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In this study disaffected feelings and actions, whether dogmatic, hostile, or aggressive in nature, carry with them increasing feelings of guilt for both males and females. This suggests that these disaffected patterns include anger and disappointment turned inward as well as outward. REFERENCES ADORNO, T . W . , FRENKELTBRUNSWIK, E . , LEVINSON, D . J., & SANFORD, R . The authoritarian per-

sonality. New York: Harper, 1950. Buss, A. H. The psychology of aggression. New York: John Wiley, 1961. Buss, A. H., & DUHKEE, A. An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957, Zl, 343-349. LEIPETZ, M . E . , & OssoRio, P. G. Authoritarianism, aggression, and status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1968, 32, 21-25. MARLOWE, D . , & CROWNE, D . Social desirability and response to perceived situational demands. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1961, S5, 109-115. MEGARGEE, E . J . . COOK, P. E., & MENDELSOHN, G . A. Development and validation of an MMPI

scale of assaultiveness in overeontroUed individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1967, 7S, 519-528. RoKEACH, M. Political and religious dogmatism: An alternative to the authoritarian personality. Psychological Monographs, 1956, 70 (Whole No. 425). RoKEACH, M. The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books, 1960. ROBERTS, A. H., & JESSOR, R . Authoritarianism, punitiveness, and perceived social status. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1958, 66, 311-314. SHUPE, D . R . , & WoLFER, J. A. Comparative reliability of the Dogmatism Scale with 2 and 6 scale points. Psychological Reports, 1966, 19, 284-286. VACCHIANO, R . , STRAUSS, P. R., & HOCHMAN, L. The open and closed mind: A review of dogmatism. Psychological Bulletin, 1969, 71, 261-273. WRIGHT, J. M., & HARVEY, 0 . J. Attitude change as a function of authoritarianism and punitiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965, 27, 177-181.

FURTHER RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IPAT ANXIETY SCALE PERFORMANCE AND INFANTILE FEEDING EXPERIENCES R. N. HUGHES AND J. A. BUSHNELL University of Canterbury Christchurch 1, New Zealand First-year psychology students who either had been breast fed for up t^o 3 months or never breast fed scored significantly higher on the IPAT Anxiety Scale than those breast fed for longer periods of time. There were no breast feeding effects on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, although females obtained significantly higher neuroticism scores than men. By extending i previous finding these results indicated the need for more data in this area.

It was reported recently that female first-year psychology students who never had been breast fed during infancy scored significantly higher on the IPAT Anxiety Scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) neuroticism dimension than did breast fed Ss (Hughes & Hawkins, 1975). Although these results were generally in line with some earlier findings (Childer & Hamil, 1932; Maslow & SzilagyiKessler, 1946), it was concluded that further evidence was required from samples of both sexes. The present study was designed to collect data from male as well as female Ss.

IPAT Anxiety Scale Performance and Infantile Feeding Experiences

699

METHOD

Subjects and Procedure

Approximately 200 first-year psychology students (modal age = 19 years) were asked to complete a voluntary questionnaire that concerned duration of breast-feeding during infancy. Verification of details supplied was requested in the form of a parent's signature. In all, 37 males and 47 females agreed to participate in the study. They subsequently were administered the IPAT Anxiety Scale and Form A of the EPI during psychology practical classes. Five males and 12 females later were eliminated from the sample because of incomplete records and high EPI lie-scale scores. Final numbers that comprised each of four breast-feeding groups were as follows: never breast fed—6 males, 7 females; breast fed for up to 3 months— 9 males, 13 females; breast fed for up to 6 months—12 males, 7 females; breast fed for more than 6 months—5 males, 8 females. RESULTS

Separate two-way analyses of variance were performed on raw scores froni the three scales, namely, IPAT scale, EPI neuroticism and extraversion dimensions. Means for each sex and breast-feeding group can be seen in Table 1. IPAT scores were related significantly to infant feeding experiences, F (3, 59) = 4.43, p < .01. However, no significant relationship was evident for either neuroticism, F(3, 59) = TABLE 1 MEAN IPAT AND EPI SCORES FOR EACH SEX AND BREAST FEEDING GROUP

IPAT EPI Neuroticism EPI Extraversion

Never breast fed

Up to 3 months

Up to 6 months

<6 months

Males

Females

36.85 11.69 13.23

41.59 13.77 14.18

29.95 12.42 15.42

29.00 11.23 13.85

32.66 11.25 14.22

37.00 13.63 14.34

1.83, or extraversion, F (3, 59) = 1.91. Females scored significantly higher on neuroticism than males, F (1, 39) = 8.68, p < .01, but a similar sex difference in IPAT scores was not significant, F (1, 39) = 1.59. No other sex difference or sex X breast-feeding interaction was significant. Individual t-test comparisons (dj MS error = 59) between IPAT scores for the four breast-feeding groups revealed that students breast fed for up to and over 6 months scored significantly lower than the other two groups. However, differences between 0 and up to 3 months, and up to 6 and over 6 months were not significant. By means of the Pearson product-moment procedure, IPAT and EPI neuroticism scores were shown to be correlated significantly, r = .55, p < .01. DISCUSSION

As in the earlier study (Hughes & Hawkins, 1975), a relationship between breast feeding during infancy and adult IPAT Anxiety Scale Performance was evident. However, in the present case, as well as those never breast fed, Ss who had been breast fed for up to 3 months also achieved higher scores than those fed for longer periods of time. This result probably reflects the lability of relationships between duration of breast feeding and subsequent development (Heinstein, 1963). On this point the collection of more data clearly is indicated. Contrary to the previous report, there was no significant breast feeding effect on EPI neuroticism scores. As both the neuroticism and IPAT scales are assumed to measure a common anxiety trait (Eysenck, 1969) that is supported by the significant correlation in

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the present study, it is likely that the lack of an effect on the former was due to combined influences of a comparatively restricted range of possible scores and high )S variability. Although females obtained higher neuroticism scores, there was no evidence of interactions between sex and infant feeding experiences (Heinstein, 1963). While it is clear that the data presented herein contribute little to the recognition of possible causal mechanisnis discussed earlier (Hughes & Hawkins, 1975), they nevertheless confirm a relationship between infant feeding experiences and adult trait anxiety. Whether this relationship is direct or incidentally related to some other environmental or genetic factor remains to be determined. REFERENCES CHILDER, A. T., & HAMIL, B . M . Emotional problems in children as related to breast feeding in infancy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1932, S, 134-142. EYSENCK, H . J. The validity of the M.P.I. - positive validity. In H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck (Eds.), Personality structure and measurement. San Diego, Calif.: Knapp, 1969. HEINSTEIN, M . I. Behavioral correlates of breast^bottle regimes under varying parent-infant relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1963, B8, No. 88. HUGHES, R . N . , & HAWKINS, A. B. EPI and IPAT Anxiety Scale performance in young women as related to breast feeding during infancy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1975, 31, 663-665. MABLOW, A. H . , & SZILAGYI-KESSLER, I. Security and breast feeding. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1946, 41, 83-85.

TWO SHORT VERSIONS OF THE MULTIPLE AFFECT ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST A. A.

SAPPINGTON'

University of Alabama in Birmingham In an attempt to fulfill the original purpose of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), two shorter versions were devised. One version was simply a subset of the original items. A second version provided one 6-point semantic differential scale for each of the subscales of the standard MAACL. Concurrent validity was assessed for three separate college student populations and one drug patient population. Also, construct validity was assessed for both versions by measuring changes in negative affect during a single Induced Anxiety session. Correlations between the standard and subset version for total negative affect ranged between .49 and .99. Correlations between the standard and semantic differential versions for total negative affect ranged between .53 and .81.

When Zuckerman reported on the development of an affect adjective check list for the measurement of anxiety, he commented: There are many occasions where one would like to measure changes in anxiety over shorter periods of time. Experiments where an attempt is made to induce anxiety, or experiments on the effects of the 'tranquilizer' drugs are examples of research where the temporal ambiguity of the usual questionnaires might make them insensitive to change [1960, pp. 467]. The check list was later expanded to include depression and hostility (Zuckerman, Lubin & Robins, 1965; Zuckerman, Lubin, Vogel, & Valerius, 1964). A study by Korn, Ascough and Kleemeir (1972) is of interest not only because it adds to the existing validity data, but also because it provides an example of a 'Reprints can be obtained from the author at: Psychology Department, University College, University of Alabama in Birmingham 35294. This research was financed by University College Faculty Research Grant No. 80-9421 and 80-9422.