K. Suresh, S.A., S.S., Z.P. (Boys) High School, SRIKALAHASTI
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Kunati Suresh sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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1975 to 1985 was a testing time for Indian democracy. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya JB Kriplani played an important role in bringing together all the anti Congress and anti Emergency parties. Jayaprakash Narayan
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Acharya JB Kriplani
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1977 election was a historic election for Indian democracy. The Congress party was defeated for the first time in 1977. The Janata Party attempted to consolidate itself by dismissing nine Congress governments in the states.
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In West Bengal, left front government led by Jyothi Basu of C.P.M. was formed in 1977. They carried out land reforms called operation Barga.
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West Bengal Jyothi Basu of C.P.M -operation Barga.
West Bengal
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Uttar Pradesh.
BLD – Bharatiya Lok Dal – a party which was formed of socialists who called for special attention to Indian farmers, based mainly in Uttar Pradesh.
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Congress (O) – The conservative section of the Congress which had opposed the policies of Indira Gandhi.
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CPI (M) – Communist Party of India (Marxist) – a party with a national presence, which strove for radical land reforms, trade unionism and socialist policies. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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DMK – Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – a party based mainly in Tamil Nadu which sought greater autonomy and powers for the state and was fiercely opposed to imposition of Hindi in the State. Tamil Nadu
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Jan Sangh – A Hindu nationalist party largely confined to the northern States.
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The northern States.
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Punjab
Shiromani Akali Dal
SAD – Shiromani Akali Dal – a party based in Punjab catering specially to the Sikhs and organised around Gurudwaras.
It therefore had a semi religious character. It was also in favour of greater autonomy to the States. Sikhs
Gurudwara
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At the other end of India, another movement for autonomy was taking shape in the state of Punjab.
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Punjab
At the other end of India, another movement for autonomy was taking shape in the state of Punjab.
Punjab also claimed more water from Bhakra Nangal dam and greater recruitment of Sikhs in the army. Punjab
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The Akali Dal had passed a set of resolutions in 1978 during the Janata Party rule in the centre, calling upon the central government to implement them.
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Its most significant demand was to amend the Constitution to give more powers to the states and ensure greater decentralisation of powers. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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The Shiromani Akali Dal emphatically urges upon the Janata Government to take cognizance of the different linguistic and cultural sections, religious minorities as also the voice of millions of people. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
Janata Government 24
The dismissal of the Akali government and the return of the Congress in 1980 only added to already surcharged atmosphere and the feeling that the Sikhs were being discriminated against.
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Bhindranwale, the leader of the group of militant Sikhs began to preach separatism and also demanded the formation of a Sikh state- Khalistan. This was a period of intense turmoil in the state and was a communal colour to the conflict. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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On the other hand, the militants tried to impose an orthodox life code on all Sikhs and even non-Sikhs of Punjab.
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People belonging to non-Sikh communities were subjected to communal attacks.
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When Bhindranwala occupied the golden temple, the army had to intervene to vacate the premiseswhich known as operation Blue Star. 29
A fallout of all this was the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984.
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This was a decade of violence in Punjab - period of clashes - in 1991 - thousand people were killed, by the militants as a result of the violence. The militants were also engaged in large scale kidnapping and extortion to raise funds for their work. 31 sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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The Congress led by Rajiv Gandhi won an unprecedented victory in the elections. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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Rajiv Gandhi government's first budget in 1985 moved towards a more liberalised system by removing some of the checks and controls that were in place.
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Rajiv Gandhi felt that the best way to undo this was to ensure the participation of the mass of the people in governance by activating the Panchayati Raj institutions. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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Rajiv Gandhi was also convinced that India needed to adapt itself to the new technologies emerging in the world, especially computer and telecommunication technologies.
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Rajiv Gandhi was also convinced that India needed to adapt itself to the new technologies emerging in the world, especially computer and telecommunication technologies. He initiated what is called the 'telecom revolution' in India which speeded up and spread the network of telephonic communication in the country using satellite technology.
'Telecom revolution'
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Operators at work in the New Delhi Telephone Exchange 1950's
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In a famous speech Rajiv Gandhi said that of every Rupee spent on the poor barely 15 paise reaches them!
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India sent its army to Sri Lanka to maintain peace between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil militants. But this turned out be to be a misadventure as it was not accepted by either the Tamils or the Sri Lankan government and the force was finally withdrawn in 1989. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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Rajiv Gandhi
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Thenmozhi Rajaratnam alias Dhanu
In the election campaign, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the L.T.T.E Thenmozhi Rajaratnam alias Dhanu sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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In the sympathy wave that followed the Congress came to power in the Centre, but the BJP's strength had gone up to 120 in the Lok Sabha.
In 1992, the new Congress government under P V Narasimha Rao was formed.
P.V. Narsimha Rao
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Around the same time some sections of the Hindus had begun a campaign for building a temple for Lord Rama in Ayodhya in the place of Babari Masjid.
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They claimed that it was the birth place of Lord Rama and it has been built by destroying the earlier temple existed there. (a) In 1986 the court allowed Hindus to perform worship here. (b) Around the same time charges began to be levied against several leader for receiving bribes from the Swedish manufactures of guns.
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The custodians of Babri Masjid denied this and claimed this was a place of worship of Muslims.
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VP. Singh
Even though these charges could never be proved clearly, a powerful campaign was led by some former ministers of cabinet itself like V P Singh. The first coalition government led by V P Singh's Janata Dal was formed. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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The 1990s were years of very significant change in post Independence India. Since 1989, all governments that had formed at the national level have been either coalition and/or minority governments.
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Even small parties tried to gain undue advantage as the withdrawal of their support could cause the fall of the government.
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‘Policy paralysis’ – The coalition could not implement any policy which called for serious change for fear of withdrawal of support by one or the other partners.
Policy paralysis sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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The Left wing political parties like the Communist Party of India (CPI), Forward Block, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Communist Party of India Marxist (CPM) won the elections in the State of West Bengal in 1977 and formed the Left Front Government led by Jyoti Basu of CPM.
Communist Party of India (CPI),
Forward Block
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Communist Party of India Marxist (CPM)
Revolutionary Socialist Party 67
In June 1978, the West Bengal government launched Operation Barga to record the names of the sharecroppers.
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Operation Barga sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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75 per cent if the bargadar provided the nonlabour inputs and 50 per cent if the landlord provides those inputs.
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Nevertheless Operation Barga and the implementation of Panchayati Raj helped the Left Front to gain substantial support of the rural population and the government repeatedly won elections till 2006.
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Extension of Constitutional Privileges sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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The Janata Dal, focused on the need for inclusive development and ensuring opportunities for people from backward communities.
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The 73rd Constitutional Amendment created institutions of local self government at the village level. The 74th Constitutional Amendment did the same in towns and cities.
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One third of the seats were to be reserved for women.
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Seats were also reserved for Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
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BJP opposes the idea of a religious priesthood run theocratic state. The BJP has opened the debate on the nature of secularism by asserting that a secular state should not give special treatment to minorities. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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This tendency was largely on the margins of Indian politics till the 1980s. In 1990 L K Advani, the leader of BJP led a "Rath Yatra" from Somnath to Ayodhya in support of these demands. It was ended with the arrest of Advani in Bihar.
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The BJP responded to this arrest by withdrawing support to V P Singh government and forcing early elections.
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In 1985 the supreme court passed a judgment on a case filed by Shah Bano. While the progressive Muslims welcomed the decision others protested against this judgement saying that it went against Islamic Law and that if this was allowed then there may be further interference in the religious life of the community. The Supreme Court India
Shah Bano
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Shah Bano
The government came under pressure of the orthodox sections and enacted a new law in 1986 which let off Muslim husbands and permitted Muslim religious bodies to pay maintenance to divorced women for a short period of 3 months. This was widely seen as compromising before religious orthodoxy and ignoring the interests of women of the community.84 sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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In 1991, when the V P Singh government fell, India was facing very serious economic crises. its reserve of foreign currency with which it repaid its loans and paid for imports, had been virtually exhausted.
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In 1992, a large crowd mobilised on behalf of temple campaign gathered in Ayodhya and destroyed the mosque.
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In 1992, the P V Narasimha Rao government negotiated with the International Monetary Fund for loans to tide over the crises.
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88 P.V. Narsimha Rao
The IMF laid down certain stringent conditions (called 'structural adjustment programme'), forcing india to accept a policy of liberalisation, due to which many changes occurred.
'structural adjustment programme sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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The twentieth century closed with an India which was drawn into the world market, an India, which seemed to have a thriving democracy.
It had stood the test of time for over fifty years and had built a relatively stable economy and deeply rooted democratic politics.
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50 years
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It still had not managed to solve the problem of acute poverty and gross inequality between castes, communities, regio ns and gender. This was the legacy which 50 years of post independence period left for the 21st century india.
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50 years
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1977- End of Emergency and formation of Janata Party governments under Morarji Desai and Charan Singh 1980- Formation of Congress government led by Indira Gandhi 1982- Formation of TDP 1984- Operation Blue Star and Assassination of Indira Gandhi 1985- Rajiv Gandhi Accords with HS Longwal on Punjab and AASU on Assam 1986- Accord with Mizo National Front 1987- Agreement with Sri Lanka 1989- Election and formation of Janata Dal government with VP Singh and Chandrasekhar 1989- Decision to implement Mandal Commission recommendation 1990- Ram Janmabhoomi Rath Yatra 1991- Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and government led by Congress party with PVN Rao as PM 1990- Economic Liberalisation 1992- Demolition of Babri Masjid 1996- National Front Government with Deve Gowda and IK Gujral as PMs sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com 1989- NDA government led by AB Vajpayee
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Regional aspirations: The strong desire of the people of a region.
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COALITION GOVERNMENTS:
Government formed by a temporary alliance of the parties. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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COMMUNALISM : A principle of
political organization based on federated communes. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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MAJORITY: The
greater number.
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MINORITY:
A part representing less than half of the whole. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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As per the provision of the Constitution (article 356), the governor of a State can recommend to the President the dismissal of a State government and even dissolution of a State assembly if he or she is convinced that the government is not able to administer the State as per the Constitution. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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Morarji Desai st the 1 Non Congress Prime Minister sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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NT. Rama Rao sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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During the 1970 and 1980’s India made many different achievements in Technology co-operative’s etc., some examples are like in above Srihari kota launch of PSLV sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com 103 Amul corporative etc.,
H. D. Deva Gowda
A.B. Vajpayee
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The Prime Minister’s Apology Dr. Manmohan Singh’s statement in the Rajya Sabha ... Four thousand people were killed in this great national tragedy that took place in 1984….. But as human beings, we have the willpower and we have the ability to write better future for all of us.... 11 Aug 2005. sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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K. Suresh, S.A., S.S., Z.P. (Boys) High School, SRIKALAHASTI sureshsrikalahasti.weebly.com
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PPTs, Videos, Previous Question Papers, Model papers, Lesson Plans, Teaching Notes, Materials, Maps……etc., in Telugu and English Mediums of APSCERT syllabus.
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K. SURESH
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