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Some​ ​Background​ ​Information​ ​about​ ​Bacteria​ ​and​ ​Antibiotics Introduction We​ ​have​ ​been​ ​studying​ ​the​ ​evolution​ ​of​ ​antibacterial​ ​resistance​ ​in​ ​bacteria​ ​and​ ​it​ ​is​ ​a​ ​real​ ​and​ ​worrisome example​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​selection​ ​in​ ​action.​ ​ ​We​ ​also​ ​know​ ​that​ ​bacteria​ ​are​ ​prokaryotic​ ​organisms​ ​and​ ​that their​ ​cells​ ​are​ ​simple​ ​with​ ​DNA,​ ​ribosomes,​ ​cytoplasm,​ ​and​ ​a​ ​cell​ ​membrane​ ​(and​ ​most​ ​also​ ​have​ ​a​ ​cell wall).​ ​ ​We​ ​also​ ​know​ ​that​ ​antibiotics​ ​are​ ​substances​ ​(drugs)​ ​we​ ​take​ ​to​ ​kill​ ​bacteria.​ ​ ​But,​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the bacteria​ ​on​ ​the​ ​planet​ ​are​ ​not​ ​harmful​ ​(not​ ​pathogenic)​ ​and​ ​do​ ​not​ ​cause​ ​disease.​ ​ ​The​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​this​ ​is to​ ​learn​ ​more​ ​about​ ​bacteria​ ​as​ ​a​ ​whole,​ ​how​ ​exactly​ ​pathogenic​ ​bacteria​ ​make​ ​us​ ​sick,​ ​and​ ​how​ ​exactly do​ ​antibiotics​ ​work​ ​in​ ​killing​ ​bacteria. Part​ ​I:​ ​ ​Bacteria Use​ ​your​ ​text​ ​(16.2,​ ​16.3)​ ​to​ ​answer​ ​the​ ​following​ ​questions​ ​about​ ​bacteria. 1. List​ ​two​ ​bacteria​ ​(scientific​ ​names)​ ​and​ ​describe​ ​what​ ​they​ ​do: a. Description

b. Description

2. What​ ​are​ ​Archaea?

3. What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​differences​ ​between​ ​Archaea​ ​and​ ​bacteria?

4. What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​shapes​ ​bacteria​ ​come​ ​in?​ ​ ​List​ ​each​ ​and​ ​give​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​bacteria​ ​that​ ​are​ ​each​ ​shape: a. example:

b.

example:

c.

example:

5. All​ ​bacteria​ ​have ______________________________ ​ ​ ​in​ ​their​ ​cell​ ​walls. 6. Gram​ ​positive​ ​bacteria a. Describe​ ​the​ ​cell​ ​wall​ ​structure​ ​of​ ​gram​ ​positive​ ​bacteria:

b. Do​ ​gram​ ​positive​ ​bacteria​ ​react​ ​to​ ​the​ ​gram​ ​stain?

7. Gram​ ​negative​ ​bacteria a. Describe​ ​the​ ​cell​ ​wall​ ​structure​ ​of​ ​gram​ ​negative​ ​bacteria:

b. Do​ ​gram​ ​negative​ ​bacteria​ ​react​ ​to​ ​the​ ​gram​ ​stain?

8. Give​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​something​ ​bacteria​ ​might​ ​move​ ​towards​ ​or​ ​away​ ​from.

9. Explain​ ​how​ ​each​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​mechanisms​ ​allow​ ​bacteria​ ​to​ ​be​ ​motile: a. flagella:

b. pili:

c. chains​ ​of​ ​cells​ ​secreting​ ​slimy​ ​threads:

11. What​ ​are​ ​endospores?​ ​ ​What​ ​kinds​ ​of​ ​environmental​ ​factors​ ​can​ ​endospores​ ​withstand?

12. What​ ​are​ ​pathogens?

13. List​ ​and​ ​describe​ ​three​ ​ways​ ​that​ ​bacterial​ ​pathogens​ ​can​ ​be​ ​transmitted: a.

b.

c.

14. List​ ​two​ ​ways​ ​that​ ​bacterial​ ​pathogens​ ​cause​ ​disease: a.

b.

15. ​ ​Give​ ​two​ ​examples​ ​of​ ​bacterial​ ​toxins​ ​and​ ​describe​ ​each. a. Description

b. Description

16. What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​major​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​the​ ​decline​ ​in​ ​bacterial​ ​diseases?

17. List​ ​three​ ​specific​ ​things​ ​that​ ​help​ ​to​ ​minimize​ ​the​ ​transmission​ ​of​ ​bacteria: a.

b.

c.

18. What​ ​are​ ​antibiotics?

19. Do​ ​antibiotics​ ​work​ ​against​ ​viral​ ​diseases?

More​ ​on​ ​Antibiotics The​ ​discovery​ ​of​ ​the​ ​antibiotic​ ​penicillin​ ​in​ ​the​ ​1920s​ ​made​ ​a​ ​big​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​human​ ​history.​ ​Not only​ ​did​ ​it​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​a​ ​cure​ ​for​ ​bacterial​ ​infections​ ​that​ ​were​ ​once​ ​deadly,​ ​but​ ​it​ ​also​ ​led​ ​a​ ​big​ ​interest​ ​in finding​ ​new​ ​antibiotics.​ ​Today​ ​many​ ​different​ ​types​ ​of​ ​antibiotics​ ​are​ ​available,​ ​and​ ​they​ ​fight infection​ ​in​ ​several​ ​ways. Some​ ​antibiotics​ ​target​ ​bacterial​ ​ribosomes​ ​(which​ ​are​ ​structurally​ ​different​ ​from​ ​eukaryotic ribosomes),​ ​some​ ​target​ ​bacterial​ ​wall​ ​formation,​ ​others​ ​bacterial​ ​cell​ ​division.​ ​ ​When​ ​antibiotics​ ​were first​ ​discovered​ ​and​ ​used,​ ​bacteria​ ​often​ ​responded​ ​differently​ ​depending​ ​on​ ​if​ ​they​ ​were​ ​gram positive​ ​or​ ​gram​ ​negative.​ ​ ​Today​ ​with​ ​widespread​ ​antibiotic​ ​resistance​ ​in​ ​bacteria​ ​and​ ​the​ ​need​ ​for stronger​ ​antibiotics,​ ​whether​ ​bacteria​ ​are​ ​gram​ ​positive​ ​or​ ​gram​ ​negative​ ​is​ ​not​ ​as​ ​important. Go​ ​to​ ​ ​http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/microbiome/​​ ​and​ ​answer​ ​the​ ​following​ ​questions. Antibiotics​ ​Seek​ ​Out​ ​Bacterial​ ​Cells Antibiotics​ ​work​ ​by​ ​affecting​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​a​ ​cell​ ​that​ ​bacterial​ ​cells​ ​have​ ​but​ ​human​ ​cells​ ​don’t.​ ​ ​List​ ​3 examples​ ​of​ ​bacterial​ ​cell​ ​parts​ ​that​ ​antibiotics​ ​can​ ​interfere​ ​with. 1.

2.

3.

Match​ ​each​ ​antibiotic​ ​with​ ​the​ ​correct​ ​facts​ ​about​ ​it. Beta-Lactam a.​ ​ ​Ciproflaxin​ ​and​ ​Levoflaxacin​ ​cause​ ​bacterial​ ​DNA​ ​to​ ​break​ ​apart​ ​and​ ​ ​ ​prevent repair​ ​of​ ​broken​ ​DNA.​ ​ ​They​ ​are​ ​used​ ​to​ ​treat​ ​bronchitis​ ​and​ ​pneumonia. Macrolides b.​ ​ ​Erythromycin​ ​can​ ​block​ ​bacterial​ ​ribosomes,​ ​but​ ​not​ ​human​ ​ribosomes,​ ​from synthesizing​ ​proteins.​ ​They​ ​are​ ​used​ ​to​ ​treat​ ​respiratory​ ​and​ ​skin​ ​infections. Quinolones c.​ ​ ​Penicillin​ ​&​ ​Cephalosporin​ ​can​ ​block​ ​bacterial​ ​cell​ ​wall​ ​formation,​ ​which​ ​allows the​ ​cell​ ​membrane​ ​to​ ​burst​ ​under​ ​pressure,​ ​killing​ ​the​ ​bacteria. Antibiotics​ ​Harm​ ​Friendly​ ​Bacteria As​ ​you​ ​read​ ​this​ ​section,​ ​pay​ ​attention​ ​to​ ​the​ ​word​ ​“opportunistic”.​ ​ ​Find​ ​2​ ​examples​ ​of​ ​CAUSES​ ​of opportunistic​ ​infections. 1.

2.

Should​ ​you​ ​consider​ ​opportunistic​ ​bacteria​ ​to​ ​be​ ​helpful​ ​or​ ​harmful? Why?

Living​ ​on​ ​Earth:​ ​ ​Antibiotics,​ ​Livestock,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​Rise​ ​of​ ​Superbugs This​ ​is​ ​a​ ​podcast​ ​and​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​transcript​ ​of​ ​the​ ​podcast​ ​included​ ​in​ ​your​ ​articles​ ​packet.​ ​ ​You​ ​can either​ ​read​ ​the​ ​transcript​ ​or​ ​go​ ​to

http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/AudioDetailsPage/AudioDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstat e=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Audio&limiter=&currPage=&disableHigh lighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&d ocumentId=GALE%7CA275251502&source=Bookmark&u=acalaneshs&jsid=01e75607ede898e05e90aeb4b93182c4

to​ ​listen​ ​to​ ​the​ ​podcast​ ​and​ ​then​ ​answer​ ​the​ ​questions​ ​on​ ​the​ ​next​ ​page.

1. a. To​ ​who/what​ ​are​ ​the​ ​vast​ ​majority​ ​of​ ​antibiotics​ ​sold​ ​in​ ​the​ ​US​ ​given? b. Why?

2. Are​ ​the​ ​antibiotics​ ​given​ ​to​ ​animals​ ​used​ ​to​ ​treat​ ​sick​ ​animals?​ ​ ​If​ ​not,​ ​why​ ​are​ ​they​ ​being​ ​given​ ​the antibiotics?

3. What​ ​is​ ​a​ ​“sub-therapeutic​ ​dose”​ ​of​ ​antibiotics?

4. What​ ​is​ ​happening​ ​to​ ​human​ ​health​ ​as​ ​a​ ​result​ ​of​ ​farm​ ​animals​ ​being​ ​given​ ​sub-therapeutic​ ​doses​ ​of antibiotics?

The​ ​Drugs​ ​Don’t​ ​Work Read​ ​the​ ​article​ ​“Drugs​ ​Don’t​ ​Work”​ ​and​ ​highlight​ ​the​ ​key​ ​ideas.​ ​ ​Circle​ ​any​ ​vocabulary​ ​words​ ​and make​ ​margin​ ​notes​ ​as​ ​needed.​ ​ ​Then​ ​answer​ ​the​ ​following​ ​questions. 1. What​ ​tipping​ ​point​ ​do​ ​experts​ ​feel​ ​we​ ​are​ ​reaching​ ​(in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​treating​ ​bacterial​ ​infections)?

2. The​ ​CDC​ ​Report​ ​on​ ​the​ ​impact​ ​of​ ​resistant​ ​bacteria a. How​ ​many​ ​people​ ​are​ ​infected​ ​by​ ​resistant​ ​bacteria​ ​each​ ​year?

b. How​ ​many​ ​of​ ​these​ ​die?

c. How​ ​much​ ​does​ ​this​ ​cost​ ​society?

3. Give​ ​three​ ​examples​ ​of​ ​bacteria​ ​that​ ​are​ ​resistant​ ​to​ ​most​ ​commonly​ ​drugs bacteria

What​ ​it​ ​cases

4. Is​ ​human​ ​to​ ​human​ ​transmission​ ​the​ ​only​ ​way​ ​resistant​ ​bacteria​ ​are​ ​spread?​ ​ ​Explain.​ ​ ​Use​ ​the example​ ​of​ ​Salmonella​ ​Heidelberg​ ​in​ ​your​ ​explanation.

5. Why​ ​are​ ​pharmaceutical​ ​companies​ ​not​ ​working​ ​to​ ​create​ ​stronger​ ​and​ ​more​ ​sophisticated​ ​antibiotics?

6. What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​risks​ ​of​ ​returning​ ​to​ ​a​ ​“pre-antibiotic​ ​era”​ ​(living​ ​in​ ​a​ ​world​ ​without​ ​antibiotics)?

7. What​ ​makes​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​antibiotics​ ​in​ ​livestock​ ​particularly​ ​troublesome?​ ​ ​Explain.

8. What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​better​ ​way​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​infections​ ​in​ ​animals​ ​(rather​ ​than​ ​treating​ ​them​ ​with​ ​low doses​ ​of​ ​antibiotics)?

9. What​ ​needs​ ​to​ ​happen​ ​to​ ​help​ ​reverse​ ​the​ ​trend​ ​of​ ​resistance​ ​in​ ​bacteria​ ​(what​ ​solutions​ ​are needed)? (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)