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kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

I

Ãm≥tU¿Uv

X

tIc-fk¿°m¿ hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw 20 11

tZio-b-Km\w P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm, D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm, Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm. Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mcº-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

Prepared by : State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala

Website : www.scert.kerala.gov.in e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 First Edition : 2011 Typesetting : SCERT Lay out : SCERT Cover design : SCERT Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi © Department of Education, Government of Kerala

{]nbs∏´ Ip´n-I-tf,

kmaq-ly-imkv{X ]mT-]p-kvXIw hkvXp-X-I-fpsS \o≠ hnh-c-W-ßfpw BJym-\-ßfpw \nd-™-Xm-sW∂ Hcp [mcW Ct∏mgpw D≠v. Hcp-]mSp hnh-c-W-ßƒ IpØn\n-d-®, H‰-izm-k-Øn¬ hmbn-®p-t]m-tI≠ s\Sp-¶≥ hmIy-ß-fp≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v `mc-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah¿°v CS-s]-Sm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xpw ]pXnb Nn¥-I-fn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp kmaqlyimkv{X ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛ AXmWv \ΩpsS e£yw. \mw A[n-h-kn-°p∂ `qan-bpw AXn¬ ]S¿∂p ]¥en®p \n¬°p∂ a\p-jy-kw-kv°m-chpw Pohn-Xhpw `mhnkaq-lØ - ns‚ IcpØpw Du¿÷-hp-am°n am‰p-tºmgmWv kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T\w A¿∞-h-Øm-Ip-∂-Xv. AXn\p Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ ]¶m-fnØ]T-\-Øn-\pw ]pXnb At\z-j-W-ßƒ°pw Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw hgnIm-´n-bm-h-s´.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

s{]m^k¿ Fw. F. JmZ¿ Ub-dI - vS¿ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

]mT-]p-kvXI cN\mkanXn kmaqlyimkv{Xw I AssUzk¿ tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm-´v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, U¬ln bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, U¬ln sNb¿am≥ Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿ hn Ub-d-IvS¿ (dn´.), lb¿ sk-°≠dn hnZym-`ym-kw, tIc-f

AwK-ßƒ cXv\m-Ic- ≥ Sn lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, ae-∏pdw

APn-Xv B¿.-]n-ff lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (tkmtjym-fPn), Un._n.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. ]cp-a-e, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ tUm. AeIvkv amXyp Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿ & slUv Hm^v Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, am¿tØma tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h√

s{]m^. h’-cmPv hn.- sI {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, (dn´.) Kh¨sa‚v tImtf-Pv, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ hn.Fw slUvam-Ã¿, Kh¨sa‚v KW-]Xv bp.-]n.-F-kv, s]m°p∂v, tImgn-t°mSv

hnizw-`-c≥ F≥ lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv) t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Icp-\m-K-∏≈n

Pb-Ir-jvW≥- H. sI. sslkvIqƒ So®¿, tkmjy¬ kb≥kv, sI.]n.kn. lb¿ sk°-≠-dn- kvIqƒ, ]´m-\q¿, IÆq¿

tUm. thWp -_n. tat\m≥ s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃdn, sIm®n≥ tImtf-Pv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

tUm. {^m≥knkv F≥.- sP Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, sk‚v tXmakv tImtfPv, Xr»q¿

tUm. {ioIp-am¿ ]n.Sn lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv), sI.sI.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, h≠n-Øm-h-fw, ]me-°mSv

bpk^v Ipam¿ Fkv.F - w lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (lnÃ-dn), Kh. tamU¬ t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, B‰n-ß¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

kptcjv Ipam¿ B¿ eIvN-d¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv), Kh. tImtfPv Hm^v So®¿ FUyq-t°-j≥, tImgn-t°mSv

hnZKv≤kanXn cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw. B¿, s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.) lnÃ-dn, tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-ime, ae-∏pdw tUm. \µ-Ip-am¿ hn. sI, {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Kh¨sa‚v tImtf-Pv, tImS-t©-cn, tImgn-t°mSv tUm. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿ Fw, s{]m^-k¿ & slUv (dn´.) Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv, tIcf k¿∆-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw lm^nkv apl-ΩZv, Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, tkmtjymfPn, ^mdqJv tImtf-Pv, tImgn-t°mSv s{]m^. thWptKm]m¬, {]n≥kn-∏mƒ (dn´.), Kh¨sa‚v tImtfPv, ]´mºn

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿ a[p-kq-Z-\≥ kn dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (Chm-eyp-th-j≥), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT) hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012

1.

B[p-\nI temI-Øns‚ DZbw ................................................................... 9

2.

hnπh-ß-fpsS Imew ....................................................................................24

3.

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿® .........................................................................39

4.

temIbp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw............................................................................53

5.

c≠mw temI-bp-≤hpw km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw .....................74

6.

]sØmºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-Iƒ .........................................................................91

7.

C∂sØ C¥y .............................................................................................99

8.

tIc-f-∏pXpa ................................................................................................ 115

9.

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w ...................................................................................... 133

10. P\m-[n-]-Xyw ............................................................................................... 142 11. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ.................................................................................. 154 12. kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿tZ-iobkwL-S-\-I-fn-eqsS............................................................ 166

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\ `mKw

IV

I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ 51 I.

auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv:

(I)

`c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ßsfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(J)

kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(K)

`mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiys∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (M)

aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-ßƒ°XoX-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcpØp∂ BNm-c-ßƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;

(N)

\ΩpsS kΩn{ikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°pIbpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (P)

imkv{Xo- b - a mb ImgvN- ∏ mSpw am\- h n- I - X bpw, At\z- j - W - Ø n\pw ]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (R) cmjv { Sw bXv \ - Ø n- s ‚bpw e£y- { ]m- ] v X n- b p- s Sbpw D∂- X - X - e - ß - f n- t e°v \nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I. (S)

Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

A[ym-]I - t - cmSv...

a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-Whpw ]cn-Wm-a-hp-am-W-t√m, kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-ß-fpsS ]T-\-hn-j-bw. Ncn-{Xhpw km-aq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{Xhpw cmjv{Saoamwkbpw Hs° ]Tn-∏n°p-∂-Xv CXmWv. `qan-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øn-s‚bpw e£yw HSp°w CXp-X-s∂. HºXmw

¢mknse

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬

Ncn-{XsØ

\qX-\-amb

coXn-bn¬

t\m°n°mWm-\m-Wv \mw {ian-®-Xv. Dev]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fnepw _‘-ß-fnepw h∂ am‰-ß-fn-eqsS kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambn a\p-jy¿ ssIh-cn® hnIm-k-ßsf \mw ChnsS I≠p. Aßs\ temIw B[q-\nI bpK-Øns‚ ]Sn-hmXnev-°-seØn \n¬°p-∂-Xp-hsc B ]pkvXIw ]T\ hnj-b-am-°n. a\pjyNcn{Xw XpS¿∂v Fßs\ apt∂m-´p-t]mbn F∂-XmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse Ncn-{Xm[ym-b-ß-fnse N¿®m-hn-j-bw. B[p-\nI bpK-Øns‚ DZbw N¿® sNbvXXn\p tijw B[p-\nI temIsØ krjvSn® {]h-W-X-I-sfbpw B temIw I≠ alm-kw-`-h-ß-tfbpw Imcy-Im-cW _‘-tØmsS N¿® sNøm-\mWv ChnsS {ian®n-´p-≈-Xv. bqtdm-∏ns\ tI{µo-I-cn® ho£Ww hn´v Gjy°pw B{^n-°°pw th≠ {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ss[j-WnI {]h-WX - I - ƒ°v hnti-ja - mb Du∂¬ sImSpØn-´p-≈Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww. `mc-X-Øn\pw tIc-f-Øn\pw sImSpØ {]m[m\yhpw- Im-WmsX t]mh-cp-Xv. cmjv{S-X{- ¥-Øn¬ P\m-[n-]X - yw, a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ, kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿tZ-iob kwL-S-\-I-fn-eqsS F∂o A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ kmaqly Pohn-X-Øns‚ s]mXp-\n-b-a-ßƒ, temI-a-cym-Z-Iƒ Ch ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p. CØcw kqN-I-ßƒ D≈ t_mIvkp-I-fn¬ sImSpØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ¢m-kpap-dn-bn¬ Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-\n¿t±-i-ß-fm-Wv. Cu \nd-Øn-ep≈ I≈n-I-fn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈h A[n-I-hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv.

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

B[p-\nItemI-Øns‚ DZbw

1

C¥ymkap{ZtemIw {]mNo-\I - m-eØpw a[y-Im-eØpw hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-ab - hpw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv C¥ymkap{Zw tI{µo-I-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. ssN\-bn¬\n∂v at[yjyhgn ]Sn-™m-tdm´p-t]m-bn-cp∂ "]´p-Xp-Wn-∏mX'bpw (Silk Route) sX°pIng-°-t\-jy-bn¬\n∂p XpSßn IS¬hgn ]Sn-™mtdm-´p-t]mb kap-{Z-]-Y-hpw Bbn-cp∂p Cu hmWn-Py-am¿§-ßƒ. s{Kt°m-˛t- dma≥ kwkvIm-cß - f - psS ImeØpw ^yqU¬ Ime-L´- Ø - nepw a≤y-[-c-Wymgn (Mediterranean sea) {]tZ-isØ P\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb ]uckvXy DXv]-∂-ßƒ FØn-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu c≠v am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmbn-cp-∂p. C…mw aX-Øns‚ hym]-\-Øn-\p-tijw C¥ymkap-{Z-hm-WnPyw PqXcpw Ad-_n-Ifpw Xp¿°n-Ifpw \nb-{¥n-®p. sN¶-S¬hgnbpw t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°S¬hgn-bpap≈ hym]m-c-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-am-bn-cp∂p Ch¿°p-≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv. a≤y-[-c-Wym-gnsb Icn-¶-S-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Xpd-ap-J-

`q]Sw 1 ˛ hmWn-Py-]-Yßƒ

`q]-Sw 1˛¬ \n∂v {][m-\-s∏´ hmWn-Py-]-Y-ß-sfbpw Ah _‘n-∏n-®n-cp∂ cmPy-ß-sfbpw Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 9

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

`q]Sw 2 ˛ C¥ymkap-{Z-temIw

\Kcamb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ (Ct∏m-gsØ CkvXmw-_qƒ) hgn-bp≈ at[y-jy≥ hym]m-cØns‚ \nb-{¥Ww At∏mgpw {Ko°v-˛-tdm-am- I-®h-S-°m-cpsS Iøn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tdmamkm{amPyw XI¿∂-Xn-\p-tijw bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU¬ hyhÿnXn \ne- h n¬ h∂- t ∏mgpw tIm¨Ãm‚ nt\m∏nƒ Xe- ÿ m- \ - a m°n ss_kss‚- ≥ km{amPyw \ne\n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ^yqU¬ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ hn⁄m-\Xr-jvW-bp-tSbpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bp-tSbpw ta¬ \nb{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂psh¶nepw C°m-eØv ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ cmPy-ß-fn¬ kmlnXyw, `uXn-I-im-kv{Xw, KWn-Xw, sshZy-imkv{Xw XpSßnb hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ KWy-amb ]ptcmK-Xnbp-≠m-bn. shSn-a-cp-∂v, IS-em-kv apX-emb hkv X p- ° fpw hS- ° p- t \m- ° n- b - { ¥w t]mep≈ kmt¶- X nIhnZybpw _oP- K WnXw t]mep≈ ssh⁄m-\nIhnj-b-ßfpw Ad-_n-°-®-h-S-°m-¿ bqtdm-∏n-s-e-Øn®p. Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Im-eØv Cu kmwkvIm-cn-I-_‘w IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p.

ss_kss‚-≥ km{amPyw a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpw Icn-¶-Sepw XΩn¬ k‘n°p∂ t_mkvt^m-dkv (Bosphorus) IS-en-Sp°nse X{¥-{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-Øv {Ko°p-Im¿ ÿm]n® Hcp sNdp\K- c - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p ss_km‚nbw (Byzantium). {]mNo-\-Im-eØv {Ko°v˛t]¿jy≥ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS kwK-aÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p ChnSw. ]n¬°m-eØv Cu \K-chpw Ing-°p-`m-KsØ Gjym-ssa-\dpw tdmam- k m- { am- P y- Ø ns‚ `mK- a m- b nØo¿∂p. Ing°pw- ]Sn™mdpw XΩn¬ at[yjyhgn \S∂n-cp∂ hym]m-c-Øns‚ tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]´-Ww. CXns‚ hmWnPy{]m[m\yw IW-°nse-SpØv {InkvXph¿jw \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdmam N{I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ tIm¨Ãss‚-≥ Cu \KcsØ Xs‚ km{am-Py-Øns‚ c≠mw Xeÿm- \ - a m- ° n. At±- l - Ø ns‚ kv a c- W bv°mbn \K-c-Øns‚ t]cv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m∏nƒ F∂m°n am‰n. \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ahkm-\-tØmsS tdmam-km-{amPyw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´t∏mƒ Ing-°≥ tdmam-km-{amPy-Øns‚ Xeÿm\w tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Bbn. Cu km{amPyw ss_k-ss‚-≥ F∂ t]cnepw Adnb-s∏-´p.

`q]Sw 2 {i≤n-°p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfns‚ ÿm\w AXns‚ {]m[m\yw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? N¿® sNøp. 10

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn tem-I-Øn-te°v a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bn-te°v D¥n\n¬°p∂ aq∂v D]Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ a≤y-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv C‰m-en-b≥ D]Zzo- ] v . hS°v B¬]v k v ]¿∆- X hpw AXn\v sXm´psX°v hnim-ehpw ^e-`q-bnjvS-hp-amb semw_m¿Un kaX- e hpw C‰- e nsb a‰v D]`qJfi-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. C‰-enbnse Hcp {][m-\-\-K-c-amb tdmw Bÿm-\-ambn Hcp km{amPyw hf¿∂p-h∂ - Xpw {]mNo-\I - m-esØ kº-Øn-t‚bpw kwkvIm-cØ - n-t‚bpw tI{µ-ambn AXv hnI-kn-®Xpw ap≥¢m-kn¬ \nßƒ a\- nem-°n-b-Xm-W-t√m. Cu km{amPyw XI-cp-Ibpw X¬ÿm-\Øv \nc-h[n ^yqU¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ A[n- I m- c - t a¬°p- I bpw sNbv X p. GXm\pw \q‰m≠pIƒ Ign-™t- ∏mƒ C‰m-en-b≥ D]-Zzo-]n¬ \nc-h[n I®-h-S-\-K-c-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ad-_nIfn¬\n∂v ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ DXv]-∂ßƒ hmßn ]›nabqtdm- ∏ nse `q{]- ` p- ° ∑m¿°pw \mSp- h m- g n- I ƒ°pw Ah ssIam‰w sNbvX I®-h-S-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu \K-c-ß-fn¬ h-kn-®n-cp-∂X - v. I®-hS- Ø - n-\p-]p-dta ]W-an-S] - mSpw

C°q-´¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ AXn-thKw C‰m- e n- b ≥ \K- c - ß - f n¬ Hcp hym]mcnh¿§w hf¿∂p-h∂ - p. \nc-h[n sNdpZzo]p-If - m¬ Np‰-s∏´ C‰m-en-b≥ D]-Zzo]v kap{Zbm{Xbv°v A\p-tbmPyam- b n- c p- ∂ p. Chn- S sØ Hmtcm \K- c - Ø nepw \nch[n hym]mcnIpSpw-_-ßƒ ]m¿Øpt]m∂p. I®-hS- X - m-Xv]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn ]e IpSpw-_ß - fpw IqSn-tN¿∂v henbIpSpw-_-ß-fm-bn. Ch IqSn-bmtem-Nn®mWv \K-c-ß-fn¬ `cWw \S-ØnbXv. ]cº-cm-K-X-amb Zmb-{Iaw hgn `cWw \S-Ønbn-cp∂ bqtdm-∏nse CXccmPy-ßf - nse \mSp-hmgn `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambncp∂p CXv. Aßs\ a≤y-Ime cmP-hm-gvN-bn¬ \n∂v hyXykvX-amb Hcp `c-W-coXn C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏´p.

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ßƒ sh\o-kv, anem≥, ]nk, ^vtfmd≥kv, Pt\m-h, s_mtfm-W, t\∏nƒkv XpS-ßnb I®-hS\K-c-ßfmWv a≤y[-c-Wymgn hym]m-csØ B{i-bn®v hf¿∂ph∂Xv. anem- \ nse hnkvtIm- ¥ n, ^v t fmd≥knse saZoNn XpS- ß nb kº∂

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ßƒ

C‰m- e n- b ≥ \K- c - ß fpsS hf¿®, `c- W {Iaw F∂nh ^yqU¬ coXn- b n¬ \n∂v hyXymks∏-Sm≥ ImcW-sa¥v? N¿® sNøp.

11

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

IpSpw_-ßƒ \K-c-hmgvN \S-Øn. Aøm-bncw apX¬ Hcp e£w hsc P\kwJy-bp≈ \K-c-ßfm- b n- c p∂p A∂p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ - X v . \qdv apX¬ Bbncw hsc [\nI IpSpw-_-ßƒ Cu \K-c-ßfpsS I®- h - S hpw `c- W hpw \nb- { ¥n- ® p. tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏nƒ hgn-bp≈ Ic-hm-Wn-Pyhpw DØ-cm-{^n-°bpw ]›n-ta-jybpw \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂ kap{Z hmWn-Pyhpw C‰men-b≥ I®-hS- ° - msc a≤y[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS A[n-]-∑m-cm-°n. A‰vem‚nIv kap{Z-Øn-te°p≈ Ihm-S-amb Pn{_mƒ´dpw ChcmWv \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ AXp-hsc C¥ym-k-ap-{Z-temIw tI{µ-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hmWn-Py-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI hn\n-abw {ItaW a[y[-cW - ym-gn-temIw Iø-S° - n. B[p-\nIbpK-Øns‚ sh≈n\£{Xw ]Sn- ™ m- d p- Z n- ° m≥ CXv CSbm°n.

C‰m-en-b≥- \-K-c-ß-fnse kº∂IpSpw-_-ßƒ B¿`m-S-]q¿h-amb PohnXw \bn-®p. cay-l¿ayßƒ ]Wn-Xp. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb inev]n-I-tfbpw Iem-Im-c-∑m-tcbpw temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-KØp \n∂pw hcpØn Cu \K-c-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-∏n-®p. hnZq-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p-t]mepw inev]n-Ifpw IemIm-c-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw C‰m-en-b≥ \Kc-ß-fn-se-Øn. £tbm∑p-J-amb ss_kss‚≥ km{am-Py-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-hcpw C°q-´-Øn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØpw ]uc-kvXy-temIØpw At∂-hsc D≠m-bn-´p≈ hn⁄m-\-Ønt‚bpw Ie-bp-tSbpw imkv{X-Øn-t‚bpw h‡m°ƒ Aßs\ Cu \K-c-ß-fn¬ FØn-s∏-´p. CXv ssh⁄m-\nIcwKØv ]pXnb DW¿hp-≠m-°n.

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ßƒ ]m›m-Xy-]u-ckvXy hn⁄m-\-ß-fpsS kwKa`qanbmbn amdn-b-sX-ßs\?

\thm-∞m\w

(Renaissance)

"dns\- m≥kv' F∂ ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw "]p\¿-P∑w' "\thm-t∑jw' Fs∂m-s°-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ AXnepw Ihn™ Hc¿∞-w Cu ]Z-Øn-\p-≠v. ]Xn∂mepw ]Xn-\©pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂v CXcbqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßfn-ep-ap-≠mb Iem-ssh-⁄m-\nIcwK-ß-fnse ]pØ-≥ D-W¿hn-s\-bmWv \thm-∞m\w Ipdn°p∂-Xv. C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fnse kº-∂-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ Xß-fpsS BVy-Xz-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ At\z-jn®p `qXIm-e-Øn-te°v t]mbn. {]mNo\ s{Kt°m˛ tdma≥ kwkv I mcIme- Ø n- t e°v Xß- f psS ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ \ofp-∂pt≠m F∂ At\z-j-W-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn \nc-h[n Isø-gpØp {]Xn-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-\m-bn. Ch¿ \ntbm-Kn® ]fin-X-∑m¿°v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ apºn-√m-Ø-hÆw XmXv]cyw P\n-®p. Cu IsøgpØp{]Xn- I ƒ hmbn®p a\- n- e m- ° p- ∂ - X n\v {]mNo\ {Ko°v-˛-e-Øo≥ `mj-Iƒ ]Tn-t°-≠Xmbn h∂p. a≤y-ImeL´-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂ncp∂ 12

eØo≥ `mj-bn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p {]mNo\ eØo≥. CXv `mjm-]-T-\sØ t{]m’mln-∏n-°p∂Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. {]mNo-\-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ {Ko°v-˛-e-Øo≥ `mjIƒ A°meØv {]tbm- K Øn- e n- √ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AXn- \ m¬ A∂p hf¿∂p- h - c m≥ XpS- ß n- b n- c p∂ {]mtZinI`mj-bmb C‰m-en-b-\n-te°v {]mNo\-Ir-XnIƒ X¿÷a sNø- s ∏- ´ p. ]pXnb IrXn- I ƒ D≠mbn. Aßs\ \m´p-`m-j-bmb C‰m-en-b≥ hfsc thK-Øn¬ hf¿∂p. a≤y-ImePohn-XØ - n¬ \n∂v B[p\n-II - mePohnXsØ th¿Xn- c n- ° p∂ Nne {]Xn- ` m- k - ß ƒ \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØv cq]-s∏´p h∂p. Fs¥m-s°bmWh? $ At\z-jWIuXpIw $ hna¿i-\-_p≤n $ bp‡n-Nn¥ $ {]mtZ-inI`mj-I-fpsS hf¿® $ am\- h n- I X ( Humanism). ""a\p- j y- \ mWv F√m-Øn-s‚bpw am\-Zfiw'' F∂ k¶ev]w

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

DXv]m-Z\hyh-ÿb - n¬ h∂ am‰w GsX√mw Xc-Øn-emWv \thm-∞m\ImesØ a\pjy Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]Xn-^-en-®Xv?

\thm-∞m\w C‰-en-bn¬ C‰menb≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ XpS°w ]Xn∂memw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ s]{Sm¿°ns‚ (1304˛1374) kmln- X y- k w- ` m- h - \ - t bm- S p- I q- S n- b msW∂v ]d-bmw. {]mNo\ {Ko°v kmln-Xy-Im-c∑m-cpsS ssien-bn¬ a\p-jy-kvt\lkw_-‘nbmb \nc-h[n KoX-I-ßƒ At±lw cNn-®p. a\pjy-cpsS hnNmc-hn-Im-c-ßsf {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp∂p s]{Sm¿°ns‚ KoX-I-ßƒ. ^yqU¬ {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS Akm-∑m¿KnI Pohn-XsØ \ninX-ambn ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-XmWv s_m°m-®ntbm (1313˛1371) bpsS "Z°m-a-d¨.' \qdp IY-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb Cu IrXn-bn¬ Ad-_n-°-Y-I-fpsS

Zms¥

(Arabian Nights) kzm[o\w ImWmw. aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hnizm-k-ßsf C°m-eØv ]pdØn-d-ßnb "Unssh≥ tIma-Un'-t]m-ep≈ IrXnIƒ hna¿i\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. {]mNo\ tdma≥ Ihn-bmb sh¿Pn-ens\Iq´n Ihn-bmb Zms¥ AIm-e-Øn¬ s]men-™p-t]mb Xs‚ {]W-bn-\n-sb-tØSn kz¿K-\c - I - ß - ƒ kµ¿in-°p∂-XmWv Cu IrXn-bpsS CXn-hr-Øw. Cu IrXnIfn- s e√mw \nd- ™ p- \ n¬°p- ∂ Xv \thm∞m\aqey-ßfmb hna¿i\_p≤nbpw am\-hn-IX-bp-am-Wv.

\thm-∞m-\-Ie s]{Sm¿°v

s]{Sm¿°ns\ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ]nXmhv F∂v hnfn-®Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw?

hmkvXp-X{¥w, inev]h - n-Zy, Nn{X-sa-gpØv F∂o cwK- ß - f nepw C‰m- e n- b ≥ Iem- I m- c - ∑ m¿ Hcp \qX\ssien-°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. enb-\m¿tUm Umhn- © n, ssat°¬ B©- t em, Snjym≥, sUmWm-‰t- em, {_qWekvIn XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n t]¿ Xß- f psS krjv S nIƒ hgn \thm∞m\Iesb kº-∂-am-°n. Ahym-tJybamb ]p©ncn-s]m-gn-°p∂ kpµ-cnsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ "samWm- e nk' F∂ H‰ Nn{X- Ø n- e qsSXs∂ A\iz-c\ - m-bn-Øo¿∂p enb-\m¿tUm Umhn-©n. amem-Ja - m-cpsS Nn{X-ßƒ hnc-ka - mbn Ah-Xc - n-∏n°p∂ a≤y-Im-es - si-en-bn¬\n∂v `n∂-ambn Hcp a\pjykv { XobpsS `mh- Z o- ] v X - a mb apJ- a mWv "tamWm-enk'bn¬ Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. im¥Kw`oc-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ tbip-hn-t\bpw ]{¥≠p injy-∑m-tcbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ "Ah-km-\sØ AØm-g'-Øn-epw (Last Supper), aIs‚ th¿]m-Sp≠m-°nb ZpxJw apgp-h≥ apJØp {]Xn-^-en-∏n13

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

°p∂ "I\ym- a - d nb' (Virgin Mary) Ønepw Umhn©nbpsS am\-hn-IX - {]I-Sa - mWv. Iem-Im-cs\-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta c‡-Nw-{I-a-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw

b{¥-∏-d-°-en-s\-°p-dn®pw hnh-cn-°p∂ imkv{X⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p Umhn©n F∂v At±-lØ - ns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

Ah-km-\sØ AØmgw

\thm-∞m\w CX-c-bq-tdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ C‰-en-bn¬ \mºn´ \thm-∞m\{]ÿm\w I®h-S-°m-cn-eq-sSbpw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cn-eq-sSbpw CXc bqtdm- ] y≥ cmPy- ß - f nepw hym]n®p. kv]m\njv, {^©v, Cw•o-jv, U®v, P¿a≥ XpSßnb {]mtZ-inI`mj-Iƒ \thm-∞m\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn. kv]m\njv `mj-bn¬ sk¿hmt¥ (Cervantes) cNn® IrXn-bmWv "tUm¨ Intlmt´m' (Don Quixote) bp≤-s°m-Xn-b∑ - m-cmb a≤yIme-{]-`p-°∑m-cpsS at\m-hn-{`m-¥nsb X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS AhX- c n- ∏ n- ° p∂ IrXn- b m- W n- X v . ]S- ® - ´ - b - W n™v IpXnc-∏p-dØ - p-Ib - dn CS-hg - n-If - n-eqsS ]m™p-t]mIp∂ Intlmt´m {]`p hgn-h-°Øp I≠ sNSn-Isfbpw acß-sfbpw Im‰m-Sn-b-{¥-ß-sfbpw a‰pw i{Xp-`-S-∑m-cm-sW∂ `mhØn¬ hmfp-sIm≠v Acn™p hogvØp∂ {`am-fl-I-Xsb Cu IrXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn-emWv Cdm-kva-kns‚ (Erasmus c.1466-1536) "C≥ s{]bvkv Hm^v t^mfn' (In Praise of Folly) F∂ IrXn ]pd- Ø p- h - ∂ - X v . ItØm-en-°m-k` hnip-≤\ - mbn hW-ßp∂ sk‚ v tXmakv aqdn-t\m-sSmØv Xma-kn-°shbmWv Cu cN\ Cdm-kvakv \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. k`-bnse hnizmk-ßfpw k`-bpsS XXz-ßfpw Nne¿ hnI-e-am°p-∂-Xns\ k`-bv°IØv \n∂p-sIm≠v hna¿in°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cdm-kvakv. 14

samWm-enk

Cw•ojv \thm-∞m\kmln-Xy-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂Xv sP{^n t- Nm-kd - psS "Im‚¿_dn IY' (Canterbury Tales) I- t fmsSbmWv . F¶nepw ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv Cw•ojv kmlnXyw X\na ssIh- c n°p- ∂ - X v . temI- { ]- k n- ≤ - \ mb \mSI-IrØv hneyw -tj-Ivkv]n-bdpw A‘Ihn tPm¨ an¬´Wpw Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-Jcm-Wv.

hneyw tjIvkv]n-b¿

cmjv{SobNn¥ \thm∞m\ImesØ cmjv { SobNn¥- I - c n¬ {]apJ-\m-bn-cp∂p C‰-en-°m-c-\mb \nt°m-tfmam°ysh√n. At±-l-Øns‚ "Zn {]n≥kv' (The Prince) F∂ IrXn B[p- \ nIcmjv{Sob Nn¥bv°v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂p. cmPmhv Htc kabw "knwlhpw Ipdp-°\pw' Bbn-cn-°-Wsa∂ NmW-Iy-X{¥w At±lw Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

Zmcn-{Zyw, Zpcn-Xw, A{Iaw F∂n-h-I-sfm-∂p-an-√mØXpw ÿnXn- k - a - X zhpw kt¥m- j hpw \ne\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp km¶-ev]nItemIsØ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-XmWv ItØm-en-°m-k` hnip≤- \ mbn {]Jym- ] n- ® n- ´ p≈ tXmakv aqdns‚

"Dt´m]y' (Utopia) F∂ IrXn. "Dt´m]y' F∂ hm°n-\¿Yw "Fßp-an-√mØ CSw' F∂m-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ßƒ°v Cu IrXn {]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-.

\thm-∞m-\I - m-esØ Ie-bn-epw- km-ln-Xy-Ønepw {]Xn-^e - n® am\-hn-IX - , bp‡nNn-¥, hna¿i\_p≤n Ch A°m-esØ cmjv{Sob Nn¥-bn¬ {]Xn-^-ent®m? N¿® sNøp.

aX\-ho-I-cWw (Reformation) bqtdm-∏n¬ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI cwK-ß-fn¬ D≠mb am‰-ßƒ aX-Po-hn-X-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en®p. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]m›mXy-k`-bn-ep≠mb \ho- I - c - W - { i- a - ß ƒ aX\ho- I - c Ww AYhm s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-Ww F∂v Adn-b-s∏´p. CXn\papºv Xs∂ -k`bv°pt\sc FXn¿∏pIƒ Db¿∂ph∂n-cp-∂p. HmIvkv^Unse tPm¨ ssh¢n^v (1324˛1384), {]mKnse tPm¨ l v (1369˛1415) F∂n- h cpsS DZ- y - a - ß ƒ CØcw FXn¿∏p-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ Chbv s °m∂pw- X s∂ Imcy- a mb Ne- \ - ß ƒ D≠m-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-√.

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ bqtdm-∏nse -k` Hcp kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-´p. CXp adn-IS-°m≥ kzoI-cn® [\m-K-a-am¿K-ßfn¬ H∂mWv "]m]-ap-‡n-]{Xw' (Indulgences) F∂ t]cn¬ \S∂ ]m]-]c - n-lmc hnev]\ - . CXv k`-bv°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ ]e tImWp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ FXn¿∏pIƒ°v hgn-sX-fn-®p.

am¿´n≥ eqY-¿ (1483 ˛ 1546) [\- k - a m- l - c - W - Ø n- \ mbn "]m]ap‡n]{Xw' hnev°p-∂-Xpt]mse-bp≈ A[m¿Ωn-I kwK-XnIƒ tNmZyw sNbv X aX- ] - fi n- X - \ m- b n- c p∂p am¿´n≥ eqY¿. P¿Ω\n- b nse hn‰≥_¿Kv k¿∆Iem-im-e-bn¬ ssZh-imkv{X s{]m^-k-dmbn-cp∂p At±-lw. Xs‚ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ hni-Z-am°p∂ "95 kn≤m-¥-ßƒ' (Ninety -five Theses) At±lw Xøm-dm-°n. 1517 HIvtSm_¿ 31\v CXp hn‰≥_¿Kv tZhm-eb-Øns‚ hmXn-en¬ BWn ASn®p Xq°n. ItØm-en°m-k` am¿´n≥ eqYsd ]pd-Øm-°n. CXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n-®-h-cmWv am¿´n≥ eqY¿

tdmanse sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv tZhm-ebw

bqtdm-∏ns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw aX-\n-µ-bn¬ G¿s∏Sp- ∂ - h - c psS FÆw h¿≤n®p. hmWn- P yØnep≠mb hf¿®-bmWv as‰mcp LSIw. ]pXpXmbn hf¿∂p h∂ hym-]mcnh¿§w k`m-ÿm-]\-ß-sf-°mƒ cmPm-°-∑msc ]n¥m-ßn.

15

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

tN¿∂p. Cßs\ thZ-]p-kvXI - w t\cn´p hmbn°m\m-bXv bqtdm-]y≥ -k`bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xncn®-dn-bm≥ P\-ßsf klmbn®p. eqY-dpsS Bib-ßƒ°v P¿Ω-\n-bnepw ]pdØpw kzoIm-cyX D≠m-bXn\v ]n∂n¬ CXpw Hcp Imc-Wa - m-bn-cp∂p. F∂p am{X- a - √ , bqtdm- ] y≥ kaq- l - Ø n¬ s]mXpsh _u≤n-I-amb Ne-\-ßƒ krjvSn°m≥ CXv klm-b-I-amhpIbpw sNbvXp.

hn‰≥_¿Kv tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ hmXn¬

]n¬°m-eØv t{]m´-Ã‚p-Im¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hn`m-K-ambn {ItaW Dcp-Øn-cn-™-Xv. A®Snb{¥-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Øt- ØmSpIqSn thZ]p-kvXIw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS ssII-fn¬ FØn-

kzn‰vk¿em‚ n¬ Dƒdn°v kznwKvfnbpw {^m≥kn¬ tPm¨ Im¬hn-\p-am-bn-cp∂p aX-\-hoI- c - W - Ø n\v t\XrXzw \¬In- b - X v . tPm¨ Im¬hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ lyqKvt\m´p-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. Cw•-≠nse aX-\-ho-I-c-WØn\v cmjv{Sobkz`mhw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AhnSsØ cmPmhv sl≥dn F´m-a-\mWv AXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bX - v. Fen-k_ - Øv cm⁄n-bpsS `c- W - I m- e Øv Cw•- ≠ n- \ p- a m{Xw _m[- I - a mb Bw•n-°≥ k` \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

\thm-∞m\w apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-ßfmWv bqtdm-]y≥ -k`-bn¬ am‰-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bXv˛Cu A`n-{]mbw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

(Counter Reformation) s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-Ic - W - Ø - ns‚ ^e-ambn k - `-bv°p≈nepw ]cn-jvI-cW{ia-ßƒ D≠m-bn. {]Xn-\ho-I-cW{]ÿm\w, ItØm-en°m \ho-I-cWw, ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw Fs∂ms° CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1534˛¬ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bmbn ÿm\ta‰ tijamWv k`-bn¬ ]cn-jvI-cWw Bcw-`n®Xv. k`bv-s°-Xnsc Db¿∂p-h-∂ hna¿i-\-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-®Xv 1545 apX¬ 1563 hsc P¿Ω\nbnse s{S‚n¬ \S∂ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kan-Xn(kp\-l-tZm-kv) bm-Wv. CtXmsS k`-bpsS `cW-Øn¬ ]cnjvI-c-W-ßƒ°v XpS-°-am-bn. CX-\p-k-cn®v ]pØ≥Nn¥-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]pkvX-I-ßsf k`m-hn-cp-≤-hpw kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-≤hp-sa∂v Btcm-]n®v -bqtdm-]y≥ k` \ntcm-[n®p. Ch-bpsS ]´n-I ""kqNnI'' (Index) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. k`-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ ""C≥Izn-kn-j≥'' (Inquisition) F∂ tImSXn ssZh-\nµ F∂ Ip‰w 16

hnNm-c-W-sN-øm≥ Cu kqNnI ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn D]- t bm- K n- ® p. Ip‰- ° m- s c∂v sXfn- ™ - h sc I¿i\ambn in£n-®p. Ct·-jykv etbm-f-bpsS (1491˛1550) t\Xr-XzØn¬ aX-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn®-XmWv Cutim-k` (Society of Jesus). Xo¿Øpw ]´m-fam-Xr-I-bn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu -k`. Ct·-j-ykv etbmf F∂ kv]m\ojv hnap‡`S≥ ÿm]n® Cu k\ymkkaqlw Bbn-cp-∂p {]Xn-\ho-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ as‰mcp LS-Iw.

Ct·-jykv etbmf

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

ap∏Xv kwh-’c bp≤-w (1618˛1648) (Thirty Years War) aX\ho-I-cWw \nc-¥cbp≤-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°n. Ch-bnse {][m-\-s∏´ bp≤w ap∏Xp sIm√w \o≠p\n∂p. ItØm-en-°-\mb lm_vkv_¿Kv cmPmhpw P¿Ω-\n-bnse s{]m´-Ã≥kv cmP-Ipamc\pw XΩn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. aX-]-c-amb ImcW-ß-ƒ°p]pdta {]mtZ-in-I-amb X¿°-ßfpw CXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B`-y-¥-c-cm-jv{So-bhpw A[nIm-c-X¿°-ßfpw CXn¬ IS∂pIqSn. {ItaW

an° bqtdm-]-y≥ i‡n-Ifpw Cu bp≤-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. bp≤w bqtdm-∏n¬ h≥ \mi\jvS-ßƒ D≠m-°n. [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ bp≤waqehpw AXne-[nIw t]¿ bp≤m-\-¥c £ma-Ønepw acn-®p. shÃv^m-enb (Westphalia) DS-ºS- n-bn-eqsS (1648) bp≤w Ah- k m- \ n- ® p. Cu DS- º Sn hnip≤tdma≥km-{am-Pyw, Bkv{Sn-b, kvs]bn≥, {^m≥kv, kzo-U≥ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßƒ XΩnep≠m-°nb kam-[m\ DS-º-Sn-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmjv { St\Xm- ° - ∑ m¿ ]ckv ] cw _‘- s ∏´v AXn¿Øn-Iƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®X - mWv Cu DS-º-Sn-bpsS Hcp t\´w. bqtdm-∏n¬ tZi-cmjv{S-ß-fpsS DZ-b-Øn\v CXv hgn-sh®p.

s{]m´Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw {]Xn-\-ho-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw {][m\hi-ßƒ Is≠Øp-I.

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb I≠p-]nSpØßƒ (Geographical Discoveries) ]Xn-\©pw ]Xn-\mdpw \q‰m-≠pIfn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ cmP-y-ßƒ \S-Ønb `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]c-y-thj-Wß - f - pw ]pXnb `q{]-tZ-iß - f - psS Is≠-Øepw kap- { Z- k - © m- c - ] m- X - I - f psS I≠p- ] n- S pØhpw Ncn{X-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb A[-ym-b-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Cu I≠p-]n-Sn-Øß - ƒ°v \nc-h[n LSIßƒ Imc-W-ambn´p≠v. hym]m-cm-h-iy-Øn-\mbn ]uckvXy tZi-tØ°v bm{X-sNbvX am¿t°m t]mtfm- b psS k©m- c - I - Y - I ƒ°v bqtdm- ∏ n¬ hfsc-tbsd {]Nmcw In´n. k©m-cI - Y - I - ƒ ssN\, C¥y XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fpsS kº-∂-X-tbbpw P\Pohn- X tØbpw Ipdn®v Adn- b m- \ p≈ Pn⁄mk D≠m-°n. Ing°p\n∂p≈ kpK-‘-{Z-h-y-ßfpw a‰p hne-]nSn∏p≈ km[-\-ßfpw At\-z-jn-°p∂-Xn-\mWv `qanim-kv{X-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®Xv. C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂ a≤y[-c-Wymgn hym-]-mc-Øns‚ IpØI Ah-km-\n∏n- ° m- \ mbn kv s ]bn≥, t]m¿®pK¬ F∂o A‰v e m‚ nIv i‡n- I ƒ {ian- ® p. Gjybn¬ \n∂p≈ Nc-°p-Iƒ sN¶-S¬hgnbpw t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬hgnbpamWv bqtdm-∏n-te°v FØn-bncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu am¿§-ßƒ Ad-_n-If - psS \nb{¥- W - Ø n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ XpsIm≠v kpc- £ n- X ambncp∂n-√. bqtdm-]y-∑m¿°v sNe-th-dnb Ic-

am¿§w D]-tbm-Kn®v Ing-t°m´v bm{X-sN-tø≠n h∂p. Xp¿°n-Iƒ 1453˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]nSn-®-S-°n-b-tXmsS B Ic-am¿§hpw hnt—-Zn-°s∏-´p. AtXmsS bqtdm]y-∑m¿°v C¥ybn-te°pw a‰v Gj-y≥ cmPy-ß-fn-te°pw bm{X sNøp-hm≥ kap-{Z-Øn-eqsS am{X-ap≈ ]pXnb Hcp -am¿§w I≠p-]n-Sn-t°-≠Xv AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw-`tØmsS hen∏w IqSnb I∏-ep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´p. hS-°p-t\m-°nb-{¥-Øns‚ sa®-s∏´ cq]w, Bkvt{Sm-em_v F∂ ]pXnb D]-Ic - WØns‚ D]-tbmKw F∂nh

am¿t°m t]mtfm

17

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_-kns‚ BZy k©m-c-]Yw (C≥sk-‰n¬ {InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_-kv)

bqtdm-∏n¬ hym]-I-am-bn. \o≠ I∏¬ bm{X-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]m›m-X-y-\m-hn-Isc CXv {]m]vXcm°n. t]m¿®pKokp-Imcpw kvs]bn≥Im-cp-am-bncp∂p Cu cwKØv ap≥ \S-∂-h¿. \mhn-I-\mb sl≥dn cmP-Ip-am-c≥ bph-P-\-ßsf \mhnIhnZy ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm\pw kap{Z]c-yt- h-jWw \S-Øphm\pambn t]m¿®p-K-en¬ Hcp ]T-\-tI{µw Bcw`n- ® p. 1488˛¬ Cu ]T- \ - t I- { µ- Ø n¬s∏- ´ - h ¿ _¿Ø-tem-antbm Ubkv F∂ t]m¿®p-Kokv \mhn-Is‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn-¬ B{^n-°≥ `qJ-fiØns‚ sXs° A‰- Ø p≈ ap- \ ºn- s eØn. Ad_n°S¬ apdn®pIS∂v C¥y-bn-se-Øm-sa∂v t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ {]X-ym-in-®p. CtXØpS¿∂v a‰v cmPy-ßfpw kap-{Z-]-cy-th-jW-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´p. `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-I sIm≠v -]Sn-™m´p t]mbm¬ Ing-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn-seØmw F∂ bp‡n D]tbm- K n®p ]pd- s ∏´ kv ] m\njv \mhn- I - \ mb {InÃ^¿ sImfw-_kv 1492˛¬ Ata-cn-°bpsS Ingt° Xoc-sØ-Øn. ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øn\v CXv ""]pXnb temIw'' (New World) Bbn- c p- ∂ p. 1498˛¬ hmkvtIm- U- Km-a-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn-ep≈ Hcp kwLw KpUv tlm∏v ap\ºv Np‰n C¥-y-bnseØn. 18

KpUv tlm∏v ap\ºv C¥-y-bn-te°v Hcp kap-{Z-am¿§w Is≠-Øp-∂Xn-\mbn t]m¿®p-K-ense cmPm-hmb tPm¨ c≠m-a≥ _¿Øtem-antbm Ub- ns‚ t\XrX-z-Øn¬ Hcp kwLsØ Ab-®p. B{^n-°≥ `qJ- fi - Ø ns‚ sXt° ap\- º n- s e- Ø nb At±l- Ø n\v i‡- a mb sImSp- ¶ m‰v aqew apt∂m´v bm{X sNøm≥ Ign-™n-√. B ap\ºn\v tI∏v Hm^v tÃmwkv (Cape of Storms) F∂ t]cv \¬In Ubkv t]m¿®p-K-en-te°v aSßn. F∂m¬ Cu ap\-ºns‚ I≠p-]n-SpØw C¥-y-bn-te°v Hcp kap-{Z-am¿§w Is≠-Ømsa∂ {]Xo£ \¬Ip∂p F∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\-Øn¬ tPm¨ c≠m-a≥ AXn\v kp{]Xo£m ap\ºv (Cape of Good Hope) F∂ t]cv \¬In.

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

1519˛¬ t^Un-\m≥Uv aK-√s‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ Hcp ]c-yt- h-jW kwLw temIw Np‰m-\p≈ B{Kl-Øn¬ ]Sn-™mtdm´v ]pd-s∏´p. ^nen-∏n≥kn¬ h®v {]mtZ-inIP\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ At±lw sIm√- s ∏- ´ p. kl- \ m- h n- I ¿ 1522˛¬ kvs]bn-\n¬ aS-ßn-sb-Øn. temIw Np‰n k©cn-°pI F∂ ZuXyw Aßs\ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. CtXØpS¿∂v bqtdm-∏nse Ht´sd cmPy-ßƒ kap- { Zm- ¥ cbm{X- I - f n¬ G¿s∏- ´ p. hS- ° ≥ Atacn°-bpsS Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]c-y-th-jWw sNøp-hm-\mbn ]pd-s∏´ Cw•o-jv-˛- -{^©v kwcw-`ß-fn¬ BZy-tØXv 1497˛¬ tPm¨ Im_´v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ \yqs^u≠vem≥Uv, em{_-tUm¿, lUvk¨ t_ apX-emb ÿe-ßƒ Cw•o-jp-Im¿°pw {^©p-Im¿°pw FØn-t®-cmhp∂ ÿe-ß-fm-bn.

`qan-imkv{X]c-amb I≠p-]nSpØ-ßfpsS ^e-ßƒ hmkvtIm U Kma

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI \mhn-I≥

cmPyw

Is≠-Ønb cmPyw

tPm¨ Im-_´v Cw•≠v

\yq^u≠vem‚ v

_m¬t_mh

kvs]bn≥

]\ma

I{_mƒ

t]m¿Øp-K¬ {_ko¬

..........

..........

..........

..........

..........

..........

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßƒ°pw ]cyth- j - W - ß ƒ°pw Zqc- h - y m- ] - I - a mb ^e- ß ƒ D≠mbn-. Gj-y≥ cmP-y-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kar-≤-amb hym-]mcw bqtdm-∏p-Im-cpsS [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏Sp-Øn. CXv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ km{am-P-y-ß-fpsS DZb-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-bn®p. ]∏mb, t\{¥-°mb, IS®-°, Nmb, ]pI-bne apX-emb Im¿jnI hn`h-ßƒ ]e \mSp-I-fnepw {]N-cn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w h≥tXmXn¬ ASn-a-°-®-h-Shpw sh´n-∏n-Sp-Øhpw IpSn-tb-‰hpw \S∂p. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ ]cn-ÿnXn, kwkvIm-cw, Irjn CX-ymZn taJ-eI - f - n¬ kaqe-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn. sXs° Ata-cn-°-bnse C≥Im, abm, tSmƒs‰Iv, Akv-s‰Iv F∂o kwkvIm-c-ßƒ tImf\oI-cWsØØpS¿∂v \mam-h-ti-j-ambn. bqtdm]y≥ am¿ sIm≠ph∂ ]I¿®-h-ym-[n-I-fmb hkqcn, s]mß≥]\n apX-em-b tcmK-ßƒ kz-tZin P\kw- J - y - b psS \s√mcp ]¶ns\ XpS®pam‰n. ]d¶n∏pÆv apX- e mb tcmK- ß fpw Cßs\ ]S¿∂p. Gjy- b n¬ bqtdm- ] - y - ∑ m- c psS {]Yae£yw hym]mcIpØ-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-\mbn Ah¿ cmjv{Snbm[n-Imcw Iø-S-°p-hm\pw ssk\n-Ii‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v ÿe-ßƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-hm19

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

\p-w XpS-ßn. CtXmsS Gj-y-bnepw B{^n-°bnepw h≥tXm-Xn¬ tImf-\o-I-cWØn\pXpS-°ambn. tImf-\n-Ifnse kº-∂-amb {]IrXnhn`h-ßƒ {ItaW bqtdm-]-y≥ km{am-P-y-ßƒ°-[o\-am-bn. tImf-\n-I-sf sIm≈bSn®v bqtdm-]y¿ kº∂-cm-bn. ]m›mXy bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fmb kvs]bn≥, t]m¿®p-K¬, Cw•-≠v, {^m≥kv XpS-ßnb cmPyßƒ temIhym]m-c-Øns‚ IpØI ssIb-S-°n. CtXmsS a[y-[-c-Wymgn tI{µambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ hym]mcw £bn®p.

tImf\oI- c - W - Ø ns‚ ^e- a mbn kmwkv I mcnIambn Ing°pw ]Sn™mdpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv h¿≤n- ® p. tImf\nIfnse kwkv I m- c sØ XI¿°m-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw D≠m-bn. tImf-\n-I-fp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-_‘w bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ kº-∂-cmb a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ DZ-bØn\v Imc-W-am-bn. tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ^e- a mbn ]gb ssIhmbv]m k{º- Z mbw _m¶nwKv k{ºZmb-Øn\v hgn-am-dn. I®-h-S-°mcpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Iq´p-S-a°-º-\n-Iƒ (Joint Stock Companies) \ne- h n¬ h∂p. Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n AXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

"`qan-im-kv{X-]c - a - mb I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßfpw kap{Zk©m-cØ - n¬ ssIh-cn® ]ptcmK-Xnbpw bqtdm-∏ns‚ cmjv{SobLS-\-bnepw kmº-ØnI taJ-e-bnepw am‰-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn'˛Cu \nco-£Ww N¿® sNøpI.

imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn

20

Hcp ]pXpbpK-Øns‚ Bcw`w Ipdn-®p-sIm≠v imkv{X-Nn-¥-bn¬ hºn® ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-bn. XØ- z - N n- ¥ - I ¿ temIsØ ]pXnb coXn- b n¬ t\m°n°m- W m\pw {]]©{]Xn- ` m- k ßsf hniZo-Ic - n-°p-hm\pw \ho\am¿§-ßƒ ]co-£n®p. enb-\m¿tUm Umhn©n F∂ _lpapJ {]Xn` -i-cocimkv{X-tØbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kq£-vaambn \nco-£n®v Nn{X-ßƒ hc-®p.

{]]-©-Øns‚ tI{µw `qan-bm-sW∂v hni-z-kn-®ncp∂ ImeØv kqc- y - \ mWv tI{µw F∂v kucbqYkn≤m- ¥ - Ø n- e qsS ka¿∞n- ® Xp tIm∏¿\n°- m-Wv (1473˛1543). F∂m¬ At±-lØns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ A°m-eØv kzo-I-cn-°s∏´n√. ]n∂oSv Keo-entbm Keoen (1564˛1642) Zqc-Z¿in\nbpsS klm-b-tØmsS tIm∏¿ \n° ns‚ kn≤m¥w ÿnco-I-cn-®p. Cßs\ `uatI-{µn-X-amb k¶-ev]sØ \ncm-I-cn-®Xphgn a\pjys‚ temIho£Ww ]msS amdn.

tIm∏¿ \n°kv

Keo-en-tbm-bpsS sSen-kvtIm∏v (C≥sk-‰n¬ Keo-en-tbm)

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

k¿ sFkIv \yq´¨

""{]n≥kn∏n-b- am-Ø-am-‰n°'' F∂ hn{ipX{KŸØn-¬ sFk-Iv \-yq-´≥ (1643˛1727) BI¿jW kn≤m-¥hpw Ne\\nb-a-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cn-®p. sshZ-y-im-kv{Xw, ck-X-{¥w, KWn-X-im-kv{Xw, Du¿÷-X-{¥w, Pohn-I-fpsS imkv{Xobh¿§o-IcWw, Im¥-i-‡n-tb-bpw sshZ-yp-Xn-tbbpw ]‰nbp≈ ]pXnb Adnhv F∂nh Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ henb apt∂‰w ssIh-cn-®p. I≠p- ] n- S pØ- ß ƒ°pw imkv { Xm- t \- z - j - W ßƒ°pw Hcp ]≤Xn Bhn-jv°-cn-®p-sIm≠v Keoentbm imkv{X-hn-π-h-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI ]¶v hln-®p. Cu ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂ BZy-Im-eimkv{X⁄∑mcm- b n- c p∂p {^m≥kn- k v t_°Wpw sZ°m¿Øpw (Descartes). tPym-Xn-imkv{Xw, `uXn-I-imkv{Xw, Poh-imkv{Xw, icoc-

Imƒ en\-bkv

imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bn¬ hºn® t\´-ßƒ°v hgnsbm-cp-°n. Imƒ en-\-bkv (Carl Linneaus) F∂ kzo-Unjv imkv{X-⁄≥ kky-imkv{Xw, P¥pim- k v{Xw, sshZy- i mkv{Xw F∂n- h - b n¬ {it≤bamb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In. Pohn-I-fpsS imkv{Xob h¿§o-Ic - W - Ø - nt‚bpw B[p-\nI ]cnÿn-Xn-im-kv{X-Ønt‚bpw ]nXm-hmbn Ct±lw Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. kk-yß - f - p-tS-bpw arK-ßf - p-tSbpw h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn c≠p `mK-ß-fp≈ \ma-IcW]-≤Xn (Binomial nomenclature) Ct±lw Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. \thm∞m\Øn\p-tijw imkv{X-Øn-ep-≠mb ]ptcm- K Xn Ncn- { X- Ø n¬ Hcp ]pXpbpKw krjvSn®p.

\thm-∞m\ImesØ Nn¥-Ifpw Bi-bß - fpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ am‰n adn-°p∂Xn\v t{]c-I-amb \nc-h[n ]pXnb I≠p]nSpØ-ßƒ°v hgn-sh-®p. Hmtcm I≠p ]nSpØhpw D≠m-°nb am‰-ßƒ Is≠-Ømtam?

⁄mt\m-Zbw (Enlightenment) \thm-∞m\Ime- -Øns‚ apJy{]h-W-X-I-fmb bp‡n-t_m-[hpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw ⁄mt\m-Zb Ime-Øpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-´p. bp‡n-bpsS am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `uXnItemI-tØbpw AXn¬ a\p-j-ys‚ ÿm\-tØbpw ho£n-°m≥ {ian°p∂ ss[jWnI-ap-t∂-‰-am-bn-cp∂p ⁄mt\mZbw. aX-hn-iz- m-khpw At\-zj - W - t- _m-[hpw XΩnep≈ kwL-´\w CXns‚ khn-ti-jX Bbn-cp-

∂p. hkvXp-X-I-fnepw sXfn-hp-I-fnepw Du∂nb bp‡n-bn-eqsS Imc-y-ßƒ Adn-bp-hm\pw A]-{KYn-°p-hm\pw PRm-t\m-ZbbpK-Øn-se- Nn¥-I∑m¿ {ian-®p. Cw•- ≠ n¬ \n∂mWv XpS- ß n- b - s X- ¶ nepw ⁄mt\m- Z bØns‚ G‰hpw t{ijv T - a mb BhnjvIm-c-ßƒ \S∂Xv {^m≥kn¬ Bbn-cp∂p. sZ°m¿Øv, kv]nt\m-km F∂n-hc - psS tlXphm-Z-amWv ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn\p t{]c-I-am-b-sX21

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

¶nepw Cu apt∂-‰-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ {kjvSm-°ƒ k¿ sFkIv \yq-´\pw (1642˛1727), tPm¨ tem°pw (1632˛1704) Bbn-cp-∂p. {]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp b{¥\njvTa - mb hni-Zo-Ic - Ww \¬Im≥ Ign™p F∂-XmWv \yq-´s‚ t\´w. hn⁄m\kn≤m-¥Øns‚ ]nXm- h mbn Adn- b - s ∏- S p∂ tem°v Adnhns‚ Dd-hnSw C{µn-b-⁄m-\-am-sW∂pw hmZn-®p.

⁄mt\m-ZbIme Nn¥-I¿ sZ\n- Zn-Ztdm (Denis Diderot) 1713 - 1784 sam¥-kvIyq (Montesquieu) 1689-1755 thmƒsØ-b¿ (Voltaire)

1694 - 1778

dqt m (Rousseau)

1712-1778

CΩm-\p-th¬ Im¥v (Immanuel Kant)

1724-1804

tXmakv s]bv≥ (Thomas Paine)

1737-1809

tXmakv Pt^-gvk¨ (Thomas Jefferson)

1743-1826

`mj, kmln-Xy- w, \mS-Iw, \nb-aw, XØ-zi - m-kv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ hnj-b-ßfn¬ X¬∏c-\m-bn-cp∂p ZnZ-tdm. 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp Iq´w {^©v Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS teJ-\-k-amlm-c-amb "F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Uo' (Encyclopaedie) F∂ {KŸ-]-c-º-c-bpsS FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂p Ct±lw. CXn-eqsS Db¿∂p-h∂ Bi-b-ßfpw A`n{]m-b-ßfpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc imkv{X-Ønt‚bpw atX-XcNn¥-bp-tSbpw {]Nm-c-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn. thmƒØ-b¿

dqt m

cmjv{Sob LS-\I - sf kw_-‘n® ]pXnb Dƒ°mgvN-Iƒ ⁄mt\m-Z-b-bp-K-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂p. \oXn\ymbw, Imcy- \ n¿∆l- W w, \nb- a \n¿ΩmWw F∂o aq∂v imJ-I-fn-embn A[nImcw th¿Xncn®p \n¿Øn- b m¬ IqSp- X ¬ cmjv{Sob kzm-X-{¥yw D≠m-Ip-sa∂v sam¥-kvIyq hni-z-kn-®p. AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿbpw F∂ cmjv{SobXØ-z-imkv{Xhpw At±lw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. aX-k-zm-X-{¥yØn\pw kz-X-{¥-hm-Wn-Pyw Dƒs∏sS- b p≈ ]uc- k - z m- X - { ¥- y - ß ƒ°pw th≠n thmƒØ- b ¿ hmZn®p. At±lw kmaq- l n- I ]cnjvIm-c-ßsf i‡ambn ]n¥p-W-®p. Ak-lnjvWpX, aX-]-c-amb ISpw-]n-SpØ-ßƒ F∂n-hbp-tSbpw ka-Im-enI hy-h-ÿ-bp-tSbpw \ninX hna¿i-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p thmƒØ-b¿. ASn-ÿm-\]cambn a\p- j - y ≥ \√- h - \ m- s W∂v dqt m hnizkn®p; ss\k¿Kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ""\√-h-\mb Im´m-f≥'' (Noble Savage). \√ a\p-j-ysc Ak¥p-jvScpw Agn-a-Xn-°mcpw B°n-Øo¿°p∂-Xv kaq-l-Ønse A\p-`-h-ß-fmWv. DS-º-Sn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ BWv a\p-j-y\pw kaq-l-hpambn D≈ _‘w D≠m-bn-h-∂Xv F∂v At±-l-w Xs‚ "tkmj-y¬ tIm¨{SmIvSv' (Social Contract) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. km£-c-cmb P\-ß-fn¬ ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmb ^ne-tkm-^p-Iƒ (Philosophes) imkv{Xw {]N-cn-∏n®p. imkv{X kwL-S-\-I-fpsS DZ-b-Øn\v imkv{Xob hn]vfhw Imc-W-ambn. ap≥]v ]d™ F≥ssk-t¢m-∏o-Uo°p-]p-dta a‰p Nne ssh⁄m-\nI]{Xn-I-Ifpw ]pXnb ]T-\ßƒ°v {]NmctaIn.

22

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

⁄mt\m-Z-b-amWv At\-z-j-W-Øn\pw I≠p]nSpØ-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ imkv{Xo-b-coXn km¿∆- { XnI- a m- ° n- b - X v . "kX- y - s Ø- ° p- d n®pw' "{]]©- { ]Xn- ` m- k - ß - s f- ° p- d n®pw' Bfp- I ƒ Pn⁄mk ImWn-°p-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®p. `c-Ww, cmjv{So-bw, Ah-Im-i-ßƒ F∂o hnj-b-ß-sf-

Ip-dn®v XØz-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿ Fgp-Xp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. CsX√mw Xs∂ ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm-ºXpw \q‰m≠p-I-fn¬ bqtdm-∏nepw a‰n-S-ß-fnepw D≠mb cmjv{Sobhnπ-h-ßsf KW-y-ambn kzm-[o-\n-®p. bp‡n-bn-eq-∂n-b Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ°m-bp≈ Xzc Ime-L-´-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpw hmWn-Py-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw bqtdm]y≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. C‰-en-bpsS kmaq-ly-kmlN-cy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. $ A®Snb{¥-Øns‚ hc-thmsS bqtdm-∏n¬ aXØns‚bpw hn⁄m\Øns‚bpw -km-ln-XyØns‚bpw cwK-ß-fn¬ Fs¥√mw am‰-ßfmWv D≠m-bXv? $ \thm-∞m\mi-bß - ƒ bqtdm-∏nse a\pjyPohn-XØ - ns‚ kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. Cu {]kvXm-h-\bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ß-tfbpw Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\-tØbpw Ipdn®v N¿® sNøpI. $ \thm-∞m\ ImesØ Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xøm-dm-°pI. $ P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ Bcw-`n® aX-\-ho-I-cWw bqtdm-∏n-s\-bmsI kzm[o\n-®-sX-ß-s\? N¿® sNøp-I. $ `qanimkv { X]c- a mb I≠p]nSpØ- ß ƒ temI- Ø ns‚ta¬ B[n]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ bqtdm-∏ns\ klm-bn-®s - X-ßs\? N¿® sNbvXv \nK-a-\-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. $ ⁄mt\m-ZbNn¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm\]c-amb Bi-b-ßƒ imkv{Xcw-KsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v Fßs\ klm-b-I-ambn? hniIe\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ `qan-imkv{X-]c - a - mb I≠p]nSpØ-ßƒ - GsX∂pw, AXn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿ Bscm-s°-sb∂pw ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

23

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

2

B[p-\nIbpKØns‚ DZ-b-Øn-\n-S-bm-°nb Bi-bß-tfbpw {]ÿm-\ß-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly hyh-ÿbv°v FXncmb apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v Ah {]tNm-Z\taIn. kaq-l-Øn¬ Cßs\ D≠mIp∂ ASn-ÿm\]chpw ka{K-hp-amb am‰-sØ-bmWv s]mXpsh hnπhw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂X - v. Hcp kaq-lØ - nep≠mb hnπhw a‰p kaql-ßs - fbpw Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-se -hn-πhw ]n¬°m-e-L-´-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°m-dp≠v. B[p-\nIbpK-Øn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ h≥I-c-bn-ep-≠mb hnπhßƒ cmPm[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc D≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw Ah-k-cßfpw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ Db¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu hnπhß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\Imc-Ww. Ch bqtdm-∏n-t\bpw temIP\-X-tbbpw i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw kmaq-ln-I-km-º-Øn-I-cm-jv{Sob cwK-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n am‰-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cw•-≠nse B`y-¥ckacw bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ Db¿®bpw \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXt- √m. Cu a[y-h¿§w cmPm-[n-]X - y-Øns\-Xn-cmbn BZyk-acw sNbvXXv Cw•-≠n-em-Wv. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp°w apX¬ Cw•-≠n¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ SyqU¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw XpS¿∂ph∂ -Ãp-h¿´v cmPm-°-∑m-cpsSbpw ASn-Ød ]pXp-Xmbn Db¿∂ph∂ hym]m-cn-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ãph¿´v cmPm-°-∑m¿ ^yqU¬ Bibß-fpsS h‡m-°fpw {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ãph¿´v cmPm-°-∑m-cmb Pbnwkv H∂m-a-\pw Nmƒkv H∂m-a\pw cmPm-hns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ssZhZ-Ø-am-sW∂v iTn®p. Ch¿ Cw•ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ns\ hI-hbv°msX ]m¿e-sa‚n\v ta¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°m≥ {ian®p. hym]m-c-cw-KØv Cw•≠v ssIh-cn® apt∂-‰-ßfpsS ^e-ambn AhnsS Hcp a[y-h¿§w Db¿∂phcp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. e≠≥ Bÿm-\-am°n {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ hnZq-c-tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn hym]m-c-_‘w ÿm]n-®p. DXv]m-Z-\tØ-bpw hnX-c-W-tØ-bpw KXm-K-X-tØbpw \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂ Cu hym]mcn-Iƒ°-\p-Iq-e-amb \nb-a-ßƒ Cw•ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°n. kº∂-cmb `qhpS-a-Ifpw hym]m-cn-I-fpw hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb A`n`mj-Icpw 24

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

tUmIvS¿amcpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿcpw AS-ßp∂ a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ XmXv]-cy-ß-fmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v kwc-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. sl≥dn Ggm- a - \ mWv Cw•≠n¬ SyqU¿ `c- W - Ø n\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. 1485 apX¬ 1603 hsc-bmWv SyqU¿ cmPhwiØns‚ `cWw. ^yqU¬ {]`p- ° - ∑ m- c psS A[n- I m- c sl≥dn VII ßsf \nb- { ¥n® SyqU¿ cmPm-°∑ - m¿ ]m¿e-sa‚p-ambn kl-I-cn-®v `cWw \S-Øn. Cw•-≠ns\ B[p\nI bpK-Øn-te°v \bn® Cu Ime-L´w \thm∞m-\-Øn-\pw aX-\-ho-I-cW{]ÿm-\-Øn\pw km£yw hln-®p. 1603 apX¬ 1714 hsc Ãph¿´v cmP-hwiw Cw•-≠n¬ `cWw \S-Øn. 1714 apX¬ lmt\m- t h- d n- b ≥ cmP- h w- i - a mWv AhnsS A[nIm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°nb Cu ]pXnb \nb-a-ßƒ cmPmhpw ]m¿e-sa‚pw XΩn-¬ Zo¿L-\mƒ \ne\n∂ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb X¿°-ßƒ°v Imc-Wam-bn. ^yqU¬ XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p∂ cmPm-hmtWm AtXm a[y-h¿§XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚mtWm Cw•-≠nse ]cam-[n-Imcn F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu X¿°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\w. cmPmhpw ]m¿e-sa‚pw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-Øn¬ Cw•≠n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Bw•n-°≥ k`-bpw ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w-sIm≠ ]yqcn-´≥ k`bpw Ccp]£-Ømbn \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p. Ãph¿´v cmPm-°-∑m¿ s]mXpsh ItØm-en°m hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw Bw•n-°≥ k`- cm-Pm-[n-Im-c-tØmsSm∏w tN¿∂p \n∂p.

Bw•n-°≥ k`bpw ]yqcn-´≥ k`bpw aX-\-ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ItØm-en-°mk-`sb tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Cw•-≠n¬ kzX-{¥-amb Hcp k` cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ \S-]-Snkzo-Ic - n-®Xv sl≥dn F´m-a\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. ItØmen°mk`- b psS kn≤m- ¥ - ß sf FXn¿ØpsIm≠v s{]m´- k v‰‚ v k` Cw•- ≠ n¬ ÿm]nXam-Ip∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ ]p{X-\mb FtUz¿Uv Bdm- a s‚ Ime- Ø m- - W v . Hcp {]tXyI {]m¿∞- \ m- ] p- k v X Iw Xøm- d m- ° pIbpw AXv Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn F√m- tZ-hm-e-bß-fnepw \n¿_‘-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°Wsa∂v \n¿t±- i n- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv Fenk_Øv cm⁄n hmgvN-tb‰-t∏mƒ Cu {]m¿∞\m- ] p- k v X - I sØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m- ° ns°m≠v F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-hp∂ Bw•n°≥ k` ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv Cw•≠ns‚ HutZym- K n- I - a - X - a m- b n. Bw•n- ° ≥ k`bn¬ AwK-a√ - mØh¿°v Cw•-≠n¬ IncoSmh-Imiw e`n-°p-I-bn-√. s{]m´- Ã ‚ v ]cn- j vI¿Øm- h mb tPm¨ Im¬hns‚ Cw•-≠nse A\p-bm-bn-I-fmWv ]yqcn-´-∑m¿. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-tcbpw aXm-[y£t\bpw hnizm- k n- I ƒ sXc- s ™- S p- ° - W - s a∂mWv ]yqcn- ´ ≥ k` \njvI¿jn- ® - X v. Fen- k - _ Øv cm⁄n°ptijw i‡nbm¿÷n® ]yqcn-´-∑m¿ 1640˛\pw 1650˛\pw CSbnep≈ Imew {_n´ojv ]m¿e- s a‚n- \ p- - t a¬ i‡amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. ]yqcn-´≥ k` ]m¿e-sa‚n-t‚-bpw Cw•-≠nse a[yh¿§- Ø n- t ‚bpw kzX- { ¥- \ n- e - ] m- S p- I - t fmSv XmXv]cyw ImWn-®p. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ XmXv]-cyØn\v hncp-≤-ambn cmPm-°-∑m¿ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw \nIpXn hcp-am\w [q¿Ø-amb Pohn-X-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-h-gn-°pIbpw sNbv X p. CXv cmPmhpw ]m¿e- s a‚pw XΩnep≈ X¿°-ßsf aq¿—n-∏n-®p.

Cw•-≠ns\ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb kwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn® hnhn[ hn`m-Kßsf Is≠Øn Cu ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I. $ cmPmhv

$

$

$ a[y-h¿§w

$ Bw•n-°≥ k`

$ 25

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Cw•-≠n¬ cmPm-hns‚ tkz—m-[n-Im-c-ßsf \nb{¥n-°p∂ "s]‰o-j≥ Hm^v ssd‰v' (Petition of Right) F∂ {]am- W - Ø n¬ 1628˛¬ H∏pshbv°m≥ Nmƒkv H∂m-a≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mbn. At±lw ]n∂oSv CXv ewLn-°p-Ibpw ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]ncn-®p-hn´v ]Xn-s\m∂v h¿jw (1629˛1640) tkz—m[n-Im-cn-bmbn Cw•-≠n¬ `cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbv X p. F∂m¬ kv t ImSv e ≥Up- a m- b p≈ bp≤waqew At±-l-Øn\v ]W-Øns‚ Bhiyw t\cn-´p. ]pXnb \nIpXn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ AwKo-Icn-°m\mbn At±lw 1640˛¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v hnfn®v tN¿Øp. cmPm-hns‚ B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn At\Iw \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn® Cu ]m¿e-sa‚ v 1660 hsc XpS¿∂p. CXv "\o≠ ]m¿e-sa‚ v' (Long Parliament) F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´p. Ime-{I-aØ - n¬ ]m¿esa‚pw cmPmhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w IqSp-X¬ hjfm-hp-Ibpw AXv Cw•-≠ns\ Hcp B`y-¥cbp≤Øn-te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ka-c-Øn¬

"s]‰o-j≥ Hm^v ssd‰v' -˛ Bap-J-t]Pv

cmPm- h ns‚ ssk\ysØ ]cm- P - b - s ∏SpØns°m≠v ]m¿e-sa‚ v hn`mKw hnPbw t\Sn. Hen-h¿ t{Imwsh¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂p. Xs∂ FXn¿Ø saº¿amsc At±lw ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øm-°n. t{Imwsh-√ns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ am{X-amWv ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXv dw]v ]m¿e- s a‚ v (Rump Parliament) AYhm "Ah-injvS ]m¿e-sa‚ v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. Nmƒkv H∂m-as\ dw]v ]m¿e-sa‚ v hnNm-cW sNbvXv h[-in-£bv°v hnt[-b\m°n-. Hen-h¿ t{Imwsh-√ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- `cWw "tIma¨sh¬Øv' Ime-L´w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu Ime-L´w (1649˛1658) ssk\nItkz—m-[n-]Xy-Øns‚ Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´\n¬ B`y¥cbp≤w Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ® p- s h- ¶ nepw ]m¿e26

Hen-h¿ t{Imwsh¬

sa‚n\v ta¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®psIm≠m-bncp∂p At±lw `cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. imkv{X-\n-co£-W-ß-fpw ]co-£-W-ßfpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-´p. BtKmf hym]m-csØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv {_n´ojv hym]m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu ssk\nItkz—m-[n-]-Xyw AwKo-Icn-°mØ P\-ßƒ IncoSw [cn®v cmP-hmgvN ]p\xÿm]n-°m≥ t{Imwsh-√n-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏´p. F∂m¬ At±lw AXp \ncm-I-cn-®p.

tIma¨sh¬Øv Hen- h ¿ t{Imwsh- √ ns‚ tIma¨sh¬Øv C∂sØ tIma¨sh¬Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXamWv. {_n´\pw {_n´s‚ tImf-\n-Ifm-bn-cp∂ cmPy-ßfpw tN¿∂v e≠≥ Bÿm\am- b p≈ {]ÿm- \ - a mWv B[p- \ nI tIma¨sh¬Øv. Hen-h¿ t{Imwsh-√n\ptijw Nmƒkv c≠m-as‚ Ime- L - ´ - Ø n¬ Cw•- ≠ n¬ cmP- h mgvN ]p\xÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. At±-lsØ XpS¿∂v A[nIm-c-Øn¬ h∂ Pbnwkv c≠m-a≥ ssIs°m≠ tkz—m-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ cmPmhpw ]m¿e-sa‚pam- b n ho≠pw X¿°ßƒ°nSbm°n. 1688˛¬ At±lw {^m≥kn¬ A`bw tXSn. XpS¿∂v sPbnwkv c≠m- a s‚ aI- f mb tacn- t bbpw-

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

`¿Ømhv Hmd-©nse hn√y-an-t\bpw Cw•-≠nse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If - mbn ]m¿e-sa‚ v {]Jym-]n-®p. Cw•≠n¬ cmPm-hns‚ tkz—m[n]Xyw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v ]m¿e- s a‚ns‚ \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n- e p≈ cmPhmgv®bv°v CXv XpS°w Ipdn®p. Cu A[n-Im-css°- a m‰w c‡- c - l nXhnπhw (Bloodless Revolution) AYhm al-Ømb hnπhw F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂p. CtXmsS Cw•-≠n¬ ^yqU¬ -hy-hÿ Zp¿∫-e-am-hp-Ibpw cmPm-[n-Imcw ]m¿esa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmP-`-c-W-Øn\pta¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥Ww \S- ∏ n- e m- ° nbXv ]pXp- X mbn \n¿Ωn®

\nbaßfpsS Hcp ]c-º-c-bn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ kp{]-[m-\-am-bXv 1689˛se Ah-Im-i\nbaw (Bill of Rights) Bbn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Cw•≠n¬ aX- k zm- X {¥yw, A`n- { ]mbkzmX{¥yw F∂nh A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p. F∂m¬ Bw•n-°≥ aX- h n- i zm- k n- I ƒ°v am{Xta Inco- S m- h - I min BIm≥ Ign- b p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ≈ q. Cu \S- ] - S nIƒsIm≠v Cw•-≠n¬ P\m-[n-]Xy`c-W-{Iaw \S∏n-embn-s√-¶nepw P\-ßƒ°v kzmX-{¥yhpw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw e`n®p. AXp-sIm≠mWv Cw•-≠n¬ cmP-`-cWw \ne-\n¬°p-∂psh-¶nepw cmPmhv `cn-°p-∂n√ F∂v ]d-bp∂-Xv.

s]‰o-j≥ Hm^v ssd‰n¬ \n∂v _n¬ Hm^v ssd‰vkv \nb-a-Øn-se-Øp-tºmtgbv°pw cmP-hm-gv®bv°v h∂ am‰-ß-sf¥v? CXn¬ tIma¨sh¬Øv Ime-L´w F¥p kzm[o-\-amWv D≠m-°n-bXv? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

{^©v hnπhw tkz—m-[n-]XycmP-hmgv®bv°pw ^yqU¬ hyhÿ- b v ° p- s a- X nsc 1789˛¬ {^m≥kn¬ \S∂ hnπh-am-bn-cp∂p {^©v hnπ-hw. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn {^m≥kn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ^yqU¬ k{º-Zm-bØn\v CtXmsS hncm-a-am-bn. kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ kaq-lsØ ]p\xkrjvSn-°pI F∂-Xm-bncp∂p {^©phnπ-h-Øns‚ e£yw.

FtÃ-‰p-Iƒ aq∂v cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kacw F∂-Xpt]mse {^m≥kn¬ \ne-\n∂ncp∂ kmaq-ly Aka-Xz-Øn-\pw F-Xn-cmb hnπham-bn-cp∂p {^©v hnπ-hw. `c-Ww, \oXn-\ym-bw, ssk\yw XpSßn s]mXpPohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw Ak-aXzw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. {^©v kaq-lsØ aq∂v FtÃ-‰p-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-cp-∂p. H∂m-asØ FtÃ-‰n¬ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpw c≠masØ FtÃ-‰n¬ {]`p-°-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p D≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv. I®-h-S-°m¿, ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿, DtZymK-ÿ¿, A`n-`m-j-I¿, tUmIvS¿am¿, A[ym-]-I¿ apX-em-b-h¿ aq∂m-asØ FtÃ-‰n-em-bn-cp-∂p. H∂pw c≠pw FtÃ-‰p-Iƒ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw B\pIq-ey-ßfpw A\p-`-hn-®p. F∂m¬ aq∂masØ FtÃ-‰n\v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ H∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂n-s√-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta Ah¿°v hnhn[ Xc-Øn-

ep≈ ^yqU¬ \nIp-Xn-I-fpsS h≥`mcw Npa-t°≠n-h-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bnepw ^yqU¬ k{ºZm-b-am-bn-cp∂p {^m≥kn¬ \ne\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. _lp-`q-cn-]£w {]`p-°-∑mcpw XßfpsS `qan-bn¬ Ign-™n-cp∂ I¿j-Ic - psS A≤zm\^ew NqjWw sNbvXv Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. BgvN-bn¬ aq∂pw \mepw Znh-k-tØbv°v Iqen sImSp-°msX I¿j-I-sc-s°m≠v ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw {]`p-°-∑m¿°p-≠m-bncp∂p. I¿j-I¿ kz¥-ambn Irjn sNbvXp-≠m°p∂ [m\y-ßƒ P∑n-am-cpsS an√n¬ s]m-Sn-∏n°-Ws - a∂pw AXn\v \n›nXIcw {]`p-hn\v \¬IW-sa∂pw hyhÿ sNbvXn-cp-∂p. tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-t∑¬ Np¶w ]ncn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnf-sh-Sp∏v ImeØv I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v Icw ]ncn°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw {]`p-°-∑m¿°p-≠mbn-cp-∂p. ssk\nItkh\w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ cmPy-Øn\pth≠n sNbvXX - v. Irjn°v tbmKy-amb `qan-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw cmPm-hpw {]`p-°-∑m-cpw ss{IkvXh-k-`bpw tN¿∂v kz¥-am-°n. Db¿∂ ]Z- h n- b n- e p≈ ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ m¿ [q¿Øpw D√mkhpw \nd™ Pohn-X-amWv \bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ km[m-c-W-°m-cmb ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn CXn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. Zmcn{Zywaqew IjvS-s∏´ Ah¿ H∂pw c≠pw FtÃ- ‰ p- I ƒs°Xn- c mb t]mcm- ´ - Ø n¬ aq∂masØ FtÃ-‰n-t\m-sSm∏w tN¿∂p. 27

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

""{]`p°∑m¿ s]mcp-Xpw, ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ {]m¿∞n°pw, P\-ßƒ \nIp-Xn-b-Sbv°pw'' (Nobles fight, clergy pray and commons pay) {^m≥kn¬ \ne\n- ∂ n- c p∂ Ak- a - X zsØ shfn- h m- ° p∂ Hcp {]kvXm-h\ - b - m-Wn-Xv. Cu {]kvXm-h\ - b - p-w Nn{Xhpw hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv {^m≥kn¬ \ne-\n∂ kmaq-lym-hÿ hnπ-hsØ Fßs\ klm-bn-®p-sh∂v Is≠-ØpI. H∂pw c≠pw FtÃ-‰p-Isf t]dp∂ aq∂mw FtÃ-‰nse km[m-c-W-°m-c≥

{^m≥knse a[y-h¿§w

Nn¥-I-cpsS kzm[o\w

hmWnPyw, hyh-kmbw, ]W-an-S-]mSv F∂n-h-bnep-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn {^m≥kn¬ \K-c-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hØ - n\v hgnsbmcp°n. ChnsS hym]m-cnI-fpw _m¶¿am-cpw A`n-`m-jI - c - pw tUmIvS¿amcpw AS-ßp∂ [\n-Icpw hnZymk-º∂ - c - p-amb Hcp a[yh¿§w Db¿∂ph∂p. \K-c-hmkn F∂¿∞-ap≈ _q¿jzmkn F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Ch¿ {^m≥kn¬ \ne\n-∂n-cp∂ D®-\oN-Xz-ß-fn¬ Akw-Xr-]vX-cm-bncp∂p. kº-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw DS-a-ÿ-Xbn-epw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ÿm\w hln-®ncp∂ Ch¿°v `c-W-Øn¬ A¿ln-°p∂ {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-®n-cp-∂n√. `c-WL - S- \ - m-\p-kr-Xa - mbn Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI Akm-[y-am-sW∂v a\-kn-em-°nb Cu hn`m-Kw \ne-\n¬°p∂ `cW hyh-ÿ -am-‰n-a-dn-®v {^m≥kns\ hnπ-h-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ {]h¿Øn-®p.

bp‡n-t_m-[-Øn-eq-∂nb ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ _q¿jzm-kn-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ. {^m≥kn¬ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-s°Xnsc t]mcm-Sm≥ I¿j-I¿°pw a[y-h¿§-Øn\pw {]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-bXv ⁄mt\m-Zb Nn¥-I-cm-bncp∂p. "a\p- j y≥ kzX- { ¥- \ mbn P\n- ° p∂p; F∂m¬ F√m-bn-SØpw Ah≥ Nß-e-s°-´nemWv' F∂ dqt mhns‚ hm°p-Iƒ {^m≥kns\ AXn-Xo-{h-X-tbmsS hnπ-h-Øn-te-°-Sp-∏n-®p. kaql-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤n-°mbn P\-ßƒ G¿s∏´ Hcp Icm- d ns‚ ^e- a mWv cmjv { Sw F∂v hmZn® dqt mhns‚ "kmaq- l nI DS- º Sn' (Social Contract) F∂ {KŸw {^©v P\-Xsb i‡ambn kzm[o-\n-®p. AXp-t]mse thmƒsØb¿, sams¥kvIyq XpS-ßnb Nn¥-Icpw \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hyh-ÿsb tNmZyw sNbvXp. ]≈n-tbbpw ]ptcmln-X-∑m-tcbpw \nin-X-ambn hna¿in® thmƒsØb¿ P\-ßsf Gsd kzm[o-\n- -®p. `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \nb- { ¥- W - ß - f n- √ mØ kzX- { ¥- a mb kmºØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn hmZn® ^nkn-tbm{Im-‰p-Ifpw (Pshysiocrats) hnπ-h-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb A¥-co£w krjvSn-®p.

_q¿jzmkn (Bourgeoisie) {^©p `mj-bnse _q¿jzm F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv _q¿jzmkn F∂ ]Zw cq]w sIm≠Xv. _q¿jzm F∂ hm°n-\¿Yw "\K-chmkn' F∂m-Wv. `qhp-S-a-Ifpw ASn-bm-∑mcpw F∂ coXn-bn¬ kaqlw c≠m-bn-Øn-cn-™ncp∂ ^yqU¬ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ccp-h¿°p-an-Sbn¬ I®- h - S - ° m- c psS Hcp ]pXnb h¿§w Db¿∂p- h - ∂ p. Cu a[y- h ¿§- s Ø- b mWv _q¿jzm F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS ]n≥apd-°m¿ hym]m-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw IS¬s°m-≈-bneq- s Sbpw t\Snb kº- Ø p- ] - t bm- K n®v hyhkmb-im-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿ-bpsS ÿm]-I¿. 28

cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS tkz—m-[n-]Xyw F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw ssIb-S-°nb {^m≥knse _q¿_¨ cmPm- ° - ∑ m¿ [q¿Ø- ∑ m- c pw kpJtemep-]-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmPm-[n-Imcw ssZh-Z-Øam-sW∂ \nebv°v Ah¿ s]cp-am-dn. kz¥w A[nIm- c - ] - c n[n h¿≤n- ∏ n°m≥ Ah- ¿ \S- Ø nb

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

bp≤ßƒ {^m≥kns‚ kmº-ØnIÿnXnsb kmc-ambn _m[n-®p. cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb F√m FXn¿∏p- I - t fbpw Ah¿ arKo- b - a mbn Aa¿® sNbvXp. eqbn ]Xn-\m-em-as‚ `c-WImeL-´-Øn¬ {^m≥knse tkz—m-[n-]Xyw AXns‚ ]mc-ayØn-seØn. At±-l-Øns‚ `cWm¥y- t ØmsS {^m≥kv h≥ kmºØnIØI¿®sb t\cn-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ Cu kmº-ØnI{]Xn-k-‘n ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cnSm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°m-bn-√. eqbn ]Xn-\m-dm-as‚ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ka¿∞-\mb a{¥n Syp¿tKm (Turgot) At\Iw sNehv Npcp-°¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-I-bpw Irjn°pw hym]m-cØ - n\pw t{]m’m-l\w \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. {^m≥kns‚ [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p-sh-¶nepw Syp¿tKm Npcp-ßnb Ime-L-´-Øn-\p-≈n¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬\n∂v ]pdØm- ° - s ∏- ´ p. XpS¿∂v {^m≥knse {]kn≤ _m¶-dm-bn-cp∂ s\°¿ (Necker) A[n-Im-c-ta-s‰Sp- Ø p. ]ptcm- K - a - \ - ] - c - a mb \S- ] - S n- I fneqsS At±lw ^yqU¬ {]`p-°-∑msc i{Xp-°-fm°n. Syq¿tKmbpw s\°dpw \S-∏n-em-°nb ]cn-jv°mc-ßƒ {^m≥knse a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ XmXv]-cyßƒ°\p-k-cn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXmWv {]`p-

h¿§-Øns‚ FXn¿∏n-\n-S-bm-°n-b-Xv. s\°¿ ]pdØm-°s - ∏-´t- XmsS kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘n cq£am-bn. AXns\ adn-IS°m≥ ]pXnb \nIpXn\n¿t±i-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\mbn 1789˛¬ eqbn ]Xn\mdm-a≥ {^©v ]m¿e-sa‚mb FtÃ‰vkv P\-d¬ hnfn®v tN¿Øp. 1614˛¬ BWv CXn\v apºv FtÃ‰vkv P\-d¬ ktΩ-fn-®Xv.

tZiob Akwªn Hmtcm FtÃ-‰n\pw Hmtcm thm´v F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p FtÃ‰vkv P\-de - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ thm´nwKv coXn. aq∂v FtÃ-‰p-Ifpw H∂n®v ktΩ-fn®n-s√-¶n¬ {]`p°-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw D]cnk`Iƒ kwbp-‡-ambn Xßsf ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØpw F∂v aq∂m-asØ FtÃ-‰mb tIma¨knse {]Xn\n-[n-Iƒ°v t_m[y-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v aq∂v k`Ifpw H∂n®v tNc-W-sa∂pw Hcp FtÃ-‰n\v Hcp thm´v F∂-Xn\v ]Icw Hcmƒ°v Hcp thm´v F∂ XØz-Øn¬ k`m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Cu Bh-iysØ a‰v c≠v FtÃ- ‰ p- I ƒ FXn¿Øp. XpS¿∂v tIma¨kv "tZiob Akw-ªn-'sb∂v kzbw \maI- c Ww sNbv X v ASp- Ø p≈ Hcp sS∂okv tIm¿´n¬ ktΩ-fn-®p. Ah¿ {^m≥kn\v Hcp `cWLS\ Xøm-dm-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ XpS-ßn.

sS∂okv tIm¿´v {]Xn⁄ tZiob Akw-ªn-sb∂v kzbw \ma-I-cWw sNbvX aq∂m-asØ FtÃ‰v 1789 Pq¨ 20˛\v FtÃ‰v P\-d¬ ktΩfn°m-dp≈ lmfn-te°v h∂-t∏mƒ AXv ]q´n-bn-´n-cn-°pIbmbn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ah¿ ASp-Øp≈ Hcp sS∂okv tIm¿´n¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw {^m≥kn\v Hcp `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xphsc XncnsI t]mIn√ F∂v {]Xn⁄ sNøp- I bpw sNbvXp. "sS∂okv tIm¿´v {]Xn⁄' F∂dn- b - s ∏- S p∂ Cu kw`- h w {^©v hnπ- h Øns‚ Bcw-`-ambn IW-°m-°mw.

_mkvXobns‚ ]X\w tZiob Akw-ªn-bnse t\Xm-°ƒ DS≥ Xs∂ AdÃv sNø-s∏Spw F∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ [mcmfw Inwh-Z-¥n-Ifpw sX‰mb hm¿Ø-Ifpw Cu kabØv ]mco-kn¬ {]N-cn-®p. hºn® P\-]n-¥p-WtbmsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ tZiob Akw-ªnsb

XI¿°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xm-bp≈ CØcw hm¿ØIƒ ITn-\a - mb `£y-Zu¿e-`y-Øm¬ he-™n-cp∂ P\-ßsf {]tIm-]n-∏n-®p. Ah¿ 1789 Pqsse 14˛\v ]mco- k n¬ ÿnXn sNbv X n- c p∂ _mkv X nbv (Bastille) tIm´ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øv XI¿Øp. cmPm-[n]-Xy-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂ Cu tIm´bpsS 29

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

_mkvXo-bns‚ XI¿®

]X\w \S∂ Pqsse 14 {^m≥kns‚ tZio-bZn\-ambn BN-cn-°s∏Sp∂p. XpS¿∂v tZiob Akwªn `c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmWk` F∂v kzbw \ma-I-cWw sNbvX p-s Im≠v {^m≥kn\v Hcp

`cWLS\ Xøm-dm-°n. Cu `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw dqt m-hns‚ Bi-b-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e\-am-b "a\p-jym-hI - mi {]Jym-]\ - w' F∂ {]amWam-bn-cp-∂p. F√m a\p-jycpw Xpey-cpw kzX-{¥-cpam-Wv. P\-ß-fmWv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ. P\-ß-fpsS XmXv]c - y-Øns‚ {]Xn-^e - \ - a - mWv \nb-aß - ƒ. P\ßƒ t\cn-t´m Xß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fn-eqsStbm AXn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip∂p Fs∂ms° a\p-jymh- I mi {]Jym- ] \w temI- t ØmSv hnfw- _ cw sNbv X p. P\m- ` n- e mjw Dƒs°m≠v \nc- h [n \nba\n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ \S-Øm\pw Cu Ime-L-´Øn¬ tZiob Akw-ªn°v Ign-™p. Cu \nb-aßƒ hgn {^m≥kn¬ `c- W ]chpw kmºØnIhpw aX]-chpamb cw-K-ß-fn¬ At\Iw ]cnjv°m-c-ßƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

_mkvXo-bv tIm´ {^©v P\-X-bpsS {]Xn-tj-[-Øn\v Cc-bm-bXv F¥psIm-≠mWv? sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw km[m-c-W-°mcpw Cu hnπ-h-Øn¬ Bthi-tØmsS ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? N¿® sNøp-I.

tZiob Akw-ªn-bpsS ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ $ {^m≥kn-em-I-am\w GI-cq-]-amb Hcp `c-Why-hÿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. $ ss{IkvX-h-k` `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-WØn-em-bn. $ k-`-bpsS `qkzØv tZi-km¬°-cn-®p. $ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Xpey-\nIpXn NpaØn. $ {]`p- ° - ∑ m- c psS {]tXyI Ah- I m- i - ß ƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. $ ^yqU-enkw \n¿Ωm-¿÷\w sNbvXp. $ `c-W-L-S\mhnt[-b-amb cmP-hmgvN \ne-hn¬ h∂p. ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ {]Imcw Hcp \nba\n¿Ωm-Wk` D≠mbn. -AXn-hn-π-h-I-c-amb Bi-b-ß-fpsS

h‡m-°-fm-bncp∂ Pmt°m-_n-\p-Ifpw anX-hm-ZnI-fmb Pntdm≠nÃpIfpw Bbn-cp-∂p CXnse {][m\ I£nIƒ. `c-WL - S- \mhnt[-ba - mb cmPhm-g® v bv°v ]Icw dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-co-Xn-tbm-Smbn-cp∂p Pmt°m-_n-\p-Iƒ XmXv]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n®Xv. 1792˛¬ tZiob I¨sh≥j≥ F∂-dn-bs - ∏Sp∂ ]pXnb \nb-a\ - n¿Ωm-Wk - ` ktΩ-fn®v {^m≥kns\ Hcp dn∏-ªn-°mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. cmP-hm-g®sb v Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ `c-Wc - oXn F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p dn∏-ªnIv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿ Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v cmPy-t{Zml°p‰w NpaØn Pmt°m-_n-\pIfpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ eqbn ]Xn-\m-dm-at- \bpw ]Xv\ntbbpw h[-in-£bv°v hnt[-bc - m-°n. eqbn ]Xn\m- d m- a s‚ h[sØ XpS¿∂v ]e Ab¬cmPyßfpw {^m≥kn-t\mSv bp≤w {]Jym]n-®p. XpS¿∂v {^m≥kn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw B`y-

{^m≥kv Hcp dn∏-ªnIv Bbn amdp-∂-Xn\v a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ Db¿® Fßs\ Imc-Wambn F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

30

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

eqbn ]Xn-\m-dm-as‚ h[-in£

Kn√-‰n≥

¥-c-I-em-]-ßƒ s]m´n]pd-s∏-´p. Cu ÿnXn-hn-tijsØ t\cn-Sm≥ Hcp s]mXp-c£mkan-Xn°v cq]w \¬In. CXns‚ Xe- h - \ mbn tdm_- k v ] n- b ¿ (Robespierre) IS∂ph∂tXmsS hnπ-h-`-c-W-Iq-SØn\v AXns‚ P\-Iob kz`mhw \jvSs - ∏-´p. CXv {^m≥kn¬ `oIchmgv®bv°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Xs∂ FXn¿Ø P\-ßt- f-bpw hnπ-hI - m-cn-It- fbpw Kn√-‰n≥ F∂ b{¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v At±lw \njv°cpWw Iq´-s°me sNbvXp. tcmjm-Ip-e-cmb P\ßƒ HSp-hn¬ tdm_-kv]n-bsd Kn√-‰n\v Ccbm°nbtXmsS `oI-ch - mgvN Ah-km-\n-®p. XpS¿∂v hntZi B{I-aW - ß - sf {^©v ssk\yw ]cm-Pb - s∏-Sp-Øn. tZiob I¨sh≥j≥ ]pXn-sbmcp `cWL-S\bv°v cq]w \¬In. Cu `c-WL - S- \ - {- ]-Imcw

Hcp Zzna-fie\nba\n¿Ωm-Wk - ` \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CXns‚ Imcy-\n¿∆-lWm[n-Imcw A©v Ub-dIvS¿am¿ AS-ßp∂ Ub-dI - vSdn F∂ kanXn-°mbn-cp-∂p. ]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ am{X-ap-≠mbn-cp∂ Ub-dI - vSd - n°v Imcy-£a - a - mbn {]h¿Øn°m≥ Ign-™n-√. XpS¿∂v 1799˛¬ Ub-d-IvS-dnsb ]pd-Øm-°n-s°m≠v s\t∏m-fn-b≥ t_mW-∏m¿´v A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.

Sn∏p kp¬Øm\pw {^©v hnπ-hhpw

Sn∏p- k p¬Øm≥

{^©v hnπhw temIsØ apgp-h≥ kzm[o-\n-®p. {^©v hnπhØns‚ kzm[o\w ssakq-cnse `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-\n-eq-sSbmWv C¥y-bn¬ {]ISambXv. {^©v hnπhmib-ß-tfmSv sFIy-Zm¿Vyw {]Jym-]n®v At±lw Xs‚ Xe- ÿ m- \ - a mb {iocwK- ] - ´ - W Øv kzmX{¥yØns‚ acw (Tree of Liberty) \´p-. hnπ- h - I m- e Øv {^m≥kn¬ cq]w sIm≠ Pmt°m-_n≥ ¢∫n¬ AwK-am-bn.

s\t∏m-fn-b≥ {^©vhnπhw \n¿Ωm-¿÷\w sNbvX A[nImchy- h - ÿ - t b- b pw kmaq- l yLS- \ - t bbpw {^m≥kn¬ XncnsI sIm≠phcm\pw Cu hnπ-hØns‚ t\´-ßsf C√mbva sNøm\pw Cw•≠ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a‰v bqtdm-]y≥ cmjv{Sßƒ {ian-®p. kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o Bi-b-ßƒ°v {^m≥kn-ep-≠m-b -hn-Pbw Ahsc `b-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cw•-≠n\v ]pdta Bkv{Snb, djy, {]jy F∂o cmPy-ß-f-S-ßp∂ kJy-i-‡nIsf s\t∏m-fn-b≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-. 1804˛¬ At±lw {^m≥kns‚ N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn kzbw {]Jym-]n-®p. {^m≥kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp GIo- I rX bqtdm∏v cq]o- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn 1799˛\pw 1815˛\pw CS-bn¬ bqtdm-∏n-s\-bmsI hnd∏n® [mcmfw bp≤-ßƒ s\t∏m-fn-b≥ \S-Øn. kvs]bn≥, djy, ssd≥ {]tZ-iw, tIm¿kn-°, t]mf≠v , t\∏nƒkv XpS- ß nb cmPy- ß - f n- ¬ At±lw B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®-p. {_n´s\ kmº-Øn-I-ambn Iog-S°nbm¬ bqtdm∏ns‚ ta¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Smw F∂v a\- n-em°nb At±lw {_n´-s\-Xnsc tIm≠n-s\‚¬ hyhÿ \S-∏n-em-°n. _¿en≥ imk-\ß - ƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Cu kmº-ØnI D]-tcm-[ß - ƒ 1806 emWv 31

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

s\t∏m-fn-b≥ t_mW-∏m¿´v

temIsØ sh´n-ap-dn®v bptdm-∏ns\ s\t∏m-fn-b\pw kap-{Z-ßsf {_n´ojv {][m-\-a{¥n hneyw ]n‰pw ssIb-S-°p-∂-Xns‚ Im¿´q¨ Nn{Xw

At±lw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn {]Jym-]n-®-Xv. kmºØnI cwKØv {_n´-s\-Xn-cmbn bqtdm-∏nse a‰p cmjv{S-ßsf AWn-\n-c-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXneqsS At±lw e£yan´Xv. F∂m¬ bqtdm∏ns\ apgp-h≥ A[o-\-X-bn-em-°m≥ s\t∏m-fn-b\v Ign-bmXncp∂Xn-\m¬ CXv ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. temIØns‚ kap- { Zm- [ n- ] Xyw ssIø- S - ° n- b n- c p∂

Cw•≠v "Hm¿tU¿kv C≥ Iu¨kn¬' F∂ {]Jym-]-\-Øn-epsS {^m≥kns\ D]-tcm-[n-®p. {^m≥kn¬ tZio-b-sF-Iyw D≠m-°m≥ s\t∏mfn-bs‚ \b-ßƒ°v Ign-™p. {]`p-°-∑m-tcmSpw ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ m- t cm- S p- s am∏w kaq- l - Ø n¬ CSs]Sm≥ a[y-h¿§-Øn\pw Ah-kcw e`n-®p. ItØm-en-°m-k-`sb k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-

s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ km{amPyw

`q]-SØn¬ s\t∏m-fn-b≥ Iog-S-°nb {]tZ-i-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI. bqtdm∏v Iog-S° - pI F∂- Xs‚ e£yw {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°m≥ At±-lØ - n\v Ignt™m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 32

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

em°n. I¿j-Isc ^yqU¬ {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS ]nSnbn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-∏n®v Irjn`qan-bpsS DS-a-I-fm°n. {^m≥kns‚ kmº-ØnI`{Z-Xb - v°mbn _m¶v Hm^v {^m≥kv ÿm]n-®p. s]mXphnZym-`ymkw cmjv{S-Øns‚ IS-a-bm°n am‰n. {^m≥kv Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ KXm-K-X-cw-KØv {it≤-b-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®p. {^m≥kn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v s\t∏m-fn-b≥ Xøm-dm-°nb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lØns‚ G‰hpw al-Ømb kw`m-h-\. ^yqU¬ `cWcoXn-bn¬ \n∂v dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-co-Xn-te°p≈ am‰w s\t∏m-fn-b≥ sIm≠p-h-∂p. s\t∏mfn-bs‚ apt∂‰w bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ cmP-hm-gv®-Isf `b-s∏-Sp-Øn. A[nImcw \jv S - s ∏- S p- s a∂v `b∂ cmPm- ° - ∑ m¿ {_n´s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ s\t∏m-fn-b-s\-Xnsc H∂n-®p. 1815˛¬ hm´¿eq F∂ ÿeØv \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ At±lw {_n´s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kJy-i-‡n-Iƒ°v Iog-S-ßn.

hnb∂ ktΩ-f\w s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ]cm-Pbw cmP-hm-gv®-bp-tS-bpw {]`ph¿§-Øn-t‚bpw hnP-b-ambn amdn. s\t∏m-fn-b≥ am‰nadn® bqtdm- ∏ ns‚ cmjv { Sob`q]- S sØ ]q¿∆ÿnXn- b n- t e°v aS- ° n- s °m≠phcm≥ 1815˛¬ hnb-∂-bn¬ tN¿∂ ktΩ-f\w Xocp-am\-

sat‰¿Wn°v hyhÿ \ymb- Z o£ (legitimacy), ]p\xÿm- ] \w (restoration), \jvS]cn-lmcw (compensation) F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p sat‰¿Wn°v Xøm-dm-°nb ]≤-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-ßƒ. s\t∏m-fnbs‚ B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ cmPy`cWw \jvS-s∏´ `c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- I sf ]p\xÿm]n- ° m- \ pw s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ]X-\-Øn-\mbn {]b-Xv\n-®h¿°v {]Xn-^ew \¬Im-\pw s\t∏m-fn-bs\ klm-bn-®-h-cpsS cmPy-ßƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-°m\pw Cu ktΩ- f \w Xocp- a m- \ n- ® p. {^m≥k- √ , s\t∏m-fn-b-\mWv F√m bp≤-ßƒ°pw ImcW-°m-c≥ F∂v hmZn® Xmtedm (Talleyrand) F∂ {^©v \b-X-{¥-⁄≥ {^m≥kns\ hn`P\in£-bn¬ \n∂pw c£n-®p.

sa-Sp-Øp. Bkv{Sn-b≥ Nm≥k-e-dm-bn-cp∂ sat‰¿Wn°v t\XrXzw \¬Inb Cu ktΩ- f \w bqtdm∏ns‚ tZio-bXtbbpw P\m-[n-]X - y-tØbpw \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw {^©v hnπ-h-Øns‚ ASnÿm\ Bi-b-ßsf \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {^©v hnπ-h-Øn\ptijw {^m≥kn-s\-Xnsc H‰s°-´mbn \n∂ bqtdm]y≥ cmjv{S-ßƒ hnb∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn\ptijw `n∂n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

hyh-kmbhnπhw imkv{X-cw-KØv a\p-jy≥ ssIh-cn® t\´-ßƒ \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvX-t√m. imkv{X-Øn-t‚bpw b{¥-ßf - p-tSbpw klm-bt- ØmsS a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf \nb-{¥n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv kmºØn-I-km-aq-lytaJ-e-I-fn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. Cw•≠n¬ 18˛mw \q‰m≠v apX¬ Bcw-`n® kaq-e-amb Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-sØbmWv hyh-km-bhnπhw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞am- ° p- ∂ - X v . a\pjym- [ zm- \ - Ø ns‚ ÿm\Øv bt{¥m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ÿm\w t\Sn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X. CXns‚ hni-Zmwi-ßƒ ap≥¢m-kp-I-fn¬ N¿®-sN-bvX-Xm-Wt√m. Cw•-≠n-emWv Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw hyh-km-b-hnπh-Øns‚ kzm[o\w BtKmfhym]-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^mIvSdn k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-am-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ {][m\^e- ß - f n- s em∂v . hyh- k m- b cwKsØ IpXn®pNm´w, b{¥-ßƒ, KXm-KXw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ aqe-[-\\nt£]w A\n-hm-cy-am-°n. CXv _m¶p-I-fp-tSbpw aqe-[-\-Øns‚ Iq´pkwcw-`-amb tPmbn‚ v tÃm°v Iº- \ n- I - f p- t Sbpw Bhn¿`m- h - Ø n- \ n- S - b m- ° n. aqe[\-\n-t£-]-cw-KsØ Hml-cn-I-fpsS ]¶mfnØw hy‡n- I ƒ°p- ≠ m- I p∂ \jv S - Ø ns‚ km[y-Xsb eLq-I-cn-®p. a[y-Im-esØ Kn¬Uv k{º- Z m- b - s Ø \nßƒ°v ]cn- N - b - a p- ≠ t√m. AXn¬\n∂v ^mIvSdn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-te-°p≈ hyh-km-b-cw-KsØ am‰w aqe-[-\-Øns‚ DS-a-bmb apX-em-fnbpw A≤zm-\n-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fnbpw XΩnep≈ _‘-Øn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°n. apX-emfnam¿ Xß-fpsS em`w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn sXmgn-em-fnIƒ°v Ipd™ thX\w \¬Ip-Ibpw Ahsc IqSpX¬ kabw ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 33

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

^mIvSdn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-te°v amdnb Hcp XpWn-an¬

Nmƒkv Un°≥kns‚ "Hen-h¿ SznÃv', "tUhnUv tIm∏¿^o¬Uv' F∂o t\mh-ep-Ifn¬ hymh-km-bnIhnπ-hm-\-¥ckaq-l-Ønse sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Ip´n-Ifpw A\p-`-hn°p∂ IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Cu {KŸ-ß-fp-tS-bpw ap≥¢m-kp-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏´ [mc-W-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hymh-km-bnI hnπhm-\-¥cw Cw•-≠nse \K-c-ß-fn-epw ^mIv-S-dn-I-fnepw J\n-I-fnepw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpw kv{XoI-fpw Ip´n-Ifpw t\cn-tS≠nh∂ Nqj-W-sØ- hne-bn-cp-ØpI. Cw•≠n¬ hyh-kmbhnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Db¿∂ph∂ ]pXnb apX- e m- f n- h ¿§w kaq- l Ønepw cmjv{So-b-Ønepw {]`p-h¿§-Øn\v Xpeyamb ÿm\w Bh-iy-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Cu BhiysØ {]`p-°-∑m¿ FXn¿Øp. {]`p-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw cmPm-hn-t‚bpw FXn¿∏ns\ adnIS-∂v 1832˛¬ Cw•ojv ]m¿e- s a‚ v ]cn- j v ° - c - W - \nbaw (Reform Act) ]m m- ° n. Cu \nb- a - { ]- I mcw Cw•≠nse apX-em-fn-am¿°v thm´-h-Imiw e`n®p. XXv^-e-ambn Cw•-≠nse Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ IpSpw-_-hmgv® Ah-km-\n-®p. 34

Cw•ojv ]m¿e- s a‚nse {]`p- k ` (House of Lords) bv°v ta¬ km[m-cW - ° - m-cpsS k` (House of Commons) t\Snb hnPbw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. F∂m¬ Cu \nbaw sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ°v thm´-h-Imiw \¬In-bn-√. XpS¿∂v sXmgn-em-fnIƒ°v thm´-h-Imiw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Cw•-≠n¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ {]ÿm\-amWv Nm¿´nÃv {]ÿm\w. i‡-amb {]t£m-`-ß-fpw ka-c-ßfpw \SØn-s°m≠v Nm¿´nÃv {]ÿm\w Xß-fpsS Bhiy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-ØXv ap≥¢m-kp-I-fn¬ N¿® sNbvXn-´p≠t√m.

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

apX-em-fn-am-cpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hyhkm-b-ß-fn¬ k¿°m¿ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°pI F∂ \b-amWv setk-˛-s^-b¿ kn≤m-¥w (LaissezFaire). CXmWv {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v kzoI-cn-®ncp-∂-Xv. apX-em-fn-am-cpsS hnhn[ Nqj-Wßƒ°pw kz¥w PohnXZpcn-X-ßƒ°psaXn-cmb {]Xn-tj[hpw sXmgn-em-fn-If - n¬ sFIyt_m[w D≠m°n. AXv sXmgn-em-fn- {]-ÿm-\-ß-ƒ°pw sXmgn¬ \nb- a - ß - ƒ °pw Imc- W - a m- b n. XXv ^ - e - a mbn "CSs]-Sm-Xn-cn-°¬ \bw' Dt]-£n-®v ^mIvS-dn-Ifnse ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {Iao-

I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn k¿°m-cn\v ^mIvSdn \nb-aßƒ ]m m- t °≠n h∂p.- Cu \nb- a - ß ƒ At\Iw am‰-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn. $ ^mIv S - d n- I ƒ kµ¿in- ° m- \ pw ]cn- t im- [ n°m\pw DtZym-K-ÿsc \nb-an-®p. $ H≥]Xv hb- k n¬ Xmsg- b p≈ Ip´n- I sf ^mIvS- d n- I - f n¬ ]Wn- s b- S p- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv \ntcm[n®p. $ kv{XoI-fpsS {]hrØnkabw ]Øv aWn-°qdm°n Ipd-®p.

hyh-kmbhnπ-hØ - ns‚ `mK-ambn sXmgn-en-Sß - f - n¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ hnhn-[X - cw NqjW-ßƒ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§-{]ÿm\Øns‚ DZ-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøpI

apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ kn≤m¥ßƒ hymhkmbnIhnπ-hm-\-¥cw hyh-km-bn-Iƒ°-\pIq-e-amb Nne kmº-ØnIkn≤m-¥-ßƒ cq]w sIm≠p. Ch ]n¬°m-eØv cmjv{Sob kn≤m-¥ßsf kzm[o\n®p. kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄-∑mcmb BUw- kv a n- Ø v , tXmakv am¬Øq- k v , tUhnUv dn°m-¿-tUm, F∂n- h ¿ cq]w \¬Inb kzX-{¥ kmºØnI-kn≤m-¥-ßf-\pk-cn®v kºØv ssIhi- a p- ≈ - h ¿°v AXv Fßs\ sNe- h m- ° W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m\p≈ Ah- I m- i hpw D≠v. BUw kvanØv

kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Kh¨sa‚ v CS-s]Sp-∂-Xns\ Ah¿ i‡-ambn hna¿in-®p. Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Npa-Xe {Iak-am-[m-\-]m-e-\w, kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚ kwc£Ww F∂nh am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS tkh-\t- h-X\hyh-ÿI - ƒ ]cn-jv°c - n-°p-∂X - n¬ Iq´mb hne-t]-i-tem _mlyi‡n-I-fpsS CSs]Stem ]mSn√ F∂v- Ah¿ hmZn-®p. Cu ImeL-´-Øn¬ Db¿∂ph∂ cmjv{Sobkn≤m-¥-am-bncp∂p {]tbm-P-\m-hmZw (Utilitarianism). sPdssa s_≥Xmw (Jeremay Bentham) Bbn- c p∂p CXns‚ {][m\- h-‡m-hv. cmPy-Øns‚ XmXv]c - yØn-\p-]-cn-bmbn hy‡n-]-ca- mb t\´-ßƒ°mWv Cu hmZw {]m[m\yw \¬In-bX - v. hmWn-Py-hy-hkm-bnIcwK-ß-fn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ CS-s]-S-ens\ FXn¿Øncp∂ bq´n- e n- t ‰- d n- b ≥ Nn¥- I - ∑ m¿ s]mXpsh ]n¥p-W-®Xv P\m-[n-]Xy-{I-a-sØbmWv.

hyh-km-b-hn-π-hm-\-¥cw cq]wsIm≠ kmº-ØnIcmjv{Sobkn≤m-¥ßƒ apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿsb t]mjn-∏n-°m≥ t{]c-Ia - mbn˛Cu {]kvXmh\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. 35

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

tkmjyen-k-Øns‚ -h-chv apX-em-fnØk{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ Nqj-W-ßƒs°-Xncmbn Db¿∂p-h∂ Bi-b-am-Wv tkmjy-en-kw. DXv]m-Z-\-hpw -hn-X-c-W-hpw s]mXp-D-S-a-bnepw \nb{¥-W-Ønepw sIm≠phcp∂ kmaq- l yhyhÿ- b mWv CXns‚ e£yw. tdm_¿´v Hmh≥ (Robert Owen), Nmƒkv ^qdn- b ¿ (Charles Fourier) , sk‚ v sska¨ ( Saint Saimon) F∂n-h-cm-bncp∂p tkmjy-enÃv tdm_¿´v Hmh≥ amXr-I-bpsS BZyIme h‡m-°ƒ. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS tPmen sNøp- I bpw AXns‚ ^e- a m- b p- ≠ m- I p∂ Iq´p¬∏m- Z \w ]¶n- S p- I bpw sNøp∂ kl- I cWkwL-ßƒ hgn-bp≈ Hcp kmaq-lykwhn[m\- a m- b n- c p∂p Ah¿ hn`m- h \w sNbv X Xv . BZ¿i- h m- Z - Ø n- \ - ∏ pdw {]mtbm- K n- I - X - b pw imkv{Xob ImgvN-∏mSpw C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXv Dt´m-∏n-b≥ tkmjy-enkw F∂dnb-s∏´p. DXv]mZ-\hpw hnXcWhpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-

Øn-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw km[-\-ßƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n°p-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v tÃ‰v h¿°vtjm-∏p-Iƒ \SØ-W-sa-∂pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Xpey\ne-bn¬ thX-\hpw em`-Øn¬ Hcp ]¶pw \¬I-W-sa∂pw eqbn- ªm-¶ns‚ (Louis Blanc) t\Xr- X z- Ø nep≈ tÃ‰v tkmjyenkw F∂ {]ÿm\w Bh-iy-s∏-´p. CXv Iq´pS a k { º - Z m b w (Collectivism) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p. {]qt[m≥ (Proudhon) t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp∂ kn≥Un_¿WmUv jm °-enkw tkmjy-en-kØns‚ as‰mcp cq]-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^mIvS-dn-Isf \nb{¥n°p∂-Xn\v sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw D]-t`m‡m-°-fp-tSbpw kwbp‡ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn°-W-sa∂v kn≥Un-°-enÃpIƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. kam-[m-\-]-c-hpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb am¿§ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp tkmjy-enÃv kaqlw sI´n]Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv _¿Wm-Uv jm-bpsS t\Xr-XzØn-ep≈ ^m_n-b≥ tkmjy-en-Ãp-Iƒ A`n{]mb-s∏-´Xv.

apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ h‡m°ƒ apt∂m´psh® {]h¿Ø\]≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F¥v? Dt´m-∏nb≥ tkmjy-enkw F∂ t]cns‚ bp‡n N¿®- sN-øp-I.

imkv{Xob tkmjy-enkw tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ßsf imkv{Xo-b-amb Hcp Z¿i\ambpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-°pff {]mtbm-KnI]cn]m-Sn-bmbpw hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv Imd¬ am¿Ivkm-bncp∂p (Karl Marx). At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ imkv { Xobtkmjy- e nkw F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. "IΩyq-WnÃv am\n-s^tÃm', "aqe-[\w', "an®-aq-eykn-≤m¥w' F∂o {KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS am¿Ivkpw GwK¬kpw imkv{Xobtkmjy-en-kØ - ns‚ Bib-ßƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®p. a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØ - nse kmaqln-I-hpw cmjv{So-b-hpw _p≤n-]-c-hp-amb F√m {]{In-b-I-tfbpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv B kaq-l36

Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ DXv]m-Z\ coXn-bm-sW∂pw sXmgn- e m- f n- I ƒ krjvSn-°p∂ an®aqeyw NqjWw sNbvXv apX-emfn-am¿ ssI°em-°p-∂psh∂pw am¿Ivkv A`n{]m-b-s∏-´p. temI-sØ hym Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xnt\°mƒ {][m\w Imd¬ am¿Ivkv AXns\ am‰nadn°emWv F∂v am¿Ivkv Blzm\w sNbvXp.

hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Imew

Im¿jnIhnπhw imkv{Xw ssIh-cn® t\´-ßƒ hymh-km-bnI cwKsØ-∂t- ]mse Im¿jnIcwKØpw kaq-ea - mb am‰ßƒ krjvSn-®p. Cw•≠n¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hyhkm-b-cw-K-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw P\-kw-Jy-bnep-≠mb h¿≤-\hpw Im¿jntImXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Bhiyw h¿≤n-∏n®p. ]g-b- Ir-jn-coXnIfpw D]I- c - W - ß fpw Ime- l - c - W - s ∏- ´ - X ns\ XpS¿∂v Im¿jnIcwKØv bt{¥m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cw•-≠nse I¿j-I¿ BZy-Im-eß-fn¬ Xp≠p`qan-If - n-emWv Irjn sNbvXncp-∂Xv. Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ c≠p h¿jw Irjn sNbvXv aq∂mw h¿jw Xcn-in-Sp-w. As√-¶n¬ Irjn-bn-S-Øns‚ aq∂nsemcp `mKw F√m-h¿jhpw amdnamdn Xcnin-Sp-w. "Xpd∂ hb¬ hyhÿ' (Open Field System) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ Cu coXn I¿jI¿°v kmº-ØnI t\´w \¬In-bn-√. F∂m¬ Xcn-in-Sp∂ ka-bØv ap≈¶n (Turnip) t]mep≈ Ingßph¿§- ß ƒ Irjn- s N- b v X m¬ `qan- b psS ^e]p- j v S n h¿≤n- ° p- s a∂v a\- n- e m- ° nb Su¨sj≥Uv {]`p Hcp "NXp¿h¿j Irjn ]≤Xn' (Four year rotation of crops) Bhnjv°cn®p. Hcp Irjn-bn-S-Øn¬ tKmXºv, _m¿en, -ap-≈¶n, Imen-Øo-‰-]-b¿ (Clover) F∂nh h¿j-wtXmdpw amdnamdn Irjn-sN-bvXm¬ `qan-bpsS ^e-]pjvSn h¿≤n- ° p- ∂ - t Xm- s Sm∏w I∂p- I m- e n- I ƒ°v th≠{X `£-Whpw e`n-°p-sa∂v At±lw A`n{]m-bs - ∏-´p. ]n¬°m-eØv cmkhf-ßf - p-tSbpw IoS\m-in-\n-I-fp-tSbpw {]tbm-Kw Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\-Øn¬ h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-°n. Irjn-co-Xn-I-fn¬ h∂-

am‰w arK-]-cn-]m-e\ cwKØpw am‰-ßƒ hcpØn. k¶-c-C\w I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Øn h¿≤n® Afhn¬ ]mepw amwkhpw e`y-am-°n. Xp≠p-`q-an-I-fn¬ Irjn sNbvXn-cp∂ I¿j-I¿°v ]pXnb Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n√. F∂m¬ Irjnsb emt`-—-tbmsS I≠ kº-∂¿ h≥tXm- X n¬ Xp≠p`qan- I ƒ hmßn. Cw•ojv ]m¿esa‚nse Xß- f psS kzm[o-\-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Ch¿ \nc- h [n hf®psI´¬ \nb- a ßƒ (Enclosure Laws) ]m m- ° n. AXn≥ {]Imcw Nmƒkv Su¨sj≥Uv Xpd∂- IrjnbnS-ßf - pw Xcn- i p- ` q- a n- I fpw thensI´n hf®v Ahsb imkv{Xob Irjn coXn-Iƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amb h≥ Irjn-bn-S-ß-fm°n am‰n. hf®psI´¬ {]ÿm\w (Enclosure Movement) F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Cu k{ºZmbw hgn I¿j-I¿ Irjn`qan-bn¬ \n∂v ]pdØm-hp-Ibpw kº-∂-cmb Hcp `qhp-S-ah¿§w Cw•≠n¬ cq]w -sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im¿jn-I-hym-h-km-bn-I-cw-K-ß-fn-ep-≠mb ]ptcmKXn DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n∏n-®p. CXv ant®m-Xv]-∂ßƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Itºm-f-ß-fpw ^mIvSdnIƒ°m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS tI{µ-ßfpw tXSn-bp≈ At\z-j-WsØ Xo{ham-°n. Cu At\z-jWw tImf\oI-c-W-sØbpw km{am-PyXzhnI-k-\-tØbpw Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øn.

Cw•-≠nse hyh-kmbhnπ-hhpw Im¿jnIhnπhhpam-bn-cp∂p C¥ysb {_n´s‚ tImf-\n-bm-°n- am‰p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. Cu {]kvXm-h\ icnbmtWm? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

37

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $

Cw•-≠ns‚ hmWn-Py-]p-tcm-KXn Ahn-SsØ `c-W-L-S-\m-{]-Xn-k-‘n°v Imc-W-amtbm? F¥p-sIm≠v?

$

{^m≥kn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂ aq∂v FtÃ-‰p-I-fn¬ kmaq-lyam-‰-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv aq∂m-asØ FtÃ-‰m-Wv. F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw CXv?

$

{^m≥knse a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ hf¿® ImWn-°p∂ Hcp ^vtfmNm¿´v Xømdm-°pI.

$

At\Iw A{I-a-ßƒ D≠m-bn´pw _mkvXobv tIm´-bpsS ]X\w {^©v P\X tZiobZn\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

$

""{^m≥kv XpΩn-bm¬ bqtdm-∏n-emsI Pe-tZmjw ]nSn-s]Spw.'' (When France Sneezes all Europe catches a cold) sat‰¿Wn-°ns‚ Cu A`n-{]m-bØ - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ {^©v hnπhw bqtdm∏n-s\ Fß-s\-bmWv kzm[o-\n-®-sX∂v hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$

s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ `c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßsf {^©v hnπ-hm-i-b-ßƒ F{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v? N¿® sNøp-I.

$

temIkmº-ØnIta[m-hnXzw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fpsS ]cmPbhpw Cw•-≠ns‚ hnP-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p hm´¿eq˛Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

$

hmWn-Py-cw-K-w, ssk\nIi‡n-, `c-W-cwKw F∂n-h-bn¬ {it≤-b-amb t\´-ßƒ ssIh-cn°m≥ hyh-kmbhnπhw Cw•-≠ns\ F{X-am{Xw klm-bn-®n-´p≠v?

$

imkv{Xob tkmjy-enkw BZy-Ime tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Fßs\sb√mw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p? N¿® sNøp-I.

$

hyh-km-bc - w-KØv am{X-a√ Im¿jnIcwKØpw kmº-ØnINqjWw \ne\n-∂p. Fßs\bmbncn°mw I¿j-I¿ Nqj-W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-b-Xv?

$

Im¿jn-I-hn-πhw {^©v hnπhwt]mse t\cn´v kaq-l-Ønse Ak-a-XzsØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn°p∂ hnπ-h-a-√. F∂m¬ kmaq-ly Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ht´sd am‰-ßƒ°v t{]c-I-i-‡n-bmb hnπ-h-am-WnXv. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

$

\nehnep≈ hyh-ÿsb ]msS am‰n-a-dn®v ]pXn-sbmcp hyhÿ ÿm]n-°p-∂-XmWv hnπhw. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hnπ-h-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°p. -˛ c‡-c-lnXhnπhw ˛ {^©v hnπhw ˛ hyh-kmbhnπhw ˛ Im¿jnIhnπhw

38

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

3

km{am-PyXzw {]mNo-\-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ km{am-Py-ßƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. aucykm{amPy-sØ-∏‰ - nbpw tdmam-km-{am-Py-sØ-∏‰ - nbpw \nßƒ ]Tn-®n-´p-≈X - m-Wt- √m. F∂m¬ km{am-PyXzw F∂Xv ]pXnb {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. hymh-km-bnI hnπ- h - Ø n\ptijw bqtdm- ∏ n¬ hf¿∂p- h ∂ apX- e m- f n- Ø - Ø ns‚ hnIknXcq]-amWv km{am-Py-Xzw. bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnse b{¥-im-e-I-fn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Nc-°pIƒ I∏¬ am¿§w hnZq-c-ß-fmb tImf-\n-I-fn-se-Øn®v hn]-W\w \SØp-Ibpw Cu Nc°pIƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ k{º-Zm-bamWv apX-em-fn-ØØnep-≈Xv. B`y-¥camb D]-t`m-K-Øn\v Bh-iy-ap≈-Xn-t\-°m-tfsd Nc-°p-I-fmWv a’-c-_p-≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Hmtcm cmPyhpw \n¿Ωn-®p-Iq-´n-b-Xv. CXv cmPy-ßƒ XΩn¬ ISpØ hym]mca’-c-Øn\v CS-bm-°n. Itºmfw tXSn-bp≈ Cu At\z-j-W-amWv Bt{^m-˛-G-jy≥ Ata-cn-°≥ `qJ-fi-ß-fnse tImf-\o-I-c-W-Ønte°v \bn-®Xv. hyh-kmbh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn D≠mb D¬∏m-Z\ h¿≤- \ hv BtWm tImf- \ oI- c - W - Ø n- t e°v \bn® LSIw˛N¿®- sN-øp-I. apX- e m- f n- Ø - Ø ns‚ hnImktØmsS bqtdm- ] y≥ cmPy- ß - f n¬ sXmgnemfnh¿§{]ÿm-\ßƒ cq]wsIm≠ Imcyw \nßƒ°-dn-hp-≈Xm-W-t√m. sXmgn-emfn{]ÿm-\ßfneqsS sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ i‡-ambn kacw sNbvX-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°phm≥ apX-em-fn-am¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. hnZq-c-amb tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Nc-°pIƒ FØn-°p∂Xn\p≈ sNehpw h¿≤n®p. C°m-c-W-ß-fm¬ apX-emfn-am-cpsS em`-Øn¬ CSn-hp-h∂p. CXv apX-em-fn-ØsØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bnem-°n. Cu {]Xn-k‘n XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn´mWv km{amPyXzw DZbw sNbvX-Xv. km{am-Py-ßƒ ]≠pw Ds≠-¶nepw km{amPyXzw Hcp ]pXnb A\p-`hw BIp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. 39

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

AkwkvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsS tI{µhpw \n¿ΩnX hkvXp-°-fpsS Itºm-fhpw tImf-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]ns∂ Dev]m-Z\w Xs∂ tImf-\n-I-fnte°p am‰n-bmtem? Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsSbpw Ipd™ Iqen°v sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw e`yX tImf-\n-I-fn¬ D≠v. Nc-°p-ev]m-Z-\-Øn-\mh-iy-amb aqe-[\w am{Xta ]pdta\n∂v sIm≠ph-tc-≠-Xp-≈q. \n¿ΩnXhkvXp-°ƒ°p-]-Icw aqe[\w Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp∂ k{º-Zmbw CtXmsS Bcw- ` n- ® p. apX- e m- f n- Ø - Ø ns‚ hf¿®- b nse aqe[\°b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-tS-Xmb Cu L´-sØ-bmWv km{am-PyXzw F∂p]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]Ww Nc-°mbn amdn-b-t∏mƒ AXp hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. B[p-\nI _m¶nwKv k{º-Zmbw Bcw-`n°p-∂X - n-ßs\-bm-Wv. Hcp apX-em-fnt°m Hcp Iq´w apX-em-fn-am¿°p am{X-am-bnt´m Hcp hyh-km-b-Øn\m-h-iy-amb aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂p. CXv At\Iw t]cn¬ \n∂pw ]Ww kzoIcn®v aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. CXmWv Hmlcn aqe-[-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v CS-bm-°n-bXv. apX-em-fnØw km{am-Py-Xz-ambn hnI-kn-®-t∏mƒ AXnepw {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Hmtcm cmPy-tØbpw apX-em-fn-am¿ XΩn¬ a’cw Bcw`n-®p. Hmtcm cmPy-Øp-ap≈ apX-emfn h¿§hpw

sXmgn- e mfn h¿§hpw XΩn¬ kwL¿j- ß ƒ cq£- a m- b n. apX- e m- f nØcmPy- ß ƒ XΩn¬ Itºmfw ssIb-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ a’cw Bcw-`n-®p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn \nc-h[n bp≤-ßƒ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´p. apX-em-fnØcmPy-ßfpw AhbpsS tImf\nIfnse P\-ßfpw XΩnepw G‰pap´-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn. tImf-\n-I-fnse hntam-N-\-t∏mcm-´-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-ew C-Xm-Wv. apX- e m- f nØNqjWw \n¿_m[w XpS¿∂p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v km{am-PyXzw ]e X{¥ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p. ssk\n-I-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v hntam-N-\-{]ÿm\ßsf ASn-®-a¿Øn. `c-Wkwhn-[m-\hpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v \nIp- X n- ] n- c nhp \SØn P\- ß sf NqjWw sNbvXp. DtZym-K-ÿ-hr-µhpw \oXn-\ymbtImS-XnIfpw t]meokpw P\-ß-fn¬ `bw Df-hm°n Ahsc ASn-®-a¿Øn. Xt±-io-b-amb kmln-Xyw, Ie, hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-Isf XI¿°p-Itbm \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-Ibpw X¬ÿm\Øv ]m›mXyk{º-Zm-b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P∑w sIm≠pw \ndw sIm≠pw Xt±-iobcpw A`n-cp-Nn, thj-hn-[m\w F∂nh sIm≠v ]m›m-Xy-cp-amb Hcp P\-Xsb krjvSn-°-emWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£y-sa∂v sa°msf {]`p {]Jym-]n-®p. ]m›mXykwkvIm-c-tØmSv hnt[-bXz-ap≈ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°pI F∂-Xm-bncp∂p km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ e£yw.

tImf-\o-I-c-WsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km{am-Py-Xz-w kzoI-cn® X{¥-ßfn¬ H∂mWv ]m›mXyhnZy-m`ymkw˛hni-Ie\w sNøpI.

C¥y km{am-PyXzØns‚ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v hnhn-[ tImf-\n-I-fpsS B`y-¥-c-km-l-Ncyw A-\p-Iq-e-ambn- c p- ∂ p. C¥y- b n¬ `c- W - Ø n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ apKƒ`c-W-IqSw ]Xn-s\-´mw -\q-‰m-≠n¬ Zp¿_-eam-bn. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ a‰p- \m´pcm-Py-ßfpw Zp¿_-ea - m-bn-cp-∂p. At\ym\yw cmjv{So-ba - mbn Ieln-®n-cp∂ sIm®p-cm-Py-ßƒ, kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaqln-Ih - p-amb Po¿W-X, s]mXp-sh-bp≈ Ac-£nXm-hÿ CsXms° A∂sØ C¥y-bpsS apJap-{Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-kcw apX-em°n C¥ybn¬ I®- h - S - Ø n- \ mbn h∂ bqtdm]y≥am¿ 40

πmkn bp≤-Øns‚ Nn{Xo-I-cWw

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

XßfpsS \ne IqS-pX - ¬ `{Z-am-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CXn\mbn Ah¿ Cu `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fpsS B`y-¥c cmjv{So-bI - m-cy-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-´p. {_n´o-jv, {^©v Iº-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ apºn¬. Ch¿ Hmtcmcp-Øcpw at‰-Iq´sc C¥ybn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°m≥ {ian-®p. bqtdm-∏n¬ Ch¿ XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ i{XpX Ah¿ Chn-sSbpw XpS¿∂p. CXv C¥ybn¬ 1744˛\pw 1763˛\pw CSbv°v \S∂ I¿Æm´nIv bp≤-ß-sf-∂-dn-b-s∏´ aq∂v bp≤-ßƒ°v hgnsh-®p. CXn¬ hnPbw Cw•ojv CuÃn-¥ym I - º\n°mbn-cp∂p. 1757˛¬ \S∂ πmkn-bp-≤hpw 1764˛¬ \S∂ _Ivkm¿ bp≤hpw apKƒ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p Iogn-em-bn-cp∂ _wKmƒ {]hn-iybn¬ (C∂sØ _w•m-tZipw _olm¿, Hdo- , ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ kwÿm-\-ßfpw) Cw•ojv B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n°m≥ hgn-sbm-cp-°n. _Ivkm¿ bp≤w hnP-bn® Cw•o-jp-Im¿ apKƒ`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Znhm\n Ah-Imiw kºm-Zn®p. Iog-S° - nb {]tZ-iØ - p-\n∂v Icw ]ncn-°m-\p≈ A[nImcamWv "Znhm\n'. ChnsS \n∂v a‰p- {]-tZ-iß - ƒ ]nSn-®S- ° - nbpw thsd Nne {]tZ-i-ßƒ ssk\n-I-k-lm-b-hy-h-ÿ-bneqsS Iogvs∏-Sp-Ønbpw Ah¿ Xß-fpsS cmjv{- Sob \nb-{¥Ww hym]n-∏n-®p. Aßs\ 1856 HmsS _¿a (C∂sØ aym≥am¿) Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ C¥ym D]`q-J-fi-Øns‚ an°-hmdpw `mK-ßƒ {_n´o-jp-ImcpsS Iogn-em-bn.

{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-\p-Io-gn-ep≈ C¥y

ssN\ 16˛mw \p‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ Xs∂ bqtdm-]y≥ hmWn-Pyi‡n-Iƒ hym]m-c-_-‘-ßƒ°mbn ssN\-bpsS hmXn-¬°¬ ap´m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ssN\-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Chsc AI‰n\n¿Øp∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®p. F∂m¬ ssN\-bnse hym]m-c-km-[yX-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™ bqtdm-]y≥am¿ Hgn-hm-Im≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. CXns‚ `mK-ambn Ah¿ ssN\-bpsS sXm´p-In-S-°p∂ Nne A{]-[m\Zzo]p-Iƒ ]m´Øns\-SpØv ssN\-bp-ambn \s√m-cp-_‘w D≠m°m≥ {iaw XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ {_n´o-jp-Imsc hntZin sNIp-Øm-∑m-cmbn I≠n-cp-∂ ssN\-°m¿ Ah- c n¬ \n∂v km[- \ - ß ƒ hmßm≥ hnkΩXn®p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn ssN\-bpam-bp≈ bqtdm-]y≥ hym]mcw GI-]-£o-b-am-bn. At∏mƒ Cw•o-jv- Cu-Ãn¥ym Iº\n ssN\-bpsS ta¬

Idp∏v bp≤-Øns‚ Nn{Xo-I-cWw

\nb{¥Ww t\Sm≥ Nne hf-™-h-gn-Iƒ kzoIcn-®p. ssN\-bn-te°v Ah¿ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Idp∏v (Opium) I≈-°S - Øv XpS-ßn. CXneqsS Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº- \ n°v h≥tXm- X n¬ kmºØnIem`w In´nsb∂v am{X-a√ ssN\sb `uXnIambpw [m¿Ωn-I-ambpw XI¿°m\pw Ign-™p. Idp∏v hym]mcw ssN\-bpsS kº-Øv h≥tXmXn¬ tNm¿Øn-°-f-™p. CXv ssN\okv `c-Wm[n-Im-cn-Isf Idp∏v hym]mcw \ntcm-[n-°m≥ t{]cn∏n-®p. Cw•o-jp-Im¿s°Xnsc I¿i\ \ne-]m-sSSpØ ssN\sb bp≤-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv {_n´o-jpIm¿ t\cn-´-Xv. Idp-∏p-bp-≤-ßƒ (Opium Wars) F∂-t]-cp-tI´ Cu bp≤-ß-fn-¬ ssN\ tXm‰p. Idp-∏p-bp-≤-ßƒ ssN\-bpsS Zu¿_-eysØ Xpd∂p-Im-´n. ssN\-bn-te°v ]m›m-Xy-i-‡n-Iƒ IS-∂p-Ib - d - m-\m-cw-`n-®p. ssN\-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw Zp¿_-e-s∏-´p. bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ ssN\sb hnhn[ kzm[o\afi- e - ß - f mbn (Spheres of influence) ]¶n-s´-Sp-Øp. ^e-Øn¬ ssN\ Hc¥mcmjv{S tImf-\n-bmbn amdn. 41

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

C¥y-bn¬ tImf-\o-I-c-W-Øn\p kzoI-cn® Cw•ojv \b-ßƒ Xs∂-bmtWm ssN\-bnepw Bh¿Øn-®Xv? GXp Imcy-Øn-emWv {]I-S-amb hyXymkw. tImf-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v km{am-PyXzw temI-sa-ºmSpw kzoI-cn® X{¥-ßƒ Xs∂bmWv C¥ybnepw Cw•o-jp-Im¿ {]tbm-Kn-®Xv˛hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

Ata-cn° aX-]oU-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sm\pw kmºØnI`{ZX B¿÷n-°m-\p-ambn bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw Ata-cn°≥ h≥I-c-bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-bn-cp-∂p. Chsc ]n¥p-S¿s∂-Ønb I®h-S-°m¿ AhnsS \nc-h[n BhmktI{µ-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. {^©p-Im-cmWv BZyw Im\U-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v {_o´ojv I®-h-S-°m¿ Ing-°≥ XocØpw sPbnw-kvsSu¨, hn¿Po-\n-b, πnaØv, a m-®p-sk‰vkv F∂n-hn-S-ßfnepw tImf\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. Cßs\ hSt° Ata-cn-°b - n¬ ]Xn-aq∂v Cw•ojv tImf-\n-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ata- c n- ° - b n¬ \n∂v kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw Is≠- Ø m≥ Cw•o- j p- I mcpw {^©p- I mcpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imcpw {ian-s®-¶nepw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Ah¿ ChnsS h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]pI-bn-e, \oew, s\√v F∂nh Irjn-sN-øm\pw Dev]-∂ßƒ bqtdm-∏n¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hn¬°m\pw XpSßn. Ata-cn-°-bnse ]Xn-aq∂v {_n´ojv tImf-\n-Iƒ

42

Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX{¥y{]Jym-]\w

{^m≥kp- a mbn bqtdm- ∏ n¬sh®pw Ata- c n- ° bn¬sh®pw \S∂ k]v X - h - ’ c bp≤- Ø n- \ ptijw Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v {_n´ojp-Im¿ bp≤-s®-eh - n-\mbn hnlnXw Bh-iy-s∏´p. F∂m¬ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf\n-Iƒ Cu Bhiyw \ncm-I-cn-®p. {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ°p-ta¬ \nc-h[n ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Npa-Øn. CØcw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ tImf\n-hmknIƒ°n- S - b n¬ {_n´ojv hncp≤ at\m- ` mhw hf¿Øn. Xßƒ°p {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mØ {_n´ojv ]m¿e- s a‚n\v Xß- f p- s S- t a¬ \nIp- X n- I ƒ NpaØm≥ Ah- I m- i - a n- s √∂v Ah¿ hmZn- ® p. "{]mXn-\n-[y-an√msX \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ ]mSn-√' (No taxation without representation) F∂ ap{Zm- h m- I y- h p- a mbn Ata- c n- ° ≥ tImf- \ n- I ƒ {_n´s\-Xnsc Iem-]-ap-b¿Øn. 1774˛¬ ]Xnaq∂v Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ^nemU-¬^nbbn¬ H∂mw tIm≠n-\‚¬ tIm¨{K v tN¿∂p. CXv Hcp XmXvIm-enI Kh¨sa‚n\v cq]w \¬In. 1776-˛¬ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ c≠mw tIm≠n- s \‚¬ tIm¨{K v tPm¿Pv hmjnMv S s\ {]kn- U ‚mbn sXc- s ™- S pØv

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

kzmX{¥y- { ]- J ym- ] \w (Declaration of Independence) \S- Ø n. CXv tImf- \ n- I fpw Cw•≠pw XΩn- e p≈ bp≤- Ø n\v hgn- s h- ® p. {^©p-Im-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS Cw•-≠n-s\-Xnsc Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-´p. CXn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw

tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvS¨ sXs° Ata-cn° 1825˛¬

\¬In-bXv tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvS¨ Bbn-cp-∂p. 1781˛¬ tIm¨hm-en-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Cw•ojv ]´mfw Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fp-sSbpw {^m≥kn-s‚bpw kwbp-‡s - sk-\y-Øn\v IogSßn. 1783˛se ]mcokv DSºSnbn-eqsS Ata-cn-°≥ tImf\n-I-fpsS kzmX{¥yw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. Cßs\ Ata-cn°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

sXt° -A-ta-cn° sXt° Ata-cn-°-bnse kv]m\njv km∂n-≤ysØ- ∏ ‰n \nßƒ a\- n- e m- ° n- b n- ´ p- ≠ t√m. CtXØpS¿∂v IqSp-X¬ bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw tXSn AhnsSsbØn. s]dphn- s ebpw saIvkn- t °m- h n- s ebpw

sska¨s_m-fn-h¿

tPmsk Un km≥am¿´n≥

kz¿Æ˛sh≈n J - -\n-I-fpsS \nb-{¥Ww kvs]bn\n\m-bn-cp-∂p. kvs]bn≥Imsc ]n¥p-S¿s∂-Ønb t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ a≤y-In-g-°≥ {_ko-ense an\m¿ sKdm-bnkv {]hn-iybn¬ kz¿Æw Is≠Øn. kz¿Æhpw a‰p hn`h-ßfpw tXSn-bp≈ Cu A[n-\n-th-iß - ƒ Xt±-iob P\-Xsb \in-∏n-®p. ]Icw Hcp k¶-c-P-\-hn-`m-Kw, "saÃn-tkmkv' (Mestizoes) Chn-SsØ `qcn-]£P\-Xb - mbn amdn. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-tØmsS sXt° A-ta-cn-°≥ P\X Xß-fpsS bP-am-\≥am-cmb kvs]bn≥-Im¿°pw t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°p-sa-Xnsc Iem-]-ap-b¿Øn. 1804˛¬ {^©p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw t\Snb slbvXn sXt° Ata-cn°bnse BZy kz-X{¥-cmPy-am-bn. CtXka-bØv bqtdm-∏n¬ s\t∏m-fnbs‚ hc-thmsS kv]m\n-jv, t]m¿®p-Kokv i‡n-If - psS {]Xm]w£bn-°m≥ XpSßn. {_n´-\pw {^m≥kpw ChcpsS ÿm\w ssIbS-°n. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ sXs° Ata-cn°-bnse a‰v cmPy-ßsf {]t£m`-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n®p. sska¨ s_m-fn-h-dpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ sh\nkq-e-bpw tPmsk Un km≥am¿´ns‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ A¿P-‚o-\bpw kzmX{¥yw t\Sn. XpS¿∂v 1822˛¬ {_ko¬, saIvknt°m F∂n-hbpw kzX{¥-am-bn. t]m¿t´m-dnt-°mbpw Iyq_bpw Hgn-®p≈ Cu taJ-e-bnse apgp-h≥ cmPy-ßfpw 1825 HmsS kzmX-{¥yw t\Sn. 43

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§apt∂‰w hyh- k m- b hn- π - h - s Ø°p- d n®v \nßƒ°dnbm at√m. kwLSnXsXmgn- e m- f n- { ]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ DZb-Øn\v hgn-sh-®-XmWv CXns‚ ^e-ß-fnsem∂v. hyh-km-b-hn-πhw apX-em-fn°v Dev]mZ\h¿≤-\hpw Af-h‰ em`hpw {]Zm\w sNbvXt∏mƒ sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS Pohn-Xw IqSp-X¬ Zpjv°c-am°n. hyh-kmb tI{µ-ßƒ°p Np‰p-am-bn Gsd hyØn-lo-\-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Bbnc°- W - ° n- \ m- f p- I ƒ Hcp- a n®p Xma- k n- t °≠ Ahÿ D≠m-bn. apX-em-fn-bpsS em`-Øns‚ bYm¿∞mh-Im-in-I-fmb Cu sXmgn-emfnIƒ°v e`n-®-Xv IjvS-∏mSpw ZpcnXßfpam-bn-cp∂p. Ipd™-Iq-en, A]-I-S-I-c-amb sXmgn¬kml-N-cyw, Gsd t\csØ ITn-\m-[zm\w F∂nh sXmgn-emfn-I-fpsS Ahÿ Zb-\ob-am-°n. CXn-s\-Xnsc sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ kwL-Sn®v sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®p. 1830˛¬ CØcw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I-fpsS tZiob t^md-Øn-\v, \mj-W¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ s{]m´Iv-j≥ Hm^v te_-dn\v, tPm¨ tZml¿Øn (John Doharty) cq]w \¬In. tdm_¿´v Hmh≥, hneyw temh‰v F∂n-h¿ Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb a‰p Nne-cm-Wv. sXmgnem-fn-I-fpsS sXmgn¬kmlN-cy-ß-fpw PohnXmh-ÿ-bpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\mWv {][m-\-ambpw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ

ASn-a-Isf hn¬∏-\bv°p h®-Xns‚ ]ckyw

44

hSt° Ata-cn° eqbn-kn-bm-\-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp ASn-a. Nm´-hm-d-Sn-tb‰ ]mSp-Iƒ {i≤n-°pI

{]mapJyw \¬In-b-Xv. tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ßƒ Bbn- c p∂p Ch- c psS {]h¿Ø- \ - ß -fpsS A¥¿[m-c. kwL-SnXsXmgn-emfnh¿§-Øns‚ t]mcm-´-ß-fn-eqsS sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {]hr-Ønk-a-bw, thX-\w, PohnX kml-N-cy-ßƒ F∂nh-bn¬ henb am‰w h∂p. sXmgn-emfn {]ÿm-\-ßƒ Iqen-°q-Sp-X¬ Bhiy-s∏-´Xpw sXmgn¬kuI-cy-ßƒ sa®-s∏-SpØm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®-Xpw D¬∏m-Z-\-s®-ehv h¿≤n°p-∂-Xn\pw em`-hn-lnXw Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\pw CSbm-°n. CXv apX-em-fn-ØsØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bnem°n. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Cu cmPy-ß-fnse hyh-km-bn-Iƒ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ apX¬apS-°m≥ XpS- ß n. Ipd™ Nne- h n¬ sXmgn- e m- f n- I sf e`n- ® - X pw Akw- k v I rXhkv X p- ° - f psS e`y-X-bpw D≠m-°nb Dev]-∂ßƒ°v AXm- X n- S - ß - f nepw Ab¬∏° cmPy- ß - f n- e pw Bh-iy-°m¿ D≠m-bXpw ChnS-ß-fnse hyh-km-bsØ em`I- c - a m- ° n. CXv hyh- k m- b nIƒ°v Cu cmPy- ß - f n¬ apX¬ap-S-°m≥ t{]c-W-bm-bn. hyh-km-bß - f - n¬ apX¬apS-°p∂-tXm-sSm∏w h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ tXm´w Irjn°pw tImf-\n-I-

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

fn¬ hyh-km-bn-Iƒ ]Ww apS-°n. ChnsS \n∂v In´nb em`w Xß-fpsS cmPy-ß-fn-te°v Hgp°n a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ hmßm-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. tImf-\n-I-fnse tXm´w Irjn-bpw J\nhyh-km-bhpw h≥tXm-Xn¬ Ipd™ Iqen- ° p≈ sXmgn- e m- f n- I - f psS BhiyIX-bp≠m-°n. CXp ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Gjybn¬ \n∂pw B{^n-°-bn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jysc ASn- a - I - f m°n Cu cmPy- ß - f n- t e°v Ib‰n Abbv°m≥ Bcw-`n-®p. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpw kvs]bn≥-Im-cp-amWv ASn-a°-®-hSw Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰mt≠msS Cw•o-jp-Im¿ AtX-s‰-Sp-Øp. ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[yw hsc Cu ASn-a-°-®hSw XpS¿∂p. Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\p a\p-jy-scbmWv B{^n-°-bn¬ \n∂pw Gjy-bn¬ \n∂pw Ch¿ _e-ambn ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn ASn-a-Ifm°n hn‰-Xv. temIsØºmSp-ap≈ J\n- sXmgnem-fn-I-fm-bpw tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbpw Chsc D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-. Cu ASn-a-IfpsS PohnXw ZpcnX-]q¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p. bP-am-\-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ GXp {]hyØn-sb-Sp-°m\pw \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏´ Ch¿ c£-s∏-Sm≥ {ian-®m¬ sImSnb a¿±\-

ßƒ°pw hnt[- b - c m- b n- . Iem]w D≠m- ° m≥ {ian® ASn-a-Isf sIm√m\pw DS-a-Iƒ°v A[nIm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c£-s∏-Sm≥ {ian® ASn-asb sIm√p∂ Bƒ°v kΩm\w \¬Im\pw bP-am-\∑m¿ Xøm-dm-bn. Aßs\ ASn-aØw tImf-\nhyh-ÿ-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-bn. CØcØnep≈ ASn-a-∏-Wn°p ]pdsa h≥tXmXn¬ Icm¿ sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw (Indentured labour) tXm´w, J\n taJ-e-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. shÃvC - ≥Uo-kv, \yqkn-em‚ v, sXt° B{^n°, ae-b, knwK-∏q¿ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v C¥ybn¬\n∂pw a‰p tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw I¶m-Wnam- c psS klm- b - t ØmsS Iq´- t ØmsS Ib‰n Abbv°s - ∏´ Cu sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS ÿnXn ASnaI-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw Gsd sa®-sam∂pw Bbn-cp∂n- √ . ]ecpw AXmXnS- ß - f n¬ ÿnc Xmak°mcmbn. shÃn≥Uo- k nse {In°‰v Xmc- ß - f mb Bƒhn≥ Imfn-N-c¨, inh-\m-cm-bW≥ Nµ¿ t]mƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS t]cp-I-fn-ep≈ C¥y≥ kz`mhw Cu _‘sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Dev]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \ho-I-cWw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]pXnb am‰-ßƒ°pw tNcnXn-cnhp-Iƒ°pw CS-bm-°n. (apX-em-fn-˛-sXm-gn-emfn, DS-a-˛-A-Sn-a)˛Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

tImf-\n-I-fnse Ahÿ ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse tImf-\n-Iƒ cmjv{So-bambn Gsd Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v C¥y- b n¬ adm- Ø , kn°v , sslZ- c m- _ mZv , ssakq¿, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n sNdp -cm-Py-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ ]c-kv]cw Ieln-®p. A[n-\n-th-i-i-‡n-Iƒ°Sn-s∏-Sm≥ CX-h-k-c-sam-cp-°n. {]mtZ-in-I-i-‡n-Isf XΩn¬ X√n-®mWv Ah¿ ChnsS B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-b-Xv. FÆ-Øn¬°pd™ bqtdm-]y≥am¿°v C{X hensbmcp `qhn-`mKw ASn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™Xv Cßs\-bm-Wv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS DtZym-Kÿ≥amcpw AXym- { K- l n- I - f m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ah¿ {]mtZ-in-I- P-\-Xsb ASn-®-a¿Øn. P\-ß-fpsS

t£a-Øn\v Ah¿ sX√pw {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn√. P\-Po-hnXw Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-am-bn. CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa tImf\nbP-am-\≥am¿ Cu Zu¿_-ey-ßsf s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-´n. Xß-fpsS A[n\n- t h- i sØ Hcp "]cn- j v I - c WZuXy'- a mbpw "sh≈-°m-cs‚ `mc-'ambpw Ah¿ \oXn-I-cn-®p. A]-cn-jvIr-X-cmbn InS∂ Ad-_n-I-sf-bpw Gjy°m-sc-bpw B{^n-°≥ hwi-P-scbpw kwkvIm-cap≈ a\p-jy-cm-°m-\p≈ "hnip≤ZuXy'amWvtImf-\oI-cWw hgn \S-Øp-∂-sX∂v Ah¿ AhIm-i-s∏-´p. tImf-\n-I-fnse P\-ßƒ°p-ta¬ \SØnb IS- ∂ m- { I- a - W - ß sf Xß- f psS ]m¿esa‚nepw temI-a-\x-km-£n-°p-ap-∂nepw \ymbo-Icn-°m≥ Cu Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ tImf-\n-i-‡nIƒ°m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. hwiob hyXym-khpw 45

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

aX]-c-amb aln-abpw Xß-fpsS ta≥a FSp-ØpIm-Wn-°m≥ th≠n bqtdm-]y≥am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. tImf\n `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS em`w h¿≤n∏n- ° p- ∂ -X n- \ - \ p- I q- e - a mb coXn- b n¬ tImf- \ nIfnse `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. s]mXp`- c Ww (Civil Service) , ssk\yw (Army), t]meokv (Police) F∂o XqWp- I - f n- e mWv tImf\n- `-cWw sI´n-s∏m-°n-bX - v. Cu aq∂v XqWpIƒ {Ia-k-am-[m-\sØ Xmßn \n¿Øn; tImf\n ta[m-hn-bpsS bi pw i‡nbpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. {Iak-am-[m-\-an-s√-¶n¬ hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw apX-em-fn-

am¿°pw Xß-fpsS D¬∏-∂-ßƒ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ hn‰-gn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu aq∂v XqWpIƒ°p-]p-dsa hym]m-c-°-cm-dp-I-fpsS ]cn-ip≤n Dd∏phcp- Ø p∂ ]m›m- X y- \oXn\ymb- h y- h ÿbpw ChnsS G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `cWw \S- Ø n- s °m≠p t]mIm- \ p≈ Kpakv X ≥amsc ]cn- i o- e n- ∏ n- ° m≥ B[p- \ nI ]m›mXyhnZym- ` ymkw XpS- ß n- s h- ® p. kmaqlyhpw kmw-kvIm-cn-Ih - p-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w km[yam-°nb ^e-{]-Z-amb Hcp]I-c-W-amWv ]m›m-Xyhn-Zym-`ymkw.

"tImf-\o-I-cWw ssk\nIm[n-\n-th-i-tØ-°mƒ AwKo-I-cn-°s∏´ ASn-a-Ø-am-Wv. tImf-\n-b-P-am-\≥amsc c£-I-cm-bn-°≠ kaq-lsØ kzmX{¥yØnte°v \bn°pI CXn-\m¬ {]bm-k-I-c-ambn'. tImf-\o-I-cWw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ kmaq-lymhÿ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv CXv hy‡-am-°p-I.

_m¬°¨ {]Xn-k‘n

_m¬°≥ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

IqSpX¬ cmPy-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-hpw `c-W-\n-b{¥-Whpw Xß-fpsS Iogn-em-°m≥ km{am-PyXzw B{K-ln-®p. Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn\pIogn¬ ]pXnb cmPy-ßsf sIm≠phcm≥ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ CS-ßf - n¬ CØcw CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ \ap°p ImWmw. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Øn¬ Xp¿°n k¬Ø-\Øv -(Hmt´m-a≥ km{am-Pyw) £tbm≥ap-J-am-bn. "bqtdm-∏nse tcmKn' F∂mWv Xp¿°n k¬Ø-\Øv Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. Cu Zp¿_-em-hÿ apX-se-SpØv ]›n-a-bq-tdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ Xp¿°n km{am-Py-Øn\p Iogn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ `q`m-K-ßƒ ssIb- S - ° m≥ {iaw XpS- ß n. Cu A[n- I mc hSwhen- s b- Ø p- S ¿∂v D≠mb {]iv \ - ß ƒ "]uckvXybqtdm- ] y≥ kaky' (Eastern Question) F∂ t]cn- e - d n- b - s ∏- ´ p. A∂sØ Xp¿°n km{am- P y- Ø ns‚ `mK- a m- b n- c p∂p _m¬°¨ D]-Zzo-]v.

sX°p-In-g° - ≥ bqtdm-∏n¬ aq∂phihpw kap{ZØm¬ Np‰-s∏-´-XmWv _mƒ°≥ D]-Zzo-]v. Xp¿°n- b psS `c- W - Ø n\v Iogn- e m- b n- c p∂ _ƒtK- d nb, sk¿_n- b , amkn- t Um- W nb A¬t_- \ nb, {Sm≥kn¬hm- \ n- b , t_mkv \ nb˛sl¿kntKmhn\ XpS- ß n- b h _mƒ°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-sf-∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. _m¬°¨ {]tZ-i-tØmSv sXm´v InS∂ …mhv hwi-P¿ A[n-h-kn°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ssIø-S°m≥ djy {ian-®p. Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ djy ta¬ss° t\Sn-bm¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ im‡n-I_ - em_-e-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-sa∂v a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ i‡nIƒ `b-s∏´p. CXmWv ]uckvXybqtdm-]y≥ kakybnte°v \bn-®-Xv. CXv ]e-X-c-Øn¬ {]IS-am-bn. AXn-sem-∂mWv {Inan-b≥ bp≤w.

{Inan-b≥ bp≤-cw-K-ß-fn-sem-∂mb kv°q´m-cn-bn¬ apdn-th-‰-tbm-≤m°sf ]cn-N-cn® Zbm-aq¿Øn-bmb t\gvkm-bn-cp∂p ^vtfmd≥kv s\‰nw-tK¬. Dd°w If™v hnf-°p-ambn tcmKn-Isf kam-iz-kn∏n® Ch¿ hnf-t°-¥nb h\nX F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.

46

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

…mhv {]tZ-iß - ƒ Iog-S°n Xp¿°nkm{amPy-Øn-\p-ta¬ B[n]Xyw t\Sm-\p≈ djybpsS ]≤Xn CtXmsS XI¿∂p. Xp¿°nbnse Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv {InkvXy≥ {]PIsf c£n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ \mSy- ß ƒ djybv°v Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. bqtdm]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ a¬k-c-ßƒ shdpw AXn¿ØnØ¿°-ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂ns√∂v "]uckvXybqtdm-]y≥ kaky' sXfn-bn-®p. km{am-Py-Xz-]-chpw A[n-\n-thi-]-c-hp-amb ]e {]iv\-ßfpw CXn¬ IqSn°pg™p InS-∂n-cp∂p.

B{^n-°-bpsS hoXw-shbv∏v (Partition of Africa) km{am-PyXzm[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw tImf\oI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw AXym¿Øn-bpsS as‰m- c p- Z m- l - c - W - a mWv B{^n- ° - b psS hoXw-shbv∏v. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y- t ØmsS ASn- a - ° - ® - h - S - Ø ns‚ {]m[m\yw Ipd-™p. CtXmsS B{^n-°bn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cmPy-ß-fnse hyh-km-b-ßƒ°m-h-iyamb Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ ]cy-th-j-W-ß-fn-te¿s∏-´p. Cu At\z-j-W-Øn\mbn bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw a¬k-cn°p-Ibpw B{^n° \nc-h[n Ij-W-ß-fmbn hn`Pn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hoXwshbv∏n\v c≠v khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ D≠v. bp≤- ß sfm∂pw IqSmsXbmWv CXv km[n-®-Xv. kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ \S-∂-X-√, AXn-th-K-Øn¬ km[n-®-XmWv Cu-

B{^n-°-bpsS hoXw- shbv∏v

ho-Xw-shbv-∏v. CXv sImtfm- Wn-b¬ i‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ \nc-h[n kwL¿j-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°n. F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ D`-b-I£n N¿®-Ifn-eqsSbpw k‘n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hfsc thKw Xs∂ ]d™p Xo¿Øp. Aßs\ 1914 Bb-t∏mtgbv°pw A_n-ko-\n-bbpw sse_o-cn-bbpw Hgn®p≈ B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-sf√mw bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS tImf-\n-I-fm-bn.

B{^n-°≥ hoXw shbv∏v ImWn-°p∂ ]´n-I

B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ßƒ CuPn-]vXv, kpUm≥, sdmtU-jy, DKm-≠, {_n´ojv CuÃv B{^n-°, kntbd entbm¨, tKmƒUv tIm-Ãv, ss\Po-cn-b, sXs° B{^n°

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡n

{_n´≥

AƒPo-cn-b, SpWo-jy, samtdm-t°m, klm-d, {^©v tImwtKm, ^©v Kbm-\, sk\-K¬, aU-Km-kvI¿

{^m≥kv

P¿Ω≥ Ing-°-\m-{^n-°, sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ B{^n°, Ima-dq¨, tSmtKmem≥Uv, Xm¶-\n°

P¿Ω\n

en_n-b, tkmam-en-em‚ v AwtKm-f, samkmw-_n-°v, t]m¿®p-KokvKn\nb dtbm Un Hmtdm, kv]m\n-jv Kn\nb

C‰en t]m¿®p-K¬ kvs]bn≥

47

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

"km{am-PyXzw AXym¿Ønbpw am\-hn-I-X-bpsS t\sc-bp≈ IS- ∂ m- { I- a - W - h pamWv ' B{^n- ° - b psS hoXwshbv ∏ v ap≥\n¿Øn Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

bqtdm-∏nse tZio-bX ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®-tbmsS bqtdm-∏n¬ cmPmhv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn \ne-hn¬ h∂ tZicm-jv{S-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. Hcp \nb-X-amb `q{]-tZ-iØv ]m¿°p-∂-hcpw `mjsIm≠pw kwkvImcw sIm≠pw Ncn{Xw sIm≠pw kam-\X ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cp-amb Hcp P\-X-sbbmWv B[p- \ nIm¿Y- Ø n¬ "tZiw' (Nation) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu k¶-ev]-Øn¬ A[n-jvTnXamb {]Xybim- k v { Xhpw I¿Ω ]cn- ] mSnbpw tN¿∂-XmWv tZio-bX (Nationalism). 18˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - t ØmsS bqtdm∏nse hnhn[{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tZio-b-Xm-t_m[w hf¿∂p h∂p. s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ImeØv Cu hnImcw IqSpX¬ i‡n-s∏-´p. hnb∂m DS-ºS- n°pw sat‰¿WnIv

tPmk^v ako\n

hyh-ÿn-Xn°pw A¥yw Ipdn® 1848˛se hnπ-hßsfØpS¿∂v bqtdm-∏n¬ tZio-bX i‡-ambn. CXns‚ anI® c≠pZml-c-W-ß-fmWv C‰-enbpsSbpw P¿Ω-\n-bp-sSbpw GIo-I-c-W-ßƒ. C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn Im¿s_m-Wm-cn, bßv C‰en F∂o {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ t\csØ Xs∂

C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

48

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tPmk^v ako-\n, Kmcn_mƒUn apX-em-b-h-cmWv C‰m-en-b≥ tZio-b-XbpsS \mb-I¿. km¿Zo-\n-b-bnse cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ hnIvS¿ CΩm-\p-h¬ c≠m-a≥ - , At±-lØ - ns‚ a{¥nbmb Ihq¿ {]`p (Count Cavour) F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1870˛¬ C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw bmYm¿∞y-am-bn.

{^mt¶m- ˛ - { ]- j y≥ bp≤w F∂o aq∂v bp≤ßƒ°ptijw 1871˛¬ {]jy≥ cmPmhv GIo-IrX

P¿Ω\n 1871˛¬

Kmcn-_mƒUn

38˛Hmfw sIm®psIm®p P¿Ω≥ \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ Hcpan®v tN¿∂v "tkmƒsh-dn≥' (Zolleverein) F∂ hym]m-c-kJyw D≠m-°n. F∂m¬ P¿Ω-\n-bpsS cmjv{Sob GIo-I-cWw km[n-®Xv {]jy≥ `c-Wm[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ s{^U-dnIv hn√yw \mem-a\pw HmtØm -t^m¨ _nkvam¿°v

At±-lØ - ns‚ {][m-\a - {¥n-bmb HmtØm t^m¨ _nkvam¿°pw (Otto von Bismarck) tN¿∂m-Wv. kv ] m\njv bp≤w, Bkv t {Sm- ˛ - { ]- j y≥bp- ≤ w,

P¿Ω-\n-bpsS N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn (ssIk¿) A[nIm-c-ta-‰p. ]pXp-Xmbn \ne-hn¬h∂ P¿Ω-\nbpw C‰-enbpw a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ km{am-PyXzi‡n-I-fpambn a¬k-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. tZio-bX Hcp cmPy-Øn-\IsØ P\-ß-fpsS AhIm-i-ß-fpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kpÿm-]n-Xam°m≥ bXv\n-®t- ∏mƒ AXv a‰p P\-hn-`m-Kß - f - psS AhIm-iß - sf _m[n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. a‰p≈ P\-Xb - n¬ \n∂v Xßƒ°p≈ anI-hp-I-fpw ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m-\pw Xs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln°m\pw AXns\ kwc-£n-°m\pw tZio-bX - b - psS h‡m- ° ƒ Blzm\w sNbv X p. P¿Ω- \ nbpw C‰enbpw h≥i-‡n-If - m-sW∂ `mh-tØm-sS-bmWv a‰p cmPy-ß-tfm-Sn-S-s]-´-Xv. Xß-fpsS kwkvImcw G‰hpw Db¿∂- X pw Id- b - ‰ - X p- a m- s W∂v P¿Ω≥Im¿ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C‰-en-bm-Is´ Xß-fpsS ]gb tdma≥ ]mc-º-cysØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\mWv {ian-®-Xv. AXn-cp-IS- ∂ Cu tZiobt_m[w h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Bbp-[o-I-c-W-Øn-te-°pw tZio-b-X-Iƒ XΩn-¬ sshcw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-te°pw \bn®p. CXns\ B{Im-aI tZio-bX (aggressive nationalism) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.

tZio-bX Hcp cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kpÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-s®-¶nepw as‰mcp hn`mKw a\p-jy-sc Nqj-W-Øn\pw ASn-a-Ø-Øn\pw hnt[-b-cm-°n. {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 49

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Gjy- b nepw B{^n- ° - b nepw km{am- P yXzw \SØnb sh´n-∏n-SpØßfpw h¿≤n®p-h∂ B{ImaItZio- b - X bpw BWv bqtdm- ] y≥ cmjv { Sßƒ°nS-bn¬ i{XpX hf¿ØnbXv. CXv cmPyßƒ XΩn- e p≈ kwib- ß ƒ h¿≤n- ∏ n- ® p. ]ckv]cw B{I-a-W-`o-jWn `b∂v h≥tXm-Xnep≈ Bbp-[-ti-J-c-W-Øn-te°v \oßn. Hmtcm cmPyhpw a‰v cmPy-ßsf kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-tbm-sSbpw `b-tØm-sSbpw t\m°n-°≠v ssk\y-_-ehpw \mhn-I-tk\bpsS i‡nbpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. bqtdm]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ Cu ]c-kv]-c-kw-ibw hnhn[coXn-bn-ep≈ Icm-dp-I-fn-te-°pw hgn-sX-fnbn®p. CXv ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tNcn-Xn-cnhp-Iƒ°pw Imc-Wa - m-bn. A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Øn¬ Hcp cmPyØn\pw Xs‚ i{Xp- Bsc-t∂m an{Xw Bsc-t∂m ]d-bm≥ Ign-™n-√. Bkv{Sn-b-bp-ambn cl-ky-°cm-dp-≠m-°nb djy t_mkv\nb˛sl¿kntKm-hn\ {]iv\w h∂-t∏mƒ Bkv{Sn-bs - °-Xnsc B{I-aW - `o-jWn apg-°n. djy≥ B{I-aW - sØ t\cn-Sm≥ 1882˛¬ P¿Ω-\n, Bkv{Snb˛lwK-dn, C‰en F∂o cmPy-ßƒ tN¿∂v "{Xncm-jv{S-kJyw' (Triple Alliance) cq]o-Ic - n-®p. {Xncm-jv{S-kJy-Øn-s\-Xnsc {^m≥kp-ambn cl-ky-°-cm-dp-≠m-°n-bmWv djy CXns\ t\cn-´-Xv. djy˛{^m≥kv cl-ky-°-cm¿ ]n∂oSv Cw•ojv ˛ {^©v Icm- d n- \ v , "B¥m¥v tIm¿Zn-bm¬' (Entente Cordiale) hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

{Xncm-jv{S-k-Jyhpw {Xncmjv{S [mc-Wbpw

CXp ]n∂oSv djybpw {_n´\pw XΩn-ep≈ DS-ºSn-bmbn amdn. djy-bpw {_n´-\pw {^m≥kpw tN¿∂v ]pXp-Xmbn cq]o-I-cn® Cu "{Xncmjv{S [mcW' (Triple Entente) P¿Ω-\n, Bkv{Sn-b, C‰en F∂nh¿ tN¿∂v cq]o-I-cn® "{Xncm-jv{S-kw-Jy-Øn\v' _Zem-bn-cp-∂p. Cu k‘n-Ifpw DS-ºS- n-Ifpw cmPyßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Ahnizm-kØ - n\v i‡n Iq´p-Ibpw ]c-kv]c - `- bw hf¿ØpIbpw BWv sNbvXXv. CØ- c - Ø n- e p≈ k‘n- I ƒ as‰mcp Imcyw Dd∏m°n: Hcp bp≤-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv c≠p cmPyßƒ°n-Sb - n-¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn \nev°msX temIw apgp-h≥ hym]n-°p∂ alm-bp-≤a - mbn ]cn-Wa - n°pw.

k‘n- I fpw kJy- ß fpw bp≤hpw kwL¿jhpw Hgn-hm°m≥ th≠n- b p≈XmWv. F∂m¬ ChXs∂ bp≤-Øn-\pIm- c - W - a m- I p∂ A\p- ` hhpw D≠v ˛ {]kv X m- h \ hni- I - e \w sNøpI.

tImf\nhncp≤ {]ÿm-\-ßƒ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-]m-Z-Ønepw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZyZi-I-ß-fn-ep-ambn Gjybn¬ tImf-\n-hncp≤ ka-c-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p. {_n´ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS `c-W-\-S-]Sn-I-fpw 50

\b- s sh- I - e y- ß fpw C¥y- b n¬ tImf- \ nhncp≤tZiob{]ÿm-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p≈ kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-°n. C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb hnIk-\sØ apc-Sn-∏n-°p∂ \bß-fmWv {_n´ojv

km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

k¿°m¿ \S-∏m-°p-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿∞yw P\ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkØn-eqsS ASn-t®¬∏n-°m≥ {ian® kmwkvIm-cnI ASn-a-ØsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ C¥y-bn-ep-b¿∂ph∂ tImf-\n-hncp≤ tZiob{]ÿm-\Ø - n\v ({]Xntcm[ tZio-b-X-bv°v˛Defensive Nationalism) Ign-™Xv \nßƒ a\- n-em-°nbn-´p-≠t√m. CXp- t ]mse ssN\okv P\- X - b psS tZiob t_m[sØ X´n-bp-W¿Øn, hnhn[ hnπh kwLS-\I - sf Hcp-an∏n®v ssN\-bpsS hntam-N\ {]ÿm\sØ apt∂m´v \bn-°m≥ tUm. k¨bmXv sk∂n\v Ign-™p. ssN\-bnse Cu apt∂‰w Htckabw km{am-Py-Xz-i-‡n-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw ssN\ `cn-®n-cp∂ a©p cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Zp¿∂b-ßƒs°-Xn-sc-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. a©p-cm-P-hw-im-[n-

tUm. k¨bmXv sk≥

Imcw XI¿Øv Hcp P\-IobP\m-[n-]Xydn∏-ªnIv ÿm]n- ° m- \ m- b n- c p∂p ssN\- b nse tZiob{]ÿm\ t\Xm°ƒ {ian-®-Xv. tZio-b-X, P\m[n-]-Xyw, tkmjy-enkw F∂o ASn-ÿm\ Bib-ß-fn-eq-∂n-bmWv Cu t]mcm´w \S-∂-Xv.

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS Atacn-°°m¿ tIma-tUm¿ s]dn- (Commodore Perry) bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P∏m\okv Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ Xßƒ°mbn Xpd-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnPbw t\Sn. Atacn-°≥ Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-I-fpw B`y¥chym]mc- Ø n¬ {]tXyI hntijm[n- I m- c ßfpw t\Sn- s b- S p- ° m\pw Ch¿°v Ign- ™ p. XpS¿∂v CtX Ah-Im-i-ßƒ a‰p sImtfm-Wn-b≥ i‡n-Ifpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ P∏m≥ P\X Cu hntZi CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬ i‡-amb {]Xntj[w Db¿Øn. P∏m-\n¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn-encp∂ ^yqU¬ kz`mhap≈ tjmK¨ `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnscbpw hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn hym]mcDS-º-Sn-Iƒ D≠m- ° p∂ \b- Ø n- s \- X nscbpw {]Xn- t j[w i‡-am-bn. tjmK¨ `cWsØ ÿm\-{`-jvS-am°p-∂-Xn\pw hntZi i‡n-I-fpsS CS-s]-S¬ Ahkm-\n-∏n-°p-∂X - n\pw i‡-amb ka-cß - ƒ \S-∂p. sshtZ-inI CS-s]-S-en-s\-Xn-cmb Cu ka-c-Øn¬ H‰-s∏´ \nc-h[n B{I-aW-ßƒ hntZ-in-Iƒ°p t\sc-bp-≠m-bn. 1868˛¬ tjmK¨ `c-W-Øn\v Xnc»o-e- hoWp. sabvPn cmP-hwiw ÿm\-ta-‰p. \mep ]Xn- ‰ m- ≠ p- I m- e sØ sabv P n cmP- ` - c WØn\p Iogn¬ P∏m≥ ]q¿∆- t Z- i sØ h≥i‡n- b mbn amdn. ]m›mXy bqtdm- ] y≥ i‡n-I-fp-ambn a¬kcn°p-∂-Xn\v i‡n t\Snb P∏ms‚ Cu hf¿® Gjy- b nse tImf\n hncp≤ka-c-ßƒ°v h≥ Bth-i-amWv \¬InbXv. djy-bp-am-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ P∏m-\p-≠mb hnPbw bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ°p ta¬ a‰m¿°pw B[n-]Xyw t\Sm-\m-hn-s√∂ anYym-[m-c-Wsb XI¿°p- ∂ - X n\v - C - S - b m- ° n. CXv km{amPyXzhncp≤ ka- c - ß ƒ°v hºn® IcpØp ]I¿∂p.

kz¥w `qhn-`m-K-Øns‚ i‡nbpw Zu¿_-eyhpw Xncn-®-dn™v P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A[n-Im-cßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ tZiob{]ÿm-\-ßƒ Ahk-cs - am-cp-°n. hnhn[ tImf-\n-hn-cp≤ ka-cß - f - psS Ncn{Xw hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv Cu A`n-{]mbw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

51

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

52

$

hSt° Ata- c n- ° bpw sXt° Ata- c n- ° bpw hyXykvX apt∂-‰-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv kzX-{¥-cm-Pyßfm- b Xv˛Ata- c n- ° bnse tIm- f - \ n- I fpsS kzmX{¥ykacw ]cn-tim-[n®v Cu {]kvXm-h\ hnebn-cp-Øp-I.

$

apX-em-fnØw km{am-Py-Xz-ambn hnI-kn-°m-\p-≠mb kml-Nc - y-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p? km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚ {]Xnk - ‘ - n-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-Wv? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$

bqtdm-∏ns‚ hyh-kmb]ptcm-KXn km{am-Py-Xz-Ønte°v \bn-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

$

C‰- e n- b p- t Sbpw P¿Ω- \ n- b p- t Sbpw GIo- I - c - W ßƒ°v klm- b n® LS- I - ß ƒ N¿® sNbv X v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

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sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§-ap-t∂‰w tImf\nhncp≤ka-c-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\taIn-b-sX-ß-s\sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.

$

]uckvXy bqtdm-]y≥ kaky shdpw AXn¿ØnØ¿°-ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. km{amPy-Xz-]-chpw A[n-\n-th-i-]-c-hp-amb Imc-W-ßƒ CXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p˛Is≠-ØnF-gp-XpI.

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B{^n-°-bpsS hoXw-sh-bv∏v- km-{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ AXym¿Øn-bpsS G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-W-am-Wv. ka¿∞n-°pI.

$

B{Im-aItZio-b-Xbpw {]Xn-tcm-[-tZ-io-bXbpw tImf-\o-I-c-W-Øn\pw tImf\n hncp≤-k-a-c-ßƒ°pw bYm-{Iaw Imc-W-am-bn˛]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

4

H∂mw temI-bp≤w tImf\n hmgv®bpw km{am-P-y-X-z-Øns‚ hym-]-\hpw ap≥ A[-ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNbvX-Xm-W-t√m. km{am-P-y-Xzi‡n-Iƒ temIw Iog-S-°m-\p≈ a’-c-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´-t∏mƒ kwL¿j-ßƒ hym]-I-am-bn. C°m-eØv A¥m-cm-jv{S-cw-K-Øp-≠mb {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ Ahn-i-zm-k-Øns‚bpw ]ckv]-ckv]¿≤bpsSbpw A¥-co-£-ap-≠m°n. Hmt´m-a≥ km{am-P-yØns‚ A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ing-°≥ bqtdm-∏nse `q{]-tZ-i-ßƒ. Ch Iø-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \S∂ kwL¿j-ß-fmWv {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°v XpS-°a - n-´X - v. "]uc-kvXy bqtdm-]y- ≥ ka-ky' (Eastern Question) F∂ t]cn-emWt√m CXv Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. Hmt´m-a≥ km{am-P-y-Øns‚ `mK-ambn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ djy B[n-]-Xyw t\Sp-sa∂v `b∂ {_n´≥, {]jy, tlmf≠v F∂o cmP-y-ßƒ tN¿∂v Hcp kJ-y-ap-≠m-°n. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn´mWv _mƒ°≥ {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-hp-∂-Xv. _mƒ°¨ {]tZ-i-ßƒ 1908˛¬

53

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ Imc-W-ß-fn¬ NneXmbn ]uckv X ybqtdm- ] y≥ ka- k y- s bbpw _mƒ°≥ {]Xn-k-‘n-sbbpw IW-°m-°m-dp-≠v.

_mƒ°¨ {]tZ-i-ßƒ 1914˛¬

P¿Ω≥ `mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßfpw P\ßfpw H‰-cm-jv{S-ambnØoc-W-sa∂ {]Nm-cWw P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. _mƒ°≥ D]Zzo]pw Ah¿ e£- y - a n- ´ p. _mƒ°≥ {]tZ- i ßƒ°p-th≠n Bkv{Snb Ah-Im-ih - m-Za - p-∂b - n®t∏mƒ P¿Ω\n AXns\ ]n¥p-W-®p. F∂m¬ hwio-bX-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B {]tZiw Xßƒ°p-thWsa∂v sk¿_nb Ah-Im-i-ap-∂bn-®p. djy AXns\ ]n¥p-W-®p. _mƒ°≥ {]tZi-ß-sf-s®m√n dj-y-bp-sSbpw P¿Ω-\n-bp-sSbpw Xmev ] - c - y - ß ƒ XΩn- e p- ≠ mb kwL¿j- a mWv _mƒ°≥ {]Xnk‘n F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

`q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v "]uc-kvXy-bq-tdm-]y≥ kaky', "_mƒ°≥ {]Xn-k‘n' F∂n-h-bn-te°v \bn® kml-N-cy-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-I.

samtdm-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n samtdm-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n F¥m-sW∂p t\m°mw. 1904˛¬ {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw cl-ky- a - mbn Hcp Icmdp-≠m-°n. CuPn-]v‰n¬ kz-X-{¥-ambn CS-s]-Sm≥ {_n´s\ A\p- h - Z n- ® m¬ samtdm- t °mbpsS taep≈ {^m≥kns‚ Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°mw F∂Xmbncp∂p Icm-dnse {][m\ hy-h-ÿ-.

samtdm-t°m-bpsS taep≈ {^m≥kns‚ AhImi-hm-Z-sØ- P¿Ω\n FXn¿Øp. Xß-fpsS tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ {^©v tImwtKmbpsS Hcp `mKw P¿Ω-\n°p \¬Im≥ {^m≥kv Xøm-dmbn, ]I-c-ambn samtdmt°m {^m≥kn\p \¬Im≥ P¿Ω-\n-bpw- k-Ω-Xn®p. AtXmsS X¿°-Øn\p Xm¬°m-enI ]cn-lm-cambn.

samtdm-t°mbpw {^©v tImwtKmbpw hSt° B{^n- ° - b nse cmP- y - a mb samtdmt°m B{^n- ° - b nse BZy C…m-anI cmP-y-am-Wv. saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ kap- { Zhpw A‰v e m‚nIv kap- { Zhpw k‘n-°p∂ Pn{_mƒ´¿ IS-en-Sp°v Cu cmPyØns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bXmWv ChnsS {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-Im≥ Imc-Ww. C∂sØ a[y B{^n-°≥ dn∏-ªn-Iv, tImwtKm, Km_¨ F∂o {]tZ-iß - ƒ Dƒs°m-≠n-cp∂ {^©v tImf-\n-bmWv {^©v tImwtKm. Cu tImf-\n-bn¬ ap∏-tXmfw {^©v Iº-\n-Iƒ {]mtZ-inIhn`-h-ßsf NqjWw sNøp-Ibpw Xt±-i-hm-kn-Isf ASn-a-Isft∏mse ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p. 54

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

_mKvZmZv sdbn¬ P¿Ω-\n-bnse _¿en-s\bpw Hmt´m-a≥ km{am-Py- Øns‚ `mK-amb _mKvZm-Zn-s\bpw _‘n-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-th≠nbmWv _mKvZmZv sdbn¬sh \n¿ΩmWw Bcw-`n-®Xv. F∂m¬ CXv P¿Ω-\n-bpsS hym]mc-

km[-yX h¿≤n-∏n°p-sa∂v {_n´\pw djybpw `bs∏´p. P¿Ω\n t]¿jy≥ Kƒ^n-te°pw Hmt´ma≥ km{amPyw CuPn-]vXn-te°pw kzm[o\w hym]n-∏n°p-sa∂v {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw Icp-Xn. H∂mw temIbp-≤-Øns‚ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn CXp amdn.

temIØns‚ cmjv{Sob`q]-SØ - n¬ P¿Ω\nbnse _¿en\pw CdmJnse _mKvZmZpw AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-∏n-°p-I. _mKvZmZv sdbn¬ \n¿ΩmWw H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn\v Imc-W-ambsX-ßs\? hni-I-e\w sNøpI. km{am-PyXzcmjv{S-ßƒ CØcw {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-SpØXv F¥n-\m-bn-cp∂p-sht∂m? tImf\n cmP-y-ßsf ssIbS°nsh®v Ah-cpsS kºØv NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-Øs∂. AXn-\m¬ H∂mw temI-bp≤w km{am-P-y-Xz bp≤sa∂ t]cn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

km{am-P-y-Xzcmjv{S-ßƒ°n-S-bnse kwL¿jßƒ ssk\nIkJ-y-ßfpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\p hgn-h-®Xp \mw I≠p. Cu tNcn-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ FXn¿ hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-Sbn¬ At\ym\yw kwibØn\pw `bØn\pw Imc- W - a mbn. am{X- a √ GsX- ¶ n- e p- s amcp bp≤- a p- ≠ m- b m¬ AXv

ssk\n-I-k-Jy-ßfpw XmXv]-cy-ßfpw kqN\

A¬skbvkv temssd≥ 1871˛¬ P¿Ω\n Iog-S-°n. {^m≥kv CXv Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p.

Zzncm-jv{S-kJyw {Xncm-jv{S-kulm¿Zw

djy

t{K‰v{_n-´≥

kzX-{¥-cm-Py-ßƒ s\X¿e≥Uvkv

Hmt´m-a≥ km{amPyw X¿°-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ

s_¬Pnbw eIvkw-_¿Kv

kwL¿j-ta-Je

A¬skbvkv temssd≥

t]m ¿® pK - ¬

{^m≥kv

P¿Ω\n

Bkv{Snb lwKdn kzn‰vk¿e≠v C‰en

kvs]bn≥

_mƒ°≥ {]tZ-i-ßƒ-˛B-kv{Sn-b˛lwKdn, djy, Xp¿°n F∂n-h¿ \nb-{¥-WØn-\mbn {ian-®p.

sdmam-\nb t_mkv\nb kc-Pmshm sk¿_nb _ƒtK-dnb tam≠n-\s{Km A¬t_-\nb {Kokv

samtdms°m ({^-©v)

Xp¿°n

AƒPo-cnb ({^-©v)

samtdms°m˛{^m≥kpw P¿Ω- \ nbpw Cu {]tZ- i Øns‚ \nb- { ¥Ww B{Kln®p

en_nb (C‰en)

CuPn]vXv ({_n´ojv)

55

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{]mtZinIambn HXp-ßp-∂-Xm-hn√ F∂ hy-‡amb kqN-\bpw \¬In. km{a-mPyXzcmjv{S-ßƒ t_m[-]q¿hw krjvSn® {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ temIsØ Hcp bp≤-Øn-te°p \bn-®p. Bkv{Sn-b-bpsS km{am-PyXz ]cn-]m-SnIƒs°-Xnsc sk¿_nb i‡-ambn {]Xn-Ic - n-®p. t_mkv\n-b≥ Xe-ÿm-\-amb skcm-sb-thm-bn¬ h®v Bkv{Sn-b≥ Inco-Sm-h-Imin B¿®vUyq°v {^m≥kv s^¿Un-\‚pw `mc-ybpw 1914 Pq¨ 28˛\v shSn- t b‰p acn- ® p. sk¿_n- b ≥ hwi- P - \ mb Km{hnsem {]n≥sk]v BWv Ahsc shSnh®p sIm∂-Xv. Ccp]Øn\mev aWn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ AXn\v hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬I-W-sa-∂m-h-i-y-s∏´v Bkv{Snb \¬Inb A¥-y-im-k\w sk¿_nb Ah-K-Wn-®p. CtXØpS¿∂v 1914 Pqsse 28˛\v Bkv{Snb sk¿_nbs°Xnsc bp≤w {]J-ym-]n®p.

CtXmsS H∂mw temI-bp-≤w Bcw-`n®p. djybpw {^m≥kpw sk¿_n-b-bpsS c£-bvs°-Øn. DSs\ P¿Ω\n dj-y-s°-Xn-scbpw {^m≥kn-s\-Xn-scbpw bp≤-{]-J-ym-]\w \SØn. {_n´≥ P¿Ω\ns°Xnsc- bp-≤-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂p. C‰en P¿Ω-\n-bpsS kJyw hn´v {_n´- t \m- s Sm∏w \n∂p. P∏m≥, t]m¿®p-K¬, {Kokv, dqam-\nb F∂o cmP-y-ßƒ {_n´ojv kJ-y-Øn¬ tN¿∂-t∏mƒ Xp¿°nbpw _ƒtK-dn-bbpw P¿Ω≥ `mKØp tN¿∂p. CtXmsS {_n´s‚ `mK-Øp≈h¿ kJ-y-i-‡n-Iƒ- (Allied Powers) F∂pw P¿Ω-\n-bpsS `mK-Øp-≈-h¿ tI{µ-i-‡n-Iƒ- (Central Powers) F∂pw Adn-bs∏-´p. temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-KØ - pw tImf-\n-If - p-≠mbn-cp∂ Cu cmPy-ßƒ Xß-fpsS tImf-\n-It- fbpw bp≤-Øn-te°v hen-®n-g-®p.

bp≤-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn˛Nn¥bpw {]hr-Ønbpw Rßƒ Aev]w `b-Øn-em-Wv. P¿Ω\n Ah-cpsS \mhnI i‡nh¿≤n-∏n-®n´p-≠v. \Ωƒ CXn¬ \n∂v Hgn™p \n¬°-bmWv \√-Xv. _¬Pn-bsØ klm-bn-°m-sa∂v hm°p-sIm-SpØp t]mbn.

1914 BKÃv 4 {_n´¨ P¿Ω-\n-tbmSv bp≤w {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.

djy-bp-ambn bp≤w sNbvXm¬, {^m≥kv Ah-cpsS IqsS-°q-Spw. AXp-sIm≠v BZyw Ahsc 1914 BKÃv 1. Hgn-hm-°-Ww. _¬Pnbw hgn Hcp P¿Ω\n djy-tbmSv bp≤w {]Jym-]nan∂-em-{I-aWw \S-Ømw. °p-∂p. BKÃv 3 P¿Ω\n {^m≥knt\mSpw bp≤w {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. _¬Pn-bØ - n-eqsS B{I-aWw \S-Øp-∂p.

1914 Pqsse 31. djy sk¿_n-bsb klm-bn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂p.

sk¿_nb Ip‰w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Ah¿ in£n-°-s∏SWw. djy CS-s]-´m¬ P¿Ω\n klm-bn-°m-sa-t∂-‰n-´p-≠v. 1914 Pqsse 23 B¿®v Uyq°ns‚ ac-W-Øn\v Imc-W-°m-cm-b-hsc AdÃv sNøm≥ sk¿_nb A\p-h-Zn-°Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ Rßƒ sk¿_nbsb B{I-an-°pw.

Bkv{Snbbv°v Iog-Sß - n-√. CXv Bkv{Sn-bb - psS kºq¿W ta[m-hn-Ø-Ønte°v \bn-°pw.

Rßƒ P¿Ω-\nsb shdp-°p-∂p. Ign™ bp≤Øn¬ Rßsf tXmev]n®v `qan ssIb-S°n 1914 Pq¨ 28 Bkv{Sn-b≥ Inco-Sm-h-Imin B¿®v Uq°v {^m≥kv s^¿Un-\m‚ v t_mkv\n-bbn¬ sh®v shSn-tb‰p acn-®p. sk¿_nb, t_mkv\nb ssIb-S-°m≥ B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p.

Pqsse 24, 1914 sk¿_nb djy-bpsS klmbw tXSp-∂p.

\Ωƒ ImØn-cn-°mw. BcmtWm Pbn-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS ]£Øv tNcp-I-bmWv \√-Xv.

56

Bkv{Snb bp≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®m¬ Cu taJe Ah¿ ssIb-S-°mw. CXns‚ B[n]Xyw \ap-°p-thWw.

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn\v Imc-W-amb A¥¿tZ-iob {]iv\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏´ {][m\ cmP-y-ß-tf-sX-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p? Ah-cpsS \n£n]vX Xmev]-c-y-ß-sfs¥-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p? hni-I-e-\w sNøpI.

bp≤-cwK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ Nne Nn{X-ßƒ

P¿Ω\n BZy-sams° {^m≥kn¬ henb apt∂‰ap- ≠ m- ° n- s b- ¶ nepw Ah- k m\w ]cm- P - b - s ∏SpIbmWp≠mbXv. \mhnIbp≤-Øn¬ BX-y¥nIhnPbw {_n´-\m-bn-cp-∂p. P¿Ω\n Ata-cn°≥ I∏- e p- I sf XpS¿®- b mbn IS- e n¬ ap°nbtXmsS AXp- h sc bp≤- Ø n¬ t\cn´v ]s¶-Sp-°m-Xn-cp∂ Ata-cn-° P¿Ω-\n-s°-Xnsc kJy-I-£nIsf klm-bn-®p. {_n´s‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn-ep≈ kJ-y-i-‡n-Iƒ°v AsXm-cm-iz- m-ka - mbn. hnπ-hsØØp-S¿∂v djy 1918 am¿®n¬ bp≤-cw-KØp\n∂p ]n≥amdn. P¿Ω\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tI{µ kJy-Øn\v ASn-°Sn ]cmPbw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h∂ - p. P¿Ω\n Iog-Sß - n.

{]tbm-Kn-°-s∏´ kmt¶-XnIhnZ-y-Iƒ ]eXpw hn\m-i-I-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ncn-{X-Øn-¬ B-Z-y-ambn Htckabw Icbnepw IS-enepw BIm-iØpw H∂mw temI-bp≤w˛ac-W-\n-c°v

kJy-i-‡n-Iƒ ssk\yw 36%

tI{µ-i-‡n-Iƒ ssk\yw 22%

tI{µ-i-‡n-Iƒ km[m-c-W-°m¿ 22% kJy-i-‡n-Iƒ km[m-c-W-°m¿ 20%

km{am-P-y-X-z-bp-≤-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ X{¥-ßƒ \qX-\hpw 57

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

bp≤w \S-∂p. Ic-bp-≤-Øn¬ BZ-y-ambn Sm¶v, sj√p-Iƒ, ssa\p-Iƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-®p. [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS {]iv\-ß-sfm∂pw IW-°n-seSp-°msX P¿Ω\n t¢mdn≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnjhm-X-I-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-®p. apßn-°-∏-ep-I-fp-]-tbmKn®v I∏-ep-Isf ap°n. t_mw_v h¿jn°p-∂Xn\p-

th≠n hnam- \ - ß ƒ BZ- y - a mbn D]- t bmKn®psh∂Xpw Cu bp≤-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX - b - mWv. Hcp tImSn- t bmfw ssk\n- I ¿°v bp≤- Ø n¬ Poh≥ \jvSs - ∏-´p. temIkºZvhy-hÿ XI¿∂p. Zmcn- { Z- y hpw sXmgn- e n- √ m- b v a bpw cq£- a m- b n. Im¿jnI-h-y-mh-km-bnIcwKßƒ XI¿∂p.

bpt≤m]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \ho-I-c-Whpw ]pXn-b-h-bp-sS Is≠-Øepw am\-hcm-insb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. H∂mw temI-bp-≤m-\p-`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-I.

kam-[m\{ia-ßƒ H∂mw temI-bp≤w \S-°p-tºmƒXs∂ kam-[m\-Øn-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Ata-cn°≥ {]kn-U‚mbncp∂ hpt{Um- hn¬k≥ Xømdm-°nb ]Xn-\m-en\]cn-]mSn (Fourteen points) AXns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤m-h-km\w 1919˛¬ ]mco-kn¬ h®v Hcp kam-[m\ktΩ-f\w hnfn®p Iq´n. Cw•-≠v, {^m≥kv, Ata-cn-°, C‰en F∂o

cmP-y-ß-fmWv Cu ktΩ-f-\Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. ]cm-PnXcmjv{S-ß-sf Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶Sp-∏n-®n-√. h≥i-‡n-I-fmb Cu \mep cmPy-ßfpw tN¿∂v Ah-cpsS Xmev]-c-y-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p-≠m°nb DS- º - S n- I - f mWv ]n∂oSv ]e cmPy- ß fpsStaepw ASnt®¬∏n®-Xv. AXn¬ {][m-\s∏´h GsXms°bmsW∂p t\m°mw.

hpt{Umhn¬ks‚ 14 C\-]-cn-]mSn 1

cl-ky-°-cm-dp-Iƒ ]mSn-√.

2

kap- { Z- ß - f n¬ bp≤- k - a - b Øpw kam- [ m- \ - I meØpw kzX-{¥-k-©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw.

9

Bkv{Sn-bbpw C‰-enbpw XΩn-ep≈ AXn-cp-Iƒ ]p\x-{I-aoI-c-Ww.

3

cmPy-ßƒ XΩn¬ kzX-{¥-hym-]mcw.

10 Ing- ° ≥ bqtdm- ∏ nse P\- ß ƒ°v kzbw \n¿Wbm-h-Imiw.

4

F√m cmPy- ß fpw \ncm- b p- [ o- I - c - W - Ø n- \ mbn bXv\n-°-Ww.

11 sk¿_n-bbv°v kap-{Z-Øn-te-°p-ff {]th-i\ kzmX{¥yw.

5

tImf-\n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS `mhn-sb-∏-ddn Xocp-am\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw.

12 Xp¿°n km{am-Py-Ønse P\-ßƒ°v kzbw-`-cWm-h-Imiw.

6

P¿Ω≥ ssk\yw djy-bn¬\n∂v ]n∑m-dWw.

7

_¬Pn-b-Øn\p kzmX{¥yw.

13 t]mf≠v kap-{Zm-Xn¿Øn-bp≈ kzX-{¥-cm-Py-amIpw.

8

{^m≥kn\v A¬skbv k v temssd≥ Xncn- ® pIn´pw.

14 k¿∆-cm-jv{S-kJyw cq]o-I-cn-°pw.

thgvkmbv (Versailles) k‘n ]mcokv kam-[m\N¿®-I-sf-Øp-S¿∂v H∏p-h-®Xn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ k‘n-bm-Wn-Xv. P¿Ω\n- b p- a m- b mWv CXv H∏p- s h- ® - X v . Atß- b ‰w A]am-\I - c - a - mb Cu k‘n{]Imcw P¿Ω-\n-bpsS A[o-\-X-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]eXpw {^m≥kv, _¬Pn-bw, sU≥am¿°v F∂o cmPyßƒ°v hn´p-sIm-SpØp. ssk\nIi‡n h≥tXm58

Xn¬ sh´n-°p-d®p. bp≤-°-∏-ep-Isf ASn-b-dsh®p. bpt≤m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn. CXn-s\ms° ]pdsa P¿Ω-\n-bpsS ta¬ bp≤-°p‰w Npa-Øn. 6.6 aney¨ tUmf¿ bp≤- Ø ns‚ \jvS- ] - c n- l mcambn \¬IW-sa∂ hy-h-ÿbpw P¿Ω\nsbs°m≠v AwKoI-cn-∏n-®p.

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

thgvkmbn DSºSn˛ {][m\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ bp≤-°p‰w $ bp≤-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw P¿Ω-\n°v Bbn-cp∂p. \ncm-bp-[o-I-cWw $ ssk\n-I-cpsS FÆw ]c-am-h[n 1 e£w. $ \n¿_- ‘ nXamb ssk\nItkh\w ]mSn√. $ Sm¶p- I ƒ, apßn°- ∏ - e p- I ƒ, ssk\nI hnam\-ßƒ F∂nh kw`-cn-°-cpXv. \jvS-]-cn-lmcw $ 1921 hsc P¿Ω\n bp≤- Ø n- e p- ≠ mb \mi\jv S ßƒ°p≈ \jv S - ] - c n- l mcw {^m≥kv, s_¬Pn- b w, {_n´≥ F∂o cmPy-ßƒ°p P¿Ω\n \¬IWw. $ Cu XpI \n m-c-ambn-cp-∂n√ (GI-tZiw 6.6 aney¨ tUmf¿). CXv P¿Ω-\nbpsS hm¿jnI Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 2% hcpw.

P¿Ω\n Iog-S-°nb {]tZ-i-ßƒ Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°¬ $ P¿Ω\n°p ]pd-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ F√m tImf\n-Ifpw {_n´-\pw {^m≥kpw ]¶n-s´-Sp-Øp. $ A¬skbvkv temssd≥, km¿ Ch \jvS s∏´p. $ P¿Ω- \ nbpw Bkv { Sn- b bpw XΩn- e p≈ _‘w hnt—-Zn-°-s∏´p. $ ]Sn-™m-d≥ {]jy, A∏¿ sk-tejy Ch t]mf-≠n\p \¬In. $ Um≥knKv \Kcw eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ kzX{¥ ]´-W-ambn. eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kv $ A¥m-cmjv{S t]meokv F∂ coXn-bn¬ eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kv ÿm]n-®p. F∂m¬ Hcp kam-[m\ cmjv{S-ambn amdpw hsc P¿Ω\n°v AXn¬ AwK-Xz-an-√.

P¿Ω-\n°v \jvSs - ∏´ {]tZ-iß - ƒ 1918 djy-bn¬ \n∂v P¿Ω-\n-Io-g-S-°nb enXzm-\n-b, FkvtXmWn-b, em\znb F∂nh kzX{¥ cmPyß-fm-bn.

\ncm-bp-[o-Ic - n-°s - ∏´ taJe

P\-ln-X] - c - n-tim-[\ - °p-tijw sU∑m¿°n\v

eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kns‚ \nb-{¥W-Øn-ep≈ Um≥knwKv \Kcw

enXzm-\n-b°v

\ncm-bp-[o-I-cn-°s∏´ ssd≥em≥‚ v t]mf-≠n\v

{^m≥kn-\v,

Bkv{Sn-bbpw P¿Ω-\nbpw XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw ]mSn-√.

t]mf-≠n\v

P¿-Ω-\n°v \jvSs∏´ cmPy- ß ƒ

eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ km¿ {]tZ-iw.

59

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy, bptKm-…m-hn-b, dqam-\n-b, A¬t_-\nb XpS-ßn-bh Aßs\ \ne-hn¬ h∂ ]pXnb cmP-y-ß-fm-Wv.

bp≤-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw

thgvkmbn k‘n kw`m-j-W-ßƒ

thgvkmbv k‘n am{X-a√ A∂p \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. 1919˛se sk‚ v P¿sabv≥ k‘n Bkv{Snb lwKdn-bp-am-bmWv H∏p-sh-®-Xv. AXp{]Imcw lwKdnsb Bkv{Sn-bb - n¬ \n∂v th¿s]-Sp-Øn. 1920˛se Xs∂ skhvdv (Sevres) k‘n Xp¿°n-bp-am-bmWv H∏p-sh-®X - v. B{^n-°b - nepw ]›n-ta-jy- b - n-ep-ap≈ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw CXn-eqsS Xp¿°n°v \jvSam-bn. CtXmsS Xp¿°n-bn¬ Jeo^m `cWw Ahkm-\n-®p. hnhn[k‘n-I-fn-eqsS bqtdm-∏n¬ ]pXnb cmPyß-fpsS DZ-b-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cpßn. t]mf-≠v,

temI-hym-]-I-amb ^e-ß-fmWv H∂mw temIbp≤-Øn\v D≠m-b-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cyap≈ bqtdm-∏nse cmP-hw-iß - ƒ ]e-Xpw-˛P - ¿Ω\nbnse tlmsl≥tkmf≥ (Hohenzollern), Bkv{Sn-b-bnse tlmsl≥tÃms^≥ (Hohen staufen), kvs]bn-\nse lm]vkv_¿Kv (Hapsburg), apX-em-bh- ÿm-\-{`-jvS-cm-bn. djybnse tdma-t\m^v (Romanov) `c-Whpw Ahkm-\n-®p. temI-Øn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy {]{In-bbv°v CXv B°w Iq´n. Xp¿°n-bn¬ Jeo^ `cWw Ah-km-\n®v apkvX^ Iam¬]m-j-bpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ dn∏_vfn-°≥ `cWw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. 1917˛se djy≥ hnπ-h-Øn-\p-tijw temI-i-‡nI-fpsS _em-_-e-Øn¬ kmc-amb am‰-ßƒ h∂p. km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-dbv°v hn≈¬ hoWp.

H∂mw temI-bp-≤m-\-¥cw Xøm-dm-°nb kam-[m\k‘n-Iƒ \oXn-]q¿h-ambn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

dj-y≥ hnπhw temINcn-{XsØ Gsd kzm-[o-\n® {^©v hnπh-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-®-tXm¿°p-a-t√m. H∂mw temIbp≤Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \S∂ djy≥ hnπ-hhpw AØ-c-Øn-sem-∂mWv. tdmamt\m^v hwi-P-cmb km¿ (Tsar) N{I-h¿Øn-am-cmWv djy `cn-®n-cp∂Xv. AhcpsS `c- W - Ø n\p Iogn¬ a‰v bqtdm]y≥ cmPy-ß-sf-t∏mse km{am-P-y-Xz-i-‡nbmIm≥ djy {ian-®n-cp-∂p. Ipe-m°p-Iƒ F∂-dnb-s∏´ h≥InS `qhp-S-a-Iƒ I¿j-Isc ITn-\-ambn t{Zmln- ® p. ]›m- X - y - a m- X r- I - b n- e p≈ hyhkmbh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ hym-]\w dj-y-bn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf h≥tXm-Xn¬ NqjWw sNøm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s\-sbms° ]n¥pW-®n-cp∂ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ tkz-—m-[n-]-X-y-Øn-s\Xnsc I¿j-Icpw sXmgnemfn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-°m\mcw-`n-®p. 1898˛¬ dj-y≥ tkmj-y¬ sUtam-{Im‰nIv te_¿ ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn-®p. se\n≥ F∂ t]cn¬ 60

cmP-Ip-Spw_w (Rßƒ `cn-°pw)

]ptcm-ln-X¿ (Rßƒ D]-tZin-°pw) ]´mfw (Rßƒ shSn-sh°pw) ˛ kº-∂¿ (Rßƒ kpJn®p Pohn°pw)

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ (Rßƒ ]Wn-sb-SpØv \nß-sf-sb√mw Xo‰n-t∏m-‰pw) km¿ `cWw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Im¿´q¨ Nn{Xw

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

{]kn≤-\mb hvfmUn-a¿ C√y®v De-ym-t\mhv Bbncp∂p Ah-cpsS {][m\t\Xm-hv. ]n∂oSv Cu ]m¿´n t_mƒsj-hn-°p-Iƒ (`qcn-]£hn`m-Kw) F∂ t]cn¬ CS-Xp-]-£-sa∂pw sa≥sj-hn-°pIƒ (\yq-\-]-£-hn-`m-Kw) F∂ t]cn¬ he-Xp-]£-sa∂pw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. se\n≥ t_mƒsjhn-°p-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmbn. km{am-P-y-Xz`c-W-Øns\-Xnsc kpkw-L-Sn-X-cmb hnπ-h-Im-cn-I-fmbn ]m¿´n-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ amd-W-sa-∂mWv t_mƒsj-hn°p- I ƒ hmZn- ® - X v . sXmgn- e m- f n- I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ hnπhNn¥ hf¿Ø- W - s a∂pw ]Wn- a p- S °pw hnπhhpw am¿§-ß-fmbn kzo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Ah¿ ]d-™p. hnπ-h-Øn\pw ]Wn-ap-S-°n\pw ]Icw ]cn-jvIc - W - hpw sXc-s™-Sp∏pw aXn-sb∂v hmZn- ® p- s Im- ≠ mWv sa≥sj- h n- ° p- I ƒ th¿]ncn™Xv. 1905˛¬ P∏m-\p-ambn \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ dj-y ]cmPb-s∏-´-Xns\ØpS¿∂v N-{I-h¿Øn-s°-Xnsc Hcp hnπhw \S- ∂ p. A∂sØ N{I- h ¿Øn \nt°m-fkv c≠m-a≥ "Zqa' (Duma) F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚ v cq]o-I-cn-°m-sa∂v kΩ-Xn-®p. ]´nWnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw cq£ambt∏mƒ ka- c - ß ƒ \S- Ø p∂Xn\p- t h≠n "tkmhn-b‰v' F∂ t]cn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw kan-Xn-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. F∂m¬ t]meokv Ahsc ASn- ® - a ¿Øm≥ XpSßn. t_mƒsj-hnIv ]m¿´n {]h¿Ø-I¿ Hfnhn¬ t]mbn. ]e t\Xm-°fpw Ad-Ãn-em-bn. se\n≥ kzn-‰vk¿em‚nte°v Hfn-hn¬ t]mbn. H∂mw-tem-I-bp-≤-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]´nWn hym-]-I-amb-tXmsS 1917˛s‚ XpS°w apX¬ s]mXp-]-WnapSse\n≥ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒs°m∏w

CS-Xp-]£w heXp-]£w {^©v hnπ-h-k-a-b-ØmWv CS-Xp-]£w, heXp-]£w F∂o-t]-cp-Iƒ hym-]-I-ambn D]-tbmKn®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. \mj-W¬ Akw-ªn-bn¬ cmPm-hns‚ A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ {]kn-U‚ns‚ heXp-h-iØpw hnπ-hsØ A\p-Iq-en-®-h¿ At±l-Øns‚ CS-Xp-h-iØpw Ccn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ cmPm-hns‚ a{¥n-am¿ kv]o°-dpsS he-Xp-h-iØpw {]Xn-]-£mw-Kßƒ At±lØns‚ CS-Xp-hi - Øpw Ccn-°p∂ ]mc-º-c-y-am-W-h¿ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. ]ptcm-K-a-\m-ib-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-hsc CS-Xp-]£w F∂v XpS¿∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. °p-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ \n∂v djy ]n∑mdW-sa∂pw km¿`-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Wsa∂pw ka-c-°m¿ Bh-i-y-s∏´p. am¿®v 12˛\v ssk\-y-Øns‚ \nc-h[n dPn-sa‚pIƒ ]Wn-ap-S°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfm-sSm∏w tN¿∂p. Ah¿ cmjv{So-b-Ø-S-hp-Imsc tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw s]t{Sm{KmUv F∂ Xe-ÿm\ \Kcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1917 am¿®nse Cu kw`-hw s^{_p-hcn hnπhw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p (]gb dj-y≥ Ie-≠¿ {]Imcw AXv s^{_p-h-cn-bnem-bn-cp-∂p).

tNmc-bn¬ IpXn¿∂ Rmb-dmgvN (Bloody Sunday)

XpS¿®-bmbn ]Øpw ]Xn-s\m∂pw aWn-°q¿ ]Wn-sb-Sp-t°≠nh∂ djy-bnse ^mIvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ sa®- s ∏´ tkh\thX\ hyh- ÿ Iƒ Bh- i y- s ∏´v ^mZ¿ tPm¿Pv Kmt]m-Wns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1903˛¬ Hcp kanXn cq]o-I-cn-®p. Hcp e£tØmfw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ]Wn-ap-S-°p-Ibpw 1905 P\p-hcn 22˛mw XobXn ^mZ¿ Kmt]m-Wns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS sIm´m-c-Ønte°v am¿®v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]meokv Ahsc {Iqc-ambn B{I-an-®p. \qdn-tesd sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ acn-®p. IdpØ Rmb-dmgvN F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu kw`-h-tØmsS 1905˛se djy≥ hnπhw Bcw-`n®p. 61

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

s^{_phcn hnπhw dj-y-bn-ep-≠m-°nb am‰-ßsf-s¥m-s°-? hnπhw \S-°p-tºmƒ Xe-ÿm-\-Øn-√m-Xn-cp∂ km¿ N{I-h¿Øn "Zqa'sb ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ {ian-s®¶nepw hnP-bn®n√. "Zqa' A[n-Imcw Gs‰-Sp-°pIbpw am¿®v 15˛\v Hcp Xm¬°m-enI k¿°m¿ cq]o-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. N{I-h¿Øn A[n-Imcap-t]-£n-®-p. F∂m¬ Xm¬°m-enI k¿°m-cn\v t\Xr-Xzw \¬Inb sa≥sj-hn-°p-I-fpw- A-h-cpsS t\Xmhv Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ sId-≥kvInbpw apºv kqNn-∏n® P\-Iob{]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. bp≤-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw XpScp-hm≥ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xns\ t_mƒsjhn-°p-Iƒ FXn¿Øp. s^{_p- h cn hnπhw \S- ° p- t ºmƒ kzn‰vk¿em‚nembn-cp∂ se\n≥ cl-ky-ambn djy-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-. At±lw s]t{Sm-{Km-Un¬ h®v Xm¬°m-enI k¿°m-cn-s\-Xnsc ka-c-{]-Jym]-\w \S-Øn. hnπ-h-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂ a‰p t\Xm- ° - f mWv entbm¨ t{SmSv k v I nbpw tPmk^v Ãmen-\pw. bp≤hpw ]´n-Wn-bp-a√, Blm-chpw kam-[m-\-hpamWv P\-ßƒ°v th≠sX∂v A-t±lw {]Jym-

]n-®p. \hw-_¿ Ggn\v sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw ssk\n- I - c p- s Sbpw tkmhn- b - ‰ p- I - f p- s Sbpw kwbp‡apt∂-‰-Øns‚ ^e-ambn s]t{Sm-{KmUv Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ X{¥-{]-[m-\-amb ]´-W-ß-sf√mw t_mƒsj-hn-°p-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. Xm¬°menIk¿°m-cns\ ÿm\-{`-jvS-am-°n-sb∂v {]Jym]n-®p-sIm≠v se\n≥ tdUn-tbm-bn-eqsS dj-yb - nse P\-ßsf A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp. `qhp-Sa - ÿ X Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-sa∂pw Dev]m-Z\ - Ø - n¬ sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ°v \nb-{¥Ww \¬Ip-sa∂pw tkmhn-b‰pIƒ°v A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-sa∂pw F√m-h¿°pw kam-[m\w Dd-∏m-°p-sa∂pw At±lw {]J-ym-]n®p. tkmjy-enÃv {Iaw \S-∏n-em-°p-hm\mbn apt∂m´p t]mIp-sa∂v se\n≥ {]J-ym-]n-®p. hnπhw \S∂Xv \hw-_-dn-em-sW-¶nepw ]gb djy≥ Ie≠¿ {]Imcw AXv HIvtSm-_dnem-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ HIvtSm-_¿ hnπ-h-sa∂ t]cn-¬ CXdnb-s∏-Sp∂p. ]gb Xm¬°m- e nI k¿°m- c nse AwK- ß ƒ AdÃn-em-sb¶nepw sId≥kvIn c£-s∏-´p. 1918 s^{_p-h-cn-tbmsS ]pXnb dj-y≥ k¿°m¿ cmPysØ- √ m- b n- S Øpw A[n- I mcw ÿm]n- ® p. t_mƒsj-hnIv ]m¿´n djy≥ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´nsb∂ t]cv kzoI-cn®p.

62

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Hcp Iym‚o≥

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ Hcp tUm¿an-‰dn

DØc djy-bnse Hcp {Kmaw

Hcp I¿j-I-Kr-l-Øns‚ Dƒ`mKw

km¿ `c-W-Im-esØ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Pohn-Xm-hÿ

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

bp≤-Ønse ]cm-Pbw

]´m-fØ - nse elf

km¿ N{I-h¿Øn

Uyqa F∂ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ cq]o-Ic - Ww

{Kma-ß-fnse AXr]vXn

tkmhn-b-‰p-I-fpsS cq]o-Ic - Ww

Ä

1905-˛se km¿ N{I-h¿Øn-s°Xncmb hnπhw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ 1917˛se hnπhw hnP-bn-°m-\p≈ Imc-W-sa¥v?

Ä

1917˛se hnπ-hØ - ns‚ hnP-bØ - nte°v \bn® {][m\ kw`- h ßfmWv Nn{X-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈Xv. hnπ-hØ - ns‚ hnP-bØ - n\v Ch- t bm- t cm∂pw hln® ]¶v Is≠-Øp-I.

]´n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw

]Wn-ap-S° - p-Iƒ

kmº-ØnI]cn-jvIm-c- ßƒ hnπ- h m- \ - ¥ cdj- y A`n- a p- J o- I - c n- t °≠nh∂ {]iv\-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. 1917 apX¬ 1921 hsc dj-y-bn-ep-≠mb B`-y-¥-c-bp≤w Imc-y-ßƒ IqSpX¬ hj-fm-°n. djybnse ]gb `qhp-S-a-Ifpw apXem-fn-amcpw IqSn cq]o-I-cn® sh≈-∏-Sbv°v (White army) IΩyq-WnÃv `c-WsØ `b-s∏´ ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ klmbw \¬In. Ah¿ djysb B{I-an-®p. CS-t¶m-en-S¬ bp≤sa∂ t]cn¬ CX-dn-b-s∏´p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]q¿W-

ambpw XI¿∂p-t]mb kº-Zvhy-hÿ -sa®-s∏-SpØm≥ se\n ≥ ASn- b - ¥ c\S- ] - S n- I ƒ ssIs°m≠p. Irjn-`q-an, FtÃ-‰p-Iƒ F∂nh I¿j-I¿°v hnX-cWw sNbvXp. Dev]-∂-ß-fn¬ A[n-I-ap-≈h k¿°m¿ Gs‰SpØv a‰v P\-hn-`mK-ßƒ°v hnX-cWw \S-Øn. hy-h-km-b-im-e-Ifn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h-sb√mw thX-\-Øn\v ]Ic-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pXs∂ \¬In. CXv bp≤ImeIΩ- y q- W n- k (War Communism) - s a∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏-´p.

bp≤-Ime IΩyq-Wnkhpw ]pØ≥ kmº-Øn-I-\bhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw bp≤-Ime IΩyq-Wnkw ]pØ≥ kmº-Øn-I-\bw DXv]m-Z\w

DXv]m-Z\w

k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂Xv

50% k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p I¿j-I¿ hnev°p∂p

AXy-[zm\w sNøp∂ I¿j-I≥

aSn-b-\mb I¿j-I≥

I - ¿j-I\v

-I¿j-I\v

DXv]m-Z\w

DXv]m-Z\w

k¿°m¿ H∂pw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂n√ I¿j-I\v

50% k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p I¿j-I\v

63

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I sshZypXn amwkw km¿ `c-W-Im-esØ DXv]m-Z\w I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ I¬°cn [m\yw

Ão¬

H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Imew

hnπhw

]pØ≥ kmº-ØnI \bw

]pØ≥ kmº-ØnI \b-Im-esØ kmº-ØnI hf¿®˛1921˛25

1921˛¬ se\n≥ ]pØ≥ -km-º-ØnI \bw ( New Economic Policy) \S-∏n-em°n. CXn≥{]Imcw I¿j-I¿°v CjvS-ap≈ [m\yw Irjn-sN-øm\pw Dev]-∂-ßƒ s]mXp-I-tºm-f-Øn¬ hnev°m\pw kzmX{¥yw \¬In. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v thX\w ]W-ambn sImSpØp. kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bn¬ Nne hy- h - k m- b - ß ƒ A\p- h - Z n®p. dj- y - b psS kºZvhyh-ÿsb i‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu \S-]Sn-Iƒ klm-bn-®p.

]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ 1924˛¬ se\ns‚ ac-W-tijw ]m¿´n-bn¬ t\Xrÿm-\-sØØnb tPmk^v Ãmen-\mWv dj-ysb ]n∂oSv \bn-®-Xv. 1929˛¬ temI- Ø n- e m- Z y- a mbn tkmhn- b ‰v bqWnb\n¬ ]©-h-’c ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°n. BtKmf DXv]m-Z-\hpw temI-cm-Py-ßfpw 1929˛38 50

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ cq]wsIm≈p-∂p

64

P¿Ω\n {_n´≥

40 Hmtcm cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw ]¶v iX-am-\-Øn¬

1924˛¬ Hcp ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. AXp- { ]- I mcw tkmhn- b ‰v dn∏- ª n- ° p- I - f mb tPm¿Pn-b, A¿ta-\n-b, Dss{I≥, Ak¿ss_-Pm≥ XpS- ß n- b - h Dƒs°m- ≈ p∂ bqWn- b ≥ Hm^v tkmhn-b‰v tkmj-y-enÃv dn∏-ªnIvkv (bp.F-kv.F-kv.-B¿.) cq]o-I-cn-®p. AtXmsS djy≥ IΩ-yqWnÃv ]m¿´n tkmhn-b‰v IΩ-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bmbn. 1936˛¬ ]Xn-s\m∂p dn∏-ªn-°pI-sf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øns°m≠v Hcp `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. hn`n∂ tZio-b-X-Ifpw hwio-b-X-Ifpw Dƒs°m≠ Cu dn∏- ª n- ° p- I fnse F√m- h cpw Xpe- y cmsW∂v {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠mWv tkmhn-b‰v bqWnb≥ {]h¿Øn-®Xv.

Ata-cn° djy

30

20

10

0 1929

1932

1937 1938

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

]©-h’c ]≤Xn-bpsS BZysØ \mep h¿jsØ t\´-ßƒ: $

\ap°v Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-kmbime-Iƒ H∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. C∂v H∂p≠v.

$

\ap°v sajo≥ Sqƒ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ H∂p≠v.

$

\ap°v Hscm‰ B[p-\nI cmk-hy-h-kmbime t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. C∂v H∂p-≠v.

$

Im¿jn-I-b-t{¥m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Hscm‰ h≥InS ^mIvS-dn-t]mepw \ap-°p≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. C∂v H∂p≠v (H∂mw ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-sb-∏‰n 1932-˛¬ Ãmen≥ \S-Ønb {]kwKw)

c≠mw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤Xn Xocptºm-tgbv°pw tkmhn-b‰v bqWnb≥ i‡-amb Hcp hy-mh-km-bnI ssk\nI i‡n- b mbn amdn- . kz¥w hn`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v `cW-IqS-Øns‚ t\cn-´p≈ \nb{¥-W-Øn-emWv AhnsS hnIk\w km[-y-am-°n-b-Xv. kz-Im-c-yta-J-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kwcw-`ß-sf√mw `c-WIqSw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. hy- h - k m- b - ß - f nepw hmWn- P - y Ønepw kz- I m- c - y - t a- J - e bv ° v ]¶m-fn-Ø-an-√m-Xm-bn. 1929˛se temI kmº- Ø nI XI¿®_m[n- ° m- X n- c p∂ GIcmPyw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\m-Wv.

]©-h-’-c-]≤-Xn-I-fpsS t\´-ßƒ H∂mw ]©-h-’-c- ]≤Xn: c≠mw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤Xn: DXv]m-Z\w 1927˛28 e£yhpw t\´hpw 1937 e£yhpw t\´hpw 1933 sshZypXn 1000 Zi-e£w bqWn-‰n¬

e£yw e£yw t\´w t\´w

I¬°cn Zi-e£w SÆn¬

Hmbn¬ Zi-e£w SÆn¬

temIkmº-ØnI ØI¿®-bpsS ZpcnXa\p-`-hne£yw ®n-cp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf temI-t\´w Øns‚ hnhn[`mKe£yw ß-fn¬ kwL- q-WnÃv t\´w Sn-∏n-°p∂-Xn\pw temII-Ωy {]ÿm-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂-Xn\pw tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b≥ Xbm-dm-bn. e£yw e£yw

hy-X-y-kvX-am-sbmcp hntZ-i-\bw A¥¿tZ- i obcwKØv tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b≥ ]pXnb \ne-]m-SpIƒ kzo-I-cn-®p. ]mcokv kam[m\- N¿®-I-fn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶pan- √ m- X n- c p∂ Ah¿ 1921˛¬ Cdm≥, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, Xp¿°n F∂o cmP-y-ß-fp-ambn Icm-dp-Ifn-sem-∏p-h-®p. B cmP-y-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Icm-dpIƒ. 1934˛¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWnb≥ eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kn¬ AwK-ambn. tImf\n hmgvNbpw km{am-P-y-X-zhpw XpS-cp-∂-Xns\ FXn¿Ø {]apJi‡n tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b-\m-bn-cp∂p.

t\´w

Ccp-º-bncv Zi-e£w SÆn¬

t\´w

e£yw e£yw

t\´w

t\´w

Ão¬ Zi-e£w SÆn¬ t\´w

e£yw

t\´w

e£yw

65

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse ]pXnb `c-W-Iq-Shpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw temINcn-{XsØ h≥tXm-Xn¬ kzm-[o-\n-®p. tImf-\n-I-fn¬ kzm-X-{¥-y-k-acw i‡-am-Im≥ XpSßn. temI-sØ-ºmSpw sXmgnemfn-h¿§Øn\v ]pXn-sbmcp Znim-t_m-[-ap-≠m-bn. an°-cm-Py- ß - f - nepw IΩ-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-Ifpw sXmgnemfn kwL-S-\-Ifpw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse tkmj-y-en-ksØ ASnÿm\-am°p∂ Bkq-{XW kmº-ØnI\bw ]e-cm-P-yßfpw amXr-I-bm-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ata-cn-°-bpsS "\yq-Uo¬', sIbv≥kns‚ kmº-ØnIkn≤m¥w F∂n-h-bn-sems° AXns‚ kzm-[o-\-ap-≠mbn. C¥y kz-X-{¥-amb tijw Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp tkmhn- b ‰v bqWn- b s‚ amXr- I - b n- e mWv ]©h’c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®-Xv.

eoKv Hm^v \mj≥kn¬ Ata-cn° ]¶m-fn-bm-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xns\ ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ Im¿´q¨

H∂mw temI- b p- ≤ - t ØmsS Ata- c n- ° - b psS kºZvhy- h ÿ A`qX- ] q¿h- a mb hf¿® ssIhcn®p. Ata-cn-°-bpsS tUmf¿ AXp-h-scbp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {_n´ojv ]u≠ns\ ]n∂n-em°n, temIkmº-ØnI hn\n-abØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\ambn. eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kn¬ tNcmsX \n∂ Atacn° Cu Ime-Øv temI-Øns‚ a‰p-`m-K-ß-fn¬ kmº-ØnIkzm[o\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mWv {ian®Xv. bqtdm-∏n¬ AXv henb {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp≠m-°n. P¿Ω-\n-bpƒs∏sS ]e cmPy-ßƒ°pw Ata-cn° h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]Ww ISw sImSpØp. P¿Ω- \ nsb \ncm- b p- [ o- I - c n- s ®- ¶ nepw ]n∂oSv Bbp[\n¿Ωm- W - Ø n\v h≥tXmXn¬ ]Ww \¬In-bXv Ata-cn-°bmWv. 1922˛¬ Ah¿ P∏m≥, {_n´≥, C‰-en, P¿Ω\n F∂o cmPy-ß-fp-ambn 66

H∂mw temI-bp-≤hpw Ata-cn-°bpw Ata-cn-°-sb∂p s]mXpsh Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Atacn- ° ≥ sFI- y - \ m- S p- I sf (United States of America) ]cn-N-b-s∏-´t√m. H∂mw temI-bp-≤-amcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ bp≤-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°msX amdn \n¬°m-\mWv Ata-cn° Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. Ata-cn°≥ {]kn-U‚mbncp∂ hpt{Um hn¬k≥ Xømdm-°nb ]Xn-\m-en\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn-em-bn-cp∂p bp≤m-\-¥cw \S∂ kam-[m\ N¿®-Iƒ. B¿°pw \jvS-ß-fp-≠m-Im-Ø {]tZi-ß-fpsS Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-I-fp-≠m-ImØ Xc-Ønep≈ kam- [ m\DS- º Sn hn¬k≥ hmKv Z m\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]oIr-X-am-b-XmWv k¿∆-cm-Py-kJyw (League of Nations). F∂m¬ thgvkmbv k‘n Ata-cn-°≥ sk\‰v \ncm- I - c n- ® p. am{X- a √ eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kn¬ tNcp-I-bn-s√∂v Ata-cn° {]Jym]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ata-cn° ap≥ssI-sb-SpØv cq]o-I-cn® eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kn¬ Ah¿ AwK-am-Im-Ø-Xns\ \nßƒ Fßs\ hne- b n- c p- Ø p∂p? N¿® sNøp-I. DS- º - S n- b p- ≠ m- ° n. ssN\- b n¬ F√m cmPyßƒ°pw Xpd∂ CS- s ]- S - e n\v (Open Door Policy) Ah- k cw \¬In- s °m≠v P∏ms‚ kzm[o\w AhnsS hf-cp-∂Xv XS-bm-\mWv Atacn° {ian-®-Xv. F∂m¬ P∏m≥, C‰-en, P¿Ω\n F∂n-h¿ ]n∂oSv a‰p cmPy-ßƒs°-Xnsc B{IaW-ßf - m-cw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ Ata-cn° FXn¿°m≥ Xømdm-bn-√. ^mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw \mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®bv°v Cu \ne-]mSv klm-b-I-c-ambn.

temI-km-º-ØnIamµyw Ata-cn-°-bpsS kmº-ØnI hf¿® \mw I≠Xm-W-t√m. F∂m¬ 1929˛¬ temIw Hcp kmºØnI XI¿®-bn-te°v FSp-sØ-dn-b-s∏-´p. apXemfn- a m¿ h≥t\- ´ - a p- ≠ m- ° n- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h- ¶ nepw P\ßƒ `qcn- ` m- K hpw ]´nWnbn- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p.

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

Ata-cn°≥ kmºØnI hf¿® 1920˛I-fn¬

kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Dev]m-Z\w h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-®p-sh-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw hmßm≥ Bfp-Iƒ°v tijn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. kmº-ØnI hf¿®-°n-S-bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnse ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw IpSpw-_-ßƒ ]´n-Wn-bpsS Ahÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Hml-cn-°-tºm-f-Øns‚ X-I¿®bm- W v kmº- Ø n- I - a mµy- Ø n\v XpS- ° - a n- ´ - X v .

1929˛\pw 1932˛\pw CS-bn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw _m¶p-Iƒ XI¿∂p. I¿j-I¿°v Dev]-∂-ßƒ hn¬°m≥ Ign- ™ n- √ , `qan \jv S - a m- I p- I bpw sNbvXp. Ata- c n- ° - b n- e m- c w- ` n® kmº- Ø nI XI¿® {ItaW temI-cm-Py-ß-sf-sb√mw _m[n-®p.

kmº-Øn-IØ - I - ¿® Chn-sSbpw 1929˛33˛se temIkmº-Øn-I-Ø-I¿® \ΩpsS \mSn-s\bpw kmc-ambn _m[n-®p. \qdp-I-W-°n\v Irjn-°m¿ ]m´-°p-Sn-bm-∑mcpw IpSn-In-S-∏p-Im-cp-ambn amdn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ \nb-an® kmºØnI amµym-t\z-jW IΩn-‰n-bpsS dnt∏m¿´n¬ CsX√mw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS hne- IpØ-s\- CSn-™Xv, ]en-ibpw IShpw Aan-X-ambn h¿≤n-®-Xv, Iqen h≥tXm-Xn¬ sh´n-°pd-®Xv, sXmgn-en-√m-bva hym]-I-ambXv, Zmcn{Zyw h¿≤n-®Xv, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sXmgn¬ \jvSs∏´Xv F∂n-h-sbms° AXn¬ hy‡-am-Wv. Nmb, d∫¿ tXm´-ß-fn¬ H∂-c-e£w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ D≠mbn-cp-∂-Xn¬ 50 iX-am-\hpw ]ncn-®p-hn-S-s∏-´p. Bbncw \mfn-tI-c-Øn\v 1928˛¬ 65 cq] hne-bp-≠mbn-cp-∂Xv 1931 Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw 15 cq] Bbn Ipd-™p. A©p]d s\-√ns‚ hne 24 N{I-Øn¬ \n∂v 15 N{Iambpw A©p-]d Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hne 650 cq]bn¬ \n∂v 140 cq]bmbpw Ipd™p. CXpX-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p as‰√m km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-ÿ (28 N{Iw=1 cq]). 67

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

1933˛\v tijw Ata-cn-°b - n¬ CXn-\p≈ ]cn-lmc{i-a-ßƒ XpS-ßn. {^m¶vfn≥ Un. dqkvsh¬‰mWv AXn\v t\XyXzw \¬In-b-Xv. At±lw "\yq Uo¬' F∂ t]cn¬ ]pXnb ]cn-jv°-cW]cn-

]mSn \S- ∏ n- e m- ° n. t£a{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v ap≥Xq°w \¬In P\-ß-fpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ ]cn-lcn-°m≥ {ian-®p. F∂m¬ Idp-Ø -h¿§°m¿°v henb t\´-ß-sfm∂pw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√.

\yq Uo¬ (New Deal) tZio- b - a mb Hcp Bkq- { XnXkº- Z v h y- h ÿ Bh-iy-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhp IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p \yq Uo¬. sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h¿°pw Zcn-{Z¿°pw Bizm-kw (Relief), kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb km[mcW \ne-bn-tebv°v ]p\xÿm]n-°¬ (Recovery), ho≠pw kmº-ØnIØI¿®-bp-≠mhmØ coXn-bn¬ ]cn-jvI-cWw (Reform) F∂o aq∂v LS- I - ß ƒ \yq Uoen- \ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. {_n´ojv kmº-Øn-I imkv{X⁄\mb tPm¨

sabv \ m¿Uv sIbv ≥ kns‚ (John Maynard Keynes) kmº- Ø nI kn≤m- ¥ ßfmWv AXns\ kzm[o-\n-®Xv. kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw hnP-bn-°-W-sa-∂ns√∂pw k¿°m- c n\pw s]mXp- t a- J - e bv ° pw \n¿WmbI]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ an{ikº-Zvhy-h-ÿbmWv Bh-iy-sa-∂p≈ kn≤m¥w At±lw apt∂m-´p-h-®p.

1930˛Iƒ°p-ti-j-ap≈ bp.-F-kv. kmº-ØnI ÿnXnbpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw

$ \yq Uo¬ e£-°-W-°n\v sXmgn¬ \¬In. $ Ata-cn-°≥ _m¶p-If - psS \ne ÿnc-s∏-SpØn. $ _nkn-\kv kwc-w`-ßf - psS XI¿® Hgnhm°n. $ sS∂-kn-hmen AtXm-dn´n (TVA) t]mep≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Atacn-°-bnse ]nt∂m° {]tZ-iß- f nse sXmgnepw Pohn- X - \ n- e - h m- c hpw Db¿Øn. $ \yq Uo-ens‚ `mK-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, ]pXnb hnZym-e-b-ßƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ, Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn-Iƒ F∂o hn`-hß - ƒ h¿≤n-∏n-®p. $ \yq Uo¬ ASn-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI {]iv\ß - ƒ ]cn-l-cn-®n√. $ Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-ØnI cwK-Øns‚ Xncn-®ph-ch - n\v a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßt- f-°mƒ ImessZ¿Lyw FSp-Øp.

$ P\-ßƒ°v kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bn¬ hnizmkw D≠m-bn√. 1930˛Ifn¬ P\-ßƒ 1929˛\p apºv \nt£-]n® XpI-bpsS 75% am{Xta _m¶p-Ifnepw ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw \nt£-]n-°m≥ Xømdmbp≈q. $ 1937˛¬ {]kn-U‚ v dqkvsh¬´v \yq Uo¬ ]≤Xn-°p≈ [\-k-lmbw \ndp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ cmPyw kmº- Ø nI amµy- Ø n- t e°v Xncn®pt]mbn. $ tabv 1937˛\pw tabv 1938˛\pw CSbv°v {]mYanI Dev]m-Z\w 67% Ipd-™p. $ 1941˛¬ 6 Zi-e£w sXmgn¬c-ln-X¿ Ata-cn°-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. $ c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-b-Xn\p tij-amWv sXmgn-en-√mbva \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-bX - v.

Aan-X-amb kzIm-cy-h-¬-°-cWw kmº-ØnIX-I¿®bv°v hgnsbmcp-°n-bn´pt≠m? 1929˛se kmº-ØnI amµy-Øns‚bSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-I. 68

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

tImf-\n-I-fnse km{am-PyXz hncp-≤-k-a-c-ßƒ H∂mw temI-bp-≤hpw djy≥ hnπ-hhpw tImf\n-I-fn¬ km{am-PyXzhncp-≤-k-a-c-ßƒ°v i‡n Iq´n. Gjy, B{^n-° XpS-ßnb `qJfißfnse√mw tImf-\n-hn-cp≤ka-c-ßƒ \S-∂p. P∏ms\-Xnsc sImdn-b-bn¬ 1919 am¿®n¬ Bbn-c-ßƒ ]s¶-SpØ kacw \S-∂p. ]mcokv kam-[m\k‘n- {]-Imcw jm≥Xm-Mv P∏m\v \¬Im≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xn-s\-Xnsc 1919˛¬ ssN\-bnepw kacw \S-∂p. djy≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn 1921˛¬ ssN\okv IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]o-Ic - n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. H∂mw temI-bp≤mh-km\w tUm. k¨bmXv sk≥ t\XrXzw \¬Inbn-cp∂ Iqan-¥mMv I£n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Im‚¨ tI{µ-am°n Hcp k¿°m¿ ssN\-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1924˛¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ klm- b - t ØmsS Ipan- ¥ mMv I£nbpw IΩyqWnÃv ]m¿´nbpw kl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp tZiob hnπ-h-tk\ cq]o-I-cn-®p. Ah¿ bp≤-{]`p-°-∑m¿s°-Xn-scbpw P∏m≥, {_n´≥ F∂n-hn-Sß- f n¬ \n∂p≈ hyh- k mb°pØ- I - I - f psS sXmgn-emfn a¿±-\-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw t]mcm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. k¨bmXv sk∂ns‚ acWtijw Iqan¥mMv I£n-bpsS t\XrXztas‰-SpØ NnbmMv ssIsj°v CS-Xp-]-£sØ ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ {ian®Xv At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\yhpw ssN\okv IΩyqWnÃv ]m¿´nbpw XΩn¬ \o≠ B`y- ¥ c bp≤Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. C¥y-bn¬ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \S∂ kzmX-{¥yk- a - c - ß - s f- ° p- d n®v ap≥]v ]cn- N - b - s ∏- ´ - t √m. Pmenb≥ hmem_mKv Iq´- s °m- e s°Xn- c mb {]Xntj[w, \n -l-I-cW {]ÿm-\w, sska¨ IΩo- j ≥ hncp≤ka- c - ß ƒ, \nb- a - e wL\ {]ÿm\w F∂n-h-sbms° C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥yk-a-cØns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p.

^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw P¿Ω-\n-tbbpw C‰-en-tbbpw bp≤w kmº-Øn-Iambn XI¿Øp. sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw ]´n-Wnbpw P\-Iob {]Xn-tj-[-ßƒ°v Imc-W-ambn. Ccp cmPy-ß-fntebpw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v P\-tcm-jsØ A`n- a p- J o- I - c n- t °≠nh∂p. hnP- b n- ® - h - c psS

1925˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ln‰ve-dpsS Bfl-I-Y-bmb "sabn≥Imw^n's‚ ]c-ky-t_m¿Uv

1914˛se bp≤w Hcn-°epw P\-ßƒ°p-ta¬ ASnt®¬∏n-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√; AX-h¿ B{K-ln-®-Xmbn-cp-∂p. F√m A\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒ°pw Hc-hkm\w thW-sa∂v Ah¿ B{K-ln-®p. Ccp-]Xp-e£w P¿Ω≥Im¿ c‡w Nn¥m≥ Xømdmbn. kzbw ]S- ° - f - Ø n- e n- d - ß n- s b- ¶ n¬ AXns‚ ImcWw hne- b n- c p- t Ø- ≠ Xv Cu hkvXpX a\- n¬sh®m-h-Ww. Fs‚ bphXzw apgp-h≥ A\p-`-hn® ss\cm-iyØn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-\-am-bn-cp∂p F\n°mZn\ßƒ. bp≤-{]-Jym-]-\-Øns‚ B aqlq¿ØØn¬ Rm≥ Bthiw sIm≠p Xp≈n-t∏msb∂p ]d- b m≥ F\n- ° n- t ∏mgpw aSn- b n- √ . Im¬ap-´p-I-fn¬ hoWv lrZbw \nd™v ssZhtØmSp \µn ]d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥. Fs∂ Cß-s\-sbmcp t]mcm-´-Øns‚ ImeØv Pohn°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®-Xn-\v. (sabv≥ Imw^v˛ae-bm-f -]-cn-`m-j-˛ ]m-∏n-tbm¨ {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - w sk]v‰w-_¿˛2008˛ t]Pv \º¿ 160)

Iq´Øn¬s∏-´n´pw C‰-en°v Imcy-amb t\´-ßsfm∂pw e`n- ® n- √ . Cu kml- N - c y- Ø n- e mWv s_\nt‰m apk-eo-\n-bpsS (Benitto Mussolini) ^mjnÃv ]m¿´n C‰-en-bnepw AtUmƒ^v ln‰vedpsS (Adolf Hitler) \mkn ]m¿´n P¿Ω\n-bnepw kzm[o\w t\Sp- ∂ - X v . 1919˛¬ ^mkntbm 69

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

^mjn-kw P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ ]n¥pW h¿≤n-∏n® \S-]-SnIƒ $ tPmk^v Ko_¬kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ i‡-amb {]Nm-cW X{¥-ßƒ. {]tXyI hnam\w D]-tbm-Kn®v P¿Ω\n apgp-h≥ ln‰ve¿ 1932˛se sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]Nmc-W-Øn-\mbn k©-cn-®p. hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw {]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. ln‰ve-dpsS Nn{X-ß-fpw Bi-b-ßfpw Blzm\-ßfpw t]mÃ-dp-I-fmbn \mSp-\osf ]Xn-®p.

ln‰vesd \mkn A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ A`nhmZyw sNøp∂p

$ IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-I-fpsS sh≈-∏-Ssb t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\mb "Xhn-´p-°p-∏m-b-°m¿' F∂ Hcp hn`m-Khpw "ln‰ve¿ bqØpw' hym]-I-ambn P\-]n-¥pW t\Sn. $ FÆ-Øn¬ IqSp-Xe - p≈ Xhn-´p-Ip-∏m-b° - m¿ sXcp-hp-Ifn¬ cmjv{Sob FXn-cm-fn-Isf Imbn-I-ambn t\cn-´p. cmjv{Sob {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fpsS tbmK-ßƒ B{I-an-®p. $ ln‰ve¿ \s√mcp {]`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. i‡n-bpsS {]XoIambn At±lw amdn. ]m¿´n-bnse \nc-h-[n-t]sc {]mkwKnI-cmbn ]cn-io-en-∏n-®p. lwK-dn-bnse _pUm-s]-Ãn¬\n∂ XS-hn-em-°nb PqX-kv{Xo-Iƒ

$ P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ kmº-ØnI XI¿®-bpsS `mK-ambn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn® a≤y-h¿§w, I¿j-I≥, sXmgn-en√mØ sNdp-∏-°m¿ F∂n-hsc ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p ln‰ve-dpsS \b-ßƒ. $ kmº-ØnI XI¿®-bpsS ^e-ambn ]´n-Wn-bn-em-b-h¿, hoSp \jvS-s∏-´-h¿, sXmgn¬ \jvSs∏-´-h¿, I®-hSw XI¿∂-h¿ F∂n-h¿°v sXmgnepw kpc£n- X - X zhpw \¬Ip∂ kmº- Ø nI \bw hmKv Z m\w sNbvXp. "A∏hpw sXmgnepw' (Bread & Work) CXm-bncp∂p Hcp ap{Zm-hmIyw. $ P¿Ω- \ n- b psS ssk\nI _e- l o- \ - X - I - f n¬ tcmjw ]q≠h¿°v "thgvkmbn k‘n' sb \ncm-I-cn®v ]gb {]Xm]- Ø n- t e°v Xncn- ® p- h - c p- s a∂ ln‰v e - d psS {]Jym- ] \w Bthi-am-bn.

\mkn tIm¨k≥t{S-j≥ Iymºn¬ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-´-h-cpsS hnhm-l-tam-Xn-c-ßƒ

$ P¿Ω-\n-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒs°√mw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Isf tXSnbn-cp-∂-h¿°v "PqX-∑m-scbpw IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-scbpw' ln‰v-e¿ Nq≠n ImWn®p sImSp-Øp. \mkn ]´m-f-Øns‚ am¿®v

$ P¿Ω-\n-bnse {][m\ hyh-km-bn-Iƒ IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS hf¿®sb `b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ln‰ve¿ \n¿tZ-in® P¿Ω\n-bpsS "Bbp-[o-I-c-WsØ' klm-bn-®p. Hcp i‡-amb `cWIq-S-Øn-\mbn Ah¿ B{K-ln-®p. CXn-\mbn \mknIƒ°v [\-k-lmbw sNøm\pw Xøm-dm-bn. ln‰ve¿ Ch¿°v CXn\p ]I-c-ambn "t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-Isf' C√mbva sNøp-sa∂v hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

$ B¬{^Uv lyqK≥_¿Kv F∂ [\m-Vys‚ kulrZw ln‰vesd Gsd klm-bn-®p. \nc-h[n cmPy-ß-fnse ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS apX-em-fn-bmb Cbmƒ "\mkn' Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn\v am[y-a-k-lmbw \¬In. 70

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

UntImw_m-‰n-sa≥t‰m F∂ t]cn¬ apk-eo\n Bcw-`n® {]ÿm-\w 1921˛¬ \mj-W¬ ^mjnÃv ]m¿´n F∂ t]cn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp ]m¿´n-bmbn. 1914˛¬ P¿Ω≥ ssk\y-Øn¬ tN¿∂v [oc-ambn t]mcm-Snb ln‰ve¿ ]cm-P-b-Øn¬ \ncm-i-\m-bncp-∂p. 1922˛¬ P¿Ω≥ h¿t°gvkv ]m¿´n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nco-£n-°m≥ \nbp-‡-\mb At±lw ]n∂oSv ssk\y-Øn¬ \n∂pamdn. \mjW¬ tkmjy-enÃv P¿Ω≥ ]m¿´n (\mkn)- bpsS t\Xm-hmbn At±lw. ^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw apt∂m´ph® Bi-bß-fn¬ kam-\-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p˛hocm-cm-[\, hwio-b-X, `qX-Imeal-Øz-h¬°-c-Ww, bp≤shdn F∂nh. ]pcm-X\ tdma≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ al-ØzsØ {]Nm-cWhnj-b-am-°n-bmWv ^mjnÃp-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-®-Xv; \mkn-I-ƒ Bcy-hw-iØns‚ al-ØzsØbpw. Bcy-∑m-cmWv P¿Ω\n`cnt°≠-sX∂pw P¿Ω≥Im-cmWv temIw `cnt°≠-sX∂pw D≈ kn≤m-¥-amWv ln‰ve¿ {]Ncn-∏n-®-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v PqX-∑m¿ D∑q-e\w sNøs∏- t S- ≠ - h - c m- W v. P¿Ω- \ n- b psS kmºØnIØI¿®bv°v ImcWw PqX-∑m-cm-sW∂v \mkn- I ƒ hmZn- ® p. tkmjy- e n- Ã p- I - s fbpw IΩyqWnÃp-I-sfbpw sUtam-{Im-‰p-I-sfbpw Ccp Iq´cpw FXn¿Øp. ]{XkzmX{¥yw, ]m¿e-sa‚dn kwhn- [ m- \ w, h¿§k- a - c w, ssk\n- I - h ¬°cWhncp-≤-\o-°-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw Bcy-∑msc CSn®p XmgvØm≥ PqX-∑m¿ Is≠-Ønb D]-I-cW-ß-fm-sW∂ {]Nm-c-Whpw ln‰ve¿ \S-Øn-bncp-∂p. IdpØ Ip∏m-b-°m¿ (Black shirts) F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ^mjnÃv {Kq∏ns\ apk-eo\n kwLSn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ Xhn´p Ip∏m-b°m¿ (Brown shirts) F∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp {Kq∏ns\ ln‰vedpw kwLSn-∏n®p. C‰en-bn¬ 1921˛¬ \S∂ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ `qcn-]£-an-√m-Xn-cp∂n´pw A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m-\mbn ^mjnÃp- I ƒ tdman- t e°v am¿®v \S- Ø n. N{Ih¿Ønsb `oj-Wn-s∏-SpØn apk-eo\n A[nImcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. 1924˛¬ \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏n¬ ^mjn-Ãp-Iƒ `qcn-]£w t\Sn `c-W-ap-d∏n®p. ^mjnÃv `cWØns‚ `oI- c - X - b mWv ]n∂oSv C‰en I≠Xv. I-Ωyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-sbbpw sXmgn- e mfn kwL- S - \ - I sfbpw \ntcm- [ n- ® p.

apk-eo\n

]{Xßƒ°pw tdUntbm, kn\na F∂n-hbv°pw h≥\nb- { ¥- W - ß ƒ sIm≠p- h - ∂ p. ^mjnÃv Bib{]Nm- c - W - Ø n\pth≠n am[y- a - ß sf h≥tXm-Xn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. {]mtZ-inIk¿°m-cpIsf ]ncn®phn´p. \nc-h[n tkmjy-en-Ãv-˛-I-ΩyqWnÃv t\Xm-°sf h[n-®p. Bbn-c-ßsf XS-hnem°n. P\-ß-fpsS ZpcnXw h¿≤n®p. kºZvhyhÿ IqSp-X¬ tami-am-bn. tdmanse ItØm-en°mk`-bp-ambn k‘n-bp-≠m°nb apk-eo\n ItØm-en°maXsØ cmjv{SØns‚ aXam- ° p- I bpw Xs‚ `cW- Ø n\v

Ko_¬kn-s‚ kn≤m¥w AtUmƒ^v ln‰v-e-dpsS G‰hpaSpØ hniz- k v X - \ m- b ncp∂p tPmk^v Ko_¬kv. hwiobip≤o- I - c - W - s a∂ \mkn ]≤-Xn-bpsS D]-⁄mXmhv At±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mkn Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n°m≥ Npa-X-e-bp≈ a{¥nbmbn At±-lsØ ln‰ve¿ \nb-an-®p. ]{X-ßƒ, tdUntbm, kn\n- a , kwKo- X w, kmlnXyw F∂nh D]-tbmKn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ko_¬kv Xs‚ {]Nm-c-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-b-Xv. Hcp I≈w Bbncw XhW Bh¿Øn-®m¬ AXv kXyambn Xocp- s a- ∂ - X m- b n- c p∂p Ko_¬kns‚ {][m\kn≤m-¥w. 71

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

k`bpsS ]n¥pW t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]m∏n\v hØn-°m≥ F∂ kzX{¥cmPyw A\p-h-Zn-®psImSp- Ø p. bp≤- t Øm- S p≈ sImXn apkeo\nsbsIm≠v A_n- k o- \ nb (C∂sØ FtXym]y) kvs]bn≥, A¬t_-\nb F∂o cmPyßsf B{I-an-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-®p. HSp-hn¬ B`y¥c{]iv\-ßƒ ImcWw apkeo\n-bpsS tkz—m[n-]Xy`cWw A´n-a-dn-°-s∏-´p. P¿Ω-\n-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ ]cn-lmcw \mkn]m¿´n-bm-sW∂v {]N-cn-∏n® ln‰vesd klm-bn®n-cp∂Xv Ko_¬kv BWv. Bi-b] - n-¥pW h¿≤n∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]Whpw sNe-h-gn-°pI-bp-≠mbn. P¿Ω-\n-bnse shbvam¿ (Weimar) `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v ]c-am-[n-Imcn {]kn-U‚ v

B-bn-cp-∂p. Nm≥k-e-¿ ÿm\tØ°v \nb-an-X\mb ln‰ve¿ 1934˛¬ {]kn-U‚ v ln≥U≥_¿Kv acn-®-t∏mƒ B ÿm-\hpw ssI°-em-°n. PqX-∑m-scbpw IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-scbpw C√m-Xm-°psa- ∂ v ln‰v e ¿ {]Xn⁄ sNbv X p. PqX- ∑ m¿ P¿Ω\n-bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-. F√m PqX∑mtcbpw tPmenbn¬ \n∂v ]ncn®phn´p. e£-°-W-°n\v PqX-∑msc tIm¨sk≥t{S-j≥ Iymºp-I-sf∂ {Iqc-amb ]oU\tI{µ-ß-fnepw Kymkv tNw_-dp-I-fn-epw AS®v h[n-®p. thgv k mbv k‘n- b nse hyh- ÿ - I ƒ Hs∂m∂mbn \ncm-I-cn-®p. bp≤-Øns‚ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬In-s√∂v At±lw {]Jym-]n-®p.

^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ X{¥-ßƒ Fs¥ms°? N¿® sNøp.

kvs]bn≥ ^mjn-k-Øns‚ hgn-bn¬ H∂mw temI-bp-≤m-\-¥cw kvs]bn≥ IΩyq-WnÃp-I-fp-sSbpw ^mjn-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw G‰p-ap-´-en\p≈ thZn-bmbn. cmP-hm-gv®, dn∏ªn-°≥ `c-Ww, ^mjnÃv km{am-PyXzw F∂n-h-sb√mw AhnsS amdnamdn- ]-co-£n-°-s∏-´p. 1931˛¬ cmP-hm-gv®- Ahkm-\n-®v kvs]bn≥ Hcp dn∏-ªnIv Bbn. -dn∏-ªn°≥˛I-Ωyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ß-fp≈ \nc-h[n ]m¿´nIƒ kvs]bn-\n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ch¿ XΩn¬ sFIy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {Ia-k-am[m\\ne XI¿∂-t∏mƒ B`y-¥ckwL¿jw

cq£-am-bn. 1936˛se Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ CS-Xp-˛heXp-]-£-ßƒ Xpey-ambn ko‰p-Iƒ t\Sn. Hcp ^mjnÃv ]m¿e- s a‚wKw h[n- ° - s ∏- ´ - X ns‚ t]cn¬ kvs]bn-\n¬ B`y-¥-c-bp-≤-am-cw-`n-®p. B`y- ¥ c Iem- ] - Ø n¬ P\- d ¬ {^mt¶m ^mjnÃv hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. djy, saIvkn-t°m, {^m≥kv F∂n-h¿ dn∏-ªn°ns\ ]n¥p-W-®-t∏mƒ P¿Ω-\nbpw C‰-enbpw {^mt¶msb ]n¥p-W-®p. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp kv]m\njv dn∏-ªn-°ns\ ]n¥p-W®v cwKØp h∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. IΩyq-Wnk-

sKz¿Wn° Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse alm-\mb kv ] m\njv Nn{X- I m- c ≥ ]mtªm]n°mtkm hc® s]bn‚nw- K v. ^mjn-Ãp-Iƒ t_mw_n´p XI¿Ø Hcp kv ] m\njv ]´- W - a m- b n- c p∂p sKz¿Wn- ° . B t]cn¬ hc® s]bn‚nw-Kn-eqsS ^mjn-k-Øns‚ IncmX hmgv®bv- s °- X nsc {]Xntj[n°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n°mtkm. 72

temI-bp-≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ^mjnÃv bp≤-am-bmWv {^mt¶mbpsS Iem-]sØ Ah¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Ahkm\w {^mt¶m hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw "^em-RvPnkw' (Falangism) F∂ t]cn¬ ^mjnÃv tkz—m-[n]Xyw kvs]bn-\n¬ \S-∏n-em-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

^mjnkw P∏m-\n¬ 1905˛¬ djysb tXm¬∏n-®p-sIm≠v P∏m≥ i‡n sXfn- b n® Imcyw kqNn- ∏ n- ® - X m- W - t √m. Hcp km{am-Py-Xz-i-‡n-bmbn hf¿∂ P∏m≥ H∂mw temIbp≤-Øn\ptijw hmjn-MvS¨ \ncm-bp-[oI-cWktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h®v Cw•-≠v, Ata-cn-°, {^m≥kv F∂o cmPy-ß-fp-ambn DS-º-Sn-bp-≠m-°n. AXv P∏m- \ n¬ hnhm- Z - ß ƒ°v Imc- W - a m- b n. P∏ms‚ {][m- \ - a - { ¥n- b mb ap≥ ssk\n- I ≥ _mc¨ X\m° km{amPy hn]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\pth≠n hmZn-®p. km{am-PyXzw al-Ø-c-am-sW∂pw

B{I-a-W -\-b-amWv th≠-sX∂pw At±lw N{Ih¿Ønsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. temIw Iog-S-°-Wsa-¶n¬ ssN\ Iog-S-°-W-sa∂pw ssN\ Iog-S°-W-sa-¶n¬ a©q-dnb Iog-S-°W-sa∂pw a©qdnb Iog-S° - W - s - a-¶n¬ sImdnb Iog-S° - W-sa∂pw X\m° {]Jym-]n-®p. P∏ms‚ km{am-Py-Xz-hym-]\sØ e£y-an´ Cu ]≤Xn X\m-° sa-tΩm-dnb¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1931˛se a©q-dnb B{Ia-WØ - n¬ t\Snb hnPbw P∏ms\ IqS-pX - ¬ A{Ia-W-Im-cn-bm°n. X\m-°sb XpS¿∂v {][m-\-a-{¥nbmb tSmtPm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P∏m-\n¬ ^mjnÃv `cWw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. 1936˛¬ P¿Ω\nbp-ambn tN¿∂v IΩyq-WnÃv hncp≤ kJyap-≠m°n-b-Xn-eqsS P∏m\pw ^mjnÃv hym]\Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-bn.

P∏ms\ Hcp km{am-PyXzi‡n-bm°n am‰nb-Xn¬ "X\m° satΩm-dn-b¬' s‚ kzm[o\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ H∂mw temI bp≤m-\-¥cw hf¿∂ph∂ ^mjnÃv `c-W-{I-a-ßƒ temI-ka - m-[m-\Ø - n\v `oj-Wn-bm-bX - n-s\-°p-dn®pw as‰m-cp-temI-bp≤Øn-te°v \bn® kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßsf°pdn®pw Hcp skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ bp≤-ß-fn¬ [zw-kn-°s∏-Sp∂ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøp-I. $ dj-y≥ hnπ-hhpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ hf¿®bpw temINcn-{XØn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm-[o\w hne-bn-cpØn Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm°pI. $ H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn-\p-Im-c-W-amb A¥m-cmjv{SX¿°-ßƒ GsX√mw? CXv temI-bp-≤-ambn amdm-\p≈ ]›m-Ø-e-sa¥v? $ hm¿ IΩyq-Wn-khpw ]pØ≥ kmº-Øn-I-\-bhpw Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p? $ ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ djy-bpsS kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xnsb kzm[o-\n-®-sX-ßs\? $ ^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw tZio-b-X-bpsS G‰hpw `oI-c-amb cq]-]-cn-Wm-a-am-Wv. C‰-en-bp-sSbpw P¿Ω-\n-bp-sSbpw km{am-PyXz i‡-nbm-bp≈ apt∂‰w ap≥\n¿Øn CXv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 73

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

c≠mw temI-bp-≤hpw km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw

5

H∂mw temI-bp≤w am\-h-cm-in°v hcp-Øn-sh® Zpcn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v \mw a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. "F√m bp≤-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ th≠n \SØnb' B bp≤-Øn\pw {]Xo-£n-®-Xp-t]mse temIØp kam[m\tam P\m-[n-]-Xytam \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-bn-√. bp≤m-\-¥-c-Im-eØv cmPy-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]Ibpw kwL¿j-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-bn. CXv `oI-c-amb as‰mcp bp≤-Øn-te-°mWv temIsØ sIm≠p sNs∂-Øn®-Xv. 1939 apX¬ 1945 hsc \o≠p\n∂ c≠mw temI-bp≤w a\p-jy-cm-inbpsS \ne-\n¬∏n-\p-Xs∂ `oj-Wn-bm-bn. ]pØ≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ Atß-b‰w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb bp≤w ap≥bp≤-ß-sf-°mƒ hn\m-iI-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. bqtdm-∏n-emWv Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw Xma-kn-bmsX AXv BtKmfbp≤-ambn amdn.

bp≤-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew H∂mw temI-bp≤m\-¥cw Xøm-dm-°nb ]mcnkv k‘nIsf-°p-dn®v ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNbvXt√m. H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn® kJy-I-£n-Iƒ {]Xn-Im-c-tØm-sS-bmWv thgvkmbv DS-ºSn P¿Ω-\n-bpsS-ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-®-Xv. P¿Ω\n-bpsS tImf-\n-Ifpw `q{]-tZ-i-ßfpw kJy-I-£n-Iƒ ]¶n-s´-Sp-Øp. bp≤-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw `oa-amb \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-Øp-Ibpw P¿Ω-\n-bpsS ta¬ sI´n-h-®p. P¿Ω\nsb \ncmbp-[o-I-cn-®p. GI-]-£o-bhpw A\ym-b-hp-amb thgvkmbv DS-º-Sn-bnse A]-am-\-I-c-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ P¿Ω≥ P\-Xsb Akz-ÿ-cm-°n. CXv apX-se-SpØv P¿Ω≥ P\-X-bn¬ {]Xn-Imcat\m-`mhhpw Xo{hamb tZiob-t_m-[hpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ln‰ve-dpsS \mkn-k-Øn\v Ign™p. C‰-en-bn¬ apk-eo-\nbpw P¿Ω\n-bn¬ ln‰vedpw A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-ØXv c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. H∂mw temIbp≤m-\-¥cw km{am-PyXzcmPy-ßƒ°n-S-bnse a’-c-ßƒ cq£-am-bn. {_n´≥, {^m≥kv, tlmf≠v XpS-ßnb km{am-Py-Xz-i-‡n-IfmWv Gjy-bn-sebpw B{^n-°-bn-sebpw `qcn-`mKw tImf-\n-Ifpw Itºmf-ßfpw ssIhiw h®n-cp-∂-Xv. P¿Ω-\n, C‰-en, P∏m≥ XpS-ßnb 74

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

ln‰ve-dpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn-°p∂ {_n´-s‚bpw {^m≥kns‚bpw \b-ßsf ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ Hcp {_n´ojv Im¿´q¨

cmjv{S-ßƒ°v tImf-\n-Itfm Itºm-f-ßtfm D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . CXv Ah- c psS kmº- Ø nI hf¿®sb _m[n- ® p. Ah¿°n- S - b n¬ ISpØ Akw- X r]v X n hf¿∂p. tImf- \ n- I ƒ ]nSn-

s®Sp°m\pw Zp¿_e cmjv{S-ßsf Iog-S-°m\pw Cu cmPy-ßƒ ]≤-Xn-bn-´p. P∏m≥ a©q-dnb B{Ian-®-Xpw C‰en, A_nko-\nb Iog-S-°n-bXpw P¿Ω\n ssd≥ {]tZiw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®Xpw CXns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. temI-k-am-[m-\-Øn-\mbn cq]wsIm≠ k¿∆cmjv{SkJy-Øn\pw Cu {]iv\ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. {_n´≥, {^m≥kv XpS-ßnb bqtdm-]y≥ i‡nIƒ djy≥ hnπ-hm\-¥cw \ne-hn¬ h∂ tkmhn-b‰p bqWn-bs\ apJyi{Xp-hm-bmWv I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. ^mjn-k-Øn-s\Xnsc H∂n®v t]mcm-S-W-sa∂ tkmhn-b‰v bqWnbs‚ A`y¿∞- \ {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw sNhns°m≠n-√. Ah¿ Cu {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-lcn-°m≥ CS-s]-´n-s√∂p am{X-a√ ^mjnÃv cmPyß-tfmSv {]oW-\-\bw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{]oW-\-\-bw-˛-A-\p-Iq-eamb hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ ln‰v-e¿ IΩyq-Wn-k-Øn\v FXn-cmWv! ln‰ve-td-°mƒ {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw `b-s∏-´Xv IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns‚ hf¿®-bm-Wv. IΩyq-Wnk-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp Xpdp∏p No´mbn ln‰vesd Ah¿ I≠p.

{_n´ojv km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xmev]cyw: {_n´ojv km{am-Pyhpw tIma¨sh¬Øv cmPy-ßfpw (DZm: Im\-U) P¿Ω-\n-s°-Xn-cmb bp≤w A\p-Iq-en-°p-sa∂v Dd-∏n-√. H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-]m-T-ßƒ ho≠pw Hcp bp≤w Hgn-hm-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Ata-cn° Cu bp≤-Øn\v Xøm-d-√ F∂v tXm∂p-∂p. Ah¿ \Ωsf klm-bn-°m-sa∂v Dd-∏n-√msX Fßs\ P¿Ω-\n-tbm-sS-Xn¿°pw.

{_n´s‚ ssk\n-I-tijn P¿Ω-\n-tbmSv G‰p-ap-´m≥ k÷-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Hcp Xc-Øn¬ ln‰ve¿ sNøp-∂Xv icn-bmWv thgvkmbv k‘n P¿Ω\n-tbmSv sNbvXXv A\ym-b-amWv. Cu sX‰p Xncp-Øm≥ Ign-™m¬ P¿Ω\n kam-[m\ ]mX-bn¬ hcpw.

Rß-fpsS kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ Xocs´! kmº-ØnI amµy-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂v {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw tamN\w t\Sn-bn-cp-∂n-√. IShpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw

{]oW-\-\-bw-˛FXn-cmb hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ

CXv ln‰vesd IqSp-X¬ A]-IS- Im-cn-bm-°n.

ln‰ve-dpsS hmKvZm-\-ßƒ hnizkn-°m-hp-∂-XmsW∂ [mc-Wb - mWv arZpk-ao]-\Ø - n-\p-Im-cWw

CXv P¿Ω-\n°v IqSp-X¬ i‡ambn hf-cm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn.

CXv djysb `b-s∏-SpØn. ln‰ve-dpsS e£yw djy-bmsW∂pw {_n´\pw {^m≥kp-as - √∂ [mcW-bp-≠m-°n.

75

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

P¿Ω-\n-tbmSv {]oW\\bw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {_n´s\bpw {^m≥knt\bpw t{]cn-∏n® LS-I-ßtfh? $ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-t\m-Sp≈ i{XpX $ $

ayqWn°v ktΩ-f\w H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw cq]w-sIm≠ kzX{¥ cmPy-amWv sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy. AhnsS P¿Ω≥ hwi-P¿°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ {]tZ-i-amWv kpU-‰≥em‚ v. hyh-kmbtI{µw IqSn-bmb Cu {]tZiw B{I-an®v Iog-S-°m≥ ln‰ve¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. P¿Ω≥ ssk\yw AXn¿Øn-bn-se-Øn-bt∏mƒ sN°v Kh¨sa‚ v {_n´-t\mSpw {^m≥kn-t\mSpw klmbw A`y¿Yn-®p. F∂m¬ {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw ln‰vesd klm-bn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. 1938 sk]v‰w-_-dn¬ {_n´≥, {^m≥kv, P¿Ω\n, C‰en F∂n-h¿ P¿Ω-\n-bnse ayqWn-°n¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw kpU-‰≥em‚n\p-ta-¬ P¿Ω-\n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpU-‰≥em‚ v P¿Ω-\n°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am\n®p. sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy-tbmtSm Ah-cp-ambn DS-ºSn D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-t\mtSm Btem-Nn-°m-sX-bmWv ayqWn°v DS-ºSn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. F∂m¬ DS-º-Sn-bpsS ad-hn¬ sNt°mt…m-hmIysb ]q¿Æ-ambpw P¿Ω\n Iog-S-°n. CtXmsSm∏w {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw P¿Ω-\n-tbmSp≈ {]oW\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw bp≤-Øn-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp∏v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

"bp≤-Øn-s‚ h°Øv' (On the Brink of War) F∂ teJ-\Ø - n¬ s\lvdp A`n-{]mb-s∏-´X - v "Cw•≠pw {^m≥kpw djybpw H∂n-®p-\n-∂m¬ \mkn-If - psS B{IaWw Ah-km-\n-∏n°mw' F∂m-Wv. \nßƒ Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøp-I. tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs\ apJy i{Xp-hmbn I≠ncp-∂p-sh-¶nepw P¿Ω\n 1939˛¬ Ah-cp-ambn Hcp A\m-{I-aW k‘n-bn¬ (Non-Aggression Pact) H∏p-sh-®p. CXp-{]-Imcw ]c-kv]cw B{I-an-°ns√∂pw t]mf-≠ns\ ]¶p-shbv-°m-sa∂pw Ccphcpw kΩ-Xn-®p. CtXmsS tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\n¬ \n∂pw D≠m-hm-\n-S-bp≈ FXn¿∏v Hgn-hm°m≥ ln‰ve¿°p Ign-™p. GXp ka-bhpw P¿Ω\n-bpsS B{I-aWw {]Xo-£n® tkmhn-b‰v bqWnb\v {]Xn-tcm-[Ø - n\v th≠{X ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-IsfSp°m≥ kabw e`n-®p.

A\m-{I-aW k‘n ˛ Im¿´q¨

^mjn-Ãp-Iƒs°Xn-cmb t]mcm-´-Øn¬ ap≥\n-cbn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ ^mjnÃv P¿Ω-\n-tbmSv k‘n H∏pshbv°m-\p-≠mb kml-Ncyw ]cn-tim-[n°pI. 76

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

bp≤-Øns‚ XpS°w

ln‰ve-dpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\ - p-am-bp≈ A\m-{I-aW k‘n H∏p- s h- ® - t ijw P¿Ω\n t]mf- ≠ n- s \- X nsc Xncn™p. Ing-°≥ {]jy-sbbpw P¿Ω-\n-sbbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ t]mfnjv CS-\m-gnbpw Um≥knKv \K-chpw hn´p-X-c-W-sa∂v ln‰ve¿ t]mf-≠n-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´p. t]mf≠v Xøm-dm-bn-√. t]mf-≠p-Im¿ P¿Ω-\n-bpsS tdUn-tbm -tÃ-j≥ B{I-an-s®∂ \ymbw ]d™v 1939 sk]v‰w-_¿ 1˛\v P¿Ω\n t]mf-≠ns\ B{I-an-®p. {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw t]mf- ≠ ns‚ klm- b - Ø n- s \Øn P¿Ω\n-s°-Xnsc bp≤w {]Jym-]n-®p. CtXmsS c≠mw temI-bp≤w XpS-ßn.

1933 P¿Ω\n k¿∆-cmjv{SkwJy-Øn¬ \n∂p ]n∑m-dp-∂p. Bbp-[o-I-cWw XpS-ßp-∂p. 1934 Bkv{Snb Iog-S-°m≥ {ian-°p∂p. F∂m¬ apt mfn\n CXp XS-™p. 1935 P¿Ω- -\n-bn¬ h≥ Bbp-[o-I-cW dmen \S-Øn. 1936 P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ \n¿_-‘nX ssk\n-It- k-h\w Xncn-®psIm-≠p-h-∂p. P¿Ω≥ ssk\ysØ ssd≥em≥Uv IogS-°m≥ Ab-®p. P∏m-\p-ambn IΩyq-WnÃv hncp≤ kJy-ap-≠m-°n. 1937 kv]m\njv B`y-¥c - b - p-≤Ø - n¬ P¿Ω\n hnI-kn-∏n® ]pXnb Bbp-[ß - ƒ ]co-£n-®p. C‰-en-bp-ambn IΩyqWnÃv hncp≤ kJy-Øn-te¿s∏-´p. 1938 Bkv{Snb Iog-S-ßn. sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy-bpsS Iognep≈ kpU-‰≥em‚ v Iog-S-°n. 1939 sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy-bpsS a‰p {]tZ-iß - ƒ Iog-S° - p∂p. t]mf≠v B{I-an-°p-∂p.

bp≤-ImekJy-ßƒ bp≤-w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ ^mjnÃv cmPy-ß-fmb C‰-enbpw P¿Ω-\nbpw ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn [mc-W-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. "tdmw˛-s_¿en≥ A®p-X≠v' F∂v CX-dn-b-s∏´p. 1937˛¬ P∏m\pw Ah-tcm-sSm∏w tN¿∂tXmsS CXv "tdmw˛-s_¿en≥-˛-tSmtIym A®p-X-≠'mbn amdn. Chsc A®p-X-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ (Axis Powers) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {_n´≥, {^m≥kv, ssN\ F∂o cmPy-ßƒ tN¿∂v A®p- X - ≠ p- i - ‡ n- I ƒs°- X nsc cq]o- I - c n® ^mjnÃv hncp-≤-kJyw kJy-I-£n-Iƒ (Allied Powers) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv tkmhn-b‰v bqWnb\pw Ata-cn-°bpw Cu kJy-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.

I]-S-bp≤w (Phoney War) {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw P¿Ω\n- s °- X nsc bp≤{]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw t\cn-s´m-tc-‰p-ap-´en\v Xøm-dm-bn-√. t]mf-≠n\v klm-b-k-l-I-cW-ßƒ \¬In Ah¿ hn´p-\n-∂p. AXn-\m¬ 1939 sk]v‰w-_¿ apX¬ 1940 G{]n¬ hsc-bp≈ Cu Imew "I]-S-bp≤w' F∂ t]cn-em-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv. CXv i‡-amb bp≤-ßƒ \S-°mØ Imeb-f-hm-bn-cp-∂p. t]mf≠v Iog-S-°n-b-tijw 1940 G{]n-temsS t\m¿t∆bv°pw sU≥am¿°n-\p-saXnsc P¿Ω\n B{I-aWw XpS-ßn. Cu cmPy-ßƒ Iog-S-°n-b-tijw _¬Pn-bw, tlmf-≠v, eIvkw_¿Kv XpSßnb cmPy-ßfpw P¿Ω\n Iog-S-°n.

{^m≥kv Iog-Sßp∂p

cl-ky-]-≤Xn

1940 PqWn¬ P¿Ω\nbpsSbpw C‰-en-bp-sSbpw kwbp-‡s - sk\yw {^m≥kns\ B{Ian°pIbpw

A®p-X-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ temIw Iog-S-°m-\p≈ Hcp cl-ky-]-≤Xn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. a[ybqtdm∏pw at[y-jybpw B{I-an®v P¿Ω\n ]uckv X y tZi- Ø nte°v FØpw. B{^n°bpw ]›n-ta-jybpw B{I-an®v C‰-enbpw ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-tØ°v hcpw. hnZqc ]q¿htZihpw (Far East) sX°pIn-gt° Gjybpw Iog-S°n P∏m≥ ]Sn-™m-tdm´v \oßpw. aq∂v ssk\y-ßfpw U¬ln-bn¬ h®v I≠p-ap-´pw. F∂m¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-s‚bpw Ata-cn°-bp-sSbpw bp≤-{]-thiw Cu ]≤Xn hnP-bn°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -am-bn.

P¿Ω\n {^m≥kns\ B{I-an-°p∂p

77

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

bp≤-Øn-te-°p≈ \mgnI-°√pIƒ... √pIƒ...

C 1929-30

kmº-ØnI amµyw w m kmº-ØnIamµy m sXmgn-en-√mbva m ]W-s∏-cp∏w w m ]´n-Wn, Zmcn{Zy kmº-ØnIamµy-Øn\p-apºv ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-®n-cp∂ cmPyßƒ kz¥w Imcyw t\m°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p.

C 1936-38 l n‰v e ¿ th gv k mb v DS º Sn \n cm - I - c n- ° p- ∂ p. nl n‰v e ¿ ss d≥ em ≥U w ° \o te°v ssk\nI \S-Øp-∂p. Bkv{Sn-bsb Iq ´n P¿ Ω - \ n- t b mS v tN ¿° p- ∂ p. {^ m≥ k pw {_n´\pw Cu \S-]Snsb XS-bm≥ {ian-°p-∂p-sh¶nepw hnP-bn-°p-∂n-√.

C 1939 \mkn˛tkmhn-b‰v A\m-{I-aW k‘n { Kt] mf ≠ v Io g- S - ° m- \ mXS s\ ln® ln‰ve¿ AXn p\ nbp - s a∂ v `b ∂ v Ã me n ambn A\m-{I-aW k‘ nP `hn v ≠ mf H∏n-Sp-∂p. t] °-s∏-Sp-∂p.

78

C 1931-33 a©q-dn-b≥ {]Xnk-‘n mcw P∏m≥ Xß-fpsS hym] n- b d qh¿ ≤ n- ∏ n- ° m≥ a© CS B{I-an-°p-∂p. CXn¬ Jys]-Sm≥ k¿∆-cm-Py-kwa‰p v CX . √ nØn\v Ign-bp-∂ vS-apj ncmPy-ßsf Xßƒ° °pn≈Xv sNøm≥ t{]cn-∏ mb ∂ p. te mI t] me o- k p. ∂ pI ma eoKv \njv{In-b

C 1938 ayqWn°v DS-ºSn yln‰v-e¿ sNt°m-t…m-hmI ≥ bp sS `m K- a mb k pU - ‰ SpIq p. ∂ p° S em≥Uv Iogpc ° S gX¬ `mK-ßƒ Io sS sX ∂ \n _ - ‘ - \ - t bm o{^m≥kpw {_n´\pw CXwK Sn I-cn-°p-∂p. ln‰ve¿ DS-º p. AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂

C 1939

ln‰v-e¿ t]mf≠v Iog-S-°p∂p p. b p≤ w B cw - ` n- ° p- ∂ n\ Ω P¿ {_n´\pw {^m≥kpw n] tb mS v b p≤ w {] J ym °p∂p.

C 1934-36 A_n-ko-\n-b≥ {]Xn-k‘n n¬ ap k - e o\ n B {^ n- ° - b n B [n - ] X yw t\ Sm - \ mb p. ∂ p° S g oA_n-ko-\n-b -I n\v k¿∆-cm-Py-kJy-Ø bnmA_n-ko-\n-bsb kl n °m-\m-Ip-∂n-√. apk-eo\ pmI t] v m´ ∂ AXp-ambn apt yw J k ∂ p. k ¿∆ cm Py XIcp-∂p.

C 1939 ln‰ve¿ gsN t° m- t … m- h mI y Io Sn º DS S°p-∂p. ayqWn°v mewLn®v ln‰ve¿ sNt° p. t… m- h mI y Io g- S - ° p- ∂ w Py cm pw C\ n G sX - ¶ ne ° s n\ B{I-an-®m¬ P¿Ω p° nXnsc bp≤w {]Jym-] pw sa∂v {^m≥kpw {_n´\ p. ∂ Ip ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬

C $H mt cm k w` - h h pw te mI sØ c≠ mw - n-te°v - p-≤Ø temIb \b n- ° m≥ F {X am{Xw klm-bn®p˛ N¿® sNøp-I.

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

]mcnkv ssIh-is - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. a‰p am¿§ß-fn-√msX {^©v ssk\yw \mkn-Iƒ°p-ap-ºn¬ Iog-S-ßn. {^m≥knse A¬sskkv˛semssd≥ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ln‰ve¿ P¿Ω\n-tbmSv Iq´n-t®¿Øp.

{_n´-\nse bp≤w (Battle of Britain) {^m≥kns\ Iog-S-°nbtXmsS {_n´s\ ]cm-Pbs∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p ln‰ved - psS ASpØ e£yw. {_n´s\ Iog-S° - m≥ P¿Ω-\n Xøm-dm-°nb clky-]-≤-Xn°v "ko e-b¨' (Sea Lion) F∂ \maamWv \¬In-bX - v. P¿Ω≥ thyma-tk\ {_n´-\n¬ an∂-em-{I-aW - ß - ƒ (Blitzkreig) \SØn. hn≥Ã¨ N¿®n-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {_n´≥ Xncn-®-Sn-®p. bp≤-Øn¬ t\cn´v ]¶m-fn-bm-hmsX Ata-cn° {_n´s‚ klm-b-Øn-s\-Øn. "{_n´-\nse bp≤w' F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Cu bp≤-Øn¬ P¿Ω\n°v A{]Xo-£n-X-amb Xncn-®Sn G‰p-hm-tß≠n h∂p.

Cu ImeØv B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ C‰-enapt∂‰w \S-Øn. tkmam-en-em‚ v , Fdn- { Xn- b , kpUm≥ XpS-ßnb DØ-cm-{^n-°≥ cmPy-ßƒ C‰en Iog-S-°n. CXn-\nsS {Kokv, bqtKm-…m-hy, _ƒtK-dnb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-sfbpw DØ-cm-{^n°-bpsS Hcp henb `mKhpw P¿Ω\n ssI°em°n. CtXmsS tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw {_n´\pw Hgn-sI-bp≈ bqtdm∏v GXm≠v apgp-h-\mbpw A®pX-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ B{I-an®p Iog-S-°n.

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ bp≤-Øn-te°v hnP-b-ß-fn¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-\mb ln‰ve¿ tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b-\p-ambn t\csØ H∏p-sh® A\m{I-aW k‘n Ah-K-Wn-®v 1941 PqWn¬ tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs\ B{I-an-®p. tkmhn-b‰v {]tZ-ißƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v apt∂-dnb P¿Ω≥ ssk\yw tamkv t Im hsc FØn- t ®¿∂p.

P¿Ω≥ B{I-a-W-ßƒ

P¿Ω\n-bpsS djy≥ B{I-a-W-amWv c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ KXn-am-‰n-b-sX∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøp-I. 79

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b≥ i‡-ambn Xncn-®-Sn-®p. djy-bnse AXn-ssi-Xyw P¿Ω≥ ssk\y-Øn\v {]Xn- I q- e am- b n. Ãmen≥{KmUn¬ h®p- ≠ mb sFXn-lm-knI t]mcm-´-Øn¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWnb≥ P¿Ω\nsb ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. Zi-e£-°W-°n\v P\-ß-sf-bmWv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\v Cu bp≤-Øn¬ Ipcp-Xn- sIm-Sp-t°≠n h∂-Xv. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse At\Iw Irjn-bn-Sßfpw hyh- k m- b - i m- e - I fpw Cu bp≤- Ø n¬ XI¿°-s∏-´p. I\Ø \jvSw kln®v tkmhn-b‰v P\X H‰-s°-´m-bmWv P¿Ω≥ A{I-a-ßsf {]Xntcm-[n-®-Xv.

Hm∏-td-j≥ _m¿_-tdmk tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs\ B{I-an-°m≥ P¿Ω\n Xøm-dm-°nb ]≤-Xn-bpsS cl-ky-\m-a-amWv Hm∏-td-j≥ _m¿_-tdm-k. IΩyqWnksØ sNdp-°p-I, tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs\ XI¿Øv P¿Ω≥Imsc AhnsS ]m¿∏n-°p-I, blq-Z∑msc C√m-Xm-°p-I, …mhv hwi-Psc ASn-a-Ifm-°pI F∂o e£y-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ln‰ve-dpsS tkmhn- b ‰v bqWn- b s‚ B{I- a - W - Ø n\p ]n∂nep≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Ata-cn-°-bpsS {]thiw ^mjnÃv kJy-I-£n-bmb P∏m-\mWv bp≤sØ Gjy-bn-te°pw Ata-cn-°b - n-te°pw h≥tXm-Xn¬ hym]n-∏n-®-Xv. 1941 Unkw-_¿ 7˛\v Ata-cn-°≥ \mhnIkt¶-X-amb t]ƒ lm¿_-dn¬ P∏m≥ ]k-^nIv kap-{Z-Ønse bp≤-`qan

t_mw_m-{I-aWw \S-Øn. CtXmsS Ata-cn° bp≤-Øn¬ ]q¿W-ambpw ]¶m-fn-bm-bn. t]ƒ lm¿_¿ B{I-a-W-Øns‚ sXm´-SpØ Znhkw Ata-cn° P∏m-s\-Xnsc bp≤w XpS-ßn. P∏ms\ klm-bn-°m≥ h∂ C‰-en, P¿Ω\n F∂n-h¿s°Xn- s cbpw Ata- c n° bp≤- Ø n\v Xøm- d m- b n. Cßs\ bp≤w temI-Øn-s‚- F√m `mK-tØ°pw hym]n-®p.

t]ƒ lm¿_¿ im¥kap-{Z-Øn¬ lhmbv Zzo]n-ep≈ Atacn°≥ ssk\n-I-Øm-h-f-amWv t]ƒ lm¿_¿. P∏m≥, ^nen-ss∏≥kv, kn¶∏q¿ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßƒ DƒsIm-≈p∂ ]k-^nIv {]tZiw \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Cu \mhn-I-Øm-h-f-amWv Atacn° D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Gjy-bn-te°p≈ Ata-cn-°-bpsS hchv XS-bm\pw ]k^n-°nse Ata-cn-°≥ ta¬ss° XI¿°m-\pamWv P∏m≥ t]ƒ lm¿_-dn¬ t_mw_n-´-Xv.

bp≤-Øns‚ A¥yw 1944 PqWn¬ {^m≥kns\ tamNn-∏n-°m≥ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°≥ kwbp‡ ssk\yw ]›na bqtdm∏n¬ ]pXnb bp≤-apJw Xpd-∂p. {^m≥knse t\m¿a≠n XocØv FØnb {_n´ojv˛Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\yw {^m≥kns\ tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw tlmf≠n¬ \n∂pw _¬Pn-bØ - n¬ \n∂pw \mkn-∏S- sb Xpc-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Ah¿ ]Sn-™mdp-`m-KØ - p-IqSn P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ {]th-in-®p. CtX Ahk-cØ - n¬ \mkn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ing-°≥ bqtdm∏ns\ c£n-°m≥ tkmhn-b‰v ssk\yw Ing-°≥ `mK-Øp-IqSn P¿Ω\n-bnseØn. 1945 tabv 2˛\v tkmhn-b‰v ssk\yw P¿Ω≥ Xe-ÿm\amb s_¿en-\n¬ {]th-in-®p. ]cm-Pbw Dd-∏mb ln‰ve¿ Bfl-lXy sNbvXp. 1945 tabv 7˛\v P¿Ω\n \ncp]m-[nIw Iog-Sß - n. 1945 G{]n-en¬ DØc C‰-en-bnse Nne {]tZ-ißƒ kJy-I-£n-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. Iog-S-ßnb apk-eo\nsb \m´p-Im¿ h[n®tXmsS C‰-en-bn¬ ^mjn-k-Øns‚ A¥yw Ipdn-®p. bqtdm-∏nse bp≤m-h-km-\-tØmsS kJy-I-£nIƒ P∏m-t\mSv Iog-S-ßm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. P∏m≥ hnk-ΩX - n-®p. {Sm≥kv˛ssk_ocn-b≥ {]tZiw hgn

80

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

tkmhn-b‰v ssk\yw P∏m-\n-te°v \oßn. tkmhnb‰v ssk\yw P∏m- \ n- s e- Ø p- ∂ - X n\pap≥t] BKÃv 6˛\v lntcm- j n- a - b nepw BKÃv 9˛\v

\mKkm-°n-bnepw Ata-cn° AWp-t_mw-_n-´p. 1945 BKÃv 15˛\v P∏m≥ Iog-Sß - n-bt- XmsS c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w Ah-km-\n-®p.

lntcm-jn-abpw \mK-km-°nbpw Ncn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ AWp-t_mw_v {]tbm-Kn-®Xv 1945 BKÃv 6˛\v Xn¶-fmgvN cmhnse 8.15˛\v P∏m-\nse lntcm-jn-a-bn-em-Wv. Hcp e£Øn-tesd t]cmWv lntcm-jn-a-bn¬ am{Xw sIm√-s∏´Xv. BKÃv 9˛\v hymgmgvN 11.02˛\v \mK-km-°n-bn-ep-≠mb t_mw_m{I-a-W-Øn¬ 74000 t]¿ ac-W-a-S-™p. bp≤m-\-¥cw AWp-_m-[-bpsS ZpcnXw t]dn acn-®-h¿°pw AwK-`wKw h∂-h¿°pw IW-°n-√. en‰n¬ t_mbv, ^m‰v am≥ F∂nh-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu AWp-t_mw-_p-Iƒ.

AWpt_mw_v {]tbm-Kn-°msX Xs∂ P∏ms\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kJy-I£n-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-am-bn-cpt∂m? Fs¥√mw Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv AWp-t_mw_v {]tbm-K-Øn-te°v \bn-®Xv? N¿® sNøp-I.

bp≤-Øn\ptijw ]cm-P-b-s∏´ cmjv{S-ß-fp-ambn D≠m-t°≠ Icmdp- I ƒ N¿® sNøm≥ kJy- I - £ n- I ƒ t]mSvkvUman¬ ktΩ-f\w hnfn®p tN¿Øp. ktΩ-f\Xocp-am\w A\p-k-cn®v P¿Ω\n \mepta-J-e-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p. Hmtcm taJ-ebpw bp≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn® cmPy-ß-fmb {_n´≥, Atacn-°, {^m≥kv, tkmhn-b-‰v -bq-Wn-b≥ F∂n-hcpsS Iogn-em-bn. tkmhn-b-‰v -bq-Wn-b≥ Ing-°≥ P¿Ω-\nsb IΩyq-WnÃvhXvI-cn-°m≥ {ian-°p-I_¿en≥ aXn¬

bmWv F∂m-tcm-]n®v {_n´≥, Ata-cn-°, {^m≥kv F∂o cmPy-ßƒ Ah-cpsS Iogn-ep≈ ]Sn™md≥ P¿Ω\n- b n¬ Hcp P\m[n]Xy Kh¨sa‚-n\v cq]w sImSp-Øp. CXv s^U-d¬ dn∏-ªnIv Hm^v P¿Ω\n F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. tkmhnb‰v bqWn- b ≥ \nb- { ¥- n ® Ing- ° ≥ P¿Ω\n P¿Ω≥ sUtam-{Im-‰nIv dn∏-ªnIv Bbn.

bp≤w-sIm≠pw em`w! c≠mw temIbp≤-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t\´ap-≠m-°nb cmPyw Ata-cn-°-bm-Wv. H∂mw temIbp≤- Ø n- s e- ∂ - t ]mse c≠mw temIbp≤-Ønepw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ bp≤w \S-∂n-cp∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ata-cn°≥ Bbp[°º-\n-Iƒ \n¿Ωn® bpt≤m-]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv an° cmjv{Sßfpw bp≤- Ø n¬ D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v . acp∂pI®-hSw hgnbpw h≥em-`-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ata- c n°≥ Iº- \ n- I ƒ {ian- ® p. Aßs\ c≠mw temI-bp≤w Ata-cn-°bv°v A\p-{K-lam-bn. Bbp[°®-h-S-Øn-eqsS Ata-cn° kº∂-am-bn. an° cmjv{Sßfpw Ata-cn-°-bpsS IS°m- c m- b n. Ata- c n° "P\m- [ n- ] - X y- Ø ns‚ Bbp[-∏pc'bmbn amdn. 81

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

bp≤-Øns‚ `oI-cX \meptImSn-bn-tesd t]cpsS Poh-\mWv c≠mw temI-bp≤w A]-l-cn-®-Xv. \mkn-Isf tXm¬∏n°m≥ ITn-\m-[zm\w sNbvX tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\m-bn-cp∂p IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ \jvSa - m-bX - v. ]e cmPy-ßf - nepw ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®p. \Kc-ßfpw hoSp-Ifpw ]msS XI¿∂p. hyh-kmbim-e-

Iƒ, Irjn-bn-Sß - ƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ, sdbn¬]m-fß - ƒ, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m\w F∂n-hbpw XI¿°s∏-´p. Hmtcm cmPy-Øn\pw \mW-bs - ∏-cp-∏w, hne°-b‰ - w, £maw, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\ßƒ, Zmcn{Zyw XpS-ßnb Kpcp-Xc - a - mb ka-ky-Iƒ t\cn-tS≠n h∂p. F√mw \jvSs - ∏´ Zi-e£ - ° - W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ A`-bm¿Yn-If - m-bn. A{X-tbsd `oIc-am-bn-cp∂p c≠mw temI-bp-≤w.

""\n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ Hmtcm tXm°pw IS-en-en-d-°nb Hmtcm bp≤-°-∏epw sXmSpØphn´ Hmtcm tdm°‰pw Ah-km\ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ `£Ww Ign-®n-´n-√mØ hni°p-∂-h-\n¬ \n∂pw hkv{Xw [cn-®n-´n-√mØ Ipfn-cp-∂-h-\n¬ \n∂pw sIm≈-bSn-®-Xm-Wv. Bbp-[-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ temIw ]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn-°pI am{X-a√ sNøp∂-Xv. A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-hs‚ A∂hpw imkv{X-⁄s‚ _p≤nbpw Ip´n-I-fpsS {]Xym- i - b p- a mWv AXv sNe- h n- S p- ∂ Xv ' '. Ata- c n- ° ≥ {]kn- U ‚m- b n- c p∂ sFk≥tlm-hdns‚ Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

tImf-\n-Iƒ kzX-{¥-am-hp∂p

Pn®v 1947˛¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]n≥hm-ßn. 1948˛¬ _¿abpw (aym≥am¿) kntemWpw ({ioe-¶) kzXbp≤w Ah-km-\n-®-tXmsS Gjy-bnepw B{^n- {¥-cm-bn. tKmƒUv tImÃn¬ (Lm\) Izman F≥{Iq°-bnepw tImf\n `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-ßƒ a-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≠mb tZio-bk - a - cw 1957˛¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. kzmX{¥yka-c-ßsf hnPbw I≠p. 1980˛¬ "Z£nW sdmsUjy' {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ km{am-Py-Xz-i-‡n-Iƒ°p Ign- "knw_m_vsh' F∂ t]cn¬ kzX{¥cmPy-am-bn™n-√. km{am-Py-Xz-i-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂v tImf-\n- Xo¿∂p. Aßs\ "kqcy- \ - k v X - a n- ° mØ Iƒ tamNn-X-cm-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Fs¥√mw LS-I- km{amPyw' C√m-Xm-bn. i‡-amb kzmX-{¥y-k-aß-fm-bn-cn°pw Cu A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v c-ßsf XpS¿∂v kvs]bn≥, t]m¿´p-K¬, C‰-en, (decolonisation)hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. _¬Pn-bw, tlmf≠v XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßf - psS tImf\nI ƒ °pw kzmX{¥yw \¬tI≠nh∂p. 1990˛¬ {_n´ojv tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ C¥y-bn¬ \S∂ kzmX-{¥y-ka - c - s - Ø-°p-dn®v ap≥ ¢m p-If - n¬ hniZ- \ao-_nb kzmX{¥yw t\Sn-b-tXmsS B{^n-°v Ah-km-\n-®p. ambn N¿® sNbvXt√m. C¥ysb c≠mbn hn`- bnse bqtdm-]y≥ tImf-\n-hm-g® c≠mw temI bp≤m-\-¥cw kqcy\kvX-an-°mØ {_n´ojv km{amPyw XI-cm\n-Sb - m-°nb kml-Nc - y-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-I. {_n´-\n¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw t\Snb cmPy-ß-fpsS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

hnb‰v\mw kacw tImf-\n-I-fn¬ km{am-Py-Xz-i-‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc \S∂ ka-c-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX-am-b H∂mbn-cp∂p hnb‰v\mw kacw. emthm- k v, Iºq- ® n- b (Cambodia), hnb‰v\mw XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ßƒ Ct¥m˛ssN\ F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. CXv 82

Hcn°¬ {^©p- I m- c psS tImf- \ n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ P∏m≥ Ct¥m˛ssN\ B{I- a n®v Iog- S - ° n. P∏m- s \- X n- c mb Ct¥m˛ssN\- b psS hntam- N - \ - k - a - c - Ø ns‚ t\XrXzw hnb-‰v\m-anse hnπ-h-Im-cn-I-fpsS t\Xmhm-bn-cp∂ tlmNn-an-\m-bn-cp-∂p. "hnb-‰van≥' F∂

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

1972˛¬ Ata-cn-°-bpsS \m]mw t_mw_m-{I-a-W-Øn¬ {Kmaw-hn-t´m-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ

t]cn¬ P\-Iobssk\yw cq]o-I-cn®v hnb-‰v\maokv P\X P∏ms\ sNdp-Øp. c≠mw temIbp≤w Ah-km-\n-®-tXmsS 1945˛¬ tlmNn-an≥ {]kn-U‚mbn sUtam-{Im-‰nIv dn∏-ªnIv Hm^v hnb‰v\mw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. \jvS-s∏´ A[n-Imcw Xncn- ® p- ] n- S n- ° m≥ 1946˛¬ {^©p- s sk\yw hnb‰v\m-an-seØn. {^©p-Im¿°v Ata-cn-°-bpsS klm-bhpw e`n-®p. hnb‰v\mw P\X [oc-amb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. 1954˛¬ hnb‰v\mw ssk\yw Zo≥ _o≥ ^p (Dien-Bien-Phu) F∂ ÿeØv h®v {^©p-Imsc ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. {^©p-Im¿ HØp-Xo¿∏n\v Xøm-dm-bn. 1954˛¬ P\o-h-bn¬ tN¿∂ A¥m-cm-jv{S ktΩf\w hnb-‰v\m-ans\ 17- -˛mw A£mw-i-tc-J-bn¬sh®v DØc Z£nW hnb-‰v\m-ap-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-°m\pw c≠p h¿j-Øn-\Iw c≠nSØpw sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. F∂m¬ Ata-cn-°≥ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS Z£nW hnb-‰v\m-an¬ A[n-Im-cØn¬ h∂ Kh¨sa‚ v P\o- h m- X o¿∏p- I ƒ tlmNn-an≥

AwKoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. IΩyq-WnÃv `cWw hnb-‰v\m-an¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sptam F∂ `b-am-bncp∂p CXn\p Imc-Ww. 1960˛¬ P\-IobIem-]ßƒ Bcw- ` n- ® p. Iem- ] - Ø n\p ]n∂n¬ DØchnb‰v\m-am-s W∂v Btcm-]n®v Ata-cn° DØchnb-‰v\m-an\p t\sc B{I-aWw Agn-®p-hn´p. \m∏mw t_mw_v t]mep≈ (kky-Pm-e-ß-sft∏mepw \in-∏n-°p-∂) amc-Im-bp-[ß - ƒ Ata-cn° {]tbm-Kn-®p. ]n©p-Ip-™p-ß-f-S°w \nc-h-[n-t]¿ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-´p. DØc hnb-‰v\m-anse \nc-h[n

sImdn-b≥ bp≤w c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ P∏m≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´tXmsS Ah- c psS Iogn- e m- b n- c p∂ sImdnb 38˛masØ A£mwi-tc-J-bn¬ h®v c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏´p. DØc sImdn-b-bn¬ tkmhn-b‰v

bqWn-b-s‚bpw Z£nW sImdn-b-bn¬ Atacn- ° - b p- s S- b pw \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n- e p≈ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b\pw Ata-cn-°bpw sImdn-bb - n¬ \n∂p ]n≥hm-ßn-sb-¶nepw sImdnb GIoI-cn-°-s∏-´n-√. CcpcmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw i‡- a m- b n. 1950˛¬ Ccp sImdnb- I fpw XΩn¬ bp≤- a m- c w- ` n- ® p. ssN\ DØc-sIm-dn-b-bpsS klm-b-Øn-s\Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ata-cn° Z£nW sImdn-bbpsS ]£w ]nSn-®p. sFIy-cmjv{S kwLS\ DØ-c-sIm-dn-bsb A]-e-]n-°p-Ibpw Z£nW sImdn-bsb klm-bn-°-W-sa-∂mh-iy-s∏´v {]tabw ]m m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aq∂v h¿j- ° mew \o≠p\n∂ bp≤w 1953˛¬ Ah-km-\n-®p. DØ-c˛- Z- £ - nW sImdnb-Iƒ C∂pw GIo-I-cn-°s∏-´n-´n√. 83

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{Kmaßƒ Nps´-cn-®p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mKß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ata-cn-°≥ `oI-c-X-bvs°-Xnsc cq£-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn. temI-sa-ºmSpw hnb‰v\mw P\-Xt- bmSv sFIy-Zm¿Vyw {]Jym-]n®v {]I-S\ - ß - ƒ \S-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ hncp≤at\m-`mhw i‡-ambn. KXy-¥-c-an-√msX 1975 G{]n¬ 30˛\v Ata-cn° Z£nW hnb‰v\mw Xe-ÿm-\-amb ssktKmWn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥hm-ßn. 1976˛¬ hnb‰v\mw GIoI-cn-°-s∏-´p. bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cns° ac-Ws∏´ tlmNn-ans‚ kvac-Wm¿Yw ssktKm¨ \Kcw tlmNn-an≥ kn‰n F∂ t]cn¬ ]p\¿\ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. Ata-cn-°bv-t°‰ h≥ Xncn-®Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p hnb‰v\mw bp≤w.

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnse tZio-b-k-acw Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ h¿Whnth-N-\-Øn-s\-Xncmb t]mcm-´-am-bmWv tZio-b-k-acw \S-∂Xv. sh≈-°m-cpsS \yq\-]£ Kh¨sa‚ v `qcn-]£w hcp∂ IdpØ h¿§°m-tcmSv hnth-N-\-]-c-ambmWv s]cp- a m- d n- b n- c p- ∂ - X v . "A∏m¿ØoUv ' (Apartheid) F∂ Cu h¿Whnth-N-\-Øn-s\Xnsc B{^n-°≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ i‡-amb t]mcm´Øn-eqsS Z£n-Wm-{^n° kzmX{¥yw t\Sn. 1994˛¬ \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ s\¬k≥ at≠-e-bpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ B{^n-°≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv A[n- I m- c - Ø n- s eØn. sh≈- ° m- c n¬ \n∂pw IdpØ h¿§°m- c n- t e- ° p≈ Cu A[n- I mc ss°am‰w Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønse \mgn-I-°-√m-Wv.

s\¬k≥ at≠e Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ sh≈-°mcpsS `c-W-Øn\pw Ah¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb h¿Whn-th-N-\-Øn\pw FXnsc {]t£m`w \bn® IdpØ h¿§-°m-cpsS [oc-\mbI\m-bn-cp∂p s\¬k≥ a-t≠e. Idp-Ø-h¿°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-bmb B{^n-°≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. h¿W-hn-th-N-\-Øns\Xnsc {]t£m`w \bn-®X - n-\m¬ cmPy-t{ZmlIp‰w NpaØn 1962˛¬ Ad-Ãv sNbvXv XS-hp-in-£bv°v hn[n®p. \o≠ 28 h¿j-°m-esØ GIm¥ XS-hn-\p-tijw 1990˛¬ At±lw Pbn¬ tamNn- X - \ m- b n. h¿WhnthN\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw at≠esb tamNn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn temI-am-k-Iew a\pjy-kvt\-ln-Iƒ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn. h¿W-hn-thN\\bw XpS¿∂-Xn-\m¬ sFIy-cmjv{SkwLS\ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°bvs°-Xnsc hne-°p-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. CØcw BtKmf kΩ¿±Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´m-Wv at≠e tamNn-∏n-°-s∏´Xv. Pbn¬ tamNn-X-\m-b-tijw {]kn-U‚m-bncp∂ F^v.U - ª - yp.-Un-¢¿°p-ambn N¿® \S-Øn. h¿W-hn-th-N\\bw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®p. \nb-a-k-`-bn-te°v \S∂ sXc-s™Sp-∏n¬ `qcn-]£w t\Snb B{^n-°≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm- s h∂ \nebv ° v 1994˛¬ at≠e Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bpsS {]knU‚m-bn. 1993˛¬ At±-l-Øn\v kam-[m-\-Øn\p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®p.

s\¬k≥ at≠e

ssN\okv hnπhw 1921˛¬ ssN\-bn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn®-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. ssN\okvv IΩyq-Wn-kv‰v ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hmb au sk tZm-ßn (Mou Ze Dong)-s‚ t\Xr-XzØn-emWv ssN\bn¬ hnπhw \S∂-Xv. Ipan¥mßv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ `cWw Atß-b‰w P\t{Zm-l-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. GIm-[n-]-Xnsbt∏msebmWv Nnbmßv ssIjIv `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂Xv. hyh-km-bn-I-fp-sSbpw h≥InS `qhp-S-a-I-fpsSbpw Xm¬∏- c y- ß ƒ kwc- £ n- ° m- \ mWv Kh¨sa‚ v ap¥nb ]cn- K - W \ \¬In- b - X v . 84

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

Ipan- ¥ mßv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Bÿm- \ - a mb \m¶nßv P\- I o- b - s sk\yw ]nSn- s ®- S p- Ø p. Nnbmßpw ssk\yhpw Xmbvhm\nse t^m¿tamk-bn-te°v c£-s∏-´p. 1949 HIvtSm-_¿ 1˛\v ausk tZm-ßv sNb¿am\pw jq F≥ embv (Shu En Lai) {][m-\-a-{¥n-bp-am-bp≈ ssN\ P\-Iob dn∏ªnIv \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

tkmjy-en-k-Øn-s‚ hym]\w

au sk tZmMv P\-ßsf A`n-hmZyw sNøp∂p

I¿jIcpw sXmgn- e m- f n- I fpw Cu Zp¿`- c Ww sIm≠v s]mdp- X n- a p- ´ n. P∏ms‚ a©q- d nb B{IaWw XS- b m≥t]mepw Ipan¥mßv Kh¨sa‚n-\m-bn-√. I¿j- I - c mWv ssN\- b nse apJy- h n- π - h - i - ‡ nsb∂v hniz-kn® amthm Ahsc kwL-Sn-∏n®v Ipan- ¥ mßv Zp¿`- c - W - Ø n- s \- X nsc t]mcm´w \SØn. CXn-\mbn "Nph-∏p-tk\' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp h≥ ssk\yw cq]o-I-cn-®p. Nnbmßv ssIj°ns‚ B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£t\Sm≥ IΩyqWn- Ã p- I m¿ amthm- b psS t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ Ncn{X{]kn-≤-amb "temwKv am¿®v' kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. 1934 HIvtSm_¿ 16˛\v Inbm-ßvjn-bn¬ \n∂v bm{X Xncn® Ah¿ Hcp h¿jw sIm≠v 6000 ssaep-Iƒ Xm≠n sj\≥kn-bn-se-Øn. 18 ae\n-c-Ifpw 24 \Zn-Ifpw 12 {]hn-iy-Ifpw apdn-®p-IS∂ am¿®n-\n-S-bn¬ Nph∏ptk\ 62 \K-c-ßƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. h≥InS `qhp-S-a-I-fpsS `qan ]nSns®-SpØv `qc-ln-X-cmb I¿j-I¿°v hnX-cWw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ 1937˛¬ P∏m≥ ssN\sb B{I-an-®t∏mƒ IΩyq- W n- Ã p- I mcpw Ipan- ¥ m- ß p- I fpw `n∂X ad∂v s]mXp-i-{Xp-hn-s\-Xnsc t]mcmSn. 1945˛¬ P∏m≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-tXmsS IΩyq-Wn-ÃpImcpw Ipan-¥m-ßp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ B`y-¥-cbp≤w ho≠pw Bcw-`n-®p. IΩyq-Wn-ÃpIm¿s°Xnsc Bfpw ]Whpw Bbp-[-ßfpw \¬In Atacn° Ipan- ¥ m- ß p- I sf klm- b n- ® p. F∂m¬ Nph∏p-tk-\-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ P\-Io-bssk\yw Kdn-√m- bp≤X{¥-ß-fn-eqsS Ipan-¥mßp-Iƒs°Xnsc B™-Sn-®p. 1949 G{]n¬ 23˛\v

c≠mw temI-bp≤w hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ tkmjyen- k - Ø ns‚ hym]- \ - Ø n\p klm- b - I - a m- b n. t]mf≠v, sNt°m-t…m-hm-°n-b, lwKdn, dpam-\nb, _ƒtK- d n- b , bqtKm- … m- h nb F∂o Ing- ° ≥ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ tkmjy-enÃv `cWw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. {^m≥kv, C‰-en XpS-ßnb ]›na bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw tkmjy-enÃv Bi-bßƒ°v kzm[o\w e`n-®p. ssN\, hnb‰v\mw apXemb Gjy≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw B{^n-°-bnepw tkmjy-enÃv Bi-bß - ƒ°v {]Nmcw In´n. temIamsI tkmjy- e nÃv Bi- b - ß ƒ°p- ≠ mb ta¬ss° apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ßsf `b-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xß-fpsS cmPy-ß-fn-te°v tkmjy-enkw hym]n°p- s a∂v `b- s ∏´ Ata- c n° Dƒs∏- s S- b p≈ apXem-fnØ cmPy-ßƒ AXns\ XI¿°m-\p≈ {ia-ß-fm-cw-`n-®p. tkmjy-enk-Øns‚ hym]\w

85

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

ioX-bp-≤w-˛-"sUbven sabn-¬' F∂ Cw•ojv ]{X-Øn¬ h∂ Im¿´q¨

"Ccp-ºp-a-d-'bv°p-≈n-eqsS t\m°p∂ hn≥Ã¨ N¿®n¬ {_n´ojv Im¿´q¨

Ccp-ºp-ad {]kwKw

tNcnbpw Ata-cn-°-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ apXem-fnØ tNcn-bpw. ]c-kv]cw i{XpX {]I-Sn-∏n®n-cp∂ Cu c≠v tNcn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jßƒ°v Xpd∂ bp≤-ß-fpsS cq]w ssIh-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v CXv ioX-k-acw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tImf-\n-hn-cp≤ ka-cß - f - n¬ CcptNcnIfpw Hmtcm ]£-Øm-bncp-∂p.

HXp°¬ \bw

hn≥Ã¨ N¿®n¬ ^pƒ´¨ {]kw-K-Øn-\mbn Hcp-ßp∂p

Hcp Ccp-ºp-ad bqtdm-]y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øn\p Ipdp-sI-bmbn hoWn-cn-°p-∂p. am{X-a√ F√mhcpw Xs∂ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬... Hscm‰ \nb-{¥-W-Øn\p Iogn¬, tamkvtIm-bpsS \nco£- W - Ø n\p Iogn¬ h∂n- c n- ° p- I - b mWv . ({_n´ojv {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ hn≥Ã¨ N¿®n¬ 1946 am¿®v 5˛\v Ata-cn-°≥ ]´-Wamb ^pƒ´-Wn¬ \S-Ønb {]kw-Kw)

ioX-k-acw c≠mw temI-bp-≤-tØmsS Ata-cn-°bpw tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b\pw temI-Ønse h≥i-‡n-I-fmbn amdn-b-t√m. Ah¿ XΩn¬ bp≤-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bncp∂ kJyhpw kulm¿±hpw bp≤-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Ah-km-\n-®p. Bi-b-]-c-am-bp≈ hyXykvX-X-I-fm¬ temIw c≠v tNcn-I-fmbn˛tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs‚ t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ tkmjy-enÃv 86

IΩyq- W n- k sØ tkmhn- b ‰v bqWn- b s‚ AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬ HXp°n \n¿Øm≥ Atacn° apt∂m´psh® \bw Ah-cpsS hntZ-i-\bØns‚ apJy-`mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. kzX-{¥-cm-Pyßsf Xß-tfm-sSm∏w \n¿Øm\p≈ F√m klm-b-ßfpw \¬Im≥ Ata-cn° Xøm-dmbn. ioX-k-acw F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv Ata-cn-°≥ cmjv{S-X-{¥-⁄-\mb _¿\mUv _dq®v BWv. hmƒ´¿ en]vsa≥ cNn® "ioX-kacw' F∂ {KŸ-amWv Cu Bi-bØ - n\v {]Nmcw \¬In-b-Xv. ioX- k - a cw bp≤- Ø n- s ‚tbm kam- [ m- \ - Ø ns‚tbm Ah-ÿb - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXv \b-X{¥ bp≤am-bn-cp-∂p. Bi-b-]-c-amb shdp∏pw cmjv{Sob Ahn-izm-k-hp-ambncp∂p CXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w.

ssk\nIDS-º-Sn-Iƒ ioX-ka - cw krjvSn® ]c-kv]c - `-bhpw kwi-bhpw ssk\nI tNcn-I-fp-sSbpw kJy-ß-fp-sSbpw cq]oI-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ t\Xr- X z- Ø n- e p≈ tkmjy- e nÃv cmjv{S-

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Bdpw kJy-I-£n-Ifpw \mt‰m kJy-cm-jv{S-ßƒ

\mt‰m kJy-cm-jv{S-ßfpw bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Bdpw kJy-I-£n-Ifpw

ßƒs°Xnsc Ata-cn-°-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ssk\n-I-k-Jy-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Ata-cn-°bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ apX-em-fnØ tNcn-s°Xnsc tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw {]Xn-tcm[ DS-ºSn-Iƒ D≠m°n. \mt‰m (North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation-NATO), knbm-t‰m (South East Asian Treaty Organisation-SEATO), sk≥tdm ( Central Treaty Organisation) XpS- ß nb

ssk\nI-k-Jy-ßfpw hmgvtkm F∂ {]Xn-tcm[ DS-º-Snbpw Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

temI`q]SØns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Hmtcm ssk\nI DS-º-Sn-bn-sebpw AwK-cm-Pyßsf Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p. \mt‰m

knbmt‰m

sk≥tdm

hmgvtkm

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sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S-\bpw temI-k-am[m-\hpw temI-k-am-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw kwc-£n-°p∂- X n\v km¿h- t Z- i o- b - a m- s bmcp kwL- S \ A\nhmcy-am-sW∂v c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-Iƒ am\-h-cm-insb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. bp≤-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ temIt\Xm-°ƒ AXn-\p-

th≠n-bp≈ Btem-N-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤ImektΩ-f-\-ßƒ hnfn-®p-tN¿ØXv Cu Dt±-iytØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 1945 HIvtSm-_¿ 24˛\v sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ HutZymKn-I-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. sFIy-cmjv{Sk`-sbIp-dn®v as‰m-cn-SØv hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøpw. 87

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn A¥¿tZ-iob {]iv\-ßƒ ]cnl-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ CS-s]-Sep-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kwL- S \ h≥i- ‡ n- I - f psS Ifn- ∏ m- h - b m- s W∂ hna¿i\w \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ p. sXs° Ata- c n°bnsebpw B{^n-°bnsebpw cmPy-ßƒ°v kpc-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ AwK-Xz-an-s√∂v Adn-bm-

at√m. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ ]X-\-tijw Atacn- ° ≥ AP≠ \S- ∏ m- ° p∂ GP≥kn- b mbn sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ amdn-sb∂ A`n-{]mbw i‡-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°≥ aqe-[-\-Øns‚ ]n≥_eØn¬ {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ A¥m- c mjv { S \mWy\n[nbpw temI-_m¶pw Ata-cn-°≥ CwKn-X-amWv \S-∏m°nhcp-∂-Xv.

amdnb temI-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ t\cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ- - ˛ N¿® sNøpI. bp.F-kv.Fkv.B¿.

bp.F-kv.F.

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Ata-cn-°≥ kaqlw c≠v ASn-ÿm\ Bi-bßƒ ap≥\n¿Øn: P\m-[n-]-Xyw, apX-em-fnØw. P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂m¬ Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U‚pw tIm¨{K pw (]m¿esa‚ v) kzX-{¥-amb sXcs™-Sp-∏n-eqsS A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. apX-em-fnØw F∂m¬ kzØp°fnepw hkvXp°-fnepw I®-h-S-Ønepw hy‡n-t°m Iº-\nIƒt°m DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw D≈ Ah-ÿ. bp.F- k v . F. G‰hpw henb [\n- I - c m- P yw. F∂m¬ kº-Øns‚ Xpcp-Øp-I-fpw ]´n-WnbpsS Xpcp-Øp-Ifpw Htckabw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°° - m-cs\ kw_-‘n®v hy‡n kzmX{¥yw (DZm: kzX-{¥-amb Bi-b-{]-I-S\w _nkn-\kv Bcw-`n-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yw) BWv F√m-hcpw Xpey-cm-bn-cn-°pI F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ {][m\w. Ata-cn-°≥ P\-X-bpsS `qcn-]-£hpw Ah-cpsS PohnXcoXn-bn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p. as‰√mcmPy-ßfpw AXv ]n¥p-S-c-W-sa∂v Ah¿ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. IΩyq-Wnkw Ah-cpsS PohnX kzmX-{¥ysØ l\n-°-psa∂v Ah¿ `b-s∏-Sp∂p. IΩyq- W nÃv hnπ- h - Ø n¬ Ah¿ Akzÿcm-Wv. Ata- c n- ° - ° m¿ cmPy-Øns‚ \b-ßƒ cmPyØns‚ s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-tØ-°mƒ Xßƒ°-\pIq-e-am-I-W-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

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tkmhn-b‰v kaqlw IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ßƒ

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AhnsS Hscm‰ ]m¿´n `c-W-am-Wv. sXc-s™Sp∏v \ne-hn-ep-≠v. ]s£ F√m ÿm\m¿YnIfpw IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n AwK-ß-fm-Ipw.

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hyh-kmbw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. DS-a-ÿm-hImiw k¿°m-cn\v.

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sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw Xosc Ipd-hmWv. F∂m¬ Hcp djy-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw icm-icn Ata-cn-°-°m-c-t\-°mƒ Xmsg-bm-Wv.

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IΩyq-Wn-k-Øn¬, hy‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßtf-°mƒ samØw kaq-l-Øns‚ \∑-sb-bmWv {][m-\-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ hy‡n-IfpsS Pohn-XØ - n¬ \nc-h[n \nb-{¥-Wß - f - p-≠v. DZm: kzX- { ¥- a mb k©mcw, kz¥- a mbn I®hSw Bcw-`n-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv.

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IΩyq-WnÃv Fgp-Øp-Im¿ a‰p cmPy-ß-fnepw temI- s Ø- º mSpw IΩyq- W nÃv hnπ- h - ß ƒ \S°-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-°p-∂p.

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IqSp-X¬ t]cpw apX-em-fn-ØsØ i‡-ambn FXn¿°p∂p.

c≠v hyXykvX kmaqly hyh-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-amWv ioX-k-a-c-Ønte°v \bn-®-Xv ˛ N¿® sNøpI.

88

c≠mw temIhpwkm{amkm{amy-X z-Øns‚ ns‚XI¿®bpw XI¿®bpw c≠mw temIbb p-≤p-≤ hpw PP y-X z-Ø

aq∂mw temIhpw tNcn-tN-cm-bvabpw temIw c≠v tNcn-I-fmbn ]ncn-™-t∏mƒ ]pXpXmbn kzmX{¥yw e`n® Gjy-bn-sebpw B{^n°-bn-sebpw cmPy-ßƒ Hcp tNcn-bnepw tNcmsX kzX-{¥-cmbn \n¬°m-\mWv B{K-ln-®-Xv. Zo¿L\m-fsØ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ ]oU\w G‰p-hm-ßnb Cu cmPy-ßƒ aq∂mw temI-cm-Py-ßƒ F∂-dnb- s ∏- ´ p. kmº- Ø n- I - a mbpw cmjv { So- b - a mbpw XI¿∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu cmPy-ßƒ. 1955˛¬ Ct¥m- t \- j y- b nse _mµpßn¬ (Bandung) tN¿∂ Bt{^m-˛G - jy≥ cmPy-ßf - psS ktΩ-f-\-amWv tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬In-b-Xv.

tNcn-tN-cm-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ inev]n-Iƒ $ s\lvdp (C¥y) $ Snt‰m (bptKm-…m-hn-b) $ \mk¿ (CuPn-]vXv) $ kp°m¿tWm (Ct¥m-t\-jy) 1956˛¬ bqtKm- … m- h n- b - b nse {_ntbm- W n¬ tN¿∂ ktΩ-f\w tNcn-tNcm{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cq]- t cJ Xøm- d m- ° n. F∂m¬ 1961˛se _¬t{KUv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬sh-®mWv tNcn-tN-cm{]-ÿm\w Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. tNcn-tN-cm-\bw \njv]-£Xm\btam CS-s]-SmXn- c n- ° ¬ \btam Bbn- c p- ∂ n- √ . A¥mcmjv{S{]iv\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-Sm-\mWv tNcn-tN-cmbva Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\h-km-{am-Py-Xzhpw ]n¬°meapX-em-fn-Øhpw bp≤m-\¥cw ]pXnb Hcp km{am-PyXz hyh-ÿnXn hf¿∂ph∂p. CXn¬ Xpd∂ B{I- a - W tam cmjv{Sobamb A[oiXztam C√. a‰p cmPy-ßfpsS kmº-ØnI˛kmw-kvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ apX-em-fnØcmjv{S-ßƒ CS-s]-´p-sIm-≠mWv CXv hnP-bn-®-Xv. Nne _lpcmjv{S ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv CXn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®-Xv. CXv \hkm{amPyXzw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. temIØp≈ hn`-hßƒ apgp-h≥ IpØ-I-bm-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ Ata-cn-°-bnsebpw bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnsebpw

apwss_-bn¬ \S∂ temI tkmjy¬t^mdw

_lp-cmjv{S IpØ-I Iº\n-I-fpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ A\p- k - c n®v apX- e m- f nØ cmjv { S- ß ƒ apt∂m-´p-sh® {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv ]n¬°me apX- e m- f n- Ø w. CXns\ BtKm- f - h - X v ° - c Ww F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc "as‰mcp temIw km[y-amWv' F∂ Bib-ap-b¿Øn temI-sØºmSpw {]Xn- t j- [ - ß ƒ Db¿∂phcp- ∂ p- ≠ v . AØcw {]Xn-tj-[-ß-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv temI tkmjy¬ t^mdw. a\p- j ym- h - I m- i - e w- L - \ ßƒs°- X nsc t]mcm- S p∂ a\p- j ym- h Imi{]h¿Ø- I ¿, ]cn- ÿ n- X n- { ]h¿Ø- I ¿, sXmgnemfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ, I¿j-I¿, bphm-°ƒ, h\nXm-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ F∂n-h-cpsS hnime Iq´mbva-bmWv temI tkmjy¬ t^mdw.

tkmhn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-bs‚ XI¿® tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿® temIsØ Aºcn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb tkmjy-enÃv _Z-en\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb tkmhnb-‰v -bq-Wn-b ≥ 1991˛¬ inYn-e-am-bn. tkmjyenkØns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tKm¿_-t®hv

89

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

hyXn-N-en-®Xv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®-°nS-bm-°n. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bp≈ _mly-C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs\ Xf¿Øn. 1985˛¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Ønb anJmtb¬ tKm¿_-t®hv XpS-ßn-h® ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs\ apX-em-fnØ ]mX-bn-te°-Sp∏n-®p. CXv ]m¿´n-bnepw Kh¨sa‚nepw B`y¥c {]iv \ - ß fpw `c- W - Ø n¬ Agn- a - X nbpw hf¿∂phcp-hm≥ Imc-Wam-bn.

1991 Unkw-_¿ 25˛\v tKm¿_-t®hv {]kn-U‚ v ÿm\w cmPn-sh-®-tXmsS tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn C√m-Xm-bn. CXns‚ ÿm\Øv 15 kzX-{¥-cm-jv{S-ßƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®-tbmsS km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ temI-\m-Sy-ßƒ tNmZyw sNøm≥ FXn-cmfn C√mXm-bn. CXv A¥¿tZ-io-b-cw-KØv henb {]XymLm-X-ß-fp-≠m-°n. Ccp-{[p-h-temIw XI-cp-Ibpw Hcp GI-{[p-h-temIw Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ c≠v temI-bp-≤-ßƒ XΩn¬ X{¥-ß-fnepw kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bnepw ^eß-fnepw A¥cw ImWm≥ Ign-bptam? Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kqN-\-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n N¿® sNøp. $ Bbp-[-ß-fpsS B[p\n-IX $ bp≤-X-{¥-ß-fnse am‰-ßƒ $ imkv{Xkmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS hn\m-i-I-c-amb ]cn-Wmaw $ bp≤`oI-cX $ im‡nItNcn-bnse hyXymkw $ bp≤-Øn-s‚ ^ew $ ""ln‰ve¿, apk-eo-\n, tSmtPm F∂n-h-cmWv c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn\v Imc-W-°m¿''˛\nß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ N¿®-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. $ \ncm-bp-[o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX c≠mw temI-bp≤w apt∂m´p hbv-°p-∂p-t≠m. N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ \njv]-£-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Iq´mbva krjvSn-®Xphgn ioX-k-a-c-Øns‚ Xo{hX Ipd-bv°m≥ tNcntNcm {]ÿm-\-Øn\p Ignt™m: N¿® sNøp-I. $ C\n-sbmcp temI bp≤-ap-≠m-bm¬ F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp {]kwKw Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n°p-I. $ bp≤- h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ hm¿Ø- I ƒ, Nn{X- ß ƒ F∂nh tiJ- c n®v Hcp bp≤- h n- c p≤ FIvkn_nj≥ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. $ Gjy-bn-sebpw B{^n-°-bn-sebpw sXs° -A-ta-cn°bnsebpw cmPy-ßsf \h-km-{am-PyXz hpw ]n¬°me apX-em-fn-Øhpw Fß-s\-bmWv _m[n-°p-∂Xv? ka-Im-enI temI-km-l-N-cyßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v N¿® sNøp-I. $ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bfl-I-Ybpw Poh-N-cn-{Xhpw ]cn-tim-[n®v h¿W-hn-th-N-\Øns‚ t]cn¬ Km‘nPn°v Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ t\cn-tS≠nh∂ ]oU-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI. $ temI-ka - m-[m-\Ø - n\v ioX-ka - cw Db¿Ønb sh√phnfn-Iƒ F∂ hnj-bØ - n¬ Hcp skan\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®-tbmsS temI-cm-jv{So-b-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ ka-Im-enI temIkw-`-h-ßsf Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. 90

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-Iƒ

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse

ss[j-WnI{]h-W-X-Iƒ

6

B[p\nI bpK-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-¬ a\p-jys‚ kmº-Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ly Pohn-X-Ønep≠mb am‰-ßfpw AXv a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bpsS \m\m-ta-J-e-Ifn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\hpw ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. a\p-jys‚ Nn¥m-{]-{In-b-bnse ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DZbw sNbvXp. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nepw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`Im-eØpw a\p-jys‚ Bi-b-ß-fnepw k¶-ev]-\-Ønepw D≠mb ss[jWn-I-amb hnIm-k-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ bqtdm-∏n-em-sW∂p ImWm-hp-∂Xm-Wv. XØz-im-kv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw, kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy F∂o afie-ß-fnep≠mb {][m-\-s∏´ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-bm-Wv Cu A≤ym-bØn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. Ch-bm-Is´ ]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m≠p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-˛-cm-jv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI {]ÿm-\-ßsf kzm[o\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ A]-Nbw ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-am-bt- ∏m-tgbv°pw ⁄mt\m-Zbw DW¿Ønhn´ Bi-b-ßƒ bqtdm-∏nse Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS `mh-\sb {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°m-Xmbn. kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ ASnÿm\ XØz-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hn{]-Xn-]Øn {]I-S-am-°n-Øp-S-ßn. ⁄mt\mZ-b-Im-esØ Bi-b-ß-fmb tZio-b-X, imkv{Xobho£-Ww, bp‡nNn¥ F∂nh am\-h-cm-in°v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw \∑-sN-øptam F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Zm¿i-\n-I¿ kwi-bw {]I-Sn∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bncp∂p. ⁄mt\m-Zbkn≤m-¥-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A{]nbØn¬ \n∂v bqtdm-∏n¬ c≠v Nn¥m[mc-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠p: Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw Bi-b-hm-Zhpw. hmkvXh-Øn¬ Cu c≠v Nn¥m-[m-c-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-Ød ⁄mt\m-ZbZ¿i-\Øn-em-Wv. Iebpw kmln-Xy-hp-a-S-°-ap≈ kmwkvIm-cnIPohn-X-sØbpw cmjv{Sob-Po-hn-X-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ {]ÿm-\-ß-fmbn Imem-¥-cØn¬ Ch hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P¿Ω-\n, {^m≥kv, Cw•≠v F∂o cmPy-ß-fn-emWv Cu \ho\ Nn¥-bpsS kzm[o\w BZyw A\p-`-h-s∏´Xv. 91

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

⁄mt\m-ZbIme-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® Bi-b-ß-fmWv Imev]-\n-I-Xbv°pw Bi-b-hm-Z-Øn\pw ASn-ÿm\w˛hni-I-e-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Imev]-\nI{]ÿm\w (Romanticism) ]Xns\´mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ A¥y- Ø nepw ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-ep-ambn Z¿i- \ - Ø nepw kmln- X y- Ø nepw Ie- b nepw D≠mb {it≤-b-amb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-amWv Imev]\nI {]ÿm- \ w. ]Xn- s \´mw \q‰m- ≠ nse ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®-sb∂ \ne-bnepw ]n∂oSv AXn- s \- X n- s c- b p≈ {]Xn- t j- [ - s a∂ \nebn-ep-amWv CXv XpS-ßn-b-Xv. ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂ kn≤m¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hgn-]n-cn™ H∂m-Wv Imev]\nI{]ÿm- \ w. kmln- X y- Ø nepw Ie- b n- e pap≠mbncp∂ ¢mkn-°¬ {]h-W-X-bvs°-Xn-scbp≈ Iem-]-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. bp‡n-bp-sSbpw hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw imkv{X-Ønt‚bpw {]mam-WnI-Xsb Imev]-\n-I-{]-ÿm\w tNmZyw sNbvXp. CXn-s\-Xnsc Bfl-\n-jvT-Xbv°pw `mhp-I-XzØn\pw sshIm- c n- I - X bv ° pw ss\k¿Kn- I Xbv°pw AXv ap≥K-W\ \¬In. hkvXp-°sf \nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ \nco-£-Is‚ XmXv]-cy-ßƒ Ahsb kzm[o-\n-°pw. hy‡n-I-fpsS A`n-cpNn hyXym- k - ß ƒ°v Cu \nco- £ - W - Ø n¬ ÿm\ap≠v. \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp P\n-∏n°-p∂ hnImcßƒ \nco-£-I¿°v hyXy-kvX-amNmƒkv Un°≥kv

hn√yw th¿Uvkvh¿Øv

bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I. GXn\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cysØ {]am-W-ambn FSp-°-Ww. {]]©kuµ-cyw, t{]aw, Nn¥m-kzm-X{¥yw F∂o {]ta-b-ß-fmWv Imev]-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ ssIImcyw sNbv X - X v . bqtdm- ] y≥ `mj- I fnse√mw Xs∂ Cu {]ta-b-ßƒ kmln-Xy-Im-c∑m-cpsS CjvS-hn-j-b-ß-fm-bn-. t\mh¬ F∂ kmln- X y- c q]w {]Nmcw t\Sp- ∂ Xpw C°m- e ØmWv. -tN-cn-I-fnse km[m-c-W-°m-cp-sSbpw J\nI-fnepw b{¥ime-I-fnepw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Ip´nI-fp-tSbpw Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-amb Pohn-XsØ Ah-Xcn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmWv Cw•o-jv kmlnXy-Im-c-\mb Nmƒkv Un°≥kns‚ t\mh- e p- I ƒ. BZykµ¿i\w Ign™v A©p- h ¿j- Ø n- \ ptijw ho≠pw Hcp \Zn-°-c-bn-se-Øp∂ IhnbpsS a\ v {]IrXn{]Xn-`m-k-ßƒs°m∏w Xmfw hnIvtXm¿ bqtKm

92

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-Iƒ

bqPn≥ sZe{Izm

Xp≈p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ "a[p-cn-°p∂ thZ-\-Ifpw aØp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ B\µßfpw' hnh-cn-°p-∂XmWv BwK- e - I - h n- b mb hn√yw th¿Uv k v h¿Øns‚ "Snt‚¨ B_n' (Tintern Abbey). ap‰n \n¬°p∂ [m\y-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ amSn-hn-fn-°p∂ "GIm- I n- b mb sImbv Ø v I m- c nbpw' - (Solitary Reaper) {]Ir-Xn-ca - W - o-ba - mb XmgvhcbpsS GIm¥-X-bn¬ -H‰s∏´p-t]m-Ip∂ s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS IY ]d-bp∂ "eqkn t{K' (Lucy Gray) bpw th¿Uvkv h¿Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Xs∂. {]IrXn{]Xn-`m-kß-fn-se√mw Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw ImWm≥ Ignbp∂ a\p-jys‚ {]Ir-Xym-cm-[\m-kzm-X{¥yw Imev]-\nIIhn-I-fpsS apJy-hn-j-b-am-Wv. Ihn, \mS-I-Ir-Øv, t\mh-enÃv F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ {]i-kvX-\mb hnIvtXm¿ bqtKm (Victor Hugo) Bbn-cp∂p {^©v Imev]-\n-I-X-bnse {]ap-J≥. Ct±-l-Øns‚ "]mh-ßƒ' F∂ t\mh¬ temIP-\-Xsb i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-®p. ¢mkn-°¬ ssien-bn-ep≈ s{Kt°m-˛-tdm-a≥ ]mcº-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßsf Nn{Xo-I-cn°p-∂-Xn-emWv Imev]-\nI {]ÿm\-Ønse IemIm-c-∑m¿ ap≥K-W\ \¬In-b-Xv. {^©v Iem-ImsZe{Izm hc® Nn{Xw

tPm¨ tIm¨Ã-_nƒ

c≥ bqPn≥ sZe{Izmbpw (Eugene Delacroix), {_n´o-jv I-em-Im-c-\mb tPm¨ tIm¨Ã-_n-fpamWv (John Constable) Cu am‰-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. hmkvXp-in-ev]-Øn-em-Is´ a[y-Ime tKmYnIv ssien-bn-te-°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Hcp t_m[]q¿h-amb {iaw \S-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v aµnc \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Cu ssien {]Xn-^en-°p∂p. Imev]-\nI ImesØ kwKoXw P¿Ω≥ ]nbm\nÃpw kwKo- X - ⁄ - \ p- a mb epZznKv t^m¨ t_tYm- h - \ n¬ (Ludwig Von Beethoven) AXns‚ D®ÿm-bn-se-Øn. Imev]-\nI{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-SpIqSn hy‡n-\n-jvT-hm-Z-Øn\pw a\p-jym-h-Im-ißƒ°pw am\p-jn-Ih - n-Im-cß - f - p-tSbpw `mh-\b - p-tSbpw aqey-ßƒ°pw {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°s - ∏-´p. kmln-XyØnepw Ie-bn-ep-ap-≠mb kzm[o-\sØ°qSmsX ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse cmjv{Sob kmº-ØnI ho£-Wß - t- fbpw AXv kzm[o-\n®p. F∂p am{Xa√ a[y- I m- e - L - ´ sØ°pdn- ® - d n- b p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ tPm¨ tIm¨Ã-_nƒ hc® Nn{Xw

93

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v

XmXv]cyw P\n-°p-Ibpw `qX-ImekwkvIm-cß - t- fbpw kw`- h - ß - t fbpw Is≠- Ø p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ Pn⁄mk h¿≤n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tZio-b-Xsb DtØ-Pn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ Imev]-\nIX sNbvX-Xv. cmjv{Sß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn\pw P\-ß-fpsS kzbw

epZznKv t^m¨ t_tYm-h≥

{^U-dnIv tlK¬

\n¿Æ-bm-hI - m-iØ - n\pw ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ Hcp {]ÿm-\-ambn AXv hf¿∂p. cmjv{SsØ kw_‘n® Z¿i\ah- X - c n- ∏ n® P¿Ω≥ Nn¥- I ≥ Ktbm¿Kv hn¬slw {^U-dnIv tlK¬ (Georg Wilhelm Frederic Hegel) Cu `mh-\-bpsS BXy-¥nIh‡m-hm-Wv.

bp‡n-°p-ta¬ hnIm-chpw _p≤n°p-ta¬ `mh-\bpw t\Snb hnP-b-am-bncp∂p Imev]-\n-IX˛]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

DZm-c-Xm-hmZw (Liberalism) tZio-b-X-bp-ambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Ønb Z¿i-\-am-bn-cp∂p DZm-c-Xm-hmZw (Liberalism). AXv {][m-\-ambpw a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS {]I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. hymh-kmbnIhnπ- h - Ø ns‚ Bhn¿`m- h - t Øm- S p- I qSn ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-Øn¬ {_n´-\n¬ a[y-h¿§w i‡n-{]m-]n®p. Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ ]m¿esa‚dn `c- W - h y- h - ÿ - t bm- S p≈ XmXv ] cyw h¿≤n®ph-∂p. \nbahmgvN-, a\p-jym-h-Imi \nba- ß ƒ, {]mb- ] q¿Øn- t hm- ´ - h - I miw F∂o Bhiy-ßƒ CXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ apt∂m-´p-h®p.

hp-amb coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ AXp sNbvXXv. AXn-\m¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-tebpw Ie-bn-tebpw Cu ssiensb bYmXY {]ÿm\w (Realism) F∂p hnfn-®p. ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm≥]-Xpw \q‰m-≠p-If - nse Imev]\nI{]ÿm- \ - ß - t fm- S p≈ {]Xn- t j- [ - a mWv bYmXY{]ÿm-\w. Cu ssieo-am-‰-Øn\v c≠p Imc-Wß - ƒ ImWm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. H∂v, a\p-jy-Nn¥bpsS Hcp cq]-am-bn B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw DZbw sNbvX-Xv. c≠v, bqtdm-∏nse hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ 1848˛¬ \S∂ hnπ-h-ßƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xn-ep≈ taml-`w-Kw. tem¿Uv sS∂n-k¨

bYmXY {]ÿm\w (Realism) ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnepw Hcp ]pXnb {]hWX DS-se-Sp-Øp. hkvXp-°-tf-bpw hkvXp-X-Itfbpw AtX cq]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂p≈ A`n-em-j-Øn-\mWv Ah¿ Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv. Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ß-tf-bpw {]ta-b-ß-tfbpw kao-]n-®Xv hnIm-c-]-c-am-bn-´-√. hkvXp-\n-jvThpw bYm¿∞94

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-Iƒ

tdm_¿´v {_uWnwKv

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn Imev]-\nI {]kvYm-\-Øn\v aß-te¬∏n-®p. a\pjym-≤zm-\Ø - n\v ]Icw hbv°m-hp-∂X - mWv b{¥w F∂ hmZw a\p-jys‚ Ign-hns\ A{]-[m-\-am°n. P¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-ØXv ]cn-Wm-a-ØneqsSbmWv F∂ kn≤m¥w krjvSn-bn¬ Cuiz- c s‚ ]¶n- s \- ° p- d n- ® p≈ [mc- W - b n¬ am‰w hcpØn. CXv kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cpsS Imev]-\nI `mh-\bv°v sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øn. `mh-\-bpsS \ndw tN¿°msX hkvXp-°sf X\Xp cq]-Øn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv bYmXY{]ÿm-\-°m¿ hmZn-®-Xv. Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-Øn¬ B¬{^Uv temUv sS∂n- k - W pw amXyq B¿t\mƒUpw tdm_¿´v {_uWnwKpw Cu {]ÿm\sØ {]Xn\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ Ihn-I-fm-Wv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠nse imkv{X]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw cmjv{Sob kw`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw ^e-amWv bYm-XY{]ÿm-\w.

P¿Ω≥ Bi-b-hm-Zw (German Idealism)

Bi-b-hm-Z-Øn\v Hcp ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv ]Xns\´mw \q‰m-≠n-s‚ DØcm¿≤-Øn-emWv. XØzNn-¥-bpsS Hcp imJ-bmWv Bi-b-hmZw (Idealism). Bib-amWv {]Y-ahpw {][m-\hpsa∂pw `uXn-I-]-Zm¿∞ßƒ°v ZznXob ÿm\ta-bp-≈q-sh-∂pw Bi-b-hmZw ]d-bp-∂p. Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]pXnb h‡m-°ƒ P¿Ω≥ Nn¥- I - c m- b n- c p- ∂ p. CΩm- \ p- t h¬ Im‚ v (Immanuel Kant), slK¬ F∂n-hc - mWv Bibhm-Z-Øn\v ]pXp-Po-h≥ \¬In-b-Xv. Hcp Bi-bØn\v kmaq-lnI Pohn-XsØ am‰n adn-°m≥ Ignbp-sa-∂mWv P¿Ω≥ Bi-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ hniz-kn-®ncp-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI˛cm-jv{Sob Pohn-XØns‚ {]m[m\yw \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xpw Bflo-b-

CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚ v

Xbv°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂X - p-amb ap≥Ime Bibhm-Z-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS ImgvN∏ - m-S.v aX-\n-jvTt- am Bflo-btam Bb Bib-hmZw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ am‰-na-dn-°m≥ Ignbp-∂-XmWv F∂v Ch¿ hmZn-®p.

{]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-hmZw (Positivism) a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ \n∂p-amWv Bibw ]nd-hn-sbSp-°p-∂-sX∂ Im‚n-t‚bpw tlK-en-t‚bpw hmZØn\p _Z-embn as‰m-cp-Iq´w Nn¥-I¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv `uXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv Bi-bsØ cq]-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂mWv. CXn-s\-bmWv {]Xy-£m\p-`-h-hmZw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Bflo-b-Xbv°v ap≥K-W-\ \¬In-b ap≥Ime Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hyXn-bm-\-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.

`uXn-I-hmZw (Materialism) {]Xy- £ m- \ p- ` - h hmZsØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m°n P¿Ω≥ Nn¥-I-\mb Imƒ am¿Ivkv Hcp \qX\ kn≤m-¥-Øn\v cq]w \evIn. a\p-jy\p Np‰p-ap≈ kIe {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. Bi-b-amWv am‰-Øn-\-Snÿm-\-sa-∂mWv slK¬ hmZn-®t∏mƒ `uXnI i‡n-I-fmWv am‰-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv F∂v am¿Ivkv hni-Zo-I-cn-®-p. Zm¿i-\n-I¿ Ct∂-hsc temIsØ hymJym-\n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬, temIsØ am‰-na-dn-°p-I-bmWv IqSp-X¬ {][m-\w F∂v At±lw hmZn- ® p. At±- l - Ø ns‚ cmjv{Sob˛kmº-ØnI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ apsºmc≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.

imkv{Xw 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ imkv{Xkmt¶-XnIcwK-ß-fn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb I≠p- ] n- S p- Ø - ß ƒ 19˛mw \q‰m- ≠ n- e p- ≠ mbn. `uXn-Iim-kv{X-Ønepw sshZy-im-kv{X-Ønepw 95

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥

henb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn. hymh-km-bnI hnπh-Øns‚ hym]-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn kmt¶-XnIhnZybnepw hnIm-k-ap-≠m-bn. ]sØm- º Xmw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ a\p- j ys‚ ho£WsØbmsI am‰n-a-dn® I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-am-bn-cp∂p ]cnWmakn≤m-¥w. eLp-hmb ]q¿∆cq]-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]cn-W-an-®n-´p-≠m-b-XmWv Hmtcm Pohn-bpsa- ∂ mWv ]cn- W m- a - k n- ≤ m¥w (Theory of evolution) ]d-bp-∂-Xv. am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-amhmØ Hcp Pohn-bp-an√ F∂v Cu kn≤m¥w hniZo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Cw•ojv {]Ir- X n- i m- k v { X- ⁄ - \ mb Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ BWv Cu kn≤m¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ 1859˛¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn® "Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Dev]Øn', 1871˛¬ {]kn-≤oI-cn® "a\p-jys‚ Ah-Xmcw' F∂o IrXnI-fn¬ ImWmw. Bkv { Sn- b ≥ ]ptcm- l n- X - \ m- b n- c p∂ dh- d ‚ v {KntKm¿ sa≥U¬ P\n- X - I - i m- k v { X- Ø n¬ kp{][m-\-amb kw`m-h\ \¬In. Poh- i m- k v{XsØ sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿

am{X- a √ am\- h n- I hn⁄m-\w, kmaqlnI imkv{Xw XpSßn hn⁄m-\Øns‚ \m\m-ta-J-

tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv

e- I - t fbpw ]cn- W m- a - k n- ≤ m¥w kzm[o- \ n- ® p. temIw krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ kn≤m-¥sØ AXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-XmsW∂ kn≤m¥w apt∂m´v hbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ncn{Xw, kmaq-lnIimkv{Xw, \c-hwi imkv{Xw XpS- ß nb hnPv R m- \ - t a- J - e - I - f n¬ ]cn- W m- a kn≤m¥w henb am‰-ßƒ°n-S-bm-°n. kmaq-lyimkv{X hnj-b-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Cu kn≤m-¥Øns‚ {]tbm-KsØ "tkmjy¬ Um¿hn\nkw' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. DØ-a-am-btX AXn-Po-hn°q (Survival of the fittest) F∂ kn≤m-¥w km{amPy-Xz-sØbpw Bt{^m-˛-G-jy≥ cmPy-ß-fnse ]m›m-Xym-[n-\n-th-i-sØbpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p-th≠n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. hwi-a-lna Db¿Øn]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ \mkn-Iƒ Cu kn≤m-¥sØ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. kmaq-ly-imkv{X ]T-\-Øn\v Cu kn≤m¥w ^e{]- Z - a mbn D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø m- s a∂v {_n´ojv kmaqly imkv{X- I m- c - \ mb sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. AXn{]mNo-\-Im-esØ Ncn-{X-sØbpw kwkvImc- s Øbpw hymJym- \ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v ]cn- W m- a kn≤m¥w D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amsW∂v Bkvt{S-en-b≥ ]pcm-XØz-imkv{X⁄\mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv Is≠-Øn.

imkv{X-cw-KØ - p-≠mb I≠p]nSn-Øß - ƒ kmaq-lyN-cn-{X-ta-J-e-I-fnse am‰-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ klm-bI - a - m-bn. ⁄mt\m-Zb Ime-L´- w, B[p-\nI imkv{X hnπhw Ch-bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn¬ Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-Ie\w sNøp-I. 96

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-Iƒ

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse imkv{Xhpw ]pXnb Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw hy‡nbnepw kaq- l - Ø nepw imkv { X- Ø ns‚ kzm[o\w Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hfsc {]I-Sa - mbn. imkv{X-⁄¿ ]co-£Wime-I-fn¬ \SØp∂ GIm-¥-amb Hc-t\z-j-W-ambn-cp∂n√ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse imkv{Xw. AXv At\Iw P\-ßfpambpw hn⁄m- \ - i m- J - I - I fpambpw _‘s∏´XmWvv.

CØcw I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßƒ imkv{XtemIsØ am{X-a√ kmaq-ly-Z¿i-\-ß-tfbpw _lp-Zqcw apt∂m´v \bn-®p. imkv{XcwKsØ I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßsf ssk\n-Imh-iy-ßƒ°p-th≠n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂p≈ Xncn- ® - d nhv Cu taJ- e - b n¬ cmjv { S- ß - f psS CSs]-S-en\v If-sam-cp-°n.

kmlnXyhna¿i-\-Ønepw XØz-Nn-¥bnepw ]pXp-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ hyh-km-bw, imkv{Xw, kmt¶-XnIhnZy F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb hnπ-hI-ca - mb am‰-ßƒ P\Pohn-XsØ ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXa - m-°n. X¬^-ea - mbn kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]pXp-k-ao-]-\-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw DZbw sNbvXp.

amIvkv πm¶v, B¬_¿´v sF≥sÃ≥

XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw kmlnXyhna¿i-\-Ønepw Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ DS-se-SpØ c≠v {]ÿm-\-ßfmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpw.

`uXnIimkv{X-Øn-emWv KWy-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnbp-≠m-b-Xv. amIvkv πm¶ns‚ (Max Planck) Izm≠w _e-X-{¥hpw B¬_¿´v sF≥sÃ≥s‚ (Albert Einstein)Bt]-£nI kn≤m-¥hpw CXn\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv. {Zhy-Øns‚ G‰hpw sNdnb LS- I - a mb AWp- h ns\ hn`- P n- ° m- s a∂pw At∏mƒ Du¿÷w D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw GWÃv dX¿t^m¿Uv I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. AWp-hns‚ hn`-P\w t]mseØs∂ AXns‚ kwtbm-P-\hpw Du¿t÷m-ev]m-Z\w km≤y-am-°p-sa∂pw ]n∂oSv Is≠Øn. lntcm-jn-a-bnepw \mK-km-°nbnepw hoW t_mw_p-Iƒ CXns‚ hn\m-i-I-c-amb {]tbm-K-am-Wv. F∂m¬ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Bhiy-ßƒ°pw BW-h-i‡n {]tbm-Kn-°mw.

⁄mt\m-Zb Ime-L´w apX¬ A`y-kvX-hn-Zycmb a≤y-h¿§a\p-jy-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb Bfl- h n- i zm- k - a mWv {]Ir- X n- t bbpw {]]- © tØbpw IogS-°m-sa-∂p-≈X - v. F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`t-Øm-Sp-IqSn hymh-km-bnI hnπ- h - Ø ns‚ Zpc- ¥ - ^ - e - ß ƒ bqtdm- ∏ nepw hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnepw \K-c-Po-hnXw ZpcnX-a-bam- ° n. CXn- s \- X n- s c- b p≈ {]Xn- t j- [ - Ø ns‚ {]Xn-^-e\w Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw {]Xy£- s ∏- ´ p. Cu {]Xn- ` m- k - a mWv B[p- \ n- I X (Modernism) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Ønbn-cp∂ ¢m n-°¬ k¶-ev]-ß-tfmSv B[p-\nIXmhmZn-Iƒ Ie-ln-°p-Ibpw Aaq¿Ø-ß-fmb

GWÃv dX¿t^m¿Uv

t\mw tNmkvIn

97

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

coXn-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw Bhn-jv-°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ temI-Øns‚ A¿∞-sa¥v F∂-t\z-jn-°m≥ XØz-Nn-¥-I-cpw `mjm-im-kv{X⁄-cpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-Im-c≥amcpw 1960-˛Iƒ apX¬ At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-®p. kmlnXycN-\-Ifp-tSbpw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fp-tSbpw aq¿Ø-cq-]-ßfpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb A¿∞-X-e-ßsf C°q-´¿ tNmZyw sNbvXp. Hcp IrXn°v ]e A¿∞-Xeß-ƒ D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw AXn-\m¬ B IrXnsb ]eX-cØ - n¬ hmbn-°m-sa∂pw Ch¿ hmZn-®p. CØcw hmZ- K - X n- I - f mWv DØ- c m- [ p- \ n- I X( Post Modernism) F∂ t]cn- e - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . CXns‚ h‡m-°-fmb ]e Nn¥-Icpw A`n-{]mbs∏-Sp-∂Xv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX F∂Xv kn≤m-¥ßƒ°-Xo-X-amb Hcp PohnXkml-N-cy-am-sW∂mWv. Cu kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Nne {]apJ h‡m°-fmWv {^©v Nn¥-I\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\p-amb antj¬ ^qt°m (Michel Foucault), {^©p-Imc≥Xs∂-bmb gm°v sZdo-Z (Jacques Derrida), Ata-cn-°≥ `mjm-imkv{X⁄\pw cmjv{Sob Nn¥- I \pamb t\mw tNmwkvIn (Noam Chomsky) XpS-ßn-b-h¿.

c≠mw temI-bp-≤Øn\p-tijw imkv{X-cw-KØv D≠mb {it≤-b-amb Hcp t\´-amWv _ln-cmImiKthjWw. `qan-bpsS BI¿j-W-h-e-bsØ t`Zn-®p-sIm≠v _ln-cm-Im-i-tØ°v k©-cn-°m\p-X-Ip∂ hml-\-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-amWv CXv km≤y-am-°n-b-Xv. N{µ-\n¬ Imep-Ip-Øm\pw a‰p {Kl- ß - f n- t e°v ]cy- t h- j W t]S- I - ß fbbv°m\pw B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øn\v Ign-™p. Ir{Xntam]-{K-l-ßƒ hnt£-]n®v Imem-h-ÿmhy- X n- b m- \ - s Ø- ° p- d n®pw {]Ir- X n- h n- ` - h ßsf°pdn®pw ]Tn-°m≥ C∂v km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn¬ h∂ kvt^mS-\m-fl-I-amb hnIm-k-Øn\p ]n∂nepw CXm-Wv. P\n-XIkmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ hnkva-b-I-c-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv imkv{Xw ssIh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. t¢mWnw-Kn-eqsS Poh≥ krjvSn-°m-sa∂v sXfnbn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn-ep-≠mb ]ptcmKXnaqew hn⁄m\w A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ hnc¬Øp- º nem- b n. hnZym- ` ym- k - c w- K Øv Cu imkv{XimJ-bpsS {]tbmKw hfsc ^e-{]-Z-amsW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

]sØm≥]-Xv, Ccp-]Xv \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse hnhn[ ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-Iƒ, AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ F∂nh Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°q-I.

DXv]mZ-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS A\p-kyq-X-amb \hoI-cWw a\p-jys‚ kmº-ØnI˛km-aq-lnI PohnX-Ønepw Nn¥m-afi e - Ø - nepw am‰w hcp-Øp-sa∂v I≠-t√m. imkv{X-cw-KsØ ]ptcm-KX - nbpw a\pjy-

Nn-¥sb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-Nn¥ kmaq-lyam-‰-Øn-\p≈ t{]c-I-i-‡n-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. a\pjy kaq-lØ - ns‚ Ct∂-hscbp≈ Pohn-X-Øn¬ CXv ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Dev]m-Z-\hyh-ÿ-bn¬ D≠mb am‰w hgn {^m≥kv, P¿Ω-\n, Cw•≠v F∂o cmjv{S-ß-fnse kmwkvImcnI˛cmjv{Sob Nn¥-I-fn¬ D≠m-b ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n®v Hcp ]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ ]sØm- º Xpw Ccp- ] Xpw \q‰m- ≠ p- I - f nse imkv { X˛km- t ¶- X nI taJeIfnse hnImkw a\p-jy-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰w F∂ hnjbsØ°pdn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. 98

C∂sØ C¥y

C∂sØ C¥y

7

c≠p \q‰m-t≠mfwIm-ew \o≠p\n∂ {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂v C¥y tamN\w t\Sn-b-Xns\∏‰nbpw kzmX{¥y-k-a-c-ß-fpsS hnhn[ [mcI-sf-∏-‰nbpw ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠-t√m. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y-k-acw a‰p cmPy-ß-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Ønse Xs∂ G‰hpw henb _lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. {_n´ojv `cWw ASn-t®-ev]n® `bm\I-XIƒ-s°-Xnsc \n¿`bcmbn kacw sNbvX Hcp P\-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-am-W-Xv. 1947 BKÃv 15˛\v {_n´s‚ ]Xm-I-bmb bqWn-b≥ Pm°v Cd°n X¬ÿm-\Øv {Xnh¿W]XmI Db¿ØnbXv km{am-PyXzi‡nbpsS Nc-ahpw Hcp ]pXnb-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ P\-\hpw hnfw-_cw sNbvXp. C¥y kzX-{¥-bm-hp∂p

99

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

]m¿e- s a‚ v aµn- c - Ø nse sk≥{S¬ lmfn¬ tN¿∂ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bpsS tbmKØn¬ C¥y-bpsS BZysØ {][m\a{¥n-bmbn kXy{]Xn⁄ sNbvX Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp BKÃv 14˛mw XobXn A¿≤-cm-{Xn-bn¬ sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-™p: ""temIw apgph≥ Dd-ßn°n-S°p-tºmƒ Hcp cmPyw kzmX-{¥yØn-te°v DW¿s∂-Wo-°p-∂p.'' ""{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn≥Iogn¬ C¥y-bn¬ B[n]Xyw sNep-Ønb hnImcw `b-am-bn-cp-∂p, F√m-bn-SØpw hym]n-°p∂, ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂-, hcn-™p-ap-dp-°p∂ `bw: ]´m-f-sØ, t]meo-kns\, Nmc-∑m-sc, DtZym-Kÿ h - ¿§sØ, a¿±n-s®mXp-°p-Ibpw Xpd-¶n-eS- bv° - p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \nba-hy-h-ÿ-sb, P∑n-bpsS In¶-c-∑m-sc, sIm≈]- e n- i bv ° v ]Ww ISw- s Im- S p- ° p- ∂ - h - s \, Ft∏mgpw ]SnhmXn¬°¬ \n¬°p∂ sXmgnen-√m-bva-tbbpw ]´n-Wn-tbbpw F√m-‰nt\bpw `b-am-bn-cp-∂p. k¿∆-hym-]n-bmb Cu `b- Ø n- s \- X n- s c- b mWv im¥- a mbn F∂m¬ \n›- b - Z m¿Vy- t ØmsS Km‘nPn i_v Z - a pb¿Øn-bXv \n¿`-b-cmbncn°pI F∂v.'' (Phl¿em¬ s\lvdp "C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬')

hn`-P-\w, elf C¥y- b psS kzmX- { ¥y- e _v[n Htckabw k-t¥m-jhpw k¥m-]hpw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-\m-fsØ hntZ-i-`-cWw Ah-km-\n-®-Xn¬ kt¥mjap≠m-bn. F∂m¬ hn`-P-\hpw A`bm¿∞n {]hm-lhpw c‡-s®m-cn-®nepw k¥m]hpw D≠m-°n. kzmX-{¥y-tØmsS cmPyw c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏´p. C¥y-sb∂pw ]mIn-ÿm-s\-∂pw. F¥m-bn-cp∂p hn`-P-\-Øns‚ ImcWw? kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ C¥y≥ tZio-bXsb \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw Db¿∂ph∂p. C¥y-bp-tSXv lnµp-tZ-io-b-X-bmsW∂v lnµp-a-lm-k` hmZn-®p. C¥y-bn¬ ap…ow tZio-b-Xbpw Ds≠∂v k¿th¥ym ap…ow eoKpw (All India Muslim League) hmZn-®p. Ch¿ c≠p Iq´cpw aXm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ tZio- b - X sb 100

Pn∂bpw Km‘n-Pnbpw

\n¿∆Nn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ Db¿∂p-h∂ Zzncmjv{ShmZ-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ cmPysØ hn`-Pn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p ap…ow-eoKns‚ Bhiyw. C¥ysb hn`- P n®v ]mIn- ÿ m≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp cmjv{Sw cq]o-I-cn-°Ww F∂mWv ap…ow -eoKv t\Xm-hmb apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂ Bhiy-s∏-´Xv. {_n´ojv km{am-Py-Øns‚ `n∂n∏n®v `cn-°¬ \bØn\v CXn¬ A\-ev]-amb Hcp ]¶p≠mbn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv Zzncm-jv{S-hmZsØ FXn¿Øp. AJ-fi-`m-cXw F∂-Xm-bncp∂p tIm¨{K- ns‚ \ne-]mSv. C¥y≥ P\-Xbv°v A[n-Imcw ssIam-dm-sa∂pw AXn\v apt∂m-Sn-bmbn Xm¬°m-enIa{¥n-k` - bpw `c-WL - S- \m\n¿Ωm-Wk - ` - bpw cq]o-Ic - n-°m-sa∂pw Iym_n-\‰v anj≥ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ {_n´≥ hy‡-am°n-bn-cp-∂p. AX-\p-k-cn®v 1946˛¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ CS-°me a{¥n-k` cq]o-I-cn-®p. ap…oweoKv AXn¬ AwK-am-Im≥ hnkΩXn-°p-Ibpw {]Xy-£k - a - c - Ø - n\v Blzm\w sNøp- I bpw sNbv X p. XpS¿∂v C¥y- b n¬ ]ebnSØpw h¿§ob el-f-Iƒ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´p. eoKv ]n∂oSv a{¥n-k-`-bn¬ tN¿s∂-¶nepw ]mInÿm≥ hmZw Dt]-£n-®n-√. AJfi`mc-X-hm-ZØn¬ tIm¨{K pw Dd-®p-\n-∂p. ap…o-ßƒ°v ]mIn-ÿm≥ \¬In C¥ysb lnµp cmjv{S-am-°W-sa∂v lnµpalm-k` Bh-iy-s∏´p. Cu hmZ{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ h¿§obel-f-Isf Bfn-°-Øn-®p. ]SnhmXn¬°-seØn \n¬°p∂ kzmX{¥yw Cu X¿°-ß-fm¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-tam-sb∂v tIm¨{Kkv

C∂sØ C¥y

`b-s∏-´p. kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°v ]mIn-ÿm≥ cq]oI-cWw XS- -am-h-cp-sX∂v tIm¨{Kkv Icp-XpIbpw C¥ymhn`-P-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ alm-flm-Km‘n CXw-Ko-I-cn®n√. ]t£ At±-l-Ønt‚Xv H‰-s∏´ i_vZ-ambn-cp∂p.

Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]m m- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. CXmWv C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y-\n-baw (Indian Independence Act). {_n´\pw C¥ybpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n∂ c≠p\q‰mt≠mfw Imew ]g-°a - p≈ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ _‘w CtXmsS Ah-km-\n®p.

]pXnb ssht{km-bn-bmbn au≠v_m‰¨ {]`p 1947 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ C¥y-bn-se-Øn. C¥y-bnse hnhn[ I£nt\Xm- ° - f p- a mbn N¿® \S- Ø n. C¥ymhn`- P - \ - Ø n\v At±lw A¥nacq]w \¬In. CXmWv au≠v _ m‰¨ ]≤- X n. CXv At±lw {_n´ojv k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb _n¬

e≠-\nse {]kn-≤ A`n-`m-j-I-\mbncp∂ kndn¬ dmUv¢n-^n-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p hn`-P\Øns‚ hni-Zamb `q]Sw Xøm-dm-°m-≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. {]hn-iy-Ifpw Pn√-Ifpw {Kma-ßfpw hn`-Pn-°s - ∏´p. C¥y-bnse kº’ar-≤-am-bn-cp∂ ]©m_pw _wKmfpw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p. Ing-°≥ _wKmfpw ]Sn™m-d≥ ]©m_pw ]mIn-ÿm-\n-em-bn.

C¥y-bpsS In-g°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ambn c≠v IjvW-ß-fm-bn-´mWv ]mIn-ÿm≥ cq]oIcn-°s∏-´-Xv. hn`-P-\-Im-esØ C¥y-bpsS `q]Sw t\m°n ]mIn-ÿms‚ ÿm\w Is≠-Øp. ]mInÿm-\n-epƒs∏´ {]hn-iy-I-tf-sXms°? ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp.

A[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰hpw hn`-P-\hpw Hcp-an-®mWv \S∂-Xv. ]pXn-b-Xmbn cq]o-I-cn® ]mIn-ÿms‚ cmjv{SØe-h-\mbn apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂ 1947 BKÃv 14˛\v emtlm- d n¬ kXy- { ]- X n⁄ sNbv X v A[nImc-ta-‰p. H∂m-bn-cp∂ Hcp cmjv{SsØ c≠mbn hn`-Pn®v ]pXn- s bmcp cmjv { Sw cq]o- I - c n- ° p- t ºmƒ Fs¥m- s °- b mWv ]¶p- h - b vt°- ≠ - X mbn hcp∂Xv? $

ssk\yw

$ $

]pgp-°p-tØ‰ ]mIn-ÿm≥ ]©m-_v, kn‘v, _eq-Nn-ÿm≥, A^vKm≥ {]hn-iy, Iivao¿, _wKmƒ F∂o {]hn-iy-Iƒ ]mIn- ÿ m- \ n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- Ø Ww F∂mWv Pn∂bpw ap…oweoKpw Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ In´n-btXm? ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]©m_pw Ing-°≥ _wKm-fpw, Iivao¿ In´n-b-Xp-an-√. Akw-Xr-]vX\mb Pn∂ ]d™p Xßƒ°p In´n-bXv ""]pgp°p-tØ‰ ]mIn-ÿm≥'' BsW-∂v.

BKÃv 15 c≠mw temI-bp-≤m-h-km\w Ing-°-t\-jy-bn¬ P∏ms\Xnsc {_n´≥, {^m≥kv, Ata-cn° F∂o cmPy-ßƒ tN¿∂p cq]o-I-cn® kJytk- \ - b psS k¿∆ssk- \ ym- [ n- ] - \ m- b n- c p∂p {_n´ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-Khpw \mhn-I-tk-\-bn¬ AUvan-d-ep-am-bn-cp∂ eqbn au≠v _m‰¨. ]k^n-°nse lhm-bv Zzo]-k-aqlw apX¬ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬h-sc-bp≈ {]tZ-isØ cmPy-ß-sfsbms° AS- ° n- h m- W n- c p∂ P∏m≥ au≠v_m‰s‚ apºn¬ Bbp[w h®v Iog-Sßn-bXv 1945 BKÃv 15 \mbn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ PohnX-Ønse B Ahn-kva-c-Wob Zn\sØ C¥ybpsS kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\-ambn At±lw Xnc-s™Sp-Øp. C¥ym-°m-cm-sW∂ sFIy-t_m-[-tØm-Sp-IqSn kam-[m\PohnXw \bn-®n-cp∂ P\-ß-fn¬ C¥ymhn- ` - P \w lnµp- s h∂pw ap…o- s a- ∂ p- a p≈ th¿Xncnhv krjvSn-®p. lnµp-˛-ap…ow t\Xm-°ƒ aXhnImcw Bfn- ° - Ø n®v h¿§obel- f - I - f p≠m°n. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ sIme-sNø-s∏´p. lnµp-°fpw kn°p-Imcpw ]mIn-ÿm\n¬\n∂v C¥y-bn-te°pw ap…o-ßƒ ]mIn-ÿm101

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

hn`-P-\-Im-esØ A`-bm¿Yn {]hmlw

\n-te°pw ]em-b\w sNbvXp. e£-°-W-°n\v A`-bm¿∞n-I-fmWv CcpcmPy-ß-fn-te°pw {]hln- ® - X v . Ncn- { X- Ø nse G‰hpw henb A`bm¿∞n {]hm-lw. emtlmdpw U¬lnbpw I¬°Øbpw h¿§obel-f-bn-e-a¿∂p. Ac-£n-Xm-hÿbpw Acm-P-I-Xzhpw Fßpw \S-am-Sn. Alnwkm-flIam¿§-Øn-eq-sS, kl-\-k-a-c-Øn-eq-sS, t\Sn-sb-SpØ kzmX{¥yw lnwk-bnepw A-{I-aØnepw Iem-in-®p. A{I-an-Iƒ°v am\-km-¥c - ap-≠m-Im\pw P\-ßƒ°v im¥n-tb-Im\pw A`-ba - {- ¥-hp-ap-cp-hn´v im¥n-bm{X \S- Ø nb alm- fl m- K m- ‘ n- b psS IY \nßƒ°dnbm- a - t √m. C¥y- b v ° - I Øv Hcp apk¬am\pw sIm√-s∏-Sm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v Km‘nPn el-f-°m-tcmSv A`y¿∞n-®p. hn`-P-\-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v At±lw D]-h-kn-®p. ]mIn-ÿm-\n¬ lnµp-°ƒ sIm√-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ C¥y- b nse ap…o- ß - f psS kwc- £ - I - \ mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Km‘n-Pnsb lnµpXo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ i{Xp-hm-bn-°-≠p. CsXm-s°bmWv Ah¿ At±lsØ sIme-sN-øm≥ ImcWw. 102

\m´p-cm-Py-kw-tbm-P\w {_n´≥ C¥y hnSp-tºmƒ Adp-∂q-dn¬∏cw \m´pcm-Py-ßƒ C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥Im-eØv Cw•ojv CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-bp-ambpw {_n´o-jv C¥y≥ k¿°m-cp-ambpw D≠m-°nb hnhn[ Icmdp-Iƒ {]Imcw Cu \m´pcmPy-ßƒ Xß-fpsS ]cam-[n-Imcw {_n´\v ASn-bd - s - h-®n-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw Cu I-cm-dp-I-sf√mw d±mhpIbpw \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ°v ]c-am-[n-Imcw Xncn®pIn´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ°v c≠v am¿§-ß-fmWv {]kvXp-X-\n-baw \n¿tZ-in®Xv. C¥y-bntem ]mIn-ÿm-\ntem ebn°pI As√-¶n¬ kzX-{¥-ambn \n¬°pI. hn`-P-\-Øn-\p-tijw C¥ybv-°-IØv 555 \m´p cmPy-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. Cu \m´pcmPy-ßf - nse√mw Xs∂ DØ-c-hmZ`cWw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\p-th≠n P\-ßƒ kacw sNbvXphcn-I-bm-bncp∂p. kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[-n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cu \m´p-cm-Pyßsf C¥y≥ bqWn-b\ - n¬ ebn-∏n-t°-≠Xv A\nhm-cy-am-bn-. CXn-te-°mbn ]pXnb-Xmbn cq]o-I-cn®-XmWv tÃ‰vkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v. D]-{]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-

C∂sØ C¥y

k¿Zm¿ h√-`-`mbv ]t´¬

bmbncp∂ k¿Zm¿ h√-``mbv ]t´-ens‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ cq]o-I-cn® Cu hIp-∏ns‚ sk{I-´-dn-bm-bncp∂p ae-bm-fn-bmb hn. ]n.- ta-t\m≥. \m´pcmPykwtbm-P-\-Øn-\mbn At±lw Xøm-dm-°nb ]cn-]mSn "hn. ]n. t- a-t\m≥ ]≤Xn' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

CX-\p-k-cn®v `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb kmao-]y-ap≈ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf ap≥ {_n´ojv {]hn-iy-I-tfm-SpIq´nt®¿Øp. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn sXm´p-In-S∂mepw Gsd hnkvXy-Xn-bp-≈ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Aßs\Øs∂ kwÿm-\ß - f - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-®p. DZm-l-cWw: ssakq¿, sslZ-cm-_m-Zv, Iivao¿. \t∂ hen∏w Ipd-™-hbpw Htc`mj kwkm-cn°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf kwtbm-Pn∏n®v sFIy-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fm-°n. A©p-kw-ÿm\-ß-fmWv Aßs\ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. a[y-`m-cXv, cmPÿm≥, kucm-jv{S, s]]vkp (]m´yme B≥Uv CuÃv ]©m_v tÃ‰vkv bqWnb≥˛˛PEPSU), Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿˛sIm®n F∂n-hbm- W - h . tZiob kpc- £ - b p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ X{¥{][m- \ - a mb kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ tI{µ- K h¨sa‚ns‚ t\cn-´p≈ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-°n.

`q]Sw t\m°n Ch Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw ÿm\w Is≠-Øp. 1947-˛se C¥y

P\-Iobka-c-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±- Ø mepw C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ t{]c- W bmepw \m´pcmPy-ß-fn¬ aqs∂-Æ-sam-gnsI F√mw kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°p apºpw ]nºp-ambn C¥y≥ bqWn- b - \ n¬ ebn-®p. Hmtcm cmPmhpw C¥ym Kh¨sa‚p-ambn Hcp eb\- ° cm¿ H∏n- S Wambn- c p∂p (Instrument of Accession). hntZ-iI - m-cyw, {]Xn-tcm[w, hm¿Øm-hn-\nabw F∂o aq∂v hIp-∏pIƒ tI{µ- k ¿°m- c ns‚ \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n- e m- ° m- s a∂m- b n- c p∂p Icm- d nse apJy hyh-ÿ. F∂m¬ Pp\-K-Uv, sslZcm- _ m- Z v , I- i v a o¿ F∂o aq∂v \m´p- c m- P y- ß ƒ C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw AXv ssk\nI \S-]-Sn°v CS-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 103

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

kucm- j v { S- Ø n¬ IS¬Øo- c - Ø p- I n- S - ° p∂ \t∂ sNdnb Hcp \m´p-cm-Py-am-bn-cp∂p Pp\KVv. Ahn-SsØ \hm_v cmPysØ ]mIn-ÿm\n¬ ebn-∏n-°p-sa∂v {]Jym-]n-®p. ]mIn-ÿm≥ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw hf-sc-b-Ise C¥ybv°-I-Øm-bn-cp∂p Pp\-K-Uns‚ ÿm\w. \hm_ns‚ {]Jym-]\w P\-tcm-j-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. Pp\-K-Uns\ C¥y-bn¬ ebn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v P\ßƒ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Pp\K-Vns\ ebn-∏n-°m≥ kΩ-X-am-sW∂v ]mIn-ÿm≥ {]Jym-]n-®p. CXv {]£p- _ v [ amb Ah- ÿ - b p- ≠ m- ° n. P\Iob{]t£m-`sØ t\cn-Sm-\m-hmsX \hm_v \mSp- h n- t ´m- S n. P\- ß ƒ Hcp Xm¬°m- e nI k¿°m¿ cq]o-I-cn-®p. Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ jm\hmkv `qt´m C¥ym Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv klm-ba-`y¿∞n-®p. C¥y≥ ssk\yw Pp\-K-Un-te°p \oßn. 1948 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ \S-Ønb P\lnX]cn-tim-[-\-bn-eqsS Pp\-KUv C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-®p. Cu jm\-hmkv `qt´mbpsS aI-\mWv ]n∂oSv ]mIn-ÿm≥ {][m-\a{¥n-bmb kp¬^n-°¿ Aen `qt´m. `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bn¬ {_n´-t\-°mƒ hen-∏-ap-≈ kº-∂a - m-b \m´p-cmPyam-bn-cp∂p sslZ-cm-_mZv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b ss\kmw sslZ-cm-_m-Zns\ kzX-{¥-cm-Py-ambn {]Jym-]n-®p. CXn-s\-Xnsc P\-ßƒ DØ-c-hmZ-`-c-W-Øn-\mbn {]t£m-`-amcw-`n-®p. 1946 apX¬ Xs∂ sXep-¶m-\b - n¬ IΩyqWnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P∑n-am-cn¬ \n∂v `qan ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ I¿j-Ik - acw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. `qhp-Sa - I - f - mb P∑n-amcpw ap…ow{]-am-Wn-amcpw Ah-cpsS kmbp[tk\-bmb dkm-°¿amcpw tN¿∂mWv ss\km-ans‚ `cWsØ \ne- \ n- d p- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ Xv . ss\kmw

Ata-cn-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS amXr-I-bn¬ kzX{¥-cm-Py-ambn \n¬°p-sa∂v {]Jym-]n® Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dns\ Ipdn®v tIcfNcn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw a\ n-em-°n-bn´p≠t√m. C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚

kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n-®t- Xm-Sp-IqSn dkm-°¿am¿ P\-Io-b-k-a-csØ {Iqc-ambn ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ XpSßn. Cu L´-Øn¬ C¥y≥ ssk\yw sslZ-cm-_m-Zn-te°p \oßp-Ibpw `b-s∏´ ss\kmw eb\°cm-dn¬ H∏phbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mIn- ÿ m- \ n¬ tN¿°Wsa∂v apl- Ω - Z en Pn∂ B{Kln®n-cp∂ \m´p-cm-Py-am-bn-cp∂p Iivao¿. Ahn-SsØ cmPmhv lcn-knwKv _lZq¿ Iivao¿ kzX-{¥-ambn \n¬°p-sa∂v {]Jym]n®p. AhnsS DØ-c-hm-Z-`-cWw ÿm]n-°-Wsa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v {]t£m`w \SØn h∂ncp∂ kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp∂p sjbvIv A_vZp-≈bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ \mj-W¬ tIm¨^d≥kv. Iivao¿ ]mIn-ÿm\v In´msX hcn-Ibpw cmPmhv kzmX{¥yw {]Jym- ] n- ° p- I bpw sNbvXXns‚ ^e-ambn ]mIn-ÿms‚ HØmi- t bm- S p- I qSn ]Øm≥ tKm- { X- h ¿§- ° m¿ PΩp˛Iivao-cn-\p-t\sc ssk\n-Im-{I-aWw XpSßn. Xe-ÿm-\-amb {io\-K¿ B{I-an-°-s∏-´p. KXy-¥-c-an-√msX cmPmhv C¥y-tbmSp klmba`y¿∞n-°p-Ibpw C¥y-bn¬ ebn-°m≥ Xømdm-sW-∂-dn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DSs\ C¥y≥ ssk\yw {io\-Kd - n-seØn ]Øm≥ h¿§-°msc Xpc-Øn-tbm-Sn-®p. Iivao-cns‚ Hcp `mKw At∏mtgbv°pw ]mIv A[o\Xbnembn Ign-™ncp∂p. Iivao¿ C¥ybn¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw \mjW¬ tIm¨^-d≥kv t\Xmhv sjbvIv A_vZp≈-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a{¥nk` cq]o-I-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Iivao¿ {]iv\w C¥y sFIycm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ D∂bn°pIbpw c£mkan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am\{]Imcw shSn-\n¿Ø¬ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mIn-ÿm≥ IøS-°nb {]tZ-i-amWv A[n-\n-thi Iivao¿.

CS-s]-S-en-√msXØs∂ P\-Iobka-c-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

""]mSp-s]´v \mw t\Snb kzmX{¥yw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fm-hp∂ hmXmb\ßfneqsS \ap°v \jvSamhm≥ ]mSn-√.'' k¿Zm¿ ]t´-ens‚ Cu hm°p-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ \m´p-cm-Py-kw-tbm-P-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw N¿® sNøp-I. 104

C∂sØ C¥y

t]m≠n-t®-cnbpw tKmhbpw {_n´≥, {^m≥kv, t]m¿®p-K¬, tlmf≠v F∂o bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßƒ°mWt√m C¥y-bn¬ tImf\n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬Øs∂ U®p-Im¿ Ah-cpsS A[o-\X-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ C¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ßƒ {_n´\v ssIamdnbncp-∂p. 1947˛¬ {_n´≥ C¥y hn´p. {^©p-Im-cpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ t]m≠nt®cn, amln F∂o {]tZ-iß - f - pw, t]m¿®p-Kokv DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ tKmh, Zm{Zm, \mK¿lthen F∂o {]tZ-i-ßfpw 1947˛\ptijhpw B cmPy-ßƒ Xs∂ ssIhiw h®-\p-`-hn®p t]m∂p. {^©v˛-t]m¿®p-Kokv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc AXmXp {]tZißfn¬ i‡-amb P\-Iob ka-c-ßƒ \S∂phcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥ybv°p kzmX{¥yw \¬In-b-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw {^m≥kpw t]m¿®p-Kepw C¥y≥ aÆn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬ P\ßƒ°v AXn-i-‡-amb {]Xn-tj-[-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ 1947˛\ptijw kacw i‡-am-bn. Cu L´-Øn¬ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw {^m≥kpw t]m¿®p-Kepw C¥y hn´p-t]m-IW - s - a∂v A`y¿∞n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. {^m≥kv B A`y¿∞\ am\n-®p. 1954˛¬ Ah¿ C¥y hn´p. t]m≠n-t®-cn, amln, bm\w, Imc-bv°¬ F∂o {]tZ-i-ßƒ tI{µ k¿°m-cns‚ t\cn-´p≈ `c-WØn≥ Iogn-em-bn. F∂m¬ t]m¿®p-K¬ Aßs\ t]mIm≥ Xømdm-bn-cp-∂n-√. kuay-amb A`y¿∞\-IƒsIm≠v {]tbm-P-\-an-√msX h∂-t∏mƒ C¥y≥ ssk\yw tKmh-bn-te°p \oßn. t]m¿®p-K¬ Cu {]iv\w sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS c£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ D∂bn®p. {_n´\pw Ata-cn-°bpw t]m¿®p-K-ens\ ]n¥mßn. c£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ tkmhn-b‰v djy C¥y- b v ° - \ p- I q- e - a mbn hot‰m {]tbm- K n- ® p. t]m¿®p-K¬ C¥y-bn-te°v ssk\ysØ Ab-®p. F∂m¬ C¥y-bpsS kplrZv cmPy-amb CuPn]v‰v kqbkv tXmSphgn-bp≈ t]m¿®p-Kokv I∏-ep-IfpsS {]th- i \w XS- ™ p. KXy- ¥ - c - a n- √ msX 1961˛¬ t]m¿®p-K¬ C¥y hn´p. tKmh-bpw a‰p {]tZ-i-ßfpw C¥ym k¿°m-cns‚ Iogn-em-bn.

`c-W-L-S-\bpw dn∏-ªn°pw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k` F∂nh- s b- ° p- d n®v \nßƒ ap≥ ¢mkp- I - f n¬

`c-W-L-S\ \n¿Ωm-W-k`

]Tn®pht√m. 1949 \hw-_¿ amkw 26˛mw XobXn `c- W - L - S \m \n¿Ωm- W - k ` sFII- W v t Ty\ ]m m-°n-b-XmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1950 P\p-hcn 26˛mw XobXn C¥y kzbw Hcp dn∏-ªn-°mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y \nb-a-{]-Imcw 1947 BKÃv 15˛\v C¥y kzX-{¥-amb tijw BZysØ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp kXy{]-Xn⁄ sNbvXp. s\lvdp-hns‚ A`y¿∞-\b-\p-k-cn®v au≠v_m‰¨ {]`p kzX{¥ C¥ybpsS BZysØ Kh¿W¿ P\-d-embn ÿm\ta-‰p. ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Kh¿W¿ P\- d ¬ ]Zhn C√m- X m- h p- I bpw C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ {]Ya {]kn-U‚ v cmjv{SØ-e-h-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. A[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰- k-a-bØv au≠v_m‰¨ {]`phm-bn-cp∂p Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬. At±-l-Øn\p tijw kn. cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn Kh¿W¿ P\-dembn Npa-X-e-tb-‰p. `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ hcnIbpw C¥y dn∏-ªn-°mbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ cmjv{S-Ø-e-h-\mb cmjv{S-]-Xn, D]cm-jv{S-]-Xn, {][m-\-a-{¥n, a{¥n-k-`mw-K-ßƒ, ]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂n-h-sb√mw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-tS≠-Xmbn h∂p. AXn-te-°mbn \nb-a-ßfpw N´ßfpw Xøm-dm-°n. 1952˛¬ BZysØ s]mXp-Xn-cs™-Sp∏p \S-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-{]-Imcw `qcn-]£ I£n-bpsS t\XmhmIWw {][m-\-a-{¥n. AX\p-k-cn®v tIm¨{K v ]m¿e-sa‚dn ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hmb Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp {][m-\-a-{¥nbmbn Xnc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏- ´ p. {]Xn- ] - £ sØ G‰hpw henb H‰- ° £nbmb IΩyq- W nÃv ]m¿´nbpsS - t \- X mhv F. sI. - t Km- ] m- e ≥ {]Xn]£ {Kq∏v t\Xm-hmbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏´p. 105

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

tUm. cmtP-{µ-{]-kmZv

Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmbn tUm. cmtP{µ{]kmZpw D]cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmbn tUm. F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW\pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.

kwÿm\ ]p\xkwL-S\ kzX{¥ cmjv{S-amb C¥ybv°v XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ß-fmWv t\cn-Sm-\p-≠m-bncp-∂-Xv. Iivao-cn-s\-s®m√n ]mIn-ÿm-\p-am-bp≈ bp≤w, lnµp ap…ow h¿§obel-fI - ƒ, A`-bm¿∞n{]iv\w, \m´p-cm-Py-kw-tbmP\w, `£y-Zu¿e`yw XpS-ßnb \m\mhn- [ - ß - f mb hnj- a - X - I - s f- b mWv t\cn-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. s\lvdphns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1946˛¬ cq]o-Ir-X-amb CS-°m-e-a{¥n-k` ipjvIm-¥n-tbmSp IqSn Cu {]iv \ - ß ƒ ssIImcyw sNbvXp. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \nc-h[n \m´p cmPy- ß sf C¥y- b n¬ ebn- ∏ n- ® Xv \nßƒ I≠-Xm-W-t√m. C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂ Cu \m´pcm-Py-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS {]iv\-ß-sf¥m-bn-cp∂p? Htc`mj kwkm-cn-°pIbpw Htc Pohn-X-ssien Ahew_n°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ P\-ßƒ `c-W-]-cambn hyXykvX kwÿm-\-ß-fn-em-bn. ae- b m- f n- I - f psS Ahÿ t\m°p. Xncp˛sIm-®n-bnse ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Hcp `cW-Øn≥Iogn¬, ae-_m-dnse ae-bm-fnIƒ aZn-cmin k¿°m-cns‚ Iogn¬. Cu {]iv \ - Ø n- s \mcp ]cn- l mcw ImtW-≠Xv s\lvdp-hns‚ t\Xr-XzØn-ep≈ H∂m-asØ a{¥n-k-`-bpsS 106

DØ- c - h m- Z n- X z- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. kwÿm- \ - ß - f psS ]p\xkwL-S\ - bv°v F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww am\-Zfiw? `qhn-kvXy-Xn, P\-kwJy F∂n-ßs\ ]e-L-S-Iß- s fbpw ]cn- K - W n- ® p. kzmX- { ¥y- e - _ v [ n°p ap≥]pXs∂ Cu {]iv\w N¿®m-hn-jb - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tZio-b-Xsb \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ AXn-s\-Xnsc D∂-bn-°-s∏´ i‡amb hmZ-am-bn-cp∂p `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tZiob-Xsb \n¿W-bn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xv. Htc aX-hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xs∂ ]e `mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcmWv. Htc`mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Xs∂ ]e aX-ß-fnepw hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Bibhn\nabØn\pw kwkvImccq]o- I - c - W - Ø nepw `mjbv°v i‡-amb kzm[o\ap≈-Xn-\m¬ `mjmSn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw tZio-bX \n¿W-bn-°-s∏tS- ≠ Xv F∂ i‡- a mb hmZw kzmX- { ¥ye_v [ n°v ap≥]pXs∂ Db¿∂p- h - ∂ n- c p- ∂ p. F∂m¬ Pn∂sb-t∏m-ep≈ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°fpsS ap∂n¬ AXv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n√. C¥y ˛ kwÿm-\-ßfpw `mjbpw

C∂sØ C¥y

kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°ptijw `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ßsf ]p\xkwL-Sn∏n°Wsa∂ hmZw i‡-am-bn. sXep-¶p-`mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿°p th≠n B{‘m kwÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-ap-∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v kzmX-{¥y-k-actk\m\n-bmb t]m´n {iocm-aep \ncm-lmckXy-m{K-la-\p-jvTn®v c‡-km-£n-bm-bn. Aßs\ B{‘ kwÿm\w cq]o-Ic - n-°m≥ tI{µ k¿°m¿ \n¿_‘n-X-am-bn. Cu {]iv\-Øn\v Hcp ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pth≠n kwÿm\ ]p\xkwLS\m IΩo-js\ tI{µ k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn-®p. PÃokv ^k¬ Aen, k¿Zm¿ sI. Fw. ] - W - n°¿, lrZ-b-\mYv Ip¨{kp F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p IΩo-j\nse AwK-ßƒ. 1953˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ IΩoj≥ hni-Z-amb sXfn-sh-Sp-∏n\pw N¿®-Iƒ°pw tijw 1955˛¬ tI{µ- k ¿°m- c n\v dnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n-®p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-dm°nb _n¬ 1956˛¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°p-Ibpw \hw-_¿ 1˛\v {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xn-∂mev `mjm kwÿm-\-ßfpw Bdv tI{µ`cW {]tZißfp-amWv AXn≥{]-Imcw cq]o-IrX-am-bXv. adm-Øn, KpP-dmØn F∂o `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn°p∂ t_mws_ kwÿm-\-tØ-bpw

]©m_nbpw lcnbmWvhnbpw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]©m-_n-t\bpw hn`-Pn-t°≠ F∂m-bn-cp∂p IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿i. P\-Iob{]t£m`w i‡am-b-Xn-\m¬ 1961- - - -˛¬ t_mws_kwÿm-\sØ hn`-Pn®v alm-cm-jv{Sbpw KpP-dm-Øp-sa∂ t]cn¬ c≠v kwÿm-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n. ]©m-_v, lcn-bm\ F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ 1969˛epw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-In-g°v tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿ A[nh-kn-°p∂ ]e \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssN\-bp-ambpw aym≥am-dp-ambpw AXn¿Øn ]¶nSp∂ {]tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Ch- h-S°p Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn {]tZiw (North Eastern Frontier Agency-NEFA) F∂ tI{µ `cW {]tZ-i-am-bn \ne-\n¿Øn. AtX-t]mse aWn-∏qcpw \mKmem‚pw tI{µ-`c - W - {- ]-tZ-iß - f - m°n. Cu {]tZiØv Bkm-an-\p-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p kwÿm\ ]Zhn. kwÿm\ ]Z- h n- ° p- t h≠n a‰p P\XIƒ {]t£m`w \bn-®p. `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv kwÿm-\-ßƒ cq]o-Icn-t°-≠Xv F∂ XØzw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ {]mtZ-inI hmZ-Øns‚ kΩ¿±-Øm¬ DØcm- © ¬, Qm¿Jfiv , OØo- k v K Vv F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ ]n∂oSv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.

C∂sØ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-w Ahn-S-ß-fnse `mj-Ifpw ImWn-°p∂ ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

C¥y-bpsS hS°v lnam-e-b-km-\p-°-fn¬ aq∂v kzX{¥cmjv{S-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. t\∏mƒ, `q´m≥, kn°nw F∂n-h. aq∂n-t‚bpw hntZ-i-\bw

\nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv C¥ybmbn-cp-∂p. kn°nw P\X-bpsS A`n-em-j-a-\p-k-cn®v Ahn-SsØ ]m¿esa‚ v \nbaw ]m m°n kzX{¥cm-jv{S-sa∂

aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tZiobXsb \n¿W-bn-°W-sa∂ hmZw i‡n-bmbn D∂-bn-°-s∏´ 1940 Ifn¬ AXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn `mj-bptSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Ønem-bn-cn-°Ww tZio-bXsb \n¿W-bn-t°-≠Xv F∂v ka¿∞n-°p∂ aq∂v ]pkvXI - ß - ƒ {]kn≤o-Ir-X-am-bn. _wKm-fn, _nlm-dn, Hdn-b, Akanb XpS-ßnb ]e-`m-j-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ _wKmƒ {]hn- i ysb `mjm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ ]p\xkwL- S n- ∏ n- ° - W - s a∂ Bh- i y- a mWv `hm\n-sk-∂ns‚ "\qX≥ _wKmƒ' F∂ IrXn-

bpsS D≈-S-°w. aZn-cm-in, t_mws_, sslZcm-_m-Zv, Hdok F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn A[n- h - k n- ° p∂ sXep- ¶ ¿°v {]tXyI kwÿm\w thW-sa∂ Bh-iy-amWv ]n. kpµc-ø-bpsS "hnim-em{‘' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-ep≈-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n F∂o \m´p-cmPyß-fnepw aZn-cmin {]hn-iy-bpsS `mK-amb ae_m-dn-ep-ambn A[n-h-kn-°p∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI kwÿm\w thW-sa∂ Bh-iy-amWv C.Fw.-Fkv. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ "Ht∂-Im¬ tImSn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ' F∂ IrXn-bn-ep-≈-Xv. 107

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

]Zhn Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw 1976˛¬ C¥y≥ bqWnb-\n¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kº-ZvL-S\ kzmX- { ¥y- e - _ v [ n- ° p- a p- º p- X s∂ C¥y- b psS `mhnkº-ZvL-S\ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyI-Xsb∏‰n-bp≈ kPo-h-amb N¿®-Iƒ \S-°p-∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bkq-{Xn-X-k-º-ZvL-S-\-bp-sSbpw ]©-h-’c]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw ^e-ambn tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b≥ ssIh-cn® A¤pX]q¿∆-amb t\´ßƒ s\lvdp-hns\ BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. tkmjyen-k-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mb At±-lhpw kplr-Øp°fpw tIm¨{K-kv tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n cq]o-Icn®v {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Imcyw \nßƒ°-dn-hp-≈Xm-W-t√m. tkmhn-b‰v amXr-I-bn¬ Bkq-{XnX kº-ZvL-S\ thW-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-lØns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. 1931˛¬ Idm-®n-bn¬ tN¿∂ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f\w AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {]tabw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. hymhkm-bnI Im¿jnI hnI-k\ - ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p AXv ap≥Xq°w \¬In-b-Xv. {Kmao-W-k-ºZvLS-\-bpsS hnIm-k-Øn-\v Km‘nPn ap≥K-W\ \¬In-. Ccp-]-Xmw -\q-‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ Xs∂ kzIm-cy-kwcw`I¿ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n®n-cp-∂p. hntZihkvXp-°ƒ _ln-jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ kztZin{]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ Blzm- \ - s Ø- Ø pS¿∂mWv CØcw hyh- k m- b n- I ƒ cwKØp h∂Xv. Ccpºpcp°v \n¿ΩmWw, hkv{X\n¿ΩmWw, I¬°cn J\- \ w, hym]m- c w, _m¶nwKv XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fmWv Cßs\ hnIkn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv. Sm‰, _n¿f, knwLm-\n-b, Um¬anb XpS-ßnb hyh-km-bn-Iƒ kzmX-{¥ye-_v[n-°p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ kmº-Øn-I-ambn i‡n {]m]n-®n-cp-∂p. hntZ-i-Ip-Ø÷n-®n-cp-∂p. kzX-{¥hym-]m-c-Øn-\p-th≠n hmZn-®n-cp∂ Ch¿ 1929˛se kmº-ØnI amµy-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dƒs°m≠ ]mTw s]mXp-ta-J-esb i‡n-s∏-SpØ- W - s a- ∂ p- ≈ - X m- b n- c p- ∂ p. kzX{¥apXemfn ØØns‚ Imew Ign- ™ p- s h∂v Ah¿

{]Jym]n®p. C¥y-bpsS `mhn kºZvLS-\-sb-∏‰n-bp≈ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-SmWv 1940˛Ifn¬ {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n® "t_mws_ ]≤Xn (Bombay Plan).' tIm¨{Kkv {]h¿Ø-I\pw dmUn-°¬ lyqa-\nÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂ Fw. F≥. tdmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n® P\-Iob ]≤Xn (Peoples plan) C¥y-bpsS `mhn kºZvhyh-ÿsb-°p-dn®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ apt∂m´ph®p. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb Cu hnI-k\]≤-Xn-I-sf√mw ]cn- K - W n- ® p- s Im- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p kzX- { ¥- ` m- c - X k¿°m¿ kmº-Øn-I-\bw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv. {][m- \ - a - { ¥nbpsS A≤y- £ - X - b n¬ Bkq{XW°Ωo-j≥ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. hntZ-i-cm-Py-ßfn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂ imkv{X-⁄-∑mtcbpw kmº-ØnI hnZKv≤-∑m-tcbpw C¥y-bnte°v £Wn- ® p- s Im- ≠ p- h ∂v cmjv { S- Ø ns‚ hnIk-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°n. an{i-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bmWv C¥y kzoI-cn-®-Xv. apXem-fn-Ø-Øn-t‚bpw tkmjy-en-k-Øn-t‚bpw ka\z-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k\-Øn\v ap≥Xq°w \¬In. L\-hy-h-kmbw, [mXp-J-\-\w, FÆ-J-\-\w, dbn¬-˛-thym-a-K-XmKXw, ssk\n- I - t °m- ∏ p- I - f psS \n¿ΩmWw F∂nh s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn-em-°n. L\-hy-h-kmb cwKØv hntZ-ik-lmbw kzoI-cn-®p. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ klm-b-tØmSpIqSn `nem-bn-bn-epw {_n´s‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn dq¿t°-e-bnepw P¿Ω≥ klm-b-tØmsS s_m°m-tdm-bnepw Ccpºp-cp°p hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. kzImcykwcw- ` - I ¿°v F√mhn[ kl- I - c - W ßfpw k¿°m¿ \¬In. kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°p apºv hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ kzIm-cy-kw-cw-`-I¿ am{XamWv C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ah¿°v {_n´ojv hyh-km-bn-I-fp-ambn ISpØ a’-c-Øn-te¿s∏-tS≠- X mbpw h∂p. F∂m¬ kzX{¥ `mcXw Ah¿°v F√mhn[ t{]m’m-l-\hpw \¬In. kzImcykwcw-`-I-cpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p. IqSp-X¬ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w hym]n®p.

kzX{¥C¥y-bnse hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-KXn Xr]vXn-I-c-amtWm? N¿® sNøp-I. \nß-fpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I. 108

C∂sØ C¥y

]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ ]©-h’ - c]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn°p-∂Xv 1951˛emWv. H∂mw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Irjn°pw 1956 emcw-`n® c≠mw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ hyh-km-b-Øn\p-amWv ap≥K-W\ \¬In-b-Xv. `£y-£maw ]cnl-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Im¿jnIhnI-k\w A\n-hm-cy-ambn-cp-∂p. AXn-te-°mbn IqSp-X¬ `qan Irjn-°p-]bp-‡-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ BZy-]Snbmbn \ne-hn-ep≈ `qhp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ ka-{K-amb am‰w hcpØn Irjn-`qan I¿j-I\v e`y-am-°W - a - mbn-cp-∂p. skan-µm-cn, PmKo¿Zm-cn, tPmtØ-Zm-cn, al¬hmcn F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvXcoXn-bn-ep≈ P∑n-k-{º-Zmbw ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \ne\n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. skao-µmcn k{º-Zmbw \ndpØem- ° n- s °m≠v 1948˛¬ Xs∂ tI{µk¿°m¿ \nbaw ]m m-°n-sb-¶nepw AXv ^e-

{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-√. Irjn-bn¬ XmXv]c - y-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ `qhpS-a-Iƒ ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W°n-t\-°¿ `qan Xcn-in-´p. ka{Kamb `q]-cn-jvImcw \S-∏m-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ `t£ym¬∏m-Z\w th≠{X h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. `t£ym¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn kzoI-cn® a‰p \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Im¿jnItaJ-e-bpsS b{¥h¬°-c-Ww, AXyp¬∏mZ-\-ti-jn-bp≈ k¶-cbn\w hnØp-Iƒ, cmkhf-ßƒ, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D¬∏m-Z\w XpS-ßn-b-h. \new Dgp∂-Xn-\pw sImbvØn-\pw saXn°pw b{¥-ßƒ \ne- h n¬ h∂p. hnØp- e v]m- Z - \ - Ø n- \ mbn Im¿jnIKth-jWtI{µ-ßfpw Irjn- im-kv{X⁄- ∑ msc krjv S n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn Im¿jnI tImtf-Pp-Ifpw ÿm]n-®p.

C¥y-bnse ]©h¬kc ]≤-Xn-Ifpw \S-∏n-em-°nb h¿jhpw Du∂¬ \¬Inb taJ-e-bpw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kzmX- { ¥y- e - _ v[n°papºpXs∂ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚bpw Nne \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpsSbpw DSa-ÿ-X-bn¬ Ir{Xnahfw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ AtamWnbw kƒt^‰v F∂ cmk-hfw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ÿm]n® ^mIvSv (FACT) F∂ ÿm]-\-sØ-∏‰n \nßƒ°-dn-bma-t√m. _olm-dnse kn{µn-bn¬ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ cmk-h-f-\n¿Ωm-W-ime ÿm]n®p.

`qZm\w

agsb B{i- b n- ® m- b n- c p∂p C¥y- b n¬ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ag- Ip-d-hp≈ sIm√ß-fn¬ Irjn-`qan Xcn-intS≠Xmbn h∂p. \ZnI-fn¬ AW-sI´n PetkN-\-ku-Icyw hnI-kn∏n-s®-¶n¬ am{Xta `t£ym¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. AXn-te-°mbn henb ]e AW-s°-´p-Ifpw \n¿Ωn-®p. ]©m-_n¬ kXvePv \Zn-bn¬ `Ivdm-\w-K¬, Hdo-k-bn¬ alm-\-Zn-bn¬ lncm-°p-Uv, Ahn-sS-Øs∂ Zmtam-Z¿ \ZoXS]≤Xn F∂nh Cßs\ \n¿Ωn-®-h-bm-Wv.

]Xn-\m-bnc°W-°n-t\-°¿ Irjn`qan- ssI-hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ `qhpS-a-Iƒ AXv Irjn-°m¿°v \¬Im≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. CXv ]e kwÿm-\-ßfnepw I¿j-I-k-a-c-ßƒ°n-S-bm-°n. sslZ-cm_m-Znse sXep-¶m-\-bn¬ I¿j-I¿ kmbp-[Iem-]-Øn-eqsS aqhm-bn-c-tØmfw Im¿jnI {Kma-ßƒ ]nSn-s®-SpØv `qc-lnXI¿j-I¿°v hnX-cWw sNbvXp. kmbp-[-k-a-c-Øns‚ Bhiy-an-s√∂pw `qhp-S-a-Iƒ kz-ta-[-bm- `qan Zm\w sNø-W-sa∂pw Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kl-{]-h¿ØI- \ m- b n- c p∂ BNmcy hnt\m- _ m- ` mth A`y¿∞n-®p. At±lw B{‘-{]-tZ-inse `qhpS-aI - s - f-°≠v `qan- Zm-\a - mbn kºm-Zn-®p. CXmWv `qZm\ {]ÿm- \ w. a‰p kwÿm- \ - ß - f nepw `qZm\w hgn `qan e`n-®p.

Pe-tk-N\ - w, Irjnb-{¥-ßƒ, cmk-hf - w, IoS-\min\n-Iƒ, AXyp¬∏m-Z\tijn-bp≈ hnØp-Iƒ F∂n- h - b psS \n¿ΩmWØn\v h≥tXmXn¬ aqe[\- \ n- t £]w \S- Ø n- b - X ns‚ ^e- a mbn Im¿jn-tIm¬∏m-Z\w KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®p. CXmWv lcn-X-hn-πhw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. 109

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

CXp-t]mse I∂p-Im-en-]-cn-]m-e-\-Ønepw ]mepev]m-Z-\-Ønepw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-°nb [h-f-hn-π-h-

sØ-∏‰n ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \nßƒ a\- n-em-°nbn-´p-≠-t√m.

lcn-X-hn-π-hw, [hfhnπhw F∂nh C¥y-bnse Im¿jnIcwK-Øp-≠m-°nb am‰-ßƒ N¿® sNøpI.

imkv{X-K-th-jWw Im¿jn-I-˛-hym-h-km-bnI cwK-ß-fnse ka{K hnIk- \ - Ø ns‚ ap∂p- ] m- [ n- b mWv imkv { X- K - t hjWcwKsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn. {_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv Bcw-`n® ÿm]-\-ßsf IqSp-X¬ hn]p-eo-I-cn°p-Ibpw \nc-h[n ]pXnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßpIbpw sNbv X p. ASn- ÿ m\imkv { X hnj- b ßfnse Kth-j-W-Øn-\mbn 1945˛¬ t_mws_bn¬ ÿm]n-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v. IqSp-X¬ Kth-jW kuIcy-ß-sfm-cp°n ]n∂o-SnXv hnI-kn-∏n®p. imkv{XKth-j-W-Øn\v am¿§-\n¿tZiw \¬Ip∂-Xn-\mbn {][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ imkv { X- ˛ - h y- m h- k m- b nI Kth- j - W - k - a nXn (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) cq]o-I-cn-®p. 1947˛¬ BZysØ \mjW¬ ^nkn-°¬ et_m-d-´dn ÿm]n-X-am-bn. XpS¿∂v hnhn[ imkv{X-hn-j-b-ß-fnse Kth-jW-Øn-\mbn a‰p ]Xn-t\gp et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ IqSn ÿm]n-X-am-bn. BW-thm¿÷sØ hnI-k-\m-h-iy-Øn-\mbn D]tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ ZuXy-hp-am-bn-´mWv 1948˛¬ At‰m-anIv F\¿Pn IΩo-j≥ ÿm]n-®X - v. {]kn≤ BWhimkv{X-⁄-\mb tlman sP. `m-`sb AXns‚ A≤y- £ - \ mbn \nb- a n®p. GjybnseØs∂ BZysØ BWh sshZypXn D¬∏m-Z\tI{µw 1956˛¬ t{Smwt_-bn¬ ÿm]nXam- b n. XpS¿∂v ]e ÿe- ß - f nepw BWh sshZypXn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \ne-b-ßƒ ÿm]n- ° - s ∏- ´ p. kam- [ m- \ - ] - c - a mb Bh- i yßƒ°p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p s\lvdp-hns‚ ImeØv BW-thm¿÷w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Cµn-cm-Km‘n {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn-°p-

Nm{µ-bm≥ ZuXyw

tºmƒ 1974˛¬ cmP- ÿ m- \ nse s]m{Im- \ n¬ BZysØ BW-hm-bp[ ]co-£Ww \S-Øn. C∂v AWp- t _mw_v \n¿Ωn- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ tijn C¥y t\Sn-°-gn-™p. _ln-cm-ImiKth-jWcwKØv C¥y ]cyth-jW-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv s\lvdp {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbncn°p- t ºm- g m- W v . _ln- c m- I miKth- j W kanXn 1962˛¬ ÿm]nXambn. BZysØ tdm°‰v hnt£-]-W- tI{µw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Xpº-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. (Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station-TERLS) _ln-cm-Imi Kthj-W-t]-S-I-ßfpw D]-{K-l-ßfpw hnt£-]n-°m≥ tijn-bp≈ cmjv{S-ambn C∂v C¥y amdn-bn-cn°p-∂p. _ln-cm-ImiKth-j-W-Øn\mbn C¥y≥ kv t ]kv dnk¿®v Hm¿K- s s\- t k- j ≥ (ISRO) {it≤-b-amb {]h¿Ø\w \SØnhcp-∂p. Nm{µbm≥ ZuXy-sØ-∏‰n \nßƒ°-dnhp≈-Xm-W-t√m. Imem- h ÿm\nco- £ - W - Ø n\pw FÆ- ˛ - [ m- X p]cyth-j-W-Øn\pw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\pw klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-c-Øn¬ _ln-cm-Imi Kth-jWw hnI-kn-®n-´p-≠v.

C¥y hnt£-]n® {][m-\-s∏´ D]-{K-l-ß-sf]´n-I-s∏-SpØp-I. 110

C∂sØ C¥y

hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn {_n´ojv `c- W - I m- e - Ø p- X s∂ ss{]a- d n- X ew apX¬ k¿∆-I-em-imemXew hsc-bp≈ hnZym`ym-k-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv hym]-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp \S-]-Snbpw A∂v kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. hnhn[ hnZym-`ym-k-L-´-ß-sf]‰nbpw Hmtcm L´-Ønepw ]Tn-∏n-t°≠ hnjbß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]e hnZym-`ymkI-Ωoj\pItfbpw A∂v \nb-an-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ G‰hpw {it≤-b-am-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p 1945˛se km¿P‚ v IΩo-j≥. C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnZym`ymk D]-tZ-iI kan-Xn-bpsS A≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ tPm¨ km¿P‚ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]kvXpX kan-Xn-bpsS {][m-\-s∏´ \n¿t±-i-ßsf√mw Xs∂ kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-°ptijw tI{µ k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kzX-{¥-`m-cX k¿°m¿ BZy-ambn \nb-an-®Xv D∂X hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p (1948). tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW-\m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ A≤y-£≥. Cu IΩo-js‚ ip-]m¿i{]Im-ca - mWv ]n¬°m- e Øv k¿∆- I - e m- i mem [\- k - l mb kanXn (bp.Pn.-kn.) cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. sk°‚dn hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn®v ip]m¿i-

Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1952˛¬ e£va-Wkzman apX-en-bm-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ as‰mcp IΩoj\pw \nb- a n- X - a m- b n. F∂m¬ ka- { K- a mb ip]m¿i-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®Xv 1964˛¬ \nb-an-X-amb tImØmcn IΩo-j-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym-eb - ß - f - p-sSbpw Iem-eb - ß - f - p-sSbpw k¿∆Iem-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw FÆ-Øn¬ h≥h¿≤-\-hmWv C∂p≠m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v. F¶nepw \n›nX {]mb]cn-[n-bn-ep≈ F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ kuIcyw C¥y-bnse F√m kwÿm- \ - ß - f nepw D≠m- ° m≥ Ign- ™ n- ´ n- √ . Bdpw ]Xn-∂mepw hb- n-\n-Sb - n-ep≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \n¿_- ‘ nX hnZym- ` ymkw \¬Ip- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi \nb-asØ∏‰n \nßƒ°dn-hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m. CXv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ss{]adnXe-Ønse hnZym-`ym-k-w km¿∆-{Xn-I-am°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n ÿm]n-°-s∏´ {]tXyI ]≤Xn-bmWv k¿∆ in£m A`n-bm≥ (Fkv.F - kv.F.) sk°‚dn-˛-l-b¿ sk°‚dn- Xe-Ønse hnZym`ym-kw km¿h{XnI-am-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n cq]o-Icn- ° - s ∏´ {]tXyI ]≤- X n- b mWv cmjv { Sob am[yanIv in£m A`n-bm≥ (B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.-F.).

F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. F≥.-kn.-Sn.-C. bp.Pn.kn. F∂n-ßs\ hnZym-`ymk Imcyß-fpsS ta¬t\m´-Øn\pw Imcy\n¿∆-lW - Ø - n-\p-ambn AJn-te-¥ym-Xe - Ø - n¬ \nc-h[n kan-Xn-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. kwÿm\Xe-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kan-Xn-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bmWv? Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpw {]h¿Ø-\-ta-J-esb ImWn°p∂ Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p.

hntZ-i-\bw C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-\-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\sØ∏‰nbpw \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p≠-t√m. C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-\bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ ]¶v \n¿WmbIam-bn-cp-∂p. tNcn-tNcm{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ÿm]It\-Xm-°-fn-sem-cmƒ At±-l-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. C¥ybpw ssN\-bp-am-bp≈ D`-b-I£n _‘-ßfpsS ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p ]©-io-e-X-Øzßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ ]n∂o-SXv temI-cm-Py-ß-fmsI AwKo-I-cn® kn≤m-¥-am-bnXo¿∂p.

C¥ymhn`-P-\-Øn-eqsS \ne-hn¬h∂ ]mIn-ÿm\p-ambn Iivao-cn-s\-s®m√n 1948˛¬ \S∂ bp≤sØ- ∏ ‰n \nßƒ a\- n- e m- ° n- b n- ´ p- ≠ - t √m. F∂m¬ B {]iv\-Øn\v Hcp ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m°m≥ C\nbpw Ign-™n-´n-√. AXn¿Øn-Ø¿°Øns‚ t]cn¬ 1965˛¬ ]mIn- ÿ m- \ p- a mbn C¥ybv°v bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-tS-≠-Xmbn h∂p. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ CcpcmPyßfpw H∏n´ XmjvsI‚ v Icm¿ {]Imcw B bp≤w Ah-km-\n-®p. ]´m-f-`-c-W-Øn\pIogn-e-a¿∂ ]mIn-ÿm-\n¬ P\m- [ n- ] - X y- k w- c - £ - W - Ø n- \ p- t h≠n Iem]w \S∂p. CsX-Øp-S¿∂v B cmPy-Øns‚ `mK-ambn111

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

tZ-ins\ kzX-{¥-cm-jv{S-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ ]mIn-ÿm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. C¥ybpw ]mIn-ÿm\pw XΩn-ep≈ \b-X-{¥_‘sØ _m[n-°p∂ Hcp X¿°hnj-b-amWv Ct∏mgpw Iivao¿. Im¿Kn-en¬ 1998˛¬ ho≠pw CcpcmPy-ß-fp-tSbpw ssk\yw G‰p-ap-´p-I-bp≠mbn. Ct∏mgpw Iivao¿ Hcp \odp∂ {]iv\ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

tNcn-tN-cm-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ inev]n-Iƒ Hcp t]mÃ¿

cp∂ Ing-°≥ ]mIn-ÿm≥ kzmX{¥yw {]Jym]n®v _w•m-tZiv F∂ ]pXnb cmjv{S-ambn amdn. CXv C¥ybpw ]mIn-ÿm\pw XΩn-ep≈ as‰mcp bp≤-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. 1971 Unkw-_-dn¬ \S∂ Cu bp≤sØ XpS¿∂v 1972˛¬ knwe-bn¬ h®v Ccp-cm-Py-ßfpw XΩn¬ Hcp Icm¿ H∏n-´p. _w•m-

]©-io-e-XØzw AwKo-I-cn-s®-¶nepw C¥ybpw ssN\bpw XΩn¬ AXn¿Øn-Ø¿°-ap-≠m-bn. hf-sc-°meambn c≠p cmPy-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hj- f m- b n- Ø p- S - c p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. CXv CcpcmPy-ßfpw XΩnep≈ bp≤Ønte°v \bn®p (1962). F∂m¬ Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn \√ _‘w ÿm]n-°m≥ CcpcmPy-ßƒ°pw km[n-®n-´p-≠v. Ab¬cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ C¥y Ft∏mgpw {i≤n-®n-´p-≠v. {ioe-¶-bnse Xangv hwiob{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v C¥y ap≥Isø-Sp-Øp. {ioe-¶bpsS `c-W-L-S-\m-N-´-°qSn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Xangv hwi-P-cpsS {]iv\ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\mWv C¥y {ian-®-Xv.

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn C∂v C¥y-bpsS hntZi-\b - Ø - n¬ Fs¥√mw am‰-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. N¿® sNøpI.

P\m-[n-]Xyw sh√p-hnfn t\cn-´-t∏mƒ kzX{¥`mc-XsØ c≠p Zi-I-ß-tfmfw \bn-°pIbpw C¥y-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-SpIbpw sNbvX Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp 1964 tabv 27˛\v A¥- c n- ® p. XpS¿∂v em¬ _l- Z q¿ imkv{Xnbpw tijw Cµn-cm-Km-‘nbpw {][m\ a{¥n-am-cm-bn. `c-W-I-£n-bmb tIm¨{K-kn-\p≈n¬ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ s]m´n∏pd-s∏-´p. 1967˛se Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ tIm¨{K- n\v temIk-`-bn¬ t\cnb `qcn-]£w am{Xta t\Sm-\mbp≈q F∂pam{X-a√ H≥]Xp kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIm¨{K- n-Xc a{¥n-k-`-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbv X p. Cßs\ tIm¨{Kkv Zp¿_- e - a mb Ahÿ-bn-se-Øn. Cu kµ¿`-Øn-emWv 1969˛¬ c≠v kp{]-[m\ _n√p-Iƒ Cµn-cm-Km‘n ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ Ah-X-cn112

∏n-®-Xv. C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn® \m´p-cm-Pyß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v \¬In-h-∂n-cp∂ {]nhn- ]gvkv F∂ s]≥j≥ \ndpØem-°p-∂-Xmbn-cp∂p BZysØ _n¬. kzImcytaJ-eb - n-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ ]Xn-∂mep _m¶p-Isf tZi-km¬°-cn-°p∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p c≠matØ-Xv. Ch c≠n-t\bpw tIm¨{K- n-\I - sØ Hcp hn`mKw FXn¿Øp. CSXp-]£w Hgn-sI-bp≈ {]Xn-]-£- I-£nIfpw _n√ns\ FXn¿Øv thm´p sNbvXp. _n√p-Iƒ ]m m-°m≥ Cµn-cm-Km-‘n°p Ign-™n-√. tIm¨{K-kn-\p-≈n¬ A`n-{]mbhyXymkw aq¿—n°p-Ibpw AXv c≠mbn ]nf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cµncm-Km-‘n-tbmSp sX‰n-∏n-cn™pt]mb hn`mKw kwL-S\m tIm¨{Kkv F∂ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏´p. Imem-h[ - n-Ig - n-bp-∂X - n\p ap≥]pXs∂ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw 1971 s^{_ph-cn-bn¬ Xncs™-

C∂sØ C¥y

Sp-∏v \S°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cµn-cm-Km-‘n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tIm¨{Kkv h≥ `qcn-]£w t\Sn. {]nhn- ]gvkv \ndp-Ø-em-°¬ _n√pw _m¶v tZi-km¬°-cW _n√pw ho≠pw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]m m-°n. C≥jp-d≥kv, J\n-Iƒ F∂nh- tZikm¬°-cn-®p. `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNbvXv auenIm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ kzØ-hI - miw FSpØp If-™p. CsX√mw km[mcW P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ {]Xn-—mb h¿≤n-∏n-®p-. Nne kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-I-fn-te-°p \S∂ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ tIm¨{Kkv `qcn-]£w t\Sn. Aßs\ tI{µ-Ønepw kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Htc I£n-Xs∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn. F∂m¬ s]s´∂pXs∂ P\-ß-fpsS {]Xo-£Iƒ°p aß-te-‰p. cq£-amb hne-°-b-‰hpw `£y£m-a-hp-ap-≠m-bn. C‘\ hne h¿≤n-®p. ]Wn-apS-°p-Ifpw sXmgn¬ ka-c-ßfpw hym]-I-am-bn. dbn¬th sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ thX-\-h¿≤-\-hn-\mbn 1974˛¬ Zo¿L- a mb ]Wn- a p- S °p \S- Ø n. DØ¿{]tZ-in¬ t]meo-kp-Im¿ ]Wn-ap-S-°n. ASn®-a¿Øm≥ sN∂ ]´m-f-hp-ambp≈ G‰p-ap-´en¬ \nc-h[n t]¿ ac-W-a-S-™p. KpPdmØnepw _olm-dnepw tIm¨{Kkv t\XrXzØnep-≠m-bncp∂ a{¥n- k - ` - I ƒs°- X nsc hym]- I - a mb ]WnapS°p \S-∂p. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw tkmjy-enÃv t\Xm-hp-am-bncp∂ Pb-{]Imiv \mcm-b-¨ Cu ka-c-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. \ne-hn-ep≈ hyh-ÿn-Xn-s°Xnsc kacw sNøm≥ At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. CXv kºq¿W hnπhw (Total Revolution) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. Cu kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Cµn-cm-Km-‘n-bpsS Xncs™-Sp-∏ns\ Akm[phm°n-s°m≠v Ae-l_ - mZv sslt°mSXn hn[n {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. Cµn-cm-Km‘n cmPn-h-bv°-W-sa∂v {]Xn-]£w Bh-iy-s∏-´p. hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw ka-cØ - n¬ ]¶ptN¿∂p. CXns\ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n 1975 Pq¨ 26˛\v cmjv{S-]Xn B`y-¥c ASn-b-¥n-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-®p.

Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b¨

kwL-Sn-°m\pw s]mXptbmKw \S-Øm-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw C√m- X m- b n. ]{X- ß - f psS ta¬ I¿i\\nb- { ¥- W - t a¿s∏- S p- Ø n. {]Xn- ] £ t\Xm°-tfbpw cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I-tcbpw XS¶-en-em-°n. AXn-te-°mbn Hcp ]pXnb \nbaw sIm≠ph∂p. AXmWv B`y-¥c kpc£m \nbaw (Maintenance of Internal Security Act-MISA).

]{X-kzm-X-{¥y-a-S-°-ap≈ P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ßsf√mw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´p. Imem-h[n Ign-™n´pw temI-k-`-bn-te°pw kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-I-fnte°pw Xnc-s™-Sp∏p \S-Øn-bn-√. C¥y≥ P\m[n-]Xyw ISpØ sh√p-hnfn t\cn´ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. 1977 am¿®n¬ ASn-b¥ - n-cm-hÿ - bv°v Cfhp hcpØp-Ibpw {]Xn-]£ t\Xm-°t- fbpw a‰v cmjv{SobX-Sh - p-Im-tcbpw tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°pw Nne kwÿm\ \nba-k-`-Ifn-te°pw Xnc-s™-Sp∏p \S-∂p. Nne {]Xn]£ I£n-Iƒ Hcp-an®p tN¿∂v P\-Xm-]m¿´n F∂ Hcp ]pXnb I£n cq]o-Ic - n-®m-Wv tIm¨{K-kns\ t\cn´-Xv. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ tIm¨{Kkv ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. `q-cn-]£w t\Snb P\-Xm-]m¿´n t\Xmhv samdm¿Pn tZimbn {][m-\a - {- ¥n-bmbn a{¥n-k` cq]o-Ic - n-®p. Aßs\ P\m-[n-]Xyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´p. Iq´pI£n a{¥n-k` - b - psS XpS°w Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX B a{¥n-k` XI¿∂p. P\-Xm-]m¿´n-bnse LS-II - £ - n-Iƒ thdn´p t]mbn.

kzX{¥ C¥ybn¬ Iq´p-I£n a{¥n-k-`-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ hcm≥ CS-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw F¥m-bn-cp∂p? N¿® sNøp-I. 113

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

\b-hy-Xn-bm\w Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚ ImeØv kºZvLS\sb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn kzoI-cn® hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xm-W-t√m. Cµn- c m- K m‘n {][m- \ - a - { ¥n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ - t ∏mƒ _m¶p-Iƒ, C≥jp-d≥kv Iº-\n-Iƒ, J\n-Iƒ XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnepw tZi-km¬°-cW]cn-]mSn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1991˛\ptijw Cu \b]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ am‰w h∂pXpS-ßn. km¿∆-tZ-iobcwKØv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®bpw tkmjy-enÃv tNcn-bpsS Xntcm-[m\hpw C¥y- b psS B`y- ¥ chntZ- i - \ - b - ß sf kzm[o- \ n- ® p. tNcn- I - f n- √ m- X m- b - t XmsS tNcntNcm{]ÿm\w Xs∂ Zp¿_-e-am-bn. Ata-cn°

t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ km{am-PyXztNcn-tbmSv C¥y kl-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. apº-tØ-Xp-t]mse djybpsS klmbw In´m-tXbpambn. cmPy-Øn-\-I-Øp≈ s]mXp-taJemÿm-]-\-ßfn¬ kzImcy aqe-[-\-\n-t£]w h¿≤n-∏n-®p. ]eXn-s\bpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebv°v hn‰p. hntZ-i-aq-e[-\sØ C¥y-bn-te°v kzmKXw sNøp-Ibpw AXn-\p-ap-ºp-≠mbncp∂ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ \o°pIbpw sNbvXp. CØcw \b-ßƒ DZm-c-h¬°-cWw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. BtKm-f-aq-e-[-\-Øn-t‚bpw Nc-°pI-fp-tSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-tSbpw kzX-{¥-amb hn\nabw km≤y-am-°p∂ BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-\-bØns‚ `mK-amWv CXv.

kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-bpsS BZy-]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fnse kmº-ØnIhnI-k\\b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw F{X-am{Xw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p DZm-c-h¬°cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ kzX{¥C¥y BZy-Im-eØv t\cn´ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ XcWw sNøm≥ C¥ybv°v Ign-™n-´p-t≠m? Hcp skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ apg-ßn-t°´ Bi-b-ßƒ F{X-am{Xw {]mh¿Øn-I-am°m≥ kzX-{¥ C¥y-°m-bn-´p≠v? ]cn-tim-[n®v Hcp dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ ]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v Ct∏mgpw ka-c-ßƒ \S∂phcp-∂p. AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Iƒ, Nn{X-ßƒ F∂nh tiJcn®v kwÿm\ ]p\xkwL-S\ A\n-hm-cy-amtWm F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ C¥y-bpsS 1956˛sebpw C∂-sØbpw cmjv{Sob `q]Sßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v C∂sØ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ 1956˛¬ GtXXv {]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂Xv F∂v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Ahn-S-ß-fnse `mjbpw tcJ-s∏SpØpI. $ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ taJeIfn¬ kzX{¥ C¥y t\Snb t\´-ßsf ImWn-°p∂ kNn{X hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. m Irjn m hyhkmbw m imkv{X-km-t¶-XnIw m hnZym-`ymkw $ P\p-hcn 26 dn∏-ªnIv Zn\-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Imc-W-sa-s¥∂v At\z-jn®v Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm°pI. $ Xan-g¿, sXep-¶¿, I∂-S-°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ GsXms° kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v At\z-jn®v Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p. $ tI{µ-k¿°m-cn-t‚bpw tIcf k¿°m-cnt‚bpw DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ Im¿jnI KthjWÿm]-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p. $ 1974˛\ptijw C¥y BW-hm-bp[ ]co-£Ww \S-Øntbm? At\zjn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. 114

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

tIc-f-∏p-Xpa

8

s\Sp-\mƒ {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn≥Iogn¬ Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂-h-cmWv C¥y°m¿. sshtZ-in-I-`-cWw ASn-t®¬∏n® {Iqc-X-Iƒ t\cn-´-\p-`-hn-®-hcmWv \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿. bmX-\-Ifpw Zpcn-X-ßfpw t]dn Ah¿ \mSns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\mbn s]mcp-Xn. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Ht´sd {]Xn-tj-[ßƒ, sNdp-Øp\n¬∏p-Iƒ. HSp-hn¬ kzX{¥`mc-X-Øns‚ ]nd-hn. hS°v Iivao¿ apX¬ sX°v tIcfwhsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ `q{]-tZ-i-ßfn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-h-scms° Cu XymtKm-÷z-e-amb kw`-h-ß-fn¬ {]Xy£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-´p-≠v.

CuÃn¥ym Iº\n tIc-f-Øn¬ Ft∏m-gmWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q`m-KØv ]nSn-ap-dp-°nbXv? AXn\-h¿°v kuI-cy-ßƒ e`n-®-sX-ßs\? {_n´ojv `cWw tIc-fo-bsc Fß-s\-sb√mw {]bm-k-s∏-SpØn? CØ-c-Ønep≈ Ht´sd Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn-®-dn-tb≠-Xp-≠v. \mSphm-gn-Ifpw cmPm-°∑ - mcpw Xß-fpsS Iogn-ep≈ {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ `cWw \S-Øn-t∏m∂Ime-Øm-Wt√m ssakqcv \n∂v sslZ-cm-enbpw Sn∏phpw tIc-f-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. {]mtZ-inIcmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw \mSp-hmgn-I-fp-sSbpw A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ae-_m-dns‚ \nb-{¥Ww Sn∏p kp¬Øm≥ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. sIm®n-bnsebpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse-bpw cmPm°- ∑ m¿ Xß- f psS {]tZ- i - ß sf Sn∏p- h ns‚ ]S- t bm- ´ - Ø n¬\n∂v ImØpkwc£n°m≥ {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS klmbw tXSn. ]ns∂ Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bn-embn \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS {]Xo-£. sIm®n, Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑mcpw CuÃn-¥ym -I-º-\nsb c£-I-cmbn I≠p. sh√…n {]`p Bhn-jvI-cn® ssk\n-I-k-lm-b-hy-hÿ {]Imcw {_n´ojp-Im¿°v \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS B{in-X-cm-°m≥ Ign™p. Sn∏p-hp-ambn D≠m-°nb {iocw-K-]-´Ww HØp-Xo¿∏n-s\-ØpS¿∂v ae-_m-dn¬ CuÃn¥ym Iº\n t\cn´p`cWw XpS-ßn. {_n´ojv ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn® sIm®nbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw Iº-\n-`c-WØn-emhpIbpw sNbvXp. 115

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

ssk\nI klm-bh - y-hÿ C¥y≥ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf {_n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn¬ sIm≠ph-cm-\p≈ ka¿∞-amb Hcp \b-ambncp∂p CXv. {_n´ojv Kh¿W¿ P\- d em- b n- c p∂ sh√- … n- b mWv CXns‚ D]⁄m-Xmhv. Cu hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpsS kwc-£W®pa-Xe {_n´ojv ssk\y-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p. ssk\nIs®ehv \n¿∆-lnt°≠Xv AXXp \m´pcm- P y- ß - f pw. am{X- a √ \m´p- c m- P y- ß ƒ°v kz¥w ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw C√m-Xm-bn. \m´pcmPy-ß-fpsS hntZi\bw Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ A[nImcw {_n´ojv k¿°m-cn-\p-am-{X-am-bn. Icm-dp-Iƒ ]men°p-∂p-s≠∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ \m´pcmPy-ß-fn¬ dknU≠v F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-s\bpw \nb-an-®p. ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ C¥y≥ \m´pcmPm-°-∑m¿°v Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Gsd BI¿j-Iambn tXm∂n.

Sn∏p-hn¬\n∂v kz¥w {]tZ-iß - ƒ kwc£n-®p-In-´n-bm¬ ]gb {]Xm-]-Øn¬ A[n- I mcØn¬ XpS- c m- \ m- h p- s a∂v \mSphmgn- I fpw \m´p- c m- P m- ° - ∑ mcpw tamln®p- . F∂m¬ F√m- h - s cbpw hcpXn-bn-em°n {_n´o-jp-Im¿ k¿hm[n- I m- c n- I - f mbn. ae- b m- f - ° - c bmsI CuÃn¥ym -I-º-\n°v Io-gn-ep-am-bn. cmjv { So- b - a mb Xe- Ø n¬ am{X- a √ tImtfm- W n- b ¬ ta¬t°mbv a \ne\n∂Xv. kmº-ØnI Nqj-Whpw _p≤n]-camb B[n-]-Xyhpw CXns‚ `mK-ambn-cp-∂p. CXns\ms°-]p-dsa km[m-cW-°m-cs‚ D]-Po-h-\-cw-KØpw hen-btXm-Xn¬ NqjWw \ne-\n-∂p.

ssk\nIklm- b - h y- h - ÿ - b pw {iocw- K - ] - ´ Ww k‘nbpw tIc- f - ° csbbmsI {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn≥Iogn-em-°n. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

`c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc C¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ßsf {]h-niy-I-fm°nØncn-®mWv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. {InkvXp 1800 hsc t_mws_ {]kn-U≥kn-bpsS Iogn- e m- b n- c p∂ ae- _ m¿ ]n∂oSv a{Zmkv {]hniybnem-bn. ae-_mdn¬ {_n´o-jv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ P\-hn-cp≤ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈m≥ XpS-ßn. cmPm-°∑mcpw {]P-I-fp-sa√mw Iº-\n-bpsS A[o-\-X-bnem-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v Iº\n {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn. h¿≤n-®- tXm-Xn-ep≈ \nIp-Xn -\¬Im≥ F√mhcpw _m[y-ÿ-cm-sW∂pw \¬Im-Ø-h¿s°Xnsc I¿i-\-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw ap∂-dnbn-∏p- \¬In. ae-_m-dn-em-I-am\w {_n´ojv hncp≤a-t\m-`mhw Ffp∏w hf-cm≥ CXp-Im-c-W-am-bn. \nIp- X n- ] n- c n- h n\v ]pXnb DtZym- K - ÿ sc \nban®tXmsS \nc-¥cw X¿°-ßƒ D≠m-bn. cmPm-[n-Im-cw- sh´n-°p-d-®-Xn-s\bpw \nIp-Xn-]n-cnh-[n-Imcw FSp-Øp-am-‰n-bX - n-s\bpw tNmZywsNbvX cmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂p ]g-»n-bnse tI-c-f-h¿Ω. ]g-»nbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae-_m-dn¬ \S∂ Iem-]w Iº\n ta[m-hn-Isf IW-°n-tesd Ipg°n. BZy116

Im-eØv Iº\n ]ncn-hnepw a‰pw ]n¥p-W-tb-Inbn- c p∂hcn¬ Hcm- f m- b n- c p∂p - t I- c - f - h ¿Ω. F∂m¬ {_n´ojpIm-cpsS bYm¿∞Xm¬∏cyw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS Ah¿s°Xn-scbp≈ -I-em-]-ßƒ°v At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. Iº-\n-tbmSv t]mc-Sn-®p-\n¬°m≥ Xßƒ°v Ignbn-s√∂p tIc-f-h¿Ωbv°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse A¥xOn{Zßfn¬ Iº\n Xt∂m-sSm∏w \n¬°p-sa∂pw At±lw {]Xo£n®p. Ch c≠pw D≠m-bn-√. Cu L´-Øn-emWv At±lw Iº-\n-s°-Xnsc ]S IqSn-b-Xv.

FXn¿∏p-Iƒ IqSp∂p {_n´ojv kulr-Zhpw XpS¿∂p≈ DS-ºS- n-Ifpw hgn sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ CuÃn-¥ymI-º\ - n-bpsS ta[m-hnXzw AwKo-Ic - n-®p-. Xncp-hn-XmwIq- d nse B`y- ¥ - c - I m- c y- ß - f n¬ CS- s ]- S m≥ XpSßnb Iº-\n-s°-Xnsc Znhm≥ thepØºn-Zfh kzX-{¥-amb Nne \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. `fim- c - Ø n¬\n∂v h≥XpI ssI∏- ‰ m- \ p≈ {_n´ojv ]≤Xn-I-sf-bmWv Znhm≥ FXn¿Ø-Xv. Znhm≥ ]Zhn \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X - n\v t]mepw CXv ImcW-ambn. {_n´ojv hncp-≤-a-t\-m`mhw i‡-am°n

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

sNdp-Øp -\n¬∏p-\-S-Øm-≥ ]n∂oSv At±-lw {ian®p. 1809˛se "Ip≠d hnfw-_cw' AXn-s‚ `mKam-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc sIm®n cmPyØv Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ ]men-b-Ø-®\pw Iem-]-ap-b¿Øn. {_n´ojp-Im¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nIpXn]cn-jvIm-cßƒs°- X nscbp≈ {]Xn- I - c - W - a m- b n- c p∂p hb\m-´nse Ipdn-Ny-°-em]w. \nIp-Xn-bmbn km[\- ß ƒ sImSp- Ø p- s Im- ≠ n- c p- ∂ - h - c mbn- c p∂p IpdnNy¿. F∂m¬ km[-\-ßƒ°p]Icw h¿≤n∏n®- \nIpXn ]W-ambn am{Xta kzoI-cn°q F∂

{]Jym-]\w D≠m-bn. CXv henb FXn¿∏n\v ImcW-am-bn. \nIpXn IpSn-»nI hcp-Øn-b-h-cpsS kzØv ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-I, IpSnep-Iƒ B{I-an-°p-I, ho´p-]-I-c-W-ßƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-IpI, IpSnsbm-gn-∏n-°pI F∂nh \S-∏n-em-°n. CtXmsS {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc kzm`m-hn-I-amb FXn¿∏v cq]-s∏-´p. AsXmcp Xpd∂ Iem-]-ambn amdn-. {_n´ojv ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc km[m-cW P\ß- f psS t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ \S∂ Hcp P\- I ob apt∂‰-am-bn-cp∂p IpdnNy°em-]w.

{_n´ojv hncp-≤I - e - m-]ß - ƒ°v ASn-Ød- b - m-bXv {][m-\a - mbpw Ah-cpsS \nIpXn ]ncn-hn-se am‰-ßf - pw \mSns\ kmº-Øn-Ia - mbn NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ {iaßfpam- W v . thep- Ø - º n, tIc- f - h ¿Ω F∂n- h - c psS sNdpØp\nev ] p- I - f pw IpdnNy°em-]hpw hne-bn-cpØn Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

{_n´ojv `cWw hcp- ∂ - X n\p- a pºv {Kma- ß ƒ GXm≠v kzbw ]cym-]vX-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nXyhrØn-°p≈ hI-Ifpw DSp-Xp-Wnbpw a‰m-h-iyßsfms°bpw AX-Xp-{Km-a-Øn¬Xs∂ e`y-ambn- c p- ∂ p. AXXp tZiØp In´m- Ø - X p- a m{Xw ]pdsa-\n∂p hcp-Øn-. Iº\n `cWw h∂-tXmsS \mS≥ Nc-°p-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w £oWn®p. AXn\p-]-Icw Cw•-≠nse DXv]∂-ßƒ Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXp. Cw•- ≠ nse ^mIvS- d n- I ƒ°m- h - i y- a mb AkwkvIr-X]-Zm¿∞ßƒ Npcp-ßnb hnebv°v Ah¿ Chn- s S- \ n∂pw IS- Ø n- s °m- ≠ p- t ]mbn. Cw•-≠n-ep-≠m-°nb hymh-km-bnI DXv]∂-ßƒ IqSnb hnebv°v Chn-S-Øp-Imcn¬ ASn-t®-ev]n®p. Nc-°p-I-fp-sSbpw ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw \o°-Øn\v thKX Iq´m≥ tdmUp-Ifpw ]me-ßfpw sdbn¬]mf-ßfpw ]Wn-Xp. GXp-Ip-{Km-a-Ønepw {_n´o- j p- X v ] - ∂ - ß ƒ e`y- a m- I m≥ XpSßn. ^etam? {Kmao- W - s Xm- g n¬ taJe XI¿∂p. IpSpw_-ßƒ ]´n-Wn-bn-em-bn. Cw•-≠nse apXemfn-am¿°v h≥tX-mXn¬ em`-ap-≠m-°m≥ \Ωp-sS \mSv \s√mcp If-ambn. P\-Po-hn-XsØ Zp -la - m-°p∂ \S]Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p hn`-h-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Ip-ØI ssIb-S-°p-∂-XneqsS CuÃn¥ym I- º \n kzoI- c n- ® - X v . D∏v ,

]pIbne, XSn, kpK- ‘ - h y- R vP- \ - ß ƒF∂nhbpsS hym]m-cw Iº-\n-bpsS A[o-\-Xbn¬ h∂p. CtXmsS Cu hkvXp-°-ƒ°v hne-°b‰w D≠mbn. ]mh-s∏´-h¿ CXp-aqew -hfsc IjvS-Øn-embn. ae-_m-dnse tX°p-hy-h-kmbw Iº\n IpØ-I- bm-°n-b-tXmsS Cu¿®-∏-Wn-°mcpw ac-°-®-h-S°mcpw Zpcn-X-Øn-em-bn. KpW-ta-∑tbm hen-∏s®-dp-∏tam IW-°m-°msX ]mh-s∏-´-h-c-S-°-ap≈ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw hoSp-Iƒ°v \nIpXn NpaØn Iº\n hcp-am\w Iq´m≥ {ian-®p.

A[n-I\ - n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ `q\n-Ip-Xn°pw D∏v, ]pI-bn-em-Zn-Iƒ°pw CuSm°nb \nIp-Xn-°p-]p-dsa CuÃn¥ym Iº-\nbpsS \nIp-Xn-hy-hÿ-bpsS Icm-flkvX-ßƒ a‰p \ntXym-]-tbmK hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw ]nSnap-dp-°n. a‰v Aº-tXmfw hyXy-kvXßfmb \nIpXn-Iƒ IqSn P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw CuSm-°m≥ XpS-ßn. hoSv, IS-Iƒ, I∂p-Im-en, IS-Øv, ao≥he, Xdn-Iƒ, I≈v, Nmcm-bw, sh´p-I-ØnIƒ F∂nh CXn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ^e- Ø n¬ H∂pw k¿°m- c ns‚ ]nSn- b n¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-´n-√. 117

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

D∏n- s ‚bpw ]pI- b n- e - b p- s Sbpw IpØ- I bn¬\n∂p≈ hcp-am\w Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b- \n-IpXn-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNbvX ]´nI. h¿jw

D∏v

1809˛13

1,30,756

1819˛23

]pI-bne BsI `q\n-IpXn-21,426

1,52,182

17,18,782

1,84,517

2,21,267 3,04,784

17,45,587

1829˛33

2,44,363

4,14,125 6,58,488

15,48,839

1839˛43

3,40,121

5,34,006

8,74,127

16,40,098

1849˛53

3,35,870

4,88,270

8,24,140

16,35,574

(Ah-ew_w; t]Pv 31, ae-_m¿ Iem]w {]`pXzØn\pw cmP-hm-gv®bv-°p-sa-Xn-sc sI.F≥. ]Wn-°¿)

\nIpXn Cß-s\bpw sNdp-InS \nIp-Xn-Iƒ hgn k¿°m¿ JP-\m-hnte°v hºn® XpI kam-l-cn-°m≥ {_n´o-jpIm¿ {ian®p-. CXn\m¬ P\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn® {]bm-k-ß-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ t\m°p. h\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnd-Ip-sIm-≈n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v D]-Po-h\w \S-Ønb kv{XoIƒ°v \nIpXn sImSp-°msX hnd-Ip-sI-´p-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-™ncp-∂n-√. ]pg-I-S∂p t]mtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂-h¿°pw \nIpXn sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. IS-Øp-\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-bn-°n-´m≥ ]ecpw ]pg-\o-¥n-°-S°m≥ {ian-°sh apßn-acn-°pI-bp-ap-≠m-bn.

NqjWw Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ {_n´o-jpIm¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb `q\nb-a-ßƒ Ht´sd Zpcn-X-ßƒ krjvSn-®Xmbn ImWmw. $ `q\nIpXn ]W-ambn Npa-Øm≥ XpSßn. $ `q\n-IpXn Gdn-b-tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-®p. $ bYm¿∞ Irjn- ° m¿°v `qanbn- e p≈ AhImiw \ntj-[n-®p. $ F√m `qan-bp-sSbpw Ah-Imiw P∑n-am¿°pam-{X-am-bn. $ P∑n-am¿°v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Ah-Imi-ßfpw A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

$ P∑n- a m- c psS Nqj- W - h pw {Iqc- X - b pw apsº∂tØ°mfpw h¿≤n-®p. D¬∏-∂-ßƒ°v hne h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ Xßƒ°njvS-an-√mØ ]gb IpSn-bm-∑m-sc Hgn-∏n°pw. IqSpX¬ ]m´w \¬Im≥ Xøm-dmb IpSn-bm-∑m¿°v B `qan G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp°pw. Hmtcm P∑nbpw ]m´Øn-\p-]p-dsa IpSn-bm-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw ]e-co-Xn-bnep≈ amaq-ep-Ifpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øp. s]mfn-s®-gp-Øpt]m-ep≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ IpSn-bm-∑m-cpsS \ne Zb\o-b-am-°n.

s]mfn-s®-gpØpw ta¬®m¿Øpw ]¥o-cm-≠p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ IpSn-bm≥ P∑n-bp-ambpff Icm¿ ]pXp-°-Ww. CXmWv s]mfn-s®gpØv. Cu ka-bØv P∑n ]e-Xc - Ø - n-ep≈ ]ncnhp-Ifpw IpSn-bm-\n¬\n∂v CuSm-°pw. IqSp-X¬ ]m´w \¬Im≥ Xøm-dp≈ IpSn-bm\v ]gb IpSnbms\ Hgn-hm°n `qan Nm¿Øn-sIm-Sp-°p∂ G¿∏m-Sn\v ta¬®m¿Øv F∂p ]d-bp-w. CXpc≠pw IpSn-bm-∑msc Gsd he®p. P∑nbpw Abm- f psS Imcy- ÿ \pw F¥p ]d™mepw I¿j-I¿ A\p-k-cn-°p-Itb \nhrØn-bp≈q F∂ \neh∂p. C-s√-¶n¬ Gsd `hnjy-Øp-Iƒ t\cn-tS≠n hcpw. P∑nsbt]-Sn®p Ign™p- I q- t S- ≠ n- h ∂- c mWv ]m´°pSn- b m- ∑ mcpw ]m´°m-cpw. {_n´ojv k¿°mcpw P∑n-amcpw t]meokpw tImSXnbpw HØp- t N¿∂v Irjn- ° msc ]c- a m- h [n t{Zmln-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Akw-Xr-]vX-cmb Irjn°m¿ {]Xn- t j- [ n- ® p. Ah- c psS hntZz- j hpw AXr]v X nbpw P∑n- a m¿s°- X n- s cbpw Ahsc klm-bn-°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ¿s°-Xn-scbpw Xncn™p. CXv kwL-Sn-Xk-ac - ß - f - m-bn- am-dn. FXn¿Øhsc am{X-a√, Ah-¿ Xmakn®ncp∂ {]tZ-isØ P\ßsf apgp-h≥ Iq´-∏ng NpaØn in£n-®p. CXv IqSp-X¬ hntZzjw hf¿Øn.

\ΩpsS \mSns‚ ss]Xr- I - k z- Ø v sIm≈- b - S n- ° m≥ th≠n D≠m- ° nb {_n´ojv˛P∑n Iq´p-sI´pw Ah-cpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw {Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Fs¥√mw {]bm-k-ßƒ hcp-Øn-h-®p. N¿® sNøp. 118

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

ae-_m-dnse I¿jIIem-]-ßƒ am∏n-f-am-cmb sNdp-In-S-I¿j-I¿, I¿j-IsØm-gnem-fn-Iƒ, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im¿, sNdp-In-S-I-®-h-S°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ß-fn-se {]Xn-tj-[-amWv ae-_m-dn¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°Xnscbp≈ Iem- ] - ß - f mbn cq]w- s Im- ≠ - X v . kzmX{¥y-ka - c - N - c - n-{X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \S∂ Cu Iem-]-ß-fnse km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw {it≤-b-am-Wv. ae-_m-dn¬ Gd-\mSv, h≈p-h-\m-Sv, s]m∂m\n Xmeq-°pIfn-ep≈ I¿j-I-cn¬ hensbmcp ]¶v ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ am∏n-f-am-cmbn-cp∂p. Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p I¿j-I-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ "am∏n-f-am-cpsS' elfIƒ F∂mWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ CXns\ ]cn-l-kn®v hnfn-®-Xv. ssakq¿ cmPm-°-∑m¿ ae-_m-dn¬ \S-Ønb A{Ia- ß - s f- Ø p- S ¿∂v P∑n- a mcpw \mSp- h m- g n- I fpw Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ A`bw {]m]n-®n-cp-∂p. AhcpsS A[o-\-X-bnembn-cp∂ `qan am∏n-f-IpSn-bm∑m¿°p e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah¿ \nIp-Xn-b-S®v `qan kz¥- a mbn D]- t bm- K n- ® p- h - ∂ p. ae- _ m¿ {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-embtXmsS Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dn¬ A`-bw-{]m-]n® P∑n-am¿ Xncn-®p-h-∂p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ am∏n-f-am-cn¬ \n∂v `qan P∑n-am¿°v Xncn-®p-\¬In. I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn -]n-cns®-Sp-°m-\p≈ Npa-X-ebpw Ah¿°mbn. P∑namcpsSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw kl-I-c-WtØmsS am{Xta Xß-fpsS km{am-Py-Xz- Nq-jW `cWw \S-Øm\mhp F∂v {_n´o-jp-Im¿ a\- nem-°n. tIc-f-h¿Ω F∂ Hscm‰ \mSp-hm-gnsb HXp-°m≥ Gsd h¿jw sNe-hn-tS≠n h∂Xv Ah¿ ad-∂n√. a‰p \mSp-hm-gn-I-sf√mw tN¿∂v el-f-bvs°m-cp-ßn-bm¬ XßfpsS Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ XS- - s ∏- S p- s a∂v Ah¿ a\- n- e m- ° n. P∑n- ˛ \mSphmgn hn`m- K sØ Iøn- s e- S pØv , Ah¿ aptJ\ \m´p- I m- c psS ]n¥pW t\Snbm¬ Gsd°mew `cWw XpScmw F∂v {_n´o-jp-Im¿ IW-°m-°n. Iº-\n-bpsS A[n-Im-csØ tNmZyw sNømsX Ign- b p- t ºmƒ tXm∂n- b - X p- t ]mse ]m´w ]ncn®v \m´n¬ Gsd kzm[o-\-ap-≈-h-cmbn Ign-bm-sa∂v P∑n-amcpw Icp-Xn. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS cmjv { Sobm[nImc- Ø n\p Iogn- ¬ Xß- f psS Xmev]cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v P∑n-amcpw

\mSp-hm-gn-I-fpw a\- n-em°n. Ah¿°v kaq-lØn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\hpw kmº-ØnIamb A[nIm-cmh-Im-ißfpw sImSpØv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \nesIm-≠p. F√m cwKØpw Xßsf B{ibn®p\n¬°p∂ Ht´sd \m´p- { ]- a m- W n- a msc krjvSn®v Ah-cn-eqsS \m´p-Im-cpsS ta¬ k¿∆m[n-Imchpw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {ian® {_n´ojv X{¥Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p km{am-Py-Xz- `-c-WØnepw tIc-f-Øn¬ P∑nk{º-Zmbw \ne-\n-∂Xv.

P∑hpw ImWhpw `qan-bpsS ta¬ ]e¿°pw ]e Ah-Imißfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ AhIm- i - Ø n- \ p P∑w F∂p ]d- b pw. P∑mhImiap≈ Bƒ P∑n. P∑n°p Hcp \n›nX XpI CuSmbn \¬In `qan Irjn°v Gs‰-SpØp hmßp-∂-Xn\v ImWw F∂p-]-d-bpw. Cßs\ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ Bƒ ImW-°p-Sn-bm≥. ImW-°pSn-bm≥ \n›nX kwJy s\√mtbm ]W-amtbm P∑n-°p- sIm-Sp-°Ww CXp ]m´w. CXn¬\n∂v ImW-kw-Jy-bpsS ]eni Ingn-°pw. ImWm-hIm- i - Ø ns‚ Imemh[n ]{¥- ≠ p- h ¿jw. CusSm∂pw sImSp-°msX P∑n-tbmSv `qan ]m´Øns\SpØv Irjn- s N- b v X - h sc shdpºm´IpSnbm-∑m¿ F∂p ]dbpw. P∑n-am¿ Aan-X-amb ]m´w NpaØn I¿j-Isc t{Zmln®p. {_n´o-jv-˛-P∑n Iq´p-sI-´ns‚ ^e-am-bncp∂p CXv. am∏n-fa - m-cmb I¿j-Ic - n-te-sdbpw sNdpIn-S-Ip-Sn-bm-∑mcpw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-bncp-∂p. I\-Ø -]m´w CuSm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Ahcn¬ Aa¿j- Ø ns‚ hnØp- ] m- I n. Sn∏p- h ns‚ klm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ap{Z-IpØn {_n´o-jpImcpw P∑n-amcpw am∏n-f-am-cmb IpSn-bm-∑m-tcmSpw I¿j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-I-tfmSpw {]tXyIw i{Xp-Xh-®p-]p-e¿Øn. CXv Iem-]-ß-fn-emWv Iem-in-®Xv. Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ am∏n-f-amcpw Iem-]-Øn-\n-c-bm-bh¿ lnµp-P-∑n-amcpw Ah-cpsS klm-bn-I-fmb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpam-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu I¿j-I-k-a-cßsf h¿§ob-I-em-]-ß-fmbn {_n´o-jp-Im¿ {]Ncn∏n®p. `n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI F∂ X{¥w {_n´ojp-Im¿ Chn-sSbpw {]tbmKn®p. h¿Kob th¿Xncn-hp-≠m°n kaqlØn¬ hntZzjw hf¿Øn elf-°msc HXp-°m-\p≈ \nIr-jvS-amb {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ \S-Øm≥ P∑n-amcpw a‰pw {_n´o-jpIm¿°v Iq´p\n∂p.

119

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

]≠m-c-∏m´hnfw-_cw {_n´ojv `cWw h∂-tXmsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n \m´p- c m- P y- ß - f nepw P∑n\mSp- h m- g nhn`mKsØ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ `qhp-S-a-m_-‘-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp∂Xv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. am¿Øm-fih¿ΩbpsS ImeØv Irjn-bm-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn ]≠mchI (k¿°m¿) `qan {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw ap…o- ß ƒ°pw ]m´- Ø n\p sImSp- Ø n- c p∂p. ]n∂oSv Cug-h-¿°pw a‰p ]n∂m-°-°m¿°pw `qan \¬Im≥ XpS-ßn. Irjn h¿≤n-∏n®v \nIp-Xn-]ncnhv \SØn JP- \ m- h n- t e°v hcp- a m\w Iq´pI F∂Xmbn-cp∂p e£yw. {_n´o-jp-Im¿°v I∏w sImSp-°m\pw ]´m-fsØ Xo‰n-t∏m-‰m\pw ]Ww Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXm-Wv hnfw_-cØn-\p t{]c-W-bm-bXv. Irjn- b n- e q- s Sbpw Ipcp- a p- f - I v, Gew XpSßnbhbpsS I®-h-S-Øn-eq-sSbpw kº-∂cmb Hcp hn`mKw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ hf¿∂phcm≥ XpS-ßn. {ItaW `qan-bpsS ssIh-im-hImiw DS-a-m-h-Im-i-am-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ C°q-´¿ {ian®p. CXn-\mbn {]t£m-`-ß-ƒ \S-Øn. HSp-hn¬ Xncp-hnXmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ Cu Bhiyw A\p-hZn-®p. ]≠m-c-∏m´hnfw-_-c-Øn-eqsS ]≠m-c-hI `qan ssIhiw h®-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿°v DS-a-ÿm-hIm-ihpw ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-ihpw ssIam-‰m-h-Imihpw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hnfw-_-cw.

]≠mc∏m´hnfw_chpw XpS¿∂p- h ∂ P∑n- ˛ IpSnbm≥ hnfw-_-chpw {]Imcw bYm¿∞-Ir-jn°m-c\v DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. ]≠mchItbm tZhkzw hItbm {_“kzw hItbm D≈-`qan ssIhiw h®n-cp-∂-h¿°v am{XamWv DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw e`n-®Xv. bYm¿∞-I¿jI¿ CXn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-bn. Ah¿ sImSnb ]oU\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IpSn-bm∑m-cn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ ]m´w CuSm-°n. CXp \¬Im≥ Ign-bmØ IpSn-bms\ Hgn-hm°n ]pXnb Bƒ°v Irjn \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw P∑n-am¿ \¬In. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Irjn-sN-øp-∂h - s\ Irjn`q-an-bn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°m≥ P∑n-am-¿ \S-]-SnIƒ XpS-ßn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n {]tZ-i-ßfn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ P∑n-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf klm- b n- ° m≥ {_n´ojv DtZym- K - ÿ cpw t]meokpw tImS-Xnbpw \ne-sIm-≠p. ]m´-°p-Sn-bm-∑m-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ Kp-cp-X-c-ambn XpS¿∂p-. Ah-cpsS {]Xn-tj[w {]t£m-`-ambn hf¿∂p. kzmX- { ¥y- k - a - c - I m- e - L - ´ - Ø nepw ]n∂oSpw Ch- c psS {]iv \ - ß ƒ Gs‰- S p- ° m≥ kwL-Sn-X- I¿jI {]-ÿm-\-ßƒ Xøm-dmbn. ]≠m-c-∏m-´-hn-fw_-c-hpw P∑n-˛Ip-Sn-bm≥ hnfºchpw I¿j-IcpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ s]cp-∏n-s®-¶nepw `qan-bpsS {Ib-hn-{I-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb kmlNcyw Hcp-°-n. C-tXmsS Irjn-`q-an-bpsS D]-tbmK-Øn¬ hºn-®- am-‰-ßƒ hcm≥ XpS-ßn.

]≠m-c-∏m-´-hn-fw-_-c-hpw P∑n˛Ip-Sn-bm≥ hnfw-_-chpw `qhp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ hcpØnb am‰-ßƒ Fs¥ms°? I¿j-I¿°v Cu am‰-ßƒ F{X-am{Xw klm-b-Iam-bn-? N¿® sNøpI.

tXm´-hnf s\¬°r-jn-bpsS ÿm\Øv \mWy-hn-f-I-fpsS Irjn ]e-bn-SØpw hym]-I-am-bn. hyh-km-btaJe- b p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ hnfIƒ°v Gsd {]Nmcw In´n. AXp-hsc h\-ta-J-e-bm-bn-cp∂ ssltd-©p-{]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ°pw \mWyhn-f-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn®p XpSßn. BZy-sams° Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS DS-a-bn-ep≈ hen-b-tXm-´-ßƒ 120

D≠m-bn. ]ns∂-∏ns∂ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂p IpSntb‰w Bcw-`n-®p. a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n∂v BZyw ssltd-©n-te°pw ]n∂oSv ae-_m-dnse h\-ta-J-e-bn-te°pw IpSn-tb‰w hym]n-®p. IpSntb-‰-°m-cn-te-sdbpw hnkvXr-X-amb tXm´-ßƒ°pS-a-Ifm-bn. Aßs\ tIc-f-Øns‚ ae-tbmcw \mWy-hn-f-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-`q-an-bmbn.

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

"... Iptd°me-ambn ae-_m-dn¬ Ipsd ÿew hmßm≥ tZh-ky-®≥ Btem-Nn®p \S-°p-Ib - mbn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Ic-bn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ ]tØm AºtXm ho´p-Im¿ CXn-\Iw h≠n tIdn ae_mdn\p t]mbn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-emsW-¶n¬ bmsXm∂pw hf-cmØ Duj-c`- q-an°p IqSn G°-dn\p \qdpw Ccp-\qdpw Ddp-∏nI hnebmbn°gn-™p. ae-_m-dn-em-sW-¶n¬ \√ ImSn\v

G°-dn\v \mtem At©m Ddp-∏nI sImSp-Øm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-sa-∂mWv tIƒ°p-∂-Xv. P∑ambn-cn°n√. AºtXm Adp-]tXm sIm√-°m-e-tØ°p≈ ]m´w. AXp ]pXp-°n-°n-´m-\p≈ km[yXbpw ]m´-kw-Jybpw Xp—-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXpt]mse Xs∂ \nIp-Xn-bpw. hkvXp-hn¬ \n∂p ]d-™b - bv - °p∂ ImeØp \√ tZlfihnebpw In´pw...' (ImSv C. Fw. tImhq¿)

`qhpS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ h∂ am‰w Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-I. Ch Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v A\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cpt∂m?

aqe-[\\nt£]w 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-tØmsS {_n´o-jpIm¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ aqe[-\-\n-t£-]-am-cw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. BZyw ae-\m-´nse tXm´w taJ-e-bn-emWv CXp≠m-bXv. Im∏n, tXbne apX-emb tXm´-ßƒ°mbn-cp∂p Ah¿ ]Ww apS-°n-b-Xv. a¿tUm°v {_u¨, IÆ≥ tZh≥ Iº-\n, Cu B≥Uv Fkv Iº-\n, ae-bmfw πmt‚-j≥kv F∂nh CXn-\pZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ H∂-c-e£w slIvSdpw ae-_m-dn¬ Aº-Xn-\m-bncw slIvSdpw sIm®n-bn¬ Ccp-]Øn Aøm-bncw slIvSdpw tXm´-`qan {_n´o-jp-Im¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bbn-c°-W-°n\p sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-SpØn-cp-∂p. Xan-gv\m-´n¬\n∂pw tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p≈-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. tXm´w taJ-ebv°p ]pdsa I®-h-Sw, _m¶n-ßv F∂o taJ-e-I-fnepw {_n´ojpIm¿ aqe-[\w apS-°n-. tXm´w, hym]m-cÿm-]-\-ßƒ, _m¶v XpS-ßnb Aº-Xn¬∏cw

ÿm]- \ - ß - f n¬ apX¬apS- ° nb lmcn- k ¨ B≥Uv t{Imkv^o¬kv Iº\n D-Zm-l-c-Ww. ]ntbgvkv e…n, Bkv]n≥hmƒ F∂o Iº-\nIfpw tIc-f-Øn¬ aqe-[-\-an-d-°n. Cw]o-cn-b¬ _m¶v, C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ _m¶v, Nm¿t´Uv _m¶v F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ ]W-an-S-]mSp ÿm]\-ßƒ. F√m Iº-\n-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂v 1857˛¬ sIm®n-bn¬ tNº¿ Hm^v tImtagvkv ÿm]n-®p. CXv tIc-fhpw temI-I-tºm-f-hp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n- ° m≥ CS- t b- I n. {_n´ojv aqe- [ \w AXns\ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn. CtXmsS sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Irjn-°mcpw ]c-º-cmKX sXmgn¬taJ-eh - n´v HmSv, Ib¿ XpS-ßnb hyhkm-b-ta-J-e-I-fn-te°v \oßn. s]mXp-a-cm-a-Øv, t]meo-kv, ]´m-fw XpS-ßnb tkh\ cwK-ß-fnte°pw Iptd-t∏sc \nb-an®p. kmaq-ly-_‘ - ß - fn¬ {]I-Sa - mb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-hm≥ CXp-Im-cW - am-bn. tIc-fØ - nse hnZym-`ym-khym]\-Øn\v t{]cW-bm-bXpw `q_-‘ß - f - n¬ h∂ Cu am‰-am-Wv.

km{am-PyXzhnI-k\ - Ø - ns‚ `mK-ambn temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ tImf-\n-If - n¬ apXemfnØ cmPy-ßƒ aqe-[\\nt£]w \S-Øn-bXv \mw I≠p. {_n´ojv Iº-\n-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-Ønb aqe-[\\nt£]w tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI cwKß-fn¬ GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p≠v? N¿® sNøp.

I¿j-Ik - wLw I¿j-I-cp-sS IjvS∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v Adp-Xn-h-cp-Øm≥ I¿j-I¿ kwL-S\Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn-®ncp-∂p. I¿j-Ic - psS Bhiyw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {i≤bn¬ s]Sp-Øm\pw Ah-cpsS Zo\amb Pohn-Xmh-ÿ-bv°v ]cn-lmcap≠m-°m\pw Zo¿LImew

s]mcp- t X- ≠ n- h - ∂ p. AJn- e - a - e - _ m¿ I¿j- I kwLw tIc-f-Ønse BZy-Im-esØ I¿j-I°q´m-bva-bm-Wv. Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ CS-s]´v kaq-l-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNepØnb I¿j-I¿s°-Xnsc D≠mb hne-°p-Iƒ121

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

s°Xnsc cq]-s∏´ {]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ ^e-ambmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ I¿j-I-{]-ÿm\w apf-s]m-´nb-Xv. I¿j-I-cpsS A∂sØ Ah-ÿsb kzX{¥ C¥y-bnse ae-_m-dn¬\n-∂p≈ BZy P\-{]-Xn\n-[n-bmb F. sI. -tKm-]m-e≥ Xs‚ B-fl-I-Ybn¬ hnh-cn-®Xp t\m°p: ""I¿j-I-cpsS Ahÿ ...Zb-\o-b-amWv; Xmßm\mhmØ Icw, ISw, ]m´w. P∑n-bpsS CjvS-t°Sn-\-\p-k-cn®pw ZpxJw, XnSp°w XpS-ßnb at\m`mhhyXym-k-ß-f-\p-k-cn®pw Ah\v \jvSw kw`hn-°p-∂p. P∑n-bpsS ho´nse Hmtcm P\-\hpw ac-Whpw IpSn-bms‚ `mcw Iq´p-∂p. Hmtcm Ahk-c-Ønepw Ah≥ Iqen-bn-√msX Iptd ]Wn-sbSp-°-Ww. Ah≥ P∑n-bpsS I∂p-Im-en-Isf Iqenbn-√msX t\m°-Ww. hmXn¬ Im°-Ww, Xe-Ip\n-®p-sIm≠p hgn-am-d-Ww. Ah≥ \√ hkv{Xßƒ [cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Ah≥ DSp-°p∂ ap≠v ap´p-hsc FØ-cp-Xv. Ah≥ hÆw hbv°m≥ ]mSn√. Ahs‚ kv{XoIƒ kpµ-cn-I-fm- -I-cp-Xv. hn⁄m-\-Zo]w I¿j-Is‚ a\- ns\ {]Im-in-∏n°-cpXv. I¿j-I≥ ASpØp hcn-Itbm kv]¿in°tbm sNø-cp-Xv. \S¬, hf-an-S¬, Imbn-Im-[zm-\w, ag, Imh¬In-S°¬- -C-sXm∂pw P∑n kzbw kln-°p-I-bn√. `qan Ah-t‚-Xm-sW-∂p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ A[n-Imcap{Zam-{X-amWv P∑n-bpsS Ah-Im-iw. sImSp-¶m-t‰m, sh≈-s∏m-°-tam, ag-bn-√m-bvatbm a‰p sISp-XnItfmaqew Irjn-∏ng h∂m¬ AXp P∑nsb _m[n-°p-I-bn-√. hne-°p-d-hn-s\bpw Abmƒ IW°m-°p-I-bn-√. "t\csØ kΩ-Xn-®Xv F\n°p In´Ww' As√-¶n¬ Abmƒ°-Xp-hm-ßn-sIm-Sp°m≥ k¿°mcpw \nb-ah - p-ap-≠v. ]t£ I¿j-I\p i{Xpan{X-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bpI hnj-a-am-Wv. temIw apgp-h≥ Ah-s\Xn-cm-sW∂v Ah≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. P∑n- X z- h y- h - ÿ n- X n- b psS A⁄- X - I fpw A‘hnizm-k-ßfpw Ah≥ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p. Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬ AXn-\-∏pdw HcSnhbv°m≥ t]mepw Ah\p ss[cy-an-√. "Hcp Xp≈n-°-™n°m-sb-cn-bp∂ I¿j-I¿ Ccp-Im-en-am-Sp-I-fm-bncp∂p' F∂p Ihn ]mSn-bXp I¿j-Isc kw_‘n- ® n- S - t Ømfw ]q¿W- k - X y- a m- W v . '' (Fs‚ PohnX IY, t]Pv˛63) 122

hnZym-`ymkw tIc-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-]-≈n-Iƒ, ime-Iƒ, Kpcp-Ip-e-ßƒ, k`ma- T - ß ƒ, If- c n- I ƒ XpS- ß n- b - h - b m- b n- c p∂p ]gbImesØ hnZym-`ym-kÿm]-\ßƒ. kaq-lØnse `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ P\-ßƒ°pw Cu Hu]Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p- -{]-tXy-In®v IogvPm-Xn-°mcmbn th¿Xn- c n- ° - s ∏´ P\- h n- ` m- K - Ø n\pw kv{XoIƒ°pw. k¶o¿W-amb PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw hnZym`ymkw kw_- ‘ n® Imgv N - ∏ mSpw Cu Ahÿ XpS-cm≥ ]‰nb kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°n.

anj-\-dn-am¿ {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-\p-Io-gn¬ aX-{]-Nm-cWw apJy e£y-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ anj-\-dn-am-cmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw Bcw-`n-°p∂Xv. PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√msX s]mXphnZym`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ tI{µ-ß-fmWv Ch¿ ÿm]n-®-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp \ne-\n∂ ]nt∂m-°-km-lN-cy-ß-fn¬ sXs√-¶nepw am‰w D≠m°m≥ CXv CS-bm-°n. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS hchpw XpS¿∂v Ah¿ ÿm]n® s]mXphnZym-e-b-ßfpw {_n´ojv `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v Gsd klm-b-I-am-bn. Xß-fpsS `c-W-\-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb {]N-mc-W-hpw Cw•ojv Pohn-X-ssien-bpsS hym]-\hpw kpK-aa - mbn \S∂p. \m´p-cmPm°-∑m¿ hgn anj-\-dn-am¿°v Bh-iy-amb klmb- ß ƒ Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø m≥ CuÃn¥ym Iº\n DtZymK-ÿ¿ {]tXyIw {i≤n-®p. Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n°v Xß-fpsS Imcyw \SØm≥ FgpØpw hmb-\bpw Adn-bp-∂-hsc Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ t\cn´p `cn® ae-_m-dnepw cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ta¬ dkn-U-≠n\v kzm[o-\-ap≈ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm®n-bnepw hnZym-`ymkw hym]n-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n (F¬.-Fw.-F-kv.), N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰n (kn.Fw.- F - k v . ), _mk¬ Chm-RvP-en-°¬ anj≥ (_n.C.-Fw.) F∂n- h - b m- b n- c p∂p tIc- f - Ø n¬ hnZym- ` ym- k hym]\-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n apJy-ambpw {]h¿Øn®Xv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SsØ Xangv

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

taJ-e-bnepw ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Hcp hn`m-K-Øn-\n-S-bn-ep-amWv Ah¿ {]h¿Ø\w \SØn-b-Xv. sIm®nbpw Xncp- h n- X mw- I q- d p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p N¿®v anj≥ skmssk- ‰ n- b psS {]h¿Ø- \ - t a- J e. _mk¬ Chm-RvP-en-°¬ anjs‚ {]h¿Ø\ cwKw ae-_m-dpw. B[p-\n-I- Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw hym]-Ia - m-°p-∂X - n\v Cu kwL-ßf - psS {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. aX-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn\p≈ D]m-[n- IqSnbmbmWv anj-\dn kwL-ßƒ hnZym-`ym-k-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏´-Xv. A[xIrXhn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p anj-\-dnam¿ s]mXpsh Xß- f psS {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ \SØnbXv. ]m›m-Xy-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈ hnZym-e-bßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ Xmev]cy- s a- S p- Ø p. s]¨Ip- ´ n- I ƒ°p am{X- a mbn {]tXyIw hnZym-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. PmXn-aXt`Zat\y Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]th-i\w \¬Ip∂ kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPp-Ifpw ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-embn \nehn¬h∂p. \nL-≠phpw hymI-cW - hpw Xøm-dm°n. _©- a n≥ s_- b v e n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥, sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v F∂n-h-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Cu Zni-bn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. anj-\dn kwL-ßƒ kzoI-cn® s]mXphnZym`ymk{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf XpS¿∂mWv Kh¨sa‚ v Cu cwKØv {]th-in-°p-∂X - v. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnZym-`ymkØn\v Ah-kcw e`n®Xv kh¿Whn`m- K - ° m¿°p- a m- { X- a mWv. Ah¿Wscms°bpw kzIm-cy-kvIq-fp-I-fn-emWv ]Tn-®-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv Ahn-SsØ k¿°m¿ k¿∆o-kn¬ kh¿Wsc am{X-amWv \nb-an-®n-cp∂-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ ÿm]n® A®p-IqSßƒ hgn [mcmfw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A®-Sn®p {]Ncn-∏n-®p. A®-Snbpw ]pkvXI - {- ]-Nm-cW - hpw hym]n®tXmsS kh¿W-c-√mØ P\-hn-`m-K-ßfn¬ \n∂p B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkØn\p≈ Bh-iy-ap-b¿∂p. k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-It- f-°mƒ Gsd anj\dn DS-aÿX-bn-ep≈ kvIqfp-I-fmWv A∂v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]sØm- º Xmw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - Ø n¬ Im¿jn-Ic - w-KØpw hmWn-Py-cwKØp≠mb ]ptcmKXn Cug-h-cpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v kmº- Ø nI hf¿® D≠m- I m- \ n- S - b m- ° n. CXv

ÿm]-\ß - ƒ N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰n 1813˛¬ tIm´-bØv Hcp tImtfPpw skan-\m-cnbpw Bcw-`n-®p. dh. aoUns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv CXv ÿm]n-®Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ dmWn Kucn ]m¿∆-Xn-`mbn 1817˛¬ Cd-°nb DØ-chp-{]-Imcw \m´p-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ (sh¿Wm°p-e¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ) Bcw-`n-®p. hnZym-`ym-kØns‚ sNehp apgp-h≥ k¿°m¿ hln-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv A°m-ew- sXm-´m-Wv. 1836˛¬ kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv "cmPmkv {^o kvIqƒ' Bcw-`n-®p. AtX h¿jwXs∂ Hcp k¿°m¿ A®p- I q- S hpw Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c Øv ÿm]n-®p. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ hnZym-`ym-kw hf¿Øm≥ klmb-I-am-bn. ]n∂m-°-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn-¬\n∂v hnZym- ` ymkØn\pth≠n \S∂ apt∂- ‰ - ß ƒ k¿°m¿ \b-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ t{]c-Wbm-bn. AtXmsS ]e k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Ifpw F√m hn`m-K-°m¿°p-ambn Xpd∂p sImSp-Øp. F√m hn`m- K - ß - f nepws]´ Ip´n- I ƒ°v {]mYanIhnZym`ymkw kuP\yambn \¬Im- \ p≈ DØc-hmZnØw 1904˛¬ k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

hnZym-`ymkw ae-_m-dn¬ ae-_m-dn¬ B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv anj-\dn-am-cpsS km∂n[yw {]IS-am-bn-cp-∂p. kvIqƒ C≥kv s ]- I v S - d mbpw ]pkv X - I - c - N - b n- X m- h mbpw tUmIv S ¿ sl¿a≥Kp- ≠ - ¿ ´ns\t∏mep- ≈ h¿ {]h¿Øn-®p. 1839˛¬ At±lw Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ Hcp kvIqƒ ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1848˛¬ I√m-bnbn¬ (tImgn-t°m-Sv) _mk¬ Chm-RvP-en-°¬ anj≥ ÿm]n® Cw•ojv ss{]adn kvIqƒ Imem¥-c-Øn¬ ae-_m¿ {InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pmbn amdn. Ccp-]-Xmw -\q-‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ae-_m¿ Unkv{SnIv‰v t_m¿Uns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏´tXmsS-bmWv {]mY-anI hnZym`ym-k-Øn¬ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-∂-Xv. F√m hn`mK-Øn¬s∏´ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw CØcw ÿm]-\-ßfn¬ {]th-i\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®-Xn\v DZm-lc- W - a mWv tImgn- t °mSv `mKØv ÿm]n- ® KW-]Xv kvIqfp-Iƒ. \ote-izcw, Nnd-bv°¬, 123

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

ISØ-\mSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ AXmXnSsØ cmPm°-∑mcpw tImgn-t°m´pw tIm´-bv°epw kmap-Xncnbpw kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymk-Øns‚ XpS¿® F∂ \nebv°v D∂X hnZym`ym-kØ - n-\p-th≠n tImtf-Pp-Ifpw ÿm]n-Xa - m-bn. Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØv ÿm]n® cmPmkv {^o kvIqƒ BWv ]n∂oSv hnI- k n- ∏ n- ® v alm- c m- P mkv tImtfPmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´-Xv (C∂sØ bqWn-thgvkn‰n tImtf-Pv). Fd-Wm-Ip-fsØ alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pv, Xe-t»cn {_Æ≥ tImtfPv, ]me-°mSv hnIvtSm-dnb tImtfPv F∂nh XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-

ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn. Ch-sb√mw aZn-cmin k¿∆-Iemim- e - b psS Iogn- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tIc- f - Ø nse BZysØ k¿∆I-em-im-e-bmb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿∆I- e m- i me 1937˛¬ Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c Øv ÿm]n- X - a m- b n. \m´- d n- h p- I sf Xmgv Ø n- s I´n ]m›m-Xy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ta∑ {]N-cn-∏n-°-embn-cp∂p {_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv \S-∏n-em-°nb hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ e£yw. B[p-\nI hn⁄m\w Ctßms´Øn- b Xv Cu ]pXn- b - c o- X n- b psS ^e-ambn-´m-Wv.

km{am-PyXz hnI-k\ - Ø - ns‚ `mK-am-bp-≠mb ]pXnb sXmgn¬taJ-eI - fpw kmºØnIcwK-Øp-≠mb hf¿®bpw B[p-\nIhnZym-`ymk hym]-\-Øn\v t{]c-Iam-bn. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnZym-`ymkhf¿®-bpsS Ncn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu {]kvXmh\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

BtcmKycwKw ]m›mXyNnIn’mcoXn {]N-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Bbp¿thZw, bq\m\n, kn≤-sshZyw XpS-ßnb \m´pNnIn-’m-co-Xn-Ifm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS D≠m-bncp- ∂ - X v . ]n∂oSv Atem- ∏ - X n- b psS hc- t hmsS ]mcº-cy-Nn-In-’m-co-Xn-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p. \m´psshZyw \ncp-’mls∏Sp-Øp∂ \nb-a-ß-fpap-≠m-bn. Ah-bpsS {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°mt\m t]mjn-∏n-°mt\m th≠{X Xmev]cyw {_n´ojv k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-®n-√. CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ssk\nI¿ F∂n-h-cpsS NnIn-’bv° - m-bmWv ]m›m-XyNnIn’mcoXn C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bXv. tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu NnIn-’m-co-Xn°v Gsd {]m[m\yw In´m-\n-Sbm-°n-bXv kmw{I-anItcmK-ßf - psS hym]-\a - m-Wv. At\-Im-bn-c-ß-fpsS Poh≥ Ih¿∂ hkq-cn, tImfd XpSßnb ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ XS-bp-∂Xn\v Gsd ^e-{]-Za - mbncp∂p ""Cw•ojv sshZyw''. CXn\v Gsd {]m[m\yw \¬In. hkq-cn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IpØn-shbv∏v P\-ß-fn¬ `oXn-]-S¿Ønb Ime-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v hkqcns°Xn-sc-bp≈ IpØnshbv∏v kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v P\-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-tcm-[{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°-\p-Iqe-amb kml-Ncyw krjvSn°m≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP IpSpw_w ap∂n-´n-d-ßn. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS sNm¬∏-Sn-°p-Io-gn-em-bn-cp-s∂¶nepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n cmPm-°∑ - m¿ tcmK124

{]-Xn-tcm[{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v kuIcyw \¬Ins°m≠v {_n´ojv `cWw \ne-\n∂ a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb \ne]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibp≠mbn. BXp-cm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n®pw NnIn-’m-

Bcy-ssh-Zy-kamPw sIm√w 1078 I∂n-bn¬ [tIm´-bv°¬] B-cyssh-Zy-ime ÿm]n-®-Xn-∂p-tijw {_“{io sh≈m-\-t»cn hmkp-tZ-h≥ aq v Ah¿Iƒ Btcm-Ky-Nn-¥m-aWn F∂p t]cmb Hcp sshZyime ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw A∂v sshZy-∑msc £Wn®p Hcp k`-Iq-Sp-hm\pw Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cßns\ Hcp sshZy-k` ÿnc-ambn sIm√wtXmdpw IqtS-Ws - a∂v Btem-Nn-°p-Ibpw "Bcyssh-Zy-k-amPw' F∂ t]cn¬ Aßs\ \S-Øns°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. H∂m-asØ tbmKw 1078 aIcw 12, 13 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ tIm´-bv°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-ebn¬ IqSn. A∂v taen¬ \S-t°-≠p∂ k{ºZm-b-sØ-∏‰n Btem-Nn®p Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw sIm√w-sXmdpw Hmtcm sshZy-]-co£ \SØn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im≥ G¿∏mSv sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1079˛¬ c≠m-asØ tbmKw tN¿∂Xv tImgn-t°mSv hnZzm≥ G´≥ Xºp-cms‚ {iaØnepw At±-l-Øns‚ ÿeØpw sh®m-bn-cp∂p. sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, ae-_m¿ F∂o ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e sshZy-∑mcpw lmP-cp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (C.-]n. IrjvW-hm-cy¿ jjvTn hm¿jnI Ncn-{Xw-˛tIm-´-bv°¬, 1929˛]pdw 81)

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

ku-I-cy-ßƒ hym]n-∏n®pw Pt\m-]-Im-c-{]Zamb {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn. imkv{Xo-b-amb s]mXp-P-\mtcm-Ky-\bw cq]o-Ic - n-°p-I, Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ sa®s∏´ BtcmKy kwc-£Ww \S-ØpI, hnZym`ymkkuIcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI XpS-ßnb \S-]S- nI-fn-eqsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Cu cwKØv hfsc apt∂dn. sa®-s∏´ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKytaJe cq]s∏Sm≥ CXp ImcW-am-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZysØ B[p-\nINnIn-’me- b - a m- b n- c p∂p Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw P\- d ¬ Bkv ] {Xn. CXv knhn¬ Bip- ] - { Xn- b mbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. Gsd-°psd F√m B[p-\nI kwhn[m-\ß - fpw AhnsS Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoIƒ°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°p-ambn Hcm-ip]{Xn Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp ÿm]n- ° - s ∏- ´ p. 1888˛¬ hkqcn hmIv k n≥ \n¿ΩmW-ime Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Bcw-`n-®Xv A°m-esØ NnIn-’m-cw-KsØ apt∂-‰ambn-

cp∂p. ssSt^m-bnUv, t]hn-j_ - m[ F∂n-hb - vs°Xn-sc-bp≈ hmIvkn-\p-Ifpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ e`y-am-°n-. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p ]pd-Øp-t]mbn saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v t{]m’ml-\a - mbn kv{XoIƒ°v kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ \¬InbXv Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bpsS DW¿hn\v ImcWambn. BtcmKyw, tcmKw F∂n-h-tbm-Sp≈ P\ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ KpW-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-°m≥ \S-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BtcmKytaJ-e-bn¬ IpXn®pNm´w D≠m-°nbXv. ]n¬°m-eØv Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xncp- h n- X mw- I q¿ tamU¬ F∂ hnti- j Ww t]mepw {]N-cn®p-. F∂m¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ t\cn´v `cn-®n-cp∂ ae-_m¿ {]tZ-iØv Btcm-Ky-cwKw ]msS Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

{_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv ae-_m-dn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPyØv Btcm-Ky-ta-Je Db¿∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F¥m-bn-cn°mw CXn\v CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. N¿®- sN-øp.

kmaq-ly-]cn-h¿Ø\w PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kaq-lamWv tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F√m PmXnIƒ°p-≈nepw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw A‘-hn-izm-kßfpw \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p. AtX- t ]m- s e- X s∂ Ah¿W- P m- X n- b n¬s∏- ´ - h ¿°v hgn- \ - S - ° m\pw Bcm-[n-°m\pw k¿°m-cp-tZymKw hln°p∂Xn\pw hne-°p-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Ah-iX-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n Db¿∂p-h-∂XmWv kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ. Ahi-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambpw {]mtbmKn-I-ambpw t]mcm-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \thm∞m\ \mb-I∑m¿. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {]tZ-isØ Nm∂m¿ P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Ah-i-X-Iƒ°v AdpXn hcpØm≥ t\XrXzw \¬Inb sshIp-WvTk - zman-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w CXn¬ FSp- Ø p- ] - d - t b≠XmWv . anj\-dn-am-cpsS hnZym-`ymk{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Xß-fpsS kmaq-lym-hÿ Xncn-®d - n™ Nm∂m¿ hn`m- K sØ s]mcp- X m≥ sI¬∏p≈ a\ n-\p-Sa - I - f - m-°n-bXv At±-la - m-Wv. amdp-ad - b - v°p∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn-\mbn kacw \SØn Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ Ncn{Xw Ipdn®p. 1822 apX¬ CXn-\mbn \SØnb Nm∂m¿ Iem]w 1859˛¬

hnP-b-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°v amdn¬ ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-sa∂v alm-cm-Pm-hn\v DØ-c-hn-d-t°-≠n-h-∂Xv \o≠-Im-esØ sNdp-Øp\n¬∏n-s\-Øp-S¿∂m-Wv. A{_m-“WPmXn-I-fpsS Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏n\v Bi-b-Øns‚ ]S-®´ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p {ian-®-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-\mWv N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ. thZ-]-T-\-Øn\pw Cuiz- c m- c m- [ - \ bv°pw A{_m- “ Whn`m- K ßƒs°m-s°bpw Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v Xs‚ IrXnI-fn-eqsS At±lw {]N-cn∏n-®p. N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v {]mtbmKn-Icq]w \¬In-bXv {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hm-Wv. sshIpWvT-kzm-an-I-fpsS Bi-b-ß-fpw Kpcp-hns\ Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂-p. tIc-fob\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ apJy-in¬∏n-I-fn-sem-cm-fmWv {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp. k¶o¿W- a mb PmXn- h y- h - ÿ - b p- s Sbpw A‘hnizm-k-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Bcm-[\m{IaßfpsSbpw XS-h-d-bn¬ \n∂v a\p-jys\ tamNn-∏n-°m\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw {ian-®-Xv. kwL-Sn®v i‡cm-Im\pw hnZy-sIm≠v {]_p≤-cm-Im\pw KpcpD]tZin-®p. Ccp-]-Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw ssIhcn® kmaq- l y˛kmwkvImcnI˛- k m- l n- X y- ˛ cmjv{Sob taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°bpw D≠mb t\´125

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ sNs∂ØpI {io\m-cm-b-WKpcp-hn-emWv. Aø-¶m-fn, h°w A_vZp¬Jm-Z¿ auehn, Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h≥ XpSßn Ht´sd \thm∞m-\-\m-b-I-cpsS Bi-b-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw B[p-\nI tIc-f -k-aqlØns‚ ]nd-hn°v ImcWambn. Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-Kß-fnepw hf¿∂ph∂ sNdp-Øp\nev]p{]ÿm-\-ßƒ Hcp Xc-Øn¬ km{am-Py-XzØn-s\-Xn-cmb kzmX-{¥y-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-bpsS Nß-e-s°-´p-Iƒ XI¿°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ kzmX-{¥y-{]-Jym]- \ - a mWv \thm- ∞ m\ \m- b - I ¿ \S- Ø n- b - X v . CØcw ka-c-ß-fn-eqsS D≠mb Xncn-®-dn-hp-IfmWv tIc- f - Ø n¬ tZiobkzmX- { ¥y- k - a c {]ÿm\sØ \bn-®Xv. kap-Zm-b-Ønse A\mNm-c-ßƒ°pw A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb sNdpØp-\n-ev]p-Isf km{am-Py-Xz-`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S∂ kzmX-{¥y-k-ac {]ÿm-\-ßfpambn _‘n∏n-°p-Ibp≠m-bn. Cs√-¶n¬ {_n´ojv A[n-Imcn-Iƒ°v hfsc Ffp∏w Chn-SsØ sNdp-Øp\n¬∏p-Isf HXp-°nXo¿°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y- -ß-fn-sem∂m-bn-cp∂p kmaq-lnI Ak-aXzw ]cn-l-cn-°pI F∂-Xv. 1923˛se Im°n-\mU tIm¨{Kkv ktΩf\w Cß-s\ Hcp Xocp-am\w FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. AbnØm-N-cWw i‡-am-bn-cp∂ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ AXns\- X n- s c kwL- S n- X - a mb \o°w D≠m- t I- ≠ Xns‚bpw a\p-jy-cpsS sFIyw Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xn- s ‚bpw {]m[m\yw \thm- ∞ m\ - \ m- b - I ¿ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-. km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈ t]mcm´Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bmWv A\m-Nm-cßƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\hpw F∂ Xncn®-dnhv hym]-I-am-bn. CXns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p ssh°w kXy-{K-lhpw Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-{K-lhpw.

hgn\S°m\pw hne°v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse ssh°w alm-tZ-ht£{XØn\pNp‰pap≈ \n- c - Ø n- e qsS k©- c n- ° m≥ kh¿W¿°p-am-{Xta A\pa-Xnbp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. F√mh¿°pambn hgn Xpd- ∂ p- I n- ´ - W - s a∂ Bhiyw i‡-am-bn. 1924 am¿®n¬ CXn-\mbn t£{X- ] - c n- k - c Øv kXy{K- l - k a- c - a mcw`n- ® p. Sn.sI. am[-h≥, sI.]n. tIi-ht- a-t\m≥, _mcnÃ¿ tPm¿÷v tPmk-^v, F.sI. ]n≈, kn.hn.Ip™pcm-a≥ XpS-ßn kzmX{¥yka-c-{]126

ÿm-\-Ønepw ]cn-jvI-cW-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw t\XrXzw hln®hcm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ ap≥\n-cbn¬. ka-c-Øn\v hf-sc-tbsd {]Nm-chpw ]n¥pWbpw e`n- - ® p. ]©m- _ n¬\n∂v AIm- e n- Z ƒ {]Xn\n-[n-Ifpw Xan-gv\m-´n¬\n∂v C.hn. cma-kzman \mbv°-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ht´-sd-t∏cpw AXpt]mse cmPyØns‚ \m\m-`m-KØ - p-\n∂pw hnhn[ P\-hn-`mKßfpw ssh°tØbv°v {]h-ln®p.

ssh°w kXym-{K-ln-Iƒ°v \¬Inb kzoI-cWw

alm-flm-Km-‘nbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw kacsØ ]n¥p-W-®p. kh¿W-ln-µp-°-fpsS kΩX ]-{X-hp-ambn a∂-Øp-]-Zva-\m-`s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Im¬\-SP - mY ssh°-Øp-\n∂v Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØp sN∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°v kΩ-X]{Xw ka¿∏n-®p. alm-flm-Km-‘nbpw Xncp-hn-XmwIq¿ K-h¨sa‚p-ambn \S∂ HØp-Xo¿∏ns\ ØpS¿∂v {]iv\]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-bn. t£{X-Øn-te°p≈ sNdn-sbmcp {]th-i-\-`m-K-sam-gnsI as‰√m \nc-Øp-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp°m≥ cmPmhv DØ- c hv ]pd- s ∏- S p- h n- ® p. Hcph¿jtØmfw \o≠p-\n∂ kXy-{K-l-k-a-c-Øn\v AtXmsS hncm-a-ambn.

Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-{¥y-w hgn- \ - S - ° m- \ p≈ kzmX- { ¥y- Ø n- \ mbn \S∂ kacw kmaq-ly-cw-KØv Ht´sd Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m°n. lnµp-°-fn¬ IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn am‰n-\n¿Øs∏´ P\-hn-`m-K-Øn\v t£{X-ßfn¬ {]th-in-°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Kpcphmbq¿ t£{X-Øn¬ F√m lnµp-°ƒ°pw {]thin-°m≥ A\p-hmZw In´Wsa∂ Bh-iyap-b¿ØnbmWv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-{Klw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1931

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

BK-Ãn¬ tN¿∂ tIcf kwÿm-\ -tIm¨{Kkv IΩn-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p AtXh¿jw \hw-_¿ 1˛\v kXy-{Klw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Cu ka-c-Øn\pw tZi-hym-]-I-amb ]n¥pW In´n. ka- c °m¿ D∂- b n® Bhiyw \nd- t h- ‰ n- s ImSp°m\m-h-iy-s∏´v \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v {]tab- ß ƒ t£{X- { S- Ã n- b mb kmaq- X n- c n- ∏ m- S n\v Ab®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. PmY-Ifpw s]mXp-tbm-K-ßfpw \S∂p. sI. tIf-∏≥, Sn. kp{_-“Wy≥ Xncpapºv, F. sI. tKm]m-e≥, ]n. IrjvW-]n≈ XpSßn-b-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kXy{K-lw. hf-≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰-\m-bn-cp∂ F.sI. tKm]m-es\ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ `oI-c-ambn a¿±n-®p. CtXmsS t£{X-]-cn-kcw kwL¿j-`-cn-X-am-bn. ka-cm-hiy-ß-tfmSv \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb kao-]\w XpS¿∂ t£{X-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ t£{Xw AS-®n-´p-. hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-¬ s\S-p\mƒ \o≠ kXy-{K-lkacw alm-flPn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v \n¿Øn-h-bv°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. t£{X-{]-th-i\hn-fw-_-c-Øn\v Gsd Xma-kn-®m-sW-¶nepw Ahk-c-sam-cp-°m≥ kXy{K-l-k-acw klm-b-I-ambn. t£{Xw \ne-\n∂ncp∂ A∂sØ s]m∂m\n

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{Xw

Xmeq- ° n¬ PmXn- l n- µ p- ° - f n¬ \S- Ø nb A`n{]mb thms´- S p- ∏ n¬ Fgp- ] - Ø n- t b- g piXam\w t]¿ t£{X-{]-th-i-\sØ A\p-Iqen®p. kmaq-ly-am-‰-ßƒ°pap-ºn¬ apJw Xncn-°p∂-h¿s°-Xnscbp≈ Xm°o-Xm-bn-cp∂p CØcw kXy{K- l - ß ƒ°\p- I q- e - a mbn Db¿∂ P\hnImcw. Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n \S∂ {]t£m-`ßfpsS kzm[o-\-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´m-Wv 1936˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ t£{X-{]-thi\ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv.

\thm-∞m\ \mb-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ kmap-Zm-bnI \hoI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw PmXn- hnth-N-\-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb ka-cßfpw km{amPy-Xz-hn-cp≤ ka-c-ßƒ°v ASn-Ø-d-]m-In- -˛ N¿® sNøp-I.

tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w tIc-f-Øn¬ alm-flm-Km‘n C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkns‚ t\Xr- X z- ÿ m\Øv h∂- t XmsS cmPyØmI-am\w tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v DW¿hpw Dt∑-jhpw ssIh-∂p. A{I-a-c-lnX\n -l-I-c-Wam¿§Øn- e q- s S kI- e - P - \ - h n- ` m- K - ß - s fbpw {_n´ojp-Im¿s°-Xnsc AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ alm-flmKm-‘n°v km[n-®p. lnµp-°s - fbpw ap…oßsfbpw Htc sImSn-°o-gn¬ AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\whgn At±lw {ian-®p. tIc-f-Øn¬ ae_m- d n¬ am{X- a m- b n- c p∂p BZy- L - ´ - Ø n¬ tIm¨{Kkv {]h¿Ø\w kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚ \mKv]q¿ ktΩ- f - \ - Ø n¬h®v `mjm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ kwÿm-\-ßsf ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m\pw \m´p-

cmPy-ß-sf-°qSn kwÿm-\-]-cn-[n-bn-epƒs∏-SpØm\pw FSpØ Xocp-am\w apgph≥ {]tZ-i-ßsfbpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-bn. 1921 G{]n- e n¬ H‰- ∏ m- e Øv AJn- e - tI- c f tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ- f \w tN¿∂p. ae- _ m¿- ˛ sIm®n˛Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {]tZ-i-°m¿ tIc-fo-bsc∂ \nebv°v H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-bXv ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX - b - m-Wv. tIm¨{K- ns‚ \mKv]q¿ ktΩf\Øns‚ Xocp-am-\ß - sf tIc-fØ - nse {]h¿ØI¿ kzmKXw sNbvXp. {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v \SØp∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fntem Kh¨sa‚ v {Km‚ v kzoI- c n- ° p∂ hnZym- e - b - ß - f ntem Ip´n- I sf tN¿°- c p- s X∂v c£n- X m- ° - t fm- S - ` y¿∞n°p∂Xmbn-cp∂p \mKv]q¿ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse Hcp Xocp-am-\w. 127

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

$ h°o-e-∑m¿ {]mIvSokv \n¿ØpI. $ hntZ-i-hkv{Xw Dt]-£n-°p-I. $ kztZin hkvXp-°ƒ am{Xw D]-tbmKn-°pI. $ aZy-h¿÷-\-Øn\pw AbntØm-®m-S-\Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬IpI. XpS-ßn-b-hbmbn-cp∂p a‰p Xocp-am-\-ßƒ. 1928 s^{_p-hcnbn¬ sska¨ IΩoj-\nse AwK-ßƒ t_mws_-bn¬ I∏-en-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ IΩoj≥ _ln-jvI-cn-°m≥ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ ap°nepw aqe- b nepw {]Xn- t j- [ - t bm- K - ß fpw l¿Øm- e p- I fpw \S- Ø n- s °m≠v P\- ß ƒ sska¨ IΩo-j≥ hncp≤{]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. 1928 tabv amkw ]ø-∂q-cn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚ A[y- £ - X - b n¬ \S∂ \memw tIc- f kwÿm-\- tIm¨{K-kv ktΩ-f\w P\-ßsf Gsd Bth-i-`-cn-X-cm-°n. 1929˛se temI-km-ºØnIamµyw \ΩpsS \mSns\bpw _m[n-®n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jntIm¬∏- ∂ - ß - f psS hne IpØs\ CSn- ™ p. F∂m¬ ]m´hpw \nIp-Xn-bp-ambn Irjn-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw \nIp-Xn-bo-Sm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp hn´phogvNbpw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ hcp-Øn-b-Xp-an-√. Irjn°mcpw sNdp-In-S-P-∑n-amcpw kmº-Øn-I-{]-bm-kØm¬ he-™p. ]´n-Wnbpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw \mSns\ h√msX `oXn- b n- e m- g v Ø n. \m´n¬ AkwXr]vXn ]S¿∂p.

\nb-a-ew-L\w {_n´ojv hncp≤- h n- I m- c w hf¿Øn P\- X sb Hcpan®p-\n¿Øn AXn-km-lk - n-Ia - mb km{am-PyXz hncp≤{]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f n- t e¿s∏- ´ - h - c m- b n- c p- ∂ p tZiob-t\-Xm-°ƒ. 1930˛¬ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ \S∂ D∏p-k-Xy-{Klw C¥y≥ a\ p-Isf Hcp Nc-Sn¬ tIm¿Øp-sI´n-. tIc-fØnepw AXn-i-‡-amb {]Nm-c-W-]-cn-]mSn-Iƒ D∏p- k - X y- { K- l - Ø ns‚ `mK- a mbn \S- ∂ p. sI.tIf∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hf-≠n-b¿ kwLw 1930 G{]n¬ amkw D∏p-\n-baw ewLn-°m≥ tImgnt°m- ´ p- \ n∂v ]ø- ∂ q- c n- t e°v Im¬\- S - b mbn ]pds∏-´p. Sn.B¿. IrjvW-kzmanAø-cpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ as‰mcp kwLhpw ]pd-s∏-´p. hgn-\osf 128

A_vZp-d-“m≥ kmln_v

kzoI-c-W-ßƒ G‰p-hmßn PmY-Iƒ \oßn. tabv 5˛\v alm-flPn AdÃv sNø-s∏´tXmsS ka-cØns‚ coXn-bn¬ am‰w h∂p. tabv 12˛\v tImgnt°mSv IS-∏p-dØv D∏p-\n-baw ewLn-°m-s\-Ønb kXy-{K-ln-Isf t]meokv arKo-b-ambn a¿±n-s®mXp- ° n. apl- Ω Zv A_v Z p- d - l n- a m≥ kmln- ∫ v ,

]n. IrjvW-]n≈

]n. IrjvW-]n-≈, B¿.-hn. i¿Ω, Sn.B¿. IrjvWkzmanAø¿, sI.am[-h≥\mb¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ITn\-X-S-hn\v in£n-°-s∏-´p. ae-_m-dn-seßpw \nb-a-ew-L\w XpS¿-∂p. D∏pIp- d p- ° ¬, tLmj- b m- { X, s]mXp- t bm- K - ß ƒ, ]n°-‰nwKv F∂n-h-bn-eqsS {_n´ojv hncp≤ at\m`mhw i‡am-bn-. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw tZiob kzmX{¥yka-c-hpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ 1930 ItfmsS {iaw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. {Kma-ßƒ tXmdpw I¿j-Ic - psS {]iv\ß - ƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ ae-_m-dn¬ an°ÿe-ß-fnepw I¿j-I-kw-L-ßƒ cq]-s∏-´ncp-∂p. sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°bpw sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-°-s∏-´p. Ah-Im-i-t_m-[hpw

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

s\bvØv Iº\n sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ 1931 am¿®v 5˛\v ]Wn- a p- S - ° m- c w- ` n- ® p. 1935 s^{_p- h cnbn¬ tImgnt°mSv ^tdm- ° nse ssS¬ ^mIv S dn sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ kacw sNbvXp. 1935 \hw-_¿ 11˛\v tImgn-t°mSv tIm´¨an¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ]Wn-ap-S°v \S-Øn.

]ø-∂q¿ D∏p-k-Xym-{Kl kvamcIw

kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[-hpw Hcp-t]mse hf¿∂p-h-cm≥ CXp-Im-c-W-am-bn. 1928 Pqssebn¬ \S∂ sdbn¬th ]Wn-ap-S-°n\p -tI-c-f-Ønepw \√ {]Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bn. "Cu {]hrØn apS-°-ßƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ASpØ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≈ DW¿hpI-fp-sSbpw Bfl-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm\m-hmØ {]Xn^e-\amWv' (1928 Pqsse 31˛se amXr-`qan ]{XØns‚ apJ-{]-kw-KØn¬ \n∂v)

CØcw ka-c-ßƒ sNdp-In-S-hy-h-kmb taJ-ebnse sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Bthiw ]I¿∂p. 1930˛32˛se \nb-a-ew-L\ {]ÿm\w sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ DW¿hp-≠m-°n. Iqen sh´n-°p-d®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v tImgn-t°mSv tIma¨ sh¬Øv

Ah-Imikac-ßƒ i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. kwLSnXka-c-ßƒ hym]-I-am-bn. {_n´ojv hncp-≤hnImcw Bfn-∏-S¿∂p. 1942 BKÃv 9. C¥y-hnSpI F∂ ap{Zm- h mIyap- b ¿Øn \msSßpw {]Xntj[]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ. apsº-ßp-an-√m-Ø-hn[w sXcp-thm-c-ß-fn¬ PmY-Iƒ, s]mXp-tbm-K-ßƒ. \ntcm- [ n® eLp- t e- J IfpsS hnX- c - W w, tImSXnIsfbpw hnZym-ebßsfbpw _ln-jvIcn°¬. ae-_m-dn¬ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-tj[w A{I-a-mk-‡-am-bn. tNa-t©cn cPn-Ã¿ It®cnbpw sdbn¬th -tÃ-j\pw Xobn-´p. t_mw_p≠m°nsb∂ Ip‰w NpaØn Iog-cn-bq¿ t_mw_v tIkp- a mbn _‘- s ∏- S pØn Ht´- s d- t ]¿ in£n°s∏-´p. 1941˛¬ Iøq-cnepw 1946˛¬ Icn-h-≈q-cnepw \S∂ I¿jIIem-]-ßƒ P∑n-Xz-Øn\pw km{am-Py-XzØn\pw FXnsc \S∂ P\-Iob ka-c-cq-]-ß-fmbn-cp-∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb P\m-[n-]-Xyh¬°-c-W-{]-{Inb hf-cp-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-bncp∂p 1946˛¬ Be-∏p-g-bnse ]p∂-{]-˛h-b-emdn¬ \S∂ ka-cw.

sXmgn-em-fn- h¿§-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]Wn-ap-S°pka-cß - ƒ tZiob{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ km{am-PyXzhncp≤ ka-c-hp-ambn Fßs\ _‘s∏Sp∂p? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

sFIy-tI-cfw tZiob{]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ Bhn¿`m- h - t Øm- s SbmWv sFIy- t I- c - f - s a∂ k¶- e v ] - Ø ns‚ {]m[m\yw P\-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. Htc`mj kwkmcn-°p∂h¿ `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ°v Iogn¬ inYn-eo-Icn-°-s∏´v Ign-™-Xns‚ A\p-`-h-amWv tIc-fob¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿, sIm®n, ae_m¿ {]tZ-i-ßƒ thdn-´p-\n-∂Xv ae-bm-fn-bpsS sFIy-t_m-[-Øn\v hnLm-X-ambn-cp-∂p.

ae-bm-fn-Iƒs°mcp Iq´mbva F∂ Nn¥ Ft∏mgm- W m- h n¿`- h n- ® Xv ? sFIy- t I- c- f - Ø n- \ m- b p≈ apdhnfn XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm apºv tIc-fsa∂ Bibw cq]-s∏-´n-cp∂p. tIc-tfm¬∏Øn t]mep≈ {KŸ-ß-fnepw Cu hn[w Hcp Bibw ImWmw. tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ae-sbm-enIƒ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬\n-∂pb¿∂t∏mƒ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ hkn-°p∂ tZiØpw sFIy- Ø ns‚ Bh- i y- I X F√m- h ¿°pw 129

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

t_m[ys∏- ´ p. 1920˛se C¥y≥ \mj- W ¬ tIm¨{K- k ns‚ \mKv ] q¿ ktΩ- f \ Xocpam\{]Imcw `mjm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ kwÿm\ßfn¬ tIm¨{Kkn\v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]oI-cn-°m≥ XpSßnb-tXmsS Cu Bi-b-Øn\v {]mtbm-KnI cq]w ssIh-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1921˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ {]tZ-i-ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn tIc-f -{]-tZiv tIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰n \ne-hn¬ h∂p. AtX-h¿jw H‰-∏m-eØp \S∂ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ aq∂v {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pap≈ {]h¿Ø-I¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. hnhn[ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS tbmK-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ sFIy-tI-cf {]ta-b-ßƒ ]m m-°n. kzX-{¥-`mcX-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\bv°v cq]w \¬Ip-tºmƒ tIc- f sØ Hcp {]tXyI kwÿm- \ - a mbn ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v 1928˛¬ ]ø-∂q-cn¬ \S∂ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f\w Bh-iy-s∏-´p. {]ta-b-ßƒ°-∏p-dØv sFIy-tI-c-f-{]-ÿm\w F∂ Bhiyw kzmX-{¥y-ka - c - Ø - ns‚ `mK-ambn cq]-s∏-´p-. 1924˛se ssh°w kXy-{K-Ønepw 1931˛32 ImeØv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-{K-l-Ønepw tIc-fØns‚ F√m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈ Bfp-Iƒ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ph-t√m. 1945-˛¬ sFIy-tI-c-f-

cq]oI-c-W-Imcyw N¿® sNøm≥ Hcp IΩn-‰n cq]oIcn®p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1947˛¬ Xr»q-cn¬ h®v sFIytIcf I¨sh≥j≥ \S-∂p. A≤y-£≥ sI. tIf-∏≥. DZvLm-SI - ≥ A∂sØ sIm®n cmPm- h v . `c- W - L - S \m \n¿ΩmWk` \nban® [m¿ I-Ωo-j≥ tIc-fØ - n-seØn sXfnsh-Sp-∏p-\S- Ø - n. 1949 Pqsse 1˛\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm®nbpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°s - ∏-´t- XmsS sFIy-tIcf{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. C.Fw.-Fkv \ºqXn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ "Ht∂-°m¬tImSn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ' F∂ {KŸw sFIy-tI-cf - Ø - ns‚ km[pX t_m[ys∏-Sp-Øn. B{‘-bn¬ t]m´n {iocm-ae - p-hns‚ BflXymKw `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cW-Øn\v thKX Iq´m-\n-Sb - m°n. ae-bmfw kwkmcn-°p∂ {]tZ-iß - ƒ tN¿Øv 1956 \hw-_¿ H∂n\v tIc-f- kw-ÿm\w cq]o-Ir-Xa - m-bt- ∏mƒ Xncp-h\ - ¥]pcw Pn√-bnse tXmhm-f, AK-kvXo-iz-cw, I¬°p-fw, hnf-h≥tImSv F∂o \mev Xmeq-°p-Iƒ aZn-cmin kwÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn. sX°≥ I¿Wm-SI Pn√-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp∂ Imk-dt- Km-Uv, tlmkvZp¿Kv Xmeq-°p-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°pIbpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ ae-_mdpw sIm®nbpw Xncp-hnXmw- I qdpw Dƒs∏´ tIcf kwÿm\w \nehn¬h∂p.

`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏Sp∂Xns‚ ^e-ambn Hcp {]tZiØv F¥p am‰-am-Wv D≠m-hpI? tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

a{¥n-k`- I - ƒ kwÿm\cq]o- I - c - W - s Ø- Ø p- S ¿∂v 1957˛¬ s]mXp- X n- c - s ™- S p∏v \S- ∂ p. C.Fw. i¶- c ≥ \ºqX-ncn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n a{¥n-k` cq]o-I-cn-®p. IpSnHgn-∏n-°¬ \ntcm- [ \\nb- a hpw ]m´- I p- S n- b m\v `qan- b n¬ ÿncm-h-Imiw \¬Ip∂ Im¿jn-I-_-‘-_n√pw hnZym-eb - \ - S- Ø - n-∏n¬ kzIm-cy-am-t\-Pvsa‚n\v \nb{¥Ww G¿s∏-SpØns°m≠p≈ hnZym-`ym-k_n√pw \nb-a-k` ]m m-°n. `qan \jvS-s∏´ P∑namcpw A[ym-]I - \ - n-ba - \ - m-[n-Imcw \jvSs - ∏´ amt\P¿amcpw k¿°m- c n- s \- X nsc i_v Z apb¿Øn. hntam-N-\-k-acw F∂ t]cn¬ \mSns‚ \m\m-`mKØpw CXv Bhn-jvIr-X-am-bn. Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ 130

kwÿm-\sØ {Ia-k-am-[m\w XI¿∂p F∂ ImcWw ]d™v `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 356˛mw hIp-∏p]-tbm-Kn®v cmjv{S]Xn 1959˛¬ Cu a{¥n-k-` ]ncn®p-hn-´p. P\m-[n-]XycoXn-bn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Ønb Hcp Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]pdØm-°nb BZym\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p CXv. 1960˛¬ CS-°me Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S∂p. tIm¨ {K n\v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ Iq´p-a{¥nk` A[n-Im-cØn¬ h∂p. ]´w XmWp-]n-≈ apJy-a-{¥n-bmbn. I£n-Iƒ°nSbnse A`n-{]m-b-`n-∂X ImcWw a{¥n-k` cmPn-sh-®p. ]ns∂ ]mXn-h-gn-bn¬ h®v ]m¿´n-Iƒ ap∂-Wn-hn-Sp-∂Xpw a{¥n-k-`-Iƒ \news]m-Øp-∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-bn.

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

tIcfw apt∂m´v kmaq-ly-\-thm-∞m\{]ÿm-\hpw sXmgn-emfn I¿jI{]ÿm-\-ßfpw tZiob{]ÿm-\hpw Hcp°nb hf-°q-dp≈ aÆn-emWv tIc-f- kw-ÿm\w \msºSp- Ø Xv. kwÿm\cq]o- I - c - W - s ØØpS¿∂v \S-∏n-em-°nb `q]-cn-jvI-cWw tIc-fØns‚ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnIafi-e-ßfn¬ ASnÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-°m≥ klm-bn-®p. P∑n- k - { º- Z mbw Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ° m≥ Ign™ BZysØ C¥y≥ kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. 1969˛¬ ]m m-°nb `q]-cn-jvI-cW\nb-a-tØmsS tIc- f - Ø n¬ P∑n- k - { º- Z mbw Ah- k m- \ n®p. ssIhi-`q-an°v ]cn[n G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw IpSnIn-S-∏p-Im¿°v `qan \¬In-bXpw Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX - I - f - m-Wv. Irjn-`qan Irjn-°m-c\v F∂ I¿j-I-cpsS Bhiyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Cu \nbaØn-eqsS Ign-™p. Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w I¿jI¿ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£W- Ø n\pw hn\n- t bm- K n- ® p. CXv kmaq- l yt_m[hpw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwc-£-W-Øn\p≈ Ah-t_m-[hpw D≠m-°n. hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm]\-ßf - p-sSbpw Bip]{Xn-If - p-sSbpw h¿≤-\h - n\p CXp Imc-W-am-bn. F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw hnZym-`ymk-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-w kuP- \ y- a m- ° n. A¿l- X - b p- - ≈ - h ¿°v

kvtImf¿jn∏v G¿s∏-SpØn. D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-w t\Sp- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ s]mXp- t a- J - e bnepw kzImcy taJ-e-bnepw h¿≤n®p. s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKykwhn-[m-\-ßƒ hn]p-eo-I-cn®p. hkq-cn, ae-º\n XpS-ßnb ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ \n¿Ωm-¿-÷\w sNøs∏-´p. inipacW\nc°v Ipd™p. icm-icn Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw h¿≤n-®p. t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hn]p-e-ambn. kmaq-lykpc£m ÿm]- \ - ß fpsS FÆw h¿≤n- ® p. t£as]≥j- \ p- I ƒ, htbm- P - \ - ß ƒ°p≈ {]tXyI]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ch Bcw-`n-®p. s]mXp-hn-Xc-W-irw-Je i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. 1990˛¬ C¥ybnse CX- c - k w- ÿ m- \ - ß ƒ°p amXr- I - b mbn tIcfw kºq¿Wkm£-cX t\Sn. `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn 1995˛¬ {XnXe ]©mbØv kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. A[n-Im-chntI-{µo-I-cWw P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-{In-bbv°v thKX Iq´n. s]mXp-hn-X-cWcwK-Øpw kmaq-ly-hn-Ik\]≤-Xn-I-fn-epw {XnXe ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°pw \K-c-k-`-Iƒ°pw hn`-h-ßƒ e`n-®-Xv A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-cW {]{In-bbv°v i‡n \¬In. a‰p kwÿm-\ß - t- f°mƒ tIc-fØ - nse kmaq-lyhnIk-\-Øn\v CXv B°w Iq´n. Ipd™ Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\hpw Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\ kqNn-Ibp-ap≈ "tIcf hnI-k-\-am-XrI' hniz-hn-Jym-Xam-Wv.

131

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ tIc-fØ - ns‚ Ign-™Imew hne-bn-cpØn ]pXnb Hcp tIc-fk - aqlkr-jvSn-°p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°q. $ P∑n˛-Ip-Sn-bm≥ hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw A°m-esØ I¿j-I-cpsS Pohn-Xm-hÿ - s - b-°p-dn®pw {]tZ-isØ {]mbw sN∂-hc - n¬ \n∂pw hmb-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p. "tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jn-I-ta-Je {_n´ojv Ime-L-´-Øn¬' F∂ hnjbsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p. $ tZiob kzmX{¥yw am{X-a√ A\mNm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN\hpw tIc-fØ - nse tZio-b{- ]ÿm\-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cp-∂p. Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb hniI-e\w sNøp-I. $ kmaq-ly-]c - n-jvIc - W - {- ]-ÿm-\ß - f - psS {]h¿Ø\^e-ambn tIcfØnse kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ A]-{K-Yn-°p-I. $ B[p-\nItIcfw cq]s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm°nb kml-N-cy-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v hni-Z-am°pI. $ Im¿jnI˛hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]Xo-£n-®{X ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-√. Db¿∂-{]-Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w F∂ Ahÿ C√. F∂n´pw anI-hp‰ Xc-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-cwKw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ tIc-f-Øn\p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. $ BtcmKycw-KsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v kv{Xokm£-cX IqSntb Ign-bp. kv{Xokm£-c-X h¿≤n°p-∂Xpw hnZym-`ym-k]p-tcm-K-Xn ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xpw Btcm-Ky-ta-J-ebpsS hf¿®-bpsS kqNI-amIp∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hnhcn°p-I. $ "tImf-\o-Ic - W - hpw tZio-bh - n-tamN-\hpw' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]Z- a - m°n Hcp N¿® \SØpI.

132

tZiotbm-Z{v K-Y\w

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w

9

a\pjy≥ Hcp kmaq-lyPohn-bm-Wv. H‰bv-s°mcp \ne\n¬∏ns\-°p-dn®v a\pjy\v Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ t]mepw Ign-bn-√. Acn-kvt‰m´n¬ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv ]d™Xpw CXp-Xs∂ ""a\p-jy≥ IpSpw-_-Øn-epw {Kma-ßfn-epw ]´-Wß-fnepw Pohn-°p-∂p. H‰-s∏-´-h-\m-b-√''. a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v \Ωƒ ]Tn-®n´p-≠-t√m. F√m a\p-jycpw GsX-¶nepw Hcp Iq´m-bva-bnse AwK-amWv. \nßƒ GsXms° Iq´m-bva-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂p Nn¥n®v t\m°p. NneXv Ch-bm-Imw: $ IpSpw_w (Family)

$ ka-{]m-b-°m¿ (Peer group)

$ kaqlw (Society)

$ kap-Zmbw (Community)

$ $ IpSpw-_-amWv Hcphs‚ G‰hpw sNdpXpw {]mY-an-I-hp-amb Iq´mbva. IpSpw_w \Ωƒ°v kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p, kmaq-lyh¬°-c-WØn\p klm-bn-°p∂p. AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ sshIm-cnI _‘w \ne\n¿Øp-∂p. $ kaqlw kmaq-ly_‘-ßfmsW∂v \Ωƒ I≠n-´p≠v. \mw \ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≈-h-cp-ambn t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. $ kapZmbw \Ωƒ km[m-cW - b - mbn lnµp kap-Zm-bw, ap…ow kap-Zm-bw, {InkvXy≥ kap-Zmbw Fs∂ms° {]tbm-Kn®phcm-dp-≠-t√m. F∂m¬, kaq-limkv{Xw (tkmtjym-fPn) kap-Zmbw F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v A¿∞-am°p-∂Xv Hcp \n›nX `q{]-tZ-iØv ]c-kv]cw CS-]-gIn Ign-bp∂ Hcp Iq´w P\ßsf- b m- W v . kaq- l - s a- ∂ - X n¬ `q{]- t Z- i - Ø n\v AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv kap-Zm-bhpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ {][m\ hyXym-kw. \nc-h[n IpSpw-_-ßƒ tN¿∂mWt√m Hcp {Kmaw/\Kcw cq]o-Ir-Xam-Ip-∂Xv. {Kma-ßƒ°v/\K-c-ßƒ°v \n›nX AXn¿Øn-bp-≠v. AXn\m¬ {KmasØ/\K-csØ Hcp kap-Zm-b-ambn ({Kma-k-ap-Zmbw/ \K-c-k-ap-Zm-bw) ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. 133

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

$ cmjv{Sw (Nation), tZiw (State) Hcp {]tZ-isØ P\X sFIy-t_m-[-tØmsS cmjv{Sobcq]w krjvSn®v Xß- f psS cmjv{Sob`mK-t[bw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp cmjv{Sw ]nd-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn C¥ybn¬ P\m-[n-]X - ysØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°nb Hcp cmjv{Sobcq]-amWv D≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse P\ßƒ Xnc- s ™Sp∏pIfn- e qsS Xß- f psS cmjv{Sob`mK-t[bw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p. hy‡nIƒ°v tZiob t_m[w D≠mhp-tºmƒ Hcp tZiw F∂ Nn¥ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p. tZicmjv{Sw Hcp cmjv{Sob kam- P - a mWv (Political association). AXn\v Nne khn-ti-j-X-Ifp≠v.

\nc-h-[n- `mj-Iƒ, aX-ßƒ, hwi-ßƒ, PmXn-Iƒ F∂nh IqSn°e¿∂ Hcp _lp-kzckaq-l-ambn C¥y \nesIm≈p-∂p. CXv C¥y-bv°-IØp Xs∂ ]e kwkvIm-c-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-°m≥ ImcWam-bn. kwkvImcw

$ \n›nX AXn¿Øn $ AwKXzw $ \nb-am-hen $ ]ucXzw $ P\ßfpw `c- W - ` q- t a- J - e bpw `c- W - I q- S hpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv cmjv{Sw. $ tZisØ kap-Zm-ba - mbn ImWp-tºmƒ (Nation as a community)

GsXmcp tZi- Ø n\pw AXn- t ‚- X mb AXn¿Ønbpw \nb-a-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ tZisØ Hcp -k-ap-Zmbw F∂v IW°m-°mw. tZiw F∂Xv a\p-jys‚ Iq´m-bvaI-fnse G‰hpw hep-∏-ta-dnb kap-Zm-b-am-Wv.

C¥y F∂ tZiw 1947 BKÃv 15˛\v C¥y Hcp kzX{¥tZi-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p.

Hmtcm a\p- j y- k - a q- l hpw Ah- c - h - c p- t S- X mb kwkv I m- c - ß ƒ ]n≥Xp- S - c p- ∂ p. kwkv I mcw F∂Xv Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ thjw, `mj, BNm-c-ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, hnizm-kßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS BsIØpI-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kwkvImcw sshhn-≤y-]q¿ÆamWv. F∂m¬ C¥ysb H∂n-∏n®v \n¿-Øp-∂Xpw Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠mWv "\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw' F∂ XØzw C¥y≥ kaq-lØ - n\pw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cØ - n\pw tbmPn-°p-∂-Xv. s\lvdp-hns‚ hm°p-If - n¬, C¥y-bp-sS kz`mhw \m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-am-Wv. C¥y≥ tZio-bX \m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn¬ A[njvTnX-am-Ip-∂p.

`mj `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS F´mw ]´n-Ibn¬ Ccp-]-Øn-c≠v `mj-I-fmWv Dƒs∏-SpØn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv. C¥ybn¬ a‰p \nc-h[n `mj-Ifpw c≠m-bn-ctØmfw `mjmt`Z-ßfpw BWpf-f-Xv. `c-W-LS\ hmKm AXn¿Øn

134

tZiotbm-Z{v K-Y\w

AwKo-I-cn® `mj-I-sfbpw C¥y-bnse a‰p `mjI-sfbpw `mjm t`Z-ß-sfbpw C≥tUm Bcy≥

`mj-I-sf∂pw {ZmhnU `mj-I-sf∂pw ap≠-`m-jI-sf∂pw Xcw Xncn-°mw.

C≥tUm Bcy≥ `mj-Iƒ

{ZmhnU `mj-Iƒ

ap≠ `mj-Iƒ

kwkvIrXw

ae-bmfw

OØokvKUv

Bkm-aokv

Xangv

k¥mfn

lnµn

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I ®n-´p-≠t√m? lnµp-°ƒ°nSbn¬ GXm≠v aqhmbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw PmXnIfpw D]-Pm-Xn-I-fpap≠v. lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bnse PmXn hn`-P-\-Øn\p kam\amb th¿Xn-cnhp-Iƒ a‰p aXß-fnepw ImW-s∏Sp- ∂ p- ≠ v . e£- Z zo- ] nse ap…oßƒ°n- S - b nse PmXn-k-am-\-amb aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fmWv tImb, taem-t®-cn, am¬an F∂n-h¿.

hwi-ßƒ

hnkvXr-X-amb DØ-tc-¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \S∏n-en-cp-∂Xv {]mtZ-in-I-t`-Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]mIrX-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXs° C¥y-bn¬ {Zmhn-U-tKm-{XØn¬s]´ {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpw. ]›n-ta-jy≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-am-bp≈ C¥y-bpsS \nc-¥c_‘Øn-eqsS Ad-_n, t]¿jy≥ `mj-Ifpw ]n¬°meØv Ctßm´v FØn. Cu kº¿°-Øns‚ ^eambn DdpZp Fs∂mcp `mjbpw ]n¬°m-e-Øp≠m-bn.

PmXn-Iƒ C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bmWv PmXn-Iƒ. PmXn-bpsS D¬∏-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v ap≥]v \Ωƒ ]Tn-

C¥y-sbmcp hwiayqkn-b-am-sW-∂m-Wv imkv{X⁄¿ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. s\{Kn-t‰m, awsKmtfmbnUv, saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ XpSßn \nc-h[n hwiP¿ C¥y- b n¬ ]m¿Øncp∂p. hnZqc]q¿thjybnepw Z£nW]q¿th-jybnepw A[n-h-kn°p∂ awsKm- t fm- b nUv hwi- Ø ns‚ IpSntb‰Øns‚ ]›n- a m- X n¿Øn C¥y- b m- W v. ]Sn™m-dp-\n∂p IpSn-tb-dnbhcn¬ Bcy≥`mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ hwi-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[`mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cpsSbpw C¥y-bnse BZnhmkn-I-fp-sSbpw ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv C∂sØ C¥y°m¿. Ah¿ Bcv, GXv \c-hw-i-Øn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p F∂pXncn-®-dn-bpI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. Ccp-f¿, ImS¿, ae∏≠m- c - ß ƒ XpS- ß nb t{]mt´m˛Bkv{S-tem-bnUv hwi-P-¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠v. hwiip≤n Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ - X n- \ - ∏ pdw a\pjy- k - a q- l - ß ƒ XΩn¬ CS- ] - g In°gn-™p. 135

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

C¥y-bpsS sFIy-Øn-\p-Im-cWamb LS-I-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂p t\m°mw.

tZio-bX tZi-tØm-Sp≈ Hcp sshIm-cnIXmXv]cyw am{XamtWm tZio- b X? tZio- b - X bv ° v \nc- h [n hniZoI-c-W-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. NneXp ]cntim-[n-°mw.

aX-ßƒ C¥ybnse aX-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ P\-kwJym IW°v 80.5%

˛ lnµp-°ƒ

13.4%

˛ ap…oßƒ

2.3%

˛ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

3.8%

˛ a‰p-≈-h

(2001 sk≥k v dnt∏m¿´v)

ta¬s°m- S p- Ø - h - b n¬ s]SmØ hnhn[ aX-hn`m-K-ßfnse P\-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI. $ $ $ Cßs\ PmXn, hwiw, `mj, aXw XpS-ßn-b-hbm¬ sshhn-≤y-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp cmPy-am-bmWv kzX{¥ C¥y- \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂m¬Øs∂bpw C¥y Fßs\ sFIy- -tØmsS \ne\n¬°p-∂p? 136

$ Hcp {]tXyI cmjv{SØnep≈ AwKXzhpw AXn-s\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xp-amWv (identification) tZio-bX. $ h¿§w, `mj, aXw, kwkvImcw XpS-ßnb Nne LS-I-ßƒ P\-ßsf H∂n∏n®p \n¿Øp-∂tZio-bXbmWv. $ s]mXp-hmb Nne kmcq-]y-ß-fp≈ (identity) P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse Bi-b-]-c-amb hnIm-camWv tZio-b-X. tZio-b-Xsb B{I-maItZio-b-X- (Aggressive Nationalism) sb∂pw {]Xn- t cm[tZio- b - X (Defensive Nationalism) -sb∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°msa∂v \nßƒ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t√m. km{amPyXzcmPyß-fn¬ B{Im-aItZio-b-XbmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. {]Xn- t cm[tZio- b - X bneq∂n- b mWv C¥y≥ tZiobX cq]w sIm≠-Xv. C¥y≥ tZio- b X a‰p cmPy- ß - f nse tZiobXbn¬ \n∂v Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ hyXymks∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ tZio-bX aX-Øn-t‚bpw PmXn-bp-tSbpw {]mtZ-in-I-X-bp-tS-bpw hwi-Øn-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-´X - √ - . ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Nne- k- h n- t ijkml- N - c y- Ø n- e mWv C¥y≥ tZio-bX cq]-s∏-´-Xv. AXv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \nch[n LS- I - ß ƒ klm- b n®n´p≠v . Ah \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

tZiotbm-Z{v K-Y\w

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb LS-I-ßƒ bqtdm-]y∑mcpsS hc-hn\v apºv sNdpXpw hep-Xpamb \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Hcp kap-®-bam-bn-cp∂p C¥y. kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬ kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Hcp tZicmjv{S-ambn cq]-s∏-Sm≥ bqtdm-∏y-∑m-cpsS, {]tXy-In®v {_n´ojp-Im-cpsS hchv klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. {_n´o-jp-Imtcm-sS-Xn-cn´v 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv C¥y≥ tZiobX cq]-s∏-´-Xv. F.B¿.-tZ-imbn F∂ kmaqlyimkv{X-⁄s‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ C¥y≥ tZio-bX cq]-s∏-Sm≥ c≠p LS-I-ßƒ klmbn®n-´p-≠v.

kwXr]vX-amb PohnXw \bn-°p∂Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-ßƒ {]IrXn Hcp-°n-. hyXy-kvX-X-bm¿∂ `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw sshhn-≤y-ßsf AwKo- I - c n- ° p- h m\pw _lp- a m- \ n- ° p- h m\pw Ignhp≈ a\- p-Isf krjvSn-®p. kmwkvImcnIw sshhn- ≤ y- ß ƒ°n- S - b nepw Pohn- X m- h - i yßƒ°mbn C¥y≥ P\X At\ym\ yw klh¿Øn- X ztØmsS Pohn- ° m≥ ioen- ® p. Bflo-b-X-bvs°m∏w `uXn-I-Xbpw C¥y≥ Nn¥I-fn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. C¥y-bn¬ D¤-hn® aX-ßtfbpw h∂p-tN¿∂ aX-ßsfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-™Xv ta¬∏-d™ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ aqe-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ FØn-s∏´ F√m kwkvIm-c-ßfpw AXn- t ‚- X mb kw`m- h - \ - I ƒ C¥y≥ kaq- l Øn\p \¬In. temI-Øn-ep≈ hnhn-[- kw-kvImc- ß - f psS kØ Dƒs°m- ≠ - X mWv C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cw. kmaq-lyLS-I-ßƒ

tZiob kacw

(1) {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `c-Ww (2) kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Hcp-a `qan-im-kv{X-]cw C¥y≥ tZio- b X Dcp- Ø n- c n- ™ p- h - c m≥ `qanimkv { X- ] - c - a m- b LS- I - ß - f psS ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. hS°v lnam-ebhpw Ing°v _wKmƒ Dƒ°-Sepw ]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-Sepw sX°v C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-{Zhpw AXn-cp-I-fmb `qhn-`m-KØns‚ t]cmWv `mc-Xw. A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb IS∂pIb-‰-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ c£bv ° pw H∏wXs∂ a‰p kwkv I m- c - ß - f pambp≠mb \nb-{¥n-X-amb CS-s]-S-en\pw C¥y≥ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-IX klm-bn-®p.

]ckv ] - c m- { i- b - Ø n- e qsS hf¿∂p- h ∂ Hcp kaqlamWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. PmXn-bpsS XpS°w sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn¬ hn`- P \w kaq- l - Ø ns‚ apt∂- ‰ - Ø n\p Gsd klm-bn-®p. PPvam\n hyhÿ AXn-s\m-cp-Zm-lc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-Iƒ XΩn¬ sXmgn¬-]c - a - mb ]c-kv]c klI-cW - a - mWv "PPvam\n' hyh-ÿ. CXn¬ tkh\w \¬Ip-∂-hsc Iao≥ F∂pw tkh\w kzoI-cn°p-∂-hsc PmPva≥ F∂p-w ]-d-bp-∂p. ASnbmbva tIc-f-Øn¬ PmPvam\n hyh-ÿbv°v kam-\-ambn \ne- \ n∂ H∂mWv ASn- b m- b v a . Irjn°p ta¬t\m´w hln-®p-sIm≠v P∑n-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ Ahn- ` m- P ymw- i - a mbn h¿Øn- ° p∂ Zmk- { ]hrØnbmWv ASn-bm-bva. ASn-bm≥ ASn-a-b-s√¶nepw ASn-as - b-t∏mse s]cp-amdpw. Abmƒ kIpSpw_w P∑n`h-\sØ ]cn-N-cn-°p-∂p. ASn-bmbva ]mc-º-cy-h-gn°m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-fØ - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂ ASn-bm-bvas - b-°p-dn®v hnh-cß - ƒ tiJ-cn®p Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°pI. 137

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

aX-\n-c-t]-£X

aX-\n-c-t]-£X kzX-{¥- C¥y aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bn¬ ASn-bp-d®p \n¬°p-∂p. a‰p ]e cmPy-ßf - nepw D≈-Xp-t]mse C¥ybv°v tZiobaX-an-√. GsXm-cp-a-X-Øn\pw Ahc-h-cpsS BNm-cm-\pjvTm-\-ßƒ A\p-h¿Øn°p-∂-Xn\pw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. F√m aX-ß-tfbpw Xpey-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

$ am\-hnIaqey-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p. $ aX-ßf - psS aqey-ßƒt°m [m¿Ωn-IX - bvt°m FXn-c-√. $ B[p-\nIXbpsS Hcp LS-I-amWv aX-\n-c-t]£-X.

aX-\nct]£X hf¿Øp-hm≥ Fs¥-√mw -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°msa∂v N¿® sNøpI.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ aX-\n-c-t]£ k¶¬∏amWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\bpsS Bi-b]c-amb ASn-Ø-d. \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ F√m ]uc-∑m-cpw Xpey-cm-Wv. P∑-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. aXw, `mj, PmXn, hwiw, {]tZiw F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-°n-√. C¥y-bnse sshhn≤yw \ne- - \n¿tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂pw AXn-te-°mbn hntI{µo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw `c-W-L-S\ Xncn®-dn-bp-∂p. PmXn- b p- s Sbpw aX- Ø n- s ‚bpw `mj- b p- s Sbpw {]tZi- Ø ns‚bpw A∏p- d Øv \m\m- X z- Ø n¬ GIXzw F∂ Bi-b-Øne-Sn-bp-d-®-XmWv C¥y≥ tZiobX.

Atim-I-kvXw`w

aX-\n-c-t]£k¶ev]w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v tZio-b-Zn-\-ßƒ Fßs\ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn BN-cn-°m-sa∂v N¿® sNøp-I. tZio-b-X-bpsS {]Xn-^-e\w kzmX{¥yka-c-tk-\m-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw \mSn-\mbn c‡-km-£nXzw hcn® [oc-cp-sSbpw Hm¿Ω ]pXp°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \Ωƒ tZi-kvt\-lhpw tZio-bXbpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. CXp- t ]mse at‰- s X√mw Ah- k - c - ß - f n- e mWv \Ωƒ tZio-bX {]Xn^en∏n°m-dp-≈-Xv. BtemNn-°p-I. kµ¿`-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I. tZio-b-Nn-”-ßƒ tZio-b-t_m-[w DW¿Øp-∂-hbpw sFIy-Øns‚ Bth- i - a p- W ¿Øp- ∂ hbpamWv C¥ybpsS 138

tZiotbm-Z{v K-Y\w

tZiobNn”-ßƒ. tZiob-Nn-”-ßsf BZ-cn-°pIbpw Ahsb kwc-£n-°pIbpw sNtø-≠X - mWv. Ah-tbm-Sp≈ A\m-Z-chv in£m¿l-am-Wv. AXn-cp-I-S∂ tZio-bX Hcp cmjv{S-Øn\pw Hcp P\-Xbv°pw H‰bv-s°mcp \ne-\n¬∏ns√∂v temINcn{Xw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXn-cp-I-S∂ tZio-bX a‰p cmjv{S-ß-tfm-Sp≈ shdp-∏n-te°pw kwL¿j-Øn-te°pw \bn-°pw. ln‰vedpw apkeo\nbpw Cu hnImcw D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-ØnbXv Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \Ωƒ I≠-Xm-Wv. hnI- k - \ - Ø n- \ v - D XtI≠ ]Ww bp≤Øn\pth≠n hn\n- t bm- K n°p∂Xp icn- b - √ . temI-bp-≤-ßƒ D≠m-°nb hn]Øv ]n∂oSv h∂ Xe-ap-dIƒt]mepw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv I≠n-s√∂p \Sn°m-\m-hn-√.

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w sshhn-≤y-ßƒ \nd-™ C¥y≥ kaq-lsØ Nne sshIm-cn-I-i-‡n-Iƒ GIo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp GIm- fl Ikaq- l - a mbn \ne- \ n¿Øp- I bpw sNøp∂p. CXmWv tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ {]{In-b. \ΩpsS cmPysØ inYn-eo-I-cn-°p∂ F√m i‡nI- s fbpw {]Xn- t cm- [ n- ° pI F∂- X mWv tZiotbmZv{K-Y-\-Øns‚ apJy-[¿Ωw. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w Hcp kΩn-{i-k-¶¬∏-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-chpw {]mtZ-inIhpw kmº- Ø n- I - h p- a mb ]e am\- ß fpw AXn\p≠v. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øns‚ aq∂v ASnÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ 1. LS-\m-]-c-amb kaXzw 2. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sFIyw 3. Bi-b-]-c-amb Hcpa LS-\m-]-c-amb kaXzw cmPy-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw {]tXy-In®v kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂ h¿§-ßƒ°pw hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw XpeyA-h-kcw Hcp-°pI. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sFIyw sXm´p-Iq-Smbva, Xo≠n-°q-Smbva (untouchability) XpSßnb PmXobhnth-N-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-I.

Bi-b-]-c-amb Hcpa cmjv{So-b-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw D≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p ]e- X-e-Ønepw hyXykvX ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≈-h-cmsW- ¶ nepw "tZiob e£y- ß sf' Ipdn®v P\ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ hy‡-amb Xncn-®d - nhv hf¿Ønsb-Sp-°-Ww.

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øn-te°v sshhn-≤y-ßsf AwKo-I-cn®v Ahsb _lp-am\n®v C¥y Hcp tZi-am-sW∂ hnIm-c-apƒs°m≠v H∂mbn amdp-∂-XmWv tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\w. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-sØ-∏-‰n- Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-t∂-°mw. kmº-ØnIkaXzw t\Sn-bm¬ DZv{K-Y-\-am-Iptam? Db¿∂ kmº- Ø nIÿnXn- b p≈ hn`m- K ßƒ°nS-bnepw tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \o°-ßfnt√? icn- b mb Bkq- { X- W - Ø n- e qsS am{Xw kmaqlnIkmº-ØnIam‰-ßfpw tZio-tbmZv{K-Y-\hpw km[y-amIptam? aX-]-c-amb kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kulm¿±Øn-s‚bpw Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw DZv{K-Y\w km[y-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam? C°m- c y- ß ƒ ]cn- K - W n- ° p- t ºmƒ tZiotbmZv { KY\w Hcp k¶o¿W- { ]- i v \ - a m- W ∂pw AXn¬ tZi-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bamb DZvv{K-Y\w Hcp `mKw am{Xta BIp-∂p-≈q F∂pw ImWmw. AtXm- s Sm∏wXs∂ kmº- Ø n- I ˛kmaqlnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI `n∂X-Iƒ hnth-N-\-ßƒ Ch Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thWw.

C¥y≥ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øn-\p≈ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS F√m-Xe - Ø - n-epap≈ DZv{KY\Øn\v XS- -ambn Nne LS-I-ßƒ h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. {]mtZ-in-I-hmZw (Regionalism) "{]mtZ-in-Ih - mZw' kz¥w cmPy-sØ-°mƒ kz¥w {]tZ-iØ - n\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. {]mtZ-in-Ih - mZØn-s\m∏w `mjbpw aXhpw tNcp-tºmƒ AXv H‰tZiw F∂-Xn\v ]Icw {]mtZ-inI Xm¬∏cyßƒ°v ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p F∂-XmWv. CXv kaq-lØ - n¬ hn`m-Ko-bX - bv°v CS-bm-°p-∂p. 139

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

PmXo-bX (Casteism)

h¿§o-bX (Communalism)

PmXobX Hcp On{Zi‡n-bm-Wv. Hcp hn`mKw a‰p PmXn- ° msc Xmgv ∂ - h - c mbn ]cn- K - W n- ° p- ∂ p. Ahsc NqjWw sNøp-∂p. ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw Nne PmXn-°m¿ am{Xw ssIbS°n-h-bv°p-∂p. CXv CXc PmXn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ i{XpXmat\m-`mhw DW¿Øp-∂p. PmXnkwL-S\- I ƒ cmjv{So- b - Ø n¬ CS- s ]- S p- ∂ p. kΩ¿±kwL-ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn®v ]e-t∏mgpw Bh-iy-ßƒ A\¿l-ambn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\mbn PmXnkwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. Chsbms° DZv{K-Y-\-Øn\v XS- -ambn Xocp-∂p.

GsX-¶nepw Hcp aX-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂tXm aX]-ca - mb NS-ßp-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂tXm A√ h¿§obX. kz¥w aX-tØm-Sp≈ AXn-cp-Ih - n™ A`n\nth-iw a‰p aX-ßt- fm-Sp≈ hntcm-[a - mbn amdp-tºmƒ aX-Xo-{h-hmZw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-p. aXw, PmXn, hwiw F∂nh cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnIt\´-ßƒ°mbn D]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv h¿§o-b-X-bmIp-∂p. h¿§o-b-X-bpsS bYm¿∞ Dd-hnSw cmjv{So-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fmWv. C¥y-bpsS hn`-P\wXs∂ aXw cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ CS-s]-´Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

kaq-l] - p-tcm-KX - n°v hnLm-Xa - mb h¿§o-bX - sb t\cn-Sm-\p≈ am¿§ß-sf-s¥-√m-am-sW∂v N¿®- sNømw. $ atX-X-cXzw

$ ]ptcm-K-a\ hnZym-`ymkw

$

$

hn`-P-\-Im-esØ ]em-b\w

`mjm-hmZw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\- 22 `mj-Isf AwKo-I-cn-®n-´ps≠∂v \Ωƒ I≠p. HutZym-KnI `mj lnµnbpw A\p-_‘ `mj Cw•o-jp-am-Wv. c≠m-bnctØmfw `mj-I-fmWv C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ P\- h n- ` m- K - ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - X v . C¥y kzX{¥amb-t∏mƒ lnµn tZiob`mj-bm-Ip-∂Xns\ a‰p-]e`mj-°mcpw FXn¿Øp. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ lnµnhncp≤{]t£m`wXs∂ D≠m-bn. kzX{¥ C¥y t\cn´ as‰mcp {]iv\w `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\140

Øn- e p≈ kwÿm- \ - ß - f psS ]p\xkwL-S-\-bm-Wv. 1956˛¬ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v `mjm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ kwÿm-\-ßsf ]p\xkw-L-Sn-∏n-®Xv \nßƒ a\- n- e m- ° n- b n- ´ p≠t√m. C∂pw kwÿm\]p\x-kw-L-S-\-bm-hiy-s∏´p C¥y-bn¬ hnhn-[ ÿe-ßfn¬ {]t£m-`-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p. tZiotbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øn\p {]Xn-_-‘-am-Ip∂ {][m\Imc- W - ß - f n- s em- ∂ mb k¶pNnX`mjm-hmZw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

{Xn`mjm ]≤Xn tZio- t bm- Z v { K- Y - \ - t Øbpw A¥xkw- ÿ m- \ hn\na-b-tØbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pth≠n {Xn`mjm ]≤Xn sIm≠p-h-∂p. lnµn kwkm- c n- ° p∂ kwÿm\ßfn¬ Cw•ojpw lnµnbpw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp amXr `mj-bpw. Alnµn kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Cw•o-jpw lnµnbpw amXr`mjbpw kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kØn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØp∂ ]≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.

tZiotbm-Z{v K-Y\w

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ Zn\w

`oI-c-hmZw Hcp cmPyØv \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn-\ptbm- P n- ° mØ am¿§- ß - f p- ] - t bm- K n®v kz¥w Xmev]-cy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\mbn P\-ßƒ°p≈n¬ `oXn-]-cØn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv `oI-chmZw. `oI-c-hmZw am\p-jnIaqey-ßsf Ah-KWn- ° p- ∂ p. Xßƒ°¿l- a m- b Xv e`n- ° p- ∂ n√ F∂ tXm∂¬, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, icn-bmb hnZym`ym-k-Øn‚ A`m-hw, Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS A]- c ym- ] v X X XpS- ß n- b h `oI- c - h m- Z - Ø n\v hgnsbm-cp-°p-∂p. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w tZio-b-Xsb hf¿Øp-∂p. AXv h¿§o-b-Xbv°pw `mjm-{`m-¥n\pw {]mtZinIhmZ-Øn\pw a‰p inYn-eo-I-cWi‡n-Iƒ°pw FXn-cm-Wv.

C¥y≥ {][m-\-a-{¥nbm- b n- c p∂ {ioaXn Cµncm- K m- ‘ n- b psS P∑-Zn-\-amb \hw-_¿ 19 tZiotbmZv{K-Y-\-Zn\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ P\-X-bv°n-Sbn¬ sFIyhpw kam[m-\hpw kvt\lhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw hf¿Ønsb-Sp-°pI F∂p-≈X - mWv Cu BNc-WØ - ns‚ e£yw. 1984 HIvtSm-_¿ 31-˛\v kz¥w AwKc£-I-cpsS shSn-bp-≠bv°v apºn¬ c‡-km£nXzw hcn- ° pIbmbn- c p∂p B al- X n. {ioaXn Cµn-cm-Km‘n Jmen-ÿm≥ hmZ-Øns‚ Cc-bmbncp-∂p.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ C¥y≥ aX-\n-c-t]-£X IqSp-X¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-°m≥ \nß-fpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? $ \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-XØ - n¬ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ - Ø - n\v XS ambn \n¬°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I. DZm: thjw, `mj XpS-ßn-b-h. $ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ Imc-W-ßƒ N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI. $ tZio- t bm- Z v { K- Y - \ - Ø n\v klm- b n- ° p∂ ]cn- ] m- S n- I ƒ Bkq{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏m-°pI. $ "tZio-b] - X - mI', "Atim-IN - {Iw' F∂nh {][m\ tZiob Nn”ß- f m- W v . tZiob Nn”- ß ƒ Is≠Øn Hcp B¬_w Xømdm°mw. $ "h¿§o-bX ^mjn-k-Øns‚ C¥y≥ ]Xn-∏mWv' F∂ Ph- l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚ {]kvXmh-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿§o-b-Xtbbpw ^mjn-k-sØbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøpI. $ tZi-kvt\lw {]ta-b-am°n \nc-h[n kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ cNn°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ah tiJ-cn®v Hcp ]Xn-∏m-°p-I. $ \ΩpsS cmPy-w t\-cn´ Nne `oI-c-hm-Z-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠Øn ]cn-lmc-am¿§ßƒ N¿®-sN-bvXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I: DZm:

$ Imivao¿ {]iv\-ßƒ $ t_mtUm {]iv\-ßƒ $ Jmen-ÿm≥ hmZw $ 141

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

P\m-[n-]Xyw

10

C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v aµncw

""P\m-[n-]Xyw kln-jvWp-X-bm-Wv. \tΩmSv tbmPn-°p-∂-h-tcmSv am{Xa√, hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-tcm-Sp-ap≈ kln-jvWp-X-''˛Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp. A{I-a-Øn-s‚bpw Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw am¿§w kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv P\m[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ hnizm-k-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. ]t£ ]e kµ¿`-ß-fn-epw \mw Ak-ln-jvWpX ImWn°p-∂p. P\m-[n-]-XysØ°pdn®v IqSp-X-¬ Adn-tb-≠-Xpw, P\m-[n-]Xyam¿§-ßƒ ]cn-io-en®v AXv Hcp PohnX coXnbmbn amt‰≠Xpw Bh-iy-amWv.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw C∂v \ΩpsS cmPy-Øpƒs∏sS an° temI-cm-jv{S-ßf - nepw \ne-\n¬°p∂ P\m-[n-]Xyw ]m›m-Xy-am-Xr-I-bn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw XpS-ßp-∂Xv ]pcm-X\ {Kokn¬ \n∂m-Wv. P\m-[n-]Xyw AXns‚ hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xn\pw hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw apºpXs∂ Hcp `c-W-coXn F∂ \nebn¬ 142

P\mP\m-[[n-] n-]Xyw Xyw

]pcm-X\ {Kokn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. {Kokn¬ \ne\n- ∂ n- c p∂ \K- c - c mjv { S (city states) P\m- [ n]Xykwhn-[m-\-w ]m›mXy XXz-Nn-¥-I-tcbpw cmjv{S-ao-amw-k-I-tcbpw ]fi-nX-∑m-scbpw kw_‘n-®nStØmfw al\ob amXrIbmbn-cp∂p (422 _n.kn. apX¬ 322 _n.kn. Ime-L-´w). P\-ßƒ F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "Utamkv' (Demos) "A[nImcw' F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "{ImtØmkv' (kratos) F∂o {Ko°v ]Z-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Utam{Ikn F∂ Cw•ojv ]Z-Øns‚ Dev]-Øn. AXpsIm≠v P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa-∂m¬ (Democracy) P\ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-sa-∂m-W¿∞w. ]pcm- X \{Kokn¬ \n∂v C∂sØ B[p- \ nI temI-tØbv°v FØnbt∏mtgbv°pw P\m-[n]Xy-Øn\pw Imem\p-kr-X-amb am‰w D≠m-bn. AhnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ P\m-[n-]Xyk{º-Zm-bØn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvXa - mb Hcp ]pXnb cq]w P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-≠mbn.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-ßƒ (Forms of Democracy)

]pcm-X\{Kokn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ \Kccmjv{S P\m-[n-]X - y-am-Xr-I hy‡-am-°p∂ Hcp Imcy-ap≠v. AhnsS P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcn-°epw apgp-h≥ P\-ßfp-tSbpw `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Aßs\ BI-W-sa∂v Dt±-in-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-an-√. ]uc-∑m-cmIm≥ hnti-jm¬ tbmKy-X-t\-Sn-b-h-cpsS s]mXpth-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p \Kccmjv{S`cW IqSw. P\m-[n]Xyw ]uc- ∑ m- c psS B[n- ] - X y- a m- b n- ´ mWv k¶¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-tfbpw ASn-a-Itfbpw hntZ-in-Itfbpw Ah¿ ]uc-∑m-cmbn ]cnK-Wn-®n-cp-∂n√.-

{]Xy£P\m-[n-]Xyw (Direct Democracy) ]pcm-X\{Kokn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ `c-W-co-Xnsb {]Xy£P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa-∂mWv s]mXp-hn¬ hnti-

jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ F√m]uc-∑mcpw Hcp ÿeØv ktΩ-fn®v Xßƒ°mh-iy-ap≈ \nb-a-ßƒ AwKo-Icn-°p-Ibpw Ah \S- ∏ n- e m- ° p- I bpw sNbv X n- c p- ∂ p. \oXnbpw \ymbhpw Ah¿ Xs∂ \S-∏m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ-t∏mse Hcp DtZym-Kÿhrµ-tam \oXn-]oT kwhn-[m-\tam A∂v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. km[m-cW ]uc-∑m¿ Xs∂bmWv {lkz-Im-eb - f - h - n-te°v Cu tPmen-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \dp-°n´v sNdnb Ime-b-f-hn-te-°mWv `c-W-I¿Øm-°sf Is≠Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]uc-∑m¿ t\cn´v `cW-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip∂ Hcp `c-Wk{º-Zmb-amWv {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xyw. P\m-[n-]-XyØns‚ G‰hpw ]q¿Whpw ip-≤-hp-amb amXrIbmbn C∂pw {]Xy£P\m-[n-]XysØ-°mWp∂p.

]tcm£P\m-[n-]Xyw (Indirect Democracy)

{]Xy£P\m-[n-]Xyw C∂v temI-Øns‚ Hcp `mKØpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂n-√. C∂v \ne\n¬°p∂Xv ]tcm£P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-Wv. F¥mbn-cn°pw Cu am‰-Øn\v ImcWw. tZi-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hpw, kv{XoIƒ Dƒs∏sS F√m-h¿°pw `c-W-Øn¬ Xpey-]-¶mfn-Øhpw, {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imiw \S-∏m-°nbXpw ASna k{º- Z mbw \n¿Ø- e m- ° n- b Xpw ]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\hpw as‰mcp Imc-W-amWv. P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ P\-ßƒ°pth≠n `cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv CXns\ ]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]Xn-\n[n-I-fn-eqsS {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXv {]mXn\n[y P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥yb- S - ° - a p≈ cmPy- ß - f n¬ \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ Xv ]tcm£ P\m- [ n- ] - X y- a m- W v. C¥y- b n¬ tI{µ˛kwÿm\ {]mtZ- i nIXeßfn¬ Xncs™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-≠v.

Xmsg sImSpØn-cn-°p∂h ]tcm£P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønte°p≈ am‰-Øn\v Imc-Wamb hkvXp-X-Iƒ BWv. Ch Hmtcm∂pw Cu am‰-sØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p. 143

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

1. sNdnb \Kc cmjv{S-ßƒ henb tZicmjv{Sßƒ°p hgn-am-dn.

4. {]mb]q¿Øn thm´hIm-i-Øn\v hym]-I-amb AwKo-Im-cw e`n®p.

2. B[p-\nI cmjv{S-ßƒ kv{XoIƒ°v thm´h-Im-ihpw ]uc-Xzhpw \¬Ip-∂p.

5. \K-c-cm-jv{S-ßsf At]-£n®v tZi-cm-jv{S-ßfn¬ P\-kwJy h¿≤n®p.

3. ka-Xzw, F√m-h¿°pw ]¶m-fnØw F∂o Bi-b-ß-fpsS hf¿®. Xnc-s™-SpØ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-s≠-∂-Xp-am-{X-a-√, a‰v [mcmfw khn-ti-j-XIfpw ]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v D≠v. Xmsg X∂n-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw AXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øp-I.

$ IrXy-amb Ime-b-fhn-ep≈

$ \nb-a-hmgv®

Xnc-s™-Sp∏v $ hy‡n-hmgv®

$ {Iaw- - sX-‰nb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v

$ {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imiw

$ `c-W-L-S\sb AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p

$ kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v IΩoj≥

$ kº-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ thm´-h-Imiw

$ `c-W-L-S\sb AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√

$ ]£-]m-X-]-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v IΩoj≥

$ P\-ßƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°n√

$ Kh-s◊‚n\v A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ C√

$ P\-ßƒ°v ASn-ÿm\ Ah-Imißƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw

$ Kh-s◊‚n\v A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw

$ kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-Iƒ

{]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw C∂sØ amdnb tZicmjv{S kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ km[y-a-√. AtX-k-abw {]mXn- \ n[y P\m- [ n- ] Xyw \ΩpsS {]iv \ - ß sf√mw ]cnlcn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]cym]vXamIp∂pan√. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ P\m-[n-]Xy k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ta∑-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw ]cnlm-c-am¿§-ßfpw Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂p t\m°mw.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ (Merits of Democracy)

$ s]mXp Xnc-s™-Sp-∏pw AXn-eqsS P\-ßƒXncs™-Sp-°p∂ `c-WI - q-Shpw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£aXbp≈ `c-WI - qSw D≠m-°m≥ klmbn-°p144

∂p. IqSmsX ]¶m-fnØ `cWw, P\-ß-fn¬ DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xzt_m[w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. P\-ßƒ A®-S° - a - p≈hcpwtZikvt\l-ap≈hcpw cmPytØmSv Iqdp-≈h - cpambn-Øocp-∂p. $ hy-‡n-bpsS al-Xz- hpw kzmX-{¥yhpw AwKoIcn-°p-∂p. hy-‡n-k-zm-X-{¥yw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v P\m-[n-]-Xyw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. $ k- a - X zw F∂ Bi- b - Ø n\v {]m[m- \ yw D≠mIp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw Xpe-y-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°s∏Sp-∂p. $ P\-ß-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS Ah-cpsS D∂-a-\sØ klm-bn-

P\mP\m-[[n-] n-]Xyw Xyw

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. s]mXp-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Xmev]-c-yhpw cmP-y-kvt\-lhpw hf¿Øp-∂p. $ P\-ß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ß-tf-bpw Bh-i-y-ßtfbpw \nd-th-‰p-∂p. P\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ `c-WI¿Øm-°-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcpØp∂ `cWk{ºZm-bamWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw. $ \nb-a-hmgv® \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnI-fpƒs∏sS Bcpw \nb-a-Øn\v AXo-X-c-√. $ `cWw IqSp-X¬ kpXm-cy-am-Wv. `c-W-cw-KØv \S-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ P\-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂p. clky kz`mhw C√. $ `c- W - I qSw Xß- f psSXmsW∂pw `c- W I¿Øm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS tkh-Ic - m-sW-∂p-ap≈ t_m[w ]uc-∑m-cn¬ Dfhm-°p-∂p. $ P\m- [ n- ] - X yw ]ptcm- K - X n- b pw kmaq- l nI kpÿn-cXbpw \ne-\n¿Øp∂p. N¿®-Iƒ°pw A`n- { ]mb ka- \ z- b - Ø n\pw Ah- k cw \evIp∂p. $ P\-ßƒ°v cmjv{Sob hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \¬Ip-∂Xn¬ P\m- [ n- ] - X - y - Ø ns‚ ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. Ah- c n¬ kwL- t _m- [ hpw AhImit_m-[hpw kpc-£n-X-Xz-t_m-[hpw hf¿Øp∂p.

P\m-[n-]-X-yØns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ (Demerits of Democracy) P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-Ifmbn s]mXpsh ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂h Xmsg sImSp°p∂p: $ P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\yw FÆØn-\mWv A√msX Ign-hn-\-√. kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-IcpsS FÆw t\m°n-bmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Xocp-am\- ß ƒ ssIs°m- ≈ p- ∂ - X v . GsXmcp

hy‡n°pw `cn-°m≥ {]m]vXn-bp≠v F∂ XXzØn-emWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw A[njvTnambn´p≈-Xv. F∂m¬ \√ Kh¨sa‚ v D≠m-hW - s - a-¶n¬ Ign-hp≈ hy-‡n-Iƒ Bh-iy- a - m-Wv. $ P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb as‰mcp hna¿i\w CXv {]mK¬`yw Ipd-™-h-cpsS `c-W-{I-a-amsW-∂-Xm-Wv. {]K¬`-cmb ]e hy-‡n-Ifpw Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°m\pw, a‰p cmjv{Sob \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m\pw an°-t∏mgpw Xmev]-cyw ImWn-°m-dn-√. AXp-aqew {]K¬`cpsS tkh\w cmjv{S-Øn\v \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. $ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønse XpS¿®-bmb Xnc-s™-Sp∏p- I fpw AXns‚ ^e- a mb `cWam‰hpw cmjv { Sob A\n›nXXzw krjv S n- ° p- ∂ p. CXpaqew Imc-y-£-a-X-bn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-hp-∂p. $ ]e-t∏mgpw `qcn-]-£-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw \yq\]-£-Øns‚ ta¬ ASn-t®-¬∏n°p∂p. $ P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øn¬ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-tØmSv P\-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hnap-JX ImWn-°p∂p. AXv thms´- S p- ∏ n¬ \n∂v hn´p- \ n- ¬ °m≥ t]mepw Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. $ Znim-t_m-[-an-√mØ I£n-cm-jv{Sobw P\m-[n]-X-y-Øns‚ as‰mcp t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv. $ P\m- [ n- ] - X yw s]mXpsh ]W- s ®- e - h p≈ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wv. XpS-sc-Øp-S-sc-bp≈ Xncs™- S p- ∏ p- I fpw `c- W - a m- ‰ - ß fpw P\m- [ n]XysØ Nneth-dn-b-Xm-°p∂p. $ Bƒ°q- ´ - Ø ns‚ a\x- i mkv{Xw (Mob Psychology) {]h-Nn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. AhcpsS CjvS-m\n-jvS-ßƒ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. CXv P\m- [ n- ] - X - y - Ø n¬ Aÿn- c - X bv ° v ImcW-am-Ip-∂p.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Nne-t]m-cm-bva-Iƒ \¬Inbn-´p-≈Xv {i≤n-®-t√m. \nßƒ CXn-t\mSv tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\v t]mcm-bvaIƒ ]cn-lc - n-t°≠-Xt√? CXn-\p-th≠n Fs¥√mw \n¿t±-iß - f - mWv apt∂m´ph-bv°m\p≈Xv?

145

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ aps∂m-cp-°-ßƒ (Pre-conditions of Democracy) P\m-[n-]-XysØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Nne aps∂m-cp-°-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ah GsX-√m-amsW∂v t\m°mw. cmjv{Sobkzm-X-{¥yw cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-°p-hm\pw Hcp hy‡nbn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p∂ cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cßƒ kz¥w CjvS-{]-Imcw {]tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]q¿Æ-amb kzmX-{¥yamWv cmjv{Sob kzmX-{¥yw. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-If - n¬ thm´p-sN-øp-∂X - n-\pw A[n-Imc-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v a’-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ cmjv{So-bm-hI - m-iß - ƒ P\m[n-]-X-y-Øn¬ ]uc¿°v e`n-°p-∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w A`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-ap≈ kzm-X-{¥-yw, kwL-S-\m-k-zm-X-{¥-yw, Kh¨sa‚ns\ hna¿in-°p-hm-\p≈ kzm-X-{¥yw F∂o ]ucmh- I m- i - ß fpw cmjv { Sob kzm- X {¥ysØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m[w cmjv{S-sØbpw cmjv{So-b-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhmbn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw. Btcm-K-y-I-c-

amb a’-cw, kl-I-c-Ww, kln-jvWp-X, hy‡amb cmjv{Sob ho£Ww, A\p-c-RvP\w XpS-ßnbh cmjv{So-bm-h-t_m-[-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-fm-Wv. CXv P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn-\m-h-i-y-am-Wv. hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Hcp P\-X-bpsS cmjv{So-bm-h-t_m-[sØ kzm[o\n-°p∂ {][m-\- LSIw hnZym-`ym-k-am-Wv. P\m[n-]Xymi-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw aqey-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw icn-bmb hnZym-`ymkw P\-ßƒ°v e`n-°Ww. hnZym-`ymkw ]uc-∑m-cpsS Nn¥m-io-e-tØbpw krjvSn-]-c-amb hna¿i-\-ti-jntbbpw h¿≤n-∏n°pw. F¶nte icn-bmb Xocp-am\w FSp-°m\pw AXn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-°m\pw Ah¿°v Ignbp. kz-X{¥am[-y-a-ßƒ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw P\m-[n-]Xy Bib-ßfpw P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°m-\pw, Agn-a-Xn, kzP\-]-£-]m-Xw, Xo{h-hmZw XpS-ßnb P\m-[n]Xyhncp-≤-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xpd∂pIm´phm\pw am[y-aß - ƒ AXym-hi - y-am-Wv. kz-X{- ¥hpw \njv]£-hp-amb am[-y-a-ßƒ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-sØbpw A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-W-sØbpw klm-bn-°p-∂p.

C∂sØ am[-ya - ß - ƒ P\m-[n-]X-yØ - n¬ Ah-cpsS Npa-Xe - I - ƒ kzX-{¥hpw \njv]£hp-ambn \nd-th-‰p-∂pt≠m? ¢mkn-semcp kwhmZw \S-Øp.

kmº-ØnI kzm-X-{¥-yhpw kmaq-lnI kpc-£nX-Xz ]≤-Xn-Ifpw kzX-{¥hpw \n¿`-b-hp-ambn thm´-h-Im-i-apƒs∏sSbp≈ cmjv{Sob Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hn\ntbm-Kn°-W-sa-¶n¬ kmº-ØnIkzmX{¥yw A\n-hm-cyam-Wv. Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ tamN-\hpw DXv]m-Z\ {]{Inb-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS \ymb- a mb hnX- c - W - h p- a mWv kmº- Ø nI kzmX{¥yw F∂- -Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv. F√mh¿°pw kmº-ØnI kzmX{¥yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-W-

sa- ¶ n¬ [\w GXm\pw t]cpsS ssII- f n¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p∂ {]h-WX XSbpIbpw kmºØnImkaXzhpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw C√m-Xm-°-pIbpw thWw. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmºØn-I-mk-a-Xz-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Hcp hn`mKw P\X C∂pw Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-em-Wv. Ch-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\mbn hnhn[ kmaqly kpc£m ]≤Xn-Iƒ P\m[n-]XyKh-s◊‚p-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn´p-≠v. hm¿≤- I y- I me s]≥j≥, hn[hm s]≥j≥, kºq¿W BtcmKy C≥jz-d≥kv ]≤Xn apX-emb-h DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

P\m-[n-]X - y-Øn-\p≈ aps∂m-cp-°a - mWv kmº-Øn-Ik - a - Xzw. Kh¨sa‚ v \S∏nem-°p∂ hnhn[ kmaqly kpc-£m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°v CXn\v Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøpI. 146

P\mP\m-[[n-] n-]Xyw Xyw

]m¿´n-Ifpw t\Xm-°-∑mcpw P\m-[n-]-XyØn¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-Iƒ A\n-hmcy-amWv. s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]mbw cq]o-Icn°pIbpw \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ kml-N-cyw krjvSn-°pIbpw sNøp- ∂ Xv cmjv { Sob ]m¿´n- I - f m- W v .

Xncs™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ A¿∞-h-Øm-°p-∂Xpw Ch¿ Xs∂. tZiob ImgvN-∏mSpw P\m-[n-]-Xy aqeyt_m-[hpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ t\Xm-°ƒ cmjv{So-b]m¿´n-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xzw hln-t°-≠Xpw P\m-[n]-X-y-h-y-h-ÿ-bn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø-XmWv.

P\m-[n-]Xyw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw \ne-\n¿Øphm\pw cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-Iƒ A\n-hmcy-amtWm? N¿® sNøp. N¿®mkqN-I-ßƒ $ P\ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ cmjv{Sob hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \evIp-∂p.

$ P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

$ A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.

$ P\m-[n-]Xyw kzbw A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p. $ A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-cWw P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-{Iaw IqSp-X¬ km¿∞-I-am-Ip∂-Xn\v A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw F∂ {]{Inb klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. `c-W-X-e-Øn¬ \b-cq-]o-I-c-WØnepw \S-Øn-∏nepw P\-ln-Xhpw \nb-{¥-Whpw km[-y-am-°m-\p≈ am¿§-amWv A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µoI-c-Ww. AXn-\mbn Xmsg- X-e-Øn-te°v A[nIm-chpw `c-Whpw ssIam-dp-∂p. CXn-eqsS `c-W-

Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. kzX{¥-hpw \njv]-£hpamb Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ P\-ßƒ°v \n¿`-b-ambpw kzX-{¥-ambpw thm´v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°p∂-Xn\v `c-W-L-S-\m-ÿm-]-\-amb Xnc-s™-Sp∏p IΩo-j\pcq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS cmPyØv Xnc-s™-Sp∏v F{X-am{Xw kzX-{¥hpw \n£v]-£-hp-ambn \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Xncs™-Sp-∏ns\ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®p N¿® sNøp-I. Xmsg sImSpØncn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂pw kzX-{¥hpw \njv]-£-hp-amb Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ l\n-°p∂h Is≠-Øp-I. 1. kº-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ thm´-h-Imiw. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

thm´v sNøm≥ thm´¿ ]´n-I-bn¬ t]cp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]£-]m-X-]-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v IΩoj≥. kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-Is\ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Xncn-®-dn-b¬ Im¿Uv thWw. ]´nWn Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ I≈-∏-W-Øns‚ kzm[o\w. Imem-Ime-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ CjvS-{]-Imcw Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \o´n-h-bv°p-∂Xv. Xnc-s™-Sp∏nse {Ia-t°Sp-Iƒ. 147

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

P\m-[n-]Xyw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£a - a - m-°p-hm≥ th≠-sX∂v \nßƒ°v tXm∂p∂ a‰p ap≥D]m-[n-I-ƒ Fs¥-¶nepw Dt≠m? N¿® sNøp.

P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ hyXykvX Xe-ßƒ (Different Dimensions of Democracy)

cmjv{So-b-hpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Xe-ßfn¬ P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ A¥-kØ ssIhcn-°p-tºm-gmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-I.

Ahÿmhnti-j-am-Wn-Xv. hnth-N\cmln-Xyhpw Xpey]cn-K-W-\bpw kmaq-l-y-P-\m-[n-]-Xyw hn`mh\w sNøp∂p. kmaq-ly- X - p-ey- X - , Ah-kc - k - a - Xzw, Xpe-y-kw-c-£Ww F∂nh CXns‚ {]tX-y-I-XIfm-Wv.

cmjv{So-b-Xew

kmº-Øn-I-Xew

`c-W-X-e-Øn¬ P\m-[n-]-X-y- X-X-z-ßƒ \ne-\nev°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. P\m-[n-]-Xy XX-z-ß-fmb kzm-X-{¥yw, ka-X-zw, kmtlm-Z-cyw F∂n-h-bn-e[n-jvTn-X-am-Wn-Xv. IqSmsX P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m°p∂Xpw, P\-lnXw am\n-®v P\-ß-fpsS AhIm-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw CXns‚ khn-tij- X - b m- W v . \nb- a - h m- g v ® bv ° v hnt[- b - a mWv cmjv{Sob P\m-[n-]-X-yw.

cmjv{Sob kmaq-l-y-X-e-ß-fn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xyw A¿∞-h-Ø-mI-W-sa-¶n¬ kmº-ØnIXe-Ønepw P\m- [ n- ] - X - y - X - X - z - ß ƒ \ne- \ n¬t°- ≠ - X - p - ≠ v . kaql-Øn¬ kº-Øns‚ hn\n-tbmKw, \nb-{¥Ww, D¬∏m-Z\w F∂nh kmaq-l-y-\n-b-{¥-WØn\v hnt[- b - a m- I - W w. am{X- a √ kºØv GXm\pw t]cpsS ssII-fn¬ Ipan-™p-Iq-Sp-∂Xv Hgn- h m- ° p- ∂ Xpw hnX- c - W - Ø nepw D]- t bm- K Ønepw XpeyX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amWv P\m-[n]-X-y-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-X-ew. CØcw Ah-ÿbn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Pohn-XØns‚ ASnÿm\ku-Icy-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

kmaq-ly-Xew aXw, PmXn, enwKw, {]tZiw, h¿§w, h¿Ww F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnth-N-\-an-√mØ

P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ Cu hnhn-[-X-e-ßƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-ißƒ, \n¿t±-i-I-X-Ø-z-ßƒ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bptam? N¿® sNøp.

{]Xy£P\m-[n-]-Xy-am¿§-ßƒ (Direct Democratic Devices)

{]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-tebv°v (]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xyw) FØn-b-t∏m-tgbv°pw P\m-[n-]Xyw km¿∆-{Xn-Iambn. F∂m¬ P\-]-¶m-fnØw tIhew kΩ-XnZm\Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ am{X-am-Ip∂ {]h-W-X-bpap≠m-bn. Agn-a-Xnbpw kz-P-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw P\m[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A]-N-b-ap-≠m-°n. Chn-sS-bmWv {]X-y-£-P-\m-[n-]-X-y am¿§ßƒ {]k-‡-am-Ip∂Xv. Cu am¿§- ß ƒ°v G‰hpw t]cp- t I´ cmPyw kzn‰vk¿em‚m-Wv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Cu am¿§-ßƒ km¿∆-{Xn-I-a-s√-¶nepw Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Cu am¿§-ß-fn¬ NneXv {]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠v. sI\n-b-bn¬ Ah-cpsS ]pXnb `c-W-L-S-\bv°v P\-ß-fpsS AwKo-Imcw tXSn-s°m≠v \SØnb 148

Hcp lnX]cn-tim[-\-bpsS (Referendum) ]{Xhm¿Ø {i≤n-°p. CXv {]Xy£P\m-[n-]Xy am¿§-ß-ƒs°mcp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

P\mP\m-[[n-] n-]Xyw Xyw

{]

lnX-]-cn-tim-[\ (Referendum)

P

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk` ]m m-°nb Hcp \nb-a-Øn-t∑¬ P\m-`n-{]mbw thms´Sp∏neqsS {]ISam-°p-∂-XmWv lnX-]-cn-tim-[-\. CXn-eqsS {]kvXpX \nb-asØ AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw \ncmI-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw P\-ßƒ°v e`n-°p-∂p. lnX-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eqsS \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°v ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Xmev]-c-yhpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. \nb-a-ßsf°pdn®v Ah¿ t_m[-h-m∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂p. kzn‰vk¿em≥‚n¬ `c-W-L-S\mt`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°pw km[m-cW \nba-\n¿ΩmWßƒ°pw Cu coXn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. bp.F-kv.F. bnse Nne tÃ‰p-I-fnepw CXv {]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠v.

\m-

Xncn-®p-hn-fn-°¬ (Recall)

Xy £

[n -] -Xyam ¿ § -ß ƒ

Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w Xr]vXn-Icas√∂v I≠m¬ Imem-h-[n Xocp-∂-Xn\p aptº thms´-Sp-∏n-eqsS ÿm\Øv \n∂v \o°w sNøp∂ coXnbm-Wn-Xv.

P\-lnX]cn-tim-[\ (Plebiscite) P\-ln-X-]-cn-tim-[\ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øp-∂-X-√. hfsc {][m-\s∏´ s]mXp-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ P\-ßfpsS Xocp-am\w Adnbp∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\sØbmWv P\-ln-X-]-cn-tim-[\ F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw `qcn-]-£-Øns\ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂Xv XS-bm≥ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc CXp klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

A`n-{Iaw (Initiative) \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k` \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ hogvN-h-cp-Øn-bm¬ AXn\v P\-ßƒ ap≥ssIF-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv A`n{Ia-sa∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp \n›nX FÆw kΩXn-Zm-b-I¿ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂]£-amWv CXv sNtø-≠-Xv. P\-ßƒ°v Bh-i-y-ambn tXm∂p∂ \nb-aØns‚ ]q¿Æ-cq-]tam kw£n-]vX-cq-]tam \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bn¬ ka¿∏n-°mw. CXv ]m m-°m≥ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`bv°v _m[-y-X-bp-≠v. Cßs\ P\-ßƒ Xm¬∏-cy-saSpØv sIm≠phcp∂ Hcp \nbaw \nb-a-k` ]m m-°n-bn-s√-¶n¬ A¥n-a-Xo-cp-am-\-Øn\mbn kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I¿°v ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. kzn‰vk¿em‚n-epw Ata-cn-°-bnse (USA) Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Cu am¿§w {]tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ A]-N-bsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ {]Xy£P\m-[n-]-Xy-am¿§-ßƒ ^e-{]-Z-amtWm? C¥y-bnse P\m-[n-]Xy A\p-`-h-Øns‚ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v N¿®sN-øp. Ch-bn¬ GsXms° \ΩpsS cmPy-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amWv?

P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-coXn F∂ \ne-bn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa-∂m¬ thm´m-sW-∂pw `c-W-{I-a-amsW-∂pw AXns‚ ]cm-P-b-Øn\v DØ-c-hm-Zna‰p≈hcm-sW∂pap≈ Hcp [mcW Nne¿°v D≠v.

P\-ß-fpsS im‡o-I-c-Whpw hntam-N-\hp-amWv bYm¿∞ P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn-emWv C∂v \mw FØn \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ°v t\sc "D≠v' As√-¶n¬ "C√' F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI. 149

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I DØcw D≠v C√

{]kvXm-h\ 1.Fs‚ hnizm-k-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy- k v X - a mb Imcy- ß ƒ tIƒ°ptºmƒ F\n°v tZjyw hcm-dp-≠v. 2.Rm≥ B{K- l n- ° p∂ kwK- X n- I ƒ t\Sm≥ Rm≥ GXv hgnbpw kzoI-cn°pw. 3.Fs‚ FXn¿cm-jv{So-b-hn-izm-k-ap-≈hsc Rm≥ _lp-am-\n-°m-dn√. 4.Fs∂ hna¿in- ° p- h m≥ B¿°pw AhIm-i-an√. 5.a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°v Rm≥ Hcp hnebpw sImSp-°m-dn√. 6. Fs∂ X√n-bm¬ Rm\pw X√pw. 7.Fs‚ ]m¿´n- ° m- c psS ho´n¬ a‰v cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-°m¿ thm´v tNmZn-°m≥ hcp-∂Xv F\n-°n-jvS-a√.

F√m {]kvXm-h\-Iƒ°pw C√ F∂mWv DØ-csa-¶n¬ \nßƒ P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xnbmbn ioen-®-ncn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. P\m-[n-]-XysØ Fß-s\-bmWv Hcp Pohn-X-coXnbmbn am‰pI? $ -a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw BNm-c-ßtfmSpw kln-jvWpX ]pe¿ØpI

$ B{K-l-\n-h¿Øn-°mbn P\m-[n-]Xy am¿§ßƒ (icn-bmb am¿§-ßƒ) am{Xw kzoI-cn°p-I $ cmjv{So-b- {]h¿Ø\Ønepw Pohn-X-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv _lp-am\w ]pe¿Øp-I $ Xm≥ Dƒs∏sS F√m-hcpw hna¿i-\-hn-t[-bcm-sW∂v a\- n-em°n {]h¿Øn-°p-I $ a‰p-≈h - c - psS A`n-{]m-bsØ _lp-am-\n-°p-I $ \nb-a-hmgv® AwKo-I-cn-°pI. Hcp kml-N-cyØnepw \nbaw ssIbn-se-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°pI $ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw A`n-{]m-bsØbpw -cm-jv{Sob kzmX-{¥ysØbpw AwKo-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn°pI $ F√m hy‡n-I-tfbpw Xpey-cmbn ImWp-I. Npcp-°-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv kwkm-cn-°p-tºm-gpw kz¥w I¿Ω-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-tºm-gpw Blmcw Ign-°p-tºm-gpw hgn-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºm-gpw {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmgpw a‰m-cptSbpw kzmX-{¥y-tam P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-iß - tfm l\n-°p-∂n√ F∂v Dd-∏p-hc - p-Øp-I. ]uc-cpsS Cu Hcp ioe-Øn-eqsS am{Xta kpÿn-ca - mb P\m-[n]Xyw ]pe-cp-I-bp-≈p. \ΩpsS hm°n-epw Nn¥bnepw {]hr-Øn-bnepw P\m-[n-]Xyw kv^pcn-°W - w.

P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-Ip-hm≥ \nß-fn¬ hcp-tØ≠ am‰-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v hne-bn-cpØp.

P\m-[n-]Xyw C¥y-bn¬ C¥y-bn¬ 1950 P\p-hcn 26˛\v \ne-hn¬h∂ `cWL-S\ C¥y-sb Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy dn∏-ªn-°mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-{Iaw \ne\n¿Øp-hm-\p≈ hyh-ÿ- AXn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-®n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Xmsg -]-d-bp∂ P\m-[n-]-Xymi-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p: $ P\-ß-fm¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp cmjv{SØ-e-h\pw P\-ßsf ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ t{kmX- mbn IW-°m-°p∂ `c-W-{I-ahp-w 150

P\mP\m-[[n-] n-]Xyw Xyw

$ ]q¿Æ-ambpw kwc-£n-°-s∏´ auenImhImi-ßƒ $ kmaq-ly kmº-ØnI ka-Xzw Dd-∏p-\-evIp∂ \n¿t±-i-I-X-Ø-z-ßƒ $ kmaq-ln-Ihpw hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-]-c-hpambn ]m¿izh¬°-cn-°-s∏-´-h¿°p≈ {]tX-yI kwc-£W-ßƒ $ kpXm-cyhpw kz-X-{¥-hp-amb Xnc-s™-Sp-∏pIƒ $ \nb- a - h m- g v ® - b n¬ A[n- j v T n- X - a mb `c- W {]{Inb. Ch C¥-y≥ P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ Pohhm-bp-hmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.

C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]Xyw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ (Challenges of Indian Democracy) P\m- [ n- ] - X - y m- i b- ß ƒ \ΩpsS cmP- y Øv {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn°p- I - b mWv . F∂m¬ AXn\v hnLm- X - a mbn \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]-Xyhy-hÿ ]e sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v. \nc-£-c-X-bpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw sImSnIpØnhmgp∂ Hcp cmPyØv P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcn-°epw hnP-bn-°ns√∂pw temI- N - c n- { X- Ø nse Xs∂ G‰hpw henb NqXp- I - f n- b m- b n- c n°pw C¥y- b nse Xncs™-Sp-s∏∂pw ]e ]m›mXy \nco-£-Icpw IcpXn. P\- k w- J y- b psS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb P\m[n-]-Xy-cm-jv{S-amWv C¥y. \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy{]-{In-b-bn¬ ]e-hn-[ Db¿® Xmgv®Ifpw D≠mbn-´p-≠v. C¥y-bpsS ]e Ab¬cm-P-y-ß-fnepw P\m-[n-]-Xyw thcp-d-bv°msX \n∂-t∏mƒ kzmX{¥ym-\-¥cw Ct∂-hsc P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp `cW hy-h-ÿ-bmbn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ \ap°v Ign-™p.

F¶nepw Cu cwKØv \mw \nc-h[n sh√p-hn-fnIƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p. Ah Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim[n-°mw. kmaq-l-yhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ak-a-Xzw P\m-[n-]-XyØns‚ hnP-bØn\v kmaq-l-y kmºØnIka-Xzw Bhi-y-am-Wv. kmaq-ly Aka-X-zØn\v Imc-Ww aXw, PmXn, h¿§w, enwKw, hwiw F∂n- h - b psS t]cn- e p≈ hnth- N - \ - ß - f mWv . PmXnb-k-aq-l-am-Wv C∂pw C¥y-bn-ep-≈-Xv. kmaqly \oXn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ]e \S-]-Sn-Iƒ `c-WIqSw kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw ]q¿Æ-am-bn´pw kaXzw t\Sn- b n- ´ n- √ . C∂pw PmXn- b p- t Sbpw aXØnt‚bpw t]cn¬ `n∂-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. s]¨{`q-W-l-X-ybv°pw kv{Xo[-\sØ sNm√nbp≈ Ie-l-ßƒ°pw C∂pw ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-´n-√. kmº-ØnI cwKsØ Ak-a-Xzw ]q¿Æ-ambpw am‰phm≥ km[n-®n-´n-√. cmjv{S-kº-Øns‚ `qcn`m-Khpw GXm\pw t]cpsS ssIIfn-emWv. P\kw-J-y-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw {Kma-ßfn¬ hkn-°p∂-h-cpw Zcn-{Z-cpam-Wv. ]W-°m-c\pw ]mh-s∏-´h\pw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw Ipd™n´n-√; IqSn-bnt´- b p- ≈ q. Zmcn{Zyw \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ n- S - t Ømfw cmjv{Sob Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kz-X-{¥-ambn {]tbmKn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. \nc-£-cX (Illiteracy) ASn- ÿ m\hnZ- y m- ` - y mkw P\m- [ n- ] - X - y - Ø ns‚ i‡n-bmWv. C¥-y-bnse P\-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-Kw \nc-£-c-cm-Wv. CXpaqew `c-W-Øn¬ {Inbm-flI-ambn ]¶p-tN-cm≥ P\-ßƒ°v km[n°msX hcp-∂p. kmaq-l-y- cm-jv{Sob Ak-a-X-zØn\v CXv Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. \nb-a-ßƒ ]m m°n-bm¬ AXv \S-∏n-em-°m≥ P\-ß-fpsS klmbhpw kl- I - c - W hpw Bhiy- a m- W v . AXn\v Ah¿°v hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \¬I-Ww.

\nc-£c - Xm \n¿Ωm¿÷-\Ø - n-\mbn Kh¨sa‚pw k∂≤ kwL-S\ - I - fpw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ \nc-h[n ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn®p \S-∏m-°mdp-≠v. Ah P\m-[n-]-XysØ Fßs\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p? N¿® sNøp. h¿≤n®phcp∂ P\-kw-Jy 1950˛¬ C¥- y - b psS P\- k w- J y 36 tImSn- b mbncp∂p. C∂Xv \q‰n-bncp]Xv tImSnbmbn h¿≤n-

®p. P\-s∏-cp∏w C¥-y≥ kºZvLS-\sb XInSw adn°p-∂p. Zmcn-{Z-y-Øn-\pw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabv°pw Btcm- K - y - c £mkw_- ‘ - n bmb ]e {]iv \ 151

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

ßƒ°pw Hcp ImcWw P\-kw-Jym h¿≤-\-hmWv. h¿≤n®p hcp∂ P\-kw-Jy, t£a {]h¿Ø-\ß-fpsS e£ywt\Sm≥ XS- a - m-Ip-∂p. CXv kmºØnI Ak-aXzw XpS-cm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. P\kw-Jy \n-b-{¥n-°m≥ IpSpw-_-t£a ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ k¿°m¿ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw e£y-an´ t\´-w Cu cwKØv ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-´n-√.

cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-Iƒ PmXnsb Xmev°m-enI t\´ßƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. PmXn {Kq∏p-Iƒ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°m-dp-≠v. \Ωƒ CXp-hsc t\Sn-sb-SpØ kmaqly \∑-Ifpw aqey-ßfpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CXv CS-bm-°pw. tZio-b-Xm-ev]-c-y-ßƒ am‰n\n¿Øn P\-ßƒ XΩnep≈ Ie-l-Øn\v PmXo-bX Imc-W-am-hp-∂p.

{]mtZ-inI Ak-a-Xzw (Regional Imbalance)

Xo{h-hmZw

Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hf¿®bv°v kaXp-enX hnI-k\w Bh-i-y-amWv. Nne kwÿm-\ßƒ Ct∏mgpw hfsc ]n∂m°mh-ÿ-bn-emWv. Hdo- , _olm¿, ’m¿J- fi v , OØn- k v L ´v F∂nh DZm-l-c-Ww. AtXkabw alm-cm-jv{S, tKmh, ]©m_v, Xan-gv\m-Sv, tIcfw F∂nh hnIk\]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn® kwÿm-\-ß-fmbmWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Cu {]mtZ-inI Ak-a-Xzw ]e{]iv\-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn Xo{h-hmZw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v ISpØ sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øp-∂p. Xo{h-hmZw ]eX-c-Øn-ep-≠v. cmjv{So-b-hpw aX-]-chpw A¥m-cmjv{So-bhpamb Imc-W-ßƒ CXn-\p-≠v. Xo{h-hmZ kwL- S - \ - I - f psS {]h¿Ø\w \njv I f- ¶ - c mb P\ß-fpsS Poh≥ A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

`mjm-hmZw C¥y Hcp _lp-`mjmcmjv{S-am-Wv. C¥-y-bn¬ `mj-bpsS t]cnep≈ `n-∂X \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. ]e {]mtZinIcmjv{Sob I£n-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv `mj-bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn-emWv. ]e-t∏mgpw CXv cmjv{SobkwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn°p-∂p. P\ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hn`-P-\-Øn\pw A`n-{]mbhy-Xymk-Øn\pw CXv CSbm°p∂p. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw cmjv{S-Øn\v s]mXp-hmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn°m≥ CXpaqew km[n-°msX hcp-∂p. h¿§obX (Communalism) C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]Xyw t\cn-Sp∂ as‰mcp sh√phnfn h¿§o-b-X-bm-Wv. ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]e-t∏mgpw h¿§obkwL¿j-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. aX- ] - c - a mb `n∂n∏v P\- ß ƒ XΩn- e p≈ kulm¿Zw \in-∏n-°p-∂p. Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\Øn\v CXv XS- - a mIp- ∂ p. aX- k w- L - S - \ Iƒ cmjv { So- b - ] m¿´n- I - f mbn cq]m- ¥ - c - s ∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≠ v . h¿§ob el-fI - ƒ cmP-yØ - ns‚ AJ-fiXbv°pw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw `oj-W-nbm-hp-∂p. PmXo-bX PmXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ tNcn-Xn-cn-hpw C¥y-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. cmPysØ ]e-`mKß- f nepw PmXn- b psS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Xcw Xncnhpw Akz- ÿ - X - I fpw \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ p. 152

Zmcn-{Zy-hpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw aXm-‘Xbpw bphm-°sf CXn-te°v \bn-°p-∂Xn\v Imc-WamWv. Cu kwL-S-\-Iƒ Xpd∂ N¿®bvt°m HØpXo¿∏nt\m hcm-ØX - p-sIm≠v kaq-lØ - nse k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. `oI-cm-hÿ krjv S n- ° p- ∂ - X n- e p- ] cn P\- ß - f psS sskzc PohnXw XI¿°- s ∏- S p- ∂ p. `cWIqS- Ø ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\pw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw CXv {]iv\ßƒ D≠m-°p-Ibpw P\m-[n-]-Xy kwhn-[m-\sØ Xs∂ tNmZyw sNøp∂ Ahÿ krjvSn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. hnLS\-hmZw hnL-S-\-hmZw {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ kwL-S-\-Iƒ cmPyØns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. kao-]-ImeØv Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gdn-h-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWm-w. CXv cmP-y-Øns‚ AJ-fi-Xbv°pw `{ZXbv ° pw P\m- [ n- ] - X y kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø n\pw lm\n-I-c-amWv. C¥-y-bn¬ aWn-∏q¿, PΩp-˛-Imivao¿, \mK-mem‚ v, ant m-dmw, {Xn]pc F∂o ÿeß-fn¬ hnL-S-\-hmZ Bi-b-ßƒ hfcp∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

P\mP\m-[[n-] n-]Xyw Xyw

C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]Xyw sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂Xv P\m-[n-]Xyw th≠hn[-Øn¬ i‡ns∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-aq-e-at√? apI-fn¬ ]d™ Hmtcm sh√p-hn-fnbpw Cu ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ N¿® sNøp.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 1. 'A' bptSbpw 'B' bptSbpw A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p. Cu c≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-tfbpw ap≥\n¿Øn \nß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ ka¿∞n-°p-I. A. Bib-]-c-ambpw LS-\m-]-c-ambpw C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw ]q¿Æ-am-Wv. B. P\m[n]-Xym-i-b-ßƒ an°Xpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]mtbm-KnIam-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-™n-´n-√. 2.

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h Htckabw C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ i‡nbpw sh√p-hn-fn-bp-amWv˛ka¿∞n°p-I.

sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ

i‡n ˛

\nb-a-hmgv®

- ˛ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v

à {Inan-\¬ kwL-ßfpw `oI-c-kw-L-ßfpw à ]W- Ø n- t ‚bpw

˛

thm´-h-Imiw

à

˛

auen-Im-h-Imiw

à

˛

kzX-{¥-amb \oXn-\ymb hyhÿ

˛

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ

à à

am[y- a - ß - f p- t Sbpw

Zpkzm[o\w \nc-£-c-X, kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\X Ah-Im-i-\n-tj-[w, kmº-Øn-I-mk-a-Xz-ßƒ sNe-th-dn-b-Xpw, \oXn sshIp-∂-Xp-amb \oXn-\ym-b-hy-hÿ a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-ßƒ

3.

cm-jv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I-c-√m-Ø-hcpw F∂m¬ Ah-c-h-cpsS taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]mK¬`yw sXfn-bn-®-hcp-amb hnZ-Kv≤sc Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a¬k-cn-°msX Xs∂ ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ AwK-am-°p-hm≥ \ΩpsS cmPyØv kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠v. F¥mWv Cu kwhn-[m\w? ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ GXv k`-bn-te-°mWv Cßs\ AwK-ßsf \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. BcmWv Chsc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv? F{X-t]sc Cßs\ \nb-an-°mw? Cßs\ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ AwK-ß-fpsS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p.

4.

P\m-[n-]Xyw efn-X-am-Wv. ]s£ \n m-c-a-√. hfscb[nIw Bfpw A¿∞hpw th≠p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. $ $

5.

6.

Xnc-s™-Sp∏v sNehv˛ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ, Kh¨sa‚ v {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ apX¬ Fw.]n.am¿ hsc-bp≈ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS iº-fhpw a‰p B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ P\-]-¶m-fnØw IqSp-X¬ Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. Xt±-ikzb-w`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Cu A`n-{]mbw ]cntim-[n-°p-I. kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw Ipd-bv°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n- \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚ v hnhn[ \bßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Is≠-Øp. 153

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ

11

CXp icn- b mtWm? {]]- © - ß - f mb F√m {]]©-ß-sfbpw Pohn-I-fmb F√m Pohn-Isfbpw krjvSn® Cuiz-c≥ a\p-jy-h¿§sØ krjv S n- ® - X p- t ]mse ]mºp h¿§- s Øbpw krjvSn®p. ]mºv `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-If - n¬ Hcmfm-Wv. ChnsS kl-h¿Øn-Xz-amWv Bh-iyw. Cu XXzw AwKo- I - c n- t °- ≠ - X t√? ]s£ Iq´mbn Pohn-°m≥ H°ptam? hnjw! ISn-®m¬ acn°pw! tl k¿∏ta! \n\-°n-hnsS Ah-Im-i-an√. Fs‚ kz¥-amb ct≠-°¿ ]d-ºn¬ \n∂p \o £WØn¬ t]mIpI! ]s£ Ftßm-´p-t]mIpw? ASpØ ]d-ºp-If - n¬ sN∂m¬ DS-a-Iƒ D]-{Z-hn-°nt√? `qtKmfw Xs∂ H´-[n-I-`m-Khpw IjWw Ij-W-ambn Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿, AXm-bXv a\p-jy¿, Xodp-hm-ßn°-gn-™p. At∏mƒ ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ F¥psNøpw? Fhn-sS -t]mIpw? (`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ, ssh°w apl-Ω-Zv_-jo¿)

F√m Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw `qap-JØv Pohn-°p-hm\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂t√ apI-fn¬ sImSpØ Ipdn∏v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? a\p-jycpƒs∏sS F√m Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-≠v.

F¥mWv Ah-Im-i-ßƒ? Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS hy‡nXz hnIm-k-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw e`n-°p∂ Ah-kc - ß - f - mbn Ah-Im-iß - sf IW-°m-°mw. F√m PohPme154

a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ

p hnX® w ¥ c Zp qIºw ` ¬ n v nb X slb

tkmam-en-bb - n¬ ho≠pw ]´nWn acWw

]e-kvXo\n¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ°v t\sc anssk-em-{I-aWw

- m-[n-X¿: tcmK_ F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥w I IqSp-Xep p´n-Iƒ

ß-sfbpw t]mse a\p-jy¿°pw `qap-JØv Nne Ah-Im-iß - f - p-≠v. Pohn-°p-hm\pw hf-cp-hm-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-iw. temIØv ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sSbpw hwi-\mi`ojWn t\cn-Sp∂ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-W-Øn\mbn Ht´sd {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. CXp- t ]mse a\p- j y- c psS Poh\pw

Bkvt{S-en-bb - n¬ C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v t\sc B{I-aWw

kzØn\pw henb sh√p- h n- f n- I ƒ Db- c p- ∂ Xv Ft∏m-gmWv? bp≤-ß-fnepw a‰pw ssk\n-I¿ am{Xa√ kv{XoIfpw Ip´n-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS km[mcW P\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Zpcn-X-ßƒ ap≥ A[ymb-ß-fn¬ I≠n-t√. bp≤wt]mse a\p-jysc ZpcnX-Øn-em-gvØp∂ a‰v kml-N-cy-ßƒ Dt≠m? X∂n-cn-°p∂ Nne hm¿Øm- Nn{Xßƒ {i≤n°p.

$

hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ°pw kzkvY-ambn Pohn-°phm≥ Ah-Im-i-ant√?

˛

Ch¿°v Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-XmcmWv?

˛

Ch¿°v kzÿ-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ LSIßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? N¿® sNøp.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ `qap-JØv hnhn[ cmjv{So-b, kmaq-ln-I, kmºØnI, PmXn, aX ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈hcp-≠v. Ah¿ XΩn¬ \nc- h [n sshcp≤y- ß - f pw. Hmtcm hy‡n°pw Xt‚- X mb kml- N - c y- ß fn¬ A¥ p‰PohnXw \bn- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw A¿l- X bp≠v. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb PohnXkml-N-cy-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta AhcpsS a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibp≈p. Hmtcm hy‡n-°pw A¥-kp‰ PohnXw

\bn- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ auen- I hpw A\¿Lhpw Bcmepw A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-ImØXpamb P∑-kn-≤-amb Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv a\p-jym-h-Im-ißƒ. hy‡n-Iƒ°v kaq-l-Øn¬ am\y-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂X - n-\p-XI - p∂ Ah-Im-iß - f - mbn a\p-jymh- I m- i - ß sf IW°m- ° mw. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn kz¥w A`n-{]mbw \n¿`-b-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\pw ip≤-hm-bp, ip≤-Pew F∂nh e`n-°p-hm\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-iw. 155

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

a\p-jym-h-Imiw : \mƒh-gn-Iƒ am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-tØmfw ]g-°-ap≠v Ah-Im-ißƒ F∂ Bi-b-Øn-\v. a\p-jy≥ kmaq-lyPohnXw Bcw-`n® Imew-sXm´v kzmX-{¥y-t_m[w {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]IrXnhn`-h-ß-fn¬ Xpeym-hImiw D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. Ah \ntj-[n-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ AXn-s\-Xn-cmb t]mcm- ´ - ß ƒ \S- ∂ n- c n°mw. CXn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn® Hmtcm kµ¿`hpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpsS hf¿®-bnse ]S-hp-I-fm-Wv. Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kzmX- { ¥yhpw kw_- ‘ n®v Ata- c n- ° ≥ kzmX{¥y-ka - c - I - m-eØv Db¿∂p-h∂ Nn¥-Ic - psS hm°p-Iƒ t\m°p. ""`c-W-Iq-S-Øn\pw cmjv{SØn\pw Ahsb krjv S n- ° p- I bpw Ahbv ° v Iogn¬ Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\p-jy-cpsS Xm¬∏cy-ßƒ°-∏pdw Hcp e£y-hp-an-√.'' kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw sskzcyPohn-X-Øn\pw th≠n Ata-cn-°-bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-b-hsc tImf\n`cWØn-eqsS \nb-{¥n-°m≥ {_n´¨ {ian-®p. CXv tImf\nhmgvN-bn¬ \n∂p kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n°p-hm≥ Ata-cn-°-bnse tImf-\n-hm-kn-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®p. Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ^neU¬^n-

b-bn¬ ktΩ-fn-®v 1776 Pqembn¬ tImf-\n-IfpsS kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n-®p. Ata-cn-°-≥ tImf-\nhmkn-I-fpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-Im-i-ßfp- s Sbpw ÿm]n- s ®- S p- ° ¬ IqSn- b m- W v Cu kzmX{¥y {]Jym-]\w. CtXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v Atacn°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-If - n¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ `cWLS\ bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂pw IpSn-tb-dnb Atacn°°m-cpsS a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v ]cn-c£ \¬In. AtX \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂-bmWv {^©v hnπhhpw AXns‚ `mK-am-bp≈ a\p-jym-h-Imi{]Jym-]\hpw \S-∂-Xv. GIm-[n-]-Xn-bmb {^©v `c-Wm[n-Imcn eqbn ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥ {^©v ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXØpS¿∂v 1789˛¬ km[m- c W P\- ß - f psS t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ {^m≥knse tZiob Akwªn tN¿∂v a\p-jymhImi {]Jym-]\ - Ø - n\v cq]w \¬In. {^©v hnπhØns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bmbn h¿Øn® kzmX-{¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm- Z cyw F∂o Bi- b - ß ƒ a\pjykzmX{¥yw Dd-∏m-°p∂ `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ°v cq]w \evIm≥ temI-cm-jv{S-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z-\am-bn.

XpeyX Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø p- ∂ - X n\v {^©v hn]vf- h m- i - b - ß fpw Ata- c n- ° ≥ kzmX{¥y{]Jym]\hpw ]¶phln-®-Xmbn ImWmw. Ah Fs¥m-s°-bmsW∂v ]cntim-[n°p?

GIm- [ n- ] - X yhpw tkz—m- [ n- ] - X yhpw ASnt®¬∏n® `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn P\ßƒ \S-Ønb t]mcm-´-ßƒ Ah-cpsS Ah-Imi- ß ƒ kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v klm- b - I am- b n. CXn\v as‰m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv djy≥ hnπ-hw. hni°p- ∂ - h \v Blm- c w, Irjn- ` qan I¿j- I \v XpSßnb ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ hnπ-hm-\-¥cw A[nIm-c-Øn¬h∂ tkmjy-enÃv `c-W-IqSw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. km¿ N{I-h¿Øn-amcpsS GIm-[n-]Xy`c-W-Øn\v ]Icw P\-ßƒ°v

]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ tkmjy-enÃv `c-W-{I-a-Øn-te°v djy amdn. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°pIbpw sNbvXp. `c-Wm-[n-Imcw ssZh-Z-Ø-am-sW∂ hmZ-Øn-s\Xnsc AXv a\p-tjy-—bn¬ A[n-jvTnXamsW∂p {]Jym-]n-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ temIØv {]Nmcw t\Sn. a\p-jym-h-Imik¶¬∏-ßƒ°v hnØp]mIm≥ tXmakv tlm_vkv, tPm¨ tem°v, dqtkm XpS-ßn-b- Zm¿i-\nI-cpsS Nn¥-Iƒ {]tNmZ\hpw \¬In.

$ ta¬ ]d™ ka-cß - fpw hnπhßfpw a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - f - psS kwc-£W - sØ F{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. N¿®- sNøp. 156

a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ

sskdkv

P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, tkmjy-en-kw, dn∏ªn°v F∂o Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒt®¿Øn-cn-°p∂Xpw C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ `c-W-LS\ ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xpw ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ th≠n-bm-Wv.

km¿∆-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym]\w (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

2500 h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv t]¿jy-bnse N{Ih¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ sskdkv Xs‚ P\-Xsb A¤p- X - s ∏- S p- Ø n- s °m≠v Hcp {]Jym- ] \w \SØp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ASn-a-Øhpw ASn-a-°-®-hShpw \ne\n∂n-cp∂ t]¿jy-bn¬ ASn-a-I-sfsb-√mw tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbpw kzX-{¥-cmbn Pohn-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xmbpw {]Jym]n®p. CXpt]mse a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ At±-lØ - ns‚ {]Jym-]\ßƒ a±fØns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp Ifn-a¨ knen≠-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn Ipgn-®n-´n-cp-∂p. CXv ]pcmhkvXp Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXnse {]Xn-]m-Zyßƒ sskd- ns‚ a\p-jymh-Imißtfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-]Øn sXfn-bn-°p-∂hbmWv.

sImSnb {Iqc-X-Ifpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\ßfpw \S∂ temI-bp-≤-ßƒ a\p-jym-h-Im-ißsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hmbn. C‰- e n- b nse ^mjn- Ã v , P¿Ω- \ n- b nse \mkn XpSßnb tkz—m-[n-]Xy`c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ {]mIr-Xamb \c-l-Xy-I-fmWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. ASn-t®¬∏n°-s∏´ bp≤-ß-fn¬ a\p-jy-Po-h\v bmsXmcp hnebpw Iev]n-°-s∏-´n-√. bp≤-_m-[n-X¿ \c-Ibm-X\ A\p-`-hn-t°≠nh∂ Ncn-{Xhpw \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ temIkam-[m-\hpw kpc-£bpw e£y-am-°nbpw C\n-sbmcp bp≤w D≠m-hp-∂Xp XS-bp-∂-Xn-\pwth≠n sFIy-cm-jv{S-kwL-S\ cq]w sIm≠p. a\p-jym-hI - mik¶¬∏-Øn\v sFIy-cm-jv{S-kwLS\bpsS cq]o-I-cWw DtØ-P-\-ta-In. bp.F≥. cq]o-Ic - W thf-bn¬Øs∂ kam-[m-\] - q¿Æ-amb a\p-jy-Po-hnXkml-Ncyw Hcp {][m\ hnj-bambn. c≠mwtemI- b p- ≤ - Ø n\v tijhpw F√m`cW-Iq-S-ßfpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏´ncp-∂n-√. ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw a\p-jym-h-Imi[zwk\-ßƒ A\p-kyqXw XpS¿∂p. CXpw sFIy-cmjv{S-k-`sb a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.

{_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Im-eØv P\-ßsf `n∂n-∏n®v \n¿Øp∂ PmXn˛aX˛{]mtZ- i nINn¥- I ƒ°v FXncmbn P\-ßsf H∂n-∏n®v \n¿Øm≥ tZiob{]- ÿ m- \ - Ø n\v Ign- ™ n- c p- ∂ p. C¥y- b nse P\ßfpsS cmjv{So-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb kzmX{¥yw tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w D∂-bn-°p-I-bp≠mbn. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw \ne-hn¬h∂ `c-WL-S-\-bn¬ Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂-Xmbn ImWmw. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬ 157

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Unkw-_¿ 10 km¿∆-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Zn\w 1948 Unkw-_¿ 10˛\v sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` "km¿∆ tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]\w' \S-Øn. a\p-jys‚ auenI kzmX-{¥yhpw Ah-Im-iß-fp-a-S-ßn-b-XmWv Cu {]Jym-]-\w. C∂pw Unkw-_¿ 10 km¿∆tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi Zn\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {]Jym]\{]Imcw PmXn, aXw, hwiw, `mj, ]uc- X zw, hnizm- k w, kwkv I m- c w, IpSpw- _ w, kv{Xo˛]pcpj t`Zw XpSßn bmsXmcp Xc-Ønepap≈ hnth-N-\hpw IqSmsX PohnXw \bn-°p-

hm- \ p≈ A¿lX a\p- j y- h ¿§- Ø nse F√mh¿°p-ap-≠v. AXn\p-th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m≈m≥ temI-cm-Py-ß-tfmSv bp.F≥. \n¿t±in°p∂p. km¿∆tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi{]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ BapJw {i≤n-°p. ""F√m a\p-jycpw kzX-{¥-cmbn P\n-°p-Ibpw ]Z- h n- b nepw Ah- I m- i - ß - f nepw XpeyX ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah¿ _p≤nbpw a\ m- £ nbpwsIm≠v A\p- K r- l o- X cpw ]ckv]ckmtlm-Zcyw ]pe¿Øm≥ \n¿_-‘nX-cp-am-Wv.''

apºv \mw ]Tn® hnπ-h-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw \¬Inb Bi-b-ßƒ apI-fn¬ sImSpØ km¿∆-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ Bap-J- {]Jym-]-\Øn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøp.

km¿∆-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Nne Ah-Im-i-ßƒ: $ kzmX- { ¥ytØmsS Pohn- ° m- \ pw hy‡nkpc£n- X Xzw A\p- ` - h n- ° p- h m- \ p- a p≈ AhImiw. $ ASn-aØØn¬\n∂p≈ tamN\w. $ \nb- a - Ø ns‚ ap∂n¬ Xpey- X bpw Xpey\nba]-cn-c£bpw. $ tkz—m-]-c-amb Ad-Ãnt\m XS-¶-ent\m \mSpI-S-Ø-ent\m Bscbpw hnt[-b-cm-°-cp-Xv. $ Ip‰-IrXyw \nb-a-]-c-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂Xp-hsc \nc-]-cm-[n-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏Sm\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. $ cmPy-sØ-hn-sSbpw k©-cn-°m\pw ]m¿°m\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-iw. $ kz¥w cmPysØ Kh¨sa‚n¬ t\cnt´m {]mXn-\n[ycq]-Øntem ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

158

$ {]mb- ] q¿Øn- b mbh¿°v hnhm- l Ønte¿s∏Sm\pw IpSpw_w ÿm]n-°p-hm-\pap≈ Ah-Im-iw. $ X\n®pw Iq´mbpw kzØv kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. $ A`n-{]m-b-Øn\pw Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw. $ Xpey-tPm-en°v Xpey-th-X\w. $ amXr-Xzw, ssiihw Chbv°v {]tXyI kwc£-Whpw klm-bhpw. $ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. km¿∆-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Im-i-{]-Jym-]\w a\pjym-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ø-d-bmbmWv IW-°m-°s∏Sp-∂-Xv. CXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘ambn 1966˛se knhn¬˛cmjv{So- b - h - I m- i ßsf°pdn®pw kmaq-ln-I˛- k - m-ºØ - n-I˛- k - mw-kvImcnI Ah-Im-i-ßsf°pdn-®pw temI-cm-Py-ßƒ tN¿∂p≈ DS-º-Sn-Ifpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-{]-Jym-]\w sIm≠p-am{Xw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Pohn-X-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw P\-ßƒ°v Dd-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bptam? AXn-\mbn as‰-s¥√mw Imcyß-fmWv th≠n hcnI? hni-I-e\w sNøp.

Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-ißƒ

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-ltØmSpw Cu {]Jym-]\w Blzm\w sNbvXp.

Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ NneXv $ Ip´n-I-fpsS hy‡nXzkwc-£Ww $ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂p th¿s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m\p≈ Ah-Imiw $ BtcmKyØn\p≈ Ah-Imiw $ hnth-N-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p-≈ kwc-£Ww $ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw $ ab°pacp∂v t]mep≈ lm\n-I-c-amb hkvXp°-fn¬\n∂p≈ kwc-£Ww Nn{Xw {i≤n-°p. Ch¿°pw Ah-Im-i-ß-fnt√? CØcw Zriyßƒ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ Db¿Øp∂p. $ Ip´n-I-fmWv a\p-jym-h-ImiewL-\-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂Xv F∂v \nßƒ IcpXp∂pt≠m? $ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw {]tXy-I-ambn Ah-Im-i-ß-fpt≠m? a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p hyXykv X - a mbn F¥n- \ mWv Ch¿°v {]tXyI AhIm-i-ßƒ? $ Zmcn{Zyw a\p- j ym- h - I mi\ntj- [ - Ø n\v ImcWamIp-∂pt≠m? CØcw \nc-h[n tNmZy-ß-fp-sSbpw N¿®IfpsSbpw `mK-ambn \nc-h[n ]pXnb Nn¥-Iƒ temIsa-ºmSpw D≠m-bn. CXn-s‚-sbms° `mK-ambn a\pjymh-Imi{]Jym-]-\-Øn-s‚bpw DS-ºSnIfpsSbpw XpS¿®-bmbn A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-e-Øn¬ Ip´nI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf kw_-‘n® Iogvhg°ßƒ sFIy- c m- j v { S- k - ` - b psS t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn (Convention on the Right of the Child). 1989 \hw-_¿ 20˛\v Ip´n-IfpsS Ah-Imi{]Jym-]-\-Øn-eqsS temI-Ønse `c-W-Iq-S-ß-tfmSv Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd∏v hcp-Øp-hm≥ bp.F≥. \n¿t±in-®p. inip-hn\v hm’-eyw, kzmX-{¥yw, kam-[m-\w, ka-`m-h-\, klm-\p-`qXn F∂n-h-bn-eq∂n hy‡n-Xz-hn-Imkw

C¥y-bnepw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n°p- ∂ - X n- \ m- b p≈ \nb- a - ß ƒ D≠m- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\ Xs∂ CØcw Ah-Im-ißƒ Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂nt√? CXns‚ `mK-ambn D≠mb Nne \nb-a-ß-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂Xv. a‰p-≈h Is≠-Øp. $ hnZym-`ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw $ _me-the \ntcm-[-\-\n-baw $ 159

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I o

acp∂pw NnIn-’bpw e`n-°msX \h-PmX inip acn®p

o

]{¥≠v hb- p- I m- c s\ c£n- X m- ° ƒ kvIqfn-e-bbv-°msX Xos∏-´n-°-º-\n-bn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°m-\-bbv-°p∂p

o

tlmwh¿°v ]q¿Øn- b m- ° mØ Ip´nsb A[ym-]nI {Iqc-ambn in£n®p

o

ho´p- t h- e bv ° v \n∂ _mes\ tamj- W Ip‰am-tcm-]n®v t]meokv a¿±n®p

o

AΩ-sØm-´n-en¬ Dt]-£n-°-s∏Sp∂ Ip´nI-fpsS FÆw IqSp∂p

$ apI- f n¬ sImSpØ kw`- h - ß ƒ hmbn- ® pht√m? Ch-bn¬ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-ßƒ \S-∂n-´pt≠m? $ Hmtcm kµ¿`-Ønepw GsX√mw Ah-Im-iß-fmWv ewLn-°-s∏-´Xv?

t\cn- t S≠nhcp∂ hnth- N - \ - ß ƒ, bm{X- ° n- S bnepw s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcp∂ D]-{Z-h-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw kv{XoI-ƒ t\cnSp∂ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-at√? sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` kv{Xohn-th-N\w Ah-km-\n-∏n°m≥ kv { Xoa- l Xzw hnfw- _ cw sNøp- I bpw I¿Ω]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´p-≠v. 1979˛se bp.F≥. DS-º-Sn-bn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂h `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fpsS IS-a-I-fmbn ]d-bp-∂p: $ kv{Xo]p-cpjXpeyX e`y-am-°pI. $ `c-W-IqSw kv{XoI-tfmSv bmsXmcp hnth-N\hpw ImWn-°-mXn-cn-°pI. $ hy‡n- b pw kwL- S - \ - I - f pw ÿm]- \ hpw kv { XoI- t fmSv bmsXmcp hnth- N - \ - Ø n\pw apXncn-s√∂v Dd-∏m-°pI.

$ Bscm- s °- b mWv Cu Ah- I m- i - e w- L - \ ßƒ°v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ?

$ hnth-N-\-]-c-amb \nb-a-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]cn- j v ° - c n- ° p- I tbm Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ° m≥ \S]Sn-sb-Sp-°p-Itbm sNøp-I.

$ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd-∏n-°m≥ AXXv cwKØv \S]-Sn-I-fnt√? Ah Fs¥√mw?

$ kv{Xohn-th-N-\-]-c-amb F√m \nb-a-ßfpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.

$ CØcw Ah-Im-i-ew-L-\-ßƒ XS-bm≥ \aps°¥v sNøm≥ Ignbpw? \n¿t±- i - ß ƒ Xømdm°p.

kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS {]Jym-]-\-Øn-\-\p-kr-Xambn C¥y-bn¬ \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw \S]Sn-Iƒ FSp-°pIbpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Ahbn¬ Nne-XmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv:

\ΩpsS kaq-lØ - n¬ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb-√m-amWv?

$ Km¿lnI]oU-\Øn¬ \n∂pw kv{XoIƒ°v kwc- £ Ww \¬Ip∂- \nb- a w˛ 2005

kv{XoI-tfm-Sp≈ Ah-K-W-\, ho´n¬ `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, a‰v Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ F∂nh e`n°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ hnth-N-\w, tPmen-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

(Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act-2005)

$ sXmgn-en-S-ß-fn¬ kwc-£-Ww

kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-cmb hnth-N-\-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xn\v kmaqly ImgvN-∏mSpIƒ ImcW-am-Ip-∂p-t≠m? N¿® sNøp. \nßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw CXp-t]m-ep≈ Zriy-ßƒ ImWm-dp-≠m-Imw. $ hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv Ch¿°v kwc-£-Whpw B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw Bh-iy-at√? $ CXpw a\p-jym-h-Im-ißfpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂-Xt√? hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv hy‡n-Iƒ°v kwc-£-Whpw {]tXyIB\p- I q- e y- ß fpw a\p- j ym- h - I m- i 160

a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ

ßsf∂ \ne- b n¬ hn`m- h \w sNøp- ∂ p- ≠ v . \ΩpsS \m´nepw CXp-d-∏m-°m≥ \nb-a-ßfpw \S]Sn-I-fp-ap-≠v. $ \ΩpsS \m´n-¬ CXn\m-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Fs¥m- s °- b mWv ? Is≠- Ø n Ah- b psS ^e{]m]vXn F{X-bp-s≠∂v N¿® sNøp.

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Ah-Im-ißƒ ap≥¢m- p- I - f n¬ N¿® sNbv X n- c p- ∂ Xv Hm¿°p-∂pt≠m? Fs¥√mw A-h-Imi-ß-fmWv `c-W-L-S\ hy‡nIƒ°pw ]uc¿°pw Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂Xv?

Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jv{Sob ]›m-Ø-ehpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn kam-\-X-I-fp-ap≈ cmjv{S-ßƒ tN¿∂v a\p-jym-h-Imikwc-£-W-Øn\v taJ-em-X-e-Ønep≈ DS-º-Sn-Iƒ D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CØ-c-Ønep≈XmWv bqtdm-] y≥ bqWn-b -\ nse AwK- cm- P y- ßƒ tN¿∂v \S-Ønb bqtdm]y≥ a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym]\w (European Convention on Human Rights). h[-in£ \n¿Ø-em-°p∂ hyh-ÿ-bpw bqtdm-∏n¬ FØp∂ hntZ-io-b-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd∏v hcp-Øp-∂Xpw Cu {]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. B{^n-°-bn-epw Ata-cn-°-bnepw CØ-c-Øn¬ taJ-em-Xe a\p-jy-mhImi {]Jym-]-\-ß-fp-≠v.

hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc Zo¿LImew \S-Ønb t]mcm-´hpw tImf\n-hm-gv®-bpsS Zpcn-Xhpw t\cn-´-\p-`hn-®-h-cm-Wt√m C¥y-°m¿. sFIycm-jv{S-k-`bn¬ km¿∆tZ-iob a\pjym- h - I mi {]Jym- ] - \ - Ø n- \ mbn \ne-sIm≈m≥ C¥ysb t{]cn-∏n®Xv \ΩpsS km{am-PyXz A\p-`-hß-fm-Imw. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-I-XXz-ßfpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-bmWv.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ D≈ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-Wv? sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS {]Jym-]-\-Ønse a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn auenImh-Im-i-ßƒ°pw \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ°pw _‘-apt≠m? N¿® sNbvXv Is≠Øp. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf√mw auen-Im-h-Im-i-amtWm? \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bnse ]uc-Xz-Øn-\p≈ AhIm-iw, thm´-h-Imiw F∂nh auen-Im-h-Im-iØn¬s∏Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. F∂m¬ Ch Ah-Im-iß-fmbn `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p. F√m auenIm-hI - m-iß - fpw a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ Xs∂-bmWv. F∂m¬ F√m a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sfbpw auenIm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-´n√. a\pjym-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°mƒ hym]vXn-bp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn ip≤-Pee`y-X, ip≤-hm-bp, aen-\-am-ImØ Np‰p-]mSv F∂nh a\pjym-h-Im-i-ß-fm-bmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Chbpw `c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn¬ {]tXy-I-ambn ]d-bp-∂n√.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ˛C∂sØ Ahÿ hnhn-[-X-e-ß-fn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏´ Nne hm¿ØI-fpsS Npcp°w t\m°p.

Bßvkm-ßv kqNn

aym≥am- d n¬ kzmX- { ¥y- Ø n\pw P\m- [ n]XyAh-Im-i-ßƒ°pw- th≠n \S-°p∂ kac- ß ƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip- ∂ P\- I ob t\XmhmWv Bßv kmßv kqNn. Chsc ]´mf`- c - W - I qSw h¿j- ß tfmfw ho´p- X - S - ¶ - e nem°nbn-cp∂p. 2010˛¬ Chsc Xm¬°m-en-Iambn tamNn-∏n-®p. 161

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

In¿Jn-ÿm-\n¬ hwio-b-I-em]w ]gb tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ XI¿∂-t∏mƒ DS-se-SpØ ]pXnb cmjv{SamWv In¿Jn-ÿm≥. Ahn-SsØ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Zp¿`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc P\-ßƒ {]t£m`w \S-Øp-Ibpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnsb ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp (2010). F∂m¬ `qcn-]£ P\-hn-`m-K-amb In¿KpIƒ \yq\-]-£amb Dkvs_-°p-Iƒ°v t\sc A{Iaw Agn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw hwi-lXy \SØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

\¿ΩZ _®mthm Bt¥m-f≥

Ctdmw jm\p j¿anf

\¿ΩZm \Zn- b n¬ k¿Zm¿ ktcm-h¿ ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°ptºmƒ ]c-º-cm-KXsØmgn-ente¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ BZn-hm-knI-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ P\-hn-`m-Kßƒ ]ngp- s X- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. P\ß- f psS hmk- ÿ - e - w , sXmgn¬, Irjn-`q-an, h\w, Pew F∂n-h kwc£n-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v ta[m-]-SvI-dpsS t\XrXz- Ø n¬ Ahn- S sØ P\- ß ƒ {]t£m`w \SØp-I-bm-Wv.

aWn-∏q-cn¬ hnL-S-\-hm-Zn-IfpsS {]h¿Ø\w h¿≤n®XpsIm≠v ]´m- f - Ø ns‚ {]tXy- I m- [ n- I mc \nbaw (AFSPA) {]Imcw Bscbpw shSn-h-®p-sIm-√m\pw hmd‚ v C√msX AdÃv sNøm\pw GXv sI´n-Shpw CSn®p\nc-Øm\pw A[n-Im-cap≠v. Cu \nbaw hnth-N\cln-X-ambn {]tbmKn- ° p- ∂ - X ns\Xnsc {]ikv X a\p- j ym- h Imi{]h¿Ø-I-bmb Ctdmw jm\p j¿Ωnf ]Øp h¿j-°m-e-ambn \ncm-lmc kacØn emWv.

$ ka-Im-enItemIw Gsd N¿® sNbvX Nne hm¿Ø-I-fmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv. Cu hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-ß-ƒ ImWm-\m-Iptam? GsXms° Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´Xv? BcmWv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-®Xv? ]cn-tim-[n-°p. hnI-k\ - Ø - n-\mbn `qan Gs‰-Sp-°p-tºmƒ IpSn-sbmgn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v e`n-t°-≠p∂ Nne Ah-Imi-ß-fnt√? kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-\-∑bv-°mbn CØ- c - Ø n¬ IpSn- s bm- g n- ∏ n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - h - c psS Fs¥√mw Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv? \¿ΩZm kwc-£W ka-c-Øns‚ hm¿ØbpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp. hnI-k\w ]e-t∏mgpw kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp hn`m-KØns‚ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Smdp≠v. `qcn-]£-Øns‚ t\´w ap≥\n¿Øn Cßs\ \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xns‚ A\p- ` - h - ß ƒ \nß- f psS {]tZ- i - Ø papt≠m? Fs¥m- s °bmWh? AØ- c - Ø n¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-h-sb√mw a\p-jym-h-Imi {]iv\-ßƒ Xs∂-bmtWm? ]cn-tim-[n-°p. 162

tkh\kwhn[m\ßƒ, ]´m- f w, t]meo- k v , {]mtZinI`c-W-Iq-Sw, hnZym-ebw XpSßn ]eCSØpw a\p-jys‚ Ah-Im-i\ - n-tj-[ß - ƒ \S°p∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. auen-Im-hImißfmWv \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´-sX-¶n¬ ]uc-∑m¿°v tImSXnsb kao- ] n- ° m- \ p≈ Ah- k - c - a p- s ≠∂v \nßƒ°-dn-bmat√m. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ ewLn°-s∏-´mtem? Ah Fßs\bmWv kwc-£n-°s∏-SpI? N¿® sNøp.

a\p-jym-h-Imi°Ωo-j≥ 1993˛¬ a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cpØm≥ C¥y-bn¬ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-kw-c-£W \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CX\p-kcn®v a\p-jym-hIm- i - ß ƒ°v kwc- £ Ww Dd- ∏ m- ° m≥

a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ

tZiob˛kw-ÿm-\X - e a\p-jym-hI - mi°Ωo-j\ - pIƒ°v cq]w \¬In.

tZiob a\p-jym-hI - m-i°-Ωo-j≥

GXv taJ- e - b nse {]iv \ - ß - f n- e mWv \ap°v a\pjym- h - I mi IΩo- j s\ kao- ] n- ° p- h m≥ IgnbpI? IΩo-js‚ A[n-Im-c-ßfn¬ NneXv t\m°p: $ ]ucm-h-Im-i-kw-c-£Ww. $ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-amb \nb-a-ßfpsS ]p\-c-h-tem-I-\w. $ `c-W-\n¿∆-l-W-cw-KsØ ]cn-jv°-c-W-ßƒ. $ XS-h-d-I-fnse AXn-{I-a-ßƒ XS-b¬.

PÃokv sI.Pn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

tZioba\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j-\n¬ Hc-≤y£\pw \mew- K - ß - f p- a m- W p- ≈ - X v . Chsc IqSmsX tZiob \yq\-]£ IΩo-j≥, tZiob ]´n-I-PmXn IΩo-j≥, ]´n-I-h¿§- I-Ωo-j≥, tZiob h\n- X m- I- Ω o- j ≥ F∂n- h - b psS sNb¿t]gvk¨amcpw CXn¬ A\u-tZym-KnI AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ No^v PÃokm-bn-cp∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cn°pw IΩo-js‚ sNb¿t]-gvk¨.

$ ]´n- I - P m- X n- ˛ - ] - ´ n- I - h ¿§ hn`m- K - ß - f psS a\pjym-h-Imi \ntj-[-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°¬. $ h\n-X-I-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-ikwc-£-Ww.

kwÿm\ a\p-jym-hI - mi°Ωo-j≥ tZiobXe-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse kwÿm-\Øpw a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn IΩo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. sNb¿t]-gvk-\pw -c≠w-Kßfpa- S - ß n- b - X mWv kwÿm\ a\p- j ym- h Imi°Ωo-j≥. hnc-an® sslt°m-SXn No^v PÃo-km-bn-cn°pw CXns‚ sNb¿t]-gvk¨.

kao-]-Im-eØv a\p-jym-h-Imi°Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ CS-s]´ GsX-¶nepw {]iv\ßfpsS hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNøp.

a\p-jym-h-Im-ihpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw a\p-jym-h-Imikwc-£-W-Øn\v k∂≤kwL-S\-Iƒ°v \n¿Æm-b-I-]¶v hln-°m≥ Ign-bpw. ]e taJ-e-I-fn-ep-ap≈ a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-ßƒ \nco-£n-°p-hm\pw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠phcm\pw Ch¿ {ian-°p-∂p. a\p-jymh-Im-i-ßƒ bmYm¿∞y-am-°m-\p≈ ]cn- ] m- S n- I ƒ t]mjn- ∏ n- ° p- h m≥ CØcw kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v Ign-bpw. Ah- I miewL- \ - ß ƒ XS- b m≥ `cW-Iq-S-ßsf Cu kwL-S-\-Iƒ klm- b n- ° p- ∂ p. hnI- k - \ - Ø ns‚ `mKambn \S-°p∂ IpSn- s bm- g n- ∏ n°¬, aen\o-IcWw XpS-ßnb

s]mXp- { ]- i v \ - ß - f n¬ CØcw kwLS\- I ƒ {]t£m-`-ßƒ \S-Øm-dp≠v. lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv hm®v, Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-jW - ¬, t•m_¬ hm-®v, Ata-cn-° h - m-®v, Gjym- hm-®v, B{^n° hm®v XpS- ß n- b h A¥¿t±- i o- b XeØn¬ {]ikv X n t\Snb a\p- j ymhImikwLS-\-I-fm-Wv. $ ]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ knhn¬ en_¿´okv (PUCL) $ ]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ Utam-{Im-‰nIv ssd‰vkv $ kn‰n-k¨ t^m¿ sUtam-{Ikn $ ]o∏nƒkv Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ tkmjy¬ PÃokv XpS-ßn-bh tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂ a\p- j ym- h - I mikwL- S - \ - I - f m- W v . {]mtZ- i n- I 163

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

XeØnepw CØcw kwL-S-\-Itfm kwL-S-\-IfpsS imJ-Itfm {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. GsXms°? At\z-jn-°p.

apI-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw Hcp {]t£m`-Øns‚XmWv. {]t£m-`-ßƒ \S-Øm-\p≈ AhImiw Hcp a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw? N¿® sNøp.

D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-Imiw \nßtfm IpSpw-_-mw-K-ßtfm IS-I-fn¬ t]mbn km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS Afhpw Xq°hpw {i≤n-°m-dpt≠m? km[-\-ß-fp-sS Ihdn-\p-]p-dØv Iº\n Cu hI Imcy-ßƒ {]Z¿in∏n-°m-dp-≠v. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb hne-bmWv Ah¿ CuSm-°p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-X-\p-kcn® KpWßƒ hmßnb km[-\-Øn\pw tkh-\Øn\pw e`n-°mØ Ah-k-c-ßfpw D≠v. AØcw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sm\pw \n›n-X-Kp-Wap≈ hkvXpthm tkh\tam D]t`m‡m-hn\v e`n-

°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-Im-i-apt≠m? CXv ÿm]n-s®-Sp°m≥ F¥mWv sNøm≥ Ign-bpI? D]-t`m-‡mhv hne sImSpØp hmßp∂ km[-\ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw KpWw, Af-hv, Xq°w F∂nh icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ Ah-Im-i-amWv D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ AhImiw. Pn√m-XeØn¬ D]-t`m‡r X¿°]cn-lmc thZnIfpw kwÿm\Xe- Ø nepw tZiobXeØnepw D]- t `m‡r X¿°]cn- l mc IΩoj\pIfpw Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-s®Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.

D]-t`m‡r Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v GsX√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv D]t`m‡rX¿°]cn-lm-c-t^mdw CS-s∏´v ]cn-l-cn-°p-I. hnh-c-ßƒ tiJcn®p N¿® sNøp.

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, IS-a-Iƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-Ip∂nSØv \n∂v a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p∂p F∂v ]d-bmw. a\pjymh-Im-i-ßƒ hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. F√m Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°pw A\p_-‘-ambn IS-a-I-fp-ap-≠v. Hcm-fpsS Ah-Imiw km[y-am-°pI F∂Xv a‰p-≈h-cpsS Npa-X-ebmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcmƒ°v Bi-b-{]-N-cW-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ a‰p≈-h¿ AXn-\p≈ Ah-kcw XS-bc - pXv F∂¿∞w. 164

a\p-jym-h-Imißƒ Aew-L-\o-b-am-sW-¶nepw A\n-b{- ¥n-X-a-√. Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-lhpw Nne \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tØ≠Xp-≠v. AØcw \nb-{¥-W-ßsf IS-a-I-fmbn ]cnK-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv kaq-l-Øns‚ aqeyt_m- [ - Ø n¬ A[n- j v T n- X - a m- W v . A\y- c psS a\pjym-h-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ am{X-amWv a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hmZw ^e-h-Øm-Ip-∂-Xv. P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw IS-aI - fpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]´n-Ib - mWv Xmsg sImSpØ-n´p≈Xv. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p.

a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - ƒ

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

IS-a-Iƒ

$

kwkmc kzmX{¥yw

$

$

thm´p- sN-øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

$

$

{]N-c-W-ßƒ \S-ØpI

$

$ $

$ kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw AwK-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw

a‰p≈-h-cpsS kwkmc kzmX{¥yw A\phZn-°p-I

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°pI

$

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ChnsS sImSpØ Nn{Xw {i≤n-°p. AΩbpw Ip´nbpw \ntXy\ th≠ Pew Zqsc Zn°n¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn®v aS-ßp-I-bm-Wv. $ CsXmcp a\p-jym-h-Imi {]iv\ambn ImWm-\m-hptam? $ F¥m-Wn-Xnse a\p-jym-h-ImiewL\w? \nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw ka¿∞n-°p-I. $ Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sS-bpw Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw Ah-Im-i-ew-L-\ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kµ¿`ßfpw ]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ I≠p-ht√m. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fpsSbpw Ah-Im-i-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn l\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? CXv Ah-Im-i-ß-ƒ \n¿∆-Nn-®-Xnse ]cn-an-Xn-bmtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v Ah¿°v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°m≥ kaq-l-Øn\v Ign-bp-∂n-√. C°mcyw ¢mkn¬ N¿®-sNbvXv, Hcp skan-\m¿ kwLSn-∏n-°p. $ km¿∆-tZ-iob a\p-jym-hI - mi Zn\-tØm-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v a\p-jym-hI - m-iß - f - psS {]k-‡n-sb-°pdn®v Hcp {]`m-jWw \S-Øm≥ \nßsf £Wn°pI-bm-Wv. Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv \nß-fpsS {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°pI? Hcp {]kw-K-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. $ temIkaqlw Gsd ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n® C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bnepw a\p-jym-h-ImiewL-\ßƒ hym]-I-am-hp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? AXmXp cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂ \nb-a-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vXX - , s]mXp t_m[-h¬°-cW - Ø - ns‚ A`m-hw, kaq-lØ - n-se Iogvhg-°ß - ƒ F∂nh CXn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂pt≠m? as‰s¥√mw Imc-W-ß-fmWv Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpI? Ipdn∏v Xømdm°p-I. $ a\pjym-h-Imikwc-£-WsØ∏‰n N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ CXn-s\ -a-d-bm°n a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-Khpw Nne¿ \S-Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fßs\ XSbmw? Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n°p. $ Ct∏mgsØ kwÿm\ a\p-jym-h-Imi°Ωo-j≥ sNb¿am≥ BcmWv? IΩo-j≥ CS-s]´ Hcp {]iv\w Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. 165

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

12

Fs¥√mw Zpcn-X-ßfpw Zpc-¥-ß-fp-amWv a\p-jy-cm-in°v t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂-Xv! bp≤-ßƒ, `oI-c{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, {]Ir-Xnt£m`-ßƒ, Imemh-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\w, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ, hn`-h-tim-jWw XpSßn F{X {]iv\-ßƒ. CsX√mw GsX-¶nepw Hcp a\p-jy-s\sbm Hcp kaq-lsØsbm Hcp cmPysØsbm am{Xw _m[n°p∂hb-√. ]et∏mgpansX√mw temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ a\p-jys‚ kam-[m\]q¿Æ-amb Pohn-X-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw `oj-Wn-bm-Ip-∂nt√? Hcp cmPy-Øn\v am{X-ambn Cu {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw tXSm-\mIn-√. BtKmfXe-Øn-ep≈ Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw sImt≠ CØcw {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. cmPy-ßƒ tN¿∂p≈ HutZym-KnIkwL-S-\-Ifpw Kh¨sa-‚-nXc A\u-tZym-KnIkwL-S-\-Ifpw

166

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

CXn-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. hnhn[ cmPy-ßƒ tN¿∂v HutZym- K n- I - a mbn A¥¿tZ- i ob A¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL- S - \ - I ƒ°v (International Inter Government Organisations) cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ (United Nations Organization), bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥ (European Union), sXs° G-jy≥ cmPy-ßfpsS kwLS\ (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation-SAARC) XpS-ßn-bh A¥mcmjv{S

A¥¿ Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S\ - -Iƒ°v DZm-lc - W - ß - fm-Wv. Cu kwL-S\ - I - f - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ cmjv{Sßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Zhpw sFIyhpw t{]m’mln-∏n-°p-Ibpw hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ, ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ, kpÿnchnI-k\w XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Kh¨sa-‚n-Xc kwL-S\ - I - ƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂X - v. Chbv°v {]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-bh - p-amb {]h¿Ø\taJ-eI - ƒ D≠v. Cu kwL-S\ - I - f - psS A¥¿tZ-iob Iq´m-ba v I - fmWv A¥¿tZ-iob Kh¨sa-t‚-Xc kwL-S-\-Iƒ (International Non Governmental Organisations).

Cu c≠p-Xcw kwL-S-\-Ifpw temIkam-[m-\Øn\pw kpc-£n-XX - z-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. imkv { X- Ø n- t ‚bpw kmt¶- X n- I - h n- Z y- b p- t Sbpw hf¿® a\p-jy-cm-inbpsS Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w \ne-\n¬∏n\v \nc-h[n `oj-Wn-Iƒ Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. kam[m\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-XX - z-Øn\pw D≠m-Ip∂ `ojWn- I fpw Ah ]cn- l - c n- ° p- h m≥ \S- ° p∂ {iaßfpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw temI-k-am-[m-\sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øpw. hnb∂mtIm¨{Kkv (1815) BWv A¥m-cm-jv{SXeØn¬ HutZym-KnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn®-Xv. {^m≥kv, {_n´¨, Hmkv{Snb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fmWv Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. s]mXp-hmbn hcp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw X¿°-ßfpw \bX{¥ N¿®- I - f n- e qsS ]cn- l - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v hnb∂mtIm¨{Kkv cmjv{S-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-®p. bqWn- t h- g v k ¬ t]mÃ¬ bqWn- b ≥, C‚¿\mjW¬ sSe-{Km^v bqWn-b≥ XpS-ßn-bh 1860˛¬ Xs∂ cq]w-sIm≠ HutZym-KnI kwLS\I-fm-Wv.

k¿∆-cm-jv{S-kJyw

(League of Nations) H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\mbn 1919˛¬ \S∂ thgvkmbv k‘n-bmWv k¿∆cm-jv{S-k-Jy-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn®Xv. Cu A¥m-cm-jv{S-th-Zn-bn¬ 42 AwK-cm-jv{Sß-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. cmjv{S-ß-fpsS kzbw \n¿Æbmh-Imiw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v cmjv{Sßƒ XΩn¬ kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw t{]m’m- l n- ∏ n- ° p∂Xn\p- t h- ≠ n- b mWv Cu kJyw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. F√m cmPyßfpw Hmtcm cmPy- Ø n\pth- ≠ nbpw Hmtcm cmPyhpw F√mcmPy- ß ƒ°pth≠nbpw F∂- X - c - Ø n¬ Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS kpc-£n-XXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øphm\p≈ {ia-amWv kwL-S\ e£y-am-°n-b-Xv. Hcp cmPy-Øn-\v- F-Xn-cm-bp≈ bp≤w F√m cmPyßƒ°pw FXn-cm-bp≈ bp≤-ambn IW-°m-°Wsa∂v kwL-S\ Blzm\w sNbvXp. temI-P-\-XbpsS BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-I, temI-Øm-I-am\ap≈ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Xmev]cyßsf ]cn-c£n°pI XpS-ßn-b-hbpw k¿∆-cmjv{S kwJy-Øns‚ e£y-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.

$ k¿∆-cmjv{S kJy-Øns‚ XI¿®-bv°n-S-bm°nb kml- N - c y- ß - s f- ° p- d n®v Ipdn∏v Xømdm°n ¢m n¬ Ah- X - c n- ∏ n®p N¿® sNøp. $ F¥p-sIm-≠mImw temI kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbn \ne-hn¬ h∂ k¿∆-cmjv{S kJyw temIP\-X-bpsS Btcm-Kyw, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Xmev ] cyw XpS- ß nb e£y- ß - s f- ° qSn ]cnKWn-®Xv? $ bp≤-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°nbXpsIm≠v am{Xw temIP-\-X-bpsS kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\mIptam? N¿® sNøp-I. bp≤ß-fn-√m-Xm-Ip∂Xn\p-th≠n cq]w sIm≠ kJy-Øn\v bp≤sØ XS-bm-\m-bn√ F∂p am{Xa√ A∂p-hsc D≠mb F√m bp≤-ßsf°mfpw 167

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

henb bp≤- Ø n\pw˛sImSnb \mi- ß ƒ°pw ZpcnX-ßƒ°pw km£yw h-ln-t°≠nbpw h-∂p. Iq´mb kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw kam-[m-\-Øn\pw IqSp- X ¬ ^e- { ]- Z - a mb kwL- S - \ - b v ° m- b p≈ {iasØØpS¿∂v sFIy- c m- j v { S- k w- L - S - \ (United Nations Organisation) cq]o- I - c n®p. k¿∆-cm-jv{SkJyw 1946˛¬ ]ncn-®p-hn-SpIbpw sNbvXp-. k¿∆cmjv{S-k-Jy-Øns‚ e£y-ß-fpsS XpS¿® Xs∂-bmWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ - b - psS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.

sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ temI-bp-≤-ß-tf¬∏n® t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hm¿ΩI-fn¬ \n∂v kam-[m-\-Øns‚ kzÿ-X-bn-te°v

sFIycmjv{Skw-L-S-\-bpsS e£yßƒ $ `mhn Xe-ap-dsb bp≤-`oXn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n°p-I. $ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw sNdp-Xpw hep-Xp-sa∂ hyXym- k - a n- √ msX cmPy- ß - f p- s S AhImißfpw Du´n Dd-∏n-°p-I. $ kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn°pw Db¿∂ Pohn-X-\n-ehm-c-w B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn\pw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Icm-dp-I-sfbpw A¥¿tZiob \nb-a-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-\n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°p-I. $ Ab¬cmPy-ßƒ XΩn¬ kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kam-[m-\-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb _‘w hf¿Øp-I. $ temI-k-am-[m-\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\pambn Hcp-an-°pI. $ temI- P - \ - X - b psS s]mXpXm¬∏- c y- Ø n\mb√msX kmbp[tk\sb D]-tbm-Kn-°n√ F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI. $ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥ kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq- l n- I - h p- a mb ]ptcm- K - X n- ° mbn A¥¿tZiob kwhn-[m-\-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn°pI.

bp.-F≥. Bÿm-\-a-µncw

a\p-jy-a-\- n-s\ -am‰nsbSp-t°≠ Hcp BtKmf kml-Nc - y-Øn-emWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\ -cq]s∏- ´ - X v . kam- [ m- \ hpw kpc- £ n- X - X zhpw \ne\n¿Øp-∂Xn-\m-bp≈ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥ s]mXp- { ]m- X n- \ n- [ y- t hZn F∂ temI- Ø ns‚ {]Xo£-bmWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\. 168

c≠mw temI-bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ h¿j-ßfn¬Øs∂ Cu kwL- S - \ - b v ° p- t h- ≠ n- b p≈ {iahpw \S-∂ncp-∂p. sNdp-sXt∂m hep-sXt∂m kº-∂-sat∂m Zcn-{Z-sat∂m t`Z-an-√msX F√m cmPy-sØbpw F√m-a-\p-jy-cp-tSbpw t£ahpw sFiz-cyhpw Bbn-cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw. bp≤ß-fn-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bv°p-]pdsa kaq-l-sØ _m[n-°p∂ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ, Btcm-Kyw, Zmcn{Zyw, sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ym-kw, imkv{X-kmt¶Xn-I-hnZy, ]cn-ÿnXn XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse {]iv\-ßƒ Iq´mbvabneqsS ]cn-lcn°pI F∂ {]Xo-£bpw CXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. $ GsX√mw cmjv { S- ß - f mWv sFIy- c mjv { S kwL- S - \ - b psS cq]o- I - c - W - Ø n¬ {][m\ ]¶ph-ln-®Xv? $ {][m-\-ambn ]s¶-SpØ cmjv{S-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ Bsc-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

kwL-S\ cq]w sIm≈p∂p cmjv{S-ßƒ XΩn¬ \S∂ kpZo¿L-amb N¿®-I-fp-sSbpw Btem-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw ^e-am-bn-´mWv sFIycmjv{SkwL-S\ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. kwL-S\m cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ {i≤n-°p.

1941 Pq¨ 12

1941 BKÃv 14

{Xni‡n kulm¿± cmPy-ßfpsS (Triple Entente) ktΩ-f\w temIsØ kzX-{¥-cmb a‰v P\-X-tbmSv bp≤-Ønepw kam-[m-\-Ønepw Hcp-an®p {]h¿Øn-°pI F∂p {]Jym-]n®p. Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U‚ v {^m¶vfn≥ -Un.-dq-kvh¬‰pw {_n´ojv {][m-\-a{¥n hn≥Ã¨ N¿®nepw kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw \ne\n¿Øm≥ A¥m-cm-jv{S-k-l-h¿ØnXzw F∂ e£yw ap≥\n¿Øn "A‰v-em‚nIv Nm¿´¿' H∏ph®p.

1942 P\phcn 1

26 cmPy-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ hmjn-wKv-S-Wn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw A‰vem‚nIv Nm¿´-dn\v ]n¥pW {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ktΩf\ØnemWv Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U‚ v dqkvh¬‰v sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ (United Nations) F∂ t]cv BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

1943 HIvtSm-_¿ 30

kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbn A¥m-cmjv{S kwL-S\ F∂ e£y-tØmsS tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b≥, {_n´¨, Ata-cn-°, ssN\ F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsS tamkvtIm tIm¨^-d≥kv.

1943 Unkw-_¿ 1

1944 sk]v‰w-_¿ 21

1945 G{]n¬ 11

1945 Pq¨ 25

1945 HIvtSm-_¿ 24

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥, Ata-cn-°, {_n´¨ F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsS sXl-dm≥ tIm¨^-d≥kv.

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥, Ata-cn-°, {_n´¨, ssN\ F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Ata-cn-°-bnse Uw_¿´¨ HmIvkn¬ ktΩ-fn®v sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS e£y-ßƒ, LS-\, {]h¿Ø\w F∂nh kw_-‘n® tcJ-bpsS IcSv Xøm-dm°n. Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U‚ v dqkvh¬‰v, {_n´ojv {][m-\-a{¥n hn≥Ã¨ N¿®n¬, djy≥ {]kn-U‚ v tPmk^v Ãmen≥ F∂n-h¿ bmƒ´-bn¬ ktΩ-fn®v kam-[m-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ A¥m-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-tb-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ {]Jym-]n-®p. km≥{^m≥kn-sIm-bn¬ tN¿∂ 50 cmPy-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ 111 A\pt—Z-ß-fp≈ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS Nm¿´¿ AwKo-I-cn-®p.

sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. C¥y AS°w 51 ÿm]I AwK-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

169

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Is≠-ØpI $ sFIy-cm-jv{S- kw-L-S-\-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ F{X AwK-cm-Py-ß-fp≠v? $ Ah- k m- \ - a mbn AwKXzw t\Snb cmPyw GXmWv? $ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ AwK-ß-f-√mØ cmPy-ß-fpsS t]cv.

sFIy-cm-jv{S -kw-L-S-\-bpsS LS\

bp.-F≥. P\-d¬ Akwªn

s]mXpk` (The General Assembly) cmjv { S- ß - f psS ]m¿e- s a‚ v F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p∂ s]mXp-k` h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw ktΩfn-t°-≠Xp-≠v. AwK-cm-jv{S-ßƒ°v k`-bn-te°v

C¥y°m-cmb Bsc-¶nepw s]mXp-k-`-bpsS A≤y£]Z- h n- b n- t e°v Xnc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏- ´ n´pt≠m?

kpc-£m-k-anXn

(The Security Council) s]mXp-k`

kpc-£m-k-anXn

sk{It-´d - n-b‰v

{SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨kn¬

kmºØnI kmaqly Iu¨kn¬ A¥m-cmjv{S \oXn-\ymb tImSXn

A©v t]c- S - ß p∂ {]Xn- \ n[n kwLsØ Abbv°mw. F∂m¬ Hcp AwK-cm-Py-Øn\v Hcp thm´v am{Xta k`-m\-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fp-ambn _‘s∏-´p-≠m-Ip∂ thms´-Sp∏v thf-I-fn¬ hn\n-tbmKn- ° m- \ mIp. F√m ktΩ- f - \ - ß - f nepw k` AXns‚ A≤y-£-t\bpw D]m-≤y-£-t\bpw Xncs™-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. 170

temI-k-am-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ]cn-]m-en°m≥ th≠nhcp∂ \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sfSp- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ A[n- I mcw kpc- £ m- k - a n- X n°mWv. \yqtbm¿°v BWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w. ]Xn- \ ©v AwK- ß - f p≈ Cu kan- X n- b n¬ 10 Xm¬°m-enI AwK-ßfpw 5 ÿncmwK-ß-fp-am-Wp≈-Xv. ssN\, {_n´¨, {^m≥kv, djy, Ata-cn° F∂o cmjv{S-ß-fmWv ÿncmw-K-ßƒ. c≠ph¿j Imem-h[ - n-bn-te°v s]mXp-k` - b - mWv Xm¬°m-enI AwK-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂X - .v AXn\v s]mXpk`bpsS aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]£w Bh-iy-am-Wv. 2010 HIvtSm-_¿ amkw tN¿∂ bp.F≥. s]mXp-k` C¥ysb XmXv°m-enI AwK-ambnXnc-s™-Sp-Øn´p≠v. \b]-ca - mb Xocp-am-\ß - f - n¬ ÿncmwK-ßƒ°v hot‰m A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

hot‰m A[n-Imcw (Veto Power) kpc- £ - m k- a n- X n- b psS Xocp- a m- \ - ß ƒ°v ÿncmwK-ß-fpsSsb√mw ]q¿Æ-amb ]n¥pW Bh-iy-amWv. Xocp-am-\-ß-tfmSv hntbm-Pn®v \ntj-[-thm´v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ A[n-ImcsØ-bmWv "hot‰m' A[n-Imcw F∂v ]d-bp∂Xv. GsX- ¶ nepw ÿncmwKw hot‰m A[nImcw D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ kan-Xn°v Xocpam\w FSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√.

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

skIyq-cn‰n Iu¨knse ÿncmwKcmPy-ßƒ

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Ipdn∏p Xømdm°p. Nne cmPy-ßsf am{Xw ÿncmwK-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv P\m-[n-]-Xyk-¶¬∏-Øn\p tN¿∂-XmtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v? GsX√mw `qJ-fi-ß-fnse P\-ßƒ°mWv ÿncmwK-ßfpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ {]mXn-\n[yw t\Sm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv?

sk{I-t´-dn-b‰v (The Secretariat) sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ssZ\wZn\ `cWw \n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂XmWv sk{I-t´-dn-b-‰ns‚ NpaX-e-. \yqtbm¿°mWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w. s]mXp-k` - ,- kpc-£m-ka - nXn, a‰v LS-Iß - ƒ F∂nh- b psS \n¿t±- i - ß fpw Xocp- a m- \ - ß - f p- a mWv ssZ\wZn\-`cWw F∂ \nebv°v sk{It-´-dn-b‰v \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv. sk{I-´dn P\-d-emWv sk{I-t´dn-b-‰ns‚ Xe-h≥. c£m-k-an-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-ctØmsS s]mXp-k` \mep-h¿j Imem-h-[n-bn-te°mWv sk{I-´dn P\-d-ens\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv. bp.-F≥. sk{I-´dn P\-d¬ _m≥In aq¨

$ sFIy- c m- j v{S - k - ` - b psS sk{I- ´ dn P\d¬amcmbn Xnc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏- ´ - h ¿ Bsc√m-am-sW-∂-t\z-jn-°p. Ah-cpsS t]cv, cmPyw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ h¿jw F∂n-hbpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kmº-ØnI kmaql-nI- Iu¨kn¬ (Economic and Social CouncilECOSOC)

sFIy- c mjv { SkwL- S - \ - b psS Iogn¬h- c p∂ BtcmKyw, sXmgn¬, a\p- j ym- h - I m- i - ß ƒ XpSßnb kmº-ØnI kmaq-lnI {]iv\-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS GIo-I-c-WamWv CXns‚ apJy Npa-X-e. s]mXpk`-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kmº-ØnI kmaq-lnI Iu¨kn-en¬ 54 AwK-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. \yqtbm¿°n-emWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w.

{SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨kn¬ (Trusteeship Council)

k¿∆-cm-jv{S-k-Jy-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xpw kJyw- ]n- c n- ® p- h n- ´ - X n- \ p- t ijw sFIycmjv{S k`-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ BIpIbpw sNbvX {SÃv {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ta¬t\m´hpw 171

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Ahsb kzbw`c-W-Øn-\mbn ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øep-ambn-cp∂p CXns‚ Npa-Xe - . c£m-ka - n-Xn-bnse A©v ÿncmwK-ßf - mWv {SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨kn-ense Ct∏mgsØ AwK-ßƒ. ]k-^n°v kap-{Z-Øn-ep≈ "]emhv' F∂ Zzo]-ns - \-bmWv {SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨knen¬ G‰hpw Ah-km\w kzbw`c-WØ - n-\mbn {Ias∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. \yqtbm¿°mWv CXns‚ Bÿm\w. {SÃojn∏v Iu¨kn¬ 1994˛¬ \hw-_¿ H∂p apX¬ kkvs]‚ v sNbvXn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

A¥m-cm-jv{S\o-Xn-\ymbt°mSXn (International Court of Justice)

s\X¿e‚nse tlKv Bÿm-\-ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂ A¥m-cm-jv{S-\o-Xn-\ymb tImS-Xn-bn¬ 15 \ymbm-[n-]-∑m-cm-Wp-≈-Xv. s]mXp-k-`bpw c£mk-an-Xnbpw tN¿∂v H≥]Xv h¿j-tØbv-°mWv Chsc Xnc- s ™- S p- ° p- ∂ - X v . Cu A¥¿tZiobtImS-Xn°p ap≥]msI ]cn-K-W-\-bv°mbn

hcp∂, cm-jv{S-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ß-fnt∑¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥ tImS-Xn°v A[nIm-c-ap-≠v. sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ - b - psS LS-Iß - fpw {]tXyI GP≥kn-Ifpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂]£w A - h - ¿°v D]tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Iphm\pw A[n-Imcw D≠v. $ AwK-cm-jv{S-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp X¿°- Ø n¬ A¥¿tZ- i ob \oXn- \ ym- b tImSXn CS-s]´Xns\ Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pI. \mw N¿® sNbvX LS-I-ßƒ°p]pdsa temIt£-ahpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ap≥\n¿Øn {]h¿Øn°p∂ ]Xn-s\´v GP≥kn-Iƒ sFIy-cm-jv{SkwL-S-\bv°p Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ah {]tXyI GP≥kn-Iƒ (Specialised Agencies) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ Nne GP≥kn-I-fpsS hnh-c-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

bp.F≥. {]tXyI GP≥kn-Iƒ kwL-S-\-bpsS t]cv `£y-˛-Im¿jnI kwL-S\ (Food and Agricultural Organisation-FAO)

ÿm]n-X-amb Bÿm\w h¿jw

1945

tdmw

1946

]mcokv

hnZym-`ymkim-kv{X-˛kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S\

(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation-UNESCO)

temImtcmKy kwL-S\ (World Health OrganisationWHO)

1946

A¥m-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n[n (International Monitory Fund-IMF)

1945

temI-_m¶v (World Bank) A¥¿tZ-iob sXmgn¬ kwL-S\ (International Labour Organisation-ILO) A¥m-cmjv{S BWh Du¿÷ kwL-S\ (International Atomic Energy Agency-IAEA)

172

1944

1946

1957

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Im¿jn- I - t a- J - e - b psS ]ptcm- K - X n- ° mbn {]h¿Øn- ° p- I , Zpc¥ka- b - ß - f nepw a‰v ASn- b - ¥ nckµ¿`- ß - f nepw AwK- c m- P yßƒ°v `£y-k-lmbw FØn-°p-I. AwK- c m- P y- ß - f n¬ hnZym- ` ym- k kmwkv I mcnIimkv{X-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw klmbw FØn°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

AwK-cm-Py-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS BtcmKyw Dd∏m-°p-I, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw a‰v amcItcmKßfpw XS- b p- I . Cu taJ- e - I - f nse P\oh Kth-jWw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. temI- k - º Zvhyh- ÿ bv°v kpÿn- c X hmjn-wKvS¨ ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Un.kn. kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ k¶o¿Æ-X-Ifn¬ CS-s]-SpI. hmjn-wKvS¨ hnI-kzc cmjv{S-ßƒ°v kmº-ØnI kmt¶XnIklmbw FØn-°p-I. Un.kn. sXmgn¬ kwc- £ Ww, tPmen \ne- h mcw, sXmgn¬ kabw F∂n-hbpambn _‘-s∏´v P\oh A\p-k-cn-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ \n¿t±in-°p-I. AwK-cm-Py-ß-fnse BWhDu¿÷ D¬]mZ\w, D]-tbm-Kw, hnI-k\w F∂o taJ-ehnb∂ bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n°pI.

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®, ]ptcm-KXn, Btcm-Ky-ta-Je - b - nse I¿Ω ]≤-XnIƒ XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ {i≤n-°pIbpw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNøm-dp-s≠∂v \mw a\- nem-°n-. CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ klm-bhpw kwc£-Whpw Bh-iy-ap≈ cmPy-ßsf kwL-S\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. AXn-\mbn ]Xn-\m-temfw ]≤XnIfpw \n[n-Ifpw kwL-S\ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. sFIy-cm-jv{S-hn-I-k\ ]≤Xn (United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP), sFIy-cmjv{S ]cn-ÿnXn ]≤Xn (United Nations Environment Programme-UNEP), sFIy-cmjv{S inip-\n[n (UNICEF) XpS-ßn-bh

AXn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

kº-ZvL-S-\-bn-ep-ap-≠m-°p∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\v 1988˛¬ Imem-h-ÿ-mhy-Xn-bm-\-hpambn _‘- s ∏´v Kh¨sa‚- p I- f psS A¥¿tZiobthZn cq]o-I-cn-®p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS taep≈ a\p-jys‚ A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb CS-s]-S-epIƒ hym]-I-amb ]cn-ÿnXn \mi-Øn\v CS-bm°p- ∂ p. Ata- c n- ° - s b- t ∏msebp≈ hnI- k nX cmjv { S- ß - f psS kmº- Ø nI, hymh- k m- b n- I , ssk\nI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ h≥tXmXn-ep≈ ]cnÿn-Xn-{]-iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. πmÃnIv Ahin-jvS-ßƒ, hymh-km-bnI˛ssPh˛BWh˛CeIvt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-ßƒ, lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ßfpsS A\n-b-{¥nX _ln-¿Ka\w XpS-ßn-bh ]cnÿn-Xn-l-Xybv°v (Ecocide) Xs∂ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. CXns‚ BLmXw h≥tXm-Xn¬ _m[n-°p∂Xv hnI-kzc cmjv{S-ß-sf-bm-Wv.

BtKmf s]mXp-kzØv (Global commons) N¿® sNøp $ {]tXyI GP≥kn-Iƒ, hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fnemWv sFIycmjv{S-kw-L-S\ {]h¿Øn-°p∂Xv? $ sFIycmjv{S-kw-L-S\ AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ASn- ÿ m- \ - { ]- i v \ - ß - f n¬ CS- s ]- S p- h m\pw ]cnlmcw \n¿t±-in-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ {ia-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-Wv? $ "kam- [ m\w F∂Xv bp≤- a n- √ mØ Ahÿam{X-a√ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS kzÿXbpw ]ptcm- K - X nbpw IqSn- b mWv ' ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-sb bp.F≥.H.bpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

Imem-h-ÿ- hy-Xn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘s∏´v Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS A¥¿tZ-iob thZn

(Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change) sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ Ime-h-ÿmhyXnbm-\-hpambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-lcn°m\p≈ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p- . Imemhÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw AXv kaq-l-Ønepw

Cu `qan-bnepw AXns‚ A¥-co-£-Ønepw cmPy-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imc \nb-{¥W]cn-[n°v A∏p-d-Øp≈ Nne-sX-√m-ap-≠v. AsX-√m-amWv BtKmf s]mXpkzØmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. A¥m-cm-jv{S-k-ap-{Z-ta-J-e, kap-{Z-X´v, A¥-co£- Ø ns‚ D]- c n- a - fi ew (outer space), A‚m¿´n° XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv C°q-´-Øn¬ {][m- \ - a m- b - h . cmjv{S- ß ƒ \S- Ø p∂ amen\y\nt£- ] - ß ƒ CXn\v h≥tXmXn¬ `ojWn krjvSn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw F∂Xv temI-cm-jv{Sßƒ cmjv{SobXocp-am-\ß - f - n-eqsS ]cn-lc - n-t°≠ hnjbamWv. B \nebv°v Imem-hÿ m-hy-Xn-bm\hp- a mbn _‘- s ∏´v Kh¨sa‚p- I - f psS A¥¿tZiobthZn°pw AXns‚ {]h¿Ø- \ ßƒ°pw AXo-h{- ]m-[m-\y-am-Wp-≈X - v. Cu kwLS-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v 2007˛se kam-[m-\Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®-n´p-≠v. C¥y°m-c\ - mb tUm. kptcjv ]Nucn CXp-ambn _‘s∏´v {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ ]cn- ÿ nXn imkv { X⁄\mWv. 1987˛¬ \nb-an® "]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw hnI- k - \ - Ø n- \ p- a m- b p≈ temI IΩo- j ≥' (Brundtland Commission) AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ Cßs\ FgpXn "`qan GI-amWv F∂m¬ temIw 173

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

Aß-s\-b√' (The earth is one but the world is not) `qan- b nse apgp- h ≥ Pohn- h ¿§- ß ƒ°pw ]pe¿∂p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-Ncyw \ne\n¿tØ-≠Xpw F√m-a-\p-jy\pw hnth-N-\-ß-fn√msX Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xp-ap-≠v. F√m Pohn-h¿§-ß-tfbpw kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ sFIycmjv{S-kw-L-S\ 2010 ssPh sshhn-≤y-h¿j-ambn

(The year of Biodiversity) BN-cn-°p-∂p. t]mb

Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Cu `qanbpw AXnse hn`-h-ßfpw \ap-°mbn°qSn Icp-Xn-h® - X - p-sIm-≠mWv \mw Pohn°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hcpwXe-ap-dbv°v AsX√mw \in- ° msX XncnsI \¬Ip- I Xs∂bmWv \ΩpsS IS-a.

]cn-ÿnXn \mi-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p∂ πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°p-hm-\pw lcn-X-Kr-lhm-XI _ln¿K-a\w \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw \ap-s°-s¥√mw sNøm-\mIpw?

temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (World Trade Organisation)

a‰pcmPy-ß-fn¬ \n¿Ωn® Fs¥√mw km[-\-ßfmWv \ΩpsS Itºm-fß - f - n¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv? Ch \ΩpsS cmPyØv Fßs\ FØp-∂p. CXn-\mbn Fs¥-¶nepw {Iao-I-c-W-ß-fpt≠m? temI-hym]mc-kw-L-S-\-bmWv AwK-cm-Py-ßƒ°n-S-bnse hmWn-PysØ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmWn-Pyhpw Xocp-hbpw kw_-‘n® s]mXp-I-cm-dn¬ (General Agreement on Trade and Tariff-GATT)

\n∂mWv temI-hym-]m-ck - w-LS- \ cq]w sIm≠Xv. A¥¿tZ-iob hym]mc hmWn-Py-ta-J-e-I-fn¬

\nb-{¥nXAfhv (Quota), Xocph XpS-ßnb cq]Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ XS- ßsf Hgn-hm°n kzX-{¥-amb Hc-hÿ krjvSn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Icm-dns‚ e£yw. CXn-\mbn 1947˛¬ Km´v cq]s∏´Xp apX¬ 1994 hsc kpZo¿L-amb N¿®Iƒ \S-∂p. Ddp-tKz-bn¬ 1994˛¬ \S∂ N¿®-Iƒ Km´v {]{Inb Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v 1995˛¬ P\o-hbn¬ h®v temIhym]m-c-kw-L-S-\bv°v cq]w \¬In. temI- h ym- ] m- c - Ø n\v Db¿∂ hf¿® ssIh-cn-°p-I, AwK-cm-Py-ßƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hmWn-Py-X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°pI XpS-ßnb NpaX-e-Iƒ kwL-S\ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS Itºm-fØ - n¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ GsX-¶nepw A©v hntZi DXv]∂ - ß - ƒ FSpØv Ah GsX√mw cmPy-ßfnemWv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®-sX∂v Is≠Øn enÃv sNøp.

174

sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\bpsS kam-[m\ ]cn-{i-aßfpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw

CSs]-S-ep-Iƒ bp.F≥. ZuXytk\ CXp-hsc \SØn-bn-´p≠v.

temIcmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw \ne-\n¿ØpI, B cmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kulrZw t{]m’m-ln-∏n°pI XpS-ßnb e£y-ßƒ ap≥\n¿Øn sFIycm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ CS-s]-Sm-dp-≠v. kam-[m\ kwLßƒ, \b- X {¥ Iq´m- b va- I ƒ, kam[m\ ZuXytk\ F∂o \ne-I-fn-emWv CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S- Ø m- d p- ≈ - X v . AwK- c m- P y- ß - f psS ssk\yßfmWv kam-[m-\-ZuXy tk\-bn¬ D≠m-hp-I. C¥y-b-S-°-ap≈ AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ssk\yw tImwtKm-bn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ kam-[m\ ZuXy-tk\-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ 64

Uªyp.-Sn.-H. Bÿm-\-a-µncw

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

$ Xmsg- sIm-SpØ `q]Sw {i≤n-®v sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-am-[m\ tk\ CS-s]´ {]tZ-ißƒ°v DZm-l-c-Ww Is≠-Øp.

A`-bm¿∞n-ta-J-e-Iƒ, Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-{]-h¿Ø-\ßƒ, ]cn- ÿ n- X nkw- c - £ W {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ XpSßnbhbn¬ sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ CS-s]Sp-∂p. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ kwL¿jw \ne-\n¬°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kam-[m-\w, hnI-k-\w, ]ptcm-KXn XpS-ßn-bh Dd-∏m-°p-∂X - n-\mbn 2005˛¬ kam-[m\ kwc- £ W IΩo- j ≥ (Peace Building Commission) cq]-oI-cn-®p. `£-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ ImØn-cn-∏v˛A`-bm¿∞n Iymºv Zriyw

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-temIw `b-tØm-sSbpw Pm{K-Xtbm-sSbpw A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°p∂ H∂m-Wt√m `oIchm-Zw. `oI-c-hm-Z-hn-cp≤ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S\ `oI-c-hm-Z-hn-cp-≤- {]tbmKtk-\bv°v (Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force) 2006˛¬ cq]w \¬In. temI-sØ-ºmSp-ap≈ `oI-c-hmZ {]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-I-bmWv CXns‚ e£yw. ]cn- ÿ n- X n- b p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´v sFIy- c mjv { S kwLS\ \nc-h[n CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sFIy-cm-jv{S- ]-cn-ÿnXn I¿Ω-]≤ - X - n-bpsS ta¬t\m´-Øn¬ Bkvt{Sen-bbn¬ h®v kwL-Sn-∏n® {Ko≥ s^Ãpw 2007˛¬ Hmt…m-bn¬ h®v BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc kwL-Sn-∏n® Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw 2007˛¬ Xs∂ {_ ¬kn¬ \S∂ "B¿´vs^Ãpw' DZm-l-c-Wß-fmWv. sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-LS- \ - b - psS t\´-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ AsXmcp ssk\nIÿm]-\a-s√∂pw kam-[m-\w, kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-]p-tcmK-Xn,- kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w Chbv°v Du∂¬ \¬In am\- h - k p- c - £ n- X - X z- Ø n- \ mbn {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ s]mXpthZn am{X-am-sW∂pw Hm¿t°-≠X - p-≠v. 175

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I bp.-F≥. kam-[m\ ZuXy-tk\ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°v Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

sse_o-cn-b-bnse A`-bm¿∞n Iymºn¬ bp.-F≥. Blmcw FØn-°p∂p

sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\: ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ amdp∂ ImeØv cmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ -X¿°ßƒs°m∏w kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kpc-£n-X-XzØn-s‚bpw hgn-bn¬ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\bv°v ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. h¿§ob hwiob Iem-]-ßƒ, `oI-c-{]-h¿Ø-\w, Imem-h-ÿm- hy-Xn-bm\w, kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w XpSßnbh ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ kpc-£m-sh-√phn-fn-I-fm-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p∂ kam-[m\ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ sIm≠v ]pXnb sh√phn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ ]pXnb kam[m\- ] - ≤ XnIƒ Bh- i y- a m- b n- h - c p- ∂ p. AXn\mbn A[n- I - k m- º - Ø nI sNehpw ssk\nI kmt¶- X nI ]cn- ⁄ m- \ hpw \hoIcWhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

tImwtKm-bn¬ bp.-F≥.-˛s‚ sshZyklmbw

Imcy- £ - a - X - b p≈ DtZym- K ÿhrµ- Ø ns‚ A`mhw, Bh-iy-amb kº-Øns‚ e`y-X-Ipdhv, sNe-th-dnb DtZym-K-ÿ-˛-`-c-W-co-Xn, AwK-cm-Pyßƒ \¬tI≠ kmº-ØnI hnlnXw IrXy-ambn \¬ImXncn- ° ¬ apX- e m- b h sFIy- c mjv { S kwLS-\-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fm-Wv. sFIycmjv{S-kwL-S-\bv°v AXns‚ apJy-[-\t{im-X - p-If - mb ]m›m-Xy-hn-Ik - nX cmPy-ßf - psS Xm¬∏cy- ß ƒ°v hgtß≠n hcp- ∂ - p ≠v. AXpt]mse ]e-ta-Je-I-fn¬ hnI-knXcmPyßfpw hnI-k-zccmPy-ßfpw XΩn¬ X¿°-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. AwK-_-e-Øn¬ A[n-I-ap≈ hnI-kzccmP-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sFI-y-cmjv{S kwLS-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ kmº-ØnI kw`m-h-\-I-fp-≠m-I-W-sa∂v hnI-knXcmjv{S-ßƒ Bh- i y- s ∏- S p∂p. CsX√mw sFI- y - c m- j v { SkwLS\ t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv.

N¿® sNøpI sFI-y-cmjv{SkwL-S-\-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? sFI- y - c mjv { S kwL- S - \ sb IqSp- X ¬ P\m- [ n- ] - X y]c- a m°p- ∂ - X n\pw ]cnanXnIsf AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv. 176

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

tNcn-tNcm{]ÿm\w (NAM) c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn\ptijw temI-Øn\p km£yw hln-t°-≠n-h∂ Ccp-{[p-h-tem-Ihpw ioX-ka - c - hpw "c≠mw temI-al - m-bp-≤hpw km{amP-yX - z-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw' F∂ A[-ym-bØ - n¬ \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-h-t√m. bp≤m-\-¥ctemIw Ata-cn°≥ sFI-y-\m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWnbs‚bpw t\Xr-Xz- Ø - n¬ c≠v i{Xp-tN-cn-If - mbn Xncn™ncp∂p F∂pw \ap-°-dn-bmw. AXm-Is´ Bbp-[a - ’ - c - t- Øm-sSm∏w c≠v Bi-bß - ƒ XΩnep≈ a’cw IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p. c≠mw temI-a-lmbp-≤-Øns‚ `oXn hns´m-gn-™n-´n-√mØ temIØv Cu kml-cy- ß - ƒ ho≠pw Hcp bp≤-Øns‚ A¥co£w krjvSn-®p. bp≤m-\-¥-c-Imew Gjy-bnepw B{^n-°-bnepw sX°-\ta-cn-°-bn-ep-ap≈ bqtdm]-y≥ cmP-y-ß-fpsS tImf-\n-Iƒ kz-X-{¥- ]-c-am-[nImc cmjv { S- ß - f mbn amdp∂ Imew IqSn

Bbncp∂p. \h- k-z-X-{¥-cm-jv{S-ßƒ Ah-bpsS B`y¥chf¿®bv°pw temI-k-am-[-m\-Øn\pw {]m[m-\yw \¬In-s°m≠v Ata-cn-°≥-˛t- km-hn-b‰v a’-cØ - n¬ \n∂v Hgn™p \n¬°pI F∂ BibamWv kzoI-cn-®X - v. Cu Bib-amWv tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\-Øn-te°v \bn-®-Xv. GsX√mw A¥mcmjv{S ktΩ-f-\-ß-fmWv tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\Øns‚ cq]o- I - c - W - Ø n- t e°v \bn- ® - s X∂pw Bsc√m-am-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ in¬∏n-I-sf∂pw \mw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. A¥¿tZ- i ob _‘- ß - f n¬ kz- X - { ¥- a mb \ne]mSv kzo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw kam-[m-\-Ønepw kl- h ¿Øn- X z- Ø nepw A[n- j vSn- X - a mb hntZi\bw cq]o- I - c n- ° p- h m\pw AwK- c m- P - y ßƒ°v tNcn- t Ncm{]ÿm\w kzm- X - { ¥yw \¬Ip∂p. F√mØc- Ø n- e p- a p≈ h¿Æ- h w- i hnth-N-\-ß-tfbpw CXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Is≠-Ømtam $ GXv cmP-y-amWv Ct∏mƒ tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A≤-y-£-]-Zhn hln-°p-∂Xv? $ CcptNcn a’-c-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw BtKm-fo-I-c-Whpw `oI-c-hm-Zhpw Imem-hÿm hy-Xn-bm-\hpw cmjv{Sm¥c {]iv\-ß-fm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX ]pXnb ImeØv tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]k-‡n- N¿® sNøp-I.

A¥m-cmjv{S A¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\-Iƒ (International Inter Government Organisations)

cmjv{S-ßƒ XΩn¬ ]e-Xc - Ø - n-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂v \ap°v Adn-bmw. imkv{Xw, kmt¶-XnIhnZy, kwkvIm-cw, hmWnPyw, hym]mcw XpS-ßnb ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw cmjv{S-ßƒ ]ckv]cw kl-Ic - n-°p-∂p. CØcw _‘-ßƒ i‡ns∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn cmjv{S-ßƒ tN¿∂v cq]o-Icn- ° p∂ kwL- S - \ - I - f mWv A¥m- c mjv { S A¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\-Iƒ. sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\, tNcntNcm {]ÿm\w XpS-ßnb kwLS-\I - fpw A¥m-cmjv{S A¥¿ Kh¨sa‚ v kwLS-\-I-fm-Wv. a‰pNne {][m-\-s∏´ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS hnh-cß - ƒ ]´n-Ib - n¬ (t]Pv 178) \¬In-bn-cn°p∂p.

A¥mcmjv{S Kh¨sa‚ v CXc kwLS-\-Iƒ (International

NonGovernmental Organisations) \ap°v Np‰pw Nne hy‡n-Ifpw Iq´m-bva-Ifpw a\pjym-hI - m-iw, ]cn-ÿnXn XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv \nßƒ {i≤n-®n-cn-°p-a-s√m. sske‚ vhmen kwc£W kan-Xn, s]cn-bm¿ kwc-£W kan-Xn, πm®n-a-S-bnse {]t£m`w XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-c-Wß- f m- W v. CXp- t ]mse a\p- j ym- h - I m- i kwc£Ww, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kam-[m-\w, kmaq-lyku-lrZ- hn-I-k-\w, {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßƒ°p-ta¬ {]mtZ-in-I-P-\-X-bpsS AhImiw \ne-\n¿Ø¬, BhmkhyhÿbpsSbpw- hn`- h - ß - f psSbpw kwc£Ww XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hy‡nIfpw Iq´m-bva-Ifpw {]mtZ-in-I-amtbm tZio-b177

178

bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥ (European Union)

Agreement-NAFTA)

hSt° Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS kzX-{¥hym-]mc DS-ºSn (North American Free Trade

(South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation - SAARC)

taJ- e - b nse kl- I - c - W - Ø n- \ m- b p≈ sXt° Gjy≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS kwL-S\-

Nations-ASEAN)

sX°v Ing- ° ≥ Gjy≥ cmPy- ß - f psS kwL-S\ (Association of South East Asian

of African Unity-OAU)

B{^n-°≥ sFIy kwL-S\ (Organisation

Exporting Countries - OPEC)

1993

1992

1985

1967

sXt° Gjy≥ cmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kulrZw hf¿Øp-I, AwK-cm-Py-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hym]mc kmwkvIm-cnI _‘-ßƒ Dd-∏n-°p-I. hym]mc {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°p-I. AwK-cm-jv{Sßƒ°n-S-bn¬ DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw tkh-\-ß-fptSbpw kzX-{¥-amb Hgp°v km[y-am-°p-I. s]mXp hn]-Wn, s]mXp \mW-bw, kmº-ØnI hn\n-ab taJ-e-I-fn¬ s]mXp-\n-baw cq]-s∏-SpØpI, a\p-jym-h-Imiw, hntZ-i-\bw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ s]mXp kao-]\w

C¥y, ]mIn- ÿ m≥, _w•m- t Z- i v , {ioe-¶, `q´m≥, t\∏mƒ, ame-Zzo-]v, A^vLm-\n-ÿm≥ Ata- c n- ° ≥ sFIy- \ m- S p- I ƒ, Im\U, saIvknt°m {_n´≥, {^m≥kv, P¿Ω-\n, kzoU≥, kvs]bn≥, s_¬Pnbw XpS-ßn-bh

taJ-e-bnse cmPy-ßƒ XΩn¬ Db¿∂ kmºØnI hym]mc _‘-ßƒ hf¿ØpI, AwKcmPy {]tZ-isØ kzX-{¥-hym-]mc taJ-e-bm°n {]Jym-]n-°pI.

s]t{Sm- f nbw D¬∏m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p∂ cmPy- ß - f psS kmºØnI cmjv{Sob Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n°p-I tImf\n `cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n® B{^n-°≥ cmPyß-fpsS sFIyhpw Ah XΩn-ep≈ _lp-X-e\-b-X{¥ _‘hpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

sXt° Ata- c n- ° ≥ cmPy- ß - f n¬ kmºØnIhnI- k \w, ]cn- ÿ n- X n - k w- c - £ Ww, a\pjym-h-Im-i- kw-c-£Ww XpS-ßnb hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ kl-I-cWw hf¿ØpI.

Ad_v cmPy-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-c-Whpw sFIyhpw

e£y-ßƒ

Ct‚m- t \- j y, ate- j y, ^nenss∏≥kv, Xmbvem‚ v, knwK∏q¿, {_qssW, hnb‰v\mw

knw_m-sh, \ao-_nb, Sm≥km-\n-b, sXt° B{^n°, kpUm≥ XpSßn 32 cmPy-ßƒ

Cdm≥, Cdm°v, sh\n-kze, en_n-b, bp.F.C. XpS-ßn-bh

1960

s]t{Sm-fnbw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp∂ cmPy-ßfpsS kwL-S\ (Organisation of Petroleum 1963

s]dp, Nnen, tlm≠p-dm- v, {_ko¬, Ddp-tKz, ]cmKz XpSßn 31 cmPy-ßƒ

1948

Ata- c n- ° ≥ cmjv { S- ß - f psS kwL- S \

(Organisation of American States-OAS)

CuPn-]vXv, kuZn-A-td_y, Cdm-°v, Ipssh‰v XpSßn 22 cmPy-ßƒ

AwK-cm-Py-ßƒ

1945

ÿm]n-X-amb h¿jw

Ad_v eoKv

kwL-S\

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-XX - zhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-bk - w-LS- \ - I - fneqsS

amtbm Bcw- ` n- ° p∂ {]ÿm- \ - ß - f mWv Kh¨sa‚ v CXc kwL-S\ - I - ƒ. Kh¨sa‚p-ambn kl-I-cnt®m A√m-sXtbm CØcw kwL-S-\Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°m-dp-≠v. Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w cmPy-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-°-∏p-d-tØ°p hf-cpIbpw cmPym-¥c Iq´m-bva-I-fmbnØocp-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. A¥¿tZiob Kh¨sa‚nXc kwLS-\-Iƒ A\u-]-Nm-cnI kwL-S-\-Ifpw A¥¿tZiob A¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\Iƒ Hu]-NmcnI kwL- S - \ - I fpamWv . Nne {][m- \ - s ∏´ A¥mcmjv { S Kh¨sa‚nXc kwL- S - \ - I - s f Ipdn®v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

{Ko≥]okv "]cn- ÿ n- X n- I - a mt‚mkv' (Environmental Commandos) F∂p-IqSn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu kwL-S\ 1960 apX-emWv {]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßnbXv. Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS kwc-£-Ww, kap-{Zßƒ, \Zn- I ƒ, `uam- ¥ - c o£w F∂n- h - b psS aen\o- I - c Ww XS- b ¬ XpS- ß nb e£y- ß ƒ ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv {Ko≥]okv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv.

tem_-bm≥ hr£-ßsfbpw Xcp-e-Xm-Zn-I-sfbpw kwc-£n-°p∂-Xn-\mbn C¥y-bn¬ Bcw-`n-® {]ÿm-\-amWv tem_- b m≥. CXns‚ {]h¿Ø\w bqtdm- ∏ nte°pw hym]n-®n-´p-≠v.

Nn]vtIm {]ÿm\w (Chipko) lnam-e-b≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse hr£-ßsf kwc-£n°p-∂-Xn-\mbmWv Nn]vtIm- {]-ÿm\w Bcw-`n®Xv . kpµ¿em¬ _lp- K p- W - b mWv CXn\v t\XrXz-w \¬Ip∂Xv.

Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-W¬ bp≤-ßfpw {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßfpw \miw hnX-bv°pIbpw A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fp-≠mIp-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m- j - W ¬ ASn- b - ¥ n- c - k - l mbw FØn°p∂p. hwio-b-I-em-]-ßfpw a\p-jym-h-Im-iewL\-ßfpw \S-°p∂ CS-ßfn¬ Ch¿ {]iv\]- c n- l m- c - Ø n- \ p≈ kml- N - c y- ß ƒ Hcp- ° m≥ {ian°pIbpw sNøm-dp≠v.

C‚¿\mj-W¬ IΩn‰n Hm^v sdUv t{Imkv temIØmI-am\w 100˛¬ A[nIw sdUv t{Imkv skmssk-‰n-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. bp≤-ßfpw {]IrXnZp-c-¥-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Cu kwLS\ klmbhpw km¥z-\hpw FØn-°p-∂p. kam[m-\-Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬k-Ωm\w 1914, 1963 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu kwL-S-\-bv°mWv e`n-®Xv.

{Ko≥_¬‰v {]ÿm\w sI\n-b-bnse {]IrXn kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-Ibmb hm¶mcn amØmbv F∂ h\n-X-bpsS t\XrXz-Øn-emWv Cu {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. `qan-bptSbpw hr£-ß-fp-tSbpw kwc-£Ww ap≥\n¿Øn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Cu kwL-S\ kv{XoIsf kwLSn-∏n®v 80 e£w hr£-ßƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp≠m-bn. C‚¿\mj- W ¬ {In°‰v Iu¨kn¬ (ICC), s^U-td-j≥ Hm^v ^pUvt_mƒ Atkm-kn-tbj≥ (FIFA) F∂n-hbpw Kh¨sa‚nX-c-kw-L-S\-I-fm-Wv. $ Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w kam-[m-\Øn\pw kpc- £ n- X - X z- Ø n\pw F{X- a m{Xw klm-b-I-am-sW∂v N¿®- sN-øp-I. $ CXn-te-sX-¶nepw kwL-S-\-I-tfm A\p-_‘ kwL-S-\-Itfm \nß-fpsS {]tZ-itØm hnZyme-b-Øntem {]h¿Øn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-?

temI tkmjy¬ t^mdw BtKm-fo-I-cWw krjvSn-°p∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-ßsf sNdp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp temI{Iaw krjvSn°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS 2001˛¬ {_ko-en-emWv temI -tkm-jy¬ t^mdw BZy-ambn ktΩ-fn-®Xv. hwi, h¿Æ, enwK- hn-th-N-\-ßƒ°-Xo-Xamb Hcp \h-tem-I-amWv {]ÿm\w e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv. kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb XpeyX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-XneqsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn- ° p- h m\mIpw (Reinventing democracy) F∂mWv Cu {]ÿm\w Icp-Xp-∂Xv. {_koense t]m¿t´m Ae-s{Kbn¬ 2010 P\phcnbn¬ AXns‚ ]Øm-aXv ktΩ-f\w tN¿∂p. 179

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I

D®-tIm-Sn-Ifpw ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-LS- \ kam-[m-\Ø - n\pw kpc-£nX-Xz-Øn-\p-ambn hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \b-ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°pIbpw sNøp-∂Xv BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂

D®-tIm-Sn-I-fneqsSbpw ktΩ-f-\-ß-fneqsSbpamWv. cmjv{S-Ø-e-h-∑m¿, D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ¿, \b-X-{¥-⁄¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp°p-∂-Xv. ta¬]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂v Nne {][m\ D®tIm-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Smw.

Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v 2010 BK-kv‰n¬ \S∂ bp.-F≥. tIm¨^-d≥kv

D®-tImSn/ktΩf\w `ua-D-®-tImSn (Earth-Summit)

tIymt´m DS-ºSn (Kyoto protocol) kpÿn- c - h n- I - k - \ - Ø n- \ m- b p≈ D®tImSn (World summit for sustainable development) Imemhÿ hyXn- b m- \ - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´p tIm∏≥ tlK≥ DSºSn (Copen Hegan Protocol on climate change)

thZn

dntbmUn P\osdm ({_ko¬)

\S∂ h¿jw 1992

tIymt´m (P∏m≥)

1997

tPml-\mkv _¿Kv (Z£n-Wm-{^n-°)

2002

tIm∏≥ tlK≥ (sU≥am¿°v)

2009

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W - w, BtKm-fX - m-]\ - a- q-ea- p-≠m-Ip∂ Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS s]mXp {]iv\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I, hymh-km-bn-I, Im¿jn-I, hml-\, Km¿lnI t{imX-kp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ lcn-X-KrlhmX-I-_-ln¿K-a\w \nb-{¥n-°p-I. lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS _ln¿K-a\w 2012 BIptºm- t g°pw 1990˛se \ne- b n- ¬ \n∂pw 5% Xmtgbv°v sIm≠phcn-I. ]cn- ÿ nXn kulr- Z hpw kmaq- l y- k u- l r- Z - h p- a mb hnIk\w˛Zmcn- { Zy- \ n¿Ωm¿÷- \ w, ip≤- P - e - k w- c £Ww, ipNn-Xzw, ssPh-Irjn. A¥-co£ Dujvam-hns‚ h¿≤-\hv Ipd®v BtKm-fXm-]-\sØ XS-bp-I. lcn-X-Krl hmXI _ln¿K-a\w Ipd-bv°p-I.

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ $ h¿Ø- a m- \ - I m- e - Ø v kam- [ m- \ - Ø n\pw kpc- £ n- X - X z- Ø n\pw `ojWn Db¿Øp∂ LS-I-ß-sf-s¥√mw? kwL-S-\-Ifpw Iq´m-bva-Ifpw CS-s]-S-epIfpw CXn\p ]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn-semcp skan\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. $ A¥¿tZiob ktΩ-f\ßfp-sSbpw D®-tIm-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ßfpw hnhc-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Hcp B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

180

{]Xnâ. CÂ¥y Fsâ cmPy-am-Wv. Fâm CÂ¥y-Â°mcpw Fsâ. ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-âm-cm-Wv. Rmâ¥ Fsâ cmPysÃ kvt\ln-Â°pâp;. koqÂ¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]qÂ¿W-hp-ambAXnsâ ]mc- o-cy-ÃnÂ¬ Rmâ¥ A`n-am\w sImâpâp. Rmâ¥ Fsâ amXm-]n-Xm-Â°-sfbpw Kpcp-Â°-âm-scbpw. apXnÂ¿â-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-Â°pw. Rmâ¥ Fsâ cmPy-Ãn-sâbpw Fsâ \m Ìp-Im-cp- ...

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