12th Physics 21 to 40_new.pdf

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 kpd;fhe;j miyfis Njhw;Wtpf;fTk;> NubNah Rw;Wfis xj;jpirT nra;aTk; gad;gLfpwJ. 25. $h;Kid nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d? kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w flj;jpapd; $h;KidfspypUe;J kpd;D}l;lk; frpfpd;w epfo;T $h;Kidfspd; nray;ghL my;yJ xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;) 26. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;? jhkpuj;jpd; kpd;jilvz; FiwT. Mdhy; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; njhlu;e;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jNtz;bAs;sJ. jhkpuf;fk;gp vdpy; ntg;gepiy cau;thy; kpd;jil Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT cau;e;J tpLk;. / jhkpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. ;

27. Xk; tpjpiaf; $W. khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; flj;jpapd; ,UKidfSf;fpilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;;j NtWghl;bw;F Neu;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ I α V my;yJ V = I R 28. jd; kpd;jil vz; tiuaW. XuyF ePsKk; XuyF FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpnahd;W kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; vdg;gLk;. jd;kpd;jil vz; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;fs; flj;jpfs;> fhg;ghd;fs;> Fiwflj;jpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; myF Xk; - kP 29. kPf;flj;J jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; nghUspd; jd;ik kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; vdg;gLk; 30. kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf. xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;D}l;lk; ,aq;Fk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa> XuyF fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; msthFk;. ,jd; myF Am-2 31. ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW. rhjhuz flj;jpfs; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fs; kpd;jilia jPBnud ,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngau;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ khWepiy ntg;gepiy Tc vdg;gLk;. ghjurj;jpd; ngau;T ntg;gepiy 4.2 K 32. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs; ahit? (1) kpd; mDg;Gk; fk;gpfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk; (2) fzpdpfspy; epidT my;yJ Nrkpf;Fk; mbg;gil $Wfshf gad;gLfpd;wd. (3) kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; nfhz;l fhe;jq;fs; cjtpAld;> kpff;Fiwe;j Mw;wypy; ,uapy; tz;bia mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. 33. kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; tiuaW. 1˚C ntg;gepiy cau;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 0˚C apYs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfthFk;. 34. kpd;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT kpd;jpwdhFk;. kpd;jpwd; = Ntiy / fhyk; kpd;jpwd; = V I 35. kpd;dhw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahFk;. ,jd; myF I_y; MFk;. eilKiwapy; fpNyh thl; kzp vd;w myF gad;gLfpwJ. 1 fpNyh thl; kzp = 1000 x 3600 J = 36 x 105 J 36. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf 21 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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kpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghL jpwe;j Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk; %ba Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;jilia rhu;e;jJ my;y kpd;jilf;F Neu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; 37. kpd; Ntjpa vz; tiuaW. kpd;gF jputnkhd;wpd; topNa xU $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz; vdg;gLk; 38.; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kpd;fyd; NtWghL jUf. Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jiz kpd;fyd; kPsh Ntjp tpid kPs; Ntjp tpid kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk; 39. ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; vd;why; vd;d? ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; MFk;. 40. ,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?

xuyF

typikf;

nfhz;l

jpirNtfk; ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.

kpd;Gyj;jpdhy;

ngwg;gLk;

,Og;Gj;

41. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? kpz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;af; $bait mf kpd;jil FiwT. mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ. 42. jhdpapaq;fpfspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;? kpd;tha;fSf;F ,ilNa kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjpd; %yk; mfkpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf mf kpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk; 43. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d? rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fs; kPJ γ fjpu;fs;> X fjpu;fs;> Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fs;> kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;witgLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T xsp kpd; tpisT vdg;gLk.; 44. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW? xU xsp czu; NfNjhL gug;gpy;> gLk; fjpu;tPr;rpd; mjpu;ntz;izAk;> nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpu; kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;

45. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW? xU xsp czu; jfl;by; gLk; xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j xU mjpu;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpwNjh> me;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLfpwJ. 46. ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW? 22 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gJ> cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;lu; hid ntspNaw;w ; > gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhDf;Fj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; MFk; 47. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit? xspkpd;fyd; vd;gJ xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtpahFk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;. (1) xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; (2) xsp Nthy;ll ; h kpd;fyd; (3) xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyd;.

48. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,aq;Fk; gUg;nghUSld; njhlu;Gila miyfs; gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vdg;gLk;. gpshq;f; khwpyp h> gUg;nghUspd; epiw m, jpirNtfk; v, vdpy; h miyePsk; λ = MFk;. mv 49. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW? ,U gupkhz my;yJ Kg;gupkhz ntspapy; Jfnshd;wpd; epiyia tiuaWf;Fk; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. 50. xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ? cd; Kbtpw;F tpsf;fk; jUf. nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 vdTk;> V jpirNtj;jpy; epiw mvdTk; C xspapd; jpirNtfk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy; rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

m

m0

MFk;. ,q;F V = C vdpy; m mjw;F NkNyh KLf;Ftpg;gJ ,ayhj xd;W. 51. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf. (1) ,aw;gpay; tpjpfs;> midj;J epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf mikAk; (2) midj;Jf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspYk; ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; khwpypahFk; 52. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; epa+l;ldpd; epiyk tpjp kw;Wk; ve;jputpay; tpjpfSf;F cl;gLkhdhy;> mJ epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. 53. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhjNghjpYk; nghUs; KLf;fkile;jhy;> mJ epiykk; mw;w Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F epa+l;ld; tpjpfs; nghUe;Jtjp;y;iy.

myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay; 54. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? rkkhd mZ vz;izAk;> NtWg;gl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xNu 3 jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; MFk;. (v.fh) 1H1 1H2 ,it epA+l;uhd; 1H

vz;zpf;ifapy; NtWgLk;. xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

55. INrhghh;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rkkhd epiw vz;izAk; NtWg;gl;l mZ vz;izAk; nfhz;l ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;. v.fh 8O16 , 7N16, ,it ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk;. 56. INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rk vz;zpf;ifapy; epA+l;uhd;fis nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; 16 MFk;. v.fh 6C14 , 8O 57. mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d? 23 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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fhh;ghd; 6C mZtpd; epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpw;F rkk; rhjhuz epiw myfpy; 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg epiw-Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> 1 amu – f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; = 931 MeV 58. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d? mZf;fUtpd; cz;ik epiw m. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Jfs;fspd; epiwia fhl;bYk; FiwT. ,e;j epiw NtWghL epiw tO vdg;gLfpwJ.mjhtJ Zmp + N mn - m = m (epiw tO) mp – xU GNuhl;lhdpd; epiw> mn – xU epA+l;uhdpd; epiw. 59. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? epiw tO (m) f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ. gpizg;G Mw;wy; (BE) =m.C2 mZf;fUj; JfSf;fhd gpizg;G Mw;wy; = BE/A 60. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mZ vz; 82-I tpl mjpfkhd mZ vz; nfhz;l fdkhd jdpkq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf > >  Nghd;w fjph;fis ntspapLk; epfo;T fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 61. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d? C14 fjphpaf;fKilaJ. ,jd; miu MAl; fhyk; 5570 Mz;Lfs; caphpdq;fs; ,wg;G Vw;gLk; NghJ C14 vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ epWj;jg;gl;L C14 rpijtila njhlq;FfpwJ. ,we;j nghUspy; cs;s C14 msit fz;lwpe;Jk;> rpijT tPjj;ij fz;lwpe;Jk; mJ ,we;j fhyj;ij> mjhtJ mjd; taij fzf;fplyhk;. 62. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? nraw;if Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;nwhU jdpkkhf khw;Wjy; nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. 63. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d? khWepiy gUkd;: xt;nthU gpsitf;F gpwFk; Fiwe;jJ xU epA+l;uhdhtJ mLj;j gpsitia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; gpsitg;nghUspd; gUkd; khWepiyg; gUkd; vdg;gLk;. 64. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; gad;fs; ahit? 1. Muha;r;rp ciyfs;: Muha;r;rpf;F Njitahd epA+l;uhd;fisAk;> fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;GfisAk; cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. 2. cw;gj;jp ciyfs;: gpsitf;F cl;glhj> mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis (U238) gpsitf;F cl;gLk; (Pu239) nghUshf khw;Wfpd;wd. 3. jpwd; ciyfs;: mZf;fU gpsitapdhy; cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd. 65. mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J xU fdkhd mZf;fU cUthFk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izT vdg;gLk;. mZf;fU ,iztpd; NghJ Vuhskhd Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk;. 66. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf. mZf;fU ,izTj; jj;Jtk; i`l;u[d; Fz;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mZf;fU ,iztpw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiyia mZf;fU gpsT%yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp ntg;gepiy) i`l;u[d; Fz;by; cUthFk; mZf;fU tpid 1H3 + 1 H2 2He 4+ 0n1+Mw;wy;. 67. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: - fhkhf; fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l fh];kh]; vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Gtpia milAk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. 68. Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg;glyj;jpDs; EioAk; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; 24 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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90% GNuhl;lhd;fs;> 9% `Pypak;> kw;Wk; fdkhd mZf;fUf;fSk; cs;sd. ,jd; Mw;wy; 108 MeV. 69. Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s thAf;fSld; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; tpid Guptjhy; Jiz fh];kpf; fjpu;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jpy;  Jfs;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs;> vyf;l;uhd;fs;> ghrpl;uhd;fs;> kPrhd;fs;> /Nghl;lhd;fs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; fye;J ,Uf;Fk;. 70. fpa+hp tiuaW? xU tpdhb fhyj;jpy; 3.7 X 1010 rpijTfis jUk; fjphpaf;f jdpkj;jp;d; msT 1 fpA+hp vdg;gLk;. ,J xU fpuhk; Nubaj;jpd; fjphpaf;f nray;ghl;bw;F rkk;. 71. uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW? xU fpuhk; fhw;wpy; 1.6 X 1012 Nrhb madpfis cUthf;Fk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd; msT xU uhz;l;Id;; vdg;gLk;. 72. Nrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d? Nghl;lhd; xd;W mZf;fUit Rw;wpAs;s typikahd kpd;Gyj;Jld; Nrh;e;J vyf;l;uhd; > ghrpl;uhd; cUthFk; epfo;T Nrhb cUthjy; vdg;gLk;. Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;lu; hd; ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J Nghl;lhd; cUthFk; epfo;T gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vdg;gLk;.

myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay; 73/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? khWjpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;n ; dhl;lj;ij neh;jpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ neh;jpif kpd;ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; epfH;t.[ #jpUj;Jjy;# vdt[k.; ,e;epfH;tf [ F ; gad;gLk; rhjdk; jpUj;jp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk;/ 74/ xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d? ouhd;rp*;lh; xd;wpd; Kf;fpa bray;ghL mjd; bgUf;fk; MFk;/ typik Fiwe;j iriffspd; tPrr ; pid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;ak [ ; xU Rw;wikg;g[ bgUf;fp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ nkYk; ouhd;rp*;lh; Fiwe;j btspaPL kpd;bdjpqg;g.[ mjpf cs;sPL kpd;bdjpqg;g.[ kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;fk;. kpd;dGj;jg; bgUf;fk; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ vdnt xU ouhd;rp*;lh; kpd;ndhl;l bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

75/ bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d? gl;il mfyk; vd;gJ. jhH;t[ btl;L kw;Wk; cah;t[ btl;L mjph;btz;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l mjph;btz; ,ilbtsp vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/

\ BW = fH - fL

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76/ bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; g{ypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/

g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhitg; gad;gLj;j Y1  AB

Y2  CD Y  AB  CD  AB.( C  D ) 77/ bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd? NAND kw;Wk; NOR nfl;Lfs; bghJ nfhl;Lfs; vd miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;. ,it kw;w mog;gil yh$pf; bray;ghLfis bra;af;Toait/ NAND kw;Wk; OR nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp mog;gil yh$pf; bfl;Lfs; Md NOT, OR kw;Wk; AND mikf;fg;gLtij mwpayhk;/ 78/ o-khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~ Kjy; njw;wk;~ TLjypd; epug;gp. epug;gpfspd; bgUf;fw;gyDf;Fr; rkkhf mika[k;

A kw;Wk;

B

vd;gd cs;sPLfs; vdpy;. A  B  A.B ,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/ bgUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ epug;gpfspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;/ A kw;Wk; B 79/

80/

81/

82/

vd;gJ cs;sPLfs; vdpy; A.B  A  B bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? bjhFg;gr [ ; Rw;W vd;gJ (IC) xU rpyf;fhd; gofbkd;glyj;jpy; kPJ bray;jpwd; kw;Wk; bray;jpwdw;w cWg;gf [ isa[k; mtw;wpd; ,izg;gf [ isa[k; bfhz;ljhFk;/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; g[ul;Lk; kw;Wk; g[ul;lyw;w cs;sPLf;F ,ilna kpd;dGj;jk; RHp nthy;lL ; f;Fr; (ov) rkkhf ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gLfpwJ/ vdnt g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL Kida[k; O nthy;ll ; hf mika[k/; ,f;fhuzj;jhy; g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL khaj;jiu mile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/ OP – AMP d; kpf Kf;fpag; gz;gf [ shtd (i) cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;gg ; [ kpf mjpfk; my;yJ Kotpypahff; Tl mika[k/; (ii) bgUf;fk; kpf mjpfk; (Gain) (iii) btspaPL kpd;bdjph;gg ; [ kpff; Fiwt[ my;yJ RHp ,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? ,izjpwd; vyf;lu ; hd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il my;yJ cah; Mw;wy; bgw;Ws;s gl;il. ,izjpwd; gl;il vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,izjpwd; gl;il gFjpahfnth my;yJ KGikahfnth epug;gg;goUf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; xU nghJk; fhypahf ,uhJ/

83/ flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? fl;Lwh vyf;lu ; hd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il flj;Jg; gl;il

vdg;gLfpwJ/

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84/ tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d? ,izjpwd; gl;ilf;Fk;. flj;Jg;gl;ilf;Fk; ,ilnaahd ,ilbtsp tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vdg;gLk;/

Ge = 0.7ev Si = 1.1 ev 85/ cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? xU J}a. khrw;w. Fiwf;flj;jp cs;shh;ej ; Fiwf;flj;jp vdg;gLk;/ cs;shh;ej ; Fiwf;flj;jpapy;. fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if rkkhFk;/ 86/

khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d? cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khRr; nrh;fi ; f epfH;t[ khNl;ly; vdg;gLk;/ 87/ khNl;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? khR mZf;fisg; bgw;Ws;s Fiwf;flj;jp. J}a;ikaw;w my;yJ khNl;lg;gl;l my;yJ g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ 88/ P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? |d;W ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpW mstpyhd khrpid J}a Fiwf;flj;jpg; gofj;Jld; nrh;gg ; jhy; fpilf;fg;bgWk; gofk; P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 89/ N-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? Mh;rdpf; nghd;w Ie;J ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpwpa mstpyhd khrid J}a b$h;khdpa Fiwf;flj;jp gofj;Jld; nrh;f;f. fpilf;fg; bgWk; gofk; N-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 90/ miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? miyapaw;wp vd;gJ d-c |yj;jpypUe;J Mw;wiyg;bgw;W Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; khWfpd;w btspaPlhf khw;Wk; xU vyf;lu ; hdpay; Rw;whFk;/ btspaPL kpd;dGj;jj;ijg; bghUj;J miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; tot miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; totkw;w miyapaw;wpfs; vd ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/ 91/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit? bjhFg;gr [ ; Rw;Wf;F fPHf ; z;l ew;gad;fs; cz;L/ (i) kpfkpfr; rpwpa cUt mikg;g[ (ii) Fiwe;j jpwid EfUk;/ (iii) ek;gfj; jd;ik (iv) kypthd tpiy (v) kpfkpfr; rpwpa vil (vi) vspjpy; khw;Wk; trjp Mfpait MFk;/ 92/ ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp OR nfl;il tiuf/

93/ Ex - OR nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/ cs;sPL

btspaPL

A

B

Y = AB

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

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94/

RUf;Ff A (A+B) A (A+B) =

A.A + A.B = A + A.B = A (1+B) = A .1 = A 95/ C RO tpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpL 1/ AC, kw;Wk; DC kpd;dGj;j';fis mstpl 2/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; miytotj;jpid bgw 3/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; mjh;btz;id mstpl 96/ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; OR nfl;od; cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/

tpil~

97/ Y  A  BC vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid N and nfl;il I kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/

98/ gpd;D}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? bgUf;fpapd; btspapl;oUe;J xU gpd;dgFjpia vLj;J mspg;gJ gpd;D}l;lk; vdg;gLk;/ tiffs; 1/ neh;Fwp gpd;D}l;lk; 2/ vjph; Fwp gpd;D}l;lk; 99/ vjph; gpd;D}l;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/ 1/ cah;thd epiy epWj;jg;gl;l bgUf;fk; 2/ ,iur;ry; Fiwg;g[ 3/ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l gl;il mfyk; 100/ miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit? bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk;

Af 

kPzL ; k;

cs;sPlo ; w;F

A 1  A

epge;jidfs; 1/ A = 1 2/ gpd;ndhl;l tiyiar; Rw;wp bkhj;j fl;lbgah;rr ; p O° my;yJ 2 d; KG kl';FfshFk;

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101/ ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? xU ouhd;*p*;lhpd; bray;ghl;L g[s;spia rhpahf njh;eb ; jLg;gJk; kw;Wk; irif mDg;gg;gLk; nghJ. rhpahd ckpH;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;ij epiy epWj;JtJk;. ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;gspj;jy; vdg;gLk;/ 102/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;why; vd;d? khwhj motha;; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghd; - ckpH;g;ghs; kpd;dGj;j khWghl;ow;Fk;. mjw;fhd Vw;ghd; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ btspaPL kpd;djph;gg ; [ MFk;/

103/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d? PN re;jpapd; ,Ug[wKk; mjpf mstpy; khNl;lg;gLtjhy; ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd; ,ilbtsp FWfpajhfpwJ/ ,J nghd;w FWfyhd bky;ypa re;jpapy; brdh; Kwpt[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ mjhtJ Fiwthd jpUg;g[ rhh;g[ toq;fg;gLk; NghJ typikahd kpd;Gyk; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf cUthFk;. jpUg;G rhh;G kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngUkkhFk;. 104/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij tiuaW? xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;gg ; [ vd;gJ bfhLf;fg;gl;l VCEf;F motha; ckpH;g;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; rpwpa khw;wj;jpw;Fk;. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; motha; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/

 VBE 

cs;sPL kpd; vjph;gg ; [ ri =   I B  VCE 105/ neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W ntWgLj;Jf? 1) bjhlh;kpd; iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;gr [ ; Rw;Wfs; neh;nghf;F bjhFg;gr [ ; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/ 2) ,yf;f iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;gr [ ; Rw;Wfs; ,yf;f bjhFg;gr [ ; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/ 106/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (multimeter) vd;why; vd;d? gy;gad; kPll ; h; ,J kpd;dGj;jk;. kpd;ndhl;lk;. kpd;jil nghd;wtw;iw msf;f cjt[k; xU vyf;lu ; hdpay; fUtpahFk;/ ,ij AVO kPll ; h; (ampere, voltage, ohm) vd;Wk; Twyhk;/ 107/ ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. CB mikg;ig tpl CE mikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;? CE kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;gg ; [ kpd;ndhl;lg;bgUf;fk; kw;Wk; kpd; Mw;wy; bgUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sd/ ,jd; fhuzkhf kw;w ,uz;L Rw;Wfis tplkpf mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ 108/ AND nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf Y= A .B A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

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109/

NOR nfl;Lfis bfhz;L AND nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/

110/

111/

(A+B) (A+C)

=

A+BC vdf; TWf?

(A+B) (A+C)

= = = = = = = =

A.A+AC+AB+BC A+AC + AB +BC A (1+C) + AB + BC A .1 + AB + BC A+AB +BC A (1+B) + BC A . 1 + BC A+BC

g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/ ghpkhw;W tpjp

A+B = B+A AB = BA nrq;g;g[ tpjp

A+(B+C) = (A+B) +C A(BC) = (AB) C g';fPl;L tpjp

A(B+C) = AB+AC 112/ xU fl;l CE bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/

113. xsp ckp;o; ilNahL ( LED ) vd;why; vd;d? Mw;wy; Cl;lg;gLk; NghJ fl;GydhFk; xspia ckpo;fpd;w Kd;Ndhf;F rhh;gpy; mike;j PN re;jp ilNahL MFk;. 30 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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114. gd;Ngw;w vz; - tiuaW? gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F gpd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;> gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F Kd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;s jfT miyg; gz;Ngw;w vz; vdg;gLk;. m = ∆Ec / Ec 115. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ? thd; miy guTjypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;F gug;Gk; Gs;spapypUe;J Vw;Fk; Gs;sp tiu cs;s rpWk njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfs; 1. kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W? Kjy; tpjp xU %ba Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpy; kpd; ,af;F tpir Jhz;lg;gLk;. fhe;j ghak; khWgLk; tiuapy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd; ,af;F tpirAk; ePbf;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; tpjp xU %ba Rw;wp;y Jhz;lg;gLk; kpd; ,af;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G mr; Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;. 2. nyd;R tpjpiaf; $W? xU Rw;wpy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirahdJ mjidf; Jhz;l fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;j gha khw;wj;ij vjph;fF ; k; tifapy; mikAk;. 3. gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp) tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eL tpuy;> fl;il tpuy; %d;iwAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itf;Fk; NghJ Ms;fhl;b tpuy; fhe;j Gyj;jpiriaAk;> fl;il tpuy; flj;jp efUk; jpiriaAk; Fwpj;jhy; eLtpuy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria Fwpf;Fk;. 4. Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W? rpwg;G X fjph; epwkhiyapy; Njhd;Wk; thpapd; mjph;ntz; mjid ckpOk; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;zpd; ,Ukbf;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;.

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fzf;Ffs;

1. kpd; tpsf;F Xd;W 240v

kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk; mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

0.5A vdpy;; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jilitf; fzf;fpLf. Givem R

=

v

=

240v

I

=

0.5A

v I

=

240 0.5

=

240 =480  Y2

R=480 2.

0.C – y; epf;Nuhk; kpd;jil 10 mjd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; 0.004C ePupd; nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf. Given

Ro

=

10 



=

0.004.C

R100 = ? Rt = Ro [1+ t] R100 = [1+0.004 x 100] R100 = 14  3. 100 W> 220V kpd; gy;G xd;wpd; kpd;dioapd; kpd;jilapidf; fzf;fPLf. Given

P

=

100 W

V

=

220 V

=

484

R = V2=(220)2 P 100

R = 484 4.

xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; 20.48m. ,J tlf;F Nehf;fp 40ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtp fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5T> vdpy;

,wf;ifapd;

KidfSf;fpilNa J}z;lg;gLk; kpdpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf Given B=2X 10-5T, l=20.48m; V=40m-s-1 e=- = -Blv=-2x10-5 X20.48 X40 e=-0.0164v 32 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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5) xU RUspy; ghAk;

4A kpd;Nlhl;lk; 0.5s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf

khWk;NghJ

kw;nwhU RUspy; 50mv kpd;dpaf;f tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ vdpy; mt;tpU RUs;fSf;FfpilNa cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;iz fzf;fpLf

Given I1 = 4A; I2=8A; dt =0.85 e=50x10-3V m= -e

=

dI dt

50 x 10-3 4 0.5

M= -6.25 x10-3H

6) jstpisT khdpapy; 60CC, rh;f;fiuf; fiury; 300 mm ePsk; nfhz;l Nrhjidf; FohapDs; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ Row;wg;gLfpwJ.

Row;rp jpwd; vz;.60o

vdpy; fiurypy; cs;s rh;f;fiurapd; msT vd;d? Given l = 300 mm = 3 decimeter Ө = 9o m = ӨV lxS 7)

S = 60; V = 60cc = 9x60 = 3 = 3x 60

,e;Jg;G gbfj;jpd; mzpf;Nfhit ,ilntsp d = 2.82 Ao ,g;gbfj;jpidf; nfhz;L Kjy; thpirapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ngUk miyePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf Given

d = 2.82A ; = 2.84 x 10-10m n=1  ngUkk;

=

 ngUkk;

=

2d SINӨ ngUkk; n 2X2.82 x 10-10 x1 1

 ngUkk; = 5.64 x 10-10 m 33 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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8)

Po-

84

218

miu MA+l;fhyk; 3 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fspy; mJ rpijtile;j

tpOf;fhL vd;d? T ½ =3m;

t= 15m

15 epkplq;fspy; 5 miu MA+l;fhyk; cs;sd u) 15 = 5 3 Kjy; miu MA+l;fhyk; Kbtpy;

kPjk; cs;sit

= 50%

2-tJ

”

= 25%

3-tJ

”

= 12.5%

4-tJ

”

= 6.25%

5-tJ

”

= 3.125%

rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL = 100 – 3.125 = 96.875% 9. Nulhdpd; miu MA+lf ; hyk; T ½ = 3.8 ehl;fs; mjd; ruhrhp MA+l;fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLf =T½ 0.6931 

= 5.482

=

3.8 0.6931

ehl;fs;

10. xU ngUf;fpf;F vjph; gpd;D}l;lk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; ngUf;f vz;. 50-y; ,Ue;J 25-f;F FiwfpwJ. mjd; gpd;D}l;l jftpidf; fhz;f Af = A 1+A 25 = 50 1+X50  = 0.02 34 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa 1.

tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. tpsf;fk; kpd;fyj;Jlk; ,izf;fg;gl;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. xy; ,Ue;J yI Nehf;fp nray;gLk; E vd;w rPuhd kpd;Gyk; flj;jpapy; epWtg;gLfpwJ. kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lhuhd;fs; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;lhJ. kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jTld; y Kidapy; cs;s vyf;uhd;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpH jpirapy; F = eE vd;w tpiria czUk;. ,jdhy; vyf;uhd;fs; KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd; madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ gpd;Ndhf;fpa tpir nraw;gLk;. ,it kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhd jpirapy; Vd vd;w rPuhd ruhrhp ,Og;G jpirNtfj;Jld; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.

fzf;fL P : ,U Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp fhyk;  vdTk; vyf;lu; hd; ngWk; KLf;fk; a vdTk; nfhz;lhy;> ,Og;G jpirNtfk; Vd = a m epiw nfhz;l vyf;lu; hdpd; KLf;fk; eE a= m eE / Vd =  = μE m e / μ= μ vd;gJ ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;. m ,af;f vz; vd;gJ XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;G jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF m2 V-1 S-1 2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;. L ePsKk;> A nFWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. mjd; KidfSf;fpilNa E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. flj;jpapd; XuyF gUkdpy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lu; hd;fspd; Vd vd;w epiyahd ,Og;G jpitNtfj;Jld; ,lg;gf;fkhf ,aq;Fk;. flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lu; hd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = nAL vyf;lu; hdpd; kpd;D}l;lk; = e flj;jp topNa ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; q = (nAL) e L kpd;D}l;lq;fs; flj;jpapd; topNa nry;y MFk; fhyk; t = Vd q (nAL) e flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I= = = t L / Vd I = n A e Vd

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flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhllk;> ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;.

rkd;ghL (1)y; ,Ue;J J = n eVd 3.

njhlhpizg;gpy; Nfhitiaj; jUtp.

I = n e Vd A I kpd;Ndhl;l mlHj;jp) A kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l

(/ J =

njhFg;ghDf;fhd

kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; njhFgad; kpd;jilapid Xk; tpjp nfhz;L fhzyhk;. R1, R2, R3, R4 kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd. ,jdhy; xt;nthU kpd;jilapd; topahfTk; xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;;lk; I ghAk;. njhFg;gpd; KidfSf;fpilNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = V Xk; tpjpg;gb> xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V1,V2,V3,V4 vdpy; V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4, V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3, V4 = IR4 Rs vd;gJ njhlhpizg;gpd; njhFgad; kpd;jil vdpy; IRS = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4 / RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 MfNt njhluhf ,izf;fl;Ls;s gy kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;F njhFgad; kpd;jil> jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;. 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. R1, R2, R3, R4 kpd;jilfs; V Nthy;l; kpd;dpaf;F tpir %yj;Jld; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd. xt;nthU kd;jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghLk; Vf;F rkk;. njhFg;gpid milAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; KiwNa I1, I2, I3, I4 vd gphpe;J nry;Yk;. Xk; tpjpg;gb I1 =

V V V V , I2  , I3  , I4  R1 R2 R3 R4

I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 V

V =

V +

V +

V +

RP R1 R2 R3 R4 ,q;F Rp vd;gJ gf;f ,izg;gpy; njhFgad; kpd;jilahFk;. 1 1 1 1 1 vdNt> = + + + Rp R1 R2 R3 R4 gy kpd; jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; kpd;jilapd; jiyfPopfspd; $LjyhdJ njhFgad; kpd;jilapd; jiyfP opf;36 Fr; rkk;. www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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5.

mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;. mfkpd;jil: kpd;fyj;jpDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk; epfo;tpy; kpd;fyj;jpDs; cs;s kpd;gF jputk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F xU kpd;jiliaj; jUfpwJ. ,J kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil vdg;gLk;. Nthy;l; kPl;lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil fhzy;: glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rhtp K jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir E mstplg;gLk;. caHkpd;jilAila Nthy;l; kPl;lH tpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; kpd;Rw;iw jpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;. R vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp K %lg;gLk;. R f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F rkk; (V) V = IR .................. (1) kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil r fhuzkhf> Nthy;l; kPl;lH fhl;Lk; msthdJ V, kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir EI tpl Fiwthf mikAk;. V = E-lr (m) lr = E-V ................. (2) (2) I (1)y; tFf;f

E  V r R  V 

E,V kw;Wk; R kjpg;Gfs; njhptjhy; mfkpd;jil r kjpg;G fzf;fplyhk;. 6. fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf Kjy; tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy;> ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk; re;jpf;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif RopahFk;. kuG: re;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; NeHf;FwpapidAk; re;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntspapy; nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjpHf;FwpapidAk; ngWk;. ,uz;lhk; tpjp: xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;i;wg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;. kuG: kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis NeHFwp cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis vjpHFwp cilajhfTk; fUJNthk;. 7. tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;. jj;Jtk;: fphpr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mBg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ

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mikg;G: P, Q, R, S vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd. E kpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fyk; A,C Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. B, Df;F ,ilNa G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I, I1, I2, I3, I4, Ig vd;W gphpfpwJ. tpsf;fk;: fphpr;r/gpd; Kjy; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpg;gb re;jp Bapy;> I1 – Ig – I3 = 0 -----------(1) re;jp Dapy> I2 +Ig – I4 = 0 -----------(2) fpHr;r/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb ABDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLj;j I1P + IgG - I2R = 0 -----------(3) mNj tpjpia ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLfpwJ. I1P + I3Q - I4S - I2R = 0 -----------(4) fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; (Ig = 0 ) fhl;Lk;NghJ B kw;Wk; D Gs;spfs; xNu kpd;dOj;jjpy; mikAk;. Ig =0 vd rkd;ghLfs; (1) (2) (3) y; gpujpapl I1 = I3 -----------(5) I2 = I4 -----------(6) I1P=I2R ------------(7) rkd;ghL (5) (6) (7)d; kjpg;Gfis rkd;ghL (4)y; gpujpapl I1P + I1Q - I2S - I2R = 0 I1(P+Q) = I2 (R+S) -----------(8) rkd;ghL (8)I rkd;ghL (7)My; tFf;f I1(P+Q) I2 (R+S) = I1P I2R PQ P Q P

RS R S = R

=

1+ P Q

Q P

=

= 1+

S R

R S

,JNt rkdr; Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid MFk;. P, Q, R d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpe;jhy; S d; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplyhk;. 8.

kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk;

jj;Jtk;: tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; nray;Kiw tbtNk kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;whFk;. ,J fpHr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. mikg;G : kpd;jil Gwf;fzpf;fjf;f %d;W jbj;j jhkpug; gl;ilfs; kug;gyif kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;W jhkpug; gl;ilfSf;F ,ilapy; G1, G2 vd;w ,U ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. xU kPl;lH ePsKk;> rPuhd jbkDk; nfhz;l 38 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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khq;fdpd; fk;gp AC msTNfhYf;F ,izahf kug;gyifapd; kPJ ,Oj;Jg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpapd; kjpg;G njhpahj P vd;w kpd;jil G ,ilntspapYk;> Q vd;w gbj;ju kpd;jil G2 ,ilntspapYk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J vd;w cNyhfj; njhLNfhyhdJ fhy;tdh kPll ; H (G) kw;Wk; caH kpd;jil (HR) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. AC fk;gpapd; KidfSf;F FWf;Nf nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; rhtp ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;: kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W fk;gpapd; kPJ njhLNfhiy efHj;jp fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;sp J fk;gpapd; AJ kw;Wk; JC gFjpfs; tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; R>S vd;w kpd;jilfSf;F gjpyhf mikfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ P

R =

r.AJ =

Q S r.JC r vd;gJ XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilahFk;. P AJ ℓ1 / = = Q JC ℓ2 AJ = ℓ1, JC = ℓ2 P = Q ℓ1 ℓ2 Kid kpd;jil fhuzkhf

l1 ; kjpg;gpy; rpWgpio Vw;gLk;. ,g;gpioia l2

jtpHf;f P kw;Wk; Q it ,lkhw;wk; nra;J rkd; nra;Ak; Gs;sp J MdJ fk;gp ACapd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,Uf;FkhW mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;L Pd; ruhrhp kjpg;G fzf;fplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;: fk;gpapd; kpd;jil (P) Muk; (r) kw;Wk; ePsk; (L) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;G njhpAkhdhy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;iz Pπr2 ρ = rkd;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L fzf;fplyhk;. L kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;: t1, t2 ntg;gepiyfspy; fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpd; kpd;jilfs; KiwNa R1, R2 vdpy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; kpd;jil vz; R2 –R1 α= /oC %yk; fzf;fplg;gLfwpJ. R1t2 – R2t1 9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp kpd;dOj;jkhdpahFk;. mikg;G: kug;gyifapd; kPJ 10kP. ePsKs;s khq;fdpd; fk;gp rPuhdjhf> 1kP. ePsKila 10 gFjpfshf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpf;F

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,izahf kPll ; H msTNfhYk;> fk;gpapd; ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; njhlHG Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; njhLNfhy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ. jj;Jt tpsf;fk;: kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A>B KidfSf;fpilapy; xU kpd;fy mLf;F Bt> rhtp K cs;sJ. ,jdhy; fk;gpapy; (I) rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ,J Kjd;ik Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk; njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; A KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Jizr; Rw;whFk;. A kw;Wk; Jf;F ,ilapyhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ. vdNt fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; fhl;Lk; AJ rkd; nra;Ak; ePskhFk;. r vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why; AJf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = Irℓ Rop tpyf;f epiyapy; E = Irℓ I kw;Wk; r khwpypfshtjhy; Eαℓ ,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;. ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;. 10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis xg;gply;: jj;Jtk;: kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk; ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;. mikg;G: kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gp AB MdJ> kpd;fy mLf;F (Bt) rhtp (K) kpd;jil khw;wp Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kjd;ikr; Rw;whFk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A Kid> DPDT rhtpapd; ikaKid C> cld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid D cld; fhy;tdhkPl;lH (G) caH kpd;jil (HR), njhLNfhy; (J) Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. DPDT rhtpapd; C1, D1 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E1 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; C2, D2 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpsf;fk;: Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdTk;> XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vdTk; fUJf. DPDT rhtpia jFe;jthW rPuikj;J> E1 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp fhytdhkPl;lH Roptpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;gbr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ1 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = I r ℓ1 40 www,learnerkey.com Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/