman of the board and serves as “Founder-Consultant.” Donald W. Douglas Jr. is corporate Vice President for administration / President Johnson announces that the U.S. SST development program will proceed into the prototype development phase (U.S. De-

May / Fokker F28 Fellowship first flight (Jane’s, 1993) [2]

24 May

(Wikipedia)

25 August

/ Antonov An-30 first flight

1 September / The first Turkish Airlines international jet flight has been realized on the Ankara – Istanbul – Brussels route

/ The Model 737 makes its first flight [1]

partment of Transportation)

9 May

/ Handley Page (BAe) Jetstream first flight

/ Aero Spacelines Mini Guppy first flight (Wikipedia)

15 September / IL-62 opens the transatlantic route Moscow – Montreal 20 September / Citing the rapid growth of commercial and private flying, U.S. President Johnson asks Secretary of Transportation Alan Boyd to develop a long-range, comprehensive plan for the facilities, equipment, and personnel required for a substantial expansion and improvement of the air traffic control (ATC) system (U.S. Department of Transportation) 20 September / FAA publishes new safety rules designed to improve crashworthiness and passenger evacuation standards in transport airplanes. The new rules require air carriers, other commercial operators, and aircraft manufacturers to demonstrate that airplanes with more than 44 seats are capable of permitting the evacuation of a full load of passengers through only half the aircraft’s exits in 90 seconds. FAA’s regulation of carry-on bags begins with a requirement that passengers could take to their seats only items that could be securely stowed under a seat

June 5 June

/ Monarch Airlines is formed (Wikipedia)

Mid

/ Yakovlev Yak-18T first flight (Frawley, 2001)

October

/ Air New Zealand purchases 20% shareholding in Polynesian Airlines Limited

November July

3 November

7 July

/ A Pan American World Airways Boeing 707 makes the first fully automatic approach and landing by a four-engine jet aircraft with passengers on board (FAA)

10 July

/ The “International Agreement on the Procedure for the Establishment of Tariffs for Scheduled Air Services” is opened for signatures (ECAC)

/ Pan American World Airways becomes the first airline to receive FAA approval for full Category II operations

[2]

August 1 August

/ The airline changes its name to Qantas Airways Limited

Fokker F28 prototype PH-JHG - Source: fokker.com

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 163

1968

[1] Source: Geneva Airport ä ICAO’s work on machine readable

travel documents begins with the establishment, by the Air Transport Committee of the Council, of a Panel on Passport Cards (ICAO) ä U.S. Congress vests in FAA’s Admin-

istrator the power to prescribe aircraft noise standards ä Allegheny merges with Indianapolis – based Lake Central Airlines (US Airways) ä Bangkok Airways begins air trans-

January

portation services established as “Sahakol Air”, it becomes the first private aviation company in Thailand ä Continental’s

Pacific experience during the Vietnam war leads to the formation of Air Micronesia. Its first flight covers more than 4,000 miles with seven stops from Saipan to Honolulu-on the 727-100 nicknamed Ju Ju

ä Cooperation

agreement between Swissair and SAS renewed and extended to include KLM (KSS Group)

/ New York controllers form an employee organization, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization, or PATCO (FAA) / Pan Am-owned stock is reclaimed and Mexicana Airlines become a 100% Mexican-owned company

164 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1 January

ä TABSO is rebranded to Balkan Bulgarian Airlines (Airlines Worldwide, 2000) ä TAT is founded (Airlines Remembered, 2000) ä Geneva Main Terminal is inaugurated (ACI) [1] ä First air bridges for widebody doors.

Paris-Orly demonstrates its ability to adapt to the arrival of jet aircraft (ACI) [2]

/ TRANSPAC becomes AIR CALEDONIE, and is the property of the New Caledonian Government (50,28%), Loyalty Island Province (43,31%), private owners (4,32%) and Air France (2,09%)

April 4 April

/ The African Airlines Association (AFRAA) is

established in Accra, Ghana as a Trade Organization open to membership of airlines of African States (AFRAA & Compendium of Inter-

July 3 July

/ PATCO proclaims “Operation Air Safety”, a strategy by which controllers would maintain air safety by strictly observing the existing separation standards (U.S. Department of

national Civil Aviation)

17 April

25 April

/ Bonanza Air Lines merges with Pacific Air Lines and West Coast Airlines to form Air West on 1 July (Wikipedia)

Transportation)

15 July

/ Aeroflot Soviet Airlines and Pan American World Airways inaugurate twice-weekly scheduled passenger service between Moscow and New York (FAA)

21 July

/ U.S. President Johnson signs into law the Jet Noise Abatement Act (U.S. Department of

/ Air West is incorporated, combining the previous operations of Pacific, Bonanza and West Coast Airlines (Northwest Airlines)

[2]

June 25 June / Finnair becomes the company’s official name

Transportation)

31 July

/ Cook Islands Airways Limited is formed with all shares held by Air New Zealand

September [2] Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

28 September / Under provisions of a rule effective this date, FAA requires an approved altitude alerting system to be installed on all U.S. civil turbojet aircraft by 29 February 1972 30 September / The first Boeing 747-100 is rolled-out during ceremonies at the new assembly facility in Everett

October 4 October

/ Tupolev Tu-154 first flight (Wikipedia) [3]

26 October

/ The first Bandeirante prototype, painted in the colors of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), maiden flight [3]

UTair - Source: Kostas Iatrou

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 165

1968 November 6 November

[4]

/ Polish air transport enters the jet age as the first of five Tu-134s purchased by LOT lands in Warsaw

December 28 December / The first aircraft to be certified to CAT III standards is the Sud Aviation Caravelle (Wikipedia)

31 December / Tupolev Tu-144 first flight (Wikipedia & Compendium of International Civil Aviation & FAA) [4]

1969

Tu144 prototype being accompanied by analog-aircraft “21-11” performing the first flight - Source: Tupolev

airline to fly with an “all jet” fleet. It modified its logo and aircraft livery: the “Winged Arrow” is replaced by the tri-color “A”

ä Conroy Skymonster first flight (Wikipedia)

ä Ansett-ANA changes its name to An-

ä Hungary is admitted as a member of the ICAO (Malev)

ä CSA introduces IL-62 aircraft into op-

ä To encourage the development of

sett Airlines of Australia eration for long-distance flights ä Delta begins the use of enclosed bag-

gage carts with shelves and side curtains to protect luggage

business aviation, the Indonesian Government establishes the Directorate General of Civil Aviation

ä Safair Freighters is conceived by

ä Alitalia becomes the first European

the Chairman of Safmarine, Dr. G.S. Kushke

ä Abu Dhabi International Airport is

opened in the heart of Abu Dhabi Island (ACI) ä George Bush Intercontinental Airport / Houston is open (Houston Airport System) ä SITA’s High Level Network is imple-

mented. This leads to the development of the world’s first worldwide packet switching network dedicated to business traffic. This is the second generation of the world’s largest communications network

January

autonomous entity of the state (Autoridad

17 January

Aeronautica Civil of Panama)

22 January

/ The African Civil Aviation Commission (AFCAC) is conceived by the Constitutive Conference convened by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) held at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the constitution is adopted (ICAO) / By Cabinet Decree No. 13, the Directorate of Civil Aeronautics of Panama is created as an

166 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

February

/ Maersk shipping line sets up Maersk Air (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

9 February

/ The Boeing 747-100 makes its first flight [1]

21 February

/ To keep pace with the growth of the U.S. civil aviation fleet, FAA expands the aircraft

1969

Boeing 747 first flight - Source: Boeing [1]

identification numbers available. The identification numbers continue to consist of the prefix letter “N”, followed by not more than five symbols. These symbols could consist of all numerals (e.g., N10000), or of one to four numerals with a suffix letter (e.g., N1000A)

March

/ Korean Air is established as a private airline

2 March

/ The first flight of Concorde 001 (F-WTSS) from Toulouse, France takes place (British Airways) [2]

April

15 May

/ Finnair flights from Helsinki via Copenhagen and Amsterdam to New York begin

21 May

/ Antonov An-26 first flight

28 May

/ Saunders ST-27 first flight (Wikipedia)

June 5 June

/ Tupolev Tu-144 reaches for the first time 1 Mach

July 1 July

/ Effective this date, CAB selects “commuter air carrier” as its name for certain scheduled air taxi operators (FAA) / Final flight of Saab 90 Scandia take place in Sao Paulo

9 April

/ Concorde 002 (G-BSST) makes its first flight from Filton (www.concordesst.com)

16 April

/ Let L-410 Turbolet first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

22 July

May

/ Northeast switches to Minuteman, an allcomputer IBM-Cathode Ray tube reservations system

August 8 August

/ Liquidation of Handley Page (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

[2] Concorde first flight - Source: BAC

19 August

/ Embraer is founded as a mixed capital company, controlled by the Union. That same year, the Aeronautics Ministry signs a contract for production of 80 Bandeirante aircraft

29 August

/ Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner first flight (Wikipedia)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 167

1969 September

November

/ BEA becomes the world’s first airline to publish an entirely computer-produced timetable (British Airways)

December

/ Eastern Air Lines puts into operations at its terminal at Kennedy International Airport the first computerized system for issuing seat assignments and boarding passes to airline passengers as they check in at the airport

15 September / Cessna Citation I first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 25 September / Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn (the D, H and L in our company name) incorporate DHL

October 1 October

15 October

/ Concorde 001 (F-WTSS) on its 45th test flight exceeds Mach 1 for the first time. At an altitude of 36,000 feet and 75 miles from Toulouse it held Mach 1.05 for 9 minutes from 11:29 hrs (www.concordesst.com)

(FAA)

4 December

/ The Tokyo Convention (Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft) enters into force (ICAO)

/ CHEFAIR Flight Kitchen opens at Bombay Airport

1970

ä American, Alitalia and Air France add

747 to their fleets

ä Howard Hughes, Jr. purchases Air

ä American gains its first Caribbean

routes through a merger with Trans Caribbean Airways

ä KSS (KLM, Swissair and SAS) is ex-

tended to include French carrier UTA, resulting in the KSSU Consortium (Swissair)

ä CSA opens new flights to Montreal

ä The Algerian State raises its partici-

ä Delta becomes an all-jet passenger air-

and New York

pation to 83% of Air Algerie

plane fleet. Boeing 747 jets offer Del-

30 March

January 2 January

ta’s first audio in-flight entertainment

/ Embraer begins operations

West, creating Hughes Airwest (Northwest Airlines) ä LAN begins flights to Europe ä OLT is renamed Ostfriesische Lufttaxi GmbH (Lufthansa CityLine) ä Creation of the Office des Ports Aériens Tunisiens (OPAT) (OACA)

/ Lufthansa become the first European airline to receive the Boeing 747 (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

21 January

/ The Boeing 747 makes its first commercial flight from New York to London for Pan American

April

/ Gulf Air London services begin using the VC10

February 18 February

/ A commuter airlines terminal officially open at Washington National Airport to facilitate the operations of the 13 commuter airlines serving the airport (FAA)

March 4 March

/ FAA establishes the Central Flow Control Facility at its Headquarters

/ Loftleidir, Salén, Luxair and some private interests found Cargolux

168 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

May

/ Finnair enters the computer age, when the Finnload check-in system is introduced at Helsinki Airport

21 May

/ The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 places the FAA in charge of a new airport aid program funded by a special aviation trust

fund and makes the FAA responsible for safety certification of airports served by air carriers 25 May

/ Partenavia P.68 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

26 May

/ The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 exceeds Mach 2 in level flight, the first commercial aircraft to do so (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

31 July

/ FAA issues to Pan American World Airways the first aviation war risk insurance premium policy under a new coverage plan

August

/ Part of the Finnair’s cabin is reserved for nonsmokers on the London route

2 August

/ The first hijacking of a wide-bodied airliner occurs as a Pan American 747 bound from New York to San Juan with 388 passengers is diverted to Havana (FAA)

29 August

/ The Douglas DC-10, the first “jumbo jet” from Douglas, makes its first flight [1]

June 26 June

/ Continental flies its first widebody aircraft, a Boeing 747

July 1 July

/ JAL’s Boeing 747 enters service on the Pacific route

1 July

/ TWA is the first airline to offer non-smoking sections aboard every aircraft in its fleet

16 July

/ Aérospatiale Corvette first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

17 July

29 July

30 July

September / Cargolux’s first flight goes to Hong Kong [2] 11 September / To provide for the protection of persons and property aboard American air carriers, Nixon designates the Department of Transportation to lead the government’s anti-hijacking program (U.S. Department of Transportation)

/ New Orleans’ Moisant International Airport becomes the first U.S. airport to subject all passengers to the FAA-developed anti-hijacking screening system (FAA)

11 September / Britten-Norman BN-2 Trislander first flight

October

/ TEA is founded (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

/ FAA establishes the Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center to integrate the functions of the Central Flow Control Facility, Airport Reservation Office, the Air Traffic Service Contingency Command Post, and Central Altitude Reservation Facility

11 October

/ First flight of the 747-200

22 October

/ Iberia takes delivery of its first Boeing 747

November

/ British Caledonian (BCal) comes into being when the Scottish charter airline, Caledonian Airways, takes over British United Airways (BUA) (Wikipedia)

(Jane’s, 1993)

/ Stockholders of UAL, Inc. approve acquisition of Seattle-based Western International Hotels, Inc. (WIH) as a subsidiary

[1]

[2]

Source: Boeing

Source: Cargolux

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 169

1970 16 November / Lockheed L-1011 TriStar first flight (FAA) [3]

16 December / The Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft is signed (ICAO)

[3] Source: Lockheed

26 November / ATLAS consortium of airlines in the repair and maintenance of aircraft and other equipment is born: comprising Air France, Alitalia, Lufthansa/Condor, Sabena (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991 & Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Media Relations Lufthansa Group)

1971

December

18 December / Creation of Airbus Industrie. The Airbus Industrie GIE (Groupement d’ Interet Economique, or Grouping of Economic Interest under French law) is officially formed between Aerospatiale for France and a group of Germany’s leading aircraft manufacturing firms, later part of Deutsche Aerospace. The Dutch firm VFW-Fokker and Hawker Siddeley of Britain is also associated with the programme. Airbus Industrie is to provide a single sales, marketing and support network for Airbus customers

(Aerotransportes Litoral Argentino) merger is completed under the name “AUSTRAL LINEAS AEREAS S.A.”

magnetometers to detect weapons – or anything made of metal – together with behavioral profiling of passengers (ACI)

ä Condor is the first leisure airline to ä The International Air Carrier Associa-

tion (IACA) is founded with the objective of promoting and protecting the interests of the charter mode air transportation (Compendium of Inter-

use the Boeing 747 ä MisrAir and Syrian Airlines splits

which results in the new identity “Egyptair”

national Civil Aviation) ä Resolution No. 2931 of 1971 establish-

es the Egyptian General Authority for Civil Aviation (Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation) ä Air Florida is formed (Wikipedia)

ä The first commercial jet lands in the Seychelles (ACI) [1] ä Tampa Airport boasts the first air-

port AMP (Automated People Carrier) (ACI)

ä Federal Express Corporation is

founded in Little Rock, Arkansas ä Sabena’s Boeing 747-200 is intro-

duced on the transatlantic routes ä SAS puts its first Boeing 747 jumbo jet

into service

ä Congo is renamed Zaire and the airline from Air Congo to Air Zaire (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

ä Swissair’s first Boeing 747B wide-

ä Sociedad Anonima Importadora y Ex-

ä New Orleans International in Louisi-

portadora de la Patagonia with ALA

ana becomes the first airport to use

body aircraft is delivered

170 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Interactive data exchange between

terminals becomes available. SITA implements its first satellite processor ä Trans Com develops the 8mm film

cassette. Flight attendants could now change movies in-flight and add short subject programming (Wikipedia & White, 2012)

1971

Source: Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority [1]

January

22 January

/ Air Afrique starts flights to New York in its own right using DC-8-63 (Wikipedia)

March

/ United activates “Apollo”, its new-technology reservations system

/ The Aeroflot Central Administration of International Air Traffic is established within the framework of the International Airline Transportation Administration, and becomes the industry’s sole enterprise authorized to operate international flights. Abroad, the airline is known as “Aeroflot Soviet Airlines”

2 March

/ The Civil Aeronautics Board approves the merger of Trans Caribbean Airways into American Airlines, effective this date (FAA)

25 March

/ First flight of IL-76 transport

26 March

/ CASA C-212 Aviocar first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

29 March

/ Air Southwest Co. changes its name to Southwest Airlines Co.

/ WAAC (Nigeria) is rebranded as Nigeria Airways (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

April February 15 February

/ KLM: The widebody Age begins with the advent of the Boeing 747-206B (KLM & Wikipedia)

21 February

/ ANA’s non-scheduled international service begins (Tokyo – Hong Kong) [2]

[2]Source: ANA

2 April

/ The resulting complex study of the effects of aircraft noise leads ICAO to the adoption of Annex 16: Environmental Protection. The effect of aircraft engine emissions on atmospheric pollution is also examined (ICAO)

14 April

/ BOAC operates its first commercial Boeing 747 flight, flying from London to New York (JFK) on G-AWNF (British Airways)

18 April

/ Arrival of Air India’s first Boeing 747-237B aircraft (VT-EBD “Emperor Ashoka”) in Bombay 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 171

1971 23 April

/ Northeast and Delta Air Lines announce an agreement in principle to merge

27 July

/ FAA puts into operation two mobile lounges that could be raised and lowered to accommodate varying aircraft floor heights at Dulles International Airport

29 July

/ American and United airlines take delivery of the first two production Douglas DC-10 jetliners, and American puts its new DC-10 into regular service just eight days later

August

/ The IATA Multilateral Control Agreement for Interline ULD Handling becomes effective

May 13 May

/ Concorde 001 (F-WTSS) makes its first automatic landing (www.concordesst.com)

15 May

/ Toa Domestic Airlines Co., Ltd. is established by merging Japan Domestic Airlines Co, Ltd. and Toa Airways Co., Ltd. (JAL)

25 May

/ U.S. President Nixon signs a supplemental appropriations bill, which, among other things, kills the U.S. SST program, allowing phaseout funds for the project’s prime contractors

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

/ Olympic Aviation is founded (Olympic Airways)

(U.S. Department of Transportation)

4 August 28 May

/ The prototype of the Mercure 100 makes its maiden flight from Mérignac (Gironde, France) (Dassault)

/ AgustaWestland AW109 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

September / The first Qantas Boeing 747-238B aircraft goes into service

June 2 June

/ MSA’s first transcontinental flight takes off for London (Singapore Airlines)

3 September / The Concorde makes its first transatlantic crossing (AIAA)

18 June

/ Delivery of Austrian’s first DC-9-32

9 September / Formation of Air India Charters Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Air India

18 June

/ Southwest Airlines inaugural flight

July 1 July

/ The Airport’s name is again changed, this time to William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport, when Eastern Airlines introduces flights to Mexico and Montego Bay, the Airport’s first international service (City of Atlanta)

23 September / The Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation is signed in Montreal (ICAO)

November

/ Air France officially becomes Airbus’s first customer, placing an order for six A300B2s with six options

14 July

/ VFW-Fokker 614 first flight (Wikipedia)

23 July

/ GAF Nomad first fight (Jane’s, 1993)

30 November / First flight of the 747-200 Freighter

26 July

/ Creation of Cameroon Airlines (Airlines World-

December

wide, 2000)

172 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Last week

/ Aviation activities in independent Bangladesh start under the Ministry of Defence

1972

Source: Airbus [1]

ä Secrétariat Général à l’Aviation Civile

et Commerciale of Gabon is created ä Allegheny acquires Mohawk Airlines (US Airways) ä Delta’s aircraft cabins have separate

ä LOT’s first long-haul Il-62s are in-

troduced into the fleet, and charter flights inaugurate the first transatlantic routes in the history of Polish air transport ä Saudi Arabian Airlines adopts new liv-

ery and takes the name Saudia

areas for smoking and non-smoking. In addition, this year Sky in-flight magazine appears

ä Sadia changes its corporate identity

ä DHL International is founded with the

ä 2 DC-10 airplanes join Turkish Air-

opening of an office in Hong Kong

January

to TransBrasil S.A. Linhas Aéreas lines’ fleet, the first widebodies

/ CASA joins Airbus

31 January

/ The A300B4, a longer-range version of the A300, is launched 21 January

/ FAA commissions the first operational Category IIIa instrument landing system at Dulles International Airport

ä Night ban is introduced at Swiss airports (Swissair) ä The first ticketing revolution occurs

with automation. The IATA Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) for travel agents begins in Tokyo that year. This leads to the birth of the IATA neutral paper ticket. For the first time the IATA logo appears on the cover of tickets that can be used by any travel agent to ticket journeys on almost any airline in the world (IATA)

/ FAA institutes mandatory screening of all airline passengers as anti-hijacking measure (U.S. Department of Transportation)

February 29 February

/ Channel Airways operates last flight (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 173

1972 29 June

March 4 March

/ Biman begins its operations

22 March

/ U.S. President Nixon signs into law the International Air Rates Act, which amends the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, to authorize the CAB to end unreasonable or discriminatory rates or practices by air carriers in foreign air transportation (U.S. Department of Transportation)

/ Hapag-Lloyd Flug is founded (TUIfly)

July

April

2 July

/ Air Botswana is founded

August

/ NAC acquires 100% shareholding in Safe Air Limited

1 August

/ Northeast Airlines merges with Delta. Delta now becomes a major carrier in Boston and New York, with direct routes from NYC and New England to Florida, Canada, Bahamas and Bermuda

9 August

/ Maiden flight of the serial aircraft EMB 110 Bandeirante, and Embraer announces the first sales of the EMB 110 Bandeirante passenger aircraft

/ Eastern Airlines begins scheduled service of the Lockheed L-1011, with a flight from Miami to New York / Korean Air commences transpacific passenger service to USA (SEL-TYO-HNL-LAX)

26 April

/ SkyWest Airlines is founded when Ralph Atkin buys Dixie Airlines

May

/ The Boeing Dash 80 is retired and donated to the Smithsonian Institution

13 May

/ The last of 556 DC-8 is delivered marking the end of 15 years of production, at which time there were 48 operators in 28 nations

September / Trans World Airlines receives FAA’s first au-

June 15 June

19 June

/ Effective this date, FAA lowers the number of flight attendants required on airliners with certain seating capacities. One flight attendant is now required for planes with 10-50 passenger seats, while on larger aircraft the ratio will be one attendant for every 50 passenger seats or additional fraction of 50 seats / A 24-hour worldwide stoppage of airline traffic declared by the International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations takes place. This action, intended to dramatize the need for sterner measures against hijackers, brought to a standstill domestic and international airline operations in more than 30 countries. The strike officially began at 2:00 a.m. (EST) and was supported by more than 40 of the Federation’s 64 units in 62 countries; in the United States, however, following a Federal restraining order on June 18, only 10% of the Air Line Pilots Association’s members joined in the job action. In addition, pilots in Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and most Arab and Communist countries refused to participate in the protest (FAA)

174 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

thorization to operate at Category IIIa weather minimums / A300 roll-out 1 September / The British Airways Group is established, which would eventually result in BOAC and BEA being dissolved on 31 March 1974 upon the formation of British Airways 8 September / Air Canada buys a third of rival airline Wardair Canada

October 1 October

/ Malaysia-Singapore Airlines is split and Malaysia introduces Malaysian Airline Limited, which subsequently is renamed Malaysian Airline System, and takes to the skies

27 October

/ Beechcraft Super King Air first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

28 October

/ The A300, the first Airbus aircraft and first widebody twin engine jetliner, takes off at 10:30 local time from the Toulouse airport for a mission lasting for one hour and 23 minutes [1]

December 5 December

/ FAA amends Air Carriers’ Security Programs to request 100% inspection of carry-on luggage to prevent hijacking effective 6 January 1973 (U.S. Department of Transportation)

1973 ä Radar data processing gets a new up-

grade (CANSO)

Jamestown, NY, by Joel and Gloria Hall to operate under a code share agreement with Allegheny Airlines operating as Allegheny Commuter (Republic Airways)

ä The Air Research Bureau name is sub-

sequently changed to Association of European Airlines (AEA)

ä Northwest goes “online” with comä Merger of Flugfélag Islands and

Loftleidir under a new holding company, Flugleidir (Icelandair)

ä Canada and the U.S. reach a major bi-

lateral agreement, giving Air Canada the right to operate 18 new transborder routes ä Chautauqua Airlines founded in

puterized ticketing and reservations service to and from Asia ä North Central is the first regional air-

ä Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Oman, and Qa-

tar governments purchase BOAC’s shares on Gulf Aviation ä TAAG changes designation to Trans-

/ The Montréal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation come into force (ICAO)

29 January

/ Antonov An-28 first flight

29 January

/ Emily Howell Warner becomes the first woman employed as a pilot for a scheduled commercial airline since Helen Richey’s brief career with Central Airlines in 1934-35 (Frontier Airlines & FAA)

line stock to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange (Northwest Airlines) ä AGIV assumes sole ownership of OLT (Lufthansa CityLine)

sault Falcon jets deliver 186 packages overnight to 25 U.S. cities – and the modern air/ ground express industry is born

January 26 January

portes Aéreos de Angola, operating domestic flights and launching regional flights to Sao Tomé and Principe and Windhoek

16 April

/ LOT establishes regular flights between Warsaw and New York

27 April

/ An FAA rule imposing a virtual ban on civilian supersonic flights over the United States comes into effect

May

/ Lufthansa becomes the second customer for Airbus aircraft

10 May

/ The Civil Aeronautics Board publishes the first rule regulating smoking on aircraft for reasons of consumer comfort and protection. The Board requires airlines to provide separate sections for smokers and nonsmokers (FAA)

End

/ Inception of the National Airline of Papua New Guinea, Air Niugini

February 15 February

/ The United States and Cuba sign an anti-hijacking agreement calling for the two nations to extradite or punish any person “who seizes, removes, appropriates or diverts from its normal route or activities an aircraft or vessel” of one country and takes it to the other (FAA)

March 21 March

30 March

April

/ Air Malta is set up by a Resolution of Malta’s House of Representatives and registered as a limited liability company on 30 March 1973

June 18 June

/ Bahamasair operates its first flight to Freeport, Grand Bahama Island, Bahamas

/ The first Hapag-Lloyd Boeing 727-100 takes off from Hamburg bound for Ibiza with 124 passengers on board (TUIfly)

19 June

/ The U.S. and USSR sign an agreement on joint cooperation in the field of transportation calling for exchanges of information in areas that include the safety and efficiency of civil aviation

/ On the first night of continuous operation, 389 Federal Express employees and 14 Das-

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1964-1973 / 175

1973 28 June

/ A300B3 makes first flight from Toulouse

17 October

September

December

20 September / A Concorde prototype, in its first visit to the United States, lands at the Dallas-Ft. Worth International Airport (U.S. Department of

6 December

Transportation)

October 17 October

/ The Arab-dominated Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries unites to impose an oil embargo on the United States, Western Europe, and Japan that remains in effect until 18 March 1974 (U.S. Department of Transportation)

176 / 1964-1973 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Cargolux takes delivery of a DC-8-61 freighter

/ Air France’s first Concorde, Concorde 201 (FWTSB), the first production type aircraft, carries out a flight lasting 2 hrs 50 minutes (Air France & www.concordesst.com)

14 December / The civil aviation organization of Latin American States (LACAC) is founded. The primary objective of this Commission is to provide the civil aviation authorities of the Member States with a suitable framework to discuss and plan all the necessary measures for cooperation and co-ordination of civil aviation activities (ICAO)

1974-1983

The oil crises and the early years of deregulation Source: Kostas Iatrou

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 177

1974-1983 The oil crises and the early years of deregulation The aeronautics sector was affected, throughout the twentieth century, by various crises of all kinds that upended the way it was organized and operated. Each of those crises dealt the sector a shock that it was able to transform into an opportunity. The ten-year period 1974-1983, for example, stands out for two major events. These were a series of successive oil shocks and the first years of deregulation, both of which marked a major turning point in the history of commercial aviation. The first years of deregulation, during which the airlines faced stiff competition, were played out against the backdrop of successive oil shocks, with the price of a barrel of oil skyrocketing and their profit margins plummeting. Those ten years were also marked, however, by a spectacular rise in traffic, the number of carriers and the number of airports worldwide. The competition born of deregulation obliged the airlines to revisit their business model and develop a number of synergies. The oil crisis, for its part, obliged the sector to find innovative solutions in order to reduce or offset its energy bill. In that respect, the ten-year period 1973-1984, no doubt the most significant in commercial aviation history, is representative of what the sector has proven itself to be capable of throughout its first hundred years. The combination of sector liberalization, heightened competition between stakeholders and the economic difficulties resulting from higher fuel prices led to the emergence of new business models, including low-cost carriers; this has now resulted, in a virtuous circle, in reconsideration of the practices of incumbent operators. During the ten-year period 1973-1984, the aviation world managed to reinvent itself. It thus forged a culture of change and innovation that has allowed it to contemplate developments at the end of its first hundred years of existence with serenity. Better yet, it gave itself the means of anticipating the challenges on the road ahead, in terms of energy in particular, on both the economic and the environmental level.

Robert Deillon CEO Genève Aéroport and Vice President Hermes Air Transport Club 178 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES) Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

Year

Passengers (millions)

Passengerkm (millions)

1974

540

690,801

1,170,848

59

20,804

2,604

86,380

159,962

54

1975

560

733,630

1,243,441

59

20,949

2,617

90,785

168,121

54

1976

604

803,325

1,338,875

60

23,296

2,735

99,864

181,570

55

1977

640

861,164

1,411,745

61

25,555

2,866

107,553

192,059

56

1978

711

985,172

1,515,650

65

28,060

2,947

121,535

205,991

59

1979

790

1,115,215

1,689,720

66

30,304

3,091

135,755

226,258

60

1980

784

1,145,326

1,817,977

63

31,789

3,323

140,099

241,550

58

1981

788

1,176,250

1,837,890

64

33,411

3,426

144,862

249,762

58

1982

802

1,200,951

1,876,486

64

34,112

3,498

148,049

255,257

58

1983

836

1,251,391

1,955,298

64

37,967

3,613

156,488

260,813

60 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 179

1974

[3] Source: Airbus ä The Algerian State buys out the 17%

shares still retained by Air France and becomes a 100% owner of Air Algérie

long-haul charter flights to Mombasa (TUIfly) ä Qantas establishes a world record

ä American introduces One-Stop-Auto-

mated check-in ä OLT is renamed DLT Luftverkehrsgesellschaft mbH (Lufthansa CityLine)

for carrying the most passengers when it evacuates 673 people on a 747 flight from Darwin after the city was devastated by Cyclone Tracy ä All of Cypriot airline’s operations

ä Hapag-Lloyd launches the first

January

have to be suspended following the

/ Airbus Industrie moves its headquarters from Paris to Toulouse, France / Philippine Airlines becomes a monopoly in domestic air travel after President Ferdinand Marcos (by virtue of his powers under Martial Law) orders the foreclosure of two other airlines – Filipinas Orient Airlines (FOA) and Air Manila Inc. (AMI) – due to the fuel crisis arising from a war in the Middle East / British Airways and Air New Zealand finalise an aircraft interchange agreement. An Auckland – Los Angeles Air New Zealand service connects with a Los Angeles – London British Airways flight with an Air New Zealandowned DC-10 aircraft operating both services

180 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

end of hostilities because the Nicosia International Airport, the only airport of the island, has to be closed (Wikipedia) ä Brunei International Airport becomes

operational. Its inauguration marks an important date in the history of civil aviation in Brunei. The airport opens Brunei to the world

1 January

/ The Foundation Treaty is signed and the Gulf Aviation Company becomes Gulf Air, the national carrier of the four states. Gulf Air starts service to Beirut from 1 April with a VC10 aircraft

13 January

/ Dallas-Fort Worth Airport officially opens for commercial flights (U.S. Department of Transportation)

30 January

/ H.R.H. Queen Elizabeth II officially opens Rarotonga International Airport

March

/ ANA’s first widebody jets, Lockheed L-1011 Tristars, are introduced / Nippon Kinkyori Airways (later Air Nippon Co., Ltd.) is established

8 March

/ Inauguration of Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, revolutionary with its terminal composed of a central cylindrical body and seven satellites, by the Prime Minister Pierre Messmer. Operations start a few days later, on 13 March. Air France and UTA move into the new airport [1]

July

5 August

/ U.S. President Nixon signs the Anti-Hijacking Act of 1974 into law (FAA)

15 March

/ The A300B2 receives certification from French and German aviation authorities

22 August

/ Short 330 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

22 March

/ ICAO Council adopt SARPS in Annex 17 on Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference

/ Arrival of Philippine’s first McDonnell Douglas DC-10 three-engine jet ushers in the era of the widebody jet

August

September / United adopts a new corporate identity program featuring a stylized “U” logo, new color scheme and a two-word signature (United Airlines), marking the company’s first departure from the three-word name adopted in 1931

(ICAO)

31 March

/ BOAC and BEA are dissolved following the formation of British Airways

/ Korean Airlines becomes the first non-European airline to place an order with Airbus, for four A300B4s

April 1 April

20 April

/ Air Malta starts flights with scheduled services to London, Birmingham, Manchester, Rome, Frankfurt, Paris and Tripoli [2] / Signing of civil air transportation agreement between Japan and China in Beijing. With the suspension of air routes between Japan and Taiwan by Taiwanese authorities, China Airlines (Taiwan) discontinues operations to Japan and changes its Pacific routes from via Tokyo to via Guam (JAL)

May 10 May

/ The first A300B2 is delivered to Air France [3]

30 May

/ FAA certifies the Airbus A300

November Early

/ Iberia launches Europe’s first walk-on air shuttle service, between Madrid and Barcelona

18 November / Royal Brunei Airlines, the country’s flag carrier, is established

December

/ Air Austral is created, known as Réunion Air Services (RAS) (Wikipedia)

24 December / FAA publishes a rule requiring installation of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) on large turbojet and turboprop airliners 27 December / A300B4 first flight

June 27 June

/ Eurocopter AS350 first flight (Airbus Helicop-

[2]

ters)

[1]

Source: Aeroports de Paris

The Deputy Prime Minister, Dr A. Buttigieg, addressing guests present at the inauguration of Air Malta on the 31st March 1974. Looking on from left to right are Albert Mizzi, Chairman of Air Malta, Sir Anthony Mamo, Governor General, Mgr Gonzi, Archbishop of Malta, and Air Marshal Nur Khan, Chairman of PIA) - Source: Air Malta

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 181

1975

[1] Yak-42. MChS Rossii, Russia Ministry for Emergency Situations - Source: Kostas Iatrou ä Civil Aviation Department is renamed

the Directorate General of Civil Aviation State of Kuwait ä American acquires other Caribbean

routes from Pan American World Airways Inc. ä Braniff is the first airline to offer

(www.braniffpages.com)

24 January

own air express service, a new high priority, guaranteed cargo service called Delta Air Express

ä TAP is led into the wave of nationali-

sation transforming itself into a public company by Law by Decree 205-E

ä Minerve begins operations (Wikipedia)

/ British Airways launches the British Airways Shuttle, Europe’s first walk on, no-reservation, guaranteed seat service from Heathrow to Glasgow

7 March

/ Yakovlev Yak-42 first flight (Jane’s, 1993) [1]

27 March

/ de Havilland Canada Dash 7 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

April

/ Air Burundi is created with decree No 1/99

1 April

/ The National Transportation Safety Board becomes a completely independent agency

/ Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

February 8 February

Regionais by Capitan Rolim Adolfo Amaro

ä Delta is the first airline to offer its

January 12 January

ä Founding of TAM-Transportes Aéreos

video games in-flight (Atari)

/ Cyprus Airways restarts limited operations from Larnaca Airport (Wikipedia)

26 February

/ Cessna 404 Titan first flight (Frawley, 2001)

March

/ Korean Air begins Seoul – Paris passenger service and takes delivery of three A300B Airbus aircraft

182 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

(U.S. Department of Transportation)

4 April

/ A regulation governing the installation and safe operation of X-ray devices for screening carry-on luggage at airports becomes effective (FAA)

May

/ First UNWTO General Assembly meets in Ma-

drid at the invitation of the Spanish Government 7 May

/ An agreement between British Airways and Air New Zealand (ANZ) enables ANZ’s DC-10 aircraft to be flown by BA crew for use on the Heathrow to Los Angeles route, in place of BA’s Boeing 707 aircraft (British Airways & Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

2 November

/ The proud free bird of Surinam Airways roars into the sky, using a leased KLM DC-8-63 in Surinam Airways’ bright colors

19 December / Air France takes delivery of its 1st Concorde F-BVFA (205) (www.concordesst.com) / Bahamas becomes a Contracting State of the International Civil Aviation Organization

July 4 July

November

December

June 26 June

15 September / First flight of Japan Asia Airways from Tokyo to Taipei

/ First flight of the 747SP; attains top speed of Mach 0.92

26 December / The Soviet Union inaugurates the world’s first regular supersonic airline service, with the departure of a Tupolev-144 from Moscow for Alma-Ata in the Kazakh Republic. The plane carried only mail and cargo over the 2,500mile route (FAA)

September / RAA is founded (RAA & Compendium of Interna30 December / Harbin Y-11 first flight (Wikipedia)

tional Civil Aviation)

gramme (UNDP), carrying out technical co-operation with Governments

1976

ä Cargo Air Lines is founded

(FFF) service for its full fare economy class passengers, which allows them to sit at the front of the economy cabin immediately behind first class (Wikipedia)

ä[X] The agreement is signed for UNWTO

ä Garuda Indonesia operates its first widebody aircraft, a[X] Douglas DC-10

ä Launch of TAM services in Brazilian

to become an executing agency of the United Nations Development Pro-

ä KLM introduces a Full Fare Facilities

cities, especially Mato Grosso and Sao Paulo

January

February

14 January

/ British Airways takes delivery of its 1st Concorde G-BOAA (206) (www.concordesst.com)

21 January

/ The Concorde aircraft of both Air France and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) launch scheduled supersonic passenger services. Air France’s Concorde flew from Paris to Rio de Janeiro in 7 hours and 25 minutes, including a one-hour refuelling stop in Dakar, Senegal. BOAC’s Concorde made the flight from London to Bahrain in 3 hours and 37 minutes (AIAA & Compendium of International Civil Aviation & Air France)

4 February

/ U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr., announces his decision to permit the Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde to land in the U.S. on a temporary, restricted basis (FAA)

March

/ Responding to public and congressional concern about near collisions in the air, Administrator John L. McLucas announces a five-point separation assurance program: continued enhancement of ground-based air traffic control; consideration of increased use of Instrument Flight Rules and radar beacon surveillance; possible additional require100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 183

1976 ments for carriage of radar beacons (transponders) with altitude reporting capability; development of the Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) (FAA) 1 March

/ A rule published requires removal of side-facing flight attendant seats from all airliners by 1 May (FAA)

24 May

/ Antonov An-32 first flight (Wikipedia)

September 6 September / Airbus launches A300 freighter conversion

October 13 October

/ Midway Airlines is founded (Wikipedia)

December

May 1 May

9 July

/ Pan Am’s “Liberty Clipper,” one of the new 747 SP’s, leaves New York and travels east on a record breaking around the world trip. With ninety-six passengers and only two re-fueling stops –at Delhi and Tokyo– the flight arrived back in New York only forty-six hours from departure, besting the previous mark by some fifteen hours (University of Miami Libraries)

22 December / First flight of IL-86, USSR’s first widebody and the world’s second four-engine widebody (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) [1]

[1] Source: Ilyushin

/ Following a 3-hour 35-minute flight from London, the first Concorde supersonic commercial airliner lands at Dulles Airport. The French Concorde arrived from Paris approximately two minutes later (U.S. Department of Transportation)

July 1 July

/ Northwest is the first airline approved by FAA to install coordinated flight crew training

1977 ä[X] The name of the Presidency of Civil

Aviation has been amended into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia General Authority of Civil Aviation ä The United Republic of Tanzania es-

tablishes the Directorate of Civil Aviation (DCA) by the Civil Aviation Act (Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority)

ä SkyWest Airlines makes its first In-

ä A company is formed by the Govern-

terline agreement with American Airlines, followed by one with United Airlines, Texas International and Hughes, allowing passengers interline check-in and baggage transfers

ment of Seychelles to purchase several small aircraft operators and rationalise the inter-island routes

[X] ä After two years of lobbying led by

Federal Express, Congress passes Public Law 95-163 enabling FedEx and other cargo airlines to use larger aircraft with no geographic restrictions on routes. At the same time, Federal Express purchases seven Boeing 727 aircraft

184 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä The Reef Runway opens at Honolulu

International Airport. It is the first major runway in the world built entirely offshore on an underwater fringing coral reef (ACI) [1] ä Jomo Kenyattta International Airport

takes over operations from the old airport, Embakasi Airport (ACI) ä Sharjah Airport opens (ACI)

1977

[1] Honolulu runway construction - Source: Hawaii Department of Transportation

January

10 January

/ Kenya Airways is established following the breakup of the East African Community and subsequent disbanding of the jointly-owned East African Airways / FAA publishes a rule raising the maximum number of transport aircraft passenger seats per main (Type A) emergency exit from 100 to 110, effective 10 February 1977. The change clears the way for certification of Boeing 747s seating over 500

15 February

/ Air New Zealand operates first day-trip to Antarctica

17 February

/ THY, which had been open for foreign capital investments 20 years ago, has again been nationalized with the decision of the Ministry of Finance and numbered 53315/6967 when the share of the BOAC company is bought by the Ministry of Finance

March

/ Helsinki Airport is renamed Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (Finnair)

February 1 February

/ The A300 becomes the first aircraft to be equipped with the Cat IIIA autoland system

/ Comair begins regional services (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 185

1977 27 March

/ The world’s worst aviation disaster occurs at Los Rodeos airport, Tenerife, when a KLM Boeing 747 making its take-off run collides with a Pan American 747 still clearing the runway. All 234 passengers and the 14 crew members of the KLM aircraft, and 317 passengers and nine members of the cabin crew aboard the Pan Am aircraft, are killed. Nine of the 70 survivors from the Pan Am aircraft later die from their injuries (AIAA & Wikipedia)

sign the “Bermuda II” agreement governing civil air services between the two countries. The resulting compromise: places limits on American carriers’ fifth-freedom rights; restricts situations in which more than one U.S. carrier serves the same U.S.-U.K. route; and establishes a procedure that governments might use to control capacity. On the other hand, the treaty opens new routes for airlines of both countries, allows the entrance of new carriers into the U.S.-U.K. market, and results in lower fares (FAA)

April 1 April

/ After a 17 year capital participation partnership with SAS, the Thai Government buys out SAS’s remaining 15% holding and THAI becomes fully owned by the Thai people

13 to 26 April / A Special Air Transport Conference –the first one of its kind– is held in Montreal under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), to consider a wide range of economic and regulatory issues concerning international civil aviation. The ICAO Conference formulated numerous recommendations for use by governments in establishing a basic framework and policies relating to international air transport services (First Air Transport Conference) (Compendium of Inter-

August

/ Cargolux, together with a Uruguayan group and with the blessing of the Uruguayan Government, forms a new airline, Aero Uruguay, to fly between South America and Europe

31 August

/ Antonov An-72 first flight

September 23 September / At the end of the 16-month trial of the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport at Dulles International Airport, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Brock Adams announces proposed permanent rules for civil supersonic transport (SST) operations in the United States (FAA)

national Civil Aviation)

18 April

/ The Moscow Machine Building Plant “Strela”, in accordance with a Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No.228-16, changes its name to Ilyushin Moscow Machine Building Plant

26 September / Laker Airlines’ low-cost “Skytrain” transatlantic service makes its first flight from New York to London, signalling the start of a revolution in international air fares

October 17 October

24 April

/ American introduces the most popular fare in its history, the Super Saver

Department of Transportation)

June 1 June

/ Creation of Air Gabon (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

10 June

/ U.S. Senate confirms Alfred E. Kahn as Chairman of the CAB. A former economics professor at Cornell, Kahn’s policies at the CAB help to pave the way for legislation that virtually ends the economic regulation of airlines in the U.S. (U.S. Department of Transportation)

July 23 July

/ The U.S. Supreme Court lifts the ban by New York’s JFK Airport on the Concorde SST, clearing the way for immediate trial flights (U.S.

/ The United States and the United Kingdom

186 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

28 to 30 October / A Pan American World Airways Boeing 747SP sets a speed record for a round the world flight, via both Poles, covering a distance of 42,970 km (26,706 sm) in 54 hours and 7 minutes (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

November 9 November

/ U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs into law amendments to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, one of which entitled the Air Cargo Deregulation Act substantially exempts all-

cargo aircraft operations from CAB regulation (U.S. Department of Transportation)

22 November / Concorde passenger service from New York to London and Paris begins (FAA)

December 9 December

/ Concorde services start to Singapore. The operation is an extension of the Bahrain service and is operated in conjunction with Singapore Airlines. Concorde G-BOAD wore Singapore Air-

lines’ livery on its port side with the BA livery on the starboard side for use on that route 13 December / The Malaysian government bans the Concorde from its airspace, thus causing the London to Singapore service to be suspended after only 3 return flights (www.concordesst.com) 14 December / Mil Mi-26, the largest and most powerful helicopter ever to have gone into production, makes its first flight (Frawley, 2001) [2]

[2]

UTair - Source: Kostas Iatrou

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 187

1978 lantic service: Atlanta to London, introduces Business Class (called Medallion Service) and motion picture film entertainment

ä The government company is renamed

“Air Seychelles”, and is officially created, initially as a domestic airline

ä Introduction of the Douglas DC-10-

ä Delta during the year begins transat-

30, the first widebody aircraft, in

January 10 January

the JAT fleet (Air Serbia) ä Interchange services of Western be-

gins with Braniff between Dallas/ Ft. Worth, Texas, and Calgary and Edmonton, Canada and with Continental Airlines between Houston and Calgary

7 July

/ A310-200 launch [1] Source: Airbus

14 July

/ Boeing begins production of the 767

/ JAL’s B747F enters service on Tokyo – Hamburg – Frankfurt route (code share flight with Lufthansa Airlines)

March 10 March

/ The United States and the Netherlands sign a new international aviation agreement, based on the principle of free competition (FAA)

17 March

/ The United States announces a new agreement with the United Kingdom within the context of the Bermuda II treaty, making possible a range of lower fares between the two nations (U.S. Department of Transportation)

26 April

May

31 August

/ Boeing begins production of the 757

September / Nippon Cargo Airlines Co., Ltd. is established (spun off in August 2005) 13 September / Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma first flight (Air-

April 1 April

August

/ Air New Zealand and New Zealand National Airways Corporation (NAC) merge to form the new limited liability company, Air New Zealand / Under altered terms of Air New Zealand/British Airways interchange agreement, Air New Zealand’s DC-10s will make five return trips a week London – Miami and three London – Montreal through the peak northern season until 30 September

bus Helicopters)

23 September / The Protocol to Amend the Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface is adopted and signed (ICAO)

October / British Airways introduces “Club Class,” a separate premium cabin with numerous amenities (Wikipedia)

24 October

/ U.S. President Carter signs the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 allowing immediate fare reductions of up to 70% without CAB approval and the automatic entry of new airlines into routes not protected by other air carriers. CAB’s authority over fares, routes, and mergers is to be phased out entirely before 1983, and, unless Congress acts, CAB itself will shut down by 1 January 1985. It also authorizes the use of larger aircraft by commuter airlines (FAA)

November

/ Pan American is one of first airlines to introduce a new class of service for business and full-fare economy passengers, called Pan Am’s “Clipper Class.” (Delta Air Lines & Wikipedia)

/ Narita Airport is opened (ANA)

June 1 June

/ The Tu-144 Aeroflot service from 1 November 1977 is interrupted after 102 flights, as a result of an occurrence of a non-commercial flight accident (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

July

/ Yemen Airways takes a big step forward and new Company, Yemenia (Yemen Airways) is formed with a 51% share owned by Yemen’s government and 49% by the Saudi Arabian government

188 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1979 and begins operating regional services from Jersey (Flybe)

ä PrivatAir is launched using the air-

ä Air Lanka is launched (SriLankan Airlines)

ä An all-female Hawaiian Airlines’ crew

ä Qantas launches a Business Class

ä Control of Ansett passes to The News

operates a certified U.S. scheduled flight; the first all-female crew to do so

Corporation Limited and TNT Limited ä Atlantic Southeast Airlines acquires its first aircraft (Express Jet)

ä Takeover of Bavaria and Germanair

airlines from the Josef Schörghuber construction group (TUIfly)

ä Crossair is born ä Lufthansa introduce its Business ä Jersey European Airways is formed

Class

1 January

14 January

/ British Aerospace, which has taken over Hawker Siddeley, rejoins Airbus as a full partner with a 20% share / Trans World Corporation is formed. Subsidiary companies include Trans World Airlines, Canteen Corporation, Hilton International, Spartan Food Service and Century 21 Real Estate / Braniff Airlines begins flying leased Concorde supersonic airliners between Washington Dulles and Dallas-Fort Worth airports under the terms of a unique interchange agreement with British Airways and Air France (FAA) [1]

24 January

/ The British Airways and Singapore service from London to Singapore via Bahrain is resumed (www.concordesst.com)

25 January

/ Southwest’s MSY service begins with one daily HOU roundtrip. This marks Southwest’s first scheduled interstate flight, the first time Southwest flies outside the State of Texas

30 January

/ Cargolux firmly underlines its dedication as a

service ä TNT starts air transport activities and

becomes the first express carrier in Europe providing direct delivery services by air ä Trans International Airlines changes its name to Transamerica (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

major all-cargo airline, when the first Boeing 747 freighter, LX-DCV, is delivered [2]

January 1 January

craft fleet owned by the Latsis Group

March 15 March

/ Swissair becomes the first A310 customer

31 March

/ Northwest enters the transatlantic passenger market, launching service to Copenhagen and Stockholm from the Twin Cities, Detroit and New York

April 9 April

/ By decree N° 808 of the Executive Power, Aerolineas Argentinas becomes a State Society

28 April

/ The first airberlin jet, a Boeing 707, takes off from Berlin-Tegel for Palma de Mallorca

May 4 May

/ Air Europe begins operations (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

[2]

Source: Cargolux

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 189

1979 June

/ Finnair establishes a subsidiary, Finnaviation, with Finnair having a 60% holding

7 June

/ All DC-10s worldwide grounded following United States Federal Aviation Administration withdrawal of DC-10 type certification (Air

18 October

/ The Douglas DC-9 Super 80 twin-engine jetliner, sixth basic model and largest of the popular DC-9 series, makes its first flight [3]

28 October

/ Allegheny Airlines changes its name to USAir, reflecting the growing route system of this former local-service carrier (FAA)

New Zealand)

November

July 1 July

/ North Central Airlines and Southern Airways merge operations. The new company is called Republic Airlines, Inc. (Northwest Airlines)

14 July

/ FAA DC-10 grounding order lifted allowing flights to the USA to resume

August

/ Delta is the first airline in the world to board one million passengers in one city in one month (Atlanta in month of August)

October

/ Flugleidir assumes all operating responsibilities of its two “parents” (Flugfélag Islands and Loftleidir ), and decides to use Icelandair as its international trade name, only retaining the Flugleidir name in the Icelandic domestic market

3 October

/ Eurocopter AS355 first flight (Airbus Helicopters)

1980

1 November

/ Midway Airlines begins service from Chicago’s Midway Airport. The new airline is the first all-jet air carrier created to take advantage of the new era inaugurated by the Airline Deregulation Act (FAA)

[3]

Source: Boeing

ä The Short-Term Conflict Alert (STCA) becomes available (CANSO)

ä ABX Air is formed ä The specifications and guidance

material developed by ICAO’s Panel on Passport Cards is published as the first edition of Doc 9303, titled A Passport with Machine Readable Capability, which become the basis for the initial issuance of machine readable passports by Australia, Canada and the United State (ICAO) ä ERA is founded in Switzerland with 5

ä Aeroflot is named the general carrier

of participants for the XXII Olympic Games held in Moscow ä Austral (AU) is nationalised ä Copa Airlines withdraw from the do-

mestic market to focus on its international reach. This year a Boeing 737-100 is added to the fleet

airline members

190 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Delta Air Lines become the first air-

line to make a major move from film to video in-flight entertainment, equipping its entire transatlantic L-1011 fleet ä Flying Tiger Line merges with Seaboard World Airways (Airlines Remembered, 2000) ä Iran Aseman Airlines is established

January 1 January

7 January

March / Air UK is incorporated after the merger of British Island Airways and Air Anglia (Wikipedia)

28 March

/ National Airlines acquisition is completed with Pan American taking over the National Airlines fleet and route network (Wikipedia)

April

25 January

/ Saab and Fairchild Industries of the USA announce their decision to go ahead with a joint definition of a twin-turboprop regional airliner seating about 30 passengers, the SaabFairchild SF-340

February

/ Sale of Arkia to private owners

12 to 28 February / The Second ICAO Air Transport Conference, held in Montreal, formulates common and multilateral approaches to solving worldwide capacity regulation of international commercial air services and the mechanisms for establishing international fares and rates. This Conference, inter alia, calls for the continuance of multilateral (albeit, more liberalized) solutions in response, primarily, to an open skies policy then being introduced by the United States (Compendium of International

(Jane’s, 1993)

8 April

/ ALTA (Latin American and Caribbean Air Transport Association) formerly AITAL (Latin American International Air Transport Association) is founded in Bogota, Colombia upon the initiative of 11 flag carriers to jointly coordinate efforts to solve air transportation problems within the region and strengthen existing cooperation and communication among these companies for the benefit of the air transport of the region, the users and the companies themselves

June 1 June

/ Airbus introduces the use of composite materials on secondary structures in a trial using an A300

1 June

/ Braniff Airlines discontinues Concorde flights between Washington Dulles and Dallas/Fort Worth airports (FAA)

7 June

/ The first transpolar flight of a commercial airline. It is accomplished by an Aerolineas Argentinas Jumbo 747. Departs from Buenos Aires, makes a stop in Rio Gallegos, goes over the South Pole and reaches Auckland (New Zealand)

13 June

/ The last Concorde to be produced, number 16, is delivered to British Airways (Wikipedia)

Civil Aviation)

15 February

/ U.S. President Carter signs into law the International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979, designed to reduce regulation and increase competition in international air transportation and to strengthen the position of the United States in its dealings with foreign states that were discriminating against American airlines. Section 29 of the law, named the “Wright Amendment” for House Majority Leader James C Wright, Jr. (D-TX), limits scheduled airline operations at Love Field, Dallas, Texas, to aircraft seating fifty-six passengers or fewer, except for service within Texas and states bordering Texas

September 26 September / Shanghai Y-10 (Wikipedia)

October 1 October

(U.S. Department of Transportation)

15 February

/ FAA announces improved standards for the seats of airline crew members. The new rule requires the flight attendant seats to be equipped with combination seat belts and safety harnesses, and for the seats themselves to have energy-absorbing backs

/ British Aerospace Jetstream first flight

/ Republic Airlines acquires Hughes Airwest for $38.5 million, adding 53 cities to the Republic system (primarily in the western and southwestern United States) (Northwest Airlines)

November 1 November

/ The British Airways and Singapore Airlines Concorde service to Bahrain and Singapore is discontinued (www.concordesst.com)

9 November

/ Dan-Air registers the last commercial flight

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 191

1980 by a de Havilland Comet. The plane flies enthusiasts on a round-trip flight from London

plus containers”, installation of three entrance doors with built-in stairs, and a special landing gear, the IL-86 was placed in regular operation without the costly reconstruction of existing airports and their runways intended for taking lighter passenger airliners

(Wikipedia)

19 November / By Government Decree 8/80 DETA is changed to LAM-Mozambique Airlines 25 November / Bilateral agreement with USA signed in Wellington gives Air New Zealand the opportunity to fly to additional U.S. destinations and points beyond

December

/ The 500th Boeing 747 rolls-out at Everett, Wash., and the original Boeing manufacturing building, the “Red Barn,” is moved to its final site at the Museum of Flight at Boeing Field in Seattle / The IL-86 begins its operations in domestic and international air routes. Thanks to its design features, such as “luggage in hand”

1981

7 December

/ The Pan American World Airways Boeing 747 China Clipper arrives in Beijing, China, from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York after a stop in Tokyo, Japan. It marks the first time since 1949 that a commercial flight between the United States and mainland China is completed (Wikipedia)

11 December / First flight of A300 with digital autopilot 19 December / New York Air begins airline operations (FAA) 20 December / Aero Lloyd is set up (Airlines Worldwide, 2000)

anteed fixed personal and business air travel costs with a five-year to lifetime range of options ä ATA is certified as a common-air car-

ä Air France introduces its Business

rier

Class ä Corsair is founded ä American introduce the AADVANTAGE

travel awards program, a revolutionary marketing program to reward frequent fliers. Also that year it unveil “AAirpass,” a concept that guar-

ä Delta launches Frequent Flyer pro-

gram ä Federal Express opens its SuperHub

192 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

adjacent to Memphis International Airport ä Malmö Aviation is founded (Wikipedia) ä UPS purchases its first aircraft for

use in air delivery service ä The SITA network expands with the

introduction of the Data Transport Network. This is the third generation of the world’s largest network

January

July

3 January

/ Pan American World Airways makes its final Boeing 707 flight (Wikipedia)

1 July

/ Opening of Singapore Changi Airport (Singapore Airlines) [1]

7 January

/ A Boeing 747 of CAAC lands at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City marking the first flight from the mainland of China to the United States since 1949 (Wikipedia)

August

/ American retires all its Boeing 707 aircraft, including freighters

3 August

/ Approximately 12,300 members of the 15,000-member PATCO go on strike, grounding about 35% of the US’s 14,200 daily commercial flights. Approximately four hours after the strike began, U.S. President Reagan issues the strikers a firm ultimatum – return to work within 48 hours or face permanent dismissal. After expiration of the grace period, FAA fires approximately 11,400 controllers. PATCO disbands and the controllers remain without a union

February

/ Airbus officially names the A320 – its new medium-range airliner

March

/ The labor contract between FAA and PATCO expires

2 March

/ Japan Air Lines is the first airline to use a computerised flight simulator to train its crews (Wikipedia)

28 March

/ Dornier Do 228-100 first flight (Dornier, 1983) [1]

April

/ South African Airways introduces a threeclass service for an Australian flight: Blue Diamond First class, Gold class for Business passengers and Silver class for Economy class travellers

30 April

/ PeopleExpress begins flights with a route from Newark to Columbus (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

May 6 May

/ United launches its Mileage Plus frequent flier program

June 1 June

/ Short 360 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

10 June

/ Air France: launch customer of the A320

11 June

/ American establishes its Dallas/Fort Worth hub

23 June

/ Administrator Helms announces FAA’s decision to adopt the Threat Alert and Collision Avoidance System, soon renamed the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) (FAA)

26 June

/ ICAO adopts Annex 18 on The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (ICAO)

Source: Changi Airport Group

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 193

1981 September

October

3 September / British Aerospace 146 first flight (Jane’s,

7 October

1993)

26 September / The Boeing 767-200 makes its first flight [2]

[2]

/ The first A300 with a two-man crew –Garuda Indonesian Airways’ first Airbus aircraft– makes its initial flight. This A300 is equipped with a Forward Facing Crew Cockpit (FFCC), which allows a two-pilot flight crew to operate the aircraft without need for a flight engineer

November 1 November

/ Finnair introduces the Executive Class for business travellers

4 November

/ Aerospatiale and Aeritalia (the predecessor to Alenia Aeronautica) merge their two separate, but similar, regional aircraft designs into a single effort. The Cooperation Agreement launching the ATR program is signed in Paris, launching the ATR 42 by the Aeritalia and Aerospatiale respective chairmen, Renato Bonifacio and Jacques Mitterrand

Source: Boeing

1982

emergency kits – they go above and beyond the first-aid kits carried by other airlines. ä Early 1982 brings American its first

ä Air France moves into the state-of-

767

the-art terminal at Paris-Charles de Gaulle terminal 2

ä Austral is acquired by Cielos del Sur S.A’

ä Air Canada becomes an industry

ä Gulf Air is the first international air-

leader in providing inflight medical

line permitted to land at Riyadh

January 28 January

ä Resort Air is established in Missouri (Trans State Airlines) ä A group of pilots and flight attend-

ants from defunct Braniff International band together to form their own airline with the help of businessmen in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis – St. Paul, MN. This group names their venture, Sun Country Airlines

February / The FAA issues the National Airspace System Plan, outlining its blueprint for updating and modernizing over the next two decades its ATC and navigation systems, including, among other components, the Advanced Automation System for air traffic, Doppler weather radar, and the Microwave Landing System (U.S. Department of Transportation)

194 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

6 February

/ Freddie Laker’s Laker Airways flies for the last time (Wikipedia)

19 February

/ The Boeing 757-200 makes its first flight [1]

April

/ American begins interchange service with Alaska Airlines, linking Anchorage and Fairbanks with Houston and DFW via Seattle with 727s

1982

Source: Airbus [2]

3 April

/ A310-200 first fligh [2]

May

/ First ECAC-U.S. Memorandum of Understanding on North Atlantic pricing. Combining flexibility in the form of automatic approval zones for fares, with stability in the shape of assurances of antitrust immunity for inter-carrier tariff co-ordination, the experimental MoU turns into a formidable instrument

June 24 June

/ The Boeing 747-236B City of Edinburgh, operating as British Airways Flight 9 with 263 people on board, flies through a cloud of volcanic ash south of Java. All of its engines shut down, but the crew is able to restart them and make a safe landing at Halim Perdanakusuma Airport in Djakarta, Indonesia (Wikipedia)

July / American returns to Europe with service between London’s Gatwick Airport and DFW

2 July

/ PATCO files a request for liquidation under Chapter 7 of the Federal Bankruptcy Act (U.S. Department of Transportation)

/ British Airways launches into the Concorde charter market [1]

12 May

/ Braniff Airlines becomes the first scheduled airline to file for protection under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code in the history of American civil aviation (U.S. Department of Transportation)

19 May

/ Stockholders approve a plan of reorganization and a new holding company is formed, AMR Corporation, which becomes the parent company of American Airlines, Inc.

Source: Boeing

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 195

1982 14 July

/ Harbin Y-12 first flight (Wikipedia)

31 October

/ Continental merges with Texas International led by Frank Lorenzo (retaining the Continental name), offering service to four continents (North and South America, Asia and Australia) with a fleet of 112 aircraft

November

/ A new designation system for McDonnell Douglas commercial aircraft combines the “M” of McDonnell and the “D” of Douglas. The first aircraft to use the designation is the DC-9 Super 80, which now becomes the MD-80

August 25/26 August / Air New Zealand commences twice weekly (Wed/Sat) B747 service to United Kingdom – Auckland – Papeete – Los Angeles – London and return

September 2 September / JAL issues JAL Card 3 September / Beechcraft 1900 first flight (Wikipedia)

7 December

October 4 October

December / Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is formed (Wikipedia)

/ Formal air services agreement signed in London between New Zealand and Britain replaces Memorandum of Understanding

9 December

/ Cessna 208 Caravan first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

24 December / Antonov An-124 Ruslan first flight [3]

5 October

/ First flight of the 747-300

20 October

/ Air New Zealand enters into a 12 months agreement to operate Auckland – Norfolk Island – Auckland services on behalf of Qantas with F27 aircraft

29 October

/ Air France discontinues its Concorde service to Washington, making New York its only Concorde service destination (www.concord-

[3] An-124 first flight - Source: Antonov

esst.com)

1983

ä AIRCALIN, New Caledonia’s interna-

tional airline, is founded ä Aliadriatica (Air One) is established in

ä The (then) Commercial and Aeropo-

litical Committee is divided in recognition of the growing involvement of the EU in air transport matters ä First Common Use Terminal Equip-

ment (CUTE) check-in desks are installed in LAX for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games (ACI)

Pescara

ä Hawaiian Frequent Flyer program

begins as Travel Plus ä Tower Air begins its services ä Constitution of Linea Aerea Nacional

– Chile Limitada, through CORFO ä Delta introduces computer-generat-

ä The second ticketing revolution oc-

ed boarding passes and automates advance seat selection, greatly improving boarding process in gate areas. First major U.S. carrier to meet new federal standards reducing flyover noise in airport neighborhoods

curs with the addition of a magnetic stripe on the ticket back. This allows all of the ticketing information to be stored electronically on the ticket itself, so it can be used as the boarding pass as well (IATA)

196 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1983

Helsinki Airport - Source: Finavia Corp [1]

Northern Kentucky International Airport in Hebron, Kentucky. When the plane’s doors are opened on the ground, a fire flashover occurs, killing 23 and injuring 16 of the 46 people on board. The accident prompts the installation of smoke detectors and emergency lighting leading to exits aboard airliners, as well as increased firefighting training and equipment for airline crews (Wikipedia)

January 25 January

/ First prototype of the Saab-Fairchild SF-340 makes its maiden flight

April 22 April

/ Finnair begins nonstop flights from Helsinki to Tokyo using a DC-10-30 which is equipped with extra fuel tanks. Finnair’s Tokyo flight is the world’s only nonstop flight between Western Europe and Japan [1] 20 June

May 23 May

26 May

/ Bombardier Dash 8 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

/ The first aircraft (Rockwell International Saberliner) to navigate across the Atlantic entirely by use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) lands at Paris

July 1 July

/ Japan Air Commuter Co., Ltd. is established as a joint venture with 14 local municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture (JAL)

/ PeopleExpress starts flights from Newark to London (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

8 July

/ The A300-600 makes its maiden flight [2]

11 July

/ Through an agreement with CBS, American Airlines offers its passengers the retransmission of a program of 30 minutes of the daily news (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

22 July

/ The FAA announces that the Boeing 757 and 767 models share so many common features

June

/ ANA’s Boeing 767-200s are introduced

2 June

/ Air Canada Flight 797, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32, experiences an in-flight fire and makes an emergency landing at Cincinnati/

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1974-1983 / 197

1983 that a pilot who qualifies in one model is automatically qualified on the other 25 July

/ The EMB 120 Brasilia turboprop makes its maiden flight [3]

is the first time in history two airlines agree to a swap (Wikipedia & Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991) 26 October

/ Air Seychelles acquires a Douglas DC-10 through a wet lease agreement with British Caledonian Airways opening of the first weekly flight to Europe : Mahe – Frankfurt – London

November

/ TWA becomes a public company

1 November

/ Air France introduces Air France Le Club

Source: Embraer

August 1 August

26 August

/ America West Airlines begins operations in Phoenix (US Airways) / CAAC bans smoking on domestic flights in China (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

11 November / CASA CN-235 first flight (Wikipedia)

December October 18 October

5 December / Pan American World Airways and American Airlines announce they will trade aircraft; Pan Am will send 15 McDonnell Douglas DC-10s to American in exchange for eight Boeing 747s. It

[2]

Source: Kostas Iatrou

198 / 1974-1983 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Air New Zealand increases its shareholding in The Mount Cook Group to 30%

12 December / AMR Services is formed as a subsidiary to provide aviation services to other airlines

1984-1993

Building the “air bridges” for the future 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 199

1984-1993 Building the “air bridges” for the future Aviation progress in the 1980’s might not be the greatest that the industry has witnessed in comparison to previous decades or to modern-day aviation. In the late 80’s, the economics of the industry has witnessed its greatest challenge ever. The Gulf crisis and economic recession caused the airlines to lose billions of dollars and between 1989-1992, the industry had lost about $10 billion - more than had been made since its inception. In the United States, great airlines like Pan American and Eastern disappeared, while others, such as TWA and Continental Airlines, filed for Chapter 11. Nevertheless and in fairness, it was the decade of the aviation maturity. Above all, the 1980’s marked the ascendancy of electronics in aviation. The Airbus A320 fly-by-wire technology was not only a way of improving flight controls and reducing weight, it also took safety of air travel to a new level. The A320 was officially launched in 1984 and remains until today the World’s most sought after commercial jet. The 1980’s have also brought efficiency for engines; the focus was on reliability and on squeezing more mileage or weight-lifting out of each gallon of fuel. The decade has also seen the deregulation of the industry, mainly in North America and Europe, which was followed by new entrants and the start of the low fare environment. We have seen today’s most successful low cost carriers such as Ryan Air and Easy Jet founded in the mid-80’s & 90’s, to be followed a decade later in Asia by the likes of Air Asia and Air Arabia. Today, the domestic Aviation in the United States is built around low cost, low fare structure. This fact is now spreading to the rest of the world. 100 years ago, in January 1914, the first ever-scheduled flight took off to the skies with a paying passenger. It is fascinating to see how far the industry has come. With billions of people using air travel every year, the world is a small place. I can only imagine, 100 years from now, the state of the industry! We won’t be there to witness it, but I’m certain, it will exceed our imagination!

Adel Ali CEO, Air Arabia

200 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES) Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

Year

Passengers (millions)

Passengerkm (millions)

1984

889

1,343,994

2,067,682

65

42,903

3,895

170,102

283,504

60

1985

942

1,438,073

2,178,899

66

43,074

3,977

179,118

298,529

60

1986

1,006

1,527,234

2,349,590

65

46,692

4,104

190,939

318,232

60

1987

1,077

1,670,794

2,493,722

67

52,249

4,248

209,842

344,004

61

1988

1,134

1,792,762

2,675,764

67

57,578

4,367

226,630

371,524

61

1989

1,173

1,871,643

2,752,416

68

61,839

4,576

238,868

391,587

61

1990

1,232

1,998,915

2,939,581

68

63,632

4,819

252,006

420,009

60

1991

1,200

1,946,943

2,949,914

66

63,378

4,583

247,218

419,013

59

1992

1,212

2,034,555

3,082,660

66

67,814

4,638

259,331

447,123

58

1993

1,208

2,056,936

3,164,516

65

74,121

4,726

268,408

462,772

58 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 201

1984

[1] Source: airliners.net / Author: Steve Fitzgerald, 17 May 1985 ä UK and the Netherlands sign their

ä Delta strengthens ties to regional air-

ä USAir introduces its Frequent Travel-

first bilateral open skies agreement

er program, which provides travel benefits to USAir’s most loyal customers (US Airways)

ä Atlantic Southeast becomes the first Delta Connection carrier (Express Jet)

line partners through its new Delta Connection program. Begins service to Hawaii. Installs air-to-ground telephones-two wall-mounted phones in cabin of domestic L-1011 jets

ä The Saab-Fairchild SF-340 goes into

ä Swissair Business Class is introduced

(IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009)

service with Crossair of Switzerland

February

on all aircraft systemwide

/ The decision to use side-stick controllers on the A320 is revealed by Airbus Industrie’s flight test team

2 March

/ Virgin Atlantic Airways is born. Licence granted for London (Gatwick) to New York (Newark) [1] / British Airways Concorde services to Washington are extended to Miami three days a week

202 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

AIRCOM, is introduced. SITA’s Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE) system launches – enabling airlines to share check-in terminals

/ Airbus launches A320

April 1 April

March

ä SITA’s first air-ground service, VHF

/ British become British Airways plc.

May 10 May

/ The 25th Session (Extraordinary) of the ICAO Assembly approves unanimously in Resolution A25-1 an amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, incorporating

an explicit recognition that the use of weapons against civil aircraft is prohibited (Com-

August 16 August

/ The ATR 42 makes its first flight [2]

pendium of International Civil Aviation)

October 21 May

/ Northwest shareholders approve the creation of NWA Inc., a Delaware corporation, as the holding company for Northwest Airlines

4 October

June 16 June

20 June

22 June

22 June

/ Frontier Airlines pilot Warner and co-pilot Barbara Cook make history by directing the first all-female commercial airline crew, on a flight from Denver, Colorado, to Lexington, Kentucky (Wikipedia) / The Civil Aeronautics Board publishes additional rules regulating smoking on aircraft. The provisions include a ban on smoking in commercial aircraft with fewer than 30 passenger seats, except for on-demand air taxis, and a total ban on smoking in airliners while on the ground (FAA)

partment of Transportation)

14 October

26 October

/ FAA publishes two rules to increase the survival chances of airline passengers encountering fire and smoke: First seat cushions must possess an outer layer of highly fireresistant material and second a rule requiring an emergency escape path marking at or near floor level

30 October

/ U.S. President Reagan signs into law the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, which gives DOT’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation the responsibility for promoting private sector commercial space endeavours (U.S. Department of Transportation)

/ Rutan Voyager first flight (Wikipedia)

July / Air Florida suspends all its flights after going bankrupt (Wikipedia)

22 July

/ PZL M28 first flight (Wikipedia)

November 1 November

25 July

/ The first telephone system, allowing passengers to call during a flight, begins operations by six companies (Chronique de l’ Aviation, 1991)

/ Virgin’s inaugural flight from London Gatwick to Newark takes place

3 July

/ U.S. President Reagan signs into law the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984, which transfers to DOT, among other things, CAB’s consumer protection functions and its authority to approve consolidations, mergers, and antitrust exemptions for airlines (U.S. De-

/ Xiamen Airlines Co. Ltd is established jointly by Civil Aviation Administration of China and Fujian Provincial Government

/ American introduces the American Eagle system, a network of regional airlines offering high-level service from small communities to large cities through connections to and from American Airlines (American Airlines & Wikipedia)

[2]

December 1 December

/ Northwest and Mesaba Airlines announce a regional airline marketing partnership, the first Northwest Airlink agreement

1 December

/ FAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration conduct a Controlled Impact Demonstration (CID) in which a Boeing 720 was remotely piloted to a prepared crash site at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.

Source: Airbus Group

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 203

1985

[2] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä The first EMB 120 Brasilia enters into

service with ASA – Atlantic Southeast Airlines in the United States

1985, titled The Civil Aviation Authority Ordinance

ä LAN becomes a joint stock company

ä Alaska Air Group is formed as a hold-

ä Nippon Cargo Airlines is established

ing company for Alaska Airlines ä The Government of the People’s Re-

public of Bangladesh forms the Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh (CAAB) via Ordinance No. XXXVIII of

ä Hawaiian’s first widebody L-1011 air-

craft added to fleet, as well as scheduled service between the U.S. west coast and Hawaii

March 29 March

May

/ Continental Inaugurates first nonstop service to Europe with flights from Newark and Houston to London / Hong Kong Dragon Airlines is established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong Macau International Investment Co.

204 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä UPS starts international air service be-

tween U.S. and six European countries

June

/ U.S. FAA issues AC 120-42. This AC provides guidance on one means of obtaining deviation authority from § 121.161 to allow twoengine airplanes to operate on routes up to 120 minutes from an adequate airport after demonstration of specific levels of in-service experience and systems reliability (FAA). TWA is the first U.S. airline to offer to fly the Atlantic using twin-engine aircraft (Boeing 767s), thus introducing ETOPS, or extended-range twin-engine operations, to the industry

12 June

/ Instituto de Aeronautica Civil de Cuba is created as a result of Decree Law 85 (Wikipedia)

25 June

/ Southwest Airlines and Muse Air consummate the acquisition whereby Muse Air becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Southwest

/ FAA publishes a rule to improve cabin fire protection for passengers aboard aircraft operated by major airlines under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121. The rule requires that each lavatory be equipped with a smoke detector, or equivalent, and that each lavatory trash receptacle be equipped with an automatic fire extinguisher

April 28 April

ä Ryanair is set up by the Ryan family

July

/ Air Operators Certificate (AOC) is issued to Dragonair by the Hong Kong Government. The airline’s first flight departs Hong Kong for Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

9 July

/ A310-300 first flight. As well as its advanced forward facing crew cockpit, the A310-300 is the first sub-sonic civil airliner to have a trim tank for extra fuel in the tail and, through the fuel transfer system, to control the centre of gravity to reduce fuel consumption and drag. It also features weight-saving carbon brakes and advanced aluminium alloys. The A310-300 is also the first commercial airliner to feature drag reducing wingtip devices and composites in primary structures, with an all-composite fin

9 July

/ The EMB 120 Brasilia receives its certification from the Aerospace Technical Center (CTA), a Brazilian aeronautical certification authority and its U.S. certification from the FAA

18 July

October 22 October to 7 November / The Third ICAO Air Transport Conference, held in Montreal is devoted to major economic issues in air transport and the application of national competition laws. The main issues dealt with centered on the varying approaches of governments to the regulation of air carriers, particularly regarding such issues as the number of flights and seats that the carriers may offer, the rules governing charter flights, the prices that may be charged by the carriers and rules applied in conjunction with these prices, such as baggage limits and compensation for denied boarding. Another important topic that was considered involved those efforts taken by governments and airlines to enforce passenger fares and cargo rates (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

25 October

/ Air New Zealand is given approval to purchase 77% share of the Mount Cook Group Ltd

/ Emirates flies its first routes out of Dubai with just two aircraft – a leased Boeing 737 and an Airbus 300 B4 [1] [1]

August 12 August

/ A Japan Air Lines 747 crashes into a mountain about 70 miles northwest of Tokyo after wandering out of control for more than 30 minutes. All but 4 of the 524 persons aboard are killed, a fatality toll higher than in any previous single-plane accident (FAA)

Source: Emirates

November 7 November

September

/ U.S. Secretary of Transportation Dole approves United Airlines’ acquisition of Pan American World Airways’ Pacific routes (U.S.

18 September / DOT issues a rule prohibiting deceptive airline code sharing. The rule requires airlines sharing the same two-letter designator code to notify passengers of the arrangement and identify the airline actually providing the transportation (FAA)

December

26 September / Carl Icahn acquires control of TWA

28 December / Fokker 50 first flight (Frawley, 2001) [2]

Department of Transportation)

3 December

/ Air Littoral (France) takes delivery of the first ATR 42

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 205

1986

[1] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä Bombardier purchases Canadair

ä Alia changes its trade name to Royal

of Air California (Air Cal)

Jordanian ä The USSR formally opens its airspace

ä After a change of airline manage-

to international airlines and, as a result, most services between Europe and the Far East are now operated nonstop via Siberia, which reduces travel time by about 6-7 hours (Com-

ment, the name Trans-Australia Airlines is dropped in favour of Australian Airlines (Wikipedia)

pendium of International Civil Aviation) ä Air Europa is established ä Alaska Air Group acquires Horizon Air

and Jet America Airlines

ä Bangkok Airways officially begins

its operations as Thailand’s first privately-owned domestic airline ä Founding of Germania Fluggesells-

ä Acquisition by TAM of Lapsa airline

from the Paraguayan government and creation of TAM Mercosur ä Chicago O‘Hare Airport is the first

airport to surpass 50 million passengers (ACI) ä Copenhagen Airport Pier B transit

chaft mbH

ä American sells its Sky Chefs subsidi-

ä Piedmont acquires Empire Airlines

ary and completes the acquisition

and its Syracuse, NY hub (US Airways)

hall is expanded and modernised – among other things it includes the world’s first “real” airport shopping centre (ACI)

/ Texas Air buy Eastern for $615 million

January 23 January

ä Spanair is founded (SAS)

/ Northwest announces an agreement with Republic Airlines for Northwest to acquire Republic for $884 million

1 March

(FAA)

April

February 13 February

/ Muse Air officially changes its name to TranStar (Southwest)

March

/ ANA begins scheduled international service with the start of a Tokyo – Guam route

206 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Trans World Airlines acquire Ozark Airlines

/ The European Court of Justice rules that air transport agreements are subject to the competition rules of the Treaty of Rome. This judgment, coupled with airline deregulation developments in the United States and elsewhere, puts considerable pressure on the Eu-

4 April

ropean Community (EC) to develop and agree upon an air transport policy after years of uncertainty as to whether European Community rules apply to air transport. As a consequence, the European Commission agrees to develop a general framework to liberalize air transport regulations within the European Community

2 October

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

30 November / Fokker 100 first flight (Frawley, 2001) [1]

/ British Airways long haul flights at Heathrow move from Terminal 3 to Terminal 4 together with selected short haul routes

November December

/ British Airways and United Airlines announce a worldwide marketing partnership

4 December

/ Air New Zealand and Cathay Pacific introduce weekly service between Auckland and Hong Kong

July 1 July

/ New Zealand Government allows up to 50% foreign ownership of domestic airlines in New Zealand (Air New Zealand)

August 6 August

/ British Aerospace ATP first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

15 August

/ AeroGal begins operations

15 August

/ In the aftermath of the Challenger disaster, U.S. President Reagan announces that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration would no longer be in the business of launching commercial payloads, giving the green light to private manufacturers to enter the commercial launch market (U.S. Department of Transportation)

15 August

/ Pursuant to an agreement with Japan and the Soviet Union, a new communications link provides a dedicated voice circuit between ATC centers in Tokyo and Khabarovsk, USSR American controllers at Anchorage could also communicate with Khabarovsk by patching through the Tokyo center (U.S. Department of

/ U.S. President Reagan signs into law the Air Carrier Access Act of 1986, which requires commercial airlines to provide nondiscriminatory service for passengers with disabilities (U.S. Department of Transportation)

14 to 23 December / Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager become the first aircraft pilots to circle the globe without landing or refueling when their experimental airplane Voyager touches down at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., after covering 25,000 miles in nine days. The aircraft had a propeller at each end of its fuselage and was equipped with a main wing nearly 111 feet long, as well as a smaller forward wing. Voyager took off on 14 December with 1,200 gallons of fuel and landed with only eight gallons of usable fuel remaining (FAA) 19 December / Western becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary of Delta [2]

[2]

Transportation)

September 19 September / Sichuan Airlines is established 30 September / Transamerica ceases operations (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

October 1 October

/ Northwest completes the acquisition of Republic Airlines

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 207

1987

[1] A320 first flight - Source: Airbus ä Turkish Civil Aviation Department is

established (SHGM) ä Birth of Air Tahiti, in its current form ä CAAC’s airline operations split into 6

separate airlines, each named after the geographic region of the location of their headquarters and main operation areas: Air China, China Southwest Airlines, China Eastern Airlines,

China Northwest Airlines, China Southern Airlines and China Northern Airlines (Wikipedia) ä MIAT Mongolian Civil Air Transporta-

tion Corporation starts its international operations with Tu-154 aircraft wet leased in from the Soviet Union ä Transat is created and an initial

public offering raises $8.25 million.

February

/ British Airways is finally privatised in a hugely oversubscribed flotation

1 February

22 February

It acquires Vacances Multitour. Air Transat makes its inaugural flight ä BAA is privatized (ACI) ä Swissair, British Airways, KLM and

United Airlines (Covia) launch the Galileo computerised global distribution system ä SABRE becomes available via the per-

sonal computer

March

/ Canadian Airlines is launched, CP Air, EPA, Nordair and PWA are amalgamated to form the new airline

/ Continental becomes the third largest U.S. airline with the consolidation of Frontier, People Express and New York Air

18 March

/ A320 roll-out and first flight. The A320 becomes the first airliner to fly with full digital, computer-driven fly-by-wire controls and side-stick controller, replacing the traditional complex cables and pulleys system [1]

/ The first revenue flight of an airplane equipped with an operational TCAS II version of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System occurs (FAA)

April

208 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1 April

/ Operations of Western and Delta officially merge

11 April

/ Air 2000 starts operations (Wikipedia)

20 June

/ Southwest introduces “The Company Club,” a frequent flyer program

30 April

/ UAL, Inc. changes its name to Allegis Corporation

July

/ Air France introduces in-flight video on all its long-haul Airbus A300s, then on all its Boeing 747s

May 19 May

26 May

31 May

/ Pacific Southwest Airlines of San Diego becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary of USAir Group (US Airways & FAA) / A new FAA regulation requires airline operators to equip all large passenger aircraft with protective breathing equipment (PBE) for flight attendants / First landing by a DHC-7 of Brymon Airways at London City Airport (London City Airport Consul-

/ A merger of British Airways with financially troubled British Caledonian is announced and implemented in December after an agreement to drop some of BCAL’s slots had been reached 1 July

/ AirCal merges into American Airlines (FAA)

August 9 August

tative Committee)

June

/ The Continental’s OnePass Frequent Flyer Program is created

5 June

/ Launch of a new family of aircraft: the A330300, the A340-200 and the A340-300

5 June

/ FAA publishes a rule requiring airlines to develop and use approved programs to control the amount and size of carry-on baggage with compliance by 1 January 1988

7 June

/ Washington National and Dulles International airports are transferred from the FAA to the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (U.S. Department of Transportation)

16 June

19 June

20 June

/ The “International Agreement on the Procedure for the Establishment of Tariffs for Intra-European Scheduled Air Services” and The “International Agreement on the Sharing of Capacity on Intra-European Scheduled Air Services” are opened for signatures (ECAC) / The National Air Traffic Controllers Association becomes the exclusive representative of terminal and center controllers in the US / Air France, Iberia, Lufthansa and DAS jointly developed a new global distribution system (GDS) – Amadeus (Chronique de l’ Aviation,

/ TranStar (Southwest’s wholly owned, but independently operated, subsidiary) permanently ceases all airline operations

September 3 September / The Allegis board approves the sale of Hilton International (United Airlines)

November

/ Piedmont Airlines, the dominant carrier throughout the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, becomes a subsidiary of USAir Group (US Airways)

18 November / JAL is completely privatized with the Law to Repeal the Japan Airlines Law taking effect

December

/ The EU first “package” of measures are adopted to relax the established rules. For intra-EU traffic, it limits the right of governments to object to the introduction of new fares. It also gives some flexibility to airlines concerning seat capacity sharing / A300-600R first flight / Air Vanuatu is formed

19 December / Effective this date, FAA requires a positive baggage/passenger match on all international flights by U.S. airlines. FAA had placed the same requirement on select international flights since the summer of 1985

1991)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 209

1988

[2] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä ICAO’s New Technologies Working

Group of the TAG/MRTD begins work on establishing the most effective biometric identification system and associated means of data storage for use in MRTD applications, particularly in relation to document issuance and immigration considerations (ICAO)

ä Air Outre Mer (AOM) is founded (Wikipedia)

ä Swissair acquires holdings in Crosä Blue1 based in Helsinki is established

countries of Central and Eastern European to operate using American airliners (Boeing 767)

/ Burnley announces Departmental approval of the nation’s first commercial space launch license to Conatec, Inc., of Lanham, Maryland

ä UPS receives authorization from the

FAA to operate its own aircraft, thereby officially becoming an airline

the world on the Concorde is conducted in 31 hours and 45 minutes (Chronique de l’ Aviation,

/ Dual ceremonies celebrate the simultaneous roll-out of the Boeing 737-400 and the 747400

1991)

22 February

/ The New Zealand Government allows an Australian airline (Ansett) to buy 100% control of a New Zealand domestic airline (Air New Zealand)

26 February

/ A320 receives joint European certification

March

/ KLM takes over NetherLines European Commuter service

February 11 February

sair (38%), Covia (11.3%) and Austrian Airlines (3%)

ä LOT becomes the first carrier in the

January 26 January

ä PSA is merged into USAir (US Airways)

(U.S. Department of Transportation)

17 February

/ Asiana is founded

19 February

/ The first Boeing 767-300ER (extended range) is delivered to American Airlines

28 March

/ Air France, launch customer, takes delivery of the first A320

20 February

/ Organized by the agency Kuoni, a tour around

29 March

/ Spantax ceases all operations (Wikipedia)

210 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

April

/ Air Liberté begins operations (Wikipedia)

14 July

/ Sichuan Airlines officially commences operations

1 April

/ Toa Domestic Airline changes its name to Japan Air System Co., Ltd. (JAL)

25 July

/ Portugalia is incorporated

1 April

23 April

/ Thai Airways International merges with Thai Airways Company (TAC) / A ban on smoking on U.S. airline flights of less than two hours comes into effect (U.S. Department of Transportation). Northwest bans smoking on all North American flights, the first major U.S. airline to do so

August 9 August

/ Mesaba Aviation is selected as an Airlink carrier serving the Detroit hub (Northwest Airlines)

18 August

/ Air Canada’s Privatization Act, Bill C-129, receives royal assent allowing the government to sell 45% of its holdings in the airline

September 29 April

/ First flight of the first 747-400 [1]

May 26 May

/ Allegis name is dropped and the holding company is named UAL Corporation

June

/ China Eastern Airlines is founded

7 September / At a special meeting, TWA stockholders approve Carl Icahn’s proposal to take the company private. The privatization takes $610.3 million out of TWA –of which $469 million goes to Icahn– and adds $539.7 million to TWA’s debt 9 September / Air France and Lufthansa establish Euroberlin

2 June

13 June

/ Finnair direct flights from Helsinki to Beijing begin. The flights represent the first direct connection between Europe and China by a Western European airline / Austrian Airlines shares are introduced at the Vienna stock exchange

July 1 July

16 September / Air New Zealand takes a 50% shareholding in the regional carriers Eagle Aviation Ltd (Eagle Air) and Air Nelson Ltd (Air Nelson) 21 September / Northwest Flight Operations begins tests of new Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)

/ Air China Limited (“Air China”) is founded (Air China & Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

1 July

(Airlines Remembered, 2000)

/ Deregulation of the European air transport industry

22 September / FAA issues a rule requiring that all turbinepowered airliners seating 30 passengers or more carry equipment to warn pilots when they encounter low-altitude wind shear 28 September / First flight of IL-96-300 S/N USSR-96000

1 July

/ Japan Air System introduces its first international scheduled flights on the Narita – Seoul route

[1]

747-400 first flight

October 1 October

/ Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. is created using the trading name Aeromexico and the emblem of the Eagle Warrior

3 October

/ Smoking banned on all Air New Zealand domestic flights

4 October

/ Continental forms first global alliance with Scandinavian Airline Systems

27 October

/ First flight of the ATR 72

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 211

1988 21 December / Antonov An-225 Mriya first flight (Jane’s,

December 20 December / NZ Government announces the sale of 100% of Air New Zealand to a consortium headed by Brierley Investments Ltd. Brierley will take 65% of the shares, with 30% of its stake to be sold to the N.Z. public, staff and institutional investors. Qantas 19.9%, Japan Airlines 7.5%, American Airlines 7.5% and a New Zealand Government “Kiwi” share make up the balance. This share has special powers to ensure that the majority shareholding is held by New Zealanders

1993) [2]

28 December / Let L-610 first flight (Jane’s, 1993) 30 December / FAA amends this AC in 1988 (AC 120-42A) to permit two-engine airplanes to operate up to 180 minutes from an adequate airport. These ACs introduce the term “ETOPS” for those specific Extended Operations (FAA)

tablished as a joint venture between Aer Lingus and Spanish investors (Air-

1989

ä Resort Air Inc. changes it name to

lines Worldwide, 2000) ä The Chilean government sells a 51%

ä Bombardier launches the 50-seat

Canadair Regional Jet (CRJ) program

stake of LAN to local investors and Scandinavian Airlines

ä CAA of Mongolia becomes a member

ä Piedmont is integrated into USAir.

of ICAO ä Antonov Airlines is founded ä BinterCanarias operations starts in

the Canary Islands ä Futura International Airways is es-

The merger brings with it Piedmont’s international routes as well as its Charlotte, Baltimore, Dayton and Syracuse hubs. Baltimore and Charlotte remain hubs. The merger also brings USAir’s its first widebody jets, the Boeing 767-200ERs, to be used on its transatlantic routes, as well

31 January

January 2 January

/ Tupolev Tu-204 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

10 January

/ FAA publishes a rule requiring the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) on all airliners with more than 30 passenger seats operating in U.S. airspace

15 January

/ The Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS), a red-and-green traffic light system for runways and taxiways, begins a one-year test at New York Kennedy airport (FAA)

31 January

/ Federal Express acquires the Flying Tiger Line (FAA)

212 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

as some transcontinental routes [1]

Trans States Airlines ä Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) purchas-

es a 24.9% stake in British Midland ä Swissair cooperation agreements

concluded with three partner carriers: Delta Air Lines (March), SAS (September) and Singapore Airlines (December) ä Wardair Canada is folded into Cana-

dian Airlines

/ Northwest is launch customer of the world’s largest commercial airliner, the Boeing 747400. Although the aircraft is destined for

[1]

transpacific service, the maiden revenue flight is from the Twin Cities to Phoenix [2]

lion. Wings Holdings is an investment group organized by Al Checchi and Gary Wilson, and includes KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Frederic V. Malek, Richard Blum Associates, Bankers Trust New York Corporation and other investors

February 21 February

/ Tradewinds, a Singapore Airlines subsidiary, becomes Singapore’s second airline

July March

/ Evergreen Group Chairman and Founder Dr. Chang Yung-Fa establishes EVA Air

August

April 17 April

/ KLM acquires a 20% interest in the U.S. carrier Northwest Airlines, an important step toward the creation of a worldwide network

/ Air New Zealand’s sale to the Brierley-led consortium completed with the formal handing over of cheques to the Government for $660 million

May

/ Virgin Atlantic becomes the first airline to offer business class passengers individual TVs with the introduction of Sony Video walkmans and a library of films

1 May

/ The FAA and the National Air Traffic Controllers Association conclude their first collective bargaining agreement (U.S. Department of Transportation)

June

/ KLM introduces the Boeing 747-400

1 June

/ Northwest Boeing 747-400 enters international service on the New York – Tokyo route

12 June

/ Airbus announces it has delivered 500 aircraft since its inception

19 June

/ NWA Inc. and Wings Holdings agree to the acquisition of NWA Inc. by Wings at a price of $121 per share, or approximately $3.5 bil-

[2]

7 August

/ The first Croatian air carrier, called Zagal –actually Zagreb Airlines– is registered (Croatia Airlines)

17 August

/ The first Qantas 747-400, VH-OJA “City of Canberra”, touches down at Sydney Airport after a nonstop flight from London to Sydney. The 18,001km flight, under the command of Captain David Massy-Greene, took 20 hours, nine minutes and five seconds and established a new world distance record for a commercial aircraft.

September 12 September / Extraordinary General Assembly of Swissair Shareholders votes to increase share capital to CHF 709,171,750 to allow 5% cross-equity investment with Delta Air Lines 13 September / American opens its seventh hub in Miami 14 September/ U.S. Congress passes smoking legislation for domestic passenger flights

October

/ Bombardier acquires Short Brothers plc / SunExpress is founded as a subsidiary of Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa

6 October

/ Air Liberté Tunisie is created as a subsidiary of the French carrier Air Liberté (Nouvelair)

29 October

/ Under a joint service agreement between Air New Zealand and Qantas, 10 weekly Tasman flights will be code shared – six to be operated by Qantas aircraft and crew, and four by Air New Zealand aircraft and crew

November Source: Delta Flight Museum

29 November / Weekly B747-200 service Christchurch – 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 213

1989 Auckland – Narita – Christchurch becomes the first joint service between Air New Zealand and Japan Airlines, and operates under dual flight numbers

December

/ An agreement is reached for British Airways to acquire a 20% shareholding in Sabena World Airlines. The other partners in the joint

venture are Sabena and KLM. The proposal is eventually approved by the UK Monopolies and Mergers Commission in July 1990, but the European Commission had already issued a statement of objection, requesting further information in June 1990. In December 1990, the three partners eventually decide not to proceed with the plan

Early 1990s:

1990

ä Modern “intelligent” ATC – the same

number of controllers handling more traffic (CANSO)

Early 1990s: ä Centralisation of flow manage-

ä Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) is formed (Wikipedia) [1]

[1] ä Creation of The International Air Car-

go Forum Association ä The second EU “package” opens up

the market further, allowing greater flexibility over the setting of fares and capacity-sharing. It also gives all EU carriers the right to carry an unlimited number of passengers or cargo between their home country and another EU country ä Estonian Civil Aviation Administration is formed (Wikipedia)

ä Delta, Northwest Airlines and TWA

ment is an impressive development (CANSO)

Mid 1990s: ä Air traffic management (ATM) is in-

troduced in the world of aviation (CANSO)

and Lufthansa: DLT becomes an independent company (Lufthansa CityLine)

combine reservation systems to form WORLDSPAN Travel Information Services

ä Lufthansa and Japan Airlines acquire

ä American expands its Latin American

a 5% share each in the express courier service DHL

service with routes acquired from Eastern Air Lines, with Miami as the focal point of the expansion ä CITIC Pacific, the Swire Group and Ca-

thay Pacific purchase an 89% stake in Dragonair ä Delta introduces onboard recycling:

attendants collect aluminum cans on flights into Atlanta, Cincinnati, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Los Angeles and Salt Lake City ä Delta participates in the Civil Reserve

ä Austrian Airlines, Finnair, SAS and

Air Fleet (CRAF) during Desert Storm/ Desert Shield from 1990-1991 flying military charters

Swissair announce the formation of their European Quality Alliance (EQA)

ä Cooperation agreement between DLT

ä The Ryan family invests a further

£20m. in the company, and copying the Southwest Airlines’ low fares model, Ryanair is re-launched under new management as Europe’s first low fares airline ä Brasil Central is renamed TAM-Trans-

portes Aéreos Meridonais ä Pegasus Hava Tasimaciligi A.S, is

founded as a joint venture company by Aer Lingus Group, Silkar Yatirim ve Insaat Organizasyonu A.S. and Net Holding A.S. ä The Volga-Dnepr joint stock company

214 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

is registered in Ulyanovsk, Russia

January 10 January

1 April

/ Air New Zealand and British Airways sign a commercial alliance effectively giving both airlines daily round-the-world services. “Streamlined” connections offers flights from the UK to NZ and vice versa on either airline via the east or west, changing to the other carriers flights at Singapore, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur or Los Angeles

10 April

/ The 6,000th Boeing jetliner, a 767, is delivered to Britannia Airways

May

/ Virgin becomes first airline to introduce automatic defibrillators and trained staff to aid in flight cardiac arrest victims

15 May

/ United launches its first scheduled transatlantic services with flights to Frankfurt, Germany, from both Chicago and Washington, D.C.

22 May

/ Civil Aviation & Meteorology Authority (CAMA) is the Entity that is formed on the historic date of Yemen Unity Day

/ The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 makes its first flight [2] [2]

N111MD rotating at Long Beach first flight - Source: photo’s courtesy of Douglas Aircraft Company via Geoffrey Thomas

12 January

/ Air France, UTA and Air Inter merge to form the Air France Group (after Air France acquires stakes in UTA)

30 January

/ The Department of Transportation (DOT) issues an order inviting applications from eligible foreign airlines wishing to serve U.S. cities having no single-plane service to the applicant’s home countries. On 27 March, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines becomes the first of several carriers that received route awards under this program (FAA)

June

February 25 February

/ In response to a congressional mandate, prohibition of smoking comes into effect on virtually all scheduled U.S. domestic airline flights (FAA)

1 June

/ The U.S. Secretary of State and Soviet Foreign Minister sign an agreement providing for expanded air service between their two countries (FAA)

July

March 2 March

/ FAA issues a final rule requiring air carriers to restrict seats in exit rows to persons capable of activating emergency exits

28 March

/ The Boeing 737 becomes the world’s bestselling jetliner when United Airlines accepts delivery of the 1,832nd 737

29 March

/ First flight of IL-114 regional aircraft [3]

23 July

/ Following the first democratic elections in Croatia, Zagal changes its name to Croatia Airlines

August 2 August

/ Iraq invades and seizes control of Kuwait. President Bush’s response includes immediate restrictions on air transportation between the U.S. and Iraq (FAA)

9 August

/ Scandinavian Airline System buys Lorenzo’s interests in Continental Airline Holdings (FAA)

[3]

Septenber Source: Ilyushin

April

/ The European Air Traffic Control Harmonisation and Integration Programme launched (EUROCONTROL)

25 September / The United Nations votes to ban virtually all air traffic with Iraq, with the exception of certain humanitarian flights (FAA) 27 September / United Air Lines is the first airline to introduce satellite communications for its aircraft (Wikipedia) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 215

1990 October

1 October

1 October

/ All flights of Air Canada between North America and Europe become non-smoking, a world first / Through an auction, the VOE/Canhedo consortium, comprising the Group and employees Canhedo VASP, acquires for U.S. $ 44,000,000 (forty-four million dollars), 60% of common shares of VASP, and shall have control of the company

/ First scheduled flight of Lufthansa to Tegel Airport in Berlin after German reunification

29 October

/ The formal go-ahead is given for the Boeing 777 jet transport with an initial order of 34 airplanes and 34 options by United Airlines

30 October

/ Alliance between Air New Zealand and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) to promote each other as a preferred onward carrier with connecting points at Los Angeles, Singapore, Bangkok and Tokyo

31 October

/ Australian domestic airline deregulation starts (Ansett & Wikipedia)

/ JAL bans smoking on 13 routes with flight times under two hours

5 October

/ JAL establishes Japan Air Charter

11 October

/ Air India completes evacuation of stranded Indian nationals from the Gulf. Air India, in association with Indian Airlines, Indian Air Force and Aeroflot, operated 488 special flights to airlift 111,711 stranded Indian nationals. With such a large number of people having never been airlifted before, Air India adds a new chapter to the annals of World Civil Aviation history

22 to 26 October / The 28th Session (Extraordinary) of the ICAO Assembly, held in Montreal, adopts a comprehensive policy with regard to noise issues, including specific provisions concerning operating restrictions on subsonic jet aircraft which exceed the noise levels (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

23 October

28 October

/ United announces the purchase of Pan American Airways’ routes between the United States and London

216 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

November 21 November / A consortium headed by Iberia begins operating the company, which changes its firm name to Aerolineas Argentinas S.A.

December

/ Alliances announced between Air New Zealand, Qantas and Canadian Airlines to become effective 1 April 1991. Major impact will be rationalisation of long-haul Pacific and transTasman flights

7 December

/ The first of four Finnair’s MD-11 (launch customer) passenger aircraft arrive in Helsinki

10 December / Northwest signs an agreement with Hawaiian Airlines establishing a wide range of cooperative programs, including the transfer to Northwest of Hawaiian’s route authority to Australia and a 25% ownership in Hawaiian Airlines

1991

sky express - Source: Kostas Iatrou [1]

ä The ACI is established from the

merger of Airports Operators Council International (AOCI) and the International Civil Airports Association (ICAA) (ACI) ä ACI EUROPE is founded ä European Cockpit Association (ECA) is

created

ä American flies its billionth passenger ä Estonian Air is founded ä Delta purchases substantially all of

Pan Am’s transatlantic routes and the Pan Am Shuttle, making this the largest acquisition of flights in airline history ä KLM-Northwest Airlines begins oper-

ä The Civil Aviation Authority of Uganda

ating code share flights on the North Atlantic

(CAA) is established through CAA Ordinance number 2 of 1991

ä Tyumen Civil Aviation Division is reor-

ä Air Dolomiti starts its operations

ganized into the company OJSC Tyumenaviatrans (UTair)

January

/ UK CAA opens the door to Heathrow for Virgin’s operations

18 January

/ Eastern Air Lines ceases operations as the airline runs out of operating cash (Eastern Air Lines & FAA)

23 January

ä Singapore Airlines and Swissair con-

duct an equity cross-purchase: Swissair acquires 0.62% of SIA, while SIA obtains a 2.77% holding in Swissair ä Swissair acquires majority voting

rights in regional carrier Crossair and becomes the world’s first airline to produce a full-scale environmental audit ä SITA: The Mega-Transport Network

becomes operational. This forms the fourth generation of the world’s largest network

/ The U.S. Department of Transportation announces that it would relax restrictions on foreign investment in U.S. airlines. Under the new policy, investments up to 49% of total equity obtained from foreign sources will generally not be considered an indicator of foreign control (FAA)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 217

1991 February

/ U.S. FAA replaces the NAS Plan with the more comprehensive Capital Investment Plan

3 February

/ The Albanian Directory General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is established

12 February to 1 March / The Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection is adopted by the International Conference on Air Law, held in Montreal under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). This Convention is aimed at contributing to the prevention of unlawful acts involving the use of plastic explosives (Com-

30 April

/ The 1,010th Boeing 707 rolls-out of the Renton, Wash., plant, ending a 35-year-old production line

30 April

/ Interflug last commercial flight (on the Berlin – Vienna – Berlin route using a Tu-134) takes place (Wikipedia)

May 3 May

/ Alisarda name is changed to Meridiana

10 May

/ Bombardier CRJ100 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

21 May

/ Air New Zealand domestic airline operations move under the banner of Air New Zealand National, and regional carriers Eagle Air and Air Nelson use the name Air New Zealand Link

24 May

/ An EL AL Boeing 747 airlifts a record-breaking 1,087 passengers – Ethiopian Jews flying from Addis Ababa to Israel as part of Operation Solomon

31 May

/ Finnair gains the right to fly direct to Tokyo over Siberia. The first flight is on this date. The flight route adjustment cuts the flying time by around three hours

31 May

/ Pilatus PC-12 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

June

/ The “Aeroflot Soviet Airlines” Commercial Production Alliance is created

pendium of International Civil Aviation)

March 8 March

/ Air Europe bankrupt (Wikipedia)

11 March

/ The United States and the United Kingdom reach an agreement on airline service which includes permission for United and American Airlines to succeed Pan American and Trans World Airways in serving London Heathrow. In return, British airlines receive supplementary rights involving increased access to U.S. airports (FAA)

April

/ Joachim Hunold purchases an 82.5% share in Air Berlin Inc. and thereby founds Air Berlin GmbH & Co. Luftverkehrs KG

1 April

/ Air New Zealand’s new alliances come into effect with Qantas, Canadian Airlines and American Airlines

1 April

/ KLM merges NLM Cityhopper and NetherLines to create KLM Cityhopper

2 April

/ Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines begin their first joint service, twice-weekly flights between Minneapolis/St. Paul and Amsterdam, launching their airline alliance

3 April

/ Northwest is first U.S. airline to fly over the Soviet Union since World War II

18 April

/ Air New Zealand acquires 100% interest in the Mount Cook Group

218 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Virgin Atlantic becomes the first airline operating widebodied aircraft to offer individual TV screens and a choice of channels to passengers in all classes 1 June

/ Mandarin Airlines is established

20 June

/ Airbus Industrie enters the International Bond market for the first time with the launch of a major Eurolira bond issue as part of its campaign to finance the development costs of the new A321 single-aisle stretched aircraft

20 June

/ Skinner announces a further liberalization of the law regarding foreign investment in U.S. air carriers, raising the maximum foreign ownership of voting stock in U.S. air carriers from 25% to 49% (U.S. Department of Transportation)

July

/ Deregulation of domestic air routes within South Africa (open skies) comes into effect (Safair)

/ An agreement is signed to begin work on creating a new international airline based in Moscow to be known as Air Russia. British Airways will have a 31% stake

3 November

/ TAE is bankrupt (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

5 November

/ Transaero Airlines is born and is the first private airline in the history of Russia

5 November

/ “Connoisseur Class” service, United’s new international business class, is introduced

13 November / Midway ceases operations (Wikipedia) / The Gambia Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) is established as an autonomous body 1 July

/ EVA Air makes its maiden flight

August 12 August

/ A Federal bankruptcy judge approves a deal under which Delta Air Lines will acquire major Pan American assets and also own 45% of a downsized PAA (FAA)

September

22 November / The code sharing agreement between Air New Zealand and American Airlines is discontinued

December

/ KLM introduces Flying Dutchman, making it the first airline on the European continent to create a frequent flyer loyalty program

4 December

/ Pan Am ceases operations

6 December

/ Dornier 328 first flight (Jane’s, 1993)

9 December

/ United acquires Pan Am Latin American operations for $135 million

25 September / British Aerospace Jetstream 41 first flight (Jane’s, 1993) [1]

October

/ Following the independence of Namibia, the company is re-christened, adopting the name of Air Namibia (Wikipedia) / KLM increases its interest in charter carrier Transavia from 40% to 80%. [2]

/ Air Outre Mer (AOM) merges with Air Minerve (Wikipedia)

22 October

/ Northwest pioneers the first satellite navigation and communication link

25 October

/ A highly successful first flight for the A340 [2]

November 1 November

/ Delta begins operating Pan Am’s transatlantic routes

A340 first flight - Source: Airbus

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 219

1992

[1] A340-200 first flight - Source: Airbus ä The de Havilland division of Boeing,

ä Copa Airlines begins operating from

based in Canada, joins the Bombardier family

the first Panamanian headquarters for flights connecting within Latin America, creating the Hub of the Americas at the Tocumen International Airport

ä The Republic of Armenia becomes

ICAO member ä Aegean Aviation becomes the first

ä CSA is transformed into a joint stock

private airline with an air operator’s certificate in Greece

company in the second part of the year, with Air France as a shareholder

ä Airlink officially commences opera-

ä EVA Air and Virgin Atlantic Mid Class

tions

(May) introduce two of the very first premium economy services

ä American introduces American Flag-

ship Service, a premium three-class transcontinental service for domestic travellers

February March

ä Lufthansa Cargo, Japan Airlines and

Nissho Iwai increase their interest in DHL to 57.5% ä The LOT Voyager loyalty programme

is created and introduced for the airline’s frequent flyers ä Mahan Air is established as the first

Iranian private airline ä Delta introduces new in-flight tech-

nologies including seat-back telephones, live radio news broadcasts;

ä Ukraine International Airlines (UIA) is

established

/ DLT is renamed Lufthansa CityLine

January End

first U.S. airline with moving maps in the cabin showing aircraft’s position and route

/ Adria Airways resumes its activities 26 March

/ First flight of Saab 2000 (Frawley, 2001)

/ American Airlines sells its stake in Air New Zealand

28 March

/ Chosonminhang is renamed Air Koryo by the decision of the Government

/ Volga-Dnepr commences international operations under its own flag

April

/ MAS AIR begins operations

220 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Virgin is first airline to provide child safety seats

17 May

/ Deutsche BA, the company formed by a consortium of German banks and British Airways, announces the acquisition of the German regional airline, Delta Air

June

1 April

/ A340-200 first flight [1]

1 Apri

/ Jet Airways is founded

1 Apri

/ Tradewinds is renamed SilkAir

3 April

/ By order of the Director, Air Transport Dept. of the RF Ministry of Transport, the Leningrad United Air Unit is renamed Pulkovo Airlines

3 June

/ The Guinness Book of Records recognizes Air India’s historic and Herculean effort of airlifting over a lakh of stranded Indian nationals from Amman during August-October 1990 as a record and includes it in the 1993 edition

July

/ The Olympic Torch Reaches Spain with Iberia [2]

/ British Airways and USAir Group Inc announce an agreement to forge links through an investment by British Airways of U.S. $ 750m in convertible preferred shares in USAir. The agreement is terminated in December of the same year after the U.S. Government indicates the transaction would not be approved without concessions by the UK Government under the two countries’ bilateral air services agreement

(Rossiya)

10 April

/ Sabena signs an industrial and commercial cooperation agreement with Air France

14 April

/ Onur Havayollari Tasimacilik A.S. is established

May

/ Finnair introduces the Finnair Plus frequentflyer award scheme

1 May

/ Carl Icahn sells TWA’s route authorities from Philadelphia and Baltimore to London to USAir for $50 million. TWA retains St. Louis – London route

/ Munich Airport commences operations, moving from the former site at Munich-Riem Airport, which was closed shortly before midnight on the previous day

1 July

/ Reno Air begins services (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona - Source: Aeroport de Barcelona el Prat [2]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 221

1992 17 July

28 July

/ The United States and the European Economic Community sign an agreement placing certain limitations on government subsidies for the development and production of large civil aircraft (FAA) / “Aeroflot Soviet Airlines” Commercial Production Alliance is transformed into the open stock company “Aeroflot Russian International Airlines”

9 September / Northwest Airlines and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines agree to create what they called “a unified global airlines system” (FAA) 29 September to 8 October / The 29th Session of the ICAO Assembly held in Montreal endorses a blueprint for a global satellite-based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance – Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) systems concept to replace existing line-of-sight systems (Compendium of

August 10 August

International Civil Aviation)

/ The Civil Aviation Amendment Act 1992 passes into law, and the stand-alone CAA of New Zealand comes into being

October

September / Qantas acquires Australian Airlines (Wikipedia) / British Airways announces that it intends to acquire 49.9% share in TAT European Airlines for £17.25 4 September / DOT announces that the United States and the Netherlands have signed the first aviation agreement under the liberalized “open skies” initiative (U.S. Department of Transportation)

[3]

A330-300 first flight - Source: Airbus

222 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ A new era in the history of civil aviation in Ukraine begins with the creation of the state regulator of aviation (State Aviation Administration of Ukraine)

November

/ Shenzhen Airlines Co., Ltd, is founded / British Airways acquires for £1 the assets of the holding company for Dan-Air

2 November

/ The A330-300, the world’s largest twin-engine widebody, flies for the first time [3]

7 November

December

/ New “beyond rights” agreement between New Zealand and Australia come into effect. Air New Zealand’s begins services to/from Taipei via Brisbane, and also services to/from Bangkok via Brisbane / LOT Polish Airlines is transformed into a sole shareholder Treasury company / Australian Government announces that Brit-

1993 ä The Republic of Belarus becomes a

full member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ä Air Europa starts operating sched-

uled domestic flights, breaking Iberia’s monopoly in Spain ä Atlas begins operations ä Eurowings is founded following a

merger of Nürnberger Flugdienst (NFD) and Reise – und Industrieflug (RFG) (Wikipedia)

January

22 December / After more than 2,400 test flights, both versions of the long range A340, the A340-200 and the A340-300, receive certification from the European Joint Airworthiness Authorities. It is the first time that approval had been granted simultaneously for two different aircraft versions

ä Jersey European Airways Business

ä Norwegian is established. The airline

Class service is launched, marking the first UK domestic airline to offer two classes (Flybe)

starts operating flights on the west coast of Norway with Fokker F-50s in cooperation with Braathens S.A.F.E.

ä Interair South Africa is established

(AFRAA) ä Miles & More loyalty program is intro-

ä Oman Air, the flagship company of

the Sultanate of Oman’s Civil Aviation sector, commences operations ä Precision Air is established

duced by Lufthansa ä Swissair merges Balair with the other ä Lufthansa CityLine becomes a wholly

owned subsidiary of Deutsche Lufthansa AG ä Mahan Air takes off on its maiden

voyage and begins domestic service between Tehran and Kerman

/ British Airways announces a new alliance with USAir, including an immediate investment of US$300m (£198m) by British Airways in new convertible preferred shares in USAir, for an initial 19.9% voting interest / The EU “third package” of measures is applied. This package introduces the freedom to provide services within the EU / Hainan Airlines Co Ltd is founded and formally begins its operations with its first flight from Haikou to Beijing

1 January

ish Airways has successfully bid A$665 million for 25% of Qantas

/ Cruzeiro do Sul ceases to exist as it is fully absorbed into Varig (Wikipedia)

Swissair subsidiary CTA to form BalairCTA ä Launch by TAM of TAM Fidelidade, Bra-

zil’s first frequent flyer program ä Transaero is the first in Russia to re-

ceive Boeing aircraft

11 January

/ U.S. Department of Transportation approves Northwest/KLM commercial cooperation and integration agreement under a grant of antitrust immunity. KLM and Northwest now are free to join together in creating a unified global airline system, the first of its kind in the world

12 January

/ Air Moldova is founded by the decree of the President of the Republic of Moldova

14 January

/ TWA inaugurates “Comfort Class” service

16 January

/ Bosnia and Herzegovina becomes member of ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 223

1993 20 January

/ Northwest and KLM announce first major steps toward integrating operations, including creation of a Seal of Partnership logo [1] [1]

April

/ Vietnam Airlines is officially established as the country’s national flag carrier

4 April

/ Fokker 70 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

13 April

/ Northwest and KLM coordinate their frequent flier plans, creating the most expansive free travel program in the airline industry

May

/ Ukraine becomes a member of ICAO (State

February 2 February

Aviation Administration of Ukraine)

/ Lufthansa takes delivery of the first A340200

22 February

/ The McDonnell Douglas MD-90 commercial transport makes its first flight [2]

March

/ Aegean Airlines is established

4 May

/ First flight of the 747-400 Freighter

5 May

/ Jet Airways commence operations

June

/ British Airways launches daily flights between Gatwick and Pittsburgh using a USAir Boeing 767 in British Airways livery and staffed by USAir crews in British Airways uniforms

8 June

/ Joel R. Goheen invents electronic ticketing in the airline industry (http://www.google.com/

/ British Airways purchases a 25% stake in Qantas 11 March

15 March

/ A321 flies for the first time from Hamburg, Germany [3] / DOT approves British Airways $300 million investment in USAir (U.S. Department of Trans-

patents/US5724520)

16 June

/ An A340-200 dubbed the “World Ranger” sets a series of records by flying round the world with only one stop. The aircraft takes off from the Paris air show on 16th June and arrives in Auckland, New Zealand, the next day after a flight lasting 21 hours and 32 minutes. The aircraft takes off again five hours later, landing at Le Bourget after 21 hours and 46 minutes. Among the world records set by the A340 World Ranger: the first non-stop flight between Europe and New Zealand and the longest non-stop flight by an airliner

July

/ British Airways announces a new marketing agreement with CityFlyer Express

1 July

/ Japan’s “Southwest Airlines” changes its name to Japan Trans Ocean Air (JAL)

14 July

/ Aeroflot starts passenger operations on “Moscow – New York” route with IL-96-300

portation)

16 March

/ Northwest and KLM begin to expand code share service to more than 30 Northwest destinations in North America and more than 30 KLM destinations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa

25 March

/ The first A340-300 delivered to Air France. It also is the 1,000th Airbus aircraft to be handed over in the consortium’s history

[2]

August 12 August Source: Boeing

224 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ MIAT Mongolian Airlines begins as self-dependent state owned enterprise

1993

First flight - Source: Airbus [3]

12 August

/ Autonomous Romanian Civil Aviation Authority is established by Government Decision no. 405

22 September / Sterling Airways ceases operations (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

October 25 August

/ Air Zarco (euroAtlantic) is founded and the company adopts the trade name Air Madeira

September / Airzena is established (Georgian Airways)

/ Air Services agreement is signed by the governments of the Peoples Republic of China and New Zealand, opening the way for international service between the two countries (Air New Zealand)

/ KLM and Northwest Airlines start operating all their flights between the U.S. and Europe as part of a joint venture

21 October

/ The A330-300 becomes the first airliner to achieve simultaneous European and American certification

11 September / Ansett Australia’s first international flights commence to Bali

26 October

/ ValuJet first commercial flight occurs between Atlanta and Tampa (airTran)

13 September / United announces the sale of 15 of its 17 flight kitchens to Dobbs International, ending an era of all-in-house catering launched in December 1936

November

/ Start of Program A mileage service for international routes (currently ANA Mileage Club)

17 September / Shenzhen Airlines Co., Ltd, starts operations

/ Midway Airlines begins operations / Cargolux takes delivery of the world’s first 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1984-1993 / 225

1993 747-400 freighter to go into revenue operation

22 December / UAL Corporation board of directors approves, in principle, United’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan

1 December

/ Air New Zealand acquires full 100% shareholding in Eagle Aviation Limited

29 December / Compania Aeronautica Uruguaya S.A. (CAUSA) is founded by the Uruguayan banker Luis J. Supervielle and Coronel Tydeo Larre Borges

7 December

/ Wings Holdings, parent corporation of Northwest Airlines, is renamed Northwest Airlines Corporation

December

17 December / The first FAA-approved use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for non-precision airport approaches begins by Continental Express between Aspen and Steamboat Springs, Colorado (U.S. Department of Transportation)

226 / 1984-1993 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

(Wikipedia)

30 December / Colombia’s Congress passes Law 105 of 1993 which creates the Administrative Department of Civil Aeronautics (Wikipedia) End

/ Finnair decides on a full merger with Karair (Airlines Remembered, 2000)

1994-2003

Forging links and the low cost evolution

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 227

1994-2003 Forging links and the low cost evolution By the mid-1990s, globalization was an established economic trend and placed new demands on the aviation industry. Companies looked beyond their traditional trade partner nations, shifted production offshore to cut costs, and set up sales and management subsidiaries in strategic locations world-wide. The formation of Star Alliance in May 1997 was a direct and ground-breaking response to the growing demand for easy and seamless global business travel. Legal and regulatory obstacles, but also sheer practicalities, made it impossible for any one airline to offer the network reach provided by five global players working together. The model worked: oneworld was launched in 1999, SkyTeam in 2000 and all three global alliances went on to steadily expand their membership. The image of commercial aviation changed. The aura of wealth and glamor was supplanted by the vision of the hard-working executive who flew across the ocean and went straight into a business meeting. Cabin products upgraded accordingly, offering more space and lie-flat beds for First and Business Class travelers. Cabins became smoke-free. Sales methods changed as internet commerce grew, allowing direct selling to the customer and increasingly competitive pricing of services. Codeshare arrangements and other commercial tie-ups between airlines became more widespread. A new breed of airline emerged, the “low-cost” carrier, offering a no-frills service that flew customers from A to B at a low price and put pressure on the traditional carriers to reduce their fares to compete. Many millions of families suddenly found air travel was within their vacation budget. Passenger numbers grew by nearly 50%, from 1.3 billion in 1994 to almost two billion in 2004. Load factors moved gradually higher as well, from 66% in 1994 to 73% in 2004. But two events overshadowed these largely positive developments. The crash of Concorde in July 2000 – marking the beginning of the end for supersonic travel – and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when commercial airliners were used as missiles to bring down the World Trade Center in New York City. A fourth plane crashed when passengers overcame its hijackers. The shock to the industry of being used as a weapon of destruction lives with us. Its legacy lives on in the enhanced security measures adopted worldwide to keep our industry safe.

Mark F. Schwab CEO, Star Alliance 228 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES) Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

Year

Passengers (millions)

Passengerkm (millions)

1994

1,305

2,215,320

3,356,545

66

83,608

4,886

292,833

488,055

60

1995

1,380

2,372,607

3,541,205

67

90,046

5,087

314,795

524,659

60

1996

1,473

2,567,161

3,775,237

68

96,619

5,239

339,664

566,107

60

1997

1,542

2,716,056

3,936,314

69

111,402

5,412

368,536

604,157

61

1998

1,557

2,773,094

4,078,079

68

110,288

5,206

373,327

622,211

60

1999

1,654

2,953,345

4,280,210

69

117,678

5,170

396,846

661,410

60

2000

1,753

3,183,706

4,484,092

71

127,798

5,470

429,784

704,565

61

2001

1,720

3,089,899

4,464,679

69

119,874

4,803

413,153

710,100

59

2002

1,718

3,105,591

4,355,201

71

129,655

4,134

422,701

703,839

60

2003

1,773

3,162,758

4,418,693

72

136,060

4,098

433,930

724,582

60 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 229

1994

[4] A300-600 Super Transporter - Source: Kostas Iatrou

ä International Air Cargo Forum Asso-

ciation is reorganized and registered in the Cayman Islands as The International Air Cargo Association (TIACA), a not-for-profit corporation ä Civil Aviation Authority in FYROM is founded (Civil Aviation Agency FYROM) ä Air France withdraws from Sabena’s

ownership and Air France’s share in CSA is sold to Konsolidacni banka

ä American launches its first non-

smoking transatlantic flight ä Avianca establishes a strategic alli-

ance linking together the three most important companies in the Colombian aviation sector: Avianca, SAM (Sociedad Aeronautica de Medellin) and HELICOL (Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia), which brought the Avianca System to life ä BH Airlines is been established under

ä AirTran Holdings purchase a start-up

737 operator named Conquest Sun and renames the airline AirTran Airways

the name Air Bosna

industry’s first program allowing

/ CityJet starts operations

18 January

/ Southwest and McCaw Cellular’s Claircom Communications unveil the world’s first broadly available air-to-ground commercial fax and data service through the AirOne Communications Network

27 January

/ Lufthansa takes delivery of the first A321

February 15 February

/ Northwest and KLM introduce World Business Class, a roomier and enhanced international

230 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Federal Express officially adopts

“FedEx” as its brand for recognition as the worldwide standard for fast, reliable service ä Privatization of LAN is completed ä Ladeco is taken over by LanChile (Wikipedia) ä A code share agreement is signed be-

tween LOT and American Airlines

ä Delta’s Rapid Redemption, the airline

January

frequent flyers to instantly redeem mileage for free tickets or upgrades

ä LAX, Atlanta and Heathrow surpass 50 million passengers (ACI)

business class service offered at a regular business class price. They are the first airlines from two different countries to offer a joint international service product 18 February

/ Notification issued by the Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism, Department of Civil Aviation, Government of India states “In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3 of the Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Ordinance, 1994 (4 of 1994), the Central Government hereby appoints the first day of March 1994 as the date on which the under-

takings of Indian Airlines and Air India shall be transferred to, and vest in Indian Airlines Limited and Air India Limited, respectively”

9 April

/ The Boeing 777 twinjet, the newest member of the Boeing jet family, rolls-out [1]

30 April

/ Qantas closes Australian Airlines (Wikipedia)

March 4 March

25 March

April

/ Scandinavian Airlines and Air New Zealand sign a three year commercial agreement

May

/ South African Express Airways is granted a license to operate domestically, and South African Airways becomes a shareholder

June

/ Canadian Airlines has the distinction of being the first airline in the world to have a website on the Internet (www.cdnair.ca). The website is recognized in the Canadian Internet handbook, 1994 and 1995 editions. It is given recognition for not only being the first airline website in the world but also the first with transactional capabilities such as flight arrival/departure and fare information (Wikipedia) / Air New Zealand increases capacity on the Tasman route following a review of the Tasman Air Share Agreement with Qantas

23 May

/ Air Nostrum is constituted

12 June

/ Boeing 777 first flight [2]

23 June

/ Antonov An-38 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

July 5 July

/ Frontier Airlines operations begin with two Boeing 737-200s

12 July

/ UAL Corporation shareholders approve the Employee Stock Ownership Plan, creating the largest majority employee-owned corporation in the world

August 15 August

/ British Airways and Loganair announce plans to protect loss-making Scottish routes with British Airways redeploying resources on strengthening cross-border routes / Ilyushin Enterprise is converted into a joint stock company 3 April

/ Air New Zealand and Lan Chile form a new marketing alliance improving connections between Australia, New Zealand and South America

/ FAA issues a regulation which, for the first time, sets length of duty and rest requirements for airline flight attendants. Under the rule, attendants could remain on duty for as many as 14 hours within a 24-hour period, but would get a rest period of at least 9 hours after that duty period

September 4 September / Kansai International Airport is inaugurated, serving metropolitan Osaka, Japan’s second largest city, and nearby Kobe and Kyoto. It is the world’s first airport located 4 km (2.5 sm) offshore on a man-made island, covering some 500 hectares in Osaka Bay (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) [3]

[1]

13 September / A300-600 Super Transporter first flight (Airbus & Wikipedia) [4]

[2]

Roll-out - Source: Boeing

First flight - Source: Boeing

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 231

1994 13 September / Air Macau is established 16 September / The ATR 42-500 makes its maiden flight

pendium of International Civil Aviation)

December

/ Korean Air signs a commercial agreement with Air China

October 1 October

/ United launches its low-cost, no-frills “Shuttle by United” service on the U.S. West Coast

/ Zambia Airways bankrupt (Airlines Remem-

24 October

/ Montenegro Airlines is founded

29 October

/ Dissolution of Euroberlin (Airlines Remem-

/ GB Airways, 49% owned by British Airways, announces that from February 1995 it will operate scheduled services as a franchisee in the British Airways livery

bered, 2000)

bered, 2000)

November

/ Safair Freighters changes its name to Safair (Pty) Ltd. / British Airways Concorde services to Washington are discontinued after 18 years of operation / Aero Trasporti Italiani operations terminated as the airline merges back into Alitalia (Wikipedia)

1 November

/ United launches E-Ticket on Shuttle by United routes

23 November to 6 December / The Fourth ICAO Worldwide Air Transport Conference on the theme of International Air Transport Regulation: Present and Future is held in Montreal. This Conference’s principal focus is on the future development of a full range of arrangements for the economic regulation of international air transport (Com-

[3] Source: Kansai International Airport

232 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

7 December

/ Embraer is privatized and the financial institutions Cia Bozano Simonsen, Wasserstein and Perella acquire majority shareholding in the company, together with the PREVI and SISTEL pension funds. In April 1996, the Wasserstein and Perella group decides to withdraw as Embraer shareholders, and the Bozano Simonsen group purchases its participation

16 December / Antonov An-70 first flight (Wikipedia) 19 December / Recognizing a need for ETOPS diversion authority between 120 and 180 minutes, the U.S. FAA reinstates the 138-minute provision by issuing EPL 95-1 21 December / Japan Airlines (JAL) sells its shareholding in Air New Zealand to Brierley Investments Ltd. JAL has been a shareholder in Air New Zealand since April 1989

1995

Denver Airport Aerial View, Jeppesen Terminal - Source: Denver International Airport [2]

ä Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)

ä British Midland becomes the first

ä PLUNA is transformed into a public-

is launched (under previous name, Air Transport Research Group) as a special interest group of the World Conference on Transport Research Society (WCTRS) during the 7th Triennial WCTR Conference at Sydney

airline to offer a booking service with payment over the internet, CyberSeat (bmi)

private partnership and the government sells 51% of the shares (Wiki-

ä Air France is the launch carrier for

the Airbus A340 ä Alaska Airlines becomes the first U.S.

carrier to offer online ticketing via the Internet

pedia)

ä Delta is named the official airline of

ä Condor expands its shareholdings.

the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games. Delta also introduces the airline industry’s first seasonal menus and finally, is the first U.S. airline to voluntarily ban smoking on all flights [1]

Alpha Holding GmbH (30%), Kreutzer Touristik GmbH (37.5%), Fischer Reisen GmbH (100%) and Öger Tours GmbH, with 10%, are now all part of the Condor Tourism Group. Condor also acquires Lufthansa’s 40% holding in the Turkish charter airline SunExpress, which is later increased to 50%

[1]

ä Aliadriatica changes its name into

«Air One» ä American announces its World Wide

Web site

ä Qamdo Bamda Airport in Tibet China

holds the official title of having the world’s longest runway at a staggering 5,500 metres in length (ACI)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 233

1995 January

/ Manx Airlines Europe becomes a franchise operator of British Airways

sign an agreement laying the foundations for closer collaboration between the two airlines. Swissair acquires a 49.5% holding in Sabena

11 January

/ Northwest announces “no smoking” flights on all transatlantic routes to Frankfurt, Paris and London

(Swissair & Sabena)

31 January

February

12 May

/ Marking a new era in the airline industry, Southwest becomes one of the first major airlines to offer Ticketless Travel to its Customers systemwide

/ The new Boeing 767 Freighter for United Parcel Service premieres at the Boeing Everett, Wash., factory

17 May

/ Delivery of the first Boeing 777 to United Airlines

/ AgustaWestland AW119 Koala first flight

27 May

/ Vietnam Airlines Corporation is born with the gathering of 20 aviation enterprises and the airline itself as the core business

30 May

/ The Boeing 777 becomes the first airplane in aviation history to earn U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval to fly extended-range twin-engine operations (ETOPS) at service entry

June

/ PrivatAir S.A. receives its Swiss Air Operator Certificate from the Federal Office of Civil Aviation

(Wikipedia)

10 February

/ Air New Zealand and Polynesian Airlines announce the formation of a commercial alliance

15 February

/ The new Company, BWIA International Airways Limited, is incorporated

22 February

/ The Government of Trinidad & Tobago complete the privatization of BWIA International Airways by turning over majority control of the common stock and management of the airline to a private group of U.S. and Caribbean investors

24 February

/ UK Government reaches agreement with the U.S. Government on a new “mini-deal” annex to the Bermuda 2 air services agreement, which secured US approval for British Airways’ outstanding code share requests, and confirmed that the airline could operate a double-daily service from Heathrow to Philadelphia. Under the agreement, the U.S. DOT approves applications to add 57 code share points to the 65 previously approved

/ The Governments of Canada and the United States sign a new Air Transport Agreement reflecting the open skies concept (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

28 February

/ The new Denver International Airport is inaugurated (Compendium of International Civil Aviation) [2]

March

1 June

/ Air Canada goes online for the first time

11 June

/ The Boeing 777 establishes a new speed record on its flight from Seattle, Wash., to the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget of 9 hours 2 minutes

12 June

/ Air Zaire declares bankruptcy (Wikipedia)

21 June

/ The Boeing 767 Freighter makes its first flight

29 June

/ Bell 407 first flight (Wikipedia)

/ easyJet is founded

15 March

/ Scandinavian Airline System (SAS) launches the Boeing 737-600 with an order for 35 of the aircraft

26 March

/ The Schengen Agreement comes into force (IATA)

May 4 May

/ No smoking flights introduced on Virgin Atlantic’s transatlantic and Hong Kong routes / Swissair, Sabena and the Belgian government

234 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1995

A319 first flight - Source: Airbus [4]

July

/ The first purchased A330 widebody aircraft joins the Dragonair fleet

6 July

/ The Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) is established

11 July

/ Northwest and KLM expand smoke-free policy on international routes

August 1 August

/ DOT announces the availability of a Global Positioning System (GPS) signal specification defining performance standards for civil aviation use (FAA)

10 August

/ IPTN N-250 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

11 August

/ Maiden Flight of the ERJ 145 [3]

First flight - Source: Embraer

16 August

/ A Concorde sets a new speed record for a

round-the-world flight. It returns to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, New York, after a journey lasting 31 hours 27 minutes, passing through Toulouse, France; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Bangkok, Thailand; Guam; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Acapulco, Mexico (Wikipedia & Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

25 August

/ The A319 successfully completes its maiden flight [4]

28 August

/ airBaltic Joint Venture Agreement is signed. AIR BALTIC CORPORATION SIA Shareholders: Latvian State – 51%, SAS – 29%, Baltic International USA – 8%, Swedfund International AB – 6%, I0 Danish Investment Fund for Central and Eastern Europe

October

/ British Airways and Qantas commence services on the ‘Kangaroo routes’ between Europe and Australia under the Joint Services Agreement (JSA) between the two airlines

19 October

/ Edelweiss Air AG is founded in Bassersdorf

November

/ U.S. DOT transfer the commercial space

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 235

1995 transportation office to the U.S. FAA 9 November

December 1 December

/ LAB is handed over to VASP

8 December

/ Launch of Freedom Air International, a Mount Cook Group subsidiary, operating low-cost charter flights between New Zealand and Australia, using a Boeing 757

/ Commercial inauguration of Air Macau

10 November / easyJet inaugural flights, London Luton to Glasgow 28 November / The McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 makes the first safe, automated landing of a transport aircraft using engine thrust (AIAA)

1996 ä CANSO –the Civil Air Navigation Ser-

vices Organisation– is founded ä Orient Airlines Association changes

its name to the “Association of Asia Pacific Airlines” to better reflect the geographical spread of its membership ä U.A.E. General Civil Aviation Authority

31 December / Air New Zealand takes 100% stake in Air New Zealand Link operator Air Nelson (formerly 50% owned)

ä Delta carries the Olympic Flame from

Athens, Greece to Los Angeles for 1996 Olympic Torch Relay to Atlanta ä Delta is the first airline to offer in-

seat power and live broadcast television programming and launches Delta Express low-fare airline. Customers can make reservations and purchase tickets via Delta’s Web site, SkyLinks

ä Lufthansa introduces electronic

tickets ä Swissair, Austrian Airlines, Sabena

and Delta Air Lines are granted antitrust immunity by the U.S. authorities, enabling them to collaborate more closely without violating the country’s strict legislation on anticompetitive practices ä Swissair introduces non-smoking on

all European flights ä Hawaiian Airlines website launches

ä Turkish Airlines (www.thy.com) web-

ä Iberia is one of the first airlines to

site is established and put into service ä Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

ä American adds in-flight laptop com-

launch a website, and is also a pioneer in electronic commerce, selling air tickets directly on the site

puter capabilities to its aircraft, and announces that it would equip certain aircraft with defibrillators

ä Kanfei HaEmek changes its name to Israir Airlines (Wikipedia)

is created by Federal Cabinet Decree (Law 4)

January

technology begins to be installed over the SITA network. It enables the transport of mixed voice and data traffic. This is the fifth generation of the world’s largest network

/ KLM acquires 26% share in Kenya Airways

1 February

/ The first A300-600 Super Transporter enters into service with Airbus, replacing the Super Guppy

/ Electronic ticketing now an option to passengers traveling on any of Northwest’s 33 daily Chicago O’Hare – Minneapolis/St. Paul flights

5 February

/ Northwest extends smoke-free policy between Japan and Micronesia as well as to one additional flight between United States and Asia

29 February

/ WestJet, a Canadian airline, begins operations

19 January

/ The ATR 72-500 makes its maiden flight

February

/ Air New Zealand and Japan Airlines announce a Strategic Partnership Agreement covering services between Japan and New Zealand

236 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

29 February

/ As part of a continuing “open skies” initiative, DOT announce a U.S.-German agreement relaxing limitations on air travel between the two countries (FAA)

United States and foreign countries would be free of smoking as of 1st June (U.S. Department of Transportation)

Beginning of summer March

/ The Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU) becomes fully responsible for air traffic flow management across EUROCONTROL Member States. Also the Concept of the Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA) is adopted

3 March

/ Japan Air System introduces restrooms exclusively for women (Floral Room) on all aircraft, becoming the first airline in the world to provide such service (JAL)

5 March

/ The Belarusian Association of Civil Aviation is reconstructed that results in creation of Belavia Belarusian Airlines

8 March

/ Cebu Pacific Air (PSE:CEB) enters the aviation industry (Cebu Pacific & Wikipedia)

12 March

/ Travelocity.com launches (Sabre)

15 March

/ Fokker goes into bankruptcy (Wikipedia)

28 March

/ Northwest launches world web home page

April

/ Finnair flights join the “no-smoking trend”. Smoking is only permitted on long haul flights to Japan and on European flights to France, Italy, Spain, Greece and Turkey

June

/ The Arab Civil Aviation Commission (ACAC) is established as a regional organization for coordination and cooperation among Arab countries and with other parts of the world in the field of civil aviation (ICAO)

28 June

/ The International Air Transport Corporation (CINTRA – acronym in Spanish) is formed as a holding company for the shares of various air transport companies, but mainly for Aeromexico and Mexicana

July 5 July

/ Start of code sharing agreement between Air New Zealand with Lan Chile, with Air New Zealand providing connection from Auckland the Papeete, and Lan Chile operating between Papeete and Santiago (via Easter Island)

/ easyJet goes international with flights from Luton to Amsterdam, Nice and Barcelona

17 July

/ Northwest and KLM announce distribution markets for Internet and online services

26 April

/ Northwest and Air China create a marketing alliance – first of its kind between the two countries

August

/ The European Commission approves British Airways’ purchase of the remaining 50.1% of the share capital of its French partner TAT European Airlines

May

/ Yemenia consolidates with DY, the former South Yemen Airlines

1 August

/ SAS celebrates its 50th anniversary. Harmonization and name changes of SAS parent companies to SAS Danmark A/S, SAS Norge ASA and SAS Sverige AB

/ Airbus announces the establishment of a large aircraft division to develop plans for the A3XX

September / Virgin Group acquires 90% of the equity of Euro/Belgian Airlines, renamed Virgin Express and based in Brussels 1 May

/ Northwest launches first United States – China nonstop service from Detroit to Beijing

7 May

/ DOT announce that about 80% of nonstop scheduled U.S. airline flights between the

2 September / Air New Zealand enters into an agreement to acquire 50% of the Ansett Holdings Limited Group for a total investment of NZ$540 million, providing Air New Zealand a stake in the Australasian aviation market. Air New Zealand will increase its asset base by raising about $240 million through a pro-rata offer of ordinary shares. In addition, the Kiwi shareholder agrees to raising the proportion 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 237

1996 of B shares (able to be held overseas) from 35 to 49% of total issued capital

October

1 October

November

/ AIR DO is established / An agreement for a single market between Australia and New Zealand becomes effective

/ Air Seychelles and Kenya Airways announce a joint venture operation which will allow HM to carry Kenya Airways passengers from Seychelles to Nairobi and vice versa

8 November

/ British Airways signs a franchise agreement with the Johannesburg-based South African regional airline Comair

/ Croatia Airlines becomes the first European and world airline company to establish regular civil air traffic to Sarajevo

December

/ Creation of the Air Tahiti Nui international airline company by the government of French Polynesia and local private investors

/ Air New Zealand begins trial of Electronic Ticketing (ET) on domestic services, ushering in ticketless travel

4 December

/ Saudi Arabian Airlines website goes online

/ Regulatory approvals complete, the arrangement to purchase 50% of Ansett Holdings Ltd from TNT Ltd., is completed

1997

(Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

27 December / The first EMB 145 is delivered to Continental Express

ticketless travel to all transatlantic flights ä Business Air is acquired by the British Midland group (bmi)

ä The ATM Surveillance Tracker and

Server System (ARTAS) reaches its first user (NL) (CANSO) ä Bosnia and Herzegovina Directorate

of Civil Aviation is established

ä China Eastern Airlines becomes the

first listed company in Chinese civil aviation industry (Listed on the Hong Kong, New York and Shanghai stock exchanges)

ä Relaunch of Qatar Airways ä Ryanair launches its first four Euro-

pean routes with services from London Stansted to Stockholm Skavsta and Oslo Torp, and with low fare flights from Dublin to Paris Beauvais and Brussels Charleroi ä SA Airlink joins South African Airways

and South African Express in a powerful strategic alliance

ä Austrian Airlines, Sabena, Delta Air

ä Delta is the first airline to board more

Lines and Swissair launch “Atlantic Excellence”, an extensive collaborative partnership with joint networks and operations between Europe and North America

than 100 million passengers in a year

ä The Swissair Group adopts a genuine

ä FedEx opens its hub at Alliance Air-

holding structure and a new corporate name: the SAirGroup

port near Dallas, Texas ä Name of Hainan Province Airlines is

ä Air Algerie becomes a Joint Stock

changed to Hainan Airlines Co Ltd

Company with a 2.5 billion Algerian Dinars (DA) registered capital

ä LOT establishes a sister company, Eu-

ä All American Airlines flights become

roLOT, which takes on the operations of domestic flights

non-smoking. Also American introduce “stickerless” upgrades and becomes the first airline to expand

ä Lineas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A.

(Lacsa) of Costa Rica, Aviateca of Guatemala, Nica of Nicaragua, Sahsa of Honduras, and five other regional airlines officially join together under the name Grupo TACA ä Travel Service is founded

ä Lufthansa becomes a private com-

pany

238 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä SITA’s first common-use kiosks de-

1997

Source: Star Alliance [2]

ployments take place and the first customers are Northwest Airlines and Alaska Airlines (ACI)

ä By 1997 IATA adopts global standards

for e-ticketing

January

/ VIASA ceases operations (Wikipedia)

24 February

February

/ British Airways and British Mediterranean Airways announce a new franchise partnership on routes between Britain and the Levant

/ Air New Zealand and Qantas announce the Tasman Air Share agreement will cease from 1 May 1997

27 February

/ The name US Airways is put into use officially replacing USAir

/ The first Next-Generation Boeing 737, a 737700, makes its first flight [1]

March

/ Lufthansa CityLine transfers its last Fokker 50 to its Team Lufthansa partner Contact Air. This makes Lufthansa CityLine the first regional airline in Europe to operate an all-jet fleet

12 March

/ Austrian Airlines takes a share of 36% in Lauda Air

19 March

/ Qantas announces the sale to institutional investors in the USA of its 19.9% stake in Air New Zealand

22 March

/ South African Airways unveils a new corporate identity with its aircraft tail designed to

9 February

[1]

737-700 first flight - Source: Boeing

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 239

1997 reflect the colours of South Africa’s new national flag: red, blue, gold, black and green 29 March

/ USAir ends its code share and frequent flyer relationship with British Airways

April

/ Introduction in the EU of the freedom to provide “cabotage”: the right for an airline of one Member State to operate a route within another Member State

7 May

/ Montenegro Airlines operates its first flight

14 May

/ Air Canada, Lufthansa, SAS, Thai Airways International and United Airlines launch the Star Alliance network [2]

22 May

/ United discontinues its “Friendly Skies” slogan introduced in 1965 and launches a new ad campaign called “Rising.” The campaign focuses on the company’s new Customer Satisfaction Philosophy (CSP), which will become the basis for all of its actions in the future

June

/ Air New Zealand, Ansett Australia, Ansett International and Singapore Airlines announce a commercial alliance

26 June

/ Air New Zealand decision made to make all international flights smoke-free from 1 November, following government ratification of an international treaty

/ Launch of easyJet website 1 April

/ JAL establishes JAL Express (JEX)

1 April

/ Air Inter, already indirectly under Air France control, is merged with the Company

2 April

/ A Boeing 777-200 sets a record for flying around the world, eastbound, in 41 hours and 59 minutes

May

/ British Airways sells its investment in US Airways

[4]

A330-200 first flight - Source: Airbus

240 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

July 31 July

/ The 737-800 makes its first flight, with Boe-

ing Capts. Mike Hewett and Jim McRoberts at the airplane’s controls [3]

October

[3]

/ Air Seychelles and Air France launch into full Joint Venture between Paris and Seychelles / easyJet receives Air Operating Certificate / VARIG Brazilian Airlines joins Star Alliance

1 October

/ United expands E-Ticket to travel between the United States and United Kingdom, the company’s first international use of electronic ticketing

16 October

/ Boeing 777-300 first flight

26 October

/ British Airways merges TAT into Air Liberté

First flight - Source: Boeing

31 July

August

/ The first ATR 72-500 is delivered to American Eagle / Finnair’s first environmental report is published

(Airlines Remembered, 2000)

1 August

13 August

/ The Boeing Company, along with its North American component, merges with McDonnell Douglas Corp.

November

/ Eastern Airways starts operations

1 November

/ Air India and Air France enter into a major global alliance

/ A330-200 first flight [4]

September / Faucett ceases operations

(Airlines Remem-

bered, 2000)

17 September / Antonov An-140 first flight (Frawley, 2001) 29 September / Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines sign a ten year “Global Joint Venture” agreement. The two airlines agree to expand their current areas of cooperation for scheduling, inventory management, passenger processing, computer reservations systems and frequent flier databases. They will also streamline sales and marketing, purchasing, ground handling and catering. Each airline will also gain a seat on the other’s Board of Directors

17 November / ValuJet, Inc., acquires Airways, Inc., and renames the holding company, AirTran Holdings, Inc.

December 8 December

/ The ultra-long range A340-500 and longrange A340-600 are launched

10 December / Austrian Airlines increases its share in Tyrolean Airways to 85.7% 17 December / Boeing delivers the first Next-Generation 737-700 to launch customer Southwest Airlines 17 December / JAL operate a charter flight to transport the Nagano Olympic torch

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 241

1998

[1] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä Founding of the Qualiflyer Group alli-

ance consisting of ten airlines: Swissair, Austrian Airlines, Sabena, TAP Air Portugal, Turkish Airlines, AOM, Crossair, Lauda Air, Tyrolean Airways and Air Littoral ä Blue Panorama Airlines, the Italian

carrier, is established

section of luxury seats called BusinessElite and it is the first airline to install automatic defibrillators on board all of its aircraft ä Ethiopian launches a twice-weekly

service to Washington –the Airline’s first destination in the Americas– and New York shortly after

ä Swissair introduces a general smok-

ing ban on it entire route network ä TAM’s first widebody, an Airbus A330,

arrives and the company performs its first international flight on the Sao Paulo – Miami route ä TNT opens its European Air Hub in

Liege, Belgium ä Blue1 becomes part of the SAS Group

ä Hawaiian Airlines introduces E-tickä TRIP is established (Wikipedia)

eting ä Braathens becomes part of an alli-

ance with KLM, Northwest Airlines

ä Jordan Aviation is founded

ä US Airways Inc., purchases Shuttle

Inc., from a consortium of banks ä Delta and SwissCargo forge the first

international cargo alliance ä Delta’s First and business classes on

international flights become a single

January

ä Singapore Airlines first to involve a

comprehensive panel of world-renowned chefs, the International Culinary Panel, in developing in-flight meals

ä New name of the Office des Ports Aé-

riens Tunisiens (OPAT) becomes the Office de l’Aviation Civile et des Aéroports (OACA)

/ KLM and Malaysian Airlines System announce investigation into commercial cooperation

8 January

/ Boeing changes the name of the MD-95 jetliner to the 717-200

/ Air UK is rebranded as KLM uk after KLM becomes the sole owner in 1997 (Wikipedia)

22 January

/ The Boeing 737-600 – the smallest member of the Next-Generation 737 airplane familymakes its first flight

26 January

/ Northwest reaches global alliance agreement with Continental Airlines; purchases Air Partners’ stock

/ British Airways introduces electronic ticketing on international routes

242 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

March

/ easyJet buys TEA Basel and launches Swiss operations

April

/ Deutsche BA becomes fully-owned by British Airways

1 April

/ A330-200 becomes the first airliner to receive simultaneous, triple type certification by the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Transport Canada

27 June

/ The new Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang is officially opened. It has the first Airport Operational Database (AODB) (Compendium of International Civil Aviation & ACI) [1]

July

22 April

/ The first 737-800 is delivered to launch customer Hapag-Lloyd of Germany

30 April

/ United and Delta announce tentative sevenyear global alliance, featuring code sharing and reciprocal frequent flier programs

4 July

/ The ERJ 135 makes its maiden flight

6 July

/ HKIA commences operations. The first flight landed is Cathay Pacific CX889 from New York, which touched down at 0627. The first departing flight is CX907 for Manila, which left HKIA at 07:19 [2] [2]

May 1 May

/ Northwest completes KLM stock repurchase

4 May

/ The 777-300 earns FAA type certification

15 May

/ Wexford Capital, LLC purchases Chautauqua Airlines

21 May

/ First delivery of Boeing 777-300 to Cathay Pacific

Source: Airport Authority Hong Kong

August 1 August

/ Northwest/KLM becomes smoke-free worldwide

September / Skymark Airlines starts services

21 May

/ Lufthansa of Germany and Air New Zealand sign a code share alliance which will offer daily Air New Zealand access between Europe and New Zealand

22 May

/ Low cost airline Go, a British Airways subsidiary, opens its first “no-frills” route from Stansted to Rome Ciampino

June

/ Joint venture between Air Seychelles and Alitalia

1 September / JAL implements smoking ban on all domestic flights 2 September / Boeing 717 first flight [3] 18 September / Boeing delivers the first 737-600 to SAS 22 September / United is the first airline to offer electronic ticketing on around-the-world flights

[3]

/ PrivatAir S.A. places an order for two Boeing Business Jets (BBJ) and becomes the first commercial operator to order the BBJ 3 June

/ Air France renamed Société Air France

26 June

/ The Convention for the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection enter into force (ICAO)

Source: Boeing

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 243

1998 mally announce their alliance to enhance competition and improve consumer travel options

October 8 October

/ The new Oslo International Airport, located at Gardermoen, 47 km (29.2 sm) north of Oslo, is officially opened (Compendium of Interna-

December

tional Civil Aviation)

November

/ A319 Corporate Jet first flight / Air Tahiti Nui’s first commercial flight from Papeete to Los Angeles and in its wake from Papeete to Tokyo with its first aircraft

20 November / Continental Airlines and Northwest Airlines for-

1999

/ PrivatAir S.A. becomes Europe’s first airline with a quality system that fulfills the IS09002 certification standards for all its services

23 December / LAM is transformed into a Limited Company adopting the denomination of LAM – Mozambique Airlines by Decree no. 69/98 23 December / Sikorsky S-92 first flight (Frawley, 2001)

ä Airzena becomes the flag carrier of Georgia (Georgian Airways) ä Copa launches its new brand as Copa

Airlines ä Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority

British Midland from the 40% owned by Scandinavian Airlines ä Swaziland Airlink is formed as a joint

venture company between the Swaziland Government and Airlink

(NCAA) is established by decree 49 of 1999

ä Delta Air Lines acquires Atlantic Southeast Airlines (Express Jet)

ä The SAS Group becomes a majority

ä Société Air France successfully com-

ä Federal Express launches its EuroOne

ä Richard Branson sells a 49% stake of

pletes its IPO with 2.4 million individual shareholders. Its share capital reaches 3.15 billion euros. Over 72% of the staff become shareholders in their company, gaining an 11.8% stake in capital

Network, opening a hub at RoissyCharles de Gaulle airport ä LAN’s expansion begins: start of ope-

rations of LAN Peru ä Lufthansa acquires a 20% stake in

January

March

1 January

/ Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ) is established as a statutory body to replace the former Department of Civil Aviation

7 January

/ Continental Airlines and Northwest Airlines begin domestic code share flights

February

/ JetBlue founder David Neeleman announces plans for his new airline

1 February

/ American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, Cathay Pacific Airways and Qantas Airways implement oneworld global alliance

244 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

owner of Wideroe

Virgin Atlantic to Singapore Airlines ä O.R. Tambo International Airport be-

comes the first airport in Africa to implement fully integrated 100% hold baggage screening for international flights (ACI) [1]

/ Directorate of Civil Aviation of Tanzania comes to an end following the establishment of Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority / American Eagle completes its acquisition of Business Express

5 March

/ United becomes first U.S. airline to offer customers in first class a seat that converts to a bed, the United First Suites

23 March

/ Austrian Airlines increases its share in Tyrolean Airways to 100%

1999

Source: ACSA [1]

April 1 April

/ JAL implements total smoking ban on international flights

26 April

/ Airbus launches the “baby” of the A320 Family, the 107-seat A318

May

/ European Transport Ministers plan a new second-generation satellite system, Galileo

28 May

/ The new Montreal Convention, formally entitled Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, is signed. This new convention is intended to replace the above-described Warsaw System. The obvious innovation is that the Montreal Convention now presents a single legal instrument, instead of a patchwork provided under the antiquated Warsaw System (i.e. a collection of six different legal instruments) (ICAO)

28 May

/ The first flights of Aegean Airlines from Athens to Heraklion and Thessaloniki are performed by 2 new aircraft Avro RJ 100

(CANSO & EUROCONTROL)

/ A Dragonair flight from Shanghai becomes the first scheduled flight to touch down on the new second runway at Hong Kong International Airport 19 May

/ Luxembourg Direction de l’Aviation Civile (DAC) is created

27 May

/ Bombardier CRJ700 series first flight (Frawley, 2001)

27 May

/ National Airlines initiates service with nonstop flights between its Las Vegas hub and Chicago Midway and Los Angeles

June 10 June

/ Continental and Copa Airlines begin code sharing on more than 60 flights to 30 destinations

22 June

/ Air France and Delta Air Lines sign an exclusive long-term strategic agreement

July

/ JetBlue reveals that all its aircraft will offer 24 channels of live satellite television at 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 245

1999 every seat, a first for the airline industry

14 October

/ Continental Airlines and America West Airlines become the first two US airlines to implement interline e-Ticketing

15 October

/ ANA joins Star Alliance

31 October

/ Boeing announces the formation of three new business units to maximize growth in promising business areas: Connexion by Boeing, Air Traffic Management and Boeing Capital Corp.

/ Air Lanka is rebranded as SriLankan Airlines 1 July

/ Tax-free sales are discontinued on flights in the European Union area

August

/ Embraer launches a new family of aircraft composed of four models: EMBRAER 170, EMBRAER 175, EMBRAER 190 and EMBRAER 195, with seating capacity from 70 to 118 seats

2 August

/ First flight of the 757-300

5 August

/ United announces “Economy Plus”, removing one row of seats from United Economy, to provide rows with additional legroom for its most frequent fliers

26 August

/ The 767-400ER (extended range) rolls-out of the Boeing factory in Everett, Wash.

31 August

/ Reno Air is fully integrated into American

November 14 November / Signing of Yamoussoukro Declaration by the African ministers for liberalizing intra-African air transport services (AFCAC) 18 November / The Polish Minister of the State Treasury signs a contract for the sale of shares in LOT to the Swiss holding company, SAirGroup

December

/ KLM is the world’s first airline to attain ISO 14001 certification for its Environmental Management System

September 1 September / Finnair and Iberia board oneworld 1 September / Next-Generation 737s are certified for 180 minute ETOPS Operation 16 September / Alaska Airlines offers the world’s first online check-in (ACI & Alaska Air)

October 1 October

/ Spun off Japan Air Charter is to provide scheduled flight services. Company name changed to “JALways”

246 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Aegean Airlines acquires Air Greece 3 December

/ U.S. Department of Transportation grants antitrust immunity to tripartite alliance of Northwest, KLM and Alitalia

9 December

/ The last Classic 737 is rolled off the Renton, Wash. assembly line, ending a production run of 1,988 airplanes

2000 ä Jersey European Airways announces

ä TACA expands into South America

a new brand name at the beginning of May; British European (Flybe)

through the brand TACA Peru and its Hub in Lima

ä European mandate for ACAS II based

on MTOM (Maximum Take-off Mass) (EUROCONTROL) ä AMR completes the spin-off of SABRE

into its own company

January

ä SATA

starts operating regular flights to the United States and Canada, building a lasting bridge to the Azorean communities in those countries

(EUROCONTROL)

/ British Airways announces the introduction of a new cabin, World Traveller Plus. Services between London and New York JFK are to include both the Club World ‘Lounge in the Sky’, the world’s first fully flat bed in business class, and World Traveller Plus by Summer 2000

4 January

11 February

/ JetBlue launches operations with its inaugural flight between JFK and Fort Lauderdale, FL

25 February

/ Xian MA60 first flight (Wikipedia)

March

/ British Airways completes its acquisition of 9% of the shares in Iberia

21 March

/ At the request of the industry, the U.S. FAA issues ETOPS Policy Letter (EPL) 20-1, 207 Minute ETOPS Operation Approval Criteria

26 March

/ Austrian Airlines join Star Alliance

April

/ Air New Zealand shareholder approval given for purchase of the remaining 50% of Ansett

create the world’s first global electronic visa system

7 April

/ Singapore Airlines joins Star Alliance

May

/ Swissair, Sabena and American Airlines granted antitrust immunity

1 May

/ Tower Air suspends all scheduled flight operations

5 May

/ British Airways sells Air Liberté to a partnership between Taitbout Antibes and Swissair

/ Buzz Air, sub-brand of KLM uk, starts operations (Wikipedia)

/ oneworld marks first anniversary by establishing central alliance team

ä SITA partners with CPS Systems to

/ Donavia is organized as an open joint-stock company

February 2 February

is created

Holdings Limited. Singapore Airlines purchases 8.3% of Air New Zealand and obtains New Zealand government approval to acquire up to 25%. Brierley Investments Limited announces an agreement to sell its B shares to SIA upon completion of Ansett transaction. This will leave BIL with a 30% equity stake

/ Formal launch of the ATM 2000+ Strategy

/ British Airways launches the world’s first commercial interactive TV service offered by an airline

ä TNT Airways, the airline of the group,

(Wikipedia)

17 May

/ Air Madeira adopts its new name: euroAtlantic airways – transportes aéreos s.a.

June

/ Freebird Airlines is established as a company of Gözen Group

1 June

/ Aer Lingus and LanChile become members of oneworld and Canadian withdraws from the alliance

14 June

/ United and Air Canada launch the industry’s first true interline electronic ticketing service, enabling customers to use a single electronic ticket to travel on more than one airline 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 247

2000 22 June

/ The CEOs of Aeromexico, Air France, Delta Air Lines and Korean Air meet in New York to announce the formation of SkyTeam [1]

31 August

/ Virgin Blue operates its first flight from Brisbane to Sydney (Virgin Australia)

September / SkyTeam extends its focus to cargo services 27 June

/ ERJ 140 maiden flight

30 June

/ Lion Air starts operations (Wikipedia)

July 1 July

/ British Midland and Mexicana Airlines welcomed to the Star Alliance network

and announces the creation of the world’s largest airline cargo alliance, SkyTeam Cargo. The partnership aligned Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics and Korean Air Cargo 28 September / Star Alliance launches StarNet

October 25 July

28 July

/ Air France Concorde F-BTSC crashes in Paris due to engine failure after a tyre burst, with the loss of 109 people on board and 4 on the ground (www.concordesst.com) / Dragonair’s first all-cargo service begins operations with the inaugural flight of a Boeing 747-200 freighter bound for the Middle East and Europe.

August 3 August 4 August

November 16 November / Continental Airlines and Northwest Airlines execute definitive agreements regarding the sale to Continental of common stock held by Northwest Airlines, and an extension of their alliance agreement through 2025. The boards of both airlines approve the agreements prior to their execution

/ First flight of the Next-Generation 737-900 / China Southern absorbs Zhongyuan Airlines (Wikipedia)

5 August

/ SkyTeam announces that all SkyTeam flights throughout the alliance’s extensive worldwide route system would be smoke free

/ Disbanding of the Atlantic Excellence Alliance

21 November / Northwest and Malaysia announce that they have been granted antitrust immunity by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The approval represents the first immunized alliance between a U.S. and Asian carrier

(Swissair)

16 August

/ CAA and DGAC offically withdraw Concorde’s Certificate of Airworthiness (www.concordesst.com)

[1]

Source: SkyTeam

248 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

December 1 December

/ Northwest becomes the first major network carrier to offer an Internet check-in program through its website, nwa.com (Service is available for all customers flying domestically)

12 December / Japan’s Ministry of Transport announces the authorization of international charter flights and international business flights from Haneda Airport between the hours of 11:00 PM and 6:00 AM, effective on 1 February 2001 (JAL) 19 December / The A380, the world’s first double-decker passenger aircraft and the largest commercial airliner ever conceived, is launched after a lengthy process of consultation with major airlines, airports, airworthiness authorities and a range of suppliers and industrial partners

2001

A340-600 First flight - Source: Airbus [2]

ä Aigle Azur is taken over by the GoFast

Group ä BHAir is founded ä British Midland is rebranded bmi Brit-

ish Midland ä Comair launches South Africa’s first

“no-frills” carrier, kulula.com ä Delta carries Olympic Flame from

January

Athens, Greece to Atlanta for 2002 Olympic Torch Relay to Salt Lake City as it sponsors 2002 Olympic Winter Games

ä QantasLink begins operations, com-

bining the former Eastern, Southern, Airlink and Sunstate regional airlines that had originally been part of the Australian Airlines Group

ä Emirates demonstrate its confiden-

ce in the industry’s future growth by announcing the largest order in aviation history, valued at USD 15 billion. A staggering 58 new aircraft, a mix of Airbus and Boeing

/ The need to streamline the decision-making process, among other things, leads to Airbus reorganising itself into a fully integrated single company rather than a consortium / Air Japan Co., Ltd. begins scheduled international service

European base at Brussels Charleroi Airport ä SunExpress becomes the first priva-

te airline company to offer international scheduled flights from Turkey

ä GOL begins its operations

/ American announces that it has agreed to purchase substantially all the assets of Trans World Airlines, Inc.

ä Ryanair selects its first Continental

1 January

/ Air Canada and Canadian Airlines International Ltd. officially merge

31 January

/ Austrian Airlines raises its interest in Lauda Air to 54.6% by acquiring voting capital shares

February

/ Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings forms its holding-company structure with Atlas Air as a wholly owned subsidiary

3 February

/ AgustaWestland AW139 first flight (Wikipedia)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 249

2001 5 February

15 February

/ Royal Jordanian is registered as a Public Shareholding Company with a capital of JD 40 million

/ Air Nippon Network (currently ANA WINGS CO., LTD.) is established / Aegean Airlines joins forces with Cronus Airlines

/ Austrian Airlines announces the take-over of 100% of Rheintalflug shares 3 April

/ Iberia’s privatisation process is completed. Its shares are listed for the first time on the stock exchange / A340-600 first flight [2]

15 February

/ The 757 Special Freighter makes its first flight

March

/ The PrivatAir Group is formed

23 April

/ SkyTeam opens Korean Air’s new hub at Incheon International Airport in Seoul

May

14 March

/ Atlasjet, established by Oger Holding A.S., carries out its first flight on 1 June

25 March

/ CSA Czech Airlines is officially welcomed as SkyTeam’s fifth member

27 March

29 March

/ Athens International Airport Inauguration by the Prime Minister, C. Simitis, in the presence of the President of the Hellenic Republic, C. Stefanopoulos [1] / Athens International Airport is in full operations as of 06:00 hrs. on 29 March, with KLM 1572 flight to Amsterdam signalling the cessation of all commercial operations at Hellinikon Airport

29 March

/ Incheon Airport officially opens

April

/ American Airlines completes acquisition of TWA’s assets

1 May

/ The Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of International Air Transportation (MALIAT) is signed in Washington D.C. by Brunei Darussalam, Chile, New Zealand, Singapore and the United States of America

16 May

/ The first 737-900 is delivered to launch customer Alaska Airlines

21 May

/ Braathens becomes part of the SAS Group

June

/ British Airways sells its no-frills subsidiary “Go” for £100m

29 June

/ First flight of the ERJ 145 XR

July

/ The European Aeronautical Information Service Database (EAD) becomes operational and the inauguration of Controller/Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) (EUROCONTROL)

27 July

/ Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane joins SkyTeam

August 9 August

/ Northwest and Alitalia reach a mutual agreement to discontinue their marketing relationship effective 28 October, the start of the winter schedule. Cooperative activities have included codeshare service and reciprocal frequent flyer and airport lounge programs

15 August

/ Air France, Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane, CSA Czech Airlines and Delta file a joint application for antitrust immunity with the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to allow the four carriers to expand their current marketing agreements and develop a coordinated approach to sales and marketing programs

[1]

Source: Athens International Airport

250 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

7 November

September 5 September / Concorde’s Certificate of Airworthiness is returned by the Civil Aviation Authority and its French equivalent, DGAC (British Airways &

/ Air France and British Airways re-introduces scheduled supersonic Concorde services between Paris – New York and London – New York, respectively (Compendium of International Civil Aviation & www.concordesst.com)

www.concordesst.com)

11 September / Nineteen radical Islamic extremists with the group al Qaeda penetrate security at three major airports, seizing four U.S. domestic airliners, and turning three of the aircraft into missiles that destroy the World Trade Center in New York City and damage the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. Passengers on the fourth plane fought the hijackers, causing the plane to crash in a Pennsylvania field (FAA)

7 November

14 September / Ansett Australia is placed into voluntary administration

19 November / The U.S. President signs the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which among other provisions, establishes a new agency responsible for aviation security – the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), within DOT

21 September / AOM and AIR LIBERTE create a new airline which is now called AIR LIB

October

/ Singapore Airlines, first to offer audio and video on demand (AVOD) capabilities on KrisWorld in all classes

/ Sabena declares bankruptcy and ceases operations (Compendium of International Civil Aviation & Sabena)

16 November / The Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Aircraft Equipment is adopted at Cape Town (ICAO)

December

/ The Legislative Assembly of El Salvador approves new reforms DGTA including the autonomy of the institution and goes on to become officially known as the Civil Aviation Authority

/ Engineer Ernesto R. Asbun buys stocks from VASP. LAB returns, once again, into national proprietorship and continues its reputation as a private enterprise valuing more than ever, LAB’s human resources / Sun Country temporarily pauses scheduled operations

3 October

/ United announces the end of its United Shuttle branded operations

1 December

/ Afriqiyah Airways commences scheduled services (Wikipedia)

17 October

/ Marsans Group makes itself responsible for Aerolineas Argentinas and Austral. Mr. Antonio Mata is named President of the Executive Committee

2 December

/ Tune Air Sdn. Bhd. buys the loss-making, debt-riddled AirAsia from HI COM Holdings Berhad (AirAsia & Wikipedia)

5 December

/ TWA network joins oneworld

November

/ SkyTeam Cargo members Air France, Delta and Korean Air launch the U.S. Cargo Sales Joint Venture to provide a centralized source for booking and service / InterSky GmbH is founded / 1000th A320 manufactured / Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings acquires Polar Air Cargo, Inc.

21 December / MALIAT Agreement and Protocol enter into force

26 December / Japan Airlines Co. Ltd. and Japan Air System Co. Ltd. agree on stock exchange 27 December / Boeing receives FCC license for Connexion by Boeing service

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 251

2002

[1] A318 first flight - Source: Airbus ä Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA)

is established ä Balkan Bulgarian Airlines ceases operations (Wikipedia) ä BinterCanarias is acquired by a group

of Canary Island investors ä bmibaby, a low-cost subsidiary of

ä State of Qatar withdraws from the

ated by a group of about 40 investors

Treaty establishing Gulf Air ä Thomas Cook becomes the first uniä As a result of cooperation between

Germania and TUI, the Hapag-Lloyd Express (HLX) is created ä A group of investors purchases Sun

Country and resumes flying

versal international tourist brand. Condor is transformed into the new brand: “Thomas Cook powered by Condor”. Condor and Condor Berlin aircraft in Germany are gradually given the new Thomas Cook design

bmi, is launched ä Braathens S.A.F.E. terminates Norwe-

gian’s west coast operation ä Deutsche Post (DPWN) becomes a ma-

jority shareholder in DHL by increasing its stake to 51%

January 1 January

ä Norwegian launches domestic routes

in Norway with Boeing 737-300 aircraft ä SN Brussels Airlines is formed when

mother company SN Airholding is cre-

/ Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) is introduced (EUROCONTROL)

renamed “Utair” ä Patrick Corporation acquires a 50% share in Virgin Blue Airlines (Virgin Australia)

15 January

/ A318 takes off on maiden flight [1]

15 January

/ Crossair assumes commercial responsibility for most of the European routes formerly operated by Swissair (SWISS)

17 January

/ The U.S. Department of Transportation ap-

/ Braathens alliance agreement with KLM and Northwest Airlines is closed as SAS buy Braathens

252 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä OJSC Tyumenaviatrans company is

proves SkyTeam’s European and U.S. members’ application for transatlantic Antitrust Immunity

Lines), DAT Belgian Airlines, TAP Air Portugal, LOT Polish Airlines, Volare Group and Portugalia Airlines (SWISS)

23 January

/ The A380 enters production on schedule at Airbus’ Nantes site in France

13 February

/ TSA takes from FAA the responsibilities for aviation security

24 January

/ Ryanair places an order for 100 Boeing NextGeneration 737-800 airplanes

13 February

/ SkyEurope Airlines flies its first passengers

14 February

/ Boeing delivers the 1,000th 757

February 7 February

/ Air Afrique declares bankruptcy (Wikipedia)

19 February

/ EMBRAER 170 first flight [3]

11 February

/ The ultra-long range A340-500, Airbus’ longest range airliner to date, takes off on its maiden flight at 10:25 hours local time [2]

21 February

/ Cargojet is established (Wikipedia)

11 February

/ Qualiflyer Alliance joint activities will be discontinued as decided at a meeting of the CEOs of Swissair, Crossair (future Swiss Air

March 8 March

/ Continental and Amtrak launch their comprehensive code share agreement

14 March

/ SkyTeam’s Asian and U.S. members, Korean

[2]

A340-500 first flight - Source: Airbus

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 253

2002 stall and maintain explosives detection systems at 438 U.S. airports

Air, Delta Air Lines and European SkyTeam members jointly file an application for transpacific antitrust immunity 31 March

17 June

/ PrivatAir launches a six-days-a-week business-class-only service for Lufthansa between Düsseldorf and New York’s Newark Airport

24 June

/ Northwest announces an industry first – a new online self-service product that allows customers to make reservation changes and complete E-Ticket exchanges online at the airline’s web site. This new functionality also includes fares purchased online

28 June

/ With the U.S. Department of Transportation’s approval, SkyTeam becomes the first global airline alliance with antitrust immunity for routes across both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as Korean Air and Delta Air Lines receive antitrust immunity

July

/ A new beginning for the airline as British European is forced to dramatically change its business model to survive in such a highly competitive and aggressive new low cost travel era. Flybe is born and, along with it, a bright modern brand and changes to commercial, fleet and operational policies that transforms the airline

/ Swissair stops flying after 71 years and SWISS begins its operations

April 1 April

/ Normal operations using aircraft that meet ICAO “Chapter 2” noise standards cease in Europe (ECAC)

10 April

/ SkyTeam announces a marketing agreement with Coca-Cola, the first of its kind directly between a global airline alliance and a beverage company

May

/ Zoom Airlines Inc. is founded (Wikipedia)

15 May

/ Air Astana maiden flight

20 May

/ Avianca and SAM, together with Aces (Aerolineas Centrales de Colombia), form the Alianza Summa. In November 2003, the shareholders decide to initiate the liquidation of the Sociedad Alianza Summa and take steps to strengthen the Avianca brand

29 May

/ Southwest issues the first automated boarding pass during a test phase at Houston Intercontinental

/ By Egyptian Presidential Decree number 137/2002, EGYPTAIR becomes a Holding Company with seven subsidiaries

June 6 June

/ Austrian Airlines raises its interest in Lauda to 100%

7 June

/ The U.S. Department of Transportation awards a contract to Boeing and Siemens Corp. to in-

4 July

/ JAL joins WOW, an international cargo alliance

17 July

/ Midway Airlines Corporation announces that it will temporarily suspend flight operations

22 July

/ The first A340-600 is delivered to Virgin Atlantic

August

/ easyJet acquires Go

[3]

/ AIR LIB declares bankruptcy (Wikipedia)

Embraer 170 first flight - Source: Embraer

254 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

1 August

/ Scaled Composites White Knight first flight

23 August

/ Northwest, Continental Airlines and Delta Air Lines sign a cooperative marketing agreement

October

/ Qantas launches Australian Airlines as the new low cost international carrier

ECJ ruling also confirms that the EC has competence over the areas of airport slots, fares and computer reservation systems (Compen-

/ The former Air China consolidates with China National Aviation Company and China Southwest Airlines and founds China Aviation Group Company. Based on the combined air transportation resources of the three entities, the new Air China Company is established

dium of International Civil Aviation)

1 October

/ Rheintalflug is integrated into Tyrolean Airways at 100%

27 October

/ Germanwings is founded

November

/ Bulgaria Air is established (Wikipedia)

5 November

/ The European Court of Justice (ECJ) rules that exclusive nationality provisions contained in existing air transport agreements concluded by the eight EU Member States are illegal and as such infringe upon the fundamental principle in EU law that there should be no discrimination on grounds of nationality. The

2003

6 November

/ National Airlines discontinues all flights

13 November / Northwest adds another industry first to its self-service check-in products: Internet Check-In and E-Service Center airport kiosks by expanding self-service check-in to customers traveling with electronic tickets from the United States and Canada to Europe and Asia, including connections through Tokyo’s Narita Airport

December 1 December

/ Rwandair begins operations

2 December

/ Embraer announces a joint venture with AVIC II from China to establish an ERJ 145 aircraft assembly facility in Harbin, China

30 December / Yakutia operates its first flight on Tu-154 on route Yakutsk – Moscow – Yakutsk

ä China Southern acquires China North- ä Nigeria Airways ceases operations ern Airlines and China Xinjiang Air(Wikipedia) lines (Wikipedia) ä Norwegian lists on the Oslo Stock Exä Delta launches Song, a low-cost airline

change

ä ICAO mandates for ACAS II (Annex 6) (EU- ä Iran Aseman Airlines is privatized, ä TransBrazil is declared bankrupt (WikiROCONTROL) bought by the Civil Servants Pension [X] [X] pedia) ä EASA becomes operational as an inde-

Fund, to become a Public Joint Stock company

ä TAP becomes the first European compendent body of the European Company to install a new generation of ä Kenya Airways acquires 49% sharemunity (CANSO) chairs in executive class holding in Precision Air ä Establishment of the Namibia Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) (Directorate ä KLM uk is merged with KLM Cityhopper ä McCarran Las Vegas airport announces it is implementing a baggage-tracking (Wikipedia) of Civil Aviation of Namibia) system that uses Radio-frequency LAN continues its expansion plan: ä identification (RFID) bag tags from ä Air Dolomiti is acquired by the Lufstart of operations of LAN Ecuador Matrics Inc. to improve air safety. The thansa Group decision to implement the tracking ä Niki Lauda takes control of the banksystem makes McCarran one of the ä ATA announces a company name rupt German carrier’s Austrian opfirst airports to use the RFID technolchange from American Trans Air, Inc. erations, Aero Lloyd subsidiary, and to ATA Airlines, Inc. forms NIKI Luftfahrt GmbH ogy airportwide (ACI)

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 255

2003 January

/ Flugleidir becomes a holding company with 11 subsidiaries in the travel and tourist industry in Iceland with Icelandair being the largest subsidiary

9 January

/ Continental announces a code share with French rail operator SNCF, making it the first airline with air/rail code share partners on both sides of the Atlantic

15 January

/ Connexion by Boeing service aboard a Lufthansa 747-400 provides commercial airline passengers the chance to experience in-flight broadband Internet access for the first time

21 January

/ Continental, Northwest and Delta Air Lines announce they will implement an alliance agreement

further spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (Air New Zealand) 24 to 28 March / The Fifth ICAO Worldwide Air Transport Conference on the theme of Challenges and Opportunities of Liberalization is held in Montreal. The Conference reaches 67 conclusions and recommendations covering all agenda items, including market access, fair competition and safeguards, consumer interests, and product distribution dispute settlement and transparency. To create an environment in which international air transport may develop and flourish in a stable, efficient and economical manner without compromising safety and security, the Conference adopts a Declaration of Global Principles (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

23 January

February 24 February

/ SkyTeam announces plans to introduce an Associate Program

31 March

/ Northwest, Delta and Continental receive final U.S. regulatory approval for alliance

April

/ Ryanair acquires Buzz from KLM

1 April

/ Spanair joins the Star Alliance network

May

/ ICAO adopts a global, harmonized blueprint for integrating biometric identification information into passports and other machinereadable travel documents (MRTDs) (Com-

/ Jet2.com first leisure flight / The 777-300ER completes its first flight [1]

March

/ Asiana Airlines joins the Star Alliance network

1 March

/ Homeland Security Act (November 2002) moves TSA into the new Department of Homeland Security

pendium of International Civil Aviation)

17 March

/ World Health Organization (WHO) issues travel advisory and implements precautionary world-wide directives in order to avoid

20 May

/ SpaceShipOne first flight (Wikipedia) [2]

[1]

[2]

777-300ER first flight - Source: Boeing

Courtesy of Scaled Composites, LLC

256 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

2003

Concorde - Source: The Museum of Flight [3]

31 May

/ Air France concludes Concorde passenger services with an AF001 flight from New York (F-BTSD), and a round the Bay of Biscay Charter (F-BVFB) (www.concordesst.com)

June 1 to 3 June

/ The 59th IATA Annual General Meeting (AGM) and World Air Transport Summit (WATS), held in Washington, DC agrees to launch a global IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) program from 1 July 2003 (Compendium of International Civil Avi-

September 5 September / Northwest announces that passengers may use cellular phones onboard Northwest aircraft after landing at U.S. airports. Cellular phones may now be used after the aircraft has left the active runway and is taxiing towards the airport gate 16 September / Announcement of new branding (“Austrian”, “Austrian arrows” operated by Tyrolean, “Lauda Air”)

ation & IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009)

Early

/ EL AL goes public and its stocks are registered for trading on the Tel Aviv Exchange

14 June

/ First flight of the EMBRAER 175 prototype

July

/ Etihad Airways, the national airline of the United Arab Emirates, is set up by Royal (Amiri) Decree

22 July

/ The first A318 is delivered to Frontier Airlines

August 8 August

/ Yugoslav Airlines changes its name to Jat Airways (Air Serbia)

29 September / IATA rolls-out Worldwide Safety Audit Programme – Qatar Airways is first participant (IATA)

October

/ Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Ministers responsible for civil aviation sign the Agreement establishing Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority (ECCAA)

9 October

/ Air France becomes first carrier to operate entire Airbus A320 family with delivery of A318

14 October

/ The Concorde breaks its own record for a trans-Atlantic flight with a hop from London

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1994-2003 / 257

2003 to Boston that lasts just three hours, five minutes and 34 seconds (AIAA) 16 October

/ Boeing announces the decision to cease production of the 757 jetliner in late 2004

16 October

/ ARINC and IBM deliver world’s first multipleairline CUSS kiosks for Las Vegas Airport

24 October

/ The first A340-500, the longest range aircraft in the world, enters into service with Emirates, flying non-stop from Dubai to Sydney

24 October

/ British Airways withdraws Concorde, signalling the closure of the world’s only supersonic passenger services. The last scheduled commercial flight was BA2 from JFK operated by G-BOAG. BA’s fleet of seven aircraft are dispersed for preservation at Barbados (AE), Edinburgh (AA), Filton (AF), Manchester (AC), New York (AD) and Seattle (AG) with one (AB) remaining at Heathrow

/ TUI Airlines Belgium is created (Wikipedia) 4 Novrember / The New Montreal Convention comes into force (ICAO) 26 November / Final ever Flight of Concorde : G-BOAF departs from Heathrow shortly after 11am, heading round the Bay of Biscay for one final time. Alpha-Foxtrot flies over Bristol before returning to place of her birth, Filton Airfileld, landing at 1pm under the command of Capt Les Brodie. The last Concorde built is also the final Concorde ever to fly (www.concordesst. com)

December

/ The Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, is signed into law endorsing the concept of a Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen)

12 December / Tiger Airways Singapore is incorporated (Wikipedia)

(The Museum of Flight) [3]

26 October

/ LOT becomes a member of Star Alliance

16 December / The Board of Directors gives the go-ahead to begin offering the 7E7 Dreamliner for sale

27 October

/ FAA approval is received for installation of the Jeppesen Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) on the 777

16 December / Embraer presents the first ERJ 145 produced by Harbin Embraer Aircraft Industry (HEAI), in Harbin, China

28 October

/ Launch of Air Arabia [4]

End

November

/ Etihad Airways commences operations

[4] Source: Kostas Iatrou

258 / 1994-2003 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ ELFAA is established as a non-profit making organization to represent and protect the needs of low fare airlines and their customers

2004-2013

Simplifying the business and the way forward

2004-2013 Simplifying the business and the way forward Is it utopian to want to push back the frontier of what’s achievable, when everything seems already to have been invented? Or to believe that we can change the world through exploration? “Just imagine your energy reserves increasing during flight! To make this dream a reality, we, with Bertrand Piccard, co-founder of the project Solar Impulse and my team, had to make maximum use of every single watt supplied by the sun, and store it in our batteries. We tracked down every possible source of energy efficiency. By tapping into each team member’s experience and using the combined potential of them all, we manage to find solutions.” This is how I believe in pioneering and innovative spirit and why looking beyond conventional wisdom is important to me. With my team’s spirit and drive, coupled with Bertrand Piccard’s clear vision, we have enabled an idea to be transformed into reality that no aviation specialists, apart from Dassault, believed in: “Too big, too light and impossible to control in flight”, they all said. When Solar Impulse was officially founded on 29 June 2004, a core technology team was put together. Thanks to many supporters, Solar Impulse was able to rely on the expertise and experience of partners whose advices have been as valuable as the credibility and prestige they have brought to the project. These collaborations would go on to stimulate very high level research with huge potential applications for both the environment and the quality of life. After years of technological research and accumulated flight experience, Solar Impulse has shown that the zero-fuel airplane with a gigantic wingspan can fly day and night on solar energy alone, thus demonstrating the enormous potential of clean technologies for energy saving and renewable energy production. Now Solar Impulse 2 is moving on to the ultimate phase of the adventure: the Round-The-World Mission Flights with no fuel, taking place over five months from the beginning of March to the end of July 2015, and with focuses such as the crossing of the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. As we now have a sustainable airplane in terms of energy, the challenge is to make the pilot sustainable as well to allow him to fly many days and nights non stop…

André Borschberg Solar Impulse Co-founder CEO, and Pilot 260 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC (SCHEDULED SERVICES) Seat-km available (millions)

Passenger load factor %

Freight tonne-km (millions)

Mail tonne-km (millions)

Total tonne-km performed (millions)

Total tonne-km available (millions)

Weight load factor %

Year

Passengers (millions)

Passengerkm (millions)

2004

1,979

3,608,707

4,917,087

73

150,482

4,143

488,606

794,828

61

2005

2,119

3,897,404

5,200,507

75

154,244

4,213

519,388

839,812

62

2006

2,238

4,140,544

5,461,374

76

164,432

4,103

551,814

880,141

63

2007

2,434

4,480,619

5,833,780

77

172,333

4,078

588,423

938,205

63

2008

2,470

4,570,132

6,019,040

76

170,677

4,537

598,137

963,385

62

2009

2,461

4,522,005

5,897,110

77

155,527

4,289

572,466

923,277

62

2010

2,675

4,881,686

6,244,946

78

186,280

4,508

639,694

957,300

67

2011

2,838

5,202,799

6,669,689

78

186,839

4,647

671,436

1,015,191

66

2012

2,970

5,481,113

6,950,237

79

184,891

4,823

694,858

1,045,721

66

2013

3,103

5,782,174

7,284,983

79

185,626

5,186

724,350

1,083,472

67 Source: ICAO

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 261

2004

[5] Source: Kostas Iatrou ä Hellenic Aviation Society is formed ä Morocco signs open skies agreement

with the European Union. The liberalization results in a massive influx of low cost airlines on Moroccan routes (Royal Air Maroc) ä Arik Air is incorporated

ä NIKI enters into cooperation agree-

ment with German airline airberlin

.aero Top Level Domain name on behalf of the aviation community. .aero is reserved exclusively for aviation

ä Transaero Airlines OJSC is officially ä SITA introduces the first CUSS kiosks

registered in Saint Petersburg ä Launch of Pacific Blue (Virgin Australia) ä Royal Air Maroc creates a low-cost

at Athens for the Olympics which are common-use kiosks for passenger self-service (ACI)

subsidiary, Atlas Blue ä LAN launches new corporate image

as LAN Airlines S.A.

January

ä .aero launches. SITA sponsors the

Pacific Airways to convert at least six 747-400 passenger airplanes into freighters

/ airberlin acquires a stake of almost 25% in the Austrian airline, NIKI / British Airways’ first transatlantic code share flights with American Airlines to and from the UK regions open for sale on daily flights from Manchester to New York and Chicago

1 January

/ The Governments of Serbia and Montenegro establish the Civil Aviation Directorate of the State of Serbia and the State of Montenegro

7 January

/ Boeing launches the 747-400 Special Freighter program with an agreement with Cathay

262 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

19 January

/ Sobelair ceases operations (Wikipedia)

February 10 February

/ Sky Asia Co., Ltd. (Nok Air) is established

12 February

/ The European Commission and U.S Department of Justice approve the Air France-KLM Royal Dutch Airlines intended merger. With the merger, KLM and Air France will form the first pan-European airline grouping, leading to KLM entering SkyTeam

March 8 March

/ Single European Skies (SES I) legislative package is adopted (EUROCONTROL) / United Airlines announces that Chautauqua and Republic Airlines have joined United Express (Republic Airways)

12 March

/ EMBRAER 190 Maiden Flight [1]

31 March

/ Mexicana Airlines Star Alliance membership ends

April

/ The ANA Group (air transportation business) is integrated under a single brand (all flight numbers use “ANA”)

1 May

/ Braathens merges with SAS Norway (Wikipedia)

4 May

/ US Airways becomes a full member of Star Alliance

5 May

/ The AIR FRANCE KLM Group is born. On this day Air France redeemed the conditions of its share bid, allowing for the merger between Air France and KLM. Seven months earlier, in September 2003, the airlines had decided to join forces

7 May

/ Airbus A380 Assembly Site is opened by French Prime Minister

14 May

/ With the delivery of a 737-800 to ATA Airlines, Boeing’s Next-Generation 737 family reaches 1,500 deliveries in less time than any other commercial airplane family, only six years after delivery of the first model

19 May

/ Wizz Air first flight takes off from Katowice

25 May

/ Qantas’s new low cost domestic airline, Jetstar, commences domestic operations

26 May

/ Republic Airways completes its initial public offering

June

/ EL AL ceases to be a government company

6 to 8 June

/ The 60th IATA Annual General Meeting (AGM) and World Air Transport Summit (WATS), held in Singapore, adopts a Resolution on Business Simplification. The five main priority areas identified for action are: 1) electronic ticketing (ET); 2) the aggressive implementation of common use self-service (CUSS) kiosks at airports; 3) bar coding technology for boarding documents; 4) radio frequency technology for baggage management by developing standards and an industry implementation program; and 5) automated interlining of passenger and cargo traffic by restructuring essential back-office components, including automated fare quotation, posted prices, trusted prorate and machinereadable fare construction (Compendium of

/ Air 2000 is renamed First Choice Airways (Wikipedia)

/ Jazeera Airways is established, the first nongovernment owned airline in the Middle East 1 April

/ JAL/JAS integration is completed

26 April

/ Boeing launches the 787 Dreamliner program with an order for 50 787s from All Nippon Airways (ANA)

30 April

May

/ The last 757-300 is delivered / Only 19% of global tickets are electronic (IATA)

/ AirBridgeCargo performs its first commercial flight / Thomas Cook AG airline in Germany is once again flying under the brand name of Condor

[1]

International Civil Aviation & IATA Wings for the World since 1945, 2009) [2] E190 first flight - Source: Embraer

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 263

2004 10 August

[2]

/ Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is created by law no 21/2004

September Giovanni Bisignani, Director General and CEO, IATA delivering his State of the Air Transport Industry - Source: IATA

13 September / Continental Airlines, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Northwest Airlines become full members of the SkyTeam alliance

21 June

/ SpaceShipOne, a suborbital air-launched spaceplane, complete the first manned private spaceflight (Wikipedia)

October

/ It is decided that SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express will join together under the general ownership of SN Airholding

28 June

/ Singapore Airlines inaugurates the world’s longest commercial daily nonstop flight between Singapore and Newark (serving New York) – an 18-hour, 9,539 sm (15,348 km) journey over the North Pole with its first A340500 (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

3 October

/ Iraqi Airways operations restarts with a flight between Baghdad and Amman (Wikipedia)

5 October

/ Singapore Airlines sells its 6.3% stake in Air New Zealand

16 October

/ Quest Kodiak first flight (Wikipedia)

21 October

/ Jade Cargo German-Chinese cargo carrier is founded by Lufthansa Cargo and Shenzhen Airlines together with the Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft (DEG)

28 October

/ Boeing marks the completion of its 757 commercial airplane program as the 1,050th and final 757 rolls off the production line

November

/ Blue1 joins as the first regional member of Star Alliance, followed by Adria Airways and Croatia Airlines

July 1 July

/ Vueling commences operations

8 July

/ The International Leg of the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay officially is concluded after visiting 33 world cities. The Olympic flame revisited every city that has hosted the Olympic Games, reaching the continents of Africa and Latin America for the first time in history, and also cast its light on future Olympic host cities and other places of global prominence [3]

12 July

/ Chautauqua becomes the first airline in the U.S. and second regional airline in the world to be registered with IOSA (Republic Airways)

28 July

/ Darwin Airlines starts operations

16 November / Kick off of one of IATA’s initiatives – Simplifying the Business (IATA)

August

/ Air Next (currently ANA WINGS CO., LTD.) is established

December

/ Afghanistan Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation is formed

/ Airzena changes its name to Georgian Airways [4] [3]

Source: olympic.org

264 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

E195 first flight - Source: Embraer

3 December

/ The 500th 777 is rolled-out. The 777 will reach 500 airplanes delivered faster than any other twin-aisle airplane in history

7 December

/ The EMBRAER 195 commercial airliner makes its first flight at Embraer’s Sao José dos Campos site [4]

13 December / Jetstar Asia’s inaugural flight takes off for Hong Kong

2005 ä At its peak, 285 million IATA neutral

paper tickets (both versions) are printed (IATA) ä 2D standard for paper bar code boarding passes is established (Air Transport News) ä Avianca change its corporate name

to Aerovias del Continente Americano S.A. ä China Airlines launches world’s first

aircraft with butterfly orchid livery [1]

15 December / DOT unveils the Integrated Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System, which lays out goals, objectives, and requirements necessary to create the NextGen system 15 December / Croatia Airlines officially becomes a regional member of the Star Alliance 17 December / Antonov An-148 first flight [5]

ä Delta Air Lines reaches an agreement

ä Pegasus Airlines is acquired by Esas

to sell Atlantic Southeast to SkyWest, Inc. (Express Jet)

Holding A.S. owned by Sevket Sabanci and his family

ä FedEx launches around the world

ä Sibir Airlines operates under the

flights –Eastbound and Westbound– to provide faster, better connectivity to the major markets around the world ä Emirate of Abu Dhabi, one of the part-

ners of Gulf Air, withdraws its shareholding ä “hapagfly” is the new brand name of Hapag-Lloyd (TUIfly) ä Air Liberté Tunisie takes the name

Nouvelair Tunisie

brand S7 Airlines ä Further step in LAN’s regional expan-

sion plan: start of operations of LAN Argentina ä Patrick acquires a further 17% of

Virgin Blue for $346m, giving it a controlling 62.4% stake in the company (Virgin Australia) ä OnAir, a joint venture with SITA and

Airbus, launches Source: Kostas Iatrou [1]

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 265

2005 January 4 January

7 January

/ LOT charter subsidiary, Centralwings, obtains a licence to operate as an airline / The McCarran Airport in Las Vegas airport starts offering wireless internet service at no charge. The signal is available in the boarding areas and most other public areas. At the time, this was the largest (2 million square feet (180,000 m2) free wireless Internet installation in the world (ACI) / Southwest receives DOT approval for the ATA code share agreement

18 January

/ Unveiling the flagship – the A380 revealed

28 January

/ Boeing gives the 7E7 Dreamliner its official model designation number of 787, following an offer by the People’s Republic of China to buy 60 Boeing 787 Dreamliners

29 January

March 8 March

/ The Boeing 777-200LR Worldliner completes its first flight

11 March

/ China’s first private airline, Okay Airlines, has its maiden revenue flight (Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India)

14 March

April 27 April

/ A380, the 21st century flagship, successfully completes its first flight [2]

28 April

/ Boeing delivers its last 757 passenger airplane, concluding a 23-year production run. It is the 1,050th Boeing 757

29 April

/ Launch of Air India Express, Air India’s budget airline

May

/ Seychelles Government dismantles the Directorate of Civil Aviation and National Assembly approves the establishment of SCAA, Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority

9 May

/ Republic completes the purchase of Shuttle America Corporation

/ Nonstop flights between mainland China and Taiwan take-off for the first time since 1949 (Wikipedia)

February 17 February

/ Opening day of the new Central Japan International Airport (Centrair). JL3201 bound for Fukuoka is the first JAL flight to leave the new airport

[2]

A380 first flight - Source: Kostas Iatrou

266 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Star Alliance network welcomes TAP Portugal as the alliance’s 16th member carrier

9 May

/ Kingfisher starts commercial operations

part in the process include Air Europa, Copa Airlines, Kenya Airways and TAROM

(Wikipedia)

14 May

/ An AS350 B3 climbs to 3,000 meters / 9,900 ft in 2 minutes 21 seconds and makes a world record landing on Mount Everest (Airbus Heli-

11 June

/ Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO) is created

15 June

/ Continental becomes the first U.S. passenger airline to initiate flights to mainland China in nearly 20 years as it inaugurates new daily service from its New York hub at Newark Liberty International Airport to Beijing

30 June

/ A.P. Moeller-Maersk agrees to sell Maersk Air to Fons Eignarhaldsfélag (Wikipedia)

copters & Wikipedia)

23 May

/ The Boeing 777 Freighter is launched, following an order from Air France for five 777 Freighters

24 May

/ SpiceJet commences operations

Mid

/ sky express starts operations

June

/ AIR FRANCE KLM introduces its new, combined, frequent flyer program, “Flying Blue”. It is the first time in history that two European airlines have joined their loyalty programs

July 1 July

/ VASP files for bankruptcy

18 July

/ Spring Airlines, China’s first low cost airline, starts operations (Wikipedia)

September / Fons Eignarhaldsfélag moves Maersk’s as/ Ghana Airways is liquidated (Wikipedia) 3 June

/ Royal Wings operates the first flight (Royal

sets into its other acquisition the same year, Sterling European Airlines, and changes the company’s name to Sterling Airlines

Jordanian)

9 June

/ SkyTeam announces details regarding the Associate Program at the Governing Board meeting. The first carriers selected to take

27 September / The merger transaction between US Airways and America West is officially complete 28 September / U.S. Federal Aviation Administration issues

[2]

A380 first flight - Source: Kostas Iatrou

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 267

2005 the first airworthiness certificate for a commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the General Atomics Altair (Compendium of Inter-

30 October

/ First flight (Auckland – Apia) of Polynesian Blue, a partnership between Virgin Blue and the Government of Samoa

national Civil Aviation)

November

October 5 October

/ The first 747-400 passenger airplane to be converted in the 747-400 Boeing Converted Freighter program arrives in Hong Kong for launch customer, Cathay Pacific Airways

10 November / The Boeing 777-200LR Worldliner establishes a new world record for nonstop distance by a commercial airplane, flying 11,664 nautical miles in 22 hours and 42 minutes from Hong Kong to London

6 October

/ Airbus launches the new A350 aircraft

23 November / Jetairfly acquires its current name (Wikipedia)

20 October

/ Northwest Airlines joins the SkyTeam Cargo alliance

2006

ä China Airlines acquires shares in

ä FL Group buys Sterling Airlines A/S ä CR Airways Ltd is renamed Hong Kong

Airlines Limited ä Airports Council International (ACI)

officially launches the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) Survey ä Arkia is acquired by the Nakash Group

ä Safi Airways is founded

Yangtze River Express Airlines

ä Iberia move all its operations to the

new Terminal 4 at Madrid-Barajas Airport. It also starts Clikair, a low cost airline based in Barcelona

January

/ British Airways CitiExpress is renamed as BA Connect

1 January

/ Latvian Civil Aviation Administration reforms into Civil Aviation Agency

5 January

/ Independence Air ceases operations after declaring bankruptcy (Wikipedia)

16 January

/ Sky Asia Co.,Ltd. change its name to Nok Airlines Co.,Ltd

February

/ EUROCONTROL launches the new European Safety Programme (ESP)

8 to 11 February / The American adventurer Steve Fossett breaks the record for the absolute longestdistance flight without landing by taking off from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape

268 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Madrid Terminal 4 opens with a sur-

face area of over 750,000 m2 and capacity for 35 million passengers a year and 120 flights an hour (ACI)

Canaveral, Florida, on 8 February, circumnavigating the world eastbound, and, after passing over Florida, continuing across the Atlantic Ocean for a second time to land in Bournemouth, England, after a flight of 76 hours 43 minutes, covering 42,469.46 km (26,373.54 miles) (Wikipedia) [1] 22 February

/ Montenegro Airlines issues the first electronic ticket

27 February

/ Pakistan International Airlines is the first to fly the Boeing 777-200LR Worldliner [2]

March

/ ANAC (Brazil Agência Nacional de Aviaçao Civil) is established / Emirates SkyCargo and AirBridgeCargo sign a cooperation agreement

2006 13 March

/ Inaugural flight of Volaris (Toluca to Tijuana)

17 March

/ Steve Fossett flies the GlobalFlyer to one more major aviation record: the Absolute Distance Over a Closed Circuit. Fossett started in Salina, Kansas on 14 March and flew eastbound around the world. Upon leaving Japan he flew south and then tracked along the Equator in order to maximize the distance while crossing the Pacific Ocean. He landed in Salina, Kansas on 17 March after traversing a total of 25,294 miles (40,707 km) to set a new Absolute Distance Over a Closed Circuit Record (Wikipedia)

23 March

/ Low cost carrier terminal (LCCT) is opened at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (Wikipedia)

[1] Source: Kostas Iatrou 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 269

2006 April

/ Hi Fly obtains its Air Operator Certificate

27 August

/ Air India and Indian merger attains official status as National Aviation Company of India Ltd

7 April

/ Star Alliance welcomes SWISS as its newest member

September / White integrates the OMNI Aviation Business Group

10 April

/ Star Alliance welcomes South African Airways

14 April

/ Aeroflot officially joins SkyTeam

25 April

/ The RF Government approves the Charter of Federal State Unitary Enterprise State Transport Company RUSSIA (Rossiya)

May 23 May

June

July

August

/ Boeing delivers the last two of the 156 717 airplanes produced to Midwest Airlines and AirTran Airways, marking the end of commercial airplane production in Southern California, started in the 1920s by Donald Douglas / Nine SkyTeam carriers sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with British Airport Authority (BAA) to co-locate their facilities in Terminal 4 at London Heathrow International Airport (LHR) / As part of the strategy to focus on two strong and complementary brands –Qantas and Jetstar– Australian Airlines ceases operations / Insel Air starts operations (Wikipedia) / airberlin announces that it has acquired 100% of the shares in German domestic airline dba

4 August

/ IndiGo starts services with a flight from New Delhi to Imphal via Guwahati (Wikipedia)

17 August

/ Boeing decides to discontinue Connexion by Boeing service because the market did not materialize

1 September / The 737-900ER makes it first flight from the Renton Municipal Airport in Renton, Wash. 6 September / Airbus becomes a wholly-owned EADS subsidiary 8 September / The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 97.188% shareholder of BWIA, approves a substantial capital injection for the creation of a new regional airline, Caribbean Airlines, based in Trinidad 9 September / The 747-400 LCF makes its first flight, initiating the flight-test program that will culminate in U.S. Federal Aviation Administration certification 25 September / Juneyao Airlines makes its maiden flight 27 September / Caribbean Airlines is incorporated in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 28 September / Suvarnabhumi Airport officially opens to replace the aging Don Muang airport (ACI) [3] 28 September / Cathay Pacific signs an agreement that brings Dragonair into the Cathay Pacific Group as a wholly owned subsidiary. At the same time Cathay Pacific establishes a closer relationship with Air China, with each airline taking a 17.5% stake in the other

October

/ The Nicaraguan Institute of Civil Aviation (INAC) is created / Oasis Hong Kong Airlines commences its services

[2]

/ Air Canada makes history by becoming the first North American carrier to introduce lieflat beds in all Executive Class cabins across its international fleet 18 October Source: Boeing

270 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ AirBridgeCargo receives its Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) confirming the airline’s au-

2006

[3] Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport - Source: Airports of Thailand

thorization to operate Boeing 747 aircraft and offer commercial air services

6 November

23 October

/ Porter Airlines takes flight

29 October

/ The aircraft of FSUE State Transport Company RUSSIA formed by affiliation of Pulkovo Airlines to STC Russia starts its flights under a common flag (Rossiya)

End

30 October

/ Arik Air welcomes first passengers

December

November

/ Jetstar begins international services into Asia and Hawaii (Qantas)

/ TAP and Portugalia’s owners, Grupo Espirito Santo, announce TAP’s acquisition of 99.81% of Portugalia shares (Wikipedia)

15 November / Mango first flight takes to the skies

1 November

/ The brand decision is made in favour of TUIfly versus Hapag-LLoyd / KLM is the world’s first airline to introduce self-service transfer kiosks at which transfer passengers at Schiphol can print their own boarding passes

/ British Airways reaches agreement in principle to sell the regional operations of BA Connect to Flybe

12 December / Airbus A380 receives joint EASA & FAA Type Certification

/ Air Transport News is launched [4]

29 December / State Civil Aviation of Republic of Azerbaijan is established by Decree No 512 of the President of the Republic Azerbaijan

[4]

31 December / BWIA is shut down and Caribbean Airlines, based in Trinidad and Tobago, replaces the company

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 271

2007

[1] A380 at Sydney gate - Source: Sydney Airport ä AirAsia X is established

ä JSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines be-

ä Polar closes on a strategic transac-

comes 100% shareholder of Donavia

tion with DHL Express that gives DHL a 49% equity interest, including a 25% voting interest, in Polar

ä Chalks International Airlines ceases

operations originally begun in 1919

ling scheme for the airline industry

(Wikipedia) ä Delta becomes the first U.S. airline to

offer customers the opportunity to help offset carbon emissions associated with air travel

January

31 January

ä Flybe launches world’s first Eco Label-

ä The Government of Oman withdraws

its shareholding from Gulf Air ä Malev is privatized

/ ATR delivers to the Indian carrier Kingfisher Airlines the world’s first turboprop aircraft equipped with an In-Flight Entertainment system (IFE). This aircraft is also the first turboprop equipped with Light Emitting Diodes (LED) in the whole cabin / VARIG leaves Star Alliance

February 2 February

/ SkyTeam signs agreements with Air Europa,

272 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä Air France becomes the first airline

in the world to offer an in-flight mobile phone service on international flights using OnAir

Copa Airlines and Kenya Airways, indicating that the carriers are on track for official Associate Airline status

March

/ Delivery of the first three Aegean Airbus A320’s

14 March

/ Airport Management Professional Accreditation Programme (AMPAP) is formally launched. AMPAP is a formal partnership between ACI and ICAO to provide accessible, af-

fordable and universally available specialized management training to the global airport community (Compendium of International Civil

8 July

/ The first 787 Dreamliner rolls-out at a celebration attended by 15,000 people at the Everett, Wash. final assembly factory

25 July

/ Introducing “V Australia” – Virgin Blue announces name of new international long haul airline and livery

August

/ Virgin America is launched

14 August

/ First flight of IL-96-400T

Aviation)

15 March

19 March

/ Argentinian National Civil Aviation Administration (ANAC) is created by a presidential decree to succeed the Argentine Air Force in its functions, overseeing all aspects of civil aviation within the Argentine territory / A380 first touchdown in the United States as part of commercial route

27 March

/ airberlin purchases the leisure airline LTU

28 March

/ Royal Jordanian joins oneworld

28 March

/ GOL Announces Acquisition of VRG

30 March

/ Malev Hungarian Airlines joins oneworld

April 1 April

/ JAL and Royal Jordanian officially join oneworld global airline alliance and Aer Lingus withdraws from the alliance

24 April

/ Norwegian acquires FlyNordic from Finnair

27 April

/ Decree-Law No. 145/2007, establishes the Portuguese National Institute of Civil Aviation, abbreviated as INAC

30 April

/ U.S.-EU Air Transport Agreement is signed

September 18 to 28 September / The main aims of the 36th Session of the ICAO General Assembly, held in Montreal, are to enhance the safety, security, sustainability and efficiency of the global air transport system. The accomplishments of ICAO since its last General Assembly in 2004 can be summarized as follows: 1) a plan for strengthening aviation security worldwide; 2) the expansion of the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP); 3) the streamlining and creation of air routes; 4) new standards to protect the environment; 5) progress towards the liberalization of air transport worldwide; and 6) implementing new legal instruments (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

21 September / Air Canada becomes the first airline in North America to introduce electronic boarding passes for Mobile Check-in by customers using cell phones or smartphones

(U.S. Department of State)

June

/ Establishment of the East African Community Civil Aviation safety and Security Oversight Agency (CASSOA) (Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority)

3 to 5 June

/ The 63rd IATA Annual General Meeting (AGM) and World Air Transport Summit (WATS), held in Vancouver issues five main challenges to drive the air transport industry towards its vision of zero emissions (Compendium of Inter-

28 September / ERJ 145 achieves 1000th aircraft

October 15 October

/ Airbus delivers first A380 to Singapore Airlines: New chapter in aviation history

25 October

/ The world’s first A380 passenger flight takes off from Changi Airport. Singapore Airlines flight SQ380 departs for Sydney, Australia (ACI) [1]

national Civil Aviation)

July 1 July

/ SWISS becomes a fully owned subsidiary of Lufthansa (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

25 October

/ easyJet plc agrees to acquire GB Airways Limited

November

/ Air Uganda starts operations

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 273

2007 1 November

/ Dragonair becomes part of oneworld

4 December

15 November / China Southern Airlines become the 11th full member of SkyTeam, making the alliance the first to welcome a carrier from mainland China

/ Continental teams with the Transportation Security Administration to be the first U.S. carrier to launch a paperless boarding pass pilot program that allows passengers to receive boarding passes electronically on their cell phones or PDAs

December 1 December

/ JAL starts introducing JAL Premium Economy –a premium economy cabin– on international routes

2008

12 December / Air China and Shanghai Airlines join Star Alliance

ä LAB operations suspended (Wikipedia) ä Nordwind Airlines is founded

ä The Butterfly Garden, a world’s first

ä The longest runway in India is comä Delta is the first U.S. airline to an-

nounce in-flight wi-fi for its domestic mainline fleet

pleted at New Delhi Airport. The runway, which is 4,430m long, used over 650,000 tonnes of asphalt, a load

January

/ American introduces a mobile version of AA.com

6 January

/ Emirates notifies the Government of Sri Lanka that it will not be renewing the Shareholder’s Agreement of Sri Lankan Airlines

22 January

/ Deutsche Lufthansa AG completes stock purchase transaction for a 19% stake in JetBlue

March

24 February

/ An Airbus A380 aircraft successfully completes the world’s first ever flight by a commercial aircraft using a liquid fuel processed from gas (Gas to Liquids – GTL) in the first stage of a test flight programme to evaluate the environmental impact of alternative fuels in the airline market. The flight from Filton, UK to Toulouse, France, lasted three hours / Boeing, Virgin Atlantic and GE Aviation conduct the first commercial aviation flight using a sustainable biomass-to-liquid fuel mixed with traditional kerosene-based jet fuel. The fuel blend includes oils from Babassu nuts extracted from indigenous Brazilian plants, and coconuts from the Philippines [2]

274 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

in an airport, is opened in Singapore Changi Terminal 3’s Departure Transit Lounge. The airport also features an orchid garden (ACI) [1]

/ The tourism division of the airline’s parent group, TUI AG, merges with First Choice Holidays PLC, forming the new company TUI Travel. Both Thomsonfly and First Choice Airways merge as Thomson Airways (Wikipedia) / Heathrow Terminal 5 is officially opened by Her Majesty The Queen (ACI) [3]

4 March

/ Republic Act No. 9497 renames the Air Transportation Office the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines headed by the Director General of Civil Aviation

20 March

/ Emirates is the first airline in the world to commercially launch an in-flight mobile telephone service. The first authorised mobile phone call from a commercial flight was made today at 30,000ft enroute to Casablanca

26 March

/ The world’s largest airport terminal, Beijing Capital Airport Terminal 3, opens in time for the Olympic Games (ACI & Wikipedia) [4]

27 March

/ The first 777 Freighter, Boeing’s newest cargo jet, enters a moving assembly line. The freighter is the first derivative to test the new 777 production system

February 1 February

which could build a 75 km long six lane expressway (ACI)

2008

Turkish Airlines, Boeing 737 - Source: Kostas Iatrou [6]

[1] Courtesy “Airports in the first 100 years of flight” (2003)

30 March

/ JetBlue begins partnership with Aer Lingus

30 March

/ U.S.-EU Air Transport Agreement is applied (U.S. Department of State)

30 March

/ Olympic Flame depart from Athens International Airport for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games [5]

31 March

/ Japan Asia Airways flies its last flight EG284, from Taipei to Nagoya (Chubu), concluding 32 years of operations

31 March

/ Aloha Airlines shuts down passenger service

April 1 April

/ Turkish Airlines joins Star Alliance [6]

3 April

/ ATA Airlines discontinues all operations

9 April

/ Oasis Hong Kong Airlines announces that the airline has applied to the Hong Kong Court to appoint a provisional liquidator

11 April

/ The first 767-300 Converted Freighter makes its inaugural flight

[2]

[3]

Source: Boeing

Source: Heathrow Airports Limited

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 275

2008

[4] Source: Beijing Capital International Airport

16 April

16 April

/ The partners of an Airbus-led project called CRISTAL ITP (In-trail Procedure) successfully carries out the world’s first in-flight demonstration of a flexible new procedure for oceanic airspace that saves fuel and reduces emissions during cruising / Following an order of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, State Concern “Azerbaijan Airlines” is transformed into a Closed Joint-

[5]

Departing with the flame from Athens - Source: Kostas Iatrou

276 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Stock Company “Azerbaijan Airlines” 22 April

/ World aviation industry joins forces to act on climate change. At the global Aviation and Environment Summit, commercial aviation industry leaders today signed a declaration on climate change to lead towards carbon neutral growth and a totally sustainable industry

23 April

/ Turkish Airlines establishes Anadolujet

29 April

/ The EMBRAER 190 jet receives ETOPS (Extended Operations) certification for 120 minutes from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

11 July

/ Egyptair becomes 21st member of Star Alliance

11 July

/ Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile of Gabon (ANAC) replacing the Secrétariat Général à l’Aviation Civile et Commerciale

May

/ Pacific Airlines is transformed to Jetstar Pacific

14 July

/ The Boeing 777 Freighter makes its first flight

19 May

/ Sukhoi Superjet 100 first flight

28 July

/ First Airbus A380 enters Emirates’ fleet

23 May

/ The U.S. Department of Transport grants antitrust immunity to KLM, Air France, Delta Air Lines, and Northwest Airlines

August

/ British Airways, Iberia and American Airlines file for worldwide antitrust immunity from the U.S. Department of Transportation as the carriers sign a joint business agreement

June

/ Single European Skies Second Package (SES II)is adopted (EUROCONTROL)

28 August

/ Zoom Airlines ceases operations

/ Open Skies launches its first commercial flight between Paris Orly and New York JFK (British Airways)

/ Continental Airlines and United Airlines announce a framework agreement linking their worldwide networks and services to benefit customers and creating revenue opportunities, cost savings and other efficiencies 1 to 3 June

13 June

15 June

/ The 64th IATA Annual General Meeting (AGM) and World Air Transport Summit (WATS) held in Istanbul unanimously adopt a Resolution calling for governments, airports and labour to take immediate action to help the industry survive the growing financial crisis. Also IATA announces the end of the paper ticket era with the adoption of 100% electronic ticketing worldwide / U.S. FAA issues regulation AC No 120-42B that allows beyond 240-minute ETOPS on a caseby-case basis

September / Xian MA600 first flight (Wikipedia) 8 September / JetBlue’s flights and vacation packages are successfully auctioned on eBay – an airline first 8 September / Application for insolvency proceedings is presented by Futura International and Flyant 9 September / CANSO, EUROCONTROL and IATA agree to the Flight Efficiency Plan 12 September / NZ 8 to San Francisco re-named Aspire I takes part in a world first test flight to demonstrate the potential for significantly reduced carbon emissions under optimal flight conditions 12 September / XL Airways UK ceases operations 15 September / Lufthansa Group announces its purchase of a stake in Brussels Airlines 19 September / First A380 delivered to Qantas

/ Jin Air is founded (Korean Air)

28 September / First Airbus final assembly line outside Europe inaugurated in Tianjin, China

/ Southwest announces its first international code share agreement. By teaming with Canada’s WestJet, Southwest will be able to offer code share flights and to sell WestJet space to Canada

October

July 8 July

21 October

/ Aéroports de Paris and Schiphol Group decide to create a leading global alliance in the airport industry

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 277

2008 29 October

/ Northwest merges with Delta [8]

November

/ Edelweiss is integrated into the Lufthansa Group

1 November

/ Thomson Airways brand is launched (Wikipedia)

dures for privatization and is transformed from a limited liability company into joint stock company 13 November / American introduces mobile boarding passes at select airports for use with mobile phones or PDAs

10 November / Montenegro Airlines completes all proce28 November / Comac ARJ 21 first flight

December

[8] Source: Delta Flight Museum

3 December

/ Lufthansa Supervisory Board approves the acquisition of Austrian Airlines

8 December

/ Official Inauguration of the SESAR Joint Undertaking (EUROCONTROL)

15 December / Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras S.A. inaugurates its services (Wikipedia) 17 December / KLM becomes full owner of Martinair 30 December / Air New Zealand successfully completes the world’s first commercial aviation flight powered by the sustainable second-generation biofuel jatroph

2009

ä Aerologic commences flight opera-

tions ä Delta becomes the only U.S. airline

ä[X] The Department of the Air Transport

of Kyrgyz Republic is transformed into the Agency of Civil Aviation under the Ministry of Transport and Communications (Civil Aviation Agency of the Kyrgyz Republic)

(since Pan Am) to serve six continents with introduction of nonstop [X] flights between Los Angeles and Sydney, Australia ä Royal Air Maroc creates RAM Express

subsidiary, specializing in domestic transport

January

/ airBaltic management purchases SAS shares in the airline

7 January

/ Continental is the first commercial carrier to successfully demonstrate the use of sus-

278 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ä After a three-year trial, Sydney air-

port introduces SmartGate technology which uses biometric facial-recognition systems at passport control (ACI) ä The spectacular passenger terminal

at Carrasco Airport opens resembling a giant UFO. It is able to handle 4 million passengers a year and is formed from a single, 1,000ft low arch (ACI) [1]

tainable biofuel to power an aircraft in North America 12 January

/ Air France-KLM takes 25% minority stake in Alitalia

2009

Source: Kostas Iatrou [2]

13 January

14 January

/ Alitalia–Compagnia Aerea Italiana operates its first flight. The company took over the goods, infrastructures and personnel from Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane and absorbed Air One, creating a single airline

/ The Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) Action Plan is launched (ACI Europe, CANSO, EUROCONTROL and IATA)

11 March

/ Airbus builds eco-efficient A350 XWB final assembly line in Toulouse

February 5 February

March

tional Civil Aviation)

26 March

/ The Management Board of LOT Polish Airlines takes the decision to close its subsidiary, Centralwings

April

/ The debut of the first plane with the new SkyTeam alliance livery operated by a Delta Air Lines 767-400 between Atlanta and Milan

/ The rescue of the Aerolineas Argentinas stock portfolio by the National State is established in the framework of the Law No. 26.466

[1]

/ Launch of Air Arabia hub in Casablanca 16 April

Source: Aeroporto Internacional de Carrasco

/ AirAsia X inaugurates its first low-cost and nonstop service between Kuala Lumpur and London (Stansted) (Compendium of Interna-

/ Boeing delivers its 6,000th 737 to ILFC and operator Norwegian Air Shuttle [2]

20 April to 2 May / A Special Group on the modernization of the Rome Convention develops two draft Conventions: 1) Convention on Compensation for Damage to Third Parties, Resulting from Acts 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 279

2009 of Unlawful Interference Involving Aircraft; 2) Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties. These two drafts are considered and adopted at the International Conference on Air Law on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties Arising from Acts of Unlawful Interference or from General Risks, held at Montreal (ICAO)

10 June

/ Jetstar’s Domestic New Zealand operations are launched

15 June

/ ACI EUROPE launches Airport Carbon Accreditation, allowing for the assessment and recognition of participating airports’ efforts to manage and reduce their CO2, emissions. This same year Frankfurt Airport becomes the first airport to receive its accreditation status (ACI) [3]

May

/ LOT establishes LOT Charters

18 May

/ First A320 assembled in China performs maiden flight

23 June

/ Republic Airways announces the acquisition of Milwaukee-based Midwest Airlines

20 May

/ ASEAN agrees on Multilateral Agreement on Air Services

July

/ Lufthansa takes control of bmi

2 July

/ The Government of Montenegro adopts the decision establishing the Civil Aviation Agency (Official Gazette of Montenegro No 45/09)

9 July

/ Vueling and clickair merge (Air Transport

20 May

June

/ Air France-KLM and Delta Air Lines announce a new long-term joint venture under which they will jointly operate their trans-Atlantic businesses by coordinating operations and sharing revenues and costs / American embarks upon a journey that aims to prove that trans-Atlantic flights can be operated a bit greener and leaner. Through the Atlantic Interoperability Initiative to Reduce Emissions (AIRE), American is the first U.S. airline to test next-generation technology and procedures that significantly reduce carbon emissions and saves fuel on trans-Atlantic routes

1 June

/ flydubai makes its inaugural commercial flight with a flight to Beirut

5 June

/ TAP becomes the first airline in the world to launch the IATA carbon offset programme

News)

August 13 August

/ Republic Airways is declared the winning bidder in the auction to acquire Frontier Airlines

September 1 September / Airbus delivers first A318 with “steep approach” capability to British Airways 1 September / Slovak airline SkyEurope suspends operations 3 September / Agreement is signed in Vienna with new partner, Lufthansa. Austrian Airlines becomes member of Lufthansa Group 29 September / Greek state-owned airline Olympic Airlines ceases operations. It is replaced by privately owned Olympic Air, which commences operations on this day (Wikipedia)

[3]

29 September / British Airways introduces the first ever long haul route from London City Airport to New York JFK using Airbus A318s in a special 32seat Club World configuration

October

280 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ All SkyTeam carriers serving London Heathrow operate at Terminal 4 in the brand new SkyTeam terminal showcase including a dedicated SkyTeam branded premium check-in area

787 first flight - Source: Boeing [5]

/ PAL Express operations is taken over by Air Philippines 13 October

/ Republic Airways and Mesa Air Group announce formation of a joint venture

27 October

/ Continental joins Star Alliance

ing both day and night thanks to batteries charged by solar power that provide it with power during darkness, makes its first flight, a short hop of 350 meters in Switzerland [4] [4]

November 5 November

/ A330-200F first flight

10 November / oneworld alliance welcomes Mexicana on board 11 November / JetBlue and Lufthansa begin code share operations 12 November / The merger of British Airways and Iberia takes an important step forward after the two oneworld partner airlines sign a binding memorandum of understanding 12 November / A330 is first airliner to be certified for ETOPS “beyond 180 minutes” (Airbus)

December 3 December

/ The first Solar Impulse aircraft, HB-SIA, the first solar-powered aircraft capable of fly-

First flight - Source: Solar Impulse/Michel Buchs

9 December

/ Brussels Airlines becomes an official member of Star Alliance

15 December / The 787 Dreamliner makes its first flight from Paine Field in Everett, Wash. under the control of Capt. Mike Carriker and Capt. Randy Neville. Takeoff occurs at 10:27 a.m. Pacific time [5] 31 December / U.S. Federal Aviation Administration approves a single operating certificate for Delta and Northwest, allowing the airlines to begin fully integrating schedules, routes, airfares and reservation systems

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 281

2010

[1] Boeing 747-8 Freighter first flight - Source: Kostas Iatrou ä ACI World Headquarters relocates to

Montreal ä Atlantic Southeast acquires Express-

Jet Holdings, Inc., parent company of ExpressJet Airlines, and announces plans to merge the two airlines to form the world’s largest regional airline

ä Copa Airlines announces that Aero

ä LAN acquires Colombia’s Aires airline

Republica will operate under the Copa Airlines Colombia brand name

ä Malev is re-privatized; the Hungar-

ä Delta launches industry’s first social

media “ticket window” allowing customers to purchase tickets directly from Facebook and other social media sites

from the U.S. Department of Transportation for its trans-Atlantic antitrust immunity (ATI) request submitted in conjunction with fellow oneworld alliance members British Airways, Iberia Airlines, Finnair and Royal Jordanian, in addition to approval of a joint business agreement proposed by American, British Airways and Iberia

January 26 January

/ Revolutionary Air New Zealand 777-300 interiors publicly unveiled including the Economy Skycouch and Premium Economy Spaceseat

31 January

/ Delta completes integration of the Northwest Airlines’ reservation system; retires Northwest flight numbers and nwa.com. Final regularly scheduled Northwest flight, NW2470, departs Los Angeles International Airport for Las Vegas, January 30 at 8:45 p.m. PT.

February

/ Synergy Aerospace Corp., owner of Avianca; and Kingsland Holding Limited, owner of TACA, formalize the strategic union of their businesses

8 February

/ 747-8 Freighter completes first flight [1]

13 February

/ American Airlines receives tentative approval

282 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ian State acquires a majority, 95% ownership share in Malev Hungarian Airlines

March 4 March

/ The ATR 42-600 pre-series aircraft successfully takes to the sky for the first time in Toulouse

April 7 April

/ This morning at 10:27, the Solar Impulse HBSIA takes off from Payerne (VD) airfield on its maiden flight. Under the eyes of thousands of spectators from all over Switzerland, Solar Impulse HB-SIA slowly climbs up to 1,200 meters

8 April

venient connections and more travel options to and from New York and Boston. The two companies agree to begin a frequent flyer relationship later in 2010

/ British Airways and Iberia sign a definitive merger agreement (Compendium of International Civil Aviation)

15 to 22 April / Eyjafjallajokull volcano erupts in Iceland causing widespread disruptions in European airspace

21 July

/ Final approval by the U.S. Department of Transportation of the application for antitrust immunity for the alliance’s transatlantic carriers American Airlines, British Airways, Finnair, Iberia and Royal Jordanian, and the joint business agreement (JBA) between the U.S., UK and Spanish companies

30 April

/ Durban’s King Shaka International Airport opens to traffic in time for that year’s FIFA World Cup (ACI & Wikipedia) [2]

May

/ The first airport RFID baggage handling system which stores sorting data on all luggage is installed at Aalborg Airport, Denmark (ACI)

August

/ By amending the Aviation Law, the Civil Aviation Agency of FYROM is transformed into an independent regulatory body

September

3 May

/ Continental and United announce a definitive merger agreement

13 May

/ TAM joins Star Alliance

June

/ Launch of Air Arabia hub in Alexandria

10 June

/ Vietnam Airlines officially joins the SkyTeam

25 June

/ TAROM Romanian Air Transport officially joins the SkyTeam

30 June

/ Aegean Airlines joins Star Alliance

July 19 July

[2]

/ American Airlines and JetBlue Airways launch their partnership to offer customers con-

31 August

/ Mexicana Airlines (Grupo Mexicana) suspends its operations indefinitely

10 September / The Diplomatic Conference on Aviation Security in Beijing adopts two international air law instruments for the suppression of unlawful acts relating to civil aviation: the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation (prevailing over the above-mentioned Montréal Convention of 23 September 1971 and the Protocol done at Montréal on 23 September 1971 and signed on 24 February 1988) and the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (supplementing the above-mentioned Convention signed at The Hague on 16 December 1970) (ICAO) 27 September / ICAO signs a memorandum of cooperation providing a framework for enhanced cooperation with various regional commissions and organizations, i.e. the African Union (AU), the European Union (EU), ACAC, AFCAC, the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), and LACAC (ICAO) 27 September / Southwest Airlines announces that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all of the outstanding common stock of AirTran Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: AAI), the parent company of AirTran Airways

Source: ACSA

28 September to 8 October / In the 37th ICAO Assembly, ICAO, the U.S. Department of Transportation, the European 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 283

2010 Union and the International Air Transport Association formally agree to create a Global Safety Information Exchange (GSIE). Also ICAO Member States agree to historic agreement on aviation and climate change

October

1 October

/ HOLIDAYS Czech Airlines receives an air operator certificate (AOC), becoming a full-fledged airline / United Continental Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: UAL), formerly UAL Corporation, announces today that a wholly owned subsidiary has merged with Continental Airlines, Inc., and that Continental Airlines and United Air Lines, Inc. are now wholly owned subsidiaries of United Continental Holdings, Inc., creating a worldclass global airline

dam – Seoul – Sydney – Los Angeles – Minneapolis – Amsterdam) (SkyTeam) [3] 31 October

/ Shanghai Airlines terminates Star Alliance membership

November

/ AeroGal joins AviancaTaca Holding

15 November / JetBlue Airways and Emirates launch interline agreement 16 November / S7 Airlines is now part of oneworld 24 November / The government approves the creation of Czech Aeroholding (Czech Airlines)

December

/ Shareholders vote their approval for the British Airways/Iberia merger / According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine No1085 / 2011 “On the optimization of central authorities” the State Aviation Administration of Ukraine is established

6 October

/ American Airlines, British Airways, and Iberia announce the official start of their new joint business and new services as a part of their trilateral relationship

9 December

7 October

/ Tentative U.S. approval for American JAL joint venture

10 December / oneworld moves head office to New York

15 October

/ Scheduled international flight services begin at Haneda Airport (ANA)

28-31 October / Leaving in the early evening from Amsterdam’s Schiphol airport on 28 October and arriving at the same place in the early dawn of 31 October, Dr. Kostas Iatrou, the co-founder and Managing Director of Air Transport News, just complete a Round The World trip with SkyTeam in 60 hours and 47 minutes (The actual itinerary appears as follows: Amster-

284 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

[3]

Source: KLM

2011

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental first flight - Source: Boeing [1]

ä LAN and TAM sign binding agreements related to the busi-

ness combination of the two airlines ä Norwegian becomes the first airline to offer in-flight wi-fi

ä Copenhagen Airport becomes the first in the world to in-

corporate augmented reality in its iPhone application. The technology can be used as a wayfinder inside the terminals (ACI)

on European routes

January

March

12 January

/ Air New Zealand announces code share agreement with Virgin Atlantic

17 March

/ UN Security Council approves “No-Fly Zone” over Libya

20 January

/ Air New Zealand acquires a substantial shareholding in Australian-based airline Virgin Blue. The move is part of a planned acquisition of a shareholding of between 10% and 14.9%

17 March

/ Operations by Afriqiyah Airways are terminated (Wikipedia)

20 March

/ Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental conducts successful first flight [1]

/ Rossiya Airlines open joint stock company is established in St.Petersburg

April

28 January

1 April

February 10 February

/ Peach Aviation is established

11 February

/ PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. officially becomes a Public Company

/ Japan Airlines and American Airlines announce the commencement of their joint business

May 4 May

/ Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo’s First “Feathered” flight marks latest Milestone for Virgin Galactic 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 285

2011 Park, the largest unified PV installation at an airport worldwide, officially launches operation [2]

June 1 June

/ Sector Aviation Holdings Ltd (SAH) acquires bmi regional

21 June

/ China Eastern officially joins SkyTeam

23 June

/ AirAsia orders 200 A320neo aircraft

July

/ Members of the Davis family of Minnesota become owners of Sun County Airlines / Flybe acquires Finnish Commuter Airlines (Finncomm), Finland’s largest domestic air carrier, in a newly formed joint venture with Finnair

15 July

20 July

/ Lufthansa launches the world’s first ever daily commercial passenger flights using biofuel. The four return daily flights between Hamburg and Frankfurt are the first in the world to use a biofuel blend using 50% Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) / AMR Corporation announces largest aircraft order in history with Boeing and Airbus. Under the new agreements, American plans to acquire 460 narrowbody, single-aisle aircraft

September 28 September / SkyTeam members welcome China Airlines 28 September / Athens International Airport’s Photovoltaic

[2]

Source: Athens International Airport

286 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

October

/ Meridiana fly completely acquires the properties of Air Italy

27 October

/ All Nippon Airways makes aviation history today by operating the first ever passenger flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner

31 October

/ Martinair discontinues passenger operations, a ceremonial roundtrip last flight is operated above the Netherlands using a Boeing 767

November 10 November / South Sudan becomes the 191st member of ICAO (ICAO) 30 November / Sharklet-fitted Airbus A320 successfully completes first flight-test [3]

December 1 December

/ Air Transport Association changes name to Airlines for America

2 December

/ VietJet Aviation Joint Stock Company launches national commercial activities

7 December

/ Virgin Australia group of airlines today officially launches its international airlines, V Australia and Pacific Blue, under the new brand, Virgin Australia

[3] Source: Airbus

12 December / Boeing (NYSE: BA) announces today that it has received type-design approval from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for up to 330-minute extended operations (ETOPS) for its 777 fleet

19 December / Etihad Airways announce the purchase of a 29% stake in airberlin

13 December / Ethiopian Airlines join Star Alliance

End

2012

/ White obtains the license to operate scheduled flights

1 January

/ The new ExpressJet Airlines is created after corporate merger of Atlantic Southeast and ExpressJet is completed

25 January

/ NIKI is full integrated with the airberlin family

ä Dulles International Airport becomes the first airport in the USA to introduce a video analytics system that automatically calculates wait times at security points (ACI)

January

11 January

23 December / Lufthansa and IAG sign purchase agreement for the sale of British Midland Ltd.

management control of Philippine Airlines and PAL Express 5 April

/ Volotea commences operations (Wikipedia)

20 April

/ With the change of ownership from Lufthansa to the International Airlines Group (IAG), bmi formally exits the Star Alliance network

29 April

/ Syphax Airlines starts its operations

/ Maldives Civil Aviation Authority is formed as an independent authority by the Parliament / Seychelles Government and Etihad Airways team up in new strategic partnership In Air Seychelles (Air Transport News)

May 1 May

/ Delta purchases an oil refinery, becoming first airline to produce its own jet fuel

/ Largest ever aircraft acquisition in Europe: Norwegian purchases 222 new aircraft

3 May

/ Cimber Sterling ceases operations

/ Spanair suspends operations

3 May

/ ATR delivers its 1000th aircraft to Spanish carrier Air Nostrum

3 February

/ Malev ceases its operations

18 May

14 February

/ Boeing, Lion Air finalize historic order for up to 380 737s

/ British Airways brings the Olympic Flame to Britain on a specially –liveried Airbus A319– Firefly for the London 2012 Summer Olympics

25 January

28 January

February

March

[1]

28 May

/ Azul announces the acquisition of TRIP Linhas Aéreas (Wikipedia)

/ airberlin is now part of oneworld and Iberia Express will fly as affiliate member of oneworld

29 May

/ Saudia becomes SkyTeam’s first member airline from the Middle East

/ Air Nippon Co. Ltd. is absorbed by ANA

June

20 March

/ NIKI becomes an affiliate member of oneworld

21 March

April

4 June / San Miguel Corporation (SMC) acquires 49% of PAL Holdings for US$500 million and takes

/ Scoot’s first aircraft –also known as Goin’ Scootin – departs Singapore Changi Airport’s terminal to Sydney International Airport 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 287

2012

[1] Source: Kostas Iatrou

21 June

/ Avianca, Taca Airlines and Copa Airlines join Star Alliance

12 September / AirAsia to become first Airbus A320 “Sharklets” operator

22 June

/ LAN and TAM complete their transaction and create LATAM Airlines Group

29 September / Delta ceases Comair’s operations

28 June

/ Middle East Airlines – Air Liban (MEA) joins SkyTeam

October

July 1 July

/ Austrian’s flight operations are concentrated in the 100% subsidiary Tyrolean Airways

3 July

/ Jetstar Japan takes off

5 July

/ Uruguayan government suspends PLUNA’s operations following a strike that started two days earlier after failing to find new investors for the company (Wikipedia)

8 October

/ Air France-KLM Group, Etihad Airways and airberlin announce new partnerships

10 October

/ Adoption of the Avianca name as a unique commercial brand for the subsidiary airlines of AviancaTaca Holding S.A., Avianca, TACA, TACA International, TACA Regional, Tampa Cargo and AeroGal

19 October

/ IATA announces that the IATA Passenger Service Conference adopts a Resolution on a

[2] Source: Emirates

August 30 August

/ SkyTeam welcomes Aerolineas Argentinas as its 18th member

September 6 September / Qantas, Emirates announce global aviation partnership [2] 10 September / Airports Council International officially launches its APEX in Safety Programme

288 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

Foundation Standard for a New Distribution Capability (NDC) 20 October

/ Kingfisher Airlines receives an order from the Director General of Civil Aviation suspending its scheduled operator’s permit

21 November / Xiamen Air joins SkyTeam as the 19th member 29 November / Shenzhen Airlines joins Star Alliance

December 1 December

November

/ Blue 1 formally leaves Star Alliance following its integration into Star Alliance member Scandinavian Airlines

/ OpenSkies fly begins oneworld affiliation

10 December / Delta and Virgin Atlantic to form strategic alliance

2013

Source: Dubai Airports [1]

group’s three regional airlines – Brit Air, Regional and Airlinair

January 2 January

/ Dubai Airport opens the world’s first A380 concourse at Dubai International. The new concourse spreads across 11 floors with a total area of 528,000 square metres (ACI) [1]

February 1 February

/ Malaysia Airlines joins oneworld

16 January

/ FAA issues an emergency airworthiness directive (AD) to address a potential battery fire risk in the 787 and requires operators to temporarily cease operations

14 February

/ American Airlines and US Airways announce an $11,000,000,000 deal to merge, creating the world’s largest airline, with 900 planes, 3,200 daily flights, and 95,000 employees

16 January

/ Ryanair: Announces first Non-European Bases – Fez & Marrakech

25 February

28 January

/ Air France reveals the name and commercial offering of its new regional airline, HOP!, a result of the synergy between the Air France

/ ICAO adopts Annex 19 on Safety Management. The new Annex supports ICAO’s global safety strategy, which calls for improved standardization, increased collaboration among aviation stakeholders, new information-sharing initiatives, and prioritizing investments in

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 289

2013 technical and human resources required to ensure safe operations (ICAO)

March 14 March

/ Introduction of a holding company structure and the start of ANA HOLDINGS INC.

1 April

/ Armavia announces the decision to begin bankruptcy proceedings and suspend operations

4 April

/ Spain’s National Securities Market Commission (CNMV) approves International Airlines Group’s (IAG) revised offer for Vueling

27 April

/ Ethiopian Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the first in the world to resume service after Boeing 787 battery system design is changed

29 April

/ Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo makes first rocket-powered flight (AIAA)

30 April

/ The tallest airport control tower, Tower West at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, which measures 133.8 m (438 ft 11.71 in) is completed (ACI) [2]

May

/ Norwegian’s first ever long-haul flights takeoff from Oslo Airport Gardermoen to New York and Bangkok

3 May

/ SAS sells Wideroe to an investor group led by Torghatten

24 May

/ ICAO and ATAG sign joint statement on sustainable approaches to emissions reduction

/ Hermes Air Transport Club is founded

18-22 March / Increased liberalization of air carrier ownership and control, improved convergence of the myriad of consumer protection regimes applicable to passengers and airlines, enhanced air cargo liberalization, as well as renewed focus on minimizing State taxes and charges on air travel and transport are among the key long-term targets agreed to at ICAO’s Sixth Worldwide Air Transport Conference (ATConf/6), held at ICAO Headquarters in Montréal 31 March

April

/ The partnership between Qantas and Emirates is launched and at the same time Qantas and British Airways cut joint ties

[2] Source: Guinness World Records

June 6 June

/ Air New Zealand increases interest in Virgin Australia to 22.99%

14 June

/ First A350 XWB successfully completes flight

[X]

[3]

18 June

/ Eva Air joins the Star Alliance network

24 June

/ WestJet launches WestJet Encore

28 June

/ Fiji Airways officially launches as the “Air Pacific” brand is retired

August 1 August

290 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

/ Etihad Airways, Jat Airways, and the Government of the Republic of Serbia announce a strategic partnership. Jat Airways is rebranded as Air Serbia

2013

A350 first flight - Source: Kostas Iatrou [3]

5 August

/ Airbus’s 8,000th worldwide aircraft delivered

8 August

/ IATA announces that Air Transat has become the first airline to renew its IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) registration under the Enhanced IOSA audit process

16 September / China begins flight operations at the world’s highest civilian airport, at an elevation of 4,411 metres (14,472ft) above sea level, Daocheng Yading Airport (ACI & Wikipedia) 17 September / Boeing flies First 787-9 Dreamliner

September

October

13 September / Embraer delivers 1,000th E-Jet

1 October

/ LAN Colombia is now part of oneworld

16 September / Bombardier’s first flight for C-Series Aircraft

1 October

/ All the companies in the Thomas Cook Group come together under a single symbol: the Sunny Heart. The Sunny Heart appears on the tails of the aircraft of Thomas Cook Group Airlines to express their common identity

4 October

/ The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) concludes a landmark 38th Assembly today receiving endorsements from its Mem-

[4] [4]

C-Series first flight - Source: Bombardier

[5] Source: oneworld

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 2004-2013 / 291

2013 ber States on sector-wide strategic planning and exceeding many expectations when it agrees to develop a global market-based measure (MBM) for international aviation 23 October

/ Aegean Airlines completes acquisition of Olympic Air

29 October

/ Qatar Airways joins oneworld [5]

31 October

/ The U.S. Department of Transport Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Administrator Michael Huerta today announces that the FAA has determined that airlines can safely expand passenger use of Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) during all phases of flights, and immediately provides airlines with implementation guidance

November 1 November

/ JetBlue becomes the first U.S. Airline to implement Personal Electronic Device use Gateto-Gate

12 November / Global Aviation Holdings and subsidiaries, including its two operating airlines World Airways and North American Airlines, file vol-

untary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code 17 November / Darwin Airlines rebrands its operations as Etihad Regional following acquisition of 33.3% from Etihad 23 November / Singapore Airlines discontinue Flight 21, the longest regularly scheduled nonstop flight in the world (Singapore Airlines) making Qantas Flight 7 the longest regularly scheduled nonstop commercial flight by distance in the world, flying from Sydney Airport to Dallas/ Fort Worth International Airport (Wikipedia)

December 3 December

/ Republic Airways completes sale of Frontier Airlines to Indigo Partners

23 December / Airbus and Emirates Airlines sign a contract for 50 additional A380 jetliners, firming up a commitment originally announced during November’s Dubai Airshow. The agreement is finalised during Emirates’ President Tim Clark’s visit to Airbus’s Toulouse, France headquarters and brings the carrier’s total A380 orders to 140

Solar Impulse 2 - Source: Solar Impulse/Revillard/Rezo.ch

292 / 2004-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

100 Years of Commercial Aviation

references

100 Years of Commercial Flight (http://www.flying100years.com/ #1914) A4A (http://www.airlines.org/about-us/history/) AACO (http://www.aaco.org/History) AAPA (http://www.aapairlines.org/History.aspx) ABX Air (https://www.abxair.com/about/index.cfm) ACI EUROPE (https://www.aci-europe.org/about/profile.html) ACI, ACI World, 800 rue du Square Victoria Suite 1810, P.O. Box 302 Montréal, Québec, H4Z 1G8, Canada ADR (http://www.adr.it/web/aeroporti-di-roma-en-/azn-ourhistory) Adria Airways (https://www.adria.si/en/about-us/the-company/ history/) AEA (http://www.aea.be/about-us/aea%E2%80%99s-history.html) Aegean Airlines (http://en.aegeanair.com/all-about-us/milestones/) AENA (http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite?MO=3&SMO=1&c=Microsi te_FA&cid=1069405144694&p=1069068239580&pagename=Micro site%2Fmicrosite) Aer Lingus (http://corporate.aerlingus.com/companyprofile/ history/) Aer Lingus (http://corporate.aerlingus.com/ mediacentre/75thanniversary/) aerofiles.com (http://aerofiles.com/chrono.html) Aeroflot (http://www.aeroflot.ru/cms/en/about/aeroflot_history) Aerolineas Argentinas (http://www.aerolineas.com.ar/arg/main.asp ?idSitio=AR&idPagina=2&idIdioma=en) Aeromexico (http://aeromexico.com/us/about-us/knowingaeromexico/history.html) AFCAC (http://www.afcac.org/en/documents/conferences/ July2012/yde.pdf) Afghanistan Civil Aviation Authority (http://acaa.gov.af/en) Afghanistan Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (http://motca. gov.af/en/page/5904) AFRAA (http://www.afraa.org/index.php/about-us/background)

Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile of Gabon (ANAC) (http://www. anacgabon.org/fr/index.php/a-propos-de-lanac) AIAA (https://www.aiaa.org/HistoryTimeline/) Aigle Azur (http://www.aigle-azur.com/history/) Air Algerie (http://www.airalgerie.dz/about_us.jsp#tabs-2) Air Astana (http://www.airastana.com/kaz/en/History.aspx) Air Burundi (http://flyairburundi.com/index.php?option=com_conte nt&view=article&id=17&Itemid=135) Air Caledonie (http://www.air-caledonie.nc/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=3&lang=en) Air Canada (http://75.aircanada.com/timeline/) Air China (http://www.airchina.com.cn/en/about_us/company. shtml?smartID=7207903185) AIR DO (http://www.airdo.jp/ap/en/index.html) Air Dolomiti (http://www.airdolomiti.eu/company/history.html) Air Europa (http://www.aireuropa.com/waeam/en/estaticos/ informacion/historia.html) Air France (http://corporate.airfrance.com/airfrancelasaga/ category/ephemerides/?lang=en_us) Air France (http://memoireairfrance.canalblog.com/ archives/2008/06/21/9660713.html) Air France (http://www.airfrancemusee.org/en/histoire.php) Air India (http://www.airindia.in/timeline.htm) Air Koryo (http://www.airkoryo.com.kp/en/company/history) AIR LIB (http://web.archive.org/web/20020409193147/http://www. air-liberte.fr/francais/air_liberte/index.php3?menu=decouvrir) Air Macau (http://www.airmacau.com.mo/aboutcompany. php?lang=eng) Air Madagascar (https://www.airmadagascar.com/en/airline/ malagasy-airline-history) Air Malta (http://www.airmalta.com/information/about/about-airmalta/history) Air Mauritius (http://www.airmauritius.com/aboutus.htm) Air Moldova (http://www.airmoldova.md/about-company-en/) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 293

100 Years of Commercial Aviation

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Air New Zealand (http://www.airnewzealand.co.nz/assets/PDFs/ company-history-feb-2014.pdf) Air Niugini (http://www.airniugini.com.pg/about-us/history/ humble-beginnings/) Air Nostrum (http://www.airnostrum.es/air_01.asp?ruta=HTML\air_ nostrum\2_historia.htm&titulo=Air%20Nostrum&subtitulo=History) Air One (https://flyairone.com/EN-EU/who-we-are/) Air Serbia (http://www.airserbia.com/en/history) Air Tahiti (https://www.airtahiti.com/air-tahiti-history) Air Tahiti Nui (http://uk.airtahitinui.com/air-tahiti-nui-an-economicmotive-a-story-of-the-heart.html) Air Transat (http://www.transat.com/en/about/history.aspx) Air Transport News (http://www.atn.aero/article. pl?&id=18145&keys=Clickair) Air Transport News (http://www.atn.aero/article. pl?&id=34566&keys=air%20seychelles) Air Transport News (http://www.atn.aero/article. pl?&id=6579&keys=mobile%20check) Air Uganda (http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7/about-airuganda) Air Vanuatu (http://www.airvanuatu.com/home/contact-us/aboutus.aspx) AirAsia (http://www.airasia.com/my/en/about-us/ir-about-airasia. page) AirAsia X (http://www.airasia.com/ot/en/about-us/corporateprofile.page) airBaltic (https://www.airbaltic.com/en/company-history) airberlin (http://www.airberlingroup.com/en/about-airberlin/history) AirBridgeCargo (http://www.airbridgecargo.com/company/about/ history/) Airbus (http://www.airbus.com/company/history/the-interactivetimeline/) Airbus (http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/pressrelease-detail/detail/a330-is-first-airliner-to-be-certified-foretops-beyond-180-minutes/) Airbus Helicopters (https://www.airbushelicopters.com/site/en/ ref/1974:-AS350-355-AS550-555-EC130_469-138.html) Airbus Helicopters (https://www.airbushelicopters.com/site/en/ref/ Characteristics_69.html) AIRCALIN (http://us.aircalin.com/avion-aircalin.php) Airlines Remembered (2000), Airlines Remembered, Leicester: Midland Publishing Airlines Worldwide (2000), Airlines Worldwide, Leicester: Midland Publishing Airlink (http://www.flyairlink.com/about_us/our_profile.php) Airport Authority Hong Kong http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/ media/key-dates-events.html#airkey1998)

294 / 1914-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

airTran (http://www.airtranairways.com/about-us/history.aspx) Alaska Airlines (http://www.alaskaair.com/content/about-us/ history/overview.aspx) Albanian Directorate General of Civil Aviation (http://web.archive. org/web/20100908073523/http://www.dgca.gov.al/faqe_ en.php?ID=Historiku&ED=History) Alitalia (http://corporate.alitalia.it/en/company/history/index.html) All Nippon Airways (http://www.anahd.co.jp/en/company/ anapace/) Aloha State (http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/chronology-ofaviation-in-hawaii/) ALPA (http://www.alpa.org/portals/alpa/aboutalpa/ourhistory/ Labor1930s.htm) ALTA (http://alta.aero/web/history.php) Ambassade de France à Bucarest (http://www.ambafrance-ro.org/ spip.php?article2328) American Airlines (http://www.aa.com/i18n/amrcorp/ corporateInformation/facts/history.jsp) Ansett (http://web.archive.org/web/19970516060722/http://www. ansett.com.au/nofrms/ansettaustralia/040104n.html) Ansett (http://web.archive.org/web/20021001182548/http://www. ansett.com.au/timeline/timeline_f.htm) Antonov (http://www.antonov.com/aircraft/antonov-gliders-andairplanes) Ariana Afghan Airlines (https://www.flyariana.com/Corp/about) Arik Air (http://www.arikair.com/our-history) ARINC (http://web.archive.org/web/20031223112821/http://www. arinc.com/news/2003/10-16-03.html) Arkia (http://www.arkia.com/company-profile-history-c132) Armenia (General Department of Civil Aviation (http://www.aviation. am/index.php/en/aboutus/history) ASEAN (http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-economiccommunity/item/asean-multilateral-agreement-on-air-servicesmanila-20-may-2009-2) ASECNA (http://www.asecna.aero/index.php/2014-03-31-16-4751/2014-03-31-16-53-08/un-peu-d-histoire) Asiana (http://us.flyasiana.com/C/en/homepage.do?menuId=0050 01001000000&menuType=CMS) Association Breguet XIV (http://www.breguet14.org/html/index_ nobreg.htm) ATA (https://web.archive.org/web/20070202093132/http://www. ata.com/about_ata/company_information/history.html) Atlas Air (http://www.atlasair.com/holdings/company-history.html) Atlasjet (http://www.atlasjet.com/about-us) ATR (http://www.atraircraft.com/about-atr/corporate-overview/ milestones.html) ATRS (http://www.atrsworld.org/aboutus.html)

Austral (http://www.austral.com.ar/austral.asp?idioma=en) Austrian (http://www.austrianairlines.ag/AustrianAirlinesGroup/ Profil/OurHistory.aspx?sc_lang=en) Autoridad Aeronautica Civil of Panama (http://www.aeronautica.gob. pa/) Aviafrance (http://www.aviafrance.com/) Avianca (http://www.avianca.com/en-us/our-company/corporateinformation/corporate-profile.aspx) Aviation Safety Network (http://aviation-safety.net/database/ record.php?id=19520411-0) AVID (http://www.avidairlineproducts.com/about.html) Azerbaijan Airlines (http://www.azal.az/en/about/history) Azerbaijan State Civil Aviation of Republic of Azerbaijan (http://www. caa.gov.az/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id =149&Itemid=146&lang=en) BAE Systems (http://www.baesystems.com/ enhancedarticle/NIFT_074523/The%20Aircraft%20 Company%20?_afrLoop=328343495254000&_ afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=xiu5n0m8e_1#%40%3F_ afrWindowId%3Dxiu5n0m8e_1%26_ afrLoop%3D328343495254000%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_ adf.ctrl-state%3Dxiu5n0m8e_57) Bahamas Civil Aviation (http://www.bcaa.gov.bs/history/) Bahamasair (http://bahamasair.com/about/) Bahrain Airport Company (http://www.bahrainairport.com/aboutus/our-history/aviation-in-bahrain.html) Bahrain Ministry of Transportation (http://mot.gov.bh/en/about/ heritage/aviation-heritage) Bangkok Airways (http://www.bangkokair.com/eng/pages/view/ company-profile) Bangladesh Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.caab.gov.bd/ corporate/histback.html) Bangladesh Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism (http:// www.mocat.gov.bd/site/page/7c990d63-87d4-4558-9f5b9f6e738ef589) Belarus Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.avia.by/page-374-ru. html) Belavia (http://en.belavia.by/company/history/) Bell, D. (2008), Atlas of world aviation, NY: Collins BH Airlines (http://www.bhairlines.ba/site_v3/en/txt.php?id=8) BHAir (http://www.bhairlines.com/page.php?id=2) Biman Bangladesh Airlines (http://www.biman-airlines.com/about/ history) BinterCanarias (https://www.bintercanarias.com/eng/corporative/ us/history) Blue Panorama Airlines (http://www.blue-panorama.it/en/about.html) Blue1 (http://www.blue1charter.fi/en/about_us)

bmi (http://web.archive.org/web/19981207074318/http://www. britishmidland.com/) bmi (http://web.archive.org/web/20100218114415/http://www. flybmi.com/bmi/en-gb/about-us/our-history/our-history.aspx) bmi regional (http://www.bmiregional.com/en/top-menu/about-us) Boeing (http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-12-12-Boeing-toOffer-up-to-330-Minute-ETOPS-on-777) Boeing (http://www.boeing.com/boeing/history/chronology/index. page?) Boeing (http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2005/ february/i_history.html) Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Aviation (http://www.dgac.gob. bo/MensajeDirector.html) Bombardier (http://www.bombardier.com/en/about-us/history. html) Bosnia and Herzegovina Directorate of Civil Aviation (http://www. bhdca.gov.ba/index.php/en/bhdca/about-us) Braathens (http://web.archive.org/web/20020605060630/http:// english.braathens.no/main.asp?kategoriID=91) Brazil ANAC (http://www2.anac.gov.br/ingles/aboutanac.asp) Britannia Airways (http://web.archive.org/web/20010215023043/ http://www.britanniaairways.com/company_info/default.htm) British Airways (http://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/ about-ba/history-and-heritage/explore-our-past) Brunei Darussalam (http://www.civil-aviation.gov.bn/index.php/ about-dca/introduction?id=72) Brussels Airlines (http://www.brusselsairlines.com/en-be/ corporate/company/history.aspx) Bulgaria Civil Aviation Administration (http://www.caa.bg/index.php) BWIA (http://web.archive.org/web/20061107224805/http://www. bwee.com/new_airline.htm) Cambodia State Secretariat of Civil Aviation (http://www. civilaviation.gov.kh/en/about-ssca) Cameroon Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.ccaa.aero/historiquede-laviation-civile-au-cameroun-190.html) Canadian Airlines (http://web.archive.org/web/20000303181624/ http://www.cdnair.ca/eng/corp/01corp/index.html) CANSO (http://www.canso.org/whoweare) CANSO, CANSO Global Head Office, Transpolis Schiphol Airport, Polaris Avenue 85e, 2132 JH Hoofddorp, The Netherlands Cargo Air Lines (http://www.cal-cargo.com) Cargolux (http://www.cargolux.com/Company/?mid=2) Caribbean Airlines (http://www.caribbean-airlines.com/index.php/ about-us/history) CASA (http://www.casa.gov.au/scripts/nc.dll?WCMS:STANDARD::pc= PC_91621) CASA (http://www.casa.gov.au/wcmswr/_assets/main/corporat/ 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 295

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296 / 1914-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

COCESNA (http://www.cocesna.org/pagina.php?id=46&lng=0) Comair (http://www.comair.co.za/about-us/the-comair-story) Compendium of International Civil Aviation, Chapter 1 - Milestones of International Civil Aviation Condor (http://www.condor.com/us/the-company/our-history.jsp) Continental Airlines (http://web.archive.org/ web/20080509062001/http://www.continental.com/web/en-US/ content/company/history/default.aspx) Copa Airlines (http://investor.shareholder.com/copa/overview.cfm) Copa Airlines (http://www.copaair.com/sites/cc/en/acerca-decopa-airlines/pages/nuestra-historia.aspx) Corsair (http://www.corsair.fr/flight/Informations/our-company) Croatia Airlines (http://www.croatiaairlines.com/About-us/ Company-information/History) Crossair (http://web.archive.org/web/20011203184740/http:// www.crossair.com/en/ourcompany/about_us/index.html) Croydon Airport Society (http://www.croydonairport.org.uk/TheAirport/The-History) CSA (http://www.csa.cz/en/portal/quicklinks/about-us/history. htm) CSA (http://www.csa.cz/en/portal/quicklinks/news/news_tz/ news_tzarchiv_data/tz_25112010.htm) Cubana (http://www.cubana.cu/guide/?article=co-intro) Cyprus Airways (http://cyprusair.com/502,0,0,0,2-The-CyprusAirways-Company.aspx) Dassault (http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/passion/aircraft/ civil-dassault-aircraft/mercure/?xtmc=dassault-mercure&xtrc=1) Dassault Aviation (http://www.dassault-aviation.com) de Havilland Aviation (http://www.dehavillandaviation.co.uk/ History/history.htm) Delta Air Lines (http://news.delta.com/index.php?s=20308) Delta Air Lines (http://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/deltahistory/timeline/decades/) Department of Civil Aviation of El Salvador (http://www.aac.gob.sv/ index.php/institucion/historia.html) Department of Civil Aviation of Zambia (http://www.dca.com.zm/) Department of Civil Aviation Republic of Cyprus (http://www. mcw.gov.cy/mcw/dca/dca.nsf/DMLhistory_en/DMLhistory_ en?OpenDocument) DHL (http://wap.dhl.com/info/history.html) Direccion General de Aviacion Civil Costa Rica (http://www.dgac. go.cr/acercadgac/aviacion_cr/historia.html) Direccion National de Aeronautica Civil of Paraguay (http://www. dinac.gov.py/v2/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=ite m&id=10&Itemid=115) Direction de l’Aviation Civile (DAC) (http://www.dac.public.lu/ direction/index.html)

Directorate General of Civil Aviation Chile (http://www.dgac.gob.cl/ portalweb/dgac/acercaDeLaDGAC/resenaHistorica) Directorate General of Civil Aviation of Indonesia (http://hubud. dephub.go.id/?id/page/detail/91) Directorate General of Civil Aviation State of Kuwait (http://www. dgca.gov.kw/en/civil-aviation/about-us/history) Directorate of Civil Aviation of Namibia (http://www.dca.com.na/ about.htm)

%E2%80%93-2000-towards-seamless-european-airspace) EUROCONTROL (http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/2000%E2%80%93-2010-reaching-single-european-sky) EUROCONTROL (https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/history-futureairborne-collision-avoidance) European Union (http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/ internal_market/integration_history_en.htm) EVA Air (http://www.evaair.com/en-global/about-us/)

Donavia (http://www.aeroflot-don.ru/company. aspx?no=491&language=en)

EVA Air (http://www.evaair.com/en-global/investor-relations/ corporate-profile/)

Dornier (1983), A Brief History of the Dornier Company, Friedrichshafen: Dornier GmbH

Express Jet (http://www.expressjet.com/media/history/)

Dragonair (http://www.dragonair.com/ka/en_HK/about-us/aboutour-airline/history-and-milestones.html) Eastern Air Lines (http://easternairlines.aero/eastern-air-lineshistory.html) easyJet (http://corporate.easyjet.com/about-easyjet/our-journey. aspx?sc_lang=en) ECA (https://www.eurocockpit.be/pages/about-eca) ECAC (https://www.ecac-ceac.org//about_ecac/history_of_ecac/ milestones)

FAA (http://www.faa.gov/about/history/brief_history/#origins) FAA (http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_ Circular/120-42B.pdf) FAA (https://www.faa.gov/about/media/b-chron.pdf) FedEx (http://about.van.fedex.com/article/fedex-timeline) Fiji Airways (http://www.fijiairways.com/about-fiji-airways/ourhistory/) Finnair (http://www.finnairgroup.com/group/group_14_1.html) Flybe (http://www.flybe.com/corporate/about-flybe/)

ECCAA (http://www.eccaa.aero/index.php?option=com_content&vie w=article&id=49&Itemid=56)

flydubai (http://www.flydubai.com/en/company-history/)

Edelweiss Air (https://www.edelweissair.ch/en/company/aboutus/)

Frawley, G. (2001), Civil Aircraft: 2001/2002, Shrewsbury: Airlife

Egyptair (http://www.egyptair.com/English/Pages/Story.aspx)

Freebird Airlines (http://www.freebirdairlines.com/en/milestones.asp)

Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation (http://www.civilaviation.gov.eg/ History/history-ar.html)

Frontier Airlines (http://www.flyfrontier.com/who-we-are/ company-info/our-history/)

EL AL (http://www.elal.co.il/ELAL/English/AboutElAl/History.html) ELFAA (http://www.elfaa.com/background.htm)

Futura (http://web.archive.org/web/20110514223204/http://www. futura.aero/)

Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India (http://in.chinaembassy.org/eng/ssygd/t186922.htm)

Gambia Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) (http://www.gambia.gm/ gcaa/)

Embraer (http://www1.embraer.com.br/timeline/english/)

Garuda Indonesia (http://www.ir-garuda-indonesia.com/index.php? catid=68&artid=1293&mnid=415&menu=412)

Emirates (http://www.emirates.com/gr/English/about/the_ emirates_story.aspx) ERA (http://www.eraa.org/about/company-profile/history) Esperou, R & Maoui, G. (1997), Air France: Des origines à nos jours, Paris: le cherche midi éditeur Essendon Airport (http://www.essendonairport.com.au/general) Estonian Air (http://estonian-air.ee/en/info/about-the-company/) Ethiopian Airlines (http://www.ethiopianairlines.com/en/corporate/ history.aspx) Etihad Airways (http://www.etihad.com/en-gr/about-us/our-story/) euroAtlantic (http://www.euroatlantic.pt/html/en_quem.asp#) EUROCONTROL (http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/1960%E2%80%93-1970-building-foundations) EUROCONTROL (http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/1990-

Fokker (http://www.fokker.com/company/history)

Garuda Indonesia (http://www.ir-garuda-indonesia.com/index.php? catid=68&artid=1295&mnid=417&menu=412) Gatwick Airport (http://www.gatwickairport.com/businesscommunity/about-gatwick/at-a-glance/history/) Georgian Airways (http://www.georgian-airways. com/?l=E&m=6&sm=37) Germania (http://www.flygermania.de/en/about-germania/thecompany/company-history-at-a-glance/) Germanwings (https://www.germanwings.com/downloads/Facts_ and_Figures_EN.pdf) Ghana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) (http://www.gcaa.com.gh/ extweb/index.php/about-us) GOL (http://www.mzweb.com.br/gol2009/web/arquivos/Gol_ FR_20070328_eng.pdf) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 297

100 Years of Commercial Aviation

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GOL (http://www.voegol.com.br/en-us/investidores/paginas/ default.aspx) Google (http://www.google.com/patents/US2765131) Grant, R.G. (2002), Flight: 100 Years of Aviation, London: DK Gulf Air (http://www.gulfair.com/English/aboutgulfair/Pages/ History.aspx) Gulfstream (http://www.gulfstream.com/company/history) Hainan Airlines (http://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/ portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE =US&PAGE=CHAP) Hamburg Airport (http://www.airport.de/en/c_history_1282.html) Hawaiian Airlines (http://www.hawaiianairlines.com/aboutus/ pages/hawaiian-timeline.aspx) Heimann, E. (1988), Die Flugzeuge der Deutschen Lufthansa: 1926 bis heute, Stuttgart: Motor buch Verlag Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.hcaa.gr/content/index. asp?tid=17&lang=2) Hi Fly (http://www.hifly.aero/en/history-activity) Highlands and Islands Airports Limited (http://www.hial.co.uk/ barra-airport/about-us/) Hilton (http://www3.hilton.com/en/about/hilton/history/index.html) Holmes, H. (2004), AVRO: The History of an Aircraft Company, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Hong Kong Airlines (http://www.hongkongairlines.com/en_HK/ aboutus/corporateMilestone) Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department (www.cad.gov.hk/english/ kaitak.html) Houston Airport System (http://www.fly2houston.com/about-hashistory) IATA (http://web.archive.org/web/20031010194950/http://www. iata.org/pressroom/pr/2003-09-29-01.htm) IATA (http://www.iata.org/pressroom/speeches/ Pages/2004-11-16-01.aspx) IATA (http://www.iatatravelcentre.com/page/terms/S.htm) IATA Wings for the World since 1945 (2009), IATA Wings for the World since 1945, Geneva: IATA Iberia (http://grupo.iberia.es/portal/site/WebCorporativa/ menuitem.e01c67469bc051bd5c3bd55cf34e51ca) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/about-icao/pages/foundation-of-icao. aspx) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p1_v1_ cons_en.pdf) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1919_the_ paris_convention.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1928_the_ havana_convention.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1928_the_

298 / 1914-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

international_civil_aeronautics_conference.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1937_inter_ american_technical_conference_on_aviation.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1945_the_ canadian_preparatory_committee_and_picao_into_action.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1946_montreal_ confirmed_as_capital_of_international_civil_aviation.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_1_ personnel_licensing.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_10_ aeronautical_telecommunications.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_11_air_ traffic_services.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_12_ search_and_rescue.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_13_ aircraft_accident_and_incident_investigation.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_14_ aerodromes.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_15_ aeronautical_information_services.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_2_ rules_of_the_air.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_3_ meteorological_service_for_international_air_navigation.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_4_ aeronautical_charts.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_5_ units_of_measurement_to_be_used_in_air_and_ground_ operations.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_7_ aircraft_nationality_and_registration_marks.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_9_ facilitation_of_international_air_transport.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/civil_aviation_ commissions.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/cuba_1928_ sixth_pan_panamerican_conference.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/from_picao_ to_icao_organizational_similarities.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/iata_ international_air_transport_association.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/icao_and_the_ world_health_organization.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/international_ aviation_organizations_working_alongside_ican_part_1.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/international_ legal_instruments_before_ICAO.htm)

ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/legal_ instruments_related_to_aviation_security.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/other_ international_legal_instruments.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/russia_1927_ first_international_air_post_congress.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/stamp_issues_ related_to_icao_predecessors.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/standards_ and_recommended_practices.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/the_air_ navigation_commission.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/the_growth_ of_icao.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/the_icao_ assembly.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/the_rome_ convention_and_its_modernization.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/the_warsaw_ system_on_air_carriers_liability.htm) ICAO (http://www.icao.int/secretariat/TechnicalCooperation/Pages/ history.aspx) Icelandair (http://www.icelandairgroup.com/our-company/ history/) IDAC (http://www.idac.gob.do/index.php/institucion-historia) IFALPA (http://www.ifalpa.org/about-us/our-history.html) IFATCA (http://www.ifatca.org/history_pt1) IFATCA (http://www.ifatca.org/history_pt2) Ilyushin (http://www.ilyushin.org/en/about/history/backgroung/) INAC (http://www.inac.pt/vPT/Generico/INAC/QuemSomos/Historia/ Paginas/Historia.aspx) Instituto Dominicano de Aviacion Civil (http://www.idac.gob.do/ index.php/institucion-historia) Intercontinental (http://www.ihg.com/intercontinental/hotels/gb/ en/global/support/about-intercontinental?cm_sp=OSMAM-IC2-USEN-HOH-AIX-SBL-About_IC.html) International Register of Civil Aircraft (http://www.aviation-register. com/html/english/index.htm) InterSky (http://www.flyintersky.com/en/company/philosophy) Iran Aseman Airlines (http://iaa.ir/en/?page_id=55) IranAir (http://www.iranair.com/Portal/Home/Default. aspx?CategoryID=11162545-c3b9-455d-b26d-c8ebe61653f4) JAL (http://www.jal.com/en/press/2000/061201/061201.html) Jane’s (1993), Jane’s: Encyclopedia of Aviation, London: Studio Editions Japan Airlines (https://www.jal.com/en/history/) Jazeera Airways (http://www.jazeeraairways.com/aboutus.

aspx?Lang=En) Jet Airways (http://www.jetairways.com/doc/FactSheet_ JetAirways.pdf) Jet2.com (http://www.jet2.com/about-us) JetBlue (http://www.jetblue.com/about/ourcompany/history.aspx) Jetstar (http://www.jetstar.com/au/en/about-us/our-company) Jordan Aviation (http://www.jordanaviation.jo/MEDIACENTER.aspx) Juneyao Airlines (http://www.juneyaoair.com/en/pages/ infomation/company.aspx) Junkers (http://www.junkers.de/flugzeuge/) Kenya Airways (http://www.kenya-airways.com/Global/About_ Kenya_Airways/Corporate_Information/History/) Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA) (http://www.kcaa.or.ke/index. php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=111) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia General Authority of Civil Aviation (http:// www.gaca.gov.sa/AboutGaca/Default.aspx?ARID=30) Kingfisher Airlines (http://www.flykingfisher.com/media-center/ press-releases/statement-from-kfa--mumbai-october-20th-2012. aspx) KLM (http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/history/) KOCA (http://koca.go.kr/sub-aboutkoca/aboutkoca01.aspx#tab_5) Korean Air (https://www.koreanair.com/global/en/about/who-weare2/history-awards.html) Kuwait Airways (http://www.kuwaitairways.com/en/about/ corporate-profile#ourHistory) LAB (http://web.archive.org/web/20070302225055/http://www. labairlines.com.bo/Lab_Sa/mv_historia_eng_l.asp) LAM (http://www.lam.co.mz/en/About-LAM/Company-History) LATAM (http://www.latamairlinesgroup.net/phoenix. zhtml?c=81136&p=irol-history) LBA (http://www.lba.de/EN/LBA/History/History_node.html) Lockheed Martin (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/ lockheed/data/aero/documents/global-sustainment/productsupport/2013-hoc-presentations/2013-HOC-Tuesday/Tues%20 1130%20Lynden%20Air%20Cargo.pdf) Lockheed Martin (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/ lockheed/data/corporate/photo/multimedia/Innovation-withPurpose.pdf) Lockheed Martin (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/ stories/constellation.html) Lockheed Martin (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/ timeline.html) London City Airport Consultative Committee (http://www.lcacc.org/ history/) LOT (http://www.lot.com/pl/en/history) LTU (http://web.archive.org/web/20050210173118/http://www.ltu. de/index.html?SiteID=4040100&LangID=2) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 299

100 Years of Commercial Aviation

references

Lufthansa Cargo (http://lufthansa-cargo.com/en_de/meta/meta/ company/about-us/) Lufthansa CityLine (http://www.lufthansacityline.com/en/history.html) Lufthansa Lufthansa Magazin (04/2005), Die Lufthansa Story, 59-66 Mahan Air (http://www.mahan.aero/en/mahan-air/about-mahan-air) Malaysia Airlines (http://www.malaysiaairlines.com/content/mas/ hq/en/corporate-info/our_story/about-us.html) Maldives Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.aviainfo.gov.mv/ support/history.php) Malev (http://web.archive.org/web/20110823101701/http://www. malev.com/companyinformation/malev-history/) MALIAT (http://www.maliat.govt.nz/) Mandarin Airlines (http://www.mandarin-airlines.com/english/) Mango (http://www.flymango.com/en/about-us/about-mango/ getting-to-know-us) Martinair (http://www.martinair.com/over-martinair/geschiedenis/) MAS AIR (http://www.masair.com/english/index.html) MEA (http://www.mea.com.lb/english/about-us/History-andNetwork) Meridiana (https://www.meridiana.it/en/company_informations/ index.aspx) Mexicana (http://web.archive.org/web/20090412031414/http:// www.mexicana.com/cs/Satellite?Level=1&pagename=MexicanaG5_ US_EN/Page/PrincipalPageComposition_US_EN&assetId=114349420 8252&URLTemplate=/cs/Satellite?pagename=MexicanaG5_US_EN/ MexContainer_C/LandingBusiness&idContainer=1151322259211&Ch annelID=1143494208252) MIAT Mongolian Airlines (http://www.miat.com/en/brief-history) Midway Airlines (http://web.archive.org/web/20010405183552/ http://www.midwayair.com/corp.html) Midway Airlines (http://web.archive.org/web/20030724144913/ http://www.midwayair.com/PressRelease.pdf) Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (https://www.mspairport. com/about-msp/history.aspx) Montenegro Airlines (http://montenegroairlines.com/en/home/ gornja_navigacija/o_nama/istorijat.html) Morgensten, K. and Plath, D. (2006), Eurasia Aviation Corporation, GeraMond Munich Airport (http://www.munich-airport.de/en/micro/20jahre/ highlights/index.jsp) Myanmar Ministry of Transport (http://www.mot.gov.mm/dca/ history.html) National Airlines (http://web.archive.org/web/20011214215803/ http://www.nationalairlines.com/about/index.asp) Nicaraguan Institute of Civil Aviation (http://www.inac.gob.ni/ institucion/) Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (http://ncaa.gov.ng/about-ncaa/

300 / 1914-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

history-of-ncaa/) NIKI (http://www.flyniki.com/en-GB/niki/about_ us.php?name=aboutus#anker3) Nippon Cargo (http://www.nippon-cargo.com/) Nok Air (http://www.nokair.com/contents/about_nokair/our_ company/en-US/index.html) Nordavia (http://www.nordavia.ru/en/about/) Nordwind Airlines (http://www.nordwindairlines.ru/en/company/ history) Northeast Airlines (http://www.deltamuseum.org/docs/site/familytree/ne_pub_pictorial_history_1933-72.pdf?sfvrsn=0) Northeast Airlines (http://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/deltahistory/family-tree/northeast-airlines) Northwest Airlines (http://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/deltahistory/family-tree/northwest-airlines) Norwegian (https://www.norwegian.com/en/about-norwegian/ourcompany/history/) Nouvelair (http://www.nouvelair.com/en/content/history) OACA (http://www.oaca.nat.tn/index.php?id=983) Oasis Hong Kong Airlines (http://web.archive.org/ web/20080205123243/http://www.oasishongkong.com/ca/en/ aboutus/history.aspx) Olympic Air (https://www.olympicair.com/en/OlympicAir) Olympic Airways (http://web.archive.org/web/20001021235222/ http://www.olympic-airways.gr/inside_OA/oainsmemuk.htm) Olympic Airways (http://web.archive.org/web/20001022002504/ http://www.olympic-airways.gr/inside_oa/oainsaviuk.htm) Oman Air (http://www.omanair.com/en/about-us/corporateinformation/oman-air-profile) oneworld (www.oneworld.com/news-information/oneworldnews) Onurair (http://www.onurair.com/en/corporate/detail/ History/106/177/0) PASO (http://www.paso.aero/) Peach Aviation (http://www.flypeach.com/corporate/corporate.aspx) Pegasus Airlines (http://www.flypgs.com/en/about-pegasus/ pegasus-history.aspx) Philippine Airlines (http://www.philippineairlines.com/about-pal/ milestones/) PIA (http://www.piac.com.pk/PIA_About/pia-about_History.asp) Porter Airlines (https://www.flyporter.com/About/News-ReleaseDetails?id=f78293a4-c010-4dbb-ad08-f8cceab2553e&culture=en-CA) Portugalia (http://www.portugalia-airlines.pt/historia.php) Precision Air (https://www.precisionairtz.com/index.php?id=10) PrivatAir (http://privatair.com/company) Qantas (http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/history/global/en) Qatar Airways (http://www.qatarairways.com/global/en/press-kits.page)

RAA (http://www.raa.org/RAAHome/MissionStatement/tabid/77/ Default.aspx) Republic Airways (http://www.rjet.com/en/Who_We_Are/History. aspx) Romanian CAA (http://www.caa.ro/page/istoric) Rossiya Airlines (http://www.rossiya-airlines.com/en/about/ aboutus/history/) Royal Air Force Museum (http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/ history-of-aviation-timeline.aspx) Royal Air Force Museum (http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/ history-of-aviation-timeline/interactive-aviation-timeline.aspx) Royal Air Maroc (http://www.royalairmaroc.com/corporate/LaCompagnie/Histoire) Royal Brunei (http://www.flyroyalbrunei.com/about-royal-brunei/ history/) Royal Jordanian (http://www.rj.com/en/rj_timeline.html) Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.caa.gov.rw/about-rcaa/ brief-background.html) Rwandair (http://www.rwandair.com/?rubrique1&mypets=0) Ryanair (http://corporate.ryanair.com/about-us/history-of-ryanair/) S7 Airlines (http://www.s7.ru/home/about/s7-airlines.dot) SAAB (http://www.saabgroup.com/en/About-Saab/Saab-History/ Timeline/) Sabena (http://web.archive.org/web/19991111134230/http://www. sabena.com/public/about/history.asp) Sabena (http://web.archive.org/web/20011106235622/http:// snapps.sabena.com/snpress/snpress.php?action=details& id=616475991) Sabena (http://www.sabena.com/EN/Historique_FR.htm) Sabre (http://www.sabre.com/about/our-history) Safair (http://www.safair.co.za/history) Safi Airways (http://www.safiairways.com/about-safi) Sandongair (http://www.shandongair.com.cn/web/shair_en/ aboutsda) Sarasota Manatee Airport Authority (http://www.srq-airport.com/ about-us/history.aspx) SAS (http://www.sasgroup.net/SASGroup/default.asp) SAS (https://www.flysas.com/upload/International/SKI/Presscenter/SAS%20innovations.pdf) SATA (http://www.sata.pt/sites/default/files/BrochuraSATA_2014_ net_4.pdf) Saudi Arabian Airlines (http://www.saudiairlines.com/portal/site/ saudiairlines/menuitem.d9a467d070ca6c65173ff63dc8f034a0/?v gnextoid=582a8a09951c4110VgnVCM10000015e25558RCRD) Scaled Composites (http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/) Scoot (http://www.flyscoot.com/index.php/en/pr27-press-releasescoot-takes-off-tonight.html)

Secrétariat Général à l’Aviation Civile et Commerciale of Gabon (http://www.anacgabon.org/fr/index.php/a-propos-de-lanac) Shenzhen Airlines (http://global.shenzhenair.com/zh/html/en/ fronthtml/aboutus.html) Shorts Brothers (http://www.belfast.aero.bombardier.com/ categories/interactive-timeline.aspx) Sichuan Airlines (http://www.scal.com.cn/B2C/News/SpecialNews/ NC00231?ParentClass=NC00231) Sikorsky Archives (http://www.sikorskyarchives.com) SilkAir (http://www.silkair.com/jsp/cms/en_UK/mi_global_footer/ our-heritage.jsp) Singapore Airlines (http://singaporeair.com/jsp/cms/en_UK/press_ release_news/ne121218.jsp) Singapore Airlines (http://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/about-us/) SITA (http://www.sita.aero/about-sita/what-we-do/sita-history) SkyEurope (http://web.archive.org/web/20091108231731/http:// www.skyeurope.com/en/skyeurope-suspends-its-operations) SkyEurope Airlines (http://web.archive.org/web/20090220104040/ http://skyeurope.com/en/about-us/about-skyeurope-airlines.aspx) Skymark Airlines (http://www.skymark.co.jp/en/company/ SkyTeam (http://www.skyteam.com/en/About-us/Organization/ History/) SkyTeam (https://www.skyteam.com/en/About-us/Press/News/ News-overview-2010/Round-The-World-with-SkyTeam-in-60hours/) SkyWest Airlines (http://www.skywest.com/about-skywestairlines/skywest-history/) Solar Impulse (http://www.solarimpulse.com) South African Airways (http://www.flysaa.com/gr/en/footerlinks/ aboutUs/briefHistory.html) Southwest Airlines (http://www.swamedia.com/channels/By-Date/ pages/history-by-date) SpiceJet (http://corporate.spicejet.com/Content/pdf/201112Annual%20Report.pdf) Sri Lankan Ministry of Civil Aviation (http://www.aviationmin.gov.lk/ en/sub_pgs/aboutus_SL%20Av.%20History.html) SriLankan Airlines (http://www.srilankan.com/corporate/en_uk/ Airline/profile) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/assets/doc/en/about/ member-airlines/word/Star%20Alliance%20Chronological%20 History%20OCT2013_web.docx) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/bmi-removalprp/) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/cmavtajoining-prp/) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/ethiopian-nciprp/) 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 301

100 Years of Commercial Aviation

references

Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/eva-air-br-prp/) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/ rgleavingstaralliance-prp/) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/shanghairemoval-prp/) Star Alliance (http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/zh-joining-prp/) State Aviation Administration of Ukraine (http://www.avia.gov.ua/ documents/derzh_ukr/23103.html) Sterling Airlines A/S (http://web.archive.org/ web/20070329131548/http://www.sterling.dk/sterlings_history) Sudan Airways (http://www.sudanair.com/en/corporate.php) Sun County Airlines (http://www.suncountry.com/page/1/ourcompany.jsp) SunExpress (http://www.sunexpress.com/en/service-a-info/ company) Surinam Airways (http://www.slm.firm.sr/en/content/2/aboutus/3/history) SWISS (http://web.archive.org/web/20020614035102/http:// www.swiss.com/net/index/sw-nw-pr-press-releases-02. htm?newsid=9686) SWISS (http://web.archive.org/web/20020824053233/http:// www.swiss.com/net/index/sw-nw-pr-press-releases-02. htm?newsid=7575) Swissair (http://web.archive.org/web/20010202085500/http:// www.swissair.com/about/company/history.htm) Syphax Airlines (http://www.flysyphax.com/who-we-are/) Syrianair (http://www.syriaair.com/AboutSAA/AboutSAA.aspx) TAAG (http://www.taag.com/en/history.aspx) TAM (http://www.tam.com.br/b2c/vgn/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=b4ad 09f1157f2210VgnVCM1000000b61990aRCRD) Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.tcaa.go.tz/page. php?page=12&m=About%20TCAA) TAP (http://www.tapportugal.com/Info/en/fleet-history/history) TAROM (http://www.tarom.ro/en/about-us/tarom-company/ history/) Thai Airways International (http://www.thaiairways.com/en_BE/ about_thai/company_profile/history.page) The Port Authority of NY & NJ (http://www.panynj.gov/airports/ewrhistory.html) The Port Authority of NY & NJ (http://www.panynj.gov/airports/jfkhistory.html) TIACA (http://www.tiaca.org/tiaca/History.asp) TNT (http://www.tntliege.com/37_History.html) Tower Air (http://web.archive.org/web/20000510082236/http:// www.towerair.com/about-cb.cfm) Tower Air (http://web.archive.org/web/20010308171819/http:// www.towerair.com/news.cfm)

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Trans Mediterranean Airways (http://www.tma.com.lb/aboutus/ company-background) Trans State Airlines (http://www.transstates.net/history.html) Transaeoro (http://transaero.ru/en/company/history) TransAsia (http://www.tna.com.tw/en/about/1.htm) Transbrazil (http://web.archive.org/web/20010413055730/http:// www.transbrasil.com.br/histor1_i.htm) Travel Service (http://www.travelservice.aero/en/) Trove (http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/15819460) Trove (http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/27601533) TUIfly (http://www.tuifly.com/downloads/Historische_ Meilensteine_TUIfly_Stand_2008-en.pdf) TUIfly (http://www.tuifly.com/en/unternehmen_tuifly/index.html) Tunisair (http://www.tunisair.com.tn/site/publish/content/article. asp?ID=74&Lang=en) Tupolev (http://www.tupolev.ru) Turkish Airlines (http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-gr/corporate/ history) Turkish Civil Aviation Department (http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/ kurumsal/1--tarihce) TWA (http://web.archive.org/web/19990220172209/http://www2. twa.com/about_twa/at_history.html) U.A.E. General Civil Aviation Authority (http://www.gcaa.gov.ae/en/ aboutgcaa/Pages/aboutus.aspx) U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian (https://history. state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift) U.S. Department of State (http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ ata/114805.htm) U.S. Department of Transportation (http://ntl.bts.gov/historian/ chronology.htm) Ukraine International Airlines (http://www.flyuia.com/eng/ company/ukraine-international-airlines/uia/Company-Profile.html) UN (http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm) United Airlines (http://web.archive.org/web/20070503224806/ http://www.united.com/page/middlepage/0,6823,2286,00.html) University of Miami Libraries (http://scholar.library.miami.edu/ panam/history.html) UNWTO (http://www2.unwto.org/content/history-0) UPS (http://www.ups.com/content/us/en/about/history/index. html?WT.svl=SubNav) US Airways (http://www.usairways.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroom/ history.html) UTair (http://corp.utair.ru/en/data/2012/10/04/1237889084/%D0% 93%D0%9E_2011_Eng_3.pdf) VARIG (http://web.archive.org/web/20061016215359/http:// portal.varig.com.br/br/varig/I18NLayer.2004-05-21.4584655525/ I18NLayer.2004-05-21.4985554278/pt-br)

VASP (http://web.archive.org/web/20050204195346/http://www. vasp.com.br/br/historia.php#) VASP (http://web.archive.org/web/20060203023542/http://www. vasp.com.br/) VietJet (http://www.vietjetair.com/Sites/Web/en-US/NewsDetail/ news/381/vietjetair-enters-viet-nam-aviation-market) Vietnam Airlines (http://www.vietnamairlines.com/wps/portal/en/ site/about_us/our_background) Virgin America (https://www.virginamerica.com/cms/about-ourairline/corporate-facts.html) Virgin Atlantic (http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/tridion/images/ factsheet_ife_tcm4-426058.pdf) Virgin Atlantic (http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/us/en/footer/aboutus.html) Virgin Atlantic (http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/us/en/footer/ media-centre/press-kit.html) Virgin Australia (http://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/ company-overview/virgin-australia-history/) Vladistokavia (http://www.vladivostokavia.ru/ru/about/history/) Volaris (http://volaris.com/en/get-know-volaris/about-us/ourhistory/) Volga-Dnepr (http://www.volga-dnepr.com/en/about/history/) Western Airlines (http://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/deltahistory/family-tree/western-airlines) WestJet (http://www.westjet.com/pdf/investorMedia/140905media-kit-en.pdf)

white (http://www.flywhite.com/company/269.htm) White, J.N. (2012), A history of inflight entertainment, (http://apex. aero/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=sVkDdIbJRzE%3D&tabid=197) Wideroe (http://www.wideroe.no/en/all-about-us/about-wideroe) Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com) Wizz Air (http://wizzair.com/en-GB/about_us/company_ information) World Airways (http://web.archive.org/web/20140209035308/ http://www.glah.com/SubLink0.php) World Airways (http://www.worldairways.com/heritage.php) World Customs Organization (http://www.wcoomd.org/en/aboutus/legal-instruments/~/media/7E31EB9C9DC24D7984C217508F05 D9E8.ashx) www.braniffpages.com www.concordesst.com www.dutch-aviation.nl www.flugzeuginfo.net (http://www.flugzeuginfo.net/acdata_php/ acdata_stinson_sm6000_en.php) www.ladyicarus.com www.women-in-aviation.com (http://www.women-in-aviation.com/ cgi-bin/links/detail.cgi?ID=387) Xiamen Airlines (http://www.xiamenair.com/cn/en/aboutus/) Yakutia (http://www.yakutia.aero/en/about/history/) Yemenia (http://yemenia.com/DisplaySectionDetail.aspx?ID=85)

All information in the timeline comes direct from the listed company, organisation, or cited source unless otherwise stated. Websites are current as of 6 November 2014

100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 303

About the

author

D

r Kostas Iatrou is the Managing Director of Air Transport News, Administrator of Hermes Air Transport Club and VP Public Relations of Air Transport Research Society. He holds a PhD in Air Transport Management from Cranfield University and is co-author of the book “Airline Choices for the Future”. He has participated as both a moderator and a speaker in more than 50 air transport conferences all over the world including ICAO, IATA and ACI. He is a Visiting Professor at the Aviation MBA of LUISS Business School and Coventry University and Visiting Lecturer at Cranfield University. His articles have featured in numerous air transport publications, such as the Journal of Airport Management, the Annals of Air and Space Law of McGill University etc. and he is Associate Editor of the Journal of Air Transport Studies. In 2009 he became Deputy Mayor of Ekali, Greece. In 2013 Kostas launched Hermes Air Transport Club, with the participation of more than 100 senior executives from the air transport business. Kostas lives in Ekali with his wife, Evgenia and his two sons, George and Yiannis.

304 / 1914-2013 • 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

ISBN: 978-618-81502-0-1