The Pearl PCM Institution CHAPTER 6 66666666666 LIFE PROCESSES –6 All living things perform various life processes like growth, excretion, respiration, circulation etc. All the processes like respiration, digestion, which together keep the living organisms alive and perform the job of body maintenance are called life processes. Life process include following events…

Nutrition:- The whole process by which an organism obtain its food.

There are two modes of nutrition….

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Autotrophic Nutrition :The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs (green plants) Autotrophs

Simple Organic material

Complex high energy material Carbohydrate

Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process by which autotrophs take in CO2 and H2O and convert these into carbohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll, sunlight is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Equation :-

Raw Materials for Photosynthesis : 

Sunlight



Chlorophyll (Sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll)



CO2 (enters through Stomata, and Oxygen (O2) is released as by product through stomata on leaf).



Water ( Water + dissolved minerals like Nitrogen, phosphorous etc. are taken up by the roots from the soil.)

  

Site of Photosynthesis :

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Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll. (green pigment) Main Events of Photosynthesis : 

Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll



Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking) of water into hydrogen and oxygen. 



Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.





STOMATA

: Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves

FUNCTIONS : (i) (ii)

Exchange of gases O2/CO2 Loses large amount of water [water vapour] during transpiration.

 Cross-section of a leaf:-



Heterotrophic nutrition:-

Mushrooms

Cascuta

Obtaining of food by the Organisms:Unicellular or Single celled Organism:- food is taken up through entire surface. Example : (i) Amoeba.

(ii) Paramecium

Nutrition in Amoeba:- Whole the process of Nutrition in Amoeba is shown in below picture

Nutrition in Paramecium:Paramecium

Cilia (Present all over the body)

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NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS The human digestive system comprises of alimentary canal and associated digestive glands.

Mouth

Takes food in

Teeth

Grinding of food

Tongue

Rolling of food + Tasting of food + Pushing down of the food

Salivary Gland

Secrets Saliva + Mucus Salivary Starch

Sugar Saliva ( amylase)

Oesophagus

Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movements [contraction and expansion of muscles of the Oesophagus]

Stomach

Gastric glands secrete Gastric juice

Small Intestine

Intestinal Enzyme

Small Intestine get 2 types of juices from Live and Pancreas….. (1). Liver secrete Bile Juice …

Bile juice

Large Fat Globules

Small fat Globules

(Emulsification) (2). Pancreas secrete Pancreatic juice ( a. Trypsin b. Lipase ) Trypsin Proteins

Peptones Lipase

Fats

Glycerol

( Emulsification : The process of breakdown of large fat globules into smaller fat globules by bile juice

Peptone - A soluble protein formed in the early stage of protein breakdown during digestion. Glycerol- A sweet, syrupy liquid obtained from animal fats and oils or by the fermentation of glucose.

Amino acids- An amino acids is an organic compound, and it serves as a building block for proteins.

Small Intestine :- Villi :- These are the finger type projection which absorb food particles and transfer it into blood

Large Intestine:- It absorb excess quantity of water and salt from the remaining material. Remaining waste is moved to rectum and send out of body through anus.

Note:- The length of small intestine is approx. 7 meters ( 20 feet long) and large intestine is 1.5 meters (5 feet long).

Respiration involves….

(i)

Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO2 known as Breathing

(ii)

Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell know as Cellular Respiration.

Breakdown of Glucose by various pathways

Cytoplasm:- The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus (liquid form) Cytoplasm:material ororganic protoplasm a living cell, excluding the nucleus (liquid form) processes, especially glycolysis. Pyruvic acid:-The A yellowish acid within which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic Pyruvic acid:A yellowish organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis. Lactic acid:- A color less syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk, and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise. Lactic acid:- A color less syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk, and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise. Ethanol :- a colorless volatile flammable liquid which is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars; alcohol. Ethanol :-

A colorless volatile flammable liquid which is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars; alcohol.

Respiration

Aerobic * Takes place in the presence of oxygen * Occurs in mitochondria * End products are CO2 and H2O * More amount of energy is released

Anaerobic * Takes place in the absence of oxygen * Occurs in cytoplasm * End products are alcohol or lactic acid. * Less amount of energy is released.

Nostril Nasal Passage Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli Blood Capillaries

Mechanism Of Breathing

Inhalation * During inhalation the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) expands * Ribs lift up * Diaphragm become flat in shape * Volume of lungs increases and air Enters the lungs

Exhalation * Thoracic cavity contracts * Ribs move downwards * Diaphragm becomes dome shaped * Volume of lungs decreases and air exits from the lungs.

Gaseous Exchange:-

Terrestrial Organism – use atmospheric oxygen for respiration Aquatic Organisms – used dissolved oxygen for respiration

Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in animals. Gaseous exchange occur through... 1. Stomata in leaves 2. Lenticels in stems 3. General surface of the roots.

Transportation and Excretion Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food, oxygen etc., This function is performed by circulatory system or Transport system. The circulatory system in human beings consists of :

Circulatory System

A Pumping Organ Heart

Blood vessels Arteries & Veins

A circulatory medium Blood & Lymph

Before understanding working of heart we should clear following issues related to it….. (a). Arteries :- take blood from heart ( blood ले जाने का काम ) (b). Veins:- Bring blood to heart ( blood लाने का काम )

Upper part :- Veins Lower part:- Arteries Left Part:- Pure blood ( Oxygenated blood) Right part:- Impure Blood (De-oxygenated blood)

Pulmonary means which connected to Lungs Vena cava:- Where all Veins ( braches ) Combined that biggest vein which bring blood from body Aorta:- Biggest artery from all arteries branched which supply blood to all body Pulmonary Vein:- Veins which are connected to Lungs Pulmonary Arteries:- Arteries which connected to Lungs

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Upper Body

Pulmonary Vein

Pulmonary Vein

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Lung

Lung Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Artery

Lower Body

Blood (A fluid Connective Tissue) Solid Component Blood Corpuscles R.B.C.s

Blood Platelets W.B.C.

Liquid Component PLASMA A yellow color fluid contain 90 % water & 10% (a). Organic substances like - Plasma Proteins viz. ( albumin, globulin ) (b).inorganic- mineral ions

R.B.C.s :- - carries respect gas ( O, CO2 ) contain Haemoglobin impart red color to blood. Blood Platelets:- helps in Blood Clotting. W.B.C. :- Provide Body defence by engulfing the germ cells & producing antibodies.

Blood Vessels Arteries

Veins

Carry Oxygenated blood from heart to body part except pulmonary Artery Also called distributing Vessel Thick and elastic

Carry deoxygenated blood from body parts to heart except pulmonary vein Also called collecting Vessel. Thin and Less elastic.

LYMPH - A yellowish fluids escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular spaces contain less proteins than blood. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying germs.

Transportation in Plants There are two pathways through which prepared food in leaves is send to other parts and water from roots send to the rest part of the tree. Both are very tiny tubes through which food and water transferred. Transportation in Plants

Xylem

Phloem

Carries water & minerals from the roots to other part of the plant

Carries product of photosynthesis from leaves to the other part of the plant.

No energy is used

Energy is used from ATP

Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant. Function :1. Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL. 2. helps in temperature regulation in Plant. Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the plant is called Translocation.

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EXCRETION The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic wastes from the body.

Excretion In human beings:Excretory system of human beings includes :1) A pair of kidneys ii) A Urinary Bladder iii) A pair of Ureter iv) A Urethra

Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra. – The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood ie, urea which is produced in the liver. – Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called Nephrons. The Urine formation involves three steps 1. Glomerular Filtration :- Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter from the blood into Bowman Capsule of the nephron. 2. Tubular reabsorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron. 3. Secretion :- Extra, water, salts are secreted into the tubule which open up into the collecting duct & then into the ureter.

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Structure of Nephron :-

Haemodialysis:- The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. it is meant for Kidney failure patient.

Excretion in Plants – Oxygen, CO2 & H2O through Stomata – Other wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant. – Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them. – Gums, Resin In old Xylem – Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of Calcium oxalates in the leaves of colocasia and stem of Zamikand.

colocasia

Zamikand

Zamikand (जमीकं द ) जमीन में होने वाले कं द जेसे शलजम आदद | Visit www.facebook.com/pearlpcm or www.pearlpcm.com