SSC
CHAPTER 18
(THE FIRST 30 YEARS - 1947-77)
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“On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognising the principle of one man one vote and one vote one value. In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions? How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only by putting our political democracy in peril. We must remove this contradiction at the earliest possible moment or else those who suffer from inequality will blow up the structure of political democracy which this Assembly has so laboriously built up.” gurudeva.weebly.com
- B R Ambedkar 3
The Constitution sought to fulfill multiple goals simultaneously.
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An Election Commission was set up to take care of the practical matters conducting elections.
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The first elections were difficult because of the social dimensions also. gurudeva.weebly.com
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To overcome the problem of illiteracy, the Election Commission came up with symbols.
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Image of an adult literacy classes from early decades. Discuss how different ideas of development or changes in society are reflected with these projects
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In districts where Purdah was strictly observed, separ ate voting booths, staffed entirely by women.
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In Ajmer a Rajput woman arrived at the polls in a heavily veiled chariot, her whole body was draped in velvet. gurudeva.weebly.com
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In Assam a tribal villagers journeyed to the polling station the day before voting was to take place. The people of a PEPSU village arranged a wrestling match for the candidate whose representative won.
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Voting in first elections 1952 gurudeva.weebly.com
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Jawaharlal Nehru inaugurating a road in early 1950s gurudeva.weebly.com
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The book “The Indian Experience with Democratic Elections” written in 1958 by Margaret W. Fisher and Joan V. Bondurant. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Women in Switzerland got the right to vote only in 1971.
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In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962 the Indian National Congress won almost. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India.
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The Congress consistently won over 70% of the seats by obtaining about 45% of the total votes cast.
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Congress always had within it smaller groups. Indian politics enabled to develop a multiparty democracy.
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A graphic representation of various regions in the southern peninsula before State reorgnsiation. gurudeva.weebly.com
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New nation faced the demand for reorganisation of states on the basis of language. gurudeva.weebly.com
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During the British period, the country was divided into Presidencies (Calcutta, Madr as and Bombay). gurudeva.weebly.com
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Madras Presidency had in it people speaking Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, Gondi and Oriya languages. gurudeva.weebly.com
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These included the campaign for Samyukta Karnataka (uniting Kannada speakers spread across Madras, Mysore, Bombay and Hyderabad), Samyukta Maharashtra, the Mahagujarat movement, the merger of Travancore and Cochin princely states and the state of Punjab for Sikhs. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Andhra Mahasabha had been active even during the British rule and was attempting to bring together the Telugu speaking people in the Madras presidency. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Potti Sriramulu demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking state died after 58 days of fasting in October 1952.
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In August 1953 the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed with Fazl Ali, K. M. Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru as members to address the issue.
Fazl Ali
K. M. Panikkar gurudeva.weebly.com
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On the basis of its report in 1956 the States Reorganisation Act was passed in parliament.
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State Reorganisation Act, 1956 led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories. Gondi and Santhali or Oraon (tribal languages) were not taken into account.
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The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity. The Planning Commission was set up within a month of the inauguration of the new Constitution.
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Nehru hoped that planned development would dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and region and help India to emerge as a strong and modern nation.
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The First Five Year Plan focused on agriculture by building large dams. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig 18.4 Bhakra Dam Under Construction during 1960. This was one among the first dams India built after Independence.
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1.Land reforms. 2. Agricultural cooperatives. 3. Local self-government.
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1. Abolition of Zamindari system. 2. Tenancy reform. 3. Land ceilings.
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The primary aim of land reforms were to ensure that the land went to the hands of the actual tiller and this was to be an incentive for them to produce more. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Green revolution introduced between the years 1964-67.
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Land reforms were implemented in a half hearted manner. The Second Five Year Plan onwards the emphasis shifted to industries.
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When India became independent the Cold War had just begun and the world was being polarised into countries in the US or USSR camp.
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Jawaharlal Nehru joined hands with Indonesia, Egypt, Yugoslavia and they built the Non Aligned Movement. As for the immediate neighbours Nehru formulated the Panchasheel policy of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
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India had to faced 3 wars: 1.War with Pakistan in 1948 for Kashmir. 2.War with China in 1962. 3.War with Pakistan in 1965.
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Nehru died in 1964. The Congress choose Lal Bahadur Shastri as its leader after Nehru.
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Indira Gandhi succeeded Shastri as Prime Minister after his death in 1965.
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The Anti-Hindi agitation led by the DMK in the South, which threatened the goals of unity and integrity.
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When the Official Languages Act was passed in 1963 the DMK believed it was an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country and they began a statewide campaign protesting the imposition of Hindi.
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CONCESSIONS TO ASSUAGE THE FEELINGS OF THE ANTI-HINDI CAMP.
1.The right of each state to have a language of its own 2. It could be the regional language or English 3. Communications could be in regional languages with English. 4. English would continue to be the communication language between the centre and the states. 5. The civil service exams would be conducted in English rather than Hindi alone. gurudeva.weebly.com
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It was clear for both Nehru and Shastri; the unity of the nation came first over personal standpoints.
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The 1967 election was a landmark election in the history of India. Congress was returned with the lowest majority it had since independence (284 seats) in 1967.
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Congress was defeated in assemblies like Bihar, U.P., Rajastha n, Punjab, West Bengal, Orissa, Madr as and Kerala. gurudeva.weebly.com
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In Tamil Nadu, the DMK won by a huge margin. The DMK had strong links with the film industry. Popular hero, M G Ramachandran popularly called MGR. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Congress governments fell and they were replaced by Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) governments. SVD made up Jan Sangh, Socialists, Swatantra, and Congress defectors, besides local parties.
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DEVLOPED AND GAINED POWER. Jats - Haryana and UP, Kurmis & Koeris - Bihar Lodhs - MP Yadavs - all these states Reddys & Kammas - A.P. Vokkaligas - Karnataka Vellalas - Tamil Nadu gurudeva.weebly.com
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In Andhra Pradesh there was demand for the separation of Telangana. gurudeva.weebly.com
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In Assam, a new state called Meghalaya was created in December 1969 out of the tribal districts of Khasi, Jaintia and Garo hills.
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Punjab, despite being formed in 1966 did not have a capital of its own. gurudeva.weebly.com
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During the period 1968-69, there were a series of demonstrations in Punjab asking for Chandigarh. Chandigarh served as the common capital of Haryana and Punjab to be given to them.
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In Maharashtra, there was demand of Bombay for Maharashtrians only under the Shiv Sena.
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The Kashmir and the Nagaland demands also came up.
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Sheikh Abdullah came back to the state after he was freed from house arrest.
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There were riots in different parts of the country including Ranchi (Bihar), Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Jalgaon (Maharashtra) as well as Aligarh (UP).
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Indira Gandhi took up the challenge post the 1967 elections.
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Jammu and Kashmir ruler Hari Singh wanted the state to remain independent in 1947.
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In 1947 there was a popular movement, All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim conference in the state led by Sheik Muhammad Abdullah. gurudeva.weebly.com
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All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim conference became the National Conference. In January 1948, India took the case to the United Nations. Sheik Abdullah reached the Delhi Agreement.
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Most of the clauses of the Delhi Agreement found place in the Constitution in the form of article 370. A movement of Independence in Kashmir started in 1990s.
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In the early 1970s trouble was brewing in East Pakistan. In the general elections, the party led by Mujibur Rahaman won. gurudeva.weebly.com
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But Mujibur Rahaman was arrested and taken to West Pakistan. A liberation movement started in Bangladesh and India was asked to assist in it. In 1971 a war broke out between India and Pakistan.
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Using the popular slogan “Garibi Hatao” the Congress won in the 1971. Indira Gandhi
“GARIBI HATAO”
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The nationalisation of many private banks and abolishing of princely pensions – by Indira Gandhi. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Supreme Court was afraid that the Constitution was being amended rapidly was actually disfiguring it. In 1973, the Court came up with the landmark decision on the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
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The 1973 Arab-Israeli war raised oil prices to an all time high.
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The opposition united under Jaya Prakash Narayan ran series of campaigns. This was the JP movement and it was very prominent in Bihar and Gujarat. gurudeva.weebly.com
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A few days later, with the JP movement gaining more strength, the government imposed Emergency.
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Demolition of slums and forced sterilisation in the name of population control became very unpopular.
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1975 gurudeva.weebly.com
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Due to a decision of Allahabad High court Indira Gandhi was unseated from Lok Sabha violating some of the provisions of the Representation of the Peoples Act during the 1971 elections.
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a) Excluding the courts from election disputes b) Strengthening the central government vis-àvis the state governments c) Providing maximum protection from judicial challenges to social and economic transformation legislation d) Making the judiciary subservient to parliament.gurudeva.weebly.com
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State reorganisation One party dominance Emergency Regional movements Nationalisation gurudeva.weebly.com
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STATE REORGANISATION:
Rearranging and redrawing the boundaries of states. gurudeva.weebly.com
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ONE PARTY DOMINANCE:
Dominance by one party for a long time.
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EMERGENCY:
A serious and dangerous political situation requiring immediate action.
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REGIONAL MOVEMENTS:
Movements organised by the people of a region.
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NATIONALISATION:
Ownership transfer from private to government.
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UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE:
The right to vote to adult citizens without any discrimination.
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K. Suresh, S.A., S.S., Z.P. (Boys) High School, SRIKALAHASTI gurudeva.weebly.com
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PPTs, Videos, Previous Question Papers, Model papers, Lesson Plans, Teaching Notes, Materials, Maps……etc., in Telugu and English Mediums of APSCERT syllabus.
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