14. PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM VIRUS HEPATITIS Penyakit Hati : -

-

Akut (< 6 bulan) Kronik (> 6 bulan)

-

Virus Penyebab Hepatitis •

HAV : Hepatitis A virus



HBV : Hepatitis B virus



HCV : Hepatitis C virus



HDV : Hepatitis D virus



HEV : Hepatitis E virus ( penyebaran secara enterik di Asia dan epidemik)



HGV : Hepatitis G virus



TTV : TT virus ( penularan melalui transfusi )



SEN-V : non-ABCDE hepatitis ( penularan melalui transfusi )

Hepatitis A •

Anti-HAV IgM untuk diagnosisHepatitis A akut



Anti-HAV IgG menunjukkan pemaparan dengan HAV yang lampau, tidak infeksius, ada kekebalan



Anti- HAV tersebut dapat positif terus sampai bertahun-tahun

Hepatitis B Struktur Virus Hepatitis B

Penanda Virus untuk Hepatitis B (HBV DNA) •

HBsAg ( infeksius )



Anti-HBs ( memberi kekebalan )



Anti-HBc ( 30% infeksius karena HBV DNA + )



HBeAg ( infeksius )



Anti-HBe ( infeksius )

Organisasi Genom HBV •

S gene (termasuk Pre S region) : HBsAg



Core gene (termasuk Pre C region) : HBcAg, HBeAg



P gene : DNA polymerase



X gene :protein yg. terlibat dalam karsinogenesis HBV

Tes Diagnostik Laboratorium •

Pemeriksaan serologi

Pemeriksaan antibodi sebagai respon imunologi tubuh yang terinfeksi virus : Anti HBc, Anti HBe, Anti HBs, IgM anti HBc, Pemeriksaan antigen : HBsAg, HBeAg Teknologi immunoassay: ELISA, EIA, ECLIA Teknik Enzimchemiluminescence Immunoassay : teknologi immunoassay generasi terakhir (generasi 4) ; sensitivitas lebih baik dibandingkan generasi sebelumnya •

Pemeriksaan muatan virus berbasis asam nukleat (HBV DNA)

Pemeriksaan muatan virus dengan metode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Berbeda dengan immunoassay, memeriksa langsung kadar virus yang berhubungan dengan keaktifan virus berkembang dalam tubuh Perjalanan Alami Virus Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C •

Virus RNA ini mempunyai 6 genotipe utama.



Penularan utama melalui transfusi (90% kasus, sekarang hanya 4% kasus)



Sekarang lebih dari 50% penularan melalui pengguna suntikan obat/ narkoba



Koinfeksi dengan virus HCV dijumpai pada sedikitnya 30% pada kelompok dengan infeksi HIV. Pada infeksi HIV perjalanan Hepatitis C kronik lebih cepat progresif menjadi sirosis hati, sedangkan HCV sendiri meningkatkan hepato-toxicity terapi HAART ( highly active antiretroviral) pada infeksi HIV/AIDS.

Diagnosis Hepatitis C  anti-HCV (metode EIA ) : reaktif → positif •

Anti-HCV tidak mempunyai daya proteksi,



pada hepatitis akut maupun kronis sebagai penanda adanya HCV sebagai penyebab



Karena adanya hasil anti-HCV negatif palsu maupun positif palsu, maka diagnosis hepatitis C dapat dikonfirmasi dengan uji RNA HCV ( PCR), pada kasus tertentu cukup dengan uji RIBA.



Hasil RIBA positif berarti infeksius.



Kasus dengan Anti-HCV positif, RIBA positif, tetapi uji RNA HCV serum ( uji PCR ) negatif berarti adanya rekoveri/ penyembuhan infeksi HCV masa lampau



Tes anti-HCV pada donor darah akanmegurangi risiko hepatitis pasca transfusi ( darah donor dengan anti-HCV positifakan ditolak)

Pencegahan  cuci tangan terhadap kontaminasi virus.  jarum suntik disposebel ditanganidengan baik (UP), desinfektan hipoklorit 0,5-1,0 % atau glutaraldehid 2%.  Skrining darah donor HBsAg, anti HBc dan anti-HCV  vaksinasi terhadap HAV dan HBV ( belum ada vaksin terhadap HCV )  Imunisasi pasif dengan pemberian imun globulin baik terhadap hepatitis A , hepatitis B (HBIG)

Hepatitis E : Infeksi virus E ini adalah self-limited ( tidak menjadi carrier ), tetapi pada wanita hamilmempunyai angka kematian tinggi (10-20 % ) dan mempunyai risiko yang meningkat untuk terjadinya dekompensasi hati pada kasus yang pada dasarnya mempunyai penyakit hati kronis.

Prognosis •

Hepatitis A : tidak menyebabkan penyakit hati kronik



Hepatitis kronik :



 aminotransferase > 6 bulan



Hepatitis C akut  80% menjadi kronik ( B: 1-2% )  Cirrhosis (C:30%,B:40%, C&B %>, atau dgn HIV %>)



Px Cirrhosis: 3-5%/ tahun  HCC



Tanpa cirrhosis, virus B dgn replikasi virus aktif  HCC

 Pada penderita immunocompromised dan immunocompetent ( jarang ) harus diingat sebagai diagnosa banding : virus Cytomegalo, Epstein-Barr, Herpes simplex. •

Peningkatan hebat dari aminotransferase (ALT/GPT dan AST/GOT dapat terjadi pada SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome )

14. PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM VIRUS HEPATITIS.pdf ...

HEV : Hepatitis E virus ( penyebaran secara enterik di Asia dan epidemik). • HGV : Hepatitis G virus. • TTV : TT virus ( penularan melalui transfusi ). • SEN-V ...

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