Egypt Health Communication Survey 2005
El-Zanaty& Associates
CHL Programs
Tulane University
Egypt Health Communication Survey 2005
Fatma El- Zanaty Noha El- Ghazaly Mohamed El- Ghazaly Dominique Meekers
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
2
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND RESPONDENTS ........6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
3
Care During Pregnancy .......................................................................................47 Delivery Care...................................................................................................... 51 Postpartum Care.................................................................................................. 56
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF HIV/AIDS, HEPATITIS AND SAFE INJECTIONS ....................................................................... 58 5.1
5.2
5.3
6
Age at First Marriage ..........................................................................................16 Fertility Preferences ............................................................................................16 Knowledge and Attitudes toward Family Planning .............................................. 21 First Use of Family Planning ...............................................................................42 Current Use of Family Planning .......................................................................... 42 Intention to Use Contraception in the Future........................................................44
MATERNAL HEALTH ............................................................................................47 4.1 4.2 4.3
5
Household Composition ........................................................................................6 Education of the Household Population .................................................................7 Household Environment ........................................................................................9 General Characteristics of Respondents ............................................................... 11
FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING......................................................................16 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
4
Background...........................................................................................................1 Organization and Objectives of the 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey .....................................................................................2 Implementation of the 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey................2 Coverage of the Survey .........................................................................................5
Knowledge and Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS................................................ 58 5.1.1 Awareness of HIV/AIDS .....................................................................58 5.1.2 Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS .......................................................62 Knowledge and Perceptions related to Hepatitis C ...............................................67 5.2.1 Knowledge of Hepatitis C ...................................................................67 5.2.2 Perceptions related to Hepatitis C .......................................................72 Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices related to Safe Injections and Blood Borne Diseases.............................................................................................................. 74 5.3.1 Knowledge of blood borne diseases and safe injections practices.... 74 5.3.2 Intentions toward safe injection practices .......................................... 78 5.3.3 Safe injection Behaviors ...................................................................... 80
HEALTHY LIFESTYLES AND PASSIVE SMOKING....................................................87 6.1 6.2 6.3
Hand Washing Practices ......................................................................................87 Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Perceptions related to Smoking...................90 Attitudes toward Passive Smoking.......................................................................96
7
EXPOSURE TO INFORMATION, EDUCATION, AND COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGNS ..........................................................................109 7.1 Interpersonal Communication about Family Planning ..................................... 109 7.2 Communication about Safe Pregnancy ............................................................ 112 7.3 7.4 7.5
8
BEHAVIOR CHANGES COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES .........................................124 8.1
8.2
8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
9
Communication about Passive Smoking ............................................................ 115 Interpersonal Communication about HIV/AIDS............................................... 117 Communication about Safe Injections................................................................ 120 Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through TV .............................. 124 8.1.1 Recall of the TV Spot “Your Health is Your Wealth”............................ 128 8.1.2 Recall of the TV Spot “Family’s Doctor”.............................................. 135 8.1.3 Recall of “Isaal Istashir” Spot ............................................................... 137 8.1.4 Recall of TV Programs ......................................................................... 141 Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Radio .......................... 145 8.2.1 Recall of the Radio Spot “Your Health is Your Wealth”........................ 149 8.2.2 Recall of the Radio Spot “Family’s Doctor”.......................................... 149 8.2.3 Recall of Radio Programs ..................................................................... 150 8.2.4 Recall of Radio Songs........................................................................... 150 Recall of IEC Communication Interventions through Printed Media ................. 151 Recall of IEC Communication Interventions through Posters/ flyers/billboard .. 156 Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Seminars and Community Meetings........................................................................................ 160 Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Visits........................... 160 Recall of “Your Health is Your Wealth” Slogan ................................................ 160 Respondent’s opinion about the best way to receive information........................ 161
EXPOSURE TO, AND RECALL OF COMMUNICATION FOR HEALTHY LIVING (CHL) PROJECT ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................164 9.1 Recall of CHL Campaign Messages on TV ................................................... 164 9.2 Recall of CHL Campaign Messages from Radio........................................... 169 9.3 9.4 9.5
Recall of CHL Campaign Messages through Print Media................................... 170 Recall of CHL Campaign Messages through Interpersonal Channels (Meetings/Seminars) ...................................................................................... 177 Recall of Specific CHL Campaign Spots and Slogans ................................ 177 9.5.1 Recall of the “Your Health is Your Wealth” Spot ............................ 177 9.5.2 Recall of the “Family Doctor” Spot ................................................... 187 9.5.3 Recall of “Isaal Istashir” Spot ........................................................... 189
APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES ...................................................................................195 Household Questionnaire ................................................................................. 197 Women’s Questionnaire ................................................................................... 205 Husband’s Questionnaire.................................................................................. 247 Youth’s Questionnaire...................................................................................... 285
APPENDIX B SURVEY STAFF........................................................................................315 Technical and Administrative Staff .................................................................. 315 Field Staff ........................................................................................................ 316
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Health Communication Survey is a national survey involving interviews with respondents from all governorates except frontiers. Egypt Health Communication Survey 2005 (EHCS) was designed to provide information on the success of the communication interventions and their effect on behavior change. The data of the 2005 EHCS provide monitoring indicators for the Communication for Healthy Living Program in Egypt. The 2005 Egypt Health communication Survey (EHCS 2005) was conducted under the auspices of the State Information Service/IEC Center and funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), as part of the external evaluation of the impact of the Health Communication Partnership (HCP). This survey could not have been implemented without the active support and dedicated efforts of a large number of institutions and individuals. The support and approval of SIS/IEC was instrumental in securing the implementation of the survey. I would like to thank Mr. Nabil El-Shal, director of IEC center, for his approval. The 2005 EHCS survey could not have been implemented without the administrative and technical support of the Health Communication Partnership. I particularly wish to thank Mr. Ron Hess, Chief of Party HCP, for his contribution and support. I would also like to thank Dr. Tawhida Khalil, Senior Communication Advisor at the HCL program- Egypt. I am deeply grateful to Tulane university experts who contributed to the successful completion of this project, especially Dr. Dominique Meekers, professor in the Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University, and Associate Director for Summative Evaluation for his active support. His help in reviewing and editing contributed greatly to the success of the survey. Special thanks are also due to Dr. Doug Storey, Associate Director for Program Research & Communication Sciences for his input during the questionnaire design. This survey could not have been conducted in such a timely fashion without the combined efforts of the senior, office and field staff in the EHCS 2005 team. I would like to express my appreciation for the dedication and skill with which they performed their tasks. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to all respondents who participated in the survey; without their patience this project would have been impossible.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Communication for Healthy Living project is based on the philosophy that households are the producers of health and thus aims at integrating communication activities across health care services and systems. The USAID-funded Health Communication Partnership is working with the CHL project to build capacity for health communication among the public, NGOs, and private sectors in Egypt. The project involves such innovative activities as a “Newlyweds Initiative”, including a group wedding celebration to focus on young married couples taking responsibility for their own health. The Egypt health communication survey conducted in 21 governorates. The aim of the survey was to provide data that can be used to help in the design of the CHL program and SIS/IEC center communication interventions. The survey measures respondents’ recall of health communication messages, respondents’ knowledge and practices in areas related to family planning/reproductive health, healthy lifestyles, healthy mother/healthy child, and infectious diseases. The study included interviews with 1,407 ever-married women (15-49 years), 1,256 husbands, and 1,618 never married youth (15-24 years). The results of this survey can be compared with data from the national EDHS 2005 survey. Fertility and Family Planning Age at first marriage. The median age at first marriage among women in the age group 25-29 is 20.2 years, exactly 3 years older than that among women in the age group 30-34 (17.2 years), and more than 3 years older than that among women in the age group 40-44 (16.9 years). Ideal number of children. Women and never-married female youth aspire to have smaller families than husbands and never-married male youth do (2.9 and 2.5 children for women and female youth respectively, while 3.3 and 2.8 children for husbands and male youth respectively). However, no differences were observed among youth between urban and rural areas regarding the ideal number of children. Premarital and newly wed examination. Knowledge about premarital examination ranged from 79% among never married male youth to 93% among never married female youth, while knowledge about newly wed examination ranged from 12% among women to 33% among husbands. Knowledge of family planning. Knowledge of family planning methods was not addressed for women and husbands because various national surveys proved that knowledge is almost universal among those groups. Data show that 95% of never-married respondents know at least one modern method. More than 90% know about pills and more than 80% know about injectables, while 90% and 71% of female and male youth respectively know about the IUD. Approval of family planning use. Generally, there is almost a universal approval among respondents regarding family planning use (97% of women, 96% of husbands, 98% of nevermarried female youth, and 97% of never-married male youth), with minor differences between regions. In addition, 95% of female youth approve the use of family planning after the first birth compared to 87% or less for all other respondents. The highest level of approval was found in Urban Governorates, except for male youth (urban Upper Egypt). Only 9% of female youth approve the use of family planning before the first pregnancy compared to 7% of husbands, 6% of women, and 5% of male youth. Current use of family planning. Overall, 64% of husbands and currently married women are using contraception. Differences were observed between regions regarding methods used, where 46% of women from Urban Governorates are using IUD compared to only 22% of women from rural Upper Egypt.
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Source of family planning methods. Overall, the data show that 81% of pill users obtained their method from a private sector, 83% of all injectable users rely on the public sector, and 64% of the current IUD users have the device inserted at a public source, with marked differences between regions. Future use of family planning. In general, intention to use family planning in the future is higher among respondents living in rural areas than respondents living in urban areas. Only 46% of women and 45% of husbands intend to use family planning in the future. Being subfecund was the most commonly mentioned reason for nonuse of family planning by both women and husbands followed by menopausal or hysterectomy reason. Maternal Health Antenatal care coverage. Overall, 75% of mothers whom the last birth delivered in the five-year period before the survey received antenatal care, mainly from a doctor. The public sector is the main source of antenatal care services for mothers living in rural areas, while the private sector is the main source of antenatal care for mothers living in urban areas. Sixty-three percent of mothers received regular antenatal care. Knowledge and intention to do antenatal care. Overall, 86% and 77% of never- married female and male youth respectively heard about antenatal care. Regarding number of visits, 82% of husbands in urban areas reported that the appropriate number of antenatal care visits is four or more visits compared to 64% among husbands in rural areas. 82% of never married female youth reported 4 or more visits would be appropriate compared to 49% of male youth with some differences between areas. Almost all youth reported that they intend to (let his wife) go for antenatal care in the future. Delivery care. The data show that 40% of mothers who gave birth during the five years preceding the survey delivered at home their last birth (ranges from 13% in Urban Governorates to 61% in rural Upper Egypt). The Daya assisted 25% of women during delivery and the doctor assisted 65%. Husbands and youth were asked about the appropriate place of delivery and the attendant who should assist in delivery. The data show that 65% of husbands and around 86% of youth mentioned that women should give birth in a medical facility and 71% of husbands and more than 90% of youth indicated that the doctor should assist her during birth. Postnatal care for the mother. Thirty-six percent of mothers received a postnatal care, with 30% received checkup within 7 days of birth. Postnatal care is highest in Upper Egypt, with more than 25% of mothers received postnatal care with two days of births. Knowledge and Modes of Transmission of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C and Safe Injection Knowledge and modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Respondents from urban areas are more knowledgeable about AIDS than those from rural areas with more clear variation among women (95% versus 80%). Overall, 96% of husbands and never married male youth, 94% of never married female youth and only 85% of women had heard about AIDS. Almost all respondents who knew about AIDS indicated that the television was their source of knowledge. Blood transfusion was the most mode of transmission of AIDS mentioned by respondents. Illicit sexual relations were the second most mentioned transmitted mode of HIV/AIDS among all respondents except for husbands (infected needles). Knowledge and modes of transmission of Hepatitis C. Eighty five percent of husbands, 72% of never married male youth, 71% of women and 67% of never married female youth had ever heard about Hepatitis C. As was the case with AIDS, the television was also the most common source of knowledge about Hepatitis C. Blood transfusion, as well as infected needles were the most modes of transmission mentioned by respondents. Casual physical contact with an infected person, was reported by 17% or more of all respondents.
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Knowledge of blood borne diseases and safe injection practices. The results show that husbands and never-married female youth are more knowledgeable about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles than women and never-married male youth. About 80% of husbands and never-married female youth had ever heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles compared to around three-quarters of women and never-married male youth. Generally, respondents living in urban areas are more knowledgeable about this issue than respondents living in rural areas. Respondents indicated that the most common blood borne disease that can be transferred through used needles were HIV/AIDS followed by Hepatitis C. The most mentioned method to prevent the risk of infection from an infected person was not to share or reuse needles. Perceptions related to safe injection practices. Overall, around one-fifth or less of all respondents had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe. Around one-third of women and husbands and around one quarter of youth mentioned that they had ever purchased or obtained syringes for use at home. Slightly more than 23% of women and 18% or less of husbands and youth mentioned that they had ever reused a syringe. The most commonly methods used for disposing a syringe are throwing the syringe in the garbage followed by destroying the needle so that it cannot be used again. Healthy Lifestyles and Passive Smoking Hand Washing Practices. Overall, almost all women and never-married female youth washed their hands with soap compared to 92% of husbands and 89% of never-married male youth. Generally, 94% or more of all respondents wash their hands after eating, while less than 85% wash their hands before eating. Respondents from Upper Egypt were the least likely to wash their hands before eating. Additionally, more than 90% of all respondents wash their hands after using the bathroom. Practices related to smoking. Overall, 55% of husbands and 26% of male youth smoke any kind of smoke. Eighty three percent of husbands and 89% of male youth smoke cigarettes, while 22% of husbands and 15% of male youth smoke water pipe “Shisha”. Attitudes toward creating nonsmoking area. The data of the survey shows that 33% of male youth, 31% of husbands, 22% of female youth, and 20% of women mentioned that they have a non-smoking area. Only half of women expect their husbands to be supportive for creating a nonsmoking area in their homes, while 95% of husbands mentioned that they expect that their wives would be supportive. Exposure to Information, Education, and Communication Campaigns The first step in assessing the impact of any communication campaign is to measure the level of exposure to the different media interventions. The 2005 EHCS obtained information on the proportion of who have been recently exposed to family health information, their recall of this information and the channels through which they received the information. Interpersonal Communication about Family Planning. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that 65% of women reported not having discussed family planning with their spouse in the past 12 months, 26% discussed it once or twice and only 9% discussed it more often. Additionally, 21% of women mentioned that they discussed family planning with a health provider mostly with the doctor (70%). The level of discussion of husbands is much less than that of women, where only 14% of husbands discussed the usage of family planning with friends/neighbors/relatives during the last 12 months. Never-married female youth are more likely to discuss family planning than nevermarried male youth (17% vs. 8%). Communication about Safe Pregnancy. Overall, the data show that the level of females’ recall of pregnancy precautions messages is higher than that of males. Almost 32% of women and 20% of never married female youth report having received such information, while 18% of husbands and only 6% of never married male youth received information about safe pregnancy during the past six months. Television is the most mentioned source of information for all groups of respondents.
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Communication about Passive Smoking. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that the recall of messages about the health effect of second hand smoking is relatively high for both married and never-married respondents. Overall, around 70% of women and never-married female youth, 64% for both husbands and never-married male youth report receiving information about passive smoking in the past six months. Respondents in Urban Governorates are more likely to receive messages about passive smoking than respondents in other regions. Television is the main source of information followed by friends/neighbors and other relatives. Interpersonal Communication about HIV/AIDS. The results of 2005 EHCS show that the interpersonal communication about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS among females is less than among males. The data shows that only 17% of women and 18% of the never-married females who know HIV/AIDS have recently discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, while these percentages increased to 24% for both husbands and never-married male youth. Married women did so mostly with their husbands, while husbands and youth did so mostly with friends and neighbors. Communication about Safe Injections. In order to assess the extent to which efforts succeeded to increase Egyptian awareness about safe injection practices, all groups of respondents were asked about whether they received information about safe injections. Overall, recall of such messages is moderate. More than half of women, husbands and never married female youth (58%, 54% and 61% respectively) have recently received information about safe infections, compared with only 44% of never-married males. All respondents who received information about safe injections report that they were informed to use only a syringe in a sealed packet and not to share syringes. The television is the most frequent source mentioned by all respondents followed by the medical provider. Behavior Changes Communication Activities Communication activities play a vital role in all health programs. Awareness and use of health information has increased dramatically during the last decade contributing to an overall improvement in the health of the population. Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through TV Data of 2005 EHCS show that youth are more likely to watch TV than older respondents do. About 98% of youth reported that they watch TV regularly or sometimes compared to around 93% among women and husbands. Most of those who watch TV prefer channels one and two and satellite channels. Recall of the TV Spot “Your Health is Your Wealth”. Data of 2005 EHCS indicated that the females have seen the spot more than males, where 62% of women and 58% of female youth, while 53% of husbands and 49% of the never-married male youth who report watching TV have seen the spot. Most respondents who saw the spot reported that the spot affected their behaviors. However, female youth are more likely to mention that their behaviors were affected by the spot messages more than other respondents. Recall of the TV Spot “Family’s Doctor”. Data of the survey indicates that only few respondents saw TV spot “Family’s Doctor” during the last 12 month. However, married respondents saw the spot more than the never-married respondents did. Almost 30% of women and husbands, 27% of the never-married female youth and 18% of the never-married male youth mentioned that they saw the spot in the television during the past 12 months. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that the most frequent recalled messages among all groups of respondents are: “Family’s doctor is available in every health unit” and “Family’s doctor will be a private doctor for all family’s member to check their health”. Recall of the TV Spot “Isaal Istashir”. Data of 2005 EHCS indicated that a substantial percentage of all groups of respondents have ever seen or heard “Isaal Istashir” spot. Respondents living in rural areas recalled such spot more than respondents living in urban areas. Television is
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by far the main source for the spot followed by a poster in a pharmacy or in a clinic. In addition, the data revealed that the message recalled most, among all respondents, was that the spot advise people to consult a doctor/pharmacist about problems or inquiries. Additionally, the data of the 2005 EHCS revealed that around one-third of women, husband and never-married female youth and around 26% of male youth reported that they have ever gone to a pharmacy which have “Isaal Istashir” sign. However, differences were observed between regions, respondents in urban Upper Egypt are more likely to mention that they went to a pharmacy with (Isaal Istashir) sign more than respondents in other regions Recall of TV Programs. The recall of the television programs during the 12 months preceding the survey was not as high as the television spots. The data shows that more than half of women and female youth, 40% of husbands and 29% of male youth saw a television program during the last 12 months. The most frequent practice affected by the programs mentioned by married respondents was that they used family planning methods, while for unmarried youth, they intend to use family planning methods after marriage. The second most frequent practice changed by the programs is that the married respondents spaced between births, while youth intend to space between births. Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Radio Data of the survey showed that more than half of married respondents (58% of women and 57% of husbands) listen to the radio regularly or sometimes, while this percentage decreased to 46% among never-married females and to 38% among never-married males. The Most preferred channel for all groups of respondents except for male youth is El- Quran El-Karim channel. The second most preferred channel for both women and husbands is El-Bernameg EL-Aam, while for never-married females is Negoom FM. For male youth, the most preferred channels are ElBernameg EL-Aam followed by El- Quran El-Karim channel then Negoom FM. Recall of different Radio Interventions. Data of the 2005 EHCS indicated that respondents’ recall of different radio messages is much lower than those who recalled TV messages . Overall, the percentages of respondents who reported listening to any intervention through radio did not exceed 20% among those who listen to the radio regularly or sometimes. Exposure to and Recall of IEC Communication Interventions through Printed Media Due to the low educational level of respondents, the level of exposure to printed media is remarkably much lower than other media. Data of the 2005 EHCS indicates that less than twothirds of respondents (among those who can read), read newspapers/magazines regularly or sometimes. The data of the survey show that only a limited percentage of those who read newspapers/magazines read a subject about family health and family planning during the 12 months preceding the survey. However, female respondents read such topics in newspapers/magazines more than male respondents did. Additionally, the practices and behaviors of never-married youth were affected by such messages more than married respondents. Recall of IEC Communication Interventions through Posters/flyers/billboard Data of 2005 EHCS revealed that the recall of different messages through posters/flyers/billboards during the 12 months preceding the survey among females are higher than the males, where the percentages ranges from 45% among female respondents to 28% among unmarried males. Female respondents living in Upper Egypt and male respondents living in Urban Governorates are most likely to see such posters than respondents from other regions. However, the data revealed that females are more likely to learn something from these posters than males. The first ranked message learned by all groups of respondents was “the importance of family planning”. Recall of “Your Health is Your Wealth” Slogan Data of 2005 EHCS show that never married female youth are most likely to see/hear the sentence/slogan “your health is your wealth” during the 12 month preceding the survey than other groups of respondents. Slightly less than three quarter (72%) of never-married female youth, 66%
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of women, 56% of husbands and 49% of never-married male youth reported that they saw/heard this sentence and mostly they heard the sentence in the television. Respondent’s opinion about the best way to receive information Data of the survey shows that, if the government wants to provide information about family planning, reproductive health or family health, the best ways would be through television and radio. In addition, data of 2005 EHCS shows that all groups of respondents except male youth, considered television spots and the Drama (serials/films) the best ways to receive any information related to FP/RH. For male youth,, TV spots were by far the best way to receive these health messages.. Regarding airing information about FP/RH through the radio, the data show that the spots is by far the best way mentioned by all groups of respondents. However, “Talk shows” is the second best way mentioned by married respondents, while the songs is the second best way mentioned by never-married youth.
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INTRODUCTION 1.1
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Background
The objective of the 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey (EHCS 2005) is to obtain detailed information about the level of exposure to health communication activities in Egypt. This information, can be used to assess the impact of such programs on health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Specifically, the survey aims to collect data that can be used to inform the design of the Communication for Health Living Project, and to help measure its reach and impact. While existing large-scale nationally representative surveys, such as the 2005 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, are an excellent source of information for data on knowledge, attitudes, and health behaviors, they typically include very limited information about exposure the health communication. The 2005 EHCS remedies this by asking respondents very detailed questions about exposure to health communication activities, and a more limited set of questions about health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. To ensure comparability with the 2005 EDHS data, the sampling frame of the 2005 EHCS is based on the one used for the DHS . The Communication for Healthy Living project is based on the philosophy that households are the producers of health and thus aims at integrating communication activities across health care services and systems. The USAID-funded Health Communication Partnership is working with the CHL project to build capacity for health communication among the public, NGOs, and private sectors in Egypt. The project involves such innovative activities as a “Newlyweds Initiative”, including group wedding celebrations to focus on young married couples taking responsibility for their own health. The CHL program supports a national television variety show which features newlywed couples, and over 100 television and radio programs on topics ranging from general health and overpopulation, to gender equity. To date, CHL has reached 1,129 outreach workers and health care providers through specialized training, seminars, and public events in its six project governorates. In addition, It has proved a successful way to engage many audiences in selected focal villages in three of these Governorates; Fayoum, Menya and Qena. The Egyptian State Information Service/IEC Center requested technical assistance from the John Hopkins University Media/Materials Clearinghouse to help them set up the infrastructure and systems to establish and manage an efficient Arabic/English Resource Center. Thus both the SIS/IEC center and CHL program needed to evaluate their communication interventions. In this regard, the Egypt Health Communication Survey 2005 (EHCS) was designed to provide information about the success of the communication interventions and their effect on behavior change. The CHL program aims to: • Achieve broad scale behavioral change for health at the individual, family, and community levels in Egypt by July 2008. • Strengthen leadership around health issues. • Improve the capacity of Egyptian health systems and organizations to conduct sustainable and strategic health communication programs. To achieve those goals, the CHL program provides support across the following health areas: family planning and reproductive health, maternal and child health, infectious diseases control, healthy lifestyle, household preventive health, and health maintenance practices.
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This report presents the results of a National Health Communication Survey conducted in the whole country. The aim of the survey is to provide data that can be used to inform the design of the CHL program and SIS/IEC center communication interventions which can be compared and integrated with data from the national EDHS 2005 survey. The survey measures respondents’ exposure to health communications, recall of health messages, knowledge and practices in areas related to family planning/reproductive health, healthy lifestyles, healthy mother/healthy child, and infectious diseases.
1.2 Organization and Objectives of the 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey The 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey was conducted in the whole country under the auspices of the State Information Service/IEC Center. The survey was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), as part of the external evaluation of the impact of the Health Communication Partnership (HCP). Tulane University’s Department for International Health and Development (Tulane/IHD), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, has been selected as the external evaluator for the HCP program. The external evaluation of the HCP partnership will comprise in-depth evaluations of a selected number of HCP programs, including the Communication for Healthy Living (CHL) program in Egypt. To assess the reach and impact of the CHL program, two types of research were designed; on the local level a three-round panel survey is being conducted in each of the intervention locations (focal villages) and in a control group, and cross section on the national level to provide national indicators. The 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey is implemented by El-Zanaty & Associates, with limited technical assistance from Tulane/IHD. The goal of research and monitoring efforts is to assess the reach and impact of the CHL program activities on the family members’ values, attitudes, intentions, and health competency; to encourage life-stage appropriate health behaviors; and to increase demand for and utilization of health information and services. The 2005 EHCS was designed to provide estimates for key indicators such as contraceptive use, coverage of antenatal and delivery care, knowledge of infectious diseases, and other aspects of healthy life, as well as exposure and effect of the communication interventions on behavior change. The survey results are intended to assist the technical staff at the CHL project and the SIS/IEC Center to design new communication strategies and activities to improve the health status of Egyptians.
1.3
Implementation of the 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey
The 2005 EHCS was executed in four stages. The first stage involved preparatory activities, including the design of the sample, as well as development of the survey questionnaires and finalization. The preparatory stage was completed during the period June-July 2005. The second stage took place from end of July 2005 through August 2005, and involved training of field staff and interviewing of eligible households and individual respondents. The third stage involved all of the data processing activities necessary to produce a clean data file, including the data entry, verification of the data, editing, and coding, as well as consistency checking and tabulations. This stage started soon after the beginning of the fieldwork and lasted till the end of September 2005. The focus of the final stage of this survey was data analysis and report preparation. This phase began in September 2005 and took about 3 months. Sample design As previously mentioned, this survey is a national survey that was implemented in 21 governorates. The survey collected data from ever-married women in the age group 15-49 years, husbands of eligible women and never-married male and female youth aged 15-24 years. To allow estimating the main indicators at the national level, a systematic random self-weighed sample was selected from each governorate (i.e., a total of about 1,530 households). Based on household
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composition data from the 2003 EIDHS, it was expected that this process would yield interviews with at least 1353 women, 1213 husbands, and about 1700 youth. Sample selection The sample of the study was a multistage random sample consisting of the following stages (for each sample):
First Stage: After discussions with the technical staff of Tulane/IHD and the CHL project, 21 governorates were selected in this stage with probability proportion to size. Then the number of households in each governorate was determined in proportion to the size of the selected governorate (self weighted sample). Second Stage: The PSU’s of the 2005 EDHS of the selected governorates were used as a frame for the survey. A total of 153 PSU’s were randomly selected from all governorates from both urban and rural units. In the EHDS 2005, two segments were selected from each PSU for listing. In this national health communication survey only one segment was chosen from each PSU. Third Stage: Using the household listing in these segments, a systematic random sample of about 10 households was chosen from each segment (153 PSU). A total of 1530 households were selected for the survey. Eligibility: In the selected households, interviews were conducted with all eligible household members. Eligible household members included ever- married women aged 15-49 years, husbands of those eligible women, and never-married youth aged 15-24 years. Questionnaire development The 2005 EHCS involved two types of questionnaires; a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The individual questionnaire was developed in three different versions, for ever-married women, husbands, and never-married youth. The household and individual questionnaires were adapted from the 2004 Menya Village Health Survey (MVHS 2004). Additional questions focusing predominantly on recall of health communication messages and health behaviors were added to the questionnaires. The household questionnaire consisted of two parts: a household schedule and a series of questions relating to the socioeconomic status of the household. The household schedule was used to list all usual household members. For each of the individuals included in the schedule, information was collected on the relationship to the household head, age, sex, marital status (for those 15 years and older), educational attainment (for those 6 years and older) as well as identifying individuals eligible for the individual interview. The second part of the household questionnaire obtained information on characteristics of the physical and social environment of the household (e.g., type of dwelling, availability of electricity, source of drinking water, household possessions, and average monthly income and expenditures on the household. The individual questionnaires were administered to all ever-married women aged 15-49 who were usual residents, husbands of women in the reproductive age, and never-married male and female youth aged 15-24. The individual questionnaires mainly covered the same topics; however, there were some differences according to the version that was administered. For example, questions about current use of contraception were not addressed to youth. In general, individual questionnaires gathered information on the following topics: •
Respondent's background
•
Source and recall of communication messages
•
Knowledge of reproductive health and family planning
•
Practice of reproductive health and family planning
•
Approval and attitudes towards reproductive health and family planning
•
Knowledge of some infectious diseases
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•
Healthy life style and passive smoking
Data collection activities
Staff recruitment. A list of interviewers and field editors, who had worked with El-Zanaty and Associates on the EDHS, was prepared to identify those who were qualified to work as interviewers and field editors for this survey. This action was taken to reduce the duration of training and to enhance the quality of the data. All candidates for the interviewer and field editor positions were university graduates and had intensive experience in DHS surveys. Another basic qualification was the willingness to work in any governorate covered in the survey.
Training materials. A variety of materials were developed for training personnel involved in the fieldwork. Interviewer's manual was prepared and given to all field staff. It presented general guidelines for conducting an interview as well as specific instructions for asking each of the questions in the 2005 EHCS questionnaires. Other training materials, including special manuals describing the duties of the team supervisor and the rules for field editing, were prepared. Supervisor and interviewer training. Interviewer training for the 2005 EHCS data collection began end of July 2005. Five supervisors and 22 interviewers were trained (6 male interviewers and 16 female interviewers). This training program was held in Cairo for 7 days and included the following: •
Lectures related to basic interviewing techniques and specific survey topics (e.g., reproductive health and family planning, communication interventions, healthy life style and passive smoking);
•
Sessions on how to fill out the questionnaire, using visual aids;
•
Opportunities for role playing and mock interviews;
•
One day of field practice in area not covered in the survey;
•
One quiz.
Trainees who failed to show interest in the survey, or who did not attend the training program regularly were not recruited. A special session for supervisors was conducted during the training and prior to the main fieldwork training. This session focused specifically on the supervisor's duties including field editing instructions.
Fieldwork. Fieldwork for the 2005 EHCS was completed during the month of August 2005. A total of 25 staff was responsible for data collection. Field staff was divided into five teams; each team composed of a supervisor and four interviewers (1 male interviewer and 3 female interviewers). Each team worked in 3 to 5 governorates depending on the total sample size assigned for the team. Data processing activities
Office editing. Staff from the central El-Zanaty & Associates office was responsible for collecting questionnaires from the teams on regular basis. Office editors reviewed questionnaires for consistency and completeness, and a few questions (e.g., satellite channels) were coded in the office prior to data entry. To provide feedback for the field teams, the office editors were instructed to report any problems detected while editing the questionnaires. These problems were reviewed by the senior staff. In case serious errors were found in one or more questionnaires from any team, ways to avoid them were reported and sent to all teams. Machine entry and editing. The machine entry and editing phase began while the interviewing teams were still in the field. The data from the questionnaires were entered and edited on
4
microcomputers using the Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro); a software package for entering, editing, tabulating, and disseminating data from censuses and surveys. Eight data entry personnel with 8 microcomputers processed the 2005 EHCS data. During the machine entry, 100% of each segment was reentered for verification. Working one shift 6 days a week, the data processing staff completed the entry by mid September. By the end of September 2005, recoding and editing of data was completed.
1.4
Coverage of the Survey
Table 1.1 summarizes the outcome of the fieldwork for the 2005 Egypt Health Communication Survey, by region and urban-rural residence. This table shows that, during the main fieldwork phase of the survey, out of 1,533 households selected for the 2005 EHCS, 1,517 households were found and 1,505 households were successfully interviewed. This represents a response rate of almost 100%. A total of 1,409 women were identified as eligible to be interviewed. Questionnaires were completed for 1,407 of those women, representing a response rate of almost 100%. A total of 1,281 husbands were identified as eligible for interviews; out of those, 1,256 husbands were successfully interviewed, which is 98% response rate. Finally, 1,618 youth were interviewed out of 1,632 eligible with a response rate of 99%. No substantial variation in the response rates among different respondents was found. Table 1.1 Results of households and individual interviews Number of households and eligible women, husbands, and youth interviewed and response rates, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Characteristic orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Interview Results Households sampled Households found Households Interviewed Household response rate
290 287 287
683 676 675
191 187 187
492 489 488
560 554 553
170 168 167
390 386 386
651 642 641
882 875 874
1,533 1,517 1,515
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.8
99.4
100.0
99.8
99.9
99.9
Women sampled Women interviewed Women response rate
190 190 100.0
611 610 99.8
141 141 100.0
470 469 99.8
608 607 99.8
149 149 100.0
459 458 99.8
480 480 100.0
929 927 99.8
1,409 1,407 99.9
Husbands sampled Husbands interviewed Husbands response rate
176 175
565 547
133 133
432 414
540 534
130 129
410 405
439 437
842 819
1,281 1,256
99.4
96.8
100.0
95.8
98.9
99.2
98.8
99.5
97.3
98.0
124
369
99
270
426
120
306
343
576
919
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
99.2
98.4
99.0
98.1
99.1
97.5
99.7
98.5
99.0
98.8
113
274
79.0
195
326
82
244
274
439
713
82
244
273
437
710
Never-married male youth sampled Never-married male youth interviewed Never-married male youth response rate Never-married female youth sampled Never-married female youth interviewed Never-married female youth response rate
112
272
79.0
193
326
99.1
99.3
100.0
99.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
99.6
99.5
99.6
Youth sampled Youth interviewed Youth response rate
237 235 99.2
643 635 98.8
178 177 99.4
465 458 98.5
752 748 99.5
202 199 98.5
617 611 99.0
1,015 1,007 99.2
1,632 1,618 99.1
550 549 99.8
5
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND RESPONDENTS
2
The objective of this chapter is to provide a demographic and socioeconomic profile of the respondents in the 2005 EHCS survey along with a descriptive assessment of the environment in which the respondents (women, husbands, male and female youth) live. This was accomplished by examining the general characteristics of the households in the sample. Information is presented on the age, sex, and education of the household population as well as on housing facilities and household possessions. This chapter also provides a profile of the respondents (ever-married women, husbands, and never-married youth 15-24) who were interviewed in the 2005 EHCS survey. Information is presented on a number of basic characteristics of the 2005 EHCS respondents, including age, residence, education, and work status. The profile of the 2005 EHCS households given in this chapter will provide a context for the results presented in the following chapters. In addition, it may provide useful input for social and economic development planning.
2.1
Household Composition
Table 2.1 presents the distribution of households in the EHCS sample per region by sex of the head of the household and by the number of household members. The importance of these characteristics is that they are often associated with socioeconomic differences between households. For example, female-headed households are frequently poorer than male-headed households. In addition, the size and composition of the household affects the allocation of financial and other resources among household members, which in turn influences the overall well-being of these individuals. Household size is also associated with crowding in the dwelling, which can lead to unfavorable health conditions. Table 2.1 shows the household composition based on de jure members (i.e., usual residents). Table 2.1 Household Composition Percent distribution of households by sex of head of household and household size, by region and urban rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Characteristic orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Household headship Male Female
Urban Rural
Total
Total
83.6 16.4 100.0
87.7 12.3 100.0
86.1 13.9 100.0
88.3 11.7 100.0
88.6 11.4 100.0
88.0 12.0 100.0
88.9 11.1 100.0
85.5 88.6 14.5 11.4 100.0 100.0
87.3 12.7 100.0
Number of usual members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+
9.8 11.5 13.9 21.3 22.6 13.2 5.2 2.1 0.3
3.9 7.7 16.6 19.1 22.4 13.9 8.4 3.0 5.0
8.6 8.6 19.3 18.7 25.7 10.7 5.3 2.7 0.5
2.0 7.4 15.6 19.3 21.1 15.2 9.6 3.1 6.8
3.3 8.5 7.8 15.9 13.6 14.3 10.5 8.5 17.7
3.6 10.2 8.4 24.0 18.0 16.2 8.4 4.2 7.2
3.1 7.8 7.5 12.4 11.7 13.5 11.4 10.4 22.3
7.8 10.3 14.0 21.2 22.3 13.3 6.1 2.8 2.2
4.8 8.7 12.9 18.3 19.2 13.9 8.6 4.8 8.8
Total Mean size Number of households
100.0 4.1 287
100.0 4.8 675
100.0 4.1 187
100.0 5.0 488
100.0 6.1 553
100.0 5.0 167
100.0 6.5 386
100.0 100.0 4.3 5.7 641 874
2.5 7.6 12.0 16.2 16.9 14.4 10.4 6.3 13.6
100.0 5.1 1,515
6
Females were the household head for 13% of the households. There is minor variation in the proportion of female-headed households between regions; the females in Urban Governorates headed 17% of households compared to 11% in rural Upper Egypt. The average number of persons per household is 5.1, with some variation across the different regions. The average number of persons per household in Urban Governorates is 4.1 compared to 4.8 in Lower Egypt and 6.1 in Upper Egypt. Slightly more than one-quarter of households has 3 members or fewer, while 22% of the households have 7 or more members.
2.2
Education of the Household Population
The educational level of the household members is among the most important characteristics of the household because it’s association with many issues including reproductive behavior, use of contraception, and the health of children. Results from household interviews can be used to look at both educational attainment among household members and school attendance among children and young adults. Educational attainment Data on the educational level of the household population (age 6 and over) is presented in Table 2.2. Since 1999, primary education in Egypt starts at age 6 and continues for 6 years. From 19881998, primary education was only five years. A further 3-year period, known as the preparatory stage, is considered basic education and is compulsory. The secondary stage, which includes an additional 3 years of schooling, is not compulsory. Table 2.2 Educational Level of the Household Population Percent distribution of the de facto male and female household population age 6 and over by the highest level of education attended and mean number of years of schooling , by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Educational Level orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
MALE Education No education Primary incomplete Primary complete/ some secondary Secondary complete Higher Number Mean number of years of schooling
11.3 17.3
17.2 16.2
9.6 10.8
19.6 17.9
18.4 18.8
12.0 17.3
20.7 19.4
11.0 15.5
20.1 18.6
16.8 17.5
27.8 16.7 26.9
27.9 22.6 16.2
26.6 22.4 30.6
28.3 22.7 11.6
28.6 23.2 10.9
29.3 22.0 19.4
28.3 23.7 8.0
27.9 19.9 25.7
28.3 23.2 9.8
28.2 22.0 15.6
532
1,460
353
1,107
1,471
382
1,089
1,267 2,196
8.8
7.8
9.9
7.1
7.2
8.4
6.8
9.0
6.9
7.7
19.3 15.1
29.4 15.8
20.1 13.8
32.7 16.5
37.2 16.9
24.2 17.0
41.6 16.9
20.9 15.3
37.3 16.7
31.1 16.2
23.0 18.3 24.3
22.0 20.4 12.3
22.1 21.8 22.3
22.0 20.0 8.8
24.8 13.9 7.2
24.8 20.6 13.4
24.9 11.6 5.1
23.3 20.0 20.6
23.5 15.7 6.9
23.4 17.3 12.0
535
1,355
349
1,006
1,425
359
1,066
1,243 2,072
3,315
8.1
6.4
8.1
5.8
5.1
6.9
4.5
3,463
FEMALE Education No education Primary incomplete Primary complete/ some secondary Secondary complete Higher Number Mean number of years of schooling
7.8
5.2
6.1
7
The results in Table 2.2 confirm that there is a gap in educational attainment between males and females. Overall, 83% of males in the EHCS households have ever attended school compared to only 69% of females. The mean number of years of schooling for males is 7.7, while the mean level for females is 6.1. The highest mean number of years of schooling for males was found in urban Lower Egypt (9.9), while highest mean number of years of schooling for females was found in Urban Governorates (8.1). In general, respondents from urban areas are more educated than respondents from rural areas. Looking at the educational level across the different regions, it is clear that respondents from Urban Governorates are more educated than respondents from the other regions. Only 11% of males and 19% of females from Urban Governorates had no education. In addition, respondents in Urban Governorates reported the highest percentage of university or higher education attendance, with 27% of males and 24% of females have attended university or higher. The situation was different in Upper Egypt where 18 % of males and 37 % of females had no education, while only 11 % of males and 7 % of females have attended university or higher. An examination of the differences in educational indicators between regions indicates substantial differences between regions in the educational attainment of both males and females. For example, the mean number of years of schooling for males is 9.9 years in urban Lower Egypt compared to 7.1 years in rural Lower Egypt and 6.8 years in rural Upper Egypt. Additionally, female education has substantial differences across regions. For example, while the mean number of years of schooling is 8.1 years in Urban Governorates and in urban Lower Egypt, the mean number of years of schooling is only 4.5 years in rural Upper Egypt. Also, the gap between male and female years of education is greatest in rural Upper Egypt (2.3 years) and the least is in Urban Governorates (0.7 years). Current school attendance The EHCS 2005 collected information on school attendance for the population in the age group 624 years. Table 2.3 presents the percentage of the population in this age group who had ever attended school. Table 2.3 School Attendance Percentage of the de facto household population age 6-24 years who had ever attended school, by age group, sex, and by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Age group
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
MALE 6-10 11-15 6-15 16-20 21-24
80.3 100.0 90.2 98.2 100.0
76.0 98.4 87.4 96.6 95.5
75.8 100.0 89.0 100.0 100.0
76.0 98.0 87.0 95.5 93.8
77.5 97.7 86.8 94.6 91.3
78.8 100.0 88.0 95.6 94.9
77.1 97.1 86.4 94.2 90.1
78.8 100.0 89.2 97.7 98.5
76.5 97.6 86.7 94.8 91.8
77.3 98.4 87.5 95.8 94.4
72.9 88.5 80.9 78.3 75.2
70.5 93.3 82.0 90.4 93.1
73.6 87.1 80.6 75.0 70.0
78.3 97.1 87.5 95.9 95.2
75.6 91.3 83.4 81.3 77.3
76.5 93.2 84.8 86.1 83.6
75.3 92.8 83.9 86.4 83.9
75.0 96.5 85.1 93.3 94.1
75.4 91.8 83.5 84.1 80.6
78.5 98.6 88.4 96.8 97.0
76.1 94.5 85.2 87.7 84.8
76.9 95.9 86.2 90.8 89.3
FEMALE 6-10 11-15 6-15 16-20 21-24
83.6 100.0 90.7 98.5 93.9
78.2 97.4 87.7 90.6 88.4
78.9 97.7 89.0 98.1 100.0
6-10 11-15 6-15 16-20 21-24
82.0 100.0 90.5 98.4 97.1
77.0 98.0 87.5 93.5 92.2
77.5 98.8 89.0 99.0 100.0
78.0 97.2 87.2 88.3 85.1 TOTAL 76.9 97.7 87.1 91.7 89.5
8
The comparatively low age-specific attendance rate for children age 6 reflects the fact that some of those children had not had their 6th birthday at the time the school year started, and thus were not eligible to attend school. Generally, the level of education is higher among males than females and in urban areas than rural areas. Overall, 96 % of respondents in the age group 11-15 had ever attended school compared to 91 % in the age group 16-20 and 89% in the age group 21-24. All respondents in the age group 21-24 from urban Lower Egypt had ever attended school compared to 81% of respondents from rural Upper Egypt. It is worth mentioning that all respondents from Urban Governorates in the age group 11-15 had ever-attended school.
2.3
Household Environment
Housing characteristics Table 2.4 presents the distribution of households by some housing characteristics, including electricity, the source of drinking water, type of sanitation facilities, type of flooring, and number of rooms in the dwelling. These are important determinants of the health status of household members, particularly children. They can also be used as indicators of the socioeconomic status of households. Table 2.4 Housing Characteristics Percent distribution of households by housing characteristics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Characteristics
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural GovernorLower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper ates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
99.2
99.5
Electricity Source of drinking water Piped into residence/ plot Public tap Open well Covered well Other Total Sanitation facility Modern flush toilet Traditional with tank flush Traditional with bucket flush Pit toilet No facility Total Flooring Earth, sand Parquet, polished wood Wood planks Ceramic/marble tiles Cement tiles Cement Wall-to-wall carpet Vinyl Total Number of rooms 1-2 3-4 5+ Total Mean rooms per household Mean persons per room Number of households
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.8
100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
96.0 1.9 0.0 1.6 0.4 100.0
99.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 100.0
87.1 2.4 10.5 0.0 0.0 100.0
47.3 1.0 51.1 0.1 0.4 100.0
0.0 0.0 0.7 24.0 71.1 2.4 1.4 0.3 100.0 6.3 84.3 9.4 100.0 3.6 1.2 287
98.9
100.0
98.4
94.7 2.7 0.0 2.3 0.4 100.0
85.9 94.0 2.7 0.6 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.0 5.4 5.4 100.0 100.0
82.4 3.6 1.6 7.0 5.4 100.0
98.3 89.2 0.2 3.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.3 1.6 2.6 100.0 100.0
93.0 1.9 0.4 2.5 2.2 100.0
85.6 0.5 13.9 0.0 0.0 100.0
32.6 1.2 65.4 0.2 0.6 100.0
21.3 50.9 0.5 0.0 70.2 48.5 6.9 0.6 0.9 0.0 100.0 100.0
8.5 0.8 79.5 9.6 1.3 100.0
77.2 22.0 1.2 1.0 21.4 71.6 0.2 4.3 0.0 0.9 100.0 100.0
45.3 1.1 50.4 2.6 0.5 100.0
6.4 0.1 0.0 9.6 62.7 20.4 0.4 0.0 100.0
0.5 0.5 0.0 19.3 74.9 3.7 0.5 0.0 100.0
8.6 0.0 0.0 5.9 58.0 26.8 0.4 0.0 100.0
31.5 4.8 43.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 9.6 1.6 49.4 76.6 37.6 14.6 7.8 17.6 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.4 23.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 18.9 4.0 73.6 49.0 4.2 22.8 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 100.0
14.3 0.1 0.1 10.3 59.4 14.9 0.5 0.1 100.0
6.1 75.9 18.1 100.0 3.8 1.3 675
8.0 73.3 18.7 100.0 3.7 1.2 187
5.3 76.8 17.8 100.0 3.8 1.3 488
8.3 9.6 62.9 70.7 28.6 19.8 100.0 100.0 4.1 3.7 1.5 1.5 553 167
7.6 6.4 77.5 69.2 14.8 24.3 100.0 100.0 3.6 4.0 1.3 1.5 641 874
6.9 72.7 20.3 100.0 3.9 1.4 1,515
7.8 59.6 32.4 100.0 4.2 1.6 386
9
Overall, almost all 2005 EHCS households live in dwellings with electricity, and more than 90% of households have access to piped water, mainly within their dwelling or yard. For most households, the source of their drinking water is within their dwelling or yard. Slight variations exist between regions; while all households from Urban Governorates have access to piped water in their dwelling, only 82% of households in rural Upper Egypt have access to piped water in their dwelling or yard. Half of the households in the 2005 EHCS have traditional toilets, mainly with bucket flush, and 45% have modern flush toilets. Less than one percent of households have no toilet facility. There are differences in the type of toilet facility across regions. Around 86% of households from Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt have modern toilets compared to only 9% of households from rural Upper Egypt. In general, modern toilets are used more in urban areas while traditional toilets are used more in rural areas. With regard to flooring, 59% of households live in dwellings with cement tiles, 15% live in dwellings with cement flooring and 14% live in dwellings with earth or sand flooring. There are differences in the flooring materials among the different regions. More than 4 in 10 households in rural Upper Egypt live in a dwelling with earth/sand floors, while none of households in Urban Governorates have earth/sand floors. Cement tiles were used more in urban Upper Egypt (77%) and used less in rural Upper Egypt (38%). The 2005 EHCS questionnaire included a question on the number of rooms that a household had (excluding the bathrooms, kitchen, and hallways). Merging this information with the information on the number of persons in the household provides a measure of crowding. Table 2.4 shows that only 7% of households have 1 or 2 rooms, 73% have 3-4 rooms, and 20% have 5 or more rooms. The mean rooms per household are 3.9, and there is an average of 1.4 persons per room. Figure 2.1 Mean Rooms per Household 4.1
3.8 3.6
Urban Governorates
Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Household possessions Table 2.5 provides information on household ownership of durable goods and other possessions. With regard to durable goods, 94% of EHCS households own a television (color or black and white), three-quarters of households own a radio with a cassette recorder, more than 9 in 10 own an electric fan, 96% own a washing machine, 94% own a gas/electric cooking stove, 88% own a refrigerator, and 46% own a water heater. In addition, 51% of the households have a telephone, and more than one-quarter have a mobile phone. Differences between regions exist. In general, households in Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt own more of these items than households in other regions, while households in rural Upper Egypt are less likely to have the convenience of these items than the other regions.
10
Around 40% of households own livestock/poultry, and as expected 60% of households in rural areas own these items compared to only 11% of households in urban areas. It is worth mentioning that about three-quarters of households in rural Upper Egypt own these items. Additionally, Table 2.5 also includes information on household ownership of means of transportation. Overall, only 9% of households own a car/van/truck, with the highest rate of ownership in urban Lower Egypt (16%) and the lowest rate in rural Lower Egypt (3%). Relatively few households have a motorcycle (2%), and rates of ownership of bicycles vary from 26% in rural Upper Egypt and rural Lower Egypt to only 2% in Urban Governorates. Table 2.5 Household Possessions Percentage of households possessing various household effects, means of transportation, property, and farm animals, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Possession Radio Television Video Telephone Mobile Computer Electric Fan Water Heater Refrigerator Freezer Sewing machine Washing machine Gas/electric cooking stove Air condition Dish washer Satellite Bicycle Motorcycle/motor scooter Car/van/truck Farm/Other land Livestock/poultry None of the above Number of households
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
83.6 96.9 18.5 72.8 55.4 20.9 95.8 82.2 98.3 7.3 1.4 99.0
80.3 93.6 12.3 45.5 22.8 6.5 90.8 47.3 91.0 4.4 9.6 96.6
81.8 95.2 27.8 65.8 43.9 15.0 96.3 78.1 96.8 10.2 10.7 98.9
79.7 93.0 6.4 37.7 14.8 3.3 88.7 35.5 88.7 2.3 9.2 95.7
65.8 91.5 5.4 46.3 18.6 7.6 91.7 24.2 78.8 2.5 12.3 93.1
79.0 97.0 10.8 65.3 32.9 17.4 97.6 52.7 92.8 6.0 15.0 96.4
60.1 89.1 3.1 38.1 12.4 3.4 89.1 11.9 72.8 1.0 11.1 91.7
81.9 96.4 19.2 68.8 46.2 18.3 96.4 73.3 96.4 7.8 7.6 98.3
71.1 91.3 4.9 37.9 13.7 3.3 88.9 25.1 81.7 1.7 10.1 93.9
75.6 93.5 11.0 51.0 27.5 9.6 92.1 45.5 87.9 4.3 9.0 95.8
99.0 11.5 6.6 29.3 1.7
94.2 1.2 0.7 10.4 23.4
98.4 3.7 2.1 16.6 16.0
92.6 0.2 0.2 8.0 26.2
90.2 3.3 0.5 14.1 23.0
94.6 7.8 1.8 23.4 16.2
88.3 1.3 0.0 10.1 25.9
97.7 8.3 4.1 24.0 9.7
90.7 0.7 0.1 8.9 26.1
93.7 3.9 1.8 15.3 19.1
0.3 12.5 2.1 3.8 0.0
2.4 6.5 17.2 37.6 0.1
1.6 15.5 6.4 9.1 0.0
2.7 3.1 21.3 48.6 0.2
1.1 9.2 32.0 59.5 1.1
1.2 13.8 13.2 26.9 0.0
1.0 7.3 40.2 73.6 1.6
0.9 13.7 6.2 11.4 0.0
1.9 4.9 29.6 59.6 0.8
1.5 8.6 19.7 39.2 0.5
287
675
187
488
553
167
386
641
874
1,515
As expected, households in rural areas are more likely to own land or farm compared to households in urban areas (30% and 6% respectively).
2.4
General Characteristics of Respondents
Tables 2.6 through 2.6c present the distribution of women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth by various background characteristics including age, educational level, and work status by region and urban-rural residence. Background characteristics of women As shown in the age distribution for women in Table 2.6, 35% of the 2005 EHCS interviewed women are 30 years old or less and around one-third are 40 years old or more; there are fewer women in the 15-19 range (3%) than in the other cohorts. This was expected as many women aged 15-19 are not yet married, and hence not included in the sample of ever-married women.
11
Overall, 92% of ever-married women are currently married and 8% are widowed or divorced. Regarding the educational level of women, 38% of women are with no education and 42% completed secondary or higher. Regional differences exist for women. While only 20% of women from Urban Governorates have never been to school, more than half of women from rural Upper Egypt have never been to school. Regarding work status for women, 17% of women are working, with only 15% of women working for cash. Differences exist between regions. About one-quarter of women from urban Upper Egypt are working compared to 13% of women from rural Lower Egypt. Additionally, 22% of women from urban Lower Egypt and urban Upper Egypt are working for cash compared to 11% of women from rural Upper Egypt. Table 2.6 Background characteristics of Women Percentage distribution of ever-married women aged 15-49 by background characteristics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total Number
Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
0.5 6.3 14.2 24.2 18.9 15.3 20.5
2.5 14.9 19.2 14.8 15.4 15.2 18.0
0.0 7.8 14.9 13.5 15.6 22.0 26.2
3.2 17.1 20.5 15.1 15.4 13.2 15.6
4.8 15.5 16.6 16.0 15.5 13.8 17.8
2.0 8.1 15.4 20.8 18.1 18.8 16.8
5.7 17.9 17.0 14.4 14.6 12.2 18.1
0.8 7.3 14.8 20.0 17.7 18.3 21.0
4.4 17.5 18.8 14.8 15.0 12.7 16.8
3.2 14.0 17.4 16.6 15.9 14.6 18.3
45 197 245 233 224 206 257
Marital status Married Widowed/Divorced
93.7 6.3
93.9 6.1
95.0 5.0
93.6 6.4
90.3 9.7
87.2 12.8
91.3 8.7
92.1 7.9
92.4 7.6
92.3 7.7
1,299 108
34.6 8.4
22.0 5.7
38.4 9.2
46.5 11.2
26.2 10.1
53.1 11.6
22.3 8.8
45.6 10.4
37.7 9.8
530 138
10.2 3.9 43.0
8.5 3.5 60.3
10.7 4.1 37.7
11.0 5.4 25.9
16.8 5.4 41.6
9.2 5.5 20.7
11.5 5.6 51.9
9.9 4.7 29.3
10.4 5.0 37.0
147 71 521
21.1 78.9
15.4 84.6
22.7 77.3
13.2 86.8
16.5 83.5
24.8 75.2
13.8 86.2
22.7 77.3
13.5 86.5
16.6 83.4
234 1,173
19.5
14.1
22.0
11.7
13.5
21.5
10.9
20.8
11.3
14.6
205
Education No education 19.5 Primary incomplete 10.0 Primary complete/ some secondary 9.5 Secondary complete 7.4 Higher 53.7 Doing any work Yes No Work status Working for cash Not working for cash Total
80.5
85.9
78.0
88.3
86.5
78.5
89.1
79.2
88.7
85.4
1,202
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
1,407
Background characteristics of husbands Background characteristics of husbands are shown in table 2.6a. From the age distribution of husbands presented in Table 2.6a it is clear that husbands are much older than their wives. Fiftyfour percent of husbands are 40 or older and only 14% are under age 30. Regarding the educational level of husbands, it is clear from Table 2.6a that husbands are more educated than their wives. Fifty-four percent of husbands completed secondary or higher and only 23% of husbands have no education. It can be observed that 29% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt have no education compared to 12% of husbands from Urban Governorates. Additionally, husbands from urban areas are more educated than husbands from rural areas.
12
Table 2.6a shows that 96% of husbands are currently working, with 95% of husbands working for cash. With respect to work status, differences between regions are very small. Table 2.6a Background characteristics of Husbands Percentage distribution of husbands by background characteristics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55+ Education No education Primary incomplete Primary complete/ some secondary Secondary complete Higher Doing any work Yes No Work status Working for cash Not working for cash Total
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total Number
0.0 1.7 4.6 12.0 20.6 18.9 17.7 14.3 10.3
0.0 2.6 12.4 13.5 19.6 16.6 13.7 11.5 10.1
0.0 1.5 9.0 7.5 9.0 21.1 21.1 17.3 13.5
0.0 2.9 13.5 15.5 22.9 15.2 11.4 9.7 8.9
0.0 3.2 12.7 14.6 16.9 13.1 14.2 11.0 14.2
0.0 1.6 2.3 12.4 20.2 17.8 19.4 11.6 14.7
0.0 3.7 16.0 15.3 15.8 11.6 12.6 10.9 14.1
0.0 1.6 5.3 10.8 16.9 19.2 19.2 14.4 12.6
0.0 3.3 14.8 15.4 19.4 13.4 12.0 10.3 11.5
0.0 2.7 11.5 13.8 18.6 15.4 14.5 11.7 11.9
0 34 144 173 233 194 182 147 149
12.0 12.6
23.6 7.5
14.3 6.0
26.6 8.0
25.8 12.0
17.1 7.0
28.6 13.6
14.2 8.9
27.6 10.7
22.9 10.1
288 127
10.9 8.6 56.0
13.5 6.6 48.8
10.5 7.5 61.7
14.5 6.3 44.7
13.9 4.9 43.4
14.7 6.2 55.0
13.6 4.4 39.8
11.9 7.6 57.4
14.0 5.4 42.2
13.3 6.1 47.5
167 77 597
97.7 2.3
96.9 3.1
95.5 4.5
97.3 2.7
94.2 5.8
94.6 5.4
94.1 5.9
96.1 3.9
95.7 4.3
95.9 4.1
1,204 52
97.7
96.3
95.5
96.6
92.1
94.6
91.4
96.1
94.0
94.7
1,190
3.9
6.0
2.3
3.7
4.5
3.4
7.9
5.4
8.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
5.3
66
100.0
1,256
Background characteristics of never-married female youth Background characteristics of never-married female youth are shown in Table 2.6b. Due to the fact that only 15-24 never-married female youth were interviewed, about two-third of never-married female youth are in the age group 15-19 and around one-third are in the age group 20-24. Regarding the educational level of never-married female youth, it is clear from Table 2.6b that a higher percentage of never-married female youth have never been to school than is the case for husbands and women. Sixty percent of never-married female youth are with no education and surprisingly more than one-quarter of them obtained higher educational level than secondary. Forty-eight percent of never-married female youth from Urban Governorates are with no education compared to 69% of those from rural Upper Egypt. Table 2.6b shows that only 9% of never-married female youth are currently working, with only 7% of them working for cash. Nine percent of never-married female youth from urban Upper Egypt are working for cash compared to 4% of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt.
13
Table 2.6b Background Characteristics of Never-Married Female Youth Percentage distribution of never-married female youth by background characteristics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Age 15-19 20-24
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
51.8 48.2
66.5 33.5
64.6 35.4
67.4 32.6
74.2 25.8
65.9 34.1
77.0 23.0
59.7 40.3
72.8 27.2
67.7 32.3
481 229
59.2 5.1
62.0 6.3
58.0 4.7
64.7 2.1
51.2 4.9
69.3 1.2
53.1 4.4
64.3 2.7
60.0 3.4
426 24
6.3 1.5 27.9
2.5 1.3 27.8
7.8 1.6 28.0
4.9 2.1 26.1
4.9 1.2 37.8
4.9 2.5 22.1
7.7 1.1 33.7
6.2 2.1 24.7
6.8 1.7 28.2
48 12 200
6.3 93.8
7.4 92.6
3.8 96.2
8.8 91.2
10.1 89.9
8.5 91.5
10.7 89.3
6.2 93.8
9.8 90.2
8.5 91.5
60 650
5.4
6.6
3.8
7.8
7.7
8.5
7.4
5.9
7.6
6.9
49
94.6 100.0
93.4 100.0
96.2 100.0
92.2 100.0
92.3 100.0
91.5 100.0
92.6 100.0
93.1 100.0
661 710
Education No education 48.2 Primary incomplete 2.7 Primary complete/ some secondary 13.4 Secondary complete 0.9 Higher 34.8 Doing any work Yes No Work status Working for cash Not working for cash Total
Total Number
94.1 92.4 100.0 100.0
Background characteristics of never-married male youth Background characteristics of never-married male youth are shown in Table 2.6c. About 56% of never-married male youth are in the age group 15-19 and 44% of them are in the age group 20-24. Regarding the educational level of never-married male youth, it is clear from Table 2.6c that never-married male youth are more educated than never-married female youth. Forty-four percent of never-married male youth are with no education, while 40% completed secondary education or higher, with minor differences between regions. Table 2.6c shows that 52% of never-married male youth are currently working, with 53% of them working for cash, with differences between regions. Forty-eight percent of never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt are working for cash compared to 31% of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt.
14
Table 2.6c Background Characteristics of Never-Married Male Youth Percentage distribution of never-married male youth by background characteristics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Age 15-19 20-24 Education No education Primary incomplete Primary complete/ some secondary Secondary complete Higher Doing any work Yes No Work status Working for cash Not working for cash Total
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total Number
52.8 47.2
57.9 42.1
56.1 43.9
58.5 41.5
55.9 44.1
53.8 46.2
56.7 43.3
54.1 45.9
57.5 42.5
56.3 43.7
511 397
41.5 7.3
42.7 3.9
43.9 0.0
42.3 5.3
45.3 4.0
47.9 6.0
44.3 3.3
44.4 4.7
43.3 4.2
43.7 4.4
397 40
11.4 4.1 35.8
12.1 3.0 38.3
10.2 3.1 42.9
12.8 3.0 36.6
12.6 1.9 36.3
10.3 3.4 32.5
13.4 1.3 37.7
10.7 3.6 36.7
13.2 2.1 37.2
12.2 2.6 37.0
111 24 336
42.3 57.7
44.4 55.6
30.6 69.4
49.4 50.6
60.9 39.1
53.0 47.0
63.9 36.1
42.6 57.4
57.2 42.8
51.8 48.2
470 438
41.5
38.8
30.6
41.9
46.9
47.9
46.6
40.5
44.4
43.0
390
58.5 100.0
61.2 100.0
69.4 100.0
58.1 100.0
53.1 100.0
52.1 100.0
53.4 100.0
59.5 55.6 100.0 100.0
57.0 100.0
518 908
15
FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING
3
One of the primary objectives of the 2005 EHCS is to provide information on fertility levels and preferences, family planning usage, and intention to use family planning in the future. Such information is of particular interest in addressing the contraceptive needs of nonusers who are concerned about spacing between births or limiting their fertility. This chapter looks at a number of fertility and family planning indicators among women and husbands, including: age at first marriage, fertility levels, fertility preference and need for family planning, ever and current use of family planning, reasons for discontinuation of contraceptive methods, approval of and attitudes toward family planning, source of method, and intentions to use contraception in the future.
3.1
Age at First Marriage
The duration of exposure to the risk of pregnancy is closely associated with the age at first marriage for women, and is considered an important proximate determinant of fertility. When women delay marriage, they shorten the period of exposure to pregnancy and thus ultimately reduce the number of children they will bear. Due to the small sample size, age at first marriage is presented only for the total sample. Data in Table 3.1 shows that there has been a steady increase in the age at which women interviewed in EHCS survey marry. The median age at first marriage among women in the age group 25-29 is 20.2 years, exactly 3 years older than that among women in the age group 30-34 (17.2 years), and more than 3 years older than that among women in the age group 40-44 (16.9 years). The data also show that the proportion of women marrying at very young ages decreased significantly over the past decades. The percentage of women married by exact age 15 dropped from 14% among women in the age group 45-49 to about 4% among women in the age group 25-29.
Table 3.1 Age at First Marriage Percentage of women who were first married by exact age 15, 18, 20, 22 and 25 and median age at first marriage according to current age, EHCS 2005. Exact age at first marriage 15
18
20
22
25
Never married
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
0.3 1.4 3.5 7.6 6.6 8.6 14.0
4.7 15.9 21.4 25.3 31.6 40.7
6.3 20.0 25.6 35.0 42.6 54.3
23.8 29.4 43.0 49.3 62.4
25.5 33.2 47.9 52.2 66.3
99.2 93.0 74.5 66.4 49.9 46.9 30.2
643 429 290 238 226 209 258
20.2 17.2 18.0 16.9 16.9
20-49
6.2
20.9
27.5
32.1
34.6
64.4
1,650
19.6
25-49
7.9
26.6
35.0
41.0
44.3
54.3
1,221
17.6
Current Age
3.2
Number Median of women age
Fertility Preferences
Data on fertility preferences in a population are important, for both estimating the potential unmet need for family planning and for predicting future fertility behavior. Currently married women in the 2005 EHCS were asked about their intention to have another child in the future. In addition, all respondents were asked about the ideal number of children they prefer. The responses to these questions are used to explore the level of desired fertility among the 2005 EHCS sample and to gain insight about future fertility changes.
16
Desire for more children To obtain information about fertility preferences, non-sterilized currently married women were asked whether they would like to have a/another child or would prefer not to have any (more) children. Pregnant women were asked whether they would like to have a/another child or would prefer not to have any (more) children after delivering the child they are expecting. Results are presented in Table 3.2. Additionally, Figure 3.1 shows women desire for more children by region. Table 3.2 Desire for more children Percent distribution of currently married women who are not sterilized by desire for more children, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Desire for more children
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Have another child No more, none Can’t get pregnant Undecided or DK Total Number of women
Total
22.5 73.0 4.5 0.0
26.4 66.8 5.9 0.9
20.9 69.4 9.7 0.0
28.0 66.1 4.8 1.1
34.1 55.7 9.1 1.1
28.5 61.5 10.0 0.0
35.9 53.8 8.9 1.4
23.8 68.6 7.7 0.0
31.9 60.1 6.8 1.3
29.1 63.0 7.1 0.8
100.0 178
100.0 573
100.0 134
100.0 439
100.0 548
100.0 130
100.0 418
100.0 442
100.0 857
100.0 1,299
Slightly less than two-thirds of currently married women do not want any more children, with the highest percentage found in Urban Governorates (73 percent), and the lowest percentages found in rural Upper Egypt (54%). The data show that less than one-third of all currently married women want to have another child. However, the results vary across the different regions. Thirty-six percent of women from rural Upper Egypt want to have another child compared to 21% of women in urban Lower Egypt. In addition, 7% of women mentioned that they could not get pregnant any more. As shown in Figure 3.1, women in rural areas desire to have more children more than women in urban areas do. Fig 3.1 Percentage of Currently Married Women who Want More Children 35.9
28 23.1
Urban Governorates
28.5
20.9
Urban Lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Ideal number of children The fertility preferences are obviously influenced by the number of children the women or husbands already have. The 2005 EHCS obtained a measure of fertility preferences that is less dependent on the current family size by asking about the ideal number of children. The question about ideal family size required the currently married women and husbands to report the number
17
of children they would like to have in their whole life regardless of the number (if any) that they already had. Never-married female and male youth were asked about the ideal number of children they would like to have in the future. However, the ideal number of children tends to be closely associated with the actual number of children a respondent has. Respondents who want a large family tend to have more children than others. Respondents may also rationalize their ideal family size, so that as the actual number of children increases, their preferred family size increases as well. Results are shown in Table 3.3. Figure 3.2 shows the mean ideal number of children among the different respondents by urban rural residence. Fig 3.2 Mean Ideal Number of Children
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.4 2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
Urban Rural
W om en
Hu sban ds
Neve r-m arrie d fem ale you th
Ne ve r-m arried male youth
As shown in Table 3.3, women and never-married female youth aspire to have smaller families than husbands and never-married male youth do. Overall, 58% of never-married female youth, 39% of never-married male youth, 34% of women, and only 24% of husbands want 1-2 children with differences between regions. Forty-five percent of husbands from Urban Governorates want 1-2 children compared to only 13% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. Half of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates and urban Upper Egypt want 1-2 children compared to around one-quarter of never-married male youth in Lower Egypt. A different pattern was found among women. About 48% of women from urban Lower Egypt desire 1-2 children. In addition, about two-third of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt desire 1-2 children. Around one-quarter of respondents would like to have three children. In addition, one-quarter of husbands, 18% of women and 17% of never-married male youth, and 10% of never-married female youth want 4 children, with differences between regions. Fifteen percent of never-married female youth from rural Upper Egypt want four children compared to 6% of never-married female youth in rural Lower Egypt. Additionally, 9% of husbands, 4% of women, 2% of never-married male youth, and 1% of never-married female youth would like to have 5 children or more. It has to be mentioned that 13% of women mentioned that the number of children is”up to Allah”. In addition, 18% of never-married male youth and 10% of husbands did not determine their ideal number of children. As shown in Figure 3.2 the mean ideal number of children was lower among never-married female and male youth than women and husbands (2.5, 2.8, 2.9, and 3.3 respectively). It is clear from this figure that the mean ideal number of children is higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
18
Table 3.3 Ideal Number of Children Percent distribution of currently married women, husbands, never-married female and male youth by ideal number of children and the mean ideal number of children, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Ideal Number of Children 1-2 3 4 5+ Up to Allah Other Don’t know
40.4 36.0 14.6 2.2 6.7 0.0 0.0
39.3 31.9 15.5 2.8 6.6 0.0 3.8
47.8 29.1 11.9 6.0 3.0 0.0 2.2
36.7 32.8 16.6 1.8 7.7 0.0 4.3
26.8 23.2 22.4 6.2 21.2 0.2 0.0
41.5 23.1 16.9 6.2 12.3 0.0 0.0
22.2 23.2 24.2 6.2 23.9 0.2 0.0
43.0 30.1 14.5 4.5 7.2 0.0 0.7
29.6 28.1 20.3 4.0 15.6 0.1 2.2
34.2 28.8 18.3 4.2 12.8 0.1 1.7
Total Number of women Mean
100.0 178 2.8
100.0 573 2.8
100.0 134 2.8
100.0 439 2.8
100.0 548 3.1
100.0 130 2.9
100.0 418 3.2
100.0 442 2.8
100.0 857 3.0
100.0 1,299 2.9
45.1 26.9 21.1 5.7 0.6 0.0 0.6 100.0 175 2.9
26.9 22.5 22.5 4.9 2.4 0.0 20.8 100.0 547 3.1
24.8 24.1 24.1 4.5 1.5 0.0 21.1 100.0 133 3.1
27.5 22.0 22.0 5.1 2.7 0.0 20.8 100.0 414 3.1
14.2 27.2 30.0 13.9 12.4 0.4 2.1 100.0 534 3.6
18.6 31.8 29.5 11.6 6.2 0.8 1.6 100.0 129 3.4
12.8 25.7 30.1 14.6 14.3 0.2 2.2 100.0 405 3.7
31.1 27.5 24.5 7.1 2.5 0.2 7.1 100.0 437 3.1
20.3 23.8 26.0 9.8 8.4 0.1 11.6 100.0 819 3.4
24.0 25.1 25.5 8.8 6.4 0.2 10.0 100.0 1,256 3.3
62.9 23.5 7.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 5.5
64.6 22.8 10.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.3
62.2 23.8 5.7 0.5 0.5 0.0 7.3
52.8 23.0 14.4 2.5 2.8 0.0 4.6
56.1 24.4 12.2 2.4 2.4 0.0 2.4
51.6 22.5 15.2 2.5 2.9 0.0 5.3
59.7 27.8 9.5 1.1 0.7 0.0 1.1
56.3 23.1 11.0 1.6 1.8 0.0 6.2
57.6 24.9 10.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 4.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
HUSBANDS Ideal Number of Children 1-2 3 4 5+ Up to Allah Other Don’t know Total Number of husbands Mean
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Ideal Number of Children 1-2 3 4 5+ Up to Allah Other Don’t know
58.9 33.9 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100.0 Total Number of never-married 112 female youth 2.5 Mean
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Ideal Number of Children 1-2 3 4 5+ Up to Allah Other Don’t know Total Number of never-married male youth Mean
50.4 14.6 26.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0
25.6 19.3 25.1 2.5 1.1 0.0 26.4 100.0
25.5 11.2 25.5 2.0 1.0 0.0 34.7 100.0
25.7 22.3 24.9 2.6 1.1 0.0 23.4 100.0
46.4 26.3 8.1 1.4 4.0 0.0 13.7 100.0
50.4 24.8 6.8 1.7 2.6 0.0 13.7 100.0
44.9 26.9 8.5 1.3 4.6 0.0 13.8 100.0
43.2 17.2 19.5 2.4 1.2 0.0 16.6 100.0
36.0 24.7 16.1 1.9 3.0 0.0 18.2 100.0
38.7 21.9 17.4 2.1 2.3 0.0 17.6 100.0
123 2.8
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
19
Premarital and newlywed examination One important goal of the CHL program is to raise awareness about the benefits of premarital and newlywed examinations. The individual questionnaires in the 2005 EHCS included questions about the respondents’ awareness of these two examinations. In addition, ever-married women and husbands who had heard about either examination were asked if they had ever had such a premarital or newlywed examination. Never-married male and female youth were asked about their intention to have these examinations in the future. The results are presented in Table 3.4.1 for women and husbands and Table 3.4a for never-married female and male youth. Table 3.4 Premarital and newly wed examination (women and husbands) Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who have heard about premarital examination or newly wed examination and who had the examination, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Premarital/newly wed examinations
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Know about premarital examination Know about newly wed examination Have premarital examination Have newly wed examination Number of women
93.7
83.0
87.2
81.7
74.0
83.9
70.7
88.8
76.3
80.5
34.2
11.5
19.1
9.2
5.3
12.1
3.1
22.9
6.1
11.9
3.2
5.7
3.5
6.4
1.8
4.0
1.1
3.5
3.8
3.7
0.5
2.5
2.1
2.6
0.3
0.7
0.2
1.0
1.4
1.3
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
HUSBANDS Know about premarital examination Know about newly wed examination Have premarital examination Have newly wed examination Number of husbands
94.9
87.8
93.2
86.0
75.1
86.0
71.6
91.8
78.9
83.4
55.4
45.7
62.4
40.3
12.4
17.8
10.6
46.5
25.6
32.9
4.6
9.0
9.0
8.9
1.9
3.1
1.5
5.5
5.3
5.3
11.4
12.6
17.3
11.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
9.8
5.7
7.2
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
As shown in Table 3.4, 81% of ever-married women had heard about premarital examinations, with the highest percentage found among women in Urban Governorates (94%) and the lowest percentage found among women in rural Upper Egypt (71%). Knowledge of premarital examination among husbands is slightly higher (83%), with some differences between regions. Ninety-five percent of husbands from Urban Governorates know about premarital examination compared to 72% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. A very small percentage of women and husbands heard about the newlywed examination (less than 12% and 33%, respectively). Women from Urban Governorates and husbands from urban Lower Egypt are the most knowledgeable about newly wed examination (34% and 62%, respectively). Only 5% of husbands and 4% of women had had premarital examination. The highest percentages were found in Lower Egypt. Regarding newly wed examination, only 7% of husbands and 1% of women had this examination, with differences between regions. Seventeen percent of husbands from urban Lower Egypt had newly wed examination compared to none of the husbands from urban Upper Egypt. Data from the 2005 EHCS show that the awareness about premarital examination is higher among never-married female youth compared to never-married male youth. Ninety-three percent of never-
20
married female youth know about premarital examination compared to 79% of never-married male youth, with differences between regions. Ninety-one percent of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates know about premarital examination compared to 65% of those from rural Upper Egypt. In general, knowledge about premarital examination is higher among never-married youth in urban areas than in rural areas. In addition, 21% of never-married female and 28% of never-married male youth know about newly wed examination. Sixty-one percent of never-married female youth and half of never-married male youth intend to have premarital examination, with variation among regions. Fifty-six percent of never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt intend to have premarital examination compared to 37% of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates. Very few percentages of never-married female and male youth intend to have a newly wed examination (7% and 9%, respectively). Table 3.4a Premarital and newly wed examination (never-married female and male youth) Percentage of never-married female and male youth who have heard about premarital examination or newly wed examination and who intend to have the examination, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Premarital/newly wed examinations
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Know about premarital examination Know about newly wed examination Intend to have premarital examination Intend to have newly wed examination Number of nevermarried female youth
99.1
90.1
93.7
88.6
92.3
97.6
90.6
97.1
89.7
92.5
50.0
20.2
17.7
21.2
12.3
13.4
11.9
29.7
16.0
21.3
67.0
58.5
63.3
56.5
61.0
73.2
57.0
67.8
56.8
61.0
17.9
7.7
7.6
7.8
2.1
2.4
2.0
10.3
4.6
6.8
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Know about premarital examination Know about newly wed examination Intend to have premarital examination Intend to have newly wed examination Number of nevermarried male youth
3.3
91.1
86.0
87.8
85.3
69.7
82.1
64.9
87.0
74.4
79.1
43.9
43.8
59.2
38.1
10.4
21.4
6.2
40.5
21.1
28.3
36.6
52.3
52.0
52.5
52.4
56.4
50.8
47.9
51.6
50.2
19.5
13.5
21.4
10.6
0.9
1.7
0.7
13.9
5.3
8.5
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Knowledge and Attitudes toward Family Planning
Knowledge of family planning Awareness of family planning methods is crucial in deciding whether to use a contraceptive method and which method to use. Family planning programs typically aim to raise the awareness about the importance of family planning and to employ a variety of channels to promote family planning, including mass media. The 2005 EHCS questionnaire collected data on knowledge of modern methods and traditional methods among never-married female and male youth. Knowledge of family planning methods was not addressed in the women and husbands questionnaires because various national surveys proved that knowledge is high among those groups. In addition, provision was made in the
21
questionnaire to record other methods that respondents mentioned spontaneously. Results are shown in Table 3.5. Table 3.5 Knowledge of Family Planning Method Percentage of never-married female and male youth by knowledge of family planning methods, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Method orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Any modern method Pill IUD Injectables Norplant/Implant Diaphragm/foam/jelly Condom Female sterilization Male sterilization Any traditional method Periodic abstinence Withdrawal Prolonged breastfeeding Any method Number of nevermarried female youth
97.3 95.5 88.4 82.1 32.1 0.9 3.6 5.4 0.9 8.0 1.8 0.0
89.3 88.2 84.2 80.9 29.4 3.3 16.2 8.5 3.7 14.3 5.5 3.7
89.9 89.9 84.8 82.3 32.9 8.9 24.1 13.9 8.9 22.8 12.7 7.6
89.1 87.6 83.9 80.3 28.0 1.0 13.0 6.2 1.6 10.9 2.6 2.1
99.4 99.1 96.3 97.9 43.6 0.0 3.7 6.1 0.6 5.2 0.3 0.0
98.8 98.8 95.1 95.1 45.1 0.0 6.1 4.9 1.2 3.7 1.2 0.0
99.6 99.2 96.7 98.8 43.0 0.0 2.9 6.6 0.4 5.7 0.0 0.0
95.6 94.9 89.4 86.1 36.3 2.9 10.3 7.7 3.3 11.0 4.8 2.2
95.0 94.1 91.1 90.6 36.4 0.5 7.3 6.4 0.9 8.0 1.1 0.9
95.2 94.4 90.4 88.9 36.3 1.4 8.5 6.9 1.8 9.2 2.5 1.4
8.0 97.3
13.6 89.3
21.5 89.9
10.4 89.1
4.9 99.4
2.4 98.8
5.7 99.6
10.3 95.6
7.8 95.0
8.7 95.2
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Any modern method Pill IUD Injectables Norplant/Implant Diaphragm/foam/jelly Condom Female sterilization Male sterilization Any traditional method Periodic abstinence Withdrawal Prolonged breastfeeding Any method Number of nevermarried male youth
95.1 90.2 74.0 82.9 6.5 4.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 2.4
90.9 88.2 74.7 75.5 6.1 2.2 5.2 0.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.8
88.8 87.8 67.3 80.6 7.1 3.1 7.1 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0
91.7 88.3 77.4 73.6 5.7 1.9 4.5 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.8
98.8 95.3 67.1 87.2 11.4 0.0 13.7 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.2 0.2
98.3 95.7 67.5 86.3 11.1 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0
99.0 95.1 66.9 87.5 11.5 0.0 10.5 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.3 0.3
94.4 91.4 69.8 83.4 8.3 2.4 10.7 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 1.2
95.6 91.9 71.8 81.1 8.8 0.9 7.7 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.2 0.5
95.2 91.7 71.0 81.9 8.6 1.4 8.8 0.3 0.0 1.8 0.1 0.8
0.8 95.1
0.8 90.9
1.0 88.8
0.8 91.7
1.2 98.8
0.9 98.3
1.3 99.0
0.9 94.4
1.1 95.6
1.0 95.2
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Data show that 95% of never-married respondents know at least one modern method. More than 90% know about pills and more than 8 in 10 never-married respondents know about injectables. Never-married female youth are more likely to know about the IUD than never-married male youth (90% versus 71%). Knowledge of traditional methods is higher among never-married female youth than among never-married male youth (9% versus 2%). For never-married female and male youth knowledge varies by region. Around 99% of youth from Upper Egypt know at least one method compared to around 90% from Lower Egypt (91% of never-married male youth and 89% of never-married female youth).
22
Attitudes toward family planning To measure attitudes about use of family planning and about the ideal time intervals between births, the 2005 EHCS questionnaire asked respondents about their level of agreement with a series of statements about these topics. The responses were presented on a scale of 1-5, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. During the analysis stage, the responses were recoded into three categories: agree, disagree, and neutral. Tables 3.6 through 3.6c present the results for ever-married women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth, respectively. Women attitudes toward family planning Table 3.6 shows the attitudes toward birth spacing among women using respondents’ level of agreement with the statement “Couples should space births at least 2 years”. The data shows that the level of agreement with this statement is more than 80% among all women. Ninety-five percent of women from Urban Governorates agreed that couples should space births at least 2 years compared to only 69% of women in urban Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement is 4.1, ranging from 4.7 in Urban Governorates to 3.9 in urban Upper Egypt. Women were also asked about their level of agreement with the statement that couples should space birth 3 to 5 years. Overall around 9 in 10 women agree with this statement, with the highest level of agreement found among women in Urban Governorates (96%) and the lowest level found among women in rural Upper Egypt (83%). Only 5% of women did not agree with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.4. Women’s preference toward using contraceptives after first child was assessed through the level of agreement among women with the statement “After having a child, couples should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations”. Overall, more than 90% of women agreed with this statement while 6% disagreed with it. Slight variations exist between the different regions. However, 12% of women in rural Upper Egypt disagreed with this statement compared to only 1% of women in urban Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.4. Women were also asked whether they agreed that proper spacing would cause the next child to be healthier. Data in Table 3.6 show that there is a high level of agreement with this statement (95%). Unlike other statements, women in Urban Governorates reported the lowest level of agreement with this statement (90%). The mean score for this statement was 4.6 with no variations among the different regions. Table 3.6 shows also the level of agreement among women with that delaying the birth of the next child will keep the mother healthier. Almost the same level of agreement with the statement “proper spacing will cause the next child to be healthier” was reported with this statement. It is worth mentioning that 13% of women in Urban Governorates disagreed with this statement. In addition, the average mean score for this statement was 4.6 with almost no variations among the different regions. Finally, women were asked whether they agree that starting contraception immediately after the birth of a child would prevent accidental pregnancies that occur too soon. Data from Table 3.6 show that 84% of women agree that using a family planning method immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidentally becoming pregnant too soon, with the level of agreement ranging from 92% among women in Urban Governorates to 78% among women in rural Upper Egypt. Eleven percent of women disagreed with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.3.
23
Table 3.6 Attitudes toward Family planning (Women) Percentage of ever-married women by their approval on different family planning topics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Family planning topics
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couple should space births at least 2 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
95.3 4.7 0.0 4.7
86.7 7.9 4.4 4.2
90.1 7.8 1.4 4.3
85.7 7.9 5.3 4.1
71.8 14.2 14.0 4.0
69.1 9.4 21.5 3.9
72.7 15.7 11.6 4.0
85.6 7.1 7.1 4.3
79.3 11.8 8.4 4.1
81.4 10.2 8.0 4.1
Couple should space births 3-5 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
96.3 3.2 0.5 4.8
93.1 3.6 2.3 4.5
95.0 3.5 0.7 4.5
92.5 3.6 2.8 4.5
84.0 5.8 10.2 4.3
87.9 2.0 10.1 4.4
82.8 7.0 10.3 4.2
93.3 2.9 3.5 4.6
87.7 5.3 6.5 4.4
89.6 4.5 5.5 4.4
After the birth, couple should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
97.4 2.6 0.0 4.7
93.8 4.3 0.2 4.5
95.0 3.5 0.0 4.5
93.4 4.5 0.2 4.5
86.8 9.2 3.1 4.3
94.0 1.3 3.4 4.5
84.5 11.8 3.1 4.2
95.6 2.5 1.0 4.6
89.0 8.1 1.6 4.4
91.3 6.2 1.4 4.4
If couples make proper spacing, the next child will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
90.0 10.0 0.0 4.6
95.1 3.1 0.2 4.6
96.5 2.8 0.0 4.6
94.7 3.2 0.2 4.6
95.9 4.0 0.2 4.6
98.0 2.0 0.0 4.7
95.2 4.6 0.2 4.6
94.4 5.4 0.0 4.6
94.9 3.9 0.2 4.6
94.7 4.4 0.1 4.6
If couples delay the birth of their next child, the mother will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
87.4 12.6 0.0 4.6
94.1 4.3 0.2 4.6
94.3 5.0 0.0 4.7
94.0 4.1 0.2 4.6
95.7 3.8 0.5 4.6
98.7 1.3 0.0 4.7
94.8 4.6 0.7 4.6
92.9 6.9 0.0 4.6
94.4 4.3 0.4 4.6
93.9 5.2 0.3 4.6
Starting the contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidental pregnancies that occur too soon Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
91.1 8.4 0.0 4.6
87.5 6.6 2.5 4.4
88.7 5.7 2.1 4.4
87.2 6.8 2.6 4.4
79.2 15.3 4.9 4.1
83.2 12.1 4.0 4.2
77.9 16.4 5.2 4.1
87.9 8.8 1.9 4.5
82.6 11.5 3.9 4.3
84.4 10.6 3.2 4.3
Total Number of women
100.0 190
100.0 610
100.0 141
100.0 469
100.0 607
100.0 149
100.0 458
100.0 100.0 480 927
100.0 1,407
Husbands attitudes toward family planning Table 3.6a shows the attitudes toward birth spacing among husbands based on their level of agreement with the statement “Couples should space births at least 2 years”. The data show that 83% of husbands agree that couples should space births at least 2 years. The level of agreement
24
with this statement ranged from 97% among husbands from Urban Governorates to only 71% of husbands in urban Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.1, ranging from 4.7 in Urban Governorates to 3.7 in urban Upper Egypt. Husbands’ attitudes toward spacing between births were also assessed by asking them about their level of agreement with the statement that couples should space birth 3 to 5 years. Eighty-six percent of husbands agreed with this statement, with the highest level found among husbands in urban Lower Egypt (98%) and the lowest level found among husbands in rural Upper Egypt (74%). It is worth mentioning that 9% of husbands neither agreed nor disagreed. The mean score for this statement was 4.3, with the highest average mean score found among husbands in Urban Governorates (4.7). Husbands were also asked about their level of agreement with the statement “After having a child, couples should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations”. Nine in ten husbands agreed with this statement with slight variations existing between the different regions. The mean score for this statement was 4.3 with very slight variations among the different regions. Husbands were also asked whether they agreed that proper spacing would cause the next child to be healthier. Data in Table 3.6a show that there is a high level of agreement with this statement (96%). There was almost no variation across regions in the level of agreement with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.6 with no variation by region. The level of agreement among husbands with the statement that delaying the birth of the next child will keep the mother healthier is presented in Table 3.6a. Data in this Table show that 96% of husbands agreed that proper spacing would cause the mother to be healthier. Only 3% disagreed with this statement. In addition, the average mean score for this statement was 4.6 with no variations among the different regions. Finally, husbands were asked whether they agreed that starting contraception immediately after the birth of a child would prevent accidentally becoming pregnant too soon. Overall, 86% of all husbands agree that using contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidentally becoming pregnant too soon, with the level of agreement ranging from 96% among husbands in urban Lower Egypt to 73% among husbands in rural Upper Egypt. It is worth mentioning that about one-fifth of husbands from rural Upper Egypt disagreed with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.2.
25
Table 3.6a Attitudes toward Family planning (Husbands) Percentage of husbands by their approval on different family planning topics, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Family planning topics
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couple should space births at least 2 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
96.6 2.9 0.6 4.7
86.8 9.7 3.5 4.1
85.7 11.3 3.0 4.2
87.2 9.2 3.6 4.1
74.2 12.9 12.7 3.9
70.5 10.9 18.6 3.7
75.3 13.6 10.9 4.0
85.6 7.8 6.6 4.2
81.3 11.4 7.2 4.0
82.8 10.1 7.0 4.1
Couple should space births 3-5 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
92.6 5.7 1.7 4.7
93.2 4.2 2.6 4.4
97.7 1.5 0.8 4.5
91.8 5.1 3.1 4.4
76.6 5.6 17.6 4.0
85.3 6.2 8.5 4.4
73.8 5.4 20.5 3.9
92.0 4.6 3.4 4.5
82.9 5.3 11.7 4.1
86.1 5.0 8.8 4.3
After the birth, couple should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations Agree 89.7 Disagree 6.9 Neutral 1.7 Mean Score 4.5
94.7 4.6 0.4 4.4
94.7 5.3 0.0 4.4
94.7 4.3 0.5 4.4
85.2 9.0 5.4 4.1
93.0 4.7 2.3 4.3
82.7 10.4 6.4 4.0
92.2 5.7 1.4 4.4
88.8 7.3 3.4 4.2
90.0 6.8 2.7 4.3
If couples make proper spacing, the next child will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
96.0 3.4 0.6 4.6
97.6 2.0 0.2 4.5
97.0 3.0 0.0 4.5
97.8 1.7 0.2 4.5
94.8 4.1 0.9 4.6
96.1 3.9 0.0 4.7
94.3 4.2 1.2 4.6
96.3 3.4 0.2 4.6
96.1 2.9 0.7 4.5
96.2 3.1 0.6 4.6
If couples delay the birth of their next child, the mother will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
97.7 2.3 0.0 4.6
96.9 2.6 0.4 4.5
97.0 3.0 0.0 4.5
96.9 2.4 0.5 4.5
94.4 4.3 1.1 4.6
96.9 3.1 0.0 4.7
93.6 4.7 1.5 4.6
97.3 2.7 0.0 4.6
95.2 3.5 1.0 4.5
95.9 3.3 0.6 4.6
Starting the contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidental pregnancies that occur too soon Agree 93.1 Disagree 4.6 Neutral 0.6 Mean Score 4.5
94.5 4.9 0.0 4.4
95.5 4.5 0.0 4.5
94.2 5.1 0.0 4.4
75.8 17.6 4.9 4.0
84.5 12.4 1.6 4.1
73.1 19.3 5.9 3.9
91.3 6.9 0.7 4.4
83.8 12.1 2.9 4.2
86.4 10.3 2.1 4.2
100.0 175
100.0 547
100.0 133
100.0 414
100.0 534
100.0 129
100.0 405
100.0 437
100.0 819
100.0 1,256
Total Number of women
Never-married female youth attitudes toward family planning Table 3.6b presents the attitudes of never-married female youth toward birth spacing based on their level of agreement with the statement “Couples should space births at least 2 years”. The data show that about three-quarters of never-married female youth agreed that couples should space births at least 2 years. Clear differences exist between different regions. While almost 90% of never-married female youth from Urban Governorates agreed with this statement only 51% of
26
those from urban Upper Egypt agreed with it; however this could be due to the fact that 34% of never-married female youth from urban Upper Egypt were neutral. The mean score for this statement was only 3.9 among all never-married female youth. To assess their attitudes toward birth spacing, never-married female youth were asked about their level of agreement with the statement that couples should space birth 3 to 5 years. More than 90% of never-married female youth agree with this statement and only 3% disagreed with it. Almost all never-married female youth from Urban Governorates agreed with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 with almost no variation by region. The level of agreement among never-married female youth with the statement “After having a child, couples should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations” is shown in Table 3.6b. Overall, 83% of never-married female youth agreed with this statement, while only 9% of them disagreed with it, with slight variations existing between the different regions. The mean score for this statement was 4.4 with very slight variations among the different regions. Never-married female youth were also asked whether they agreed that proper spacing would cause the next child to be healthier. As shown in Table 3.6b, 95% of never-married female youth agreed with this statement, with almost no variations across regions. The mean score for this statement was 4.6. Table 3.6.b presents never-married female youth’s level of agreement with the statement that delaying the birth of the next child will keep the mother healthier. Data in the table show that 95% of never-married female youth agreed that proper spacing would cause the mother to be healthier, with minor variations across the different regions. The mean score for this statement was 4.6. Table 3.6b shows that never-married female youth reported a lower level of agreement with the statement that starting contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidentally becoming pregnant too soon. Overall, 83% of all never-married female youth agreed that using contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidentally becoming pregnant too soon, with the highest level of agreement found among never-married female youth in Urban Governorates (93%), and the lowest level of agreement found among never-married female youth in rural Upper Egypt (78%). Only 9% of never-married female youth disagreed with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.4 with almost no variation between the different regions.
27
Table 3.6b Attitudes toward Family planning (never-married female youth) Percentage of never-married female youth by their approval on different family planning topics, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005.
Family planning topics
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couple should space births at least 2 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
89.3 8.9 1.8 4.4
82.4 10.3 6.3 4.1
81.0 15.2 2.5 4.1
82.9 8.3 7.8 4.1
61.0 12.9 25.8 3.7
51.2 13.4 34.1 3.4
64.3 12.7 23.0 3.8
75.5 12.1 11.7 4.0
72.5 10.8 16.2 3.9
73.7 11.3 14.5 3.9
Couple should space births 3-5 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
98.2 1.8 0.0 4.8
94.9 2.2 1.8 4.5
93.7 3.8 1.3 4.4
95.3 1.6 2.1 4.6
86.5 4.6 8.9 4.4
87.8 3.7 8.5 4.5
86.1 4.9 9.0 4.4
93.8 2.9 2.9 4.6
90.2 3.4 5.9 4.5
91.5 3.2 4.8 4.5
After the birth, couple should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations Agree 87.5 Disagree 8.0 Neutral 0.0 Mean Score 4.6
87.9 5.5 0.0 4.5
86.1 8.9 0.0 4.4
88.6 4.1 0.0 4.5
77.0 10.1 1.2 4.3
76.8 9.8 0.0 4.3
77.0 10.2 1.6 4.2
83.9 8.8 0.0 4.5
82.2 7.6 0.9 4.4
82.8 8.0 0.6 4.4
If couples make proper spacing, the next child will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
93.8 6.3 0.0 4.6
96.0 2.9 0.0 4.6
94.9 3.8 0.0 4.6
96.4 2.6 0.0 4.6
95.4 4.0 0.6 4.6
96.3 3.7 0.0 4.6
95.1 4.1 0.8 4.6
94.9 4.8 0.0 4.6
95.7 3.4 0.5 4.6
95.4 3.9 0.3 4.6
If couples delay the birth of their next child, the mother will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
92.0 8.0 0.0 4.6
96.3 2.6 0.0 4.6
96.2 2.5 0.0 4.6
96.4 2.6 0.0 4.6
94.5 5.2 0.3 4.6
96.3 3.7 0.0 4.6
93.9 5.7 0.4 4.6
94.5 5.1 0.0 4.6
95.0 4.3 0.2 4.6
94.8 4.6 0.1 4.6
Starting the contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidental pregnancies that occur too soon Agree 92.9 Disagree 5.4 Neutral 0.0 Mean Score 4.6
83.8 4.8 1.5 4.5
79.7 3.8 3.8 4.5
85.5 5.2 0.5 4.4
79.8 13.2 2.5 4.3
85.4 6.1 3.7 4.3
77.9 15.6 2.0 4.2
86.8 5.1 2.2 4.5
81.2 11.0 1.4 4.3
83.4 8.7 1.7 4.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
Total Number of never-married female youth
273
437
710
Never-married male youth attitudes toward family planning Attitudes of never-married male youth toward birth spacing using their level of agreement with the statement “Couples should space births at least 2 years” is presented in Table 3.6c. Data in the table show that 89% of never-married male youth agreed that couples should space births at least 2 years, with all never-married male youth from Urban Governorates agreeing with this statement.
28
Only 3% of never-married male youth disagree with this statement and 8% were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.2 among all never-married male youth, with the highest level found among never-married male youth from Urban Governorates (4.6). Never-married male youth were also asked about their level of agreement with the statement that couples should space birth 3 to 5 years. Overall, 86% of never-married male youth agreed with this statement and 7% disagreed with it. There were minor variations between the different regions. The average mean score for this statement was 4.3 with almost no variation across the different regions. Table 3.6c shows the level of agreement among never-married male youth about the statement “After having a child, couples should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations”. Overall, 8 in 10 never-married male youth agreed with this statement, with significant differences between regions. While 93% of never-married male youth from rural Lower Egypt agreed with this statement, only 69% of those from rural Upper Egypt agreed with it. However, 12% disagreed with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.1 with slight variations across the different regions. Never-married male youth were also asked whether they agreed that proper spacing would cause the next child to be healthier. There is almost a universal agreement among never-married male youth that proper spacing will cause the next child to be healthier, with almost no differences among regions regarding the level of agreement with this statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 ranging from 4.7 in urban Upper Egypt to 4.3 in rural Lower Egypt. In addition, there is almost a universal agreement among never-married male youth with the statement that delaying the birth of the next child will keep the mother healthier with all nevermarried male youth from urban Upper Egypt agreeing with this statement. Minor differences were observed among the different regions. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 with the highest level found in rural Upper Egypt (4.8). Finally, Table 3.6c shows that 86% of never-married male youth agreed with the statement that starting contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidentally becoming pregnant too soon with the highest percentage in rural Lower Egypt (92%). Nine percent of all never-married male youth disagreed with the statement. The mean score for this statement was 4.2 with almost no variation across regions.
29
Table 3.6c Attitudes toward Family planning (never-married male youth) Percentage of never-married male youth by their approval on different family planning topics, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005.
Family planning topics
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couple should space births at least 2 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.6
93.9 1.1 4.4 4.1
98.0 0.0 1.0 4.2
92.5 1.5 5.7 4.1
81.0 5.0 13.5 4.1
76.1 4.3 19.7 3.9
83.0 5.2 11.1 4.2
91.1 1.5 7.1 4.2
87.4 3.5 8.6 4.2
88.8 2.8 8.0 4.2
Couple should space births 3-5 years Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
88.6 7.3 4.1 4.3
88.2 6.3 5.0 4.2
87.8 6.1 4.1 4.1
88.3 6.4 5.3 4.3
82.9 6.6 7.6 4.3
78.6 10.3 9.4 4.2
84.6 5.2 6.9 4.3
84.9 8.0 5.9 4.2
86.3 5.8 6.1 4.3
85.8 6.6 6.1 4.3
After the birth, couple should begin using a family planning method before resuming marital relations Agree 81.3 Disagree 6.5 Neutral 0.0 Mean Score 4.2
90.1 4.7 1.4 4.2
83.7 6.1 2.0 4.2
92.5 4.2 1.1 4.2
71.6 18.7 0.7 4.0
79.5 8.5 0.9 4.1
68.5 22.6 0.7 3.9
81.4 7.1 0.9 4.2
79.6 14.0 0.9 4.1
80.3 11.5 0.9 4.1
If couples make proper spacing, the next child will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
96.7 1.6 0.0 4.4
97.0 2.5 0.0 4.3
96.9 2.0 0.0 4.4
97.0 2.6 0.0 4.3
97.6 2.1 0.2 4.7
99.1 0.9 0.0 4.7
97.0 2.6 0.3 4.6
97.6 1.5 0.0 4.5
97.0 2.6 0.2 4.5
97.2 2.2 0.1 4.5
If couples delay the birth of their next child, the mother will be healthier Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Score
95.9 3.3 0.0 4.4
95.9 3.0 0.0 4.4
94.9 3.1 0.0 4.3
96.2 3.0 0.0 4.4
98.6 0.9 0.2 4.7
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.7
98.0 1.3 0.3 4.8
97.0 2.1 0.0 4.5
97.2 2.1 0.2 4.6
97.1 2.1 0.1 4.5
Starting the contraception immediately after the birth of a child will prevent accidental pregnancies that occur too soon Agree 85.4 Disagree 5.7 Neutral 0.8 Mean Score 4.2
90.4 5.8 0.8 4.2
86.7 5.1 1.0 4.2
91.7 6.0 0.8 4.2
81.3 11.8 0.7 4.1
82.1 9.4 0.0 4.1
81.0 12.8 1.0 4.1
84.6 6.8 0.6 4.2
86.0 9.6 0.9 4.2
85.5 8.6 0.8 4.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
Total Number of never-married male youth
338
570
908
Opinions about family planning use in the community To obtain information on perceptions of women, husbands, never-married female and male youth about the extent of family planning use in the community, respondents in the 2005 EHCS sample were asked whether most, some, very few, or none of the couples in the reproductive ages living in this area use family planning. In addition, they were asked to assess the extent of family planning
30
use in the community between the first and the second child. Moreover, they were asked whether most couples use family planning before the first pregnancy. They were also asked if use of family planning in their community was increasing, decreasing, or staying about the same. The results are shown in Tables 3.7 through 3.7c for women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth, respectively. Women opinions about family planning use in the community Opinions of women regarding issues related to family planning use in their community are presented in Table 3.7. Agreement with different issues is shown in Figure 3.3. Overall, the results show that 85% of women mentioned that most couples in their community are using family planning with the highest percentage among women in rural Upper Egypt (91%). Overall, 79% believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing. However, differences between regions are clear, as shown in Table 3.7. Ninety percent of women in rural Upper Egypt believe that number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing, compared to only two-third of women in rural Lower Egypt. Only one percent of women believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is decreasing. Table 3.7 Women Opinion about Extent and Trend in Family Planning Use Percent distribution of ever-married women according to their opinion about the extent and the trend in family planning use in their community, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Opinion about family planning
Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couples use FP in the reproductive ages living in this area Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
87.9 8.9 0.0 0.0 3.2
80.0 9.3 1.1 0.7 8.9
79.4 12.1 0.0 0.7 7.8
80.2 8.5 1.5 0.6 9.2
89.1 6.6 0.5 0.3 3.5
83.2 4.0 1.3 0.7 10.7
91.0 7.4 0.2 0.2 1.1
84.0 8.3 0.4 0.4 6.9
85.5 8.0 0.9 0.4 5.2
85.0 8.1 0.7 0.4 5.8
Couples use FP between the first and second child Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
75.3 21.1 0.5 0.0 3.2
64.6 21.5 2.3 2.3 9.3
70.2 19.9 0.0 1.4 8.5
62.9 22.0 3.0 2.6 9.6
73.8 13.8 7.9 0.5 4.0
71.1 12.1 4.0 0.0 12.8
74.7 14.4 9.2 0.7 1.1
72.5 17.9 1.5 0.4 7.7
68.7 18.2 6.0 1.6 5.4
70.0 18.1 4.5 1.2 6.2
Couples use FP before the first pregnancy Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
1.6 5.8 24.7 64.7 3.2
6.4 3.3 9.8 68.2 12.3
4.3 4.3 15.6 63.1 12.8
7.0 3.0 8.1 69.7 12.2
1.8 0.8 2.0 91.8 3.6
2.0 1.3 2.7 85.9 8.1
1.7 0.7 1.7 93.7 2.2
2.5 4.0 15.2 70.8 7.5
4.4 1.8 5.0 81.6 7.2
3.8 2.6 8.5 77.9 7.3
86.8 0.0 10.5 2.6 100.0 190
67.4 2.6 11.6 18.4 100.0 610
69.5 3.5 9.2 17.7 100.0 141
66.7 2.3 12.4 18.6 100.0 469
87.8 0.3 4.6 7.2 100.0 607
80.5 0.7 2.0 16.8 100.0 149
90.2 0.2 5.5 4.1 100.0 458
79.8 78.3 1.3 1.3 7.5 9.0 11.5 11.4 100.0 100.0 480 927
78.8 1.3 8.5 11.4 100.0 1,407
Number of couples using FP in this area is Increasing Decreasing Stay About The Same Not Sure Total Number of women
31
Fig 3.3 Percentage Agreeing With Various Opinions about Use of Family Planning (Women) 85
79 70
4
Most couples use FP
Most couples use after first child
Most couples use before Using FP is increasing first pregnancy
Around 70% of women believe that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first pregnancy and second birth, with slight differences between regions. Seventyeight percent of women believe that none of the couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy and 9% believe that few couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy, with significant differences across regions. Ninety-four percent of women in rural Upper Egypt believe that none of the couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy compared to around two-thirds of women in Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt. On the other hand, one-quarter of women in Urban Governorates believe that few couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy compared to 2% in rural Upper Egypt. Husbands opinions about family planning use in the community When husbands were asked about their opinions regarding the issue that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first pregnancy and second birth and the issue that most couples use family planning in the reproductive ages, 19% were unsure about both issues. However, two-thirds of husbands believe that most couples in their community use family planning in the reproductive ages with differences among regions. About 8 in 10 husbands in Urban Governorates believe that most couples in their community use family planning in the reproductive ages compared to only 50% in urban Upper Egypt. Additionally, 72% of husbands in Urban Governorates believe that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth compared to only 37% of husbands in urban Upper Egypt. Table 3.7a presents husbands’ opinions about family planning use in their community. Agreement with different issues is shown in Figure 3.4. Overall, the results show that 73% of husbands believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing and one-fifth is unsure about this issue. Seventy percent of husbands believe that none of the couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy with the highest percentage observed in rural Upper Egypt (80%) and the lowest percentage observed in urban Lower Egypt and urban Upper Egypt (around 58% for both regions).
32
Table 3.7a Husbands Opinion about Extent and Trend in Family Planning Use Percent distribution of husbands according to their opinion about the extent and the trend in family planning use in their community, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Opinion about family planning Couples use FP in the reproductive ages living in this area Most Some Very Few None Not Sure Couples use FP between the first and second child Most Some Very Few None Not Sure Couples use FP before the first pregnancy Most Some Very Few None Not Sure Number of couples using FP in this area is Increasing Decreasing Stay About The Same Not Sure Total Number of husbands
Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
79.4 12.0 1.7 0.0 6.9
68.9 17.4 0.7 0.0 13.0
70.7 18.0 0.0 0.0 11.3
68.4 17.1 1.0 0.0 13.5
58.4 11.2 2.1 0.0 28.3
49.6 8.5 0.0 0.0 41.9
61.2 12.1 2.7 0.0 24.0
68.0 12.8 0.7 0.0 18.5
64.8 14.7 1.8 0.0 18.7
65.9 14.0 1.4 0.0 18.6
72.0 20.6 1.7 0.0 5.7
55.8 28.9 2.0 0.4 13.0
56.4 30.1 0.8 0.0 12.8
55.6 28.5 2.4 0.5 13.0
44.2 13.1 12.5 1.3 28.8
37.2 10.9 10.1 0.0 41.9
46.4 13.8 13.3 1.7 24.7
57.0 20.6 3.9 0.0 18.5
51.0 21.2 7.8 1.1 18.8
53.1 21.0 6.4 0.7 18.7
2.9 2.9 18.9 69.1 6.3
6.9 2.4 4.4 66.4 19.9
6.0 4.5 7.5 57.9 24.1
7.2 1.7 3.4 69.1 18.6
0.0 0.4 7.9 74.5 17.2
0.0 1.6 15.5 58.1 24.8
0.0 0.0 5.4 79.8 14.8
3.0 3.0 14.4 62.5 17.2
3.7 0.9 4.4 74.4 16.7
3.4 1.6 7.9 70.2 16.9
83.4 0.6 4.0 12.0 100.0 175
68.2 3.1 7.3 21.4 100.0 547
70.7 4.5 3.0 21.8 100.0 133
67.4 2.7 8.7 21.3 100.0 414
75.3 0.7 3.6 20.4 100.0 534
75.2 0.0 1.6 23.3 100.0 129
75.3 1.0 4.2 19.5 100.0 405
77.1 71.3 1.6 1.8 3.0 6.5 18.3 20.4 100.0 100.0 437 819
73.3 1.8 5.3 19.7 100.0 1,256
Generally, husbands' opinions about family planning use in their community were negative compared to the opinion of women, specially their opinions about the issue that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth and the issue that most couples use family planning in the reproductive ages. Fig 3.4 Percentage Agreeing With Various Opinions about Use of Family Planning (Husbands) 73 66 53
3
Most couples use FP
Most couples use after first child
Most couples use before first pregnancy
Using FP is increasing
33
Never-married female youth’s opinions about family planning use in the community Table 3.7b presents never-married female youth’s opinions about family planning use in their community. Agreement with different issues is shown in Figure 3.5. Overall, around three quarters of never-married female youth believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing, most couples in their community use family planning and the majority reported that none of the couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy. Differences exist between regions. Eighty-eight percent of never-married female youth in Urban Governorates believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing compared to only 60% of those in urban Lower Egypt. It is worth mentioning that about one-quarter of never married female youth in urban Lower Egypt are not sure whether the couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy. Fig 3.5 Percentage Agreeing With Various Opinions about Use of Family Planning (Never-married female youth) 78
75 63
3
Most couples use FP
Most couples use after first child
Most couples use before first pregnancy
Using FP is increasing
When never-married female youth were asked about their opinions regarding the issue that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth, slightly less than two-thirds agreed with this issue, 17% mentioned that some couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth and 11% were unsure. Some differences exist between regions. Seventy-one percent of never-married female youth in Urban Governorates believe that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth compared to 54% of those in urban Upper Egypt and urban Lower Egypt. Generally, opinions of never-married female youth regarding the different issues related to family planning use in their community were closer to the opinions of women than those of husbands specially their opinions about the issue that most couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy and the issue that family planning use is increasing in their community.
34
Table 3.7b Never-married female youth opinion about Extent and Trend in Family Planning Use Percent distribution of never-married female youth according to their opinion about the extent and the trend in family planning use in their community, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Opinion about family planning
Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couples use FP in the reproductive ages living in this area Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
86.6 8.9 0.0 0.0 4.5
76.1 6.6 1.1 0.4 15.4
72.2 3.8 1.3 0.0 22.8
77.7 7.8 1.0 0.5 12.4
75.8 13.2 3.1 0.0 8.0
69.5 13.4 1.2 0.0 15.9
77.9 13.1 3.7 0.0 5.3
77.3 8.8 0.7 0.0 13.2
77.8 10.8 2.5 0.2 8.5
77.6 10.0 1.8 0.1 10.3
Couples use FP between the first and second child Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
71.4 23.2 0.9 0.0 4.5
60.3 20.2 1.8 0.7 16.5
54.4 21.5 0.0 0.0 24.1
62.7 19.7 2.6 1.0 13.5
62.6 12.9 16.0 0.9 7.7
53.7 17.1 14.6 0.0 14.6
65.6 11.5 16.4 1.2 5.3
61.2 20.9 4.8 0.0 13.2
64.3 15.1 10.3 1.1 8.9
63.1 17.3 8.2 0.7 10.6
Couples use FP before the first pregnancy Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
1.8 1.8 22.3 62.5 11.6
5.9 1.5 11.8 63.2 17.3
0.0 1.3 20.3 54.4 24.1
8.3 1.6 8.3 66.8 14.5
0.6 0.3 4.0 86.5 8.6
1.2 0.0 6.1 81.7 11.0
0.4 0.4 3.3 88.1 7.8
1.1 1.1 16.8 65.9 15.0
3.9 0.9 5.5 78.7 10.8
2.8 1.0 9.9 73.8 12.4
Number of couples using FP in this area is Increasing Decreasing Stay About The Same Not Sure
87.5 0.0 4.5 8.0
61.8 2.9 8.5 26.5
59.5 1.3 7.6 31.6
62.7 3.6 8.8 24.4
82.5 0.6 2.5 14.4
81.7 1.2 1.2 15.9
82.8 0.4 2.9 13.9
77.7 0.7 4.4 17.2
73.9 1.8 5.5 18.5
75.4 1.4 5.1 18.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
Total Number of never-married female youth
273
437
710
Never-married male youth’s opinions about family planning use in the community Table 3.7c presents never-married male youth’s opinions about family planning use in their community. Agreement with different issues is shown in Figure 3.6. Overall, 70% of nevermarried male youth believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing. While 81% from rural Upper Egypt believe that the number of couples using family planning in their community is increasing, only 59% from rural Lower Egypt believe in the same issue. Fifty-eight percent of never-married male youth believe that none of the couples in their community use family planning before the first pregnancy, with the highest percentage found in rural Upper Egypt (69%).
35
Table 3.7c Never-married male youth’s opinion about Extent and Trend in Family Planning Use Percent distribution of never-married male youth according to their opinion about the extent and the trend in family planning use in their community, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005 . Region Opinion about family planning
Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Couples use FP in the reproductive ages living in this area Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
65.0 23.6 0.0 0.0 11.4
51.0 22.6 0.6 0.0 25.9
54.1 25.5 0.0 0.0 20.4
49.8 21.5 0.8 0.0 27.9
13.7 42.9 8.1 0.0 35.3
12.0 33.3 2.6 0.0 52.1
14.4 46.6 10.2 0.0 28.9
43.5 27.5 0.9 0.0 28.1
30.9 34.9 5.8 0.0 28.4
35.6 32.2 4.0 0.0 28.3
Couples use FP between the first and second child Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
53.7 30.1 4.1 0.8 11.4
37.7 26.2 9.1 0.0 27.0
35.7 28.6 14.3 0.0 21.4
38.5 25.3 7.2 0.0 29.1
12.6 27.0 21.8 1.2 37.4
9.4 14.5 18.8 1.7 55.6
13.8 31.8 23.0 1.0 30.5
33.1 24.3 12.1 0.9 29.6
25.3 28.8 15.6 0.5 29.8
28.2 27.1 14.3 0.7 29.7
Couples use FP before the first pregnancy Most Some Very Few None Not Sure
2.4 3.3 26.8 52.8 14.6
1.7 2.5 8.0 54.5 33.3
1.0 1.0 9.2 54.1 34.7
1.9 3.0 7.5 54.7 32.8
0.7 0.5 3.3 61.8 33.6
0.9 0.9 5.1 43.6 49.6
0.7 0.3 2.6 68.9 27.5
1.5 1.8 14.2 50.0 32.5
1.2 1.6 4.9 62.3 30.0
1.3 1.7 8.4 57.7 30.9
Number of couples using FP in this area is Increasing Decreasing Stay About The Same Not Sure
77.2 1.6 7.3 13.8
59.8 2.8 5.0 32.5
61.2 3.1 6.1 29.6
59.2 2.6 4.5 33.6
75.8 0.0 0.9 23.2
63.2 0.0 1.7 35.0
80.7 0.0 0.7 18.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.8 70.7 1.5 1.2 5.0 2.5 25.7 25.6 100.0 100.0
69.6 1.3 3.4 25.7 100.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
Total Number of never-married male youth
338
570
908
Additionally, low percentages of never-married male youth believe that most couples in their community use family planning in the reproductive ages and most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth (35% and 28%, respectively), with striking variations among regions. Around two-thirds of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates believe that most couples in their community use family planning in the reproductive ages compared to only 12% from urban Upper Egypt. On the other hand, 54% of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates believe that most couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth compared to only 9% of those from urban Upper Egypt. Overall, 28% of never-married male youth were unsure whether couples in their community use family planning in the reproductive ages, and 30% of them were unsure whether couples in their community begin using family planning between the first and second birth. Generally, opinions of never-married male youth regarding the different issues related to family planning use in their community were much more negative compared to the opinions of women, husbands, and never-married female youth. It should be noted that high percentages of nevermarried male youth were unsure about the different issues related to family planning in their community.
36
Fig 3.6 Percentage Agreeing With Various Opinions about Use of Family Planning (Never-married male youth) 70
36 28
1 Most couples FP
use Most couples use after Most couples use Using FP is increasing first child before first pregnancy
Approval of family planning use Having a positive attitude toward family planning is prerequisite for the adoption of family planning. Thus, after asking them about their opinions on issues related to family planning use, respondents were asked whether they themselves approve of a couple’s using family planning. Results are shown in Table 3.8 for women and husbands, and Table 3.8a for never-married female and male youth. Also, Figure 3.7 shows the level of approval among all respondents by urban-rural residence. Generally, there is almost a universal approval among respondents regarding family planning use (97% of women, 96% of husbands, 98% of never-married female youth, and 97% of never-married male youth), with minor variations between regions. The highest level of approval was found in Urban Governorates (except for never-married male youth where the highest level of approval was in urban Upper Egypt). The lowest level of approval for all respondents was found in rural Lower Egypt. No variations were observed by urban-rural residence. Fig 3.7 Percentage Who Approve Family Planning Use 99
99 97
97
98
96
98 96
Urban Rural
Women
Husbands
Unmarried female youth
Unmarried male youth
37
Table 3.8 Approval of Family Planning Use (women and husbands) Percent distribution of ever-married women and husbands, by their attitudes towards using family planning methods, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Approve use of family planning methods
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Approve Disapprove Not Sure / Don't Know
100.0 0.0 0.0
95.1 3.6 1.3
96.5 2.8 0.7
94.7 3.8 1.5
98.8 1.2 0.0
98.7 1.3 0.0
98.9 1.1 0.0
98.5 1.3 0.2
96.8 2.5 0.8
97.4 2.1 0.6
Total Number of women
100.0 190
100.0 610
100.0 141
100.0 469
100.0 607
100.0 149
100.0 458
100.0 100.0 480 927
100.0 1,402
Approve Disapprove Not Sure / Don't Know
98.3 1.1 0.6
95.2 4.0 0.7
97.0 3.0 0.0
94.7 4.3 1.0
96.4 3.2 0.4
96.1 3.9 0.0
96.5 3.0 0.5
Total Number of husbands
100.0 175
100.0 547
100.0 133
100.0 414
100.0 534
100.0 129
100.0 405
HUSBANDS 97.3 2.5 0.2
95.6 3.7 0.7
96.2 3.3 0.6
100.0 100.0 437 819
100.0 1,251
Table 3.8a Approval of Family Planning Use (never-married youth) Percent distribution of never-married female and male youth, by their attitudes towards using family planning methods, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Approve use of family planning methods
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Approve Disapprove Not Sure / Don't Know Total Number of nevermarried female youth
100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
94.9 4.0 1.1 100.0
94.9 5.1 0.0 100.0
94.8 3.6 1.6 100.0
99.7 0.0 0.3 100.0
100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
99.6 0.0 0.4
98.5 1.5 0.0
97.5 1.6 0.9
97.9 1.6 0.6
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
708
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Approve Disapprove Not Sure / Don't Know
99.2 0.0 0.8
93.7 3.9 2.5
94.9 3.1 2.0
93.2 4.2 2.6
99.3 0.5 0.2
100.0 0.0 0.0
99.0 0.7 0.3
98.2 0.9 0.9
96.3 2.3 1.4
97.0 1.8 1.2
Total Number of nevermarried male youth
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
904
Respondents who approve the use of family planning were asked questions about the appropriateness of a couple’s use of family planning after the first birth. Results are shown in Table 3.9 for women and husbands, and Table 3.9a for never-married female and male youth. Additionally, Figure 3.8 shows the level of approval among all respondents by urban-rural residence.
38
Fig 3.8 Percentage Who Approve of Family Planning Use after the First Birth 94
95
89
84
95 86
77
82
Urban Rural
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Results show that 95% of never-married female youth approve the use of family planning after the first birth compared to 87% of women, 83% of never-married male youth, and 81% of husbands. Differences exist between regions and by urban-rural residence. As shown in Figure 3.8, 89% of husbands from urban areas approve the use of family planning after the first birth compared to 77% among husbands in rural areas. The highest level of approval was found in Urban Governorates (except for never-married male youth where the highest level of approval was in urban Upper Egypt). Table 3.9 Approval of Family Planning Use After the First Birth (women and husbands) Percent distribution of ever-married women and husbands, by their attitudes towards using family planning methods after the first birth, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP after the first birth Yes No Don't Know
97.8 2.1 0.0
89.7 4.6 2.1
92.9 3.5 0.7
88.7 4.9 2.6
81.5 17.3 0.0
89.9 8.7 0.0
78.8 20.1 0.0
Total Number of women
100.0 190
100.0 610
100.0 141
100.0 469
100.0 607
100.0 149
100.0 458
94.0 4.6 0.2
83.8 12.4 1.3
87.3 9.7 0.9
100.0 100.0 480 927
100.0 1,407
HUSBANDS Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP after the first birth Yes No Don't Know Total Number of husbands
92.0 6.3 0.6
84.8 8.0 3.1
88.0 5.3 3.8
83.8 8.9 2.9
73.6 22.7 0.6
86.8 9.3 0.0
69.4 26.9 0.7
100.0 175
100.0 547
100.0 133
100.0 414
100.0 534
100.0 129
100.0 405
89.2 6.9 1.4
76.7 17.8 1.8
81.1 14.0 1.7
100.0 100.0 437 819
100.0 1,256
39
Table 3.9a Approval of Family Planning Use After the First Birth (never-married youth) Percent distribution of never-married female and male youth, by their attitudes towards using family planning methods after the first birth, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP after the first birth Yes No Don't Know Total Number of nevermarried female youth
98.2 1.8 0.0
93.8 0.7 1.5
92.4 2.5 0.0
94.3 0.0 2.1
95.1 4.9 0.0
93.9 6.1 0.0
95.5 4.5 0.0
95.2 3.3 0.0
95.0 2.5 0.9
95.1 2.8 0.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
82.3 13.8 3.3
85.8 12.1 1.2
81.6 13.9 2.3
83.1 13.2 1.9
100.0 100.0
100.0
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP after the first birth Yes No Don't Know Total Number of nevermarried male youth
80.5 18.7 0.8 100.0
81.5 13.2 1.4 100.0
83.7 11.2 2.0 100.0
80.8 14.0 1.1 100.0
85.3 11.6 2.6 100.0
93.2 6.0 0.9 100.0
100.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Respondents who approve the use of family planning were asked questions about the appropriateness of a couple’s use of family planning before the first pregnancy. Results are shown in Table 3.10 for women and husbands, and Table 3.10a for never-married female and male youth. Also, Figure 3.9 shows the level of approval among all respondents by urban-rural residence. Fig 3.9 Percentage Who Approve of Family Planning Use before the First Pregnancy 11 8 6
Women
6
7 6
Husbands
5
Never-married female youth
6
Urban Rural
Never-married male youth
Results show that only 9% of never-married female youth approve the use of family planning before the first pregnancy compared to 7% of husbands, 6% of women, and 5% of never-married male youth. Differences exist between regions. Fifteen percent of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt approve the use of FP before the first pregnancy compared to 4% of those from urban Upper Egypt. Generally, the highest level of approval was found in Lower Egypt.
40
Table 3.10 Approval of Family Planning Use Before the First Pregnancy (women and husbands) Percent distribution of ever-married women and husbands, by their attitudes towards using family planning methods before the first pregnancy, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP before the first pregnancy Yes 5.4 No 94.1 Don't Know 0.5 100.0 Total 185 Number of women
9.2 86.6 4.3 100.0 588
10.2 86.9 2.9 100.0 137
8.9 86.5 4.7 100.0 451
2.3 95.3 2.3 100.0 600
2.7 2.2 96.6 94.9 0.7 2.9 100.0 100.0 147 453
6.0 92.8 1.3 100.0 469
5.5 90.7 3.8 100.0 904
5.7 91.4 2.9 100.0 1,373
2.9 92.5 4.6 100.0 517
4.8 2.3 87.9 93.9 7.3 3.8 100.0 100.0 124 393
6.2 88.6 5.2 100.0 421
6.7 89.2 4.1 100.0 789
6.5 89.0 4.5 100.0 1,210
HUSBANDS Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP before the first pregnancy Yes 4.2 No 94.0 Don't Know 1.8 100.0 Total 168 Number of husbands
10.9 84.0 5.1 100.0 525
10.1 82.2 7.8 100.0 129
11.1 84.6 4.3 100.0 396
Table 3.10a Approval of Family Planning Use Before the First Pregnancy (never-married female and male youth) Percent distribution of never-married female and male youth, by their attitudes towards using family planning methods before the first pregnancy, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
10.5 86.5 3.0 100.0
8.1 85.6 6.3 100.0
9.0 85.9 5.0 100.0
267
430
697
4.8 85.2 10.0 100.0 331
5.7 84.4 9.9 100.0 557
5.4 84.7 9.9 100.0 888
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP before the first pregnancy Yes 12.7 No 85.5 Don't Know 1.8 100.0 Total Number of never-married 110 female youth
13.0 79.7 7.3 100.0
14.7 80.0 5.3 100.0
12.4 79.6 8.1 100.0
4.6 91.1 4.3 100.0
261
75
186
326
3.7 4.9 93.9 90.2 2.4 4.9 100.0 100.0 82
244
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Consider it appropriate for a couple to use FP before the first pregnancy Yes 1.7 No 97.5 Don't Know 0.8 100.0 Total Number of never-married 119 male youth
8.0 83.7 8.3 100.0 349
5.3 85.3 9.5 100.0 95
9.1 83.1 7.9 100.0 254
4.3 81.9 13.8 100.0 420
7.7 3.0 72.6 85.5 19.7 11.6 100.0 100.0 117 303
41
3.4
First Use of Family Planning
The 2005 EHCS collected data about the number of children the woman had when she adopted family planning for the first time. Results are shown in Table 3.11. Table 3.11 Number of Children at First Use of Family Planning Percent distribution of ever-married women by number of living children at the time of first use of family planning and the median number of children at the time of first use , by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Uppe Urban Rural Number of living children Govern Lower Lower Lower r Upper Upper at time of first use orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Never used contraception 0 1 2 3 4+ Total
11.1 0.5 54.7 19.5 7.4 6.8 100.0
17.9 0.0 43.0 18.7 11.5 9.0 100.0
15.6 0.0 47.5 16.3 10.6 9.9 100.0
18.6 0.0 41.6 19.4 11.7 8.7 100.0
24.7 0.3 34.6 15.3 7.4 17.6 100.0
15.4 0.7 51.0 14.8 8.1 10.1 100.0
27.7 0.2 29.3 15.5 7.2 20.1 100.0
Urban Rural
Total
13.8 23.1 0.4 0.1 51.5 35.5 17.1 17.5 8.5 9.5 8.8 14.3 100.0 100.0
19.9 0.2 40.9 17.3 9.2 12.4 100.0
Median
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.4
1.8
2.2
2.0
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
The results indicate that almost none of the ever-married women started using family planning before they had children. Around 4 in 10 women began use of family planning after they had their first child, with the percentage ranging from 55% in Urban Governorates to 29% in rural Upper Egypt. Additionally, 52% of women from urban areas began use of family planning after they had their first child compared to 36% of women from rural areas. Seventeen percent of ever-married women started using family planning after they had their second child, 9% started using family planning after having three children, and 12% started using family planning after having four or more children. Overall, the median parity at which women begin using contraception is 2.0 children, with differences between regions. The median number of children at first use of family planning in urban Upper Egypt and Urban Governorates is 1.8 children compared to 2.4 children in rural Upper Egypt.
3.5
Current Use of Family Planning
Information on family planning use is very important since it provides insight into one of the main determinants of fertility and serves as a key measure for assessing the success of the national family planning program. This survey asked currently married women of reproductive age and husbands about current use of family planning. In addition, it collected detailed information about the name and the location of the source from which they had most recently obtained their method. Levels of current use of family planning Women and husbands were asked about current use of family planning and kind of method currently used. Results are shown in Table 3.12. Overall, 64% of husbands and currently married women are using contraception, with 59% of husbands and 58% of women using modern methods and 5% of husbands and women using traditional methods. The most widely used methods are IUD, Pills, and Injectables. About 38% of women and husbands are using IUD with differences between regions. Forty-six percent of women from Urban Governorates are using IUD compared to only 22% of women from rural Upper Egypt. Eleven percent of women and husbands use pills and around 7% use injectables. Condoms and Norplant/implant are used by small percentage of women and husbands (around one percent). None of the women and husbands from urban Upper Egypt use Norplant/implant, while
42
3% of women and husbands from Urban Governorates use the same method. Condoms are used more in urban Upper Egypt (3%). Additionally, female sterilization is used by 1% of women and husbands with none from Urban Governorates using it. The most traditional method used among women and husbands is prolonged breastfeeding (about 5%), with around 1 in 10 of women and husbands from rural Upper Egypt using it. Table 3.12 Currents Use of Family Planning Methods Percent distribution of currently married women and husbands by family planning method currently used, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Method
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Any modern method Pill IUD Injectables Norplant/Implant Condom Female sterilization Any traditional method Periodic abstinence Withdrawal Prolonged breastfeeding Any method Not currently using Total Number of women
62.9 9.0 46.1 3.4 3.4 1.1 0.0 2.2 0.6 0.0 1.7 65.2 34.8 100.0 178
63.4 10.6 44.0 6.3 0.3 0.9 1.2 2.3 0.5 0.0 1.7 65.6 34.4 100.0 573
64.9 14.2 44.0 3.7 0.7 0.7 1.5 2.2 0.7 0.0 1.5 67.2 32.8 100.0 134
62.9 9.6 44.0 7.1 0.2 0.9 1.1 2.3 0.5 0.0 1.8 65.1 34.9 100.0 439
51.8 11.1 27.7 9.7 0.5 0.9 1.8 9.1 0.2 0.2 8.8 60.9 39.1 100.0 548
64.6 6.9 46.2 7.7 0.0 3.1 0.8 3.8 0.0 0.0 3.8 68.5 31.5 100.0 130
47.8 12.4 22.0 10.3 0.7 0.2 2.2 10.8 0.2 0.2 10.3 58.6 41.4 100.0 418
64.0 55.5 10.0 11.0 45.5 33.3 4.8 8.6 1.6 0.5 1.6 0.6 0.7 1.6 2.7 6.4 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.1 2.3 6.0 66.7 62.0 33.3 38.0 100.0 100.0 442 857
58.4 10.6 37.4 7.3 0.8 0.9 1.3 5.2 0.4 0.1 4.7 63.6 36.4 100.0 1,299
52.6 11.2 27.9 10.1 0.6 0.9 1.9 8.6 0.0 0.2 8.4 61.2 38.8 100.0 534
63.6 7.0 45.7 7.0 0.0 3.1 0.8 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.9 67.4 32.6 100.0 129
49.1 12.6 22.2 11.1 0.7 0.2 2.2 10.1 0.0 0.2 9.9 59.3 40.7 100.0 405
63.6 10.8 44.4 4.6 1.6 1.6 0.7 2.7 0.5 0.0 2.3 66.4 33.6 100.0 437
59.3 11.1 37.5 7.6 0.9 1.0 1.3 5.0 0.4 0.1 4.5 64.3 35.7 100.0 1,256
HUSBANDS Any modern method Pill IUD Injectables Norplant/Implant Condom Female sterilization Any traditional method Periodic abstinence Withdrawal Prolonged breastfeeding Any method Not currently using Total Number of husbands
62.3 9.7 44.6 3.4 3.4 1.1 0.0 2.3 0.6 0.0 1.7 64.6 35.4 100.0 175
64.9 11.5 44.6 6.4 0.4 0.9 1.1 2.4 0.7 0.0 1.6 67.3 32.7 100.0 547
65.4 15.8 42.9 3.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 2.3 0.8 0.0 1.5 67.7 32.3 100.0 133
64.7 10.1 45.2 7.2 0.2 1.0 1.0 2.4 0.7 0.0 1.7 67.1 32.9 100.0 414
57.0 11.4 33.8 9.2 0.5 0.6 1.6 6.2 0.4 0.1 5.7 63.2 36.8 100.0 819
Source of family planning methods Detailed information about the source from which users had obtained their method was collected in the 2005 EHCS. Current users of modern methods were asked about the name and location of the source from which they obtained their methods at the beginning of the current segment of use. Users relying on supply methods like the pill and injectables were also asked about the source from which they had most recently obtained the method. The source for family planning methods varies markedly by method used. Results are shown in Table 3.13.
43
Table 3.13 Source of Family Planning Methods Percent distribution of women who are currently using a modern family planning methods by method and most recent source, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005 .
Source for family planning method Pill
Public sector Private sector
Number IUD Public sector Private sector Number Injectables Public sector Private sector Number Norplant/Implant Public sector Private sector Number Other modern method Public sector Private sector Number
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
12.5 87.5
19.7 80.3
10.5 89.5
23.8 76.2
16.4 80.3
11.1 88.9
17.3 78.8
11.4 88.6
20.2 77.7
17.4 81.2
16
61
19
42
61
9
52
44
94
138
54.9 43.9
67.1 31.3
55.9 42.4
70.5 28.0
65.1 32.9
46.7 48.3
77.2 22.8
52.7 44.8
72.6 26.3
64.4 34.0
82
252
59
193
152
60
92
20
285
486
66.7 33.3
77.8 19.4
80.0 20.0
77.4 19.4
86.8 9.4
70.0 30.0
90.7 4.7
71.4 28.6
85.1 10.8
82.1 14.7
6
36
5
30
53
10
43
21
74
95
100.0 0.0
50.0 50.0
0.0 100.0
100.0 0.0
66.7 0.0
-
66.7 0.0
85.7 14.3
75.0 0.0
81.8 9.1
6
2
1
1
3
0
3
7
4
11
0.0 100.0 2
58.3 41.7 12
66.7 33.3 3
55.6 44.4 9
33.3 66.7 15
0.0 100.0 5
50.0 50.0 10
20.0 80.0 10
52.6 47.4 19
41.4 58.6 29
Overall, the data show that 81% of pill users obtained their method from a private sector source, with differences between regions. Almost one-quarter of pill users from rural Lower Egypt received their method from the public sector compared to only 11% of pill users from urban Lower Egypt and urban Upper Egypt. On the other hand, about two-thirds of the current IUD users have the device inserted at a public source, with marked differences between regions. Seventy-seven percent of IUD users from rural Upper Egypt had the IUD inserted in a public place compared to 47% of IUD users from urban Upper Egypt. The data in Table 3.13 also show that 83% of all injectable users rely on the public sector with some differences between regions. Thirty percent of injectable users from urban Upper Egypt rely on private sector source compared to only 5% of injectables users from rural Upper Egypt. Additionally, 80% of norplant/implant users had the insertion in a public place. Private sector was the source for other modern methods for 59% of users.
3.6
Intention to Use Contraception in the Future
To obtain information about the potential demand for family planning services, all currently married women and husbands who were not using contraception at the time of the survey were asked about their interest in adopting family planning in the future. In addition, respondents who mentioned that they are not likely to adopt contraception in the future were asked about the reasons why they do not plan to use a method. Results are shown in Tables 3.14 and 3.15. Future use of family planning Data in Table 3.14 show that only 46% of women and 45% of husbands intend to use family planning in the future, with differences between regions. Fifty-four percent of women from rural Lower Egypt intend to use family planning in the future compared to 25% of women from urban
44
Lower Egypt. In general, intention to use family planning in the future is higher among respondents in rural areas than respondents in urban areas. Table 3.14 Future Use of Family Planning Methods Percent distribution of currently married nonuser women, nonuser husbands, never-married female and male youth by their intention to use in the future, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Intend to use family planning in the future
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Yes No Don't Know
46.8 43.5 9.7
47.7 41.1 11.2
25.0 65.9 9.1
54.2 34.0 11.8
44.4 45.8 9.8
31.7 61.0 7.3
47.4 42.2 10.4
36.1 55.1 8.8
50.6 38.3 11.0
46.3 43.3 10.4
Total Number of women
100.0 62
100.0 197
100.0 44
100.0 153
100.0 214
100.0 41
100.0 173
100.0 100.0 147 326
100.0 471
44.7 44.3 11.0
HUSBANDS Yes No Don't Know
45.9 45.9 8.2
42.5 43.6 14.0
25.6 62.8 11.6
47.8 37.5 14.7
45.9 44.9 9.2
38.1 54.8 7.1
47.9 42.4 9.7
37.7 53.4 8.9
47.8 40.2 12.0
Total Number of husbands
100.0 61
100.0 179
100.0 43
100.0 136
100.0 207
100.0 42
100.0 165
100.0 100.0 146 301
100.0 445
Reasons for nonuse Understanding the reasons that people do not intend to use contraceptives can be helpful in identifying areas for potential interventions. Women and husbands who mentioned that they do not intend to use family planning in the future were asked about the reasons for not using family planning methods in the future. Results are shown in Table 3.15. Among women who do not plan to use a method, 40% of women do not need contraception because they are menopausal or have had a hysterectomy, while 29% are subfecund. Additionally, 8% of women fear side effects, 9% don’t know the reasons for not using in the future, and 7% are not having sex or infrequent sex. The reasons for not planning to use family planning vary across regions. For example, 14% of women from urban Upper Egypt mentioned that they do not intend to use contraception because of fearing of side effects compared to only 3% of women from rural Upper Egypt. The 2005 EHCS data show that 42% of husbands reported that they are not planning to use contraception because their wives are menopausal or have had a hysterectomy, and around onequarter mentioned that their wives are subfecund. Thirteen percent of husbands who do not intend to use contraception in the future mentioned that they do not know the reasons for not using in the future. Additionally, 7% of husbands mentioned that they fear side effects and 6% mentioned health concerns. Differences are clear across regions. Forty-two percent of husbands from Urban Governorates mentioned that they do not intend to use family planning in the future because their wives are subfecund compared to19% of husbands from urban Upper Egypt.
45
Table 3.15 Reasons for not Using Family Planning Methods in the Future Percent distribution of currently married nonuser women and husbands who do not intend to use in the future by main reason for not using , by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Reasons for not using in the future
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Not having sex Infrequent sex Menopausal/Hysterectomy Subfecund Infecund Fatalistic Respondent opposed Husband opposed Other opposed Religious prohibition Health concerns Fear of side effects Other Don’t know Number of women
0.0 6.1 36.4 39.4 6.1 0.0 6.1 6.1 3.0 3.0 6.1 15.2 0.0 0.0
1.9 2.9 43.7 27.2 1.0 1.9 1.0 5.8 1.0 1.9 5.8 8.7 1.0 9.7
0.0 6.1 48.5 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.0 12.1 9.1 0.0 0.0
2.9 1.4 41.4 24.3 1.4 2.9 1.4 5.7 1.4 1.4 2.9 8.6 1.4 14.3
5.9 4.2 37.8 27.7 8.4 0.8 0.8 6.7 0.0 0.0 4.2 5.9 0.0 10.9
10.7 7.1 46.4 25.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 7.1
4.4 3.3 35.2 28.6 9.9 1.1 1.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 5.5 3.3 0.0 12.1
3.2 6.4 43.6 33.0 3.2 0.0 2.1 5.3 1.1 2.1 6.4 12.8 0.0 2.1
3.7 2.5 37.9 26.7 6.2 1.9 1.2 6.8 0.6 0.6 4.3 5.6 0.6 13.0
3.5 3.9 40.0 29.0 5.1 1.2 1.6 6.3 0.8 1.2 5.1 8.2 0.4 9.0
33
103
33
70
119
28
91
94
161
255
4.5 1.8 44.6 23.2 7.1 0.9 7.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 6.3 5.4 0.9 9.8 112
0.0 3.8 53.8 19.2 0.0 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 7.7 3.8 0.0 26
5.8 1.2 41.9 24.4 9.3 0.0 8.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 3.5 4.7 0.0 12.8 86
0.0 4.4 45.1 31.9 2.2 2.2 4.4 0.0 1.1 1.1 8.8 8.8 1.1 5.5 91.0
4.5 0.6 40.1 21.7 6.4 0.0 5.7 1.3 0.6 1.3 3.8 5.7 0.6 16.6 157
2.8 2.0 41.9 25.4 4.8 0.8 5.2 0.8 0.8 1.2 5.6 6.9 0.8 12.5 248
HUSBANDS Not having sex Infrequent sex Menopausal/Hysterectomy Subfecund Infecund Fatalistic Respondent opposed Husband opposed Other opposed Religious prohibition Health concerns Fear of side effects Other Don’t know Number of husbands
0.0 3.0 36.4 42.4 6.1 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.0 3.0 6.1 12.1 0.0 3.0 33
1.9 1.9 40.8 22.3 1.9 1.0 2.9 1.0 1.0 1.9 4.9 6.8 1.0 18.4 103
0.0 6.3 46.9 31.3 0.0 3.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 6.3 0.0 12.5 32
2.8 0.0 38.0 18.3 2.8 0.0 2.8 1.4 1.4 2.8 4.2 7.0 1.4 21.1 71
46
MATERNAL HEALTH
4
Both mother and child benefit when a woman receives proper medical care during pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal health has been one of the major focuses of the health program in Egypt during the past decade. Adequate antenatal care by a medical provider is important in monitoring women’s health status during pregnancy and in avoiding maternal deaths. To obtain data on women’s utilization of maternity care services, the 2005 EHCS collected information relating to the types of health care services that women received during pregnancy, at delivery and in postnatal period for the last child born during the five-year period before the survey. In addition, data about the knowledge and attitudes of husbands, never-married female and male youth regarding the maternity care were also collected. This chapter reviews these data and presents the results of all questions related to maternity care services.
4.1
Care During Pregnancy
Women who were pregnant in the five years before the survey were asked about the antenatal care they received during the last pregnancy, including the number of visits and the source of care. Husbands and never married female and male youth were asked questions about their knowledge about the importance of antenatal care, the appropriate number of visits and their intention to (let the wife) go for antenatal care. Antenatal care coverage Early and regular checkups by trained medical providers are very important in assessing the physical status of women during pregnancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that a pregnant woman has at least four antenatal care visits to ensure proper care. Table 4.1 presents data from the 2005 EHCS on the coverage of antenatal care services for the last birth born during the five-year period before the survey only. The mother is considered to have received regular care if she said that she had made at least four antenatal care visits. The results in Table 4.1 indicate that three-quarters of women received antenatal care for their last birth. Virtually, all of the women who had received antenatal care saw a doctor a doctor for care, whereas less than one percent reported that they had received care only from a trained nurse or midwife. No significant differences were observed between regions regarding the percentage of women who received antenatal care. Use of public and private sector for antenatal care varies by residence. The public sector is the main source of antenatal care services for mothers from rural areas (38%) compared to 32% among women in urban areas, while the private sector is the main source of antenatal care services for mothers in urban areas (46%). Differences were clear between regions; mothers in rural Upper Egypt are least likely to receive antenatal care from private sector (22%), while mothers Urban Governorates are most likely to go to the private sector for antenatal care (50 %). Among mothers who received some care during pregnancy, 63% received regular antenatal care with some differences between regions. Slightly less than half of the women (47%) from rural Upper Egypt received regular antenatal care for their last birth that occurred during the five-year period before the survey compared to 88% among women in Urban Governorates. Considering only last births that occurred in the last five years for which their mothers received antenatal care, the data shows that the median number of antenatal visits was 6.7 visits. The median number of visits ranges from 5.7 in rural Upper Egypt to 8.1 visits in Urban Governorates.
47
Table 4.1 Antenatal Care, Source and Number of Antenatal Visits Percent distribution of last live births in the five years preceding the survey by type of provider, source from which antenatal care was received and number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005 . Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Type of provider and Urban Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper source of ANC/Number of visits Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt ANC provider Doctor Trained nurse/midwife No one/missing Source for ANC Public sector Private sector Both public and private sectors Non-medical provider/no care Number of ANC visits for pregnancy None 1 2-3 visits 4+ visits DK/missing Number Median
Urban Rural Total
91.7
79.1
83.6
78.0
66.2
76.2
63.5
84.2
70.8
74.7
0.0 8.3
0.3 20.6
0.0 16.4
0.4 21.6
0.0 33.8
0.0 23.8
0.0 36.5
0.0 15.8
0.2 29.0
0.2 25.2
31.9 50.0
34.1 40.8
29.1 47.3
35.3 39.2
38.5 25.7
33.3 39.7
39.9 21.9
31.6 45.8
37.6 30.5
35.9 35.0
9.7
4.5
7.3
3.9
2.0
3.2
1.7
6.8
2.8
4.0
8.3
20.6
16.4
21.6
33.8
23.8
36.5
15.8
29.0
25.2
8.3 0.0 4.2 87.5 0.0
20.6 0.7 9.4 68.3 1.0
16.4 0.0 1.8 80.0 1.8
21.6 0.9 11.2 65.5 0.9
33.8 0.0 14.9 51.4 0.0
23.8 0.0 7.9 68.3 0.0
36.5 0.0 16.7 46.8 0.0
15.8 0.0 4.7 78.9 0.5
29.0 0.4 14.0 56.1 0.4
25.2 0.3 11.3 62.7 0.5
72 8.1
287 6.4
55 7.6
232 6.1
296 6.0
63 7.4
233 5.7
190 7.8
465 5.9
655 6.7
Husbands’ knowledge about antenatal care All husbands were asked about their knowledge about the importance of antenatal care and the appropriate number of antenatal care visits. Table 4.2 shows that less than three-quarters of husbands (70%) mentioned that the woman should receive at least four antenatal care visits, while 14% mentioned that the woman should not received any care during her pregnancy. Significant differences were observed between urban and rural areas and across regions. Regarding urbanrural differences, the data shows that 82% of husbands in urban areas reported that the appropriate number of antenatal care visits is four or more visits compared to 64% among husbands in rural areas. Breakdown by region shows that most husbands in Urban Governorates (88%) mentioned that pregnant women should receive four or more visits during their pregnancies compared to 49% among husbands in rural Upper Egypt. The table shows that more than one-quarter of husbands (28%) in rural Upper Egypt mentioned that the pregnant woman should not receive any care during her pregnancy. When husbands were asked about the importance of antenatal care for the pregnant woman, Table 4.2 shows that 86% of husbands mentioned that antenatal care is important for a pregnant woman. However, differentials were clear between urban and rural residence and between regions. Although 93% of husbands in urban areas reported the importance of antenatal care for the pregnant woman, only 82% of husbands in rural areas mentioned that antenatal care is important.
48
Table 4.2 Knowledge of ANC among Husbands Percent distribution of husbands by the appropriate number of ANC visits and by the importance of ANC, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region
Categories Appropriate No. of ANC visits None 1 2-3 visits 4+ visits DK/missing Median Importance of ANC Important Not important DK Number
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
1.7 0.0 0.0 88.0 10.3
8.4 0.0 3.5 80.6 7.5
6.0 0.0 0.8 86.5 6.8
9.2 0.0 4.3 78.7 7.7
24.5 0.9 4.7 53.9 15.9
14.0 0.0 1.6 69.0 15.5
27.9 1.2 5.7 49.1 16.0
6.6 0.0 0.7 81.9 10.8
18.4 0.6 5.0 64.1 11.8
14.3 0.4 3.5 70.3 11.5
7.3
8.4
9.0
8.3
6.5
6.8
6.3
7.5
7.1
7.3
98.3 1.7 0.0 175
91.6 4.8 3.7 547
94.0 3.8 2.3 133
90.8 5.1 4.1 414
75.5 21.7 2.8 534
86.0 12.4 1.6 129
72.1 24.7 3.2 405
93.4 5.5 1.1 437
81.6 14.8 3.7 819
85.7 11.5 2.8 1,256
Youth’ knowledge about antenatal care Male and female youth were also asked about some antenatal care issues. Table 4.2a presents male and female youth’s knowledge and attitudes towards antenatal care. Overall, 86% of nevermarried female youth heard about antenatal care, while 77% of never-married male youth reported that they have heard about antenatal care. No differences were observed between urban and rural residence among female youth, while differences were clear among male youth. The lowest level of knowledge among female and male youth was found in Lower Egypt, while the highest level was found in Urban Governorates. Almost half of the youth (51% of female youth and 48% of male youth) reported that antenatal care should be received from either private or public provider, However, males youth are more likely to mention that antenatal care should be received from a public sector only than female (43% compared to 27%). Youth in rural areas are more likely to mention that antenatal care should be received from private sector than youth in urban areas. In addition, youth in Upper Egypt are most likely to report private sector than in Lower Egypt and in Urban Governorates. Youth were asked about the Figure 4.1 Percentage Who Report that 4+ Antenatal Care appropriate number of Visits is Appropriate antenatal care visits during pregnancy. Male youth 88 78 were less knowledgeable about the appropriate 58 number of visits than 43 female youth, where 39% of male youth and 13% of female youth admitted that they do not know. Almost Ne ver marrie d Fe male you th Ne ve r married Male youth all never married female Urban Ru ral youth reported 4 or more visits would be appropriate (82%) while 49% of male youth reported the same number of visits as shown in Figure 4.1. Slightly more than one in ten of never-married male youth mentioned that the pregnant women do not need to go for antenatal care. These percentages are higher for Upper Egypt.
49
Youth’s intention to conduct antenatal care was assessed by asking them a question: "Do you intend to (let your wife) go for antenatal care?" The results show that 99% of female youth reported that they intend to go for antenatal care in the future, and 97% of male youth intend to let their wives go for antenatal care when they get married with no significant differences between residence and between regions. Almost all never married female youth believe that antenatal care is important (97%) with no clear differences between regions, while 90% of male youth agree that antenatal care is important. Male youth in urban areas are more likely than those in rural areas to agree that antenatal care is important (94% vs. 86%). Table 4.2a Knowledge of ANC among Youth Percent distribution of youth by knowledge about ANC, by source from which antenatal care should be received and number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Categories
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Heard of ANC Number Source for ANC Public sector Private sector Both public and private sectors Appropriate No. of ANC visits None 1 2-3 visits 4+ visits Don’t know/missing Median Importance for ANC Important Not important Don't know Number Intention to go for ANC Yes No Don't know Number
96.4
73.2
60.8
78.2
92.0
93.9
91.4
85.3
85.6
85.5
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
19.4 26.9
34.7 31.2
25.0 50.0
37.7 25.2
24.0 15.3
23.4 19.5
24.2 13.9
21.9 29.2
29.7 18.4
26.7 22.6
53.7
34.2
25.0
37.1
60.3
57.1
61.4
48.9
51.6
50.6
0.9 0.0 0.9 90.7 7.4
1.5 0.5 4.5 77.4 16.1
0.0 2.1 0.0 77.1 20.8
2.0 0.0 6.0 77.5 14.6
5.0 0.0 1.7 81.0 12.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 90.9 9.1
6.7 0.0 2.2 77.6 13.5
0.4 0.4 0.4 88.0 10.7
4.8 0.0 3.7 77.5 13.9
3.1 0.2 2.5 81.5 12.7
8.0
6.3
7.6
6.0
7.8
8.1
7.8
7.9
7.1
7.5
99.1 0.0 0.9
98.5 0.5 1.0
100.0 0.0 0.0
98.0 0.7 1.3
95.0 4.7 0.3
100.0 0.0 0.0
93.3 6.3 0.4
99.6 0.0 0.4
95.2 4.0 0.8
96.9 2.5 0.7
108
199
48
151
300
77
223
233
374
607
98.1 0.0 1.9
99.0 0.5 0.5
97.9 2.1 0.0
99.3 0.0 0.7
98.6 1.1 0.4
98.7 1.3 0.0
98.6 1.0 0.5
98.3 0.9 0.9
98.9 0.6 0.6
98.6 0.7 0.7
107
196
48
148
285
77
208
232
356
588
50
Table 4.2a (Continue)
Categories
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Heard of ANC Number Source for ANC Public sector Private sector Both public and private sectors Appropriate No. of ANC visits None 1 2-3 visits 4+ visits Don’t know/missing Median Importance for ANC Important Not important Don't know Number Intention to go for ANC Yes No Don't know Number
4.2
100.0
60.9
61.2
60.8
85.3
88.9
83.9
84.7
73.2
77.4
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
16.3 28.5
38.9 8.1
26.7 11.7
43.5 6.8
54.4 3.1
46.2 3.8
57.8 2.7
29.3 16.0
52.3 4.3
42.9 9.1
55.3
52.5
61.7
49.1
42.5
50.0
39.5
54.7
43.2
47.9
1.6 0.0 1.6 74.8 22.0
6.3 0.0 0.9 62.0 30.8
8.3 0.0 0.0 66.7 25.0
5.6 0.0 1.2 60.2 32.9
16.4 0.0 0.6 32.5 50.6
9.6 0.0 1.0 33.7 55.8
19.1 0.0 0.4 32.0 48.4
5.9 0.0 1.0 58.2 34.8
13.9 0.0 0.7 42.9 42.4
10.7 0.0 0.9 49.1 39.3
7.7
5.9
6.6
5.6
-
-
-
5.6
-
-
98.4 0.0 1.6
93.7 1.4 5.0
91.7 3.3 5.0
94.4 0.6 5.0
83.9 10.6 5.6
91.3 6.7 1.9
80.9 12.1 7.0
94.4 3.1 2.4
86.1 7.7 6.2
89.5 5.8 4.7
123
221
60
161
360
104
256
287
417
704
99.2 0.0 0.8
92.3 4.3 3.4
98.2 1.8 0.0
90.1 5.3 4.6
99.0 0.7 0.3
98.9 0.0 1.1
99.0 1.0 0.0
98.9 0.4 0.7
95.3 2.8 1.9
96.8 1.7 1.4
121
207
55
152
302
95
207
271
359
630
Delivery Care
Hygienic conditions and proper medical assistance at the time of delivery can reduce the risk of complications and infection that can cause death or serious illness for either the mother or the baby. This section discusses two topics related to delivery: place of delivery and type of assistance during delivery. For the last birth delivered in the five-year period before the survey, the 2005 EHCS collected information on where the delivery occurred and on whether the mother was assisted by trained medical personnel. In addition, the individual questionnaires for husbands and youth included questions concerning their knowledge about the appropriate place of delivery and the person who should assist during delivery. Place of delivery and assistance during delivery The woman’s questionnaire included questions about the place of delivery and assistance during delivery for women who gave birth during the five years preceding the survey for their last birth. Figure 4.2 shows that 40% of mothers delivered at home, while 33% delivered at a private facility and 27% at a public facility. Significant differences were clear between areas and across regions as shown in Table 4.3. Almost half of women in rural areas (48%) delivered at home compared to 21% of women in urban areas. The percentage of women who delivered their last child at home ranges from 13% in Urban Governorates to 61% in rural Upper Egypt. Women in urban Lower Egypt and in urban Upper Egypt are more likely to deliver in a private health facility (49% and 41% respectively) than women in other regions. Women in Urban Governorates are most likely to
51
deliver in public health facilities. Figure 4.2 Percentag Distribution of Mothers by Place of Delivery
At home 40 Public facility 27
Private facility 33
Although, 40% of women delivered at home, it was found that only 25% of deliveries were assisted by the Daya. The percentage of women who delivered by the assistance of the Daya ranges from 4% in urban Lower Egypt to 19% in urban Upper Egypt and it increases to 49% among women in rural Upper Egypt. Slightly less than two-thirds of women (65%) were assisted by a doctor during their last delivery. Ninety percent of women in Urban Governorates reported their deliveries were assisted by a doctor compared to 75% for women in Lower Egypt and 49% in Upper Egypt. Table 4.3 Place of Delivery and Assistance during Delivery Percent distribution of last births in the five years preceding the survey by place of delivery and by type of assistance during delivery, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Place of delivery/assistance during delivery
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Place of delivery Public health facility Private health facility At home Other
48.6 38.9 12.5 0.0
26.1 40.8 32.8 0.3
29.1 49.1 20.0 1.8
25.4 38.8 35.8 0.0
22.0 23.6 54.4 0.0
28.6 41.3 30.2 0.0
20.2 18.9 60.9 0.0
36.3 42.6 20.5 0.5
22.8 28.8 48.4 0.0
26.7 32.8 40.3 0.2
Assistance with delivery Doctor Trained nurse/midwife Daya Relative/Other No one
90.3 1.4 8.3 0.0 0.0
74.6 13.6 10.8 0.7 0.3
85.5 10.9 3.6 0.0 0.0
72.0 14.2 12.5 0.9 0.4
48.6 8.8 42.2 0.3 0.0
73.0 7.9 19.0 0.0 0.0
42.1 9.0 48.5 0.4 0.0
83.2 6.3 10.5 0.0 0.0
57.0 11.6 30.5 0.6 0.2
64.6 10.1 24.7 0.5 0.2
72
287
55
232
296
63
233
190
465
655
Number
Husbands’ knowledge of delivery Regarding the knowledge of husbands about the place of delivery, Table 4.4 shows that more than one-quarter of husbands (27%) reported that the place of delivery should be decided according to the woman’s medical need. About two-thirds of husbands (65%) mentioned that the pregnant woman should deliver in a medical place, whereas 8% of husbands mentioned that women should give birth at home. Additionally, husbands’ perceptions about the appropriate place of delivery vary by region. While 91% of husbands in Urban Governorates reported that the pregnant woman
52
should deliver in a medical place, only 51% of husbands in rural Upper Egypt have the same opinion. The 2005 EHCS data shows that 71% of husbands reported that a doctor should assist during the delivery and 22% mentioned that it depends on the woman’s condition during the delivery. Differentials were observed between regions as shown in Table 4.4. Ninety-five percent of husbands in Urban Governorates believe that a medical doctor is the person who should deliver the pregnant woman; however this percentage declines in other regions from around 79% in urban Upper Egypt to 57% in rural Upper Egypt. This was expected since most of husbands in Urban Governorates mentioned that the delivery should take place at a health facility. Table 4.4 Knowledge of Place of Delivery and Assistance during Delivery among Husbands Percent distribution of husbands by knowledge about the appropriate place of delivery and by type of assistance during delivery, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Appropriate place of delivery and assistance during delivery
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Appropriate place of delivery At medical facility Home According to her status
90.9 0.0 9.1
65.4 2.4 32.2
69.9 0.0 30.1
64.0 3.1 32.9
56.6 16.3 27.2
75.2 9.3 15.5
50.6 18.5 30.9
79.9 2.7 17.4
57.4 10.7 31.9
65.2 8.0 26.8
Appropriate assistance during delivery Doctor Nurse Daya According to her status Other
95.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0
70.7 2.6 0.5 26.0 0.2
68.4 0.8 0.0 30.8 0.0
71.5 3.1 0.7 24.4 0.2
62.5 1.3 11.8 24.3 0.0
79.1 0.8 5.4 14.7 0.0
57.3 1.5 13.8 27.4 0.0
82.4 0.5 1.6 15.6 0.0
64.5 2.3 7.2 25.9 0.1
70.7 1.7 5.3 22.3 0.1
Number
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
Youth’ knowledge of delivery Regarding youth’s perceptions about the place of delivery, Table 4.4a shows that youth are more likely to mention that the pregnant woman should deliver in a medical place than husbands (87% among female youth and 85% among male youth). In addition, 92% of female youth and 90% of male youth support the idea that women should deliver with the presence of a medical doctor. Looking at differentials by regions, unexpectedly, the majority of youth from urban Upper Egypt think that the woman should deliver in a medical facility (93% among female youth and 97% among male youth). Never-married female youth in rural Upper Egypt are least likely to mention that the place of delivery should be a medical facility (82%), while male youth in rural Lower Egypt are least likely to say that the setting of a delivery should be in a medical facility (69%).
53
Table 4.4a Knowledge of Place of Delivery and Assistance during Delivery among Youth Percent distribution of Youth by knowledge about the appropriate place of delivery and by type of assistance during delivery, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Appropriate place of delivery and assistance during delivery
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Appropriate place of delivery At medical facility Home According to her status Appropriate assistance during delivery Doctor Nurse Daya According to her status Other Number
92.0 0.0 8.0
88.6 0.7 10.7
91.1 0.0 8.9
87.6 1.0 11.4
84.7 2.8 12.6
92.7 1.2 6.1
82.0 3.3 14.8
91.9 0.4 7.7
84.4 2.3 13.3
87.3 1.5 11.1
100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 112
91.9 0.4 0.0 7.4 0.4 272
92.4 0.0 0.0 6.3 1.3 79
91.7 0.5 0.0 7.8 0.0 193
89.3 0.0 0.3 10.4 0.0 326
96.3 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 82
86.9 0.0 0.4 12.7 0.0 244
96.7 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.4 273
89.0 0.2 0.2 10.5 0.0 437
92.0 0.1 0.1 7.6 0.1 710
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Appropriate place of delivery At medical facility Home According to her status Appropriate assistance during delivery Doctor Nurse Daya According to her status Other Number
91.1 0.0 8.9
70.0 1.1 28.9
72.4 1.0 26.5
69.1 1.1 29.8
95.3 1.7 3.1
96.6 1.7 1.7
94.8 1.6 3.6
87.6 0.9 11.5
82.8 1.4 15.8
84.6 1.2 14.2
95.9 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 123
81.5 1.7 0.3 16.3 0.3 363
84.7 2.0 0.0 12.2 1.0 98
80.4 1.5 0.4 17.7 0.0 265
95.7 0.0 0.9 3.3 0.0 422
95.7 0.0 0.9 3.4 0.0 117
95.7 0.0 1.0 3.3 0.0 305
92.6 0.6 0.3 6.2 0.3 338
88.6 0.7 0.7 10.0 0.0 570
90.1 0.7 0.6 8.6 0.1 908
Knowledge of danger signs among women and husbands The 2005 EHCS individual questionnaires included question about the knowledge of respondents regarding the danger signs that could happen to a woman during pregnancy. Table 4.5 presents the dangerous signs mentioned by married respondents. The table shows that 83% of women reported that they knew the danger signs that could happen to the pregnant woman. However, differentials were observed between regions. Women in Lower Egypt are least likely to know the danger signs, while women in Upper Egypt are most likely, to report knowing these signs. Regarding husbands’ knowledge, the table shows that husbands are less likely to know these danger signs than women, where 70% of husbands reported that they knew these signs with no significant differences between regions. Bleeding by far was the most commonly mentioned danger sign among women and husbands (80% and 67% respectively). The second most commonly mentioned danger sign was the high fever of the pregnant woman (49% among women and husbands). Other highly reported dangerous signs are vomiting (40% among women and 35% among husbands, sever abdominal pain (37% and 29%), and sever headache with blurred vision (32% and 42%).
54
Table 4.5 Knowledge of Danger Signs among Women and Husbands Percent distribution of women and husbands by knowledge about delivery complications, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005
Danger signs
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN know of the danger signs that could happen to a woman during pregnancy Number Danger signs that could happen to a pregnant woman Bleeding Sever headache with blurred vision High fever Edema of hands, legs and face Sever abdominal pain and absence of fetal movement Sever or continuous vomiting Foul smelling /vaginal discharge Continuous fatigue and pallor of eye lids, tongue or palms Difficulty in breathing Other Number of women
90.0 190
72.3 610
70.2 141
72.9 469
91.8 607
92.6 149
91.5 458
85.0 480
82.1 927
83.1 1,407
85.4
76.4
75.8
76.6
81.7
79.0
82.6
80.9
79.9
80.2
28.7 38.0 11.1
49.7 40.6 21.5
47.5 50.5 19.2
50.3 37.7 22.2
18.9 59.2 33.4
25.4 59.4 31.2
16.7 59.2 34.1
32.1 48.3 19.9
31.8 49.5 28.8
31.9 49.1 25.7
51.5 47.4 43.3
40.4 45.1 27.0
47.5 43.4 31.3
38.3 45.6 25.7
30.3 34.3 16.7
23.2 35.5 13.0
32.7 33.9 17.9
40.9 42.4 30.1
35.2 39.2 21.4
37.2 40.3 24.5
6.4 11.7 1.8 171
8.4 6.6 2.3 441
7.1 8.1 2.0 99
8.8 6.1 2.3 342
13.8 3.9 1.3 557
13.0 5.8 1.4 138
14.1 3.3 1.2 419
8.8 8.8 1.7 408
11.7 4.6 1.7 761
10.7 6.1 1.7 1,169
HUSBANDS know of the danger signs that could happen to a woman during pregnancy Number Danger signs that could happen to a pregnant woman Bleeding Sever headache with blurred vision High fever Edema of hands, legs and face Sever abdominal pain and absence of fetal movement Sever or continuous vomiting Foul smelling /vaginal discharge Continuous fatigue and pallor of eye lids, tongue or palms Difficulty in breathing Other Number of husbands
72.6 175
72.6 547
73.7 133
72.2 414
67.4 534
61.2 129
69.4 405
69.6 437
70.8 819
70.4 1,256
89.0
49.9
53.1
48.8
77.5
77.2
77.6
74.3
62.8
66.7
49.6 48.0 2.4
66.0 53.7 31.2
64.3 55.1 30.6
66.6 53.2 31.4
13.3 43.1 16.1
20.3 39.2 22.8
11.4 44.1 14.2
46.7 48.0 16.8
39.8 48.8 23.1
42.2 48.5 20.9
30.7 32.3 13.4
31.2 30.7 25.4
24.5 33.7 26.5
33.4 29.8 25.1
24.7 40.6 5.3
21.5 45.6 7.6
25.6 39.1 4.6
26.3 36.2 16.1
29.7 34.3 15.2
28.5 35.0 15.5
3.1 8.7 0.0 127
3.0 3.8 0.3 397
2.0 5.1 0.0 98
3.3 3.3 0.3 299
10.8 0.8 0.8 360
16.5 0.0 0.0 79
9.3 1.1 1.1 281
6.3 5.3 0.0 304
6.2 2.2 0.7 580
6.2 3.3 0.5 884
Knowledge of danger signs among never-married youth Concerning the knowledge of the never-married youth regarding the danger signs that could happen to the pregnant woman. Table 4.5a shows the knowledge about danger signs among nevermarried youth. As expected, husbands and women have higher awareness of these danger signs more than never-married youth. Table 4.5a shows that 58% of never-married female youth and only 20% of never-married male youth reported that they knew the danger signs that could happen to the pregnant woman. Regarding the danger signs that were mentioned by youth, it was found
55
that bleeding was the most commonly mentioned danger sign by both female and male youth followed by vomiting and high fever. Table 4.5a Knowledge of Danger Signs among Youth Percent distribution of youth by knowledge about delivery complications, by region and urban-rural residences, EHCS 2005.
Danger signs
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH know of the danger signs that could happen to a woman during pregnancy Number Danger signs that could happen to a pregnant woman Bleeding Sever headache with blurred vision High fever Edema of hands, legs and face Sever abdominal pain and absence of fetal movement Sever or continuous vomiting Foul smelling /vaginal discharge Continuous fatigue and pallor of eye lids, tongue or palms Difficulty in breathing Other Number of women
71.4 112
48.2 272
41.8 79
50.8 193
60.4 326
48.8 82
64.3 244
56.0 273
58.4 437
57.5 710
85.0
74.8
69.7
76.5
69.0
60.0
71.3
75.2
73.3
74.0
26.3 37.5 8.8
45.0 29.0 8.4
33.3 27.3 12.1
49.0 29.6 7.1
4.6 40.6 16.8
7.5 27.5 22.5
3.8 43.9 15.3
22.9 32.7 13.1
21.2 38.4 12.2
21.8 36.3 12.5
38.8 48.8 13.8
35.9 47.3 12.2
51.5 36.4 18.2
30.6 51.0 10.2
17.8 45.2 2.5
22.5 52.5 7.5
16.6 43.3 1.3
37.3 47.1 13.1
22.0 46.3 4.7
27.7 46.6 7.8
8.8 5.0 0.0 80
4.6 3.8 0.0 131
3.0 3.0 0.0 33
5.1 4.1 0.0 98
6.6 1.0 1.0 197
10.0 2.5 0.0 40
5.7 0.6 1.3 157
7.8 3.9 0.0 153
5.5 2.0 0.8 255
6.4 2.7 0.5 408
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH know of the danger signs that could happen to a woman during pregnancy Number Danger signs that could happen to a pregnant woman Bleeding Sever headache with blurred vision High fever Edema of hands, legs and face Sever abdominal pain and absence of fetal movement Sever or continuous vomiting Foul smelling /vaginal discharge Continuous fatigue and pallor of eye lids, tongue or palms Difficulty in breathing Other Number of women
4.3
50.4 123
18.2 363
19.4 98
17.7 265
12.3 422
9.4 117
13.4 305
27.2 338
15.4 570
19.8 908
87.1
92.4
94.7
91.5
75.0
81.8
73.2
88.0
83.0
85.6
37.1 32.3 1.6
21.2 42.4 6.1
15.8 57.9 5.3
23.4 36.2 6.4
9.6 9.6 1.9
9.1 9.1 0.0
9.8 9.8 2.4
29.3 34.8 2.2
17.0 23.9 4.5
23.3 29.4 3.3
14.5 30.6 6.5
27.3 15.2 3.0
31.6 15.8 5.3
25.5 14.9 2.1
9.6 42.3 0.0
18.2 36.4 0.0
7.3 43.9 0.0
18.5 28.3 5.4
17.0 28.4 1.1
17.8 28.3 3.3
6.5 21.0 0.0 62
3.0 4.5 0.0 66
5.3 5.3 0.0 19
2.1 4.3 0.0 47
0.0 0.0 0.0 52
0.0 0.0 0.0 11
0.0 0.0 0.0 41
5.4 15.2 0.0 92
1.1 2.3 0.0 88
3.3 8.9 0.0 180
Postpartum Care
Care after delivery is very important not only for the newborn but also for the mother. Proper care for the mother is particularly important when the birth is not assisted by a health provider. The MOHP recommends several visits for the mother after delivery. The first visit should occur within two days after delivery. Subsequent visits should occur after seven days, after two weeks, and after 56
40 days. Women whom the last birth delivered in the five-year period before the survey were asked whether they received a postnatal care in the first two month after the last delivery and the time of receiving this care. Care for the mother It is assumed that mothers who deliver in a health facility (private or public) will have the first postnatal checkup within the first two days after delivery. As Table 4.3 indicates that 40% of women delivered at home, it was expected that a substantial percentage of women did not have any postpartum care. Figure 4.3 shows that 63% of mothers did not have any postpartum care and 15% of mothers received a postnatal checkup within 2 days of birth. Some differences were observed between regions. More than one-quarter of mothers in Upper Egypt received postnatal care within the first two days, while only one percent of mothers in Urban Governorates did. Figure 4.3 Percentage of Mothers by Timing of First Postnatal Checkup 8-27 days 4%
4+ weeks 2%
3-7 days 15%
Within 2 days 15%
No care, 63%
Table 4.6 Postnatal Care for Mothers Percent distribution of last births during the five-year period before the survey by timing of first postnatal care, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Timing of first postnatal Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper checkup orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Within 2 days of birth 3-7 days of birth 8-27 days of birth 4+ weeks after birth No care Don't know/missing Number
Urban Rural
Total
1.4 18.1 5.6 4.2 70.8 0.0
7.0 18.5 5.2 3.8 64.8 0.7
7.3 16.4 5.5 5.5 65.5 0.0
6.9 19.0 5.2 3.4 64.7 0.9
26.7 10.8 1.7 0.7 60.1 0.0
30.2 9.5 0.0 3.2 57.1 0.0
25.8 11.2 2.1 0.0 60.9 0.0
12.6 14.7 3.7 4.2 64.7 0.0
16.3 15.1 3.7 1.7 62.8 0.4
15.3 15.0 3.7 2.4 63.4 0.3
72
287
55
232
296
63
233
190
465
655
57
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF HIV/AIDS, HEPATITIS AND SAFE INJECTIONS
5
The 2005 EHCS questionnaire collected information on the levels of knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and practices related to HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, and blood borne diseases. The survey also included questions related to the awareness of safe injection practices. Program efforts have been and are being directed at increasing the awareness about AIDS, Hepatitis C and the importance of safe injections; thus these data will be valuable in strengthening these efforts by both assessing current knowledge and providing information on the channels through which people obtain such information. This chapter presents the results of questions related to HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, and safe injection practices.
5.1
Knowledge and Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS
5.1.1
Awareness of HIV/AIDS
Although HIV prevalence has remained low in Egypt, it is important to provide information about HIV/AIDS to prevent a future epidemic. Accordingly, respondents were asked if they had ever heard about HIV/AIDS and if so, they were asked to mention their last source of knowledge. Tables 5.1 and 5.1a present the percentage of who ever heard of HIV/AIDS among married respondents and never-married youth respectively. Additionally, Figure 5.1 shows the results by urban-rural residence. Fig 5.1 Ever heard about HIV/AIDS 98
95
94
97
93
98
95
80 Urban Ru ral
Wome n
Husban ds
Ne ver-marrie d fe male youth
Ne ve r-m arried m ale youth
Results from Figure 5.1 indicate that there is a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS, with husbands and never-married female and male youth being slightly more likely to have heard about the disease than women. Respondents from urban areas have higher awareness of HIV/AIDS than those from rural areas, especially among women (95% versus 80%). Tables 5.1 and 5.1a show that there are slight differences between regions. All respondents from Urban Governorates had heard about HIV/AIDS. The lowest level of awareness among the different groups of respondents was found among women in rural Upper Egypt (78%). Among husbands and never-married female and male youth the percentage of respondents who had ever heard about HIV/AIDS is 90% or more in all regions.
58
Table 5.1 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among women and husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who heard about HIV/AIDS and percent distribution of those knowing about HIV/AIDS by the last source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Ever heard about HIV/AIDS Number Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Husband Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Number
100.0
83.3
91.5
80.8
81.9
92.6
78.4
95.2
79.6
84.9
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
81.1 0.0 4.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 6.3 190
88.2 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.4 2.8 5.1 508
87.6 1.6 0.8 3.1 0.0 2.3 4.7 129
88.4 0.0 0.3 1.3 1.8 2.9 5.3 379
92.8 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.2 1.4 3.6 497
89.9 0.0 2.2 0.7 0.0 2.2 5.1 138
93.9 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.3 1.1 3.1 359
85.6 0.4 2.6 2.4 1.1 2.4 5.5
91.1 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.1 2.0 4.2
89.0 0.3 1.3 1.5 1.1 2.2 4.7
457
738
1,195
HUSBANDS Ever heard about HIV/AIDS Number
100.0
96.7
98.5
96.1
93.1
96.1
92.1
98.4
94.1
95.6
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437.0
819
1,256
Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Wives Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors
77.1 0.6 6.9 4.6 0.6 2.3 8.0
60.5 1.5 4.5 3.4 1.7 5.9 22.5
55.7 2.3 6.9 6.1 0.8 6.9 21.4
62.1 1.3 3.8 2.5 2.0 5.5 22.9
81.7 1.4 6.0 0.4 0.4 1.8 8.2
79.0 0.8 11.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 7.3
82.6 1.6 4.3 0.0 0.5 2.4 8.6
71.2 1.2 8.1 4.2 0.5 3.0 11.9
72.0 1.4 4.0 1.3 1.3 4.0 16.0
71.7 1.3 5.5 2.3 1.0 3.7 14.5
Number
175
529
131
398
497
124
373
430
771
1,201
Respondents who ever heard about HIV/AIDS were asked from which source they last heard about HIV/AIDS. Television was the last source of knowledge by far. However, women and nevermarried female youth were more likely than husbands and never-married male youth to mention that their last source of information was television (89%, 90%, 72%, and 72%, respectively). Generally, respondents from Upper Egypt were most likely to report television as their last source of information about HIV/AIDS. The second source of knowledge, which was reported by much lower percentages than television, was friends/neighbors. About 15% among husbands and nevermarried male youth last heard about HIV/AIDS from friends or neighbors, compared to around 4% among women and never-married female youth. Friends and neighbors were the last source of information for around one-quarter of husbands and never-married male youth from Lower Egypt Other sources of knowledge were reported with lower percentages; only 7% of never-married male youth and 6% of husbands mentioned newspaper/magazine as their last source of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Other relatives were mentioned by 4% of husbands, and male youth, and 2% of women and never-married female youth as the last source of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The Radio was mentioned by few respondents (1% or lower).
59
Table 5.1a Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth who know about HIV/AIDS and percent distribution of those knowing about HIV/AIDS by the last source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Ever heard about HIV/AIDS
100.0
94.5
92.4
95.3
92.3
97.6
90.6
97.1
92.7
94.4
Number
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors
86.6 0.0 0.0 3.6 5.4 3.6
87.2 0.0 3.1 2.7 2.3 4.7
89.0 0.0 5.5 2.7 0.0 2.7
86.4 0.0 2.2 2.7 3.3 5.4
93.7 0.7 1.7 0.7 0.0 3.3
95.0 1.3 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.3
93.2 0.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.1
89.8 0.4 1.5 3.0 2.3 2.6
90.1 0.2 2.2 1.2 1.5 4.7
90.0 0.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 3.9
Number
112
257
73
184
301
80
221
265
405
670
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Ever heard about HIV/AIDS
100.0
97.2
99.0
96.6
93.6
94.0
93.4
Number
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
97.6 338
94.9 570
95.9 908
Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
74.8 0.0 9.8 0.8 4.1 9.8 0.0
58.4 0.6 6.5 2.0 6.8 25.2 0.6
53.6 1.0 6.2 2.1 5.2 32.0 0.0
60.2 0.4 6.6 2.0 7.4 22.7 0.8
82.8 0.5 7.3 0.5 0.5 8.1 0.0
74.5 1.8 10.0 0.9 1.8 10.9 0.0
86.0 0.0 6.3 0.4 0.0 7.0 0.0
68.5 0.9 8.8 1.2 3.6 16.7 0.0
73.8 0.2 6.5 1.1 3.5 14.4 0.4
71.8 0.5 7.3 1.1 3.6 15.3 0.2
Number
123
353
97
256
395
110
285
330
541
871
Modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS Those respondents who had heard about HIV/AIDS and mentioned that they knew the ways by which the person could be infected by the virus were asked to name at least two ways by which HIV/AIDS can be transmitted. Results for this subgroup of respondents are shown in Table 5.2 for women and husbands and 5.2a for never-married female and male youth. Data in the tables show that blood transfusion was the most mentioned mode of transmission by respondents (more than 80% of husbands and never-married female youth, and around three-quarters of women and nevermarried male youth). Across regions, respondents from urban Upper Egypt were the most likely to mention this mode. Illicit sexual relations was the second most mentioned mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS among all respondents except for husbands, and was mentioned by 74% of women, 72% of never-married female youth, and 68% of never- married male youth. This mode of transmission was mentioned by 68% of husbands, while 69% of husbands mentioned infected needles. Infected needles, as a mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS, were mentioned by 71% of never-married female youth, 63% of women, and 60% of never-married male youth. It is worth mentioning that this mode of transmission was mentioned by only 42% of never-married male youth from rural Upper Egypt, while it was mentioned by 80% of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt.
60
Table 5.2 Knowledge of Modes of Transmission of HIV/AIDS among women and husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who know specific modes of HIV/AIDS transmission (respondents who heard about HIV/AIDS and who report knowing the modes of transmission only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Modes of transmission
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN HIV/AIDS modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other (e.g. razors and dental instruments) Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
58.9
78.9
83.1
77.3
74.8
80.8
72.4
72.4
74.9
73.9
39.9 24.4 80.4 67.9
38.6 26.7 72.0 58.9
33.9 22.0 79.7 66.9
40.4 28.4 69.1 55.8
22.0 4.1 78.9 64.2
29.2 6.7 83.3 61.7
19.1 3.1 77.1 65.2
35.0 18.5 81.0 65.8
30.2 16.2 73.0 60.3
32.1 17.1 76.2 62.5
13.1
8.0
7.6
8.2
18.2
18.3
18.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
4.8
4.8
2.5
5.7
14.3
7.5
17.1
4.9
11.1
8.7
3.6
3.0
5.1
2.2
8.0
11.7
6.5
6.4
4.3
5.1
3.0 0.6
3.2 2.1
4.2 3.4
2.8 1.6
1.2 8.0
0.8 4.2
1.4 9.6
2.7 2.5
2.1 5.4
2.4 4.2
168
435
118
317
413
120
293
406
610
1,016
HUSBANDS HIV/AIDS modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other (e.g. razors and dental instruments) Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
58.0
75.9
73.3
76.7
64.8
63.0
65.4
63.6
71.1
68.3
42.5 19.0 81.6 59.8
39.9 23.0 81.9 68.4
40.0 23.8 81.9 71.4
39.9 22.7 81.9 67.5
44.2 5.8 89.4 74.3
50.9 7.4 94.4 77.8
42.0 5.2 87.7 73.1
44.2 17.1 85.3 68.0
40.9 14.0 84.8 70.3
42.1 15.1 85.0 69.4
10.3
19.5
17.1
20.2
23.8
27.8
22.5
17.1
21.4
19.8
3.4
6.5
3.8
7.4
10.9
6.5
12.3
4.4
9.8
7.8
3.4
4.2
7.6
3.1
20.1
25.9
18.2
10.9
10.6
10.7
0.0 0.0 174
1.2 0.0 431
1.0 0.0 105
1.2 0.0 326
2.1 3.5 432
0.9 0.9 108
2.5 4.3 324
0.5 0.3 387
1.8 2.2 650
1.4 1.4 1,037
Sexual relation with an infected person as a mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS was mentioned much more by husbands and never-married male youth than women and never-married female youth (49% of never-married male youth, 42% of husbands, and about one-third of women and never-married female youth). Regional differences exist among respondents, where this mode was mentioned more by husbands and never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt and women and never-married female youth from Urban Governorates. Mother to fetus transmission, which is an important mode of transmission, was mentioned by low percentages of respondents (11% of husbands, 8% of never-married female youth, and 5% of women and never-married male youth). Knowledge of this mode of transmission is much higher among respondents from urban Upper Egypt.
61
Table 5.2a Knowledge of Modes of Transmission of HIV/AIDS among youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth who know specific modes of HIV/AIDS transmission (respondents who heard about HIV/AIDS and who report knowing the modes of transmission only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Modes of transmission
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH HIV/AIDS modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other (e.g. razors and dental instruments) Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
52.0
82.1
84.8
80.9
69.6
72.7
68.4
67.6
73.7
71.3
48.0 23.5 83.7 70.4
32.6 22.0 80.7 67.9
27.3 19.7 83.3 71.2
34.9 23.0 79.6 66.4
27.9 6.4 82.0 73.1
33.8 7.8 84.4 76.6
25.7 5.8 81.1 71.8
37.8 17.4 83.8 72.6
29.6 13.1 80.4 69.6
32.9 14.9 81.8 70.8
8.2
8.7
7.6
9.2
29.3
29.9
29.1
14.9
20.7
18.4
11.2 2.0 0.0 1.0
4.6 3.2 1.4 0.5
3.0 1.5 0.0 0.0
5.3 3.9 2.0 0.7
17.7 12.7 2.1 6.7
16.9 14.3 1.3 3.9
18.0 12.1 2.4 7.8
10.8 5.8 0.4 1.7
12.6 8.7 2.2 4.7
11.9 7.5 1.5 3.5
98
218
66
152
283
77
206
241
358
599
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH HIV/AIDS modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other (e.g. razors and dental instruments) Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
51.6
70.3
63.4
72.6
70.9
61.1
74.5
57.6
73.7
67.6
46.7 0.8 68.0 68.0
42.3 9.0 74.2 73.5
43.7 8.5 70.4 80.3
41.8 9.1 75.5 71.2
55.9 6.4 78.2 45.8
72.6 7.4 82.1 56.8
49.8 6.1 76.8 41.8
54.5 4.9 73.3 67.4
46.3 7.4 76.2 54.8
49.4 6.5 75.1 59.6
9.0
15.4
21.1
13.5
7.5
9.5
6.8
12.2
9.8
10.7
0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 122
5.4 5.4 0.7 0.4
2.8 5.6 0.0 0.0
6.3 5.3 1.0 0.5
8.7 6.7 0.0 0.6
8.4 10.5 0.0 0.0
8.7 5.3 0.0 0.8
3.8 5.2 0.0 0.0
7.6 5.3 0.4 0.6
6.2 5.3 0.3 0.4
279
71
208
358
95
263
288
471
759
In addition to the previously mentioned modes of transmission, other modes were mentioned with lower percentages. Homosexual sex was mentioned by 17% of women, 15% of husbands and never-married female youth, and only 7% of never-married male youth. Razors and dental instruments were mentioned by about one-fifth of husbands and never-married female youth. Surprisingly, casual physical contact with an infected person, which is not a mode of transmission, was reported by 12% of never-married-female youth, around 8% of husbands and women, and 6% of never-married male youth.
5.1.2
Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS
The respondents in all target groups were read a series of statements to assess their perceptions related to HIV/AIDS. The responses were presented on a scale of 1-5 (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree). The results shown in Tables 5.3 through 5.3c for women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth present the percentage of respondents who
62
strongly agreed or agreed with each of the statements by regions and urban-rural residence. Women perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Women who had ever heard about HIV/AIDS were asked to mention their perceptions regarding issues related to HIV/AIDS and the results are presented in Table 5.3. There is a universal agreement among women that getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe, where 99% agreed about this statement with almost no variations between the different regions. When women were asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with HIV/AIDS, almost 8% agreed, with the percentage of agreement ranging from less than 1% among women in Urban Governorates to 14% among women in urban Upper Egypt. Only 23% of women agreed that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS with some differences between regions. Thirty-six percent of women from rural Lower Egypt agreed with this statement compared to only 6% of women in rural Upper Egypt. Additionally slightly more than one-third of women did not know whether condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS or not (not shown). When women were asked whether HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt, almost half of women agreed with the statement with clear variations between regions. Sixty-two percent of women from rural Lower Egypt agreed with the statement compared to 38% of women from both areas in Upper Egypt. Table 5.3 Women Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Percentage of ever-married women who agreed with specific statements about HIV/AIDS (women who heard about HIV/AIDS only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Percentage who agreed about various statements Getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe It is possible that you will get infected with HIV/AIDS
Urban Urban Gover Lower Lower norates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
99.2
99.2
99.2
98.6
97.8
98.9
99.1
99.1
99.1
0.5
8.9
9.3
8.7
9.3
13.8
7.5
7.0
8.1
7.7
Using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS infections
30.0
33.1
25.6
35.6
9.7
18.1
6.4
25.2
21.4
22.8
HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt
52.1
58.5
48.8
61.7
38.2
38.4
38.2
47.0
50.3
49.0
The HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years
38.9
45.3
33.3
49.3
23.3
25.4
22.6
33.3
36.3
35.1
98.4 190
96.1 508
97.7 129
95.5 379
89.3 497
89.1 138
89.4 359
95.4 457
92.5 738
93.6 1,195
You are confident that you can protect yourself from HIV/AIDS infection Number
Additionally, women were asked whether HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years. Slightly more than one-third of women (35%) agreed with this statement. Differences exist among regions. While about half of women from rural Lower Egypt agreed that HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years, only 23% of women from rural Upper Egypt agreed with the same statement. Generally, women were confident that they can protect themselves from HIV/AIDS infection (94%). The level of agreement with this statement ranged from around 98% in Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt to 89% in both areas in Upper Egypt.
63
Husbands’ perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Like their wives, husbands who had ever heard about HIV/AIDS were asked a series of questions to investigate their perceptions regarding issues related to HIV/AIDS. The percentages of husbands who agreed about various statements regarding issues related to HIV/AIDS are presented in Table 5.3a. There is a universal agreement among husbands that getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe (almost 100%), with no variations between the different regions. Husbands were asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with HIV/AIDS. Only four percent of husbands agreed with this statement. Husbands were more knowledgeable than women regarding the issue that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS. Forty-seven percent of husbands agreed that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS with clear variations among regions. While 72% of husbands from urban Lower Egypt agreed with this statement, only 21% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt agreed with the same statement. When husbands were asked whether HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt, almost 6 in 10 husbands agreed with the statement with differences between regions. While 78% of husbands from rural Lower Egypt agreed with the statement, only 35% of husbands from urban Upper Egypt agreed with the same statement. Husbands were asked whether HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years, 39% agreed with the statement, and about one-fifth were neutral (not shown), with variations between regions. Fifty-five percent of husbands from Urban Governorates agreed with the statement compared with 23% of husbands from urban Upper Egypt. Generally, husbands, like their wives, were confident that they can protect themselves from HIV/AIDS infection (96%). The level of agreement with this statement was higher in urban areas than rural areas with minor variations between regions. Table 5.3a Husbands Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Percentage of husbands who agreed with specific statements about HIV/AIDS (husbands who heard about HIV/AIDS only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Percentage who agreed about various statements Getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe It is possible that you will get infected with HIV/AIDS Using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS infections HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt The HIV/AIDS. problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years You are confident that you can protect yourself from HIV/AIDS infection Number
Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Urban Rural Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
99.6
99.2
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
99.9
99.8
3.4
5.5
4.6
5.8
3.4
3.2
3.5
3.7
4.7
4.3
49.1
69.2
71.8
68.3
22.3
26.6
20.9
49.5
45.4
46.9
60.0
78.1
77.1
78.4
39.0
34.7
40.5
57.9
60.1
59.3
54.9
46.1
42.7
47.2
24.9
23.4
25.5
42.1
36.7
38.6
98.3 175
98.1 529
96.9 131
98.5 398
93.0 497
94.4 124
92.5 373
96.7 430
95.6 771
96.0 1,201
64
Never-married female youth perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Never-married female youth who had ever heard about HIV/AIDS were asked to mention their perceptions regarding issues related to HIV/AIDS. Never-married female youth perceptions are presented in table 5.3b. As women and husbands, the table shows the percentage of never-married female youth who agreed about various statements. All never-married female youth agreed that getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe with no variations between the different regions. When female youth were asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with HIV/AIDS, they reported almost similar responses to those of women. Only seven percent of never-married female youth agreed with this statement. Level of knowledge of never-married female youth regarding the issue that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS is very low. It is worth mentioning that about two-thirds of never-married female youth disagreed that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS (not shown). Additionally, only 15% agreed with this issue with clear variations in different regions. Although 27% from rural Lower Egypt agreed with this issue only 3% from both urban and rural Upper Egypt agreed with it. Table 5.3b Never-married female youth Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Percentage of never-married female youth who agreed with specific statements about HIV/AIDS (female youth who heard about HIV/AIDS only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Percentage who agreed to various statements Getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe It is possible that you will get infected with HIV/AIDS
Urban Urban Gover Lower Lower norates Egypt Egypt
You are confident that you can protect yourself from HIV/AIDS infection Number
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
8.6
6.8
9.2
7.6
8.8
7.2
4.5
8.1
6.7
24.5
17.8
27.2
2.7
2.5
2.7
16.6
13.8
14.9
56.8
46.6
60.9
45.8
50.0
44.3
53.6
51.9
52.5
46.4
44.4
35.6
47.8
34.6
33.8
34.8
39.6
40.7
40.3
98.2 112
96.5 257
95.9 73
96.7 184
92.7 301
93.8 80
92.3 221
96.2 265
94.3 405
95.1 670
Using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS infections 25.9 HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt 60.7 The HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years
Residence
When asked whether HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt, slightly more than half of nevermarried female youth agreed with the statement with some variations between regions. Sixty-one percent of never-married female youth from Urban Governorates and rural Lower Egypt agreed with this statement, while only 44% of never-married female youth from rural Upper Egypt agreed with it. Four in ten never-married female youth agreed that HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years, with some variations between regions. Forty-six percent of never-married female youth from Urban Governorates agreed with the statement compared to 34% of nevermarried female youth from urban Upper Egypt. In general, never-married female youth, like women and husbands, were confident that they can protect themselves from HIV/AIDS infection (95%). The level of agreement with this statement was slightly higher in urban areas than rural areas.
65
Never-married male youth perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Like the other respondents, never-married male youth who had ever heard about HIV/AIDS were also asked a series of questions to investigate their perceptions regarding issues related to HIV/AIDS. Table 5.3c presents the percentage of male youth who strongly agreed or agreed with about various statements. There is universal agreement among never-married male youth that getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe with no variations between the different regions. Never-married male youth were asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with HIV/AIDS. Only 3% agreed with it, with minor differences between different regions. Level of knowledge of never-married male youth regarding the issue that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS was higher than for women and never-married female youth and about the same as that of husbands. Forty-five percent of never-married male youth agreed with this statement, with the highest level found in urban Lower Egypt (81%) and the lowest level found in rural Upper Egypt (18%). Around one-third of never-married male youth did not know that using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS with 61% of never-married male youth from rural Upper Egypt are without knowledge about this issue (not shown). When male youth were asked whether HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt, slightly less than two-thirds of male youth (64%) agreed with the statement with some variations across regions. Although 86% of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt agreed with the statement, only 37% of never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt agreed with the same statement. Half of never-married male youth agreed that HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years, with 75% from Urban Governorates agreeing with this issue, compared to 36% among male youth in urban Upper Egypt. Generally, never-married male youth, like other respondents, were confident that they can protect themselves from HIV/AIDS infection (93%). The level of agreement with this statement was highest in rural Lower Egypt (95%) while lowest in urban Lower Egypt (88%). Table 5.3c Never-married male youth Perceptions related to HIV/AIDS Percentage of never-married male youth who agreed with specific statements about HIV/AIDS (male youth who heard about HIV/AIDS only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Percentage who agreed to various statements Getting an HIV/AIDS infection is severe It is possible that you will get infected with HIV/AIDS Using a condom is an effective way to prevent HIV/AIDS infections HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Egypt The HIV/AIDS problem in Egypt will increase in the coming years You are confident that you can protect yourself from HIV/AIDS infection Number
Urban Urban Gover Lower Lower norates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
99.4
99.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
99.8
99.8
4.9
3.1
1.0
3.9
1.5
4.5
0.4
3.6
2.0
2.6
51.2
69.1
81.4
64.5
20.8
29.1
17.5
52.7
39.7
44.7
78.9
78.5
85.6
75.8
46.3
37.3
49.8
67.0
62.1
63.9
74.8
47.6
47.4
47.7
45.8
36.4
49.5
53.9
48.6
50.6
91.9
92.9
87.6
94.9
94.2
94.5
94.0
91.5
94.5
93.3
123
353
97
256
395
110
285
330
541
871
66
5.2
Knowledge and Perceptions related to Hepatitis C
5.2.1
Knowledge of Hepatitis C
Respondents were asked about their knowledge of Hepatitis C. Figure 5.2 shows the distribution of respondents regarding their knowledge of Hepatitis C by urban-rural residence. Additionally, Tables 5.4 and 5.4a present knowledge of Hepatitis C among married respondents and nevermarried youth respectively and the last source of information for their knowledge. Fig 5.2 Ever heard about Hepatitis C 92 82
81
77
77 70
65
61
Urban Rural
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
As shown in Figure 5.2, husbands have a higher level of knowledge about Hepatitis C than the other respondents with 85% of them had ever heard about Hepatitis C. On the other hand 71% of women, 72% of never-married male youth, and two-thirds of never-married female youth had ever heard about Hepatitis C. Differences between urban and rural respondents exist, especially among women. Eighty-two percent of women from urban areas had ever heard about Hepatitis C compared to only 65% of women from rural areas. Tables 5.4 and 5.4a show that differences exist also between regions, with the highest percentage of knowledge found in Urban Governorates (except for never-married male youth). For example, 89% of never-married female youth from Urban Governorates had ever heard about Hepatitis C, compared to 56% of never-married female youth from rural Upper Egypt. Generally, the lowest level of knowledge for all groups of respondents was found in rural Upper Egypt.
67
Table 5.4 Knowledge of Hepatitis C among women and husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who know about Hepatitis C and percent distribution of those knowing about Hepatitis C by their last source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Ever heard about Hepatitis C
92.1
68.5
74.5
66.7
66.9
77.2
63.5
82.3
65.2
71.0
Number
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Husband Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
71.4 0.0 4.0 2.3 2.9 10.3 9.1 0.0
66.7 1.0 1.7 4.8 3.1 8.1 14.6 0.0
69.5 0.0 2.9 4.8 1.9 12.4 8.6 0.0
65.8 1.3 1.3 4.8 3.5 6.7 16.6 0.0
45.8 0.2 1.7 2.2 1.2 27.1 21.7 0.0
53.0 0.0 3.5 0.9 0.9 25.2 16.5 0.0
43.0 0.3 1.0 2.7 1.4 27.8 23.7 0.0
65.6 0.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 15.2 11.1 0.0
54.8 0.8 1.2 3.8 2.5 16.9 20.0 0.0
59.1 0.5 2.1 3.3 2.3 16.2 16.5 0.0
Number
175
418
105
313
406
115
291
395
604
999
HUSBANDS Ever heard about Hepatitis C
96.0
89.8
94.7
88.2
76.2
83.7
73.8
92.0
81.1
84.9
Number Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Wife Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
76.2 0.0 5.4 1.2 3.0 7.1 7.1 0.0
48.5 0.4 3.1 4.1 2.2 12.6 29.1 0.0
46.0 0.8 4.8 7.9 2.4 15.1 23.0 0.0
49.3 0.3 2.5 2.7 2.2 11.8 31.2 0.0
33.9 0.2 6.9 4.7 2.9 25.8 25.6 0.0
40.7 0.0 8.3 4.6 1.9 23.1 21.3 0.0
31.4 0.3 6.4 4.7 3.3 26.8 27.1 0.0
57.2 0.2 6.0 4.2 2.5 13.9 15.9 0.0
41.3 0.3 4.2 3.6 2.7 18.5 29.4 0.0
47.3 0.3 4.9 3.8 2.6 16.8 24.3 0.0
Number
168
491
126
365
407
108
299
402
664
1,066
68
Table 5.4a Knowledge of Hepatitis C among youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth who know about Hepatitis C and percent distribution of those knowing about Hepatitis C by their last source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Residence Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Ever heard about Hepatitis C
89.3
68.0
69.6
67.4
58.6
65.9
56.1
76.6
61.1
67.0
Number
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
78.0 0.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 0.0
70.3 0.5 7.0 3.8 6.5 10.8 1.1
85.5 0.0 5.5 1.8 1.8 5.5 0.0
63.8 0.8 7.7 4.6 8.5 13.1 1.5
38.7 0.5 5.8 2.6 27.2 23.6 1.6
42.6 1.9 5.6 5.6 25.9 14.8 3.7
37.2 0.0 5.8 1.5 27.7 27.0 0.7
70.8 0.5 4.8 4.8 10.5 7.7 1.0
50.2 0.4 6.7 3.0 18.4 20.2 1.1
59.2 0.4 5.9 3.8 14.9 14.7 1.1
Number
100
185
55
130
191
54
137
209
267
476
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Ever heard about Hepatitis C
82.1
82.6
84.7
81.9
60.2
64.1
58.7
76.6
69.5
72.1
Number Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/magazine Medical Provider Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
80.2 0.0 8.9 1.0 5.9 4.0 0.0
45.0 0.7 8.0 2.0 12.3 31.7 0.3
45.8 0.0 6.0 1.2 12.0 34.9 0.0
44.7 0.9 8.8 2.3 12.4 30.4 0.5
35.8 0.4 15.0 2.4 12.6 33.9 0.0
41.3 1.3 18.7 1.3 10.7 26.7 0.0
33.5 0.0 13.4 2.8 13.4 36.9 0.0
57.9 0.4 10.8 1.2 9.3 20.5 0.0
39.6 0.5 10.9 2.5 12.9 33.3 0.3
46.9 0.5 10.8 2.0 11.5 28.2 0.2
Number
101
300
83
217
254
75
179
259
396
655
Respondents who had ever heard about Hepatitis C were asked about their last source of information about it. As expected, television was the last source of information about Hepatitis C among all respondents. However, women and never-married female youth were more likely than husbands and never-married male youth to report TV as their last source of information about Hepatitis C. Generally, respondents from Urban Governorates reported the highest percentages of knowledge of Hepatitis C from television as their last source of information (around three-quarters of respondents). The second source of knowledge was friends/neighbors. However, husbands and never-married male youth were more likely than women and never-married female youth to report last receiving information about Hepatitis C from friends or neighbors (24%, 28%, 17%, and 15%, respectively). The third source of knowledge was the other relatives, which was mentioned by less than 2 in 10 respondents. Other sources of information about Hepatitis C were negligible. Modes of transmission of Hepatitis C Respondents who had heard about Hepatitis C and knew the ways by which the person could be infected by the Hepatitis C were asked to name at least two ways by which Hepatitis C can be transmitted. Results are shown in Table 5.5 for women and husbands and 5.5a for never-married female and male youth. Data in these tables show that blood transfusion, as well as infected needles were the most modes of transmission mentioned by respondents. Blood transfusion was mentioned by 84% of never-married male youth, 81% of husbands, 75% of never-married female
69
youth, and 74% of women. By residence, respondents from urban areas were most likely to mention this mode of transmission than respondents from rural areas. Infected needles, as a mode of transmission of Hepatitis C, was mentioned by 81% of husbands, 80% of never-married male youth, 76% of women, and 75% of never-married female youth. Table 5.5 Knowledge of Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis C among women and husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who know specific modes of Hepatitis C transmission (respondents who have heard about Hepatitis C and report knowing at least one mode of infection only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Modes of transmission
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Hepatitis C modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other contact with infected blood Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
28.1
40.7
36.3
42.4
8.1
11.1
6.4
26.2
29.1
27.7
22.9 16.3 92.8 90.2
35.0 28.6 81.8 73.3
28.6 20.9 82.4 74.7
37.4 31.5 81.5 72.7
5.9 0.0 50.7 71.0
7.4 0.0 63.0 76.5
5.0 0.0 43.6 67.9
20.6 13.5 82.5 82.5
25.4 19.8 67.5 70.9
23.2 16.9 74.4 76.2
22.2
6.7
6.6
6.7
39.8
40.7
39.3
22.5
18.8
20.5
12.4
8.2
9.9
7.6
33.0
25.9
37.1
15.1
18.5
16.9
2.0
2.1
1.1
2.5
4.5
6.2
3.6
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.0 7.8
4.3 14.9
0.0 17.6
5.9 13.9
1.8 34.8
1.2 19.8
2.1 43.6
1.2 13.5
4.5 24.9
3.0 19.6
153
329
91
238
221
81
140
325
378
703
HUSBANDS Hepatitis C modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other contact with infected blood Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
23.5
37.8
35.9
38.5
4.7
7.1
3.9
23.2
23.1
23.1
24.7 13.3 95.2 83.7
29.2 22.1 89.8 82.5
28.2 20.4 95.1 91.3
29.6 22.7 88.0 79.4
6.0 0.0 63.4 78.9
8.2 0.0 71.8 82.4
5.2 0.0 60.3 77.6
21.8 12.1 89.5 85.6
18.7 12.6 75.7 78.6
20.0 12.4 81.3 81.4
12.0
16.2
23.3
13.7
51.7
48.2
53.0
24.0
31.2
28.3
7.2
13.2
12.6
13.4
42.3
47.1
40.5
18.4
25.4
22.6
6.0
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.1
7.1
3.0
5.9
4.0
4.8
0.6 2.4 166
4.3 8.1 394
1.0 5.8 103
5.5 8.9 291
10.1 36.9 317
8.2 37.6 85
10.8 36.6 232
2.5 11.9 354
7.8 21.2 523
5.7 17.4 877
Around one-quarter of women and never-married female youth mentioned illicit sexual relations and sexual relations with an infected person as one of the modes of transmission. Additionally, around one-quarter of husbands mentioned illicit sexual relations, and physical contact with contaminated blood, while one-fifth mentioned sexual relations with an infected person. Nevermarried male youth mentioned illicit sexual relations and sexual relations with an infected person with lower percentages (less than 20%).
70
Surprisingly, casual physical contact with an infected person, which is not a mode of transmission of Hepatitis C, was reported by 25% of never-married-female youth, 24% of never-married male youth, 23% of husbands, and 17% of women. It is worth mentioning that, this mode of transmission was mentioned much more by respondents from Upper Egypt than respondents from any other region. Mother-to-fetus transmission was mentioned by low percentages of respondents (7% of nevermarried male youth, 5% of husbands, 3% of women, and 2% of never-married female youth). Knowledge of this mode of transmission is much higher among respondents from urban Upper Egypt (except never-married male youth). In addition to the previously mentioned modes of transmission, other modes were mentioned with lower percentages. Homosexual sex was mentioned by 17% of never-married female youth and women, 12% of husbands, and only 3% of never-married male youth. Table 5.5a Knowledge of Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis C among youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth who know specific modes of Hepatitis C transmission (respondents who have heard about Hepatitis C and report knowing at least one mode of infection only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Modes of transmission
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Hepatitis C modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other contact with infected blood Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
37.6
39.7
35.4
41.7
1.6
0.0
2.3
28.5
23.7
26.0
35.3 24.7 91.8 91.8
33.1 27.8 80.8 73.5
31.3 22.9 83.3 77.1
34.0 30.1 79.6 71.8
6.3 0.0 57.9 65.1
10.3 0.0 48.7 69.2
4.6 0.0 62.1 63.2
28.5 18.6 79.7 82.6
20.5 16.3 71.6 67.9
24.3 17.4 75.4 74.9
17.6
7.9
8.3
7.8
51.6
51.3
51.7
22.7
27.9
25.4
10.6 0.0 1.2 2.4 85
9.9 1.3 4.0 11.9 151
8.3 0.0 6.3 14.6 48
10.7 1.9 2.9 10.7 103
51.6 3.2 0.8 29.4 126
48.7 7.7 0.0 33.3 39
52.9 1.1 1.1 27.6 87
18.6 1.7 2.3 12.8 172
30.0 1.6 2.1 18.4 190
24.6 1.7 2.2 15.7 362
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Hepatitis C modes of transmission Illicit sexual relations Sexual relation with an infected person Homosexual sex Blood transfusion Infected needles Other contact with infected blood Casual physical contact with an infected person Mother-to-fetus transmission Mosquito/other insect bite Other Number
6.2
32.6
29.3
33.7
4.8
4.0
5.2
12.2
22.0
17.9
27.8 0.0 86.6 78.4
20.5 7.1 80.8 81.3
22.4 1.7 84.5 81.0
19.9 9.0 79.5 81.3
4.2 0.0 85.5 77.7
8.0 0.0 90.0 74.0
2.6 0.0 83.6 79.3
21.5 0.5 86.8 78.0
12.8 5.3 81.2 80.5
16.4 3.3 83.6 79.5
12.4
18.3
24.1
16.3
31.9
36.0
30.2
21.5
22.0
21.8
17.5 9.3 1.0 1.0 97
22.3 7.1 9.4 9.8 224
27.6 13.8 3.4 6.9 58
20.5 4.8 11.4 10.8 166
29.5 4.2 12.0 41.6 166
40.0 2.0 14.0 42.0 50
25.0 5.2 11.2 41.4 116
25.9 8.8 4.9 12.7 205
22.3 5.0 11.3 23.4 282
23.8 6.6 8.6 18.9 487
71
5.2.2
Perceptions related to Hepatitis C
Respondents who had ever heard about Hepatitis C were read a series of statements to assess their perceptions related to the disease. Tables 5.6 through 5.6c for women, husbands, never-married female and male youth show the percentages of respondents who strongly agreed or agreed with each of the statements by region and urban-rural residence. Women’ perceptions related to Hepatitis C Women perceptions related to Hepatitis C are presented in Table 5.6. There is a universal agreement among women that getting a Hepatitis C infection is severe (99%) with minor differences between regions. When women were asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with Hepatitis C, almost 17% of women agreed. The level of agreement ranges from 31% among women in urban Upper Egypt to none of women in urban governorates. Additionally, women were asked whether the use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C. The results show that more than 8 in 10 women agreed with the statement, with differentials between regions. Ninety-four percent of women from Urban Governorates agreed with this statement while 72% of women from rural Upper Egypt agreed with it. Table 5.6 Women Perceptions related to Hepatitis C Percentage of ever-married women who agreed with specific statements about Hepatitis C (women who heard about Hepatitis C only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Percentage agreed to various statements Getting Hepatitis C infection is severe
Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Urban Rural Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
98.8
100.0
98.4
98.5
100.0
97.9
100.0
98.2
98.9
It is possible that you will get infected with Hepatitis C
0.0
19.9
18.1
20.4
20.4
31.3
16.2
13.9
18.4
16.6
Use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C
94.3
84.2
89.5
82.4
74.4
81.7
71.5
89.4
77.2
82.0
Number
175
418
105
313
406
115
291
395
604
999
Husbands’ perceptions related to Hepatitis C Husbands who had ever heard about Hepatitis C were also asked a series of questions to investigate their perceptions regarding issues related to Hepatitis C. Table 5.6a presents the percentage of those husbands who agreed about these issues. As shown in the table, there is a universal agreement among husbands that getting Hepatitis C infection is severe (99%). When husbands were asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with Hepatitis C, one in ten husbands agreed that it is possible, with 15% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt agreeing with this issue compared to 3% among husbands from urban governorates and urban Lower Egypt. Additionally, husbands were asked whether the use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C. The table shows that 92% of husbands agreed with the statement, with differences between regions. Almost all husbands from urban Lower Egypt agreed with this statement, compared to 85% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt.
72
Table 5.6a Husbands Perceptions related to Hepatitis C Percentage of husbands who agreed with specific statements about Hepatitis C (husbands who heard about Hepatitis C only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Urban Percentage who agreed Govern Lower Lower to various statements norates Egypt Egypt Getting Hepatitis C infection is severe
Residence
Urban Rural Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
99.4
100.0
99.2
98.8
100.0
98.3
100.0
98.8
99.2
It is possible that you will get infected with Hepatitis C
3.0
9.2
3.2
11.2
14.5
13.0
15.1
5.7
13.0
10.2
Use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C
88.7
96.9
97.6
96.7
86.0
88.0
85.3
91.3
91.6
91.5
Number
168
491
126
365
407
108
299
402
664
1,066
Never-married female youth perceptions related to Hepatitis C Never-married female youth who had ever heard about Hepatitis C were also asked about their perceptions regarding the Hepatitis C. Table 5.6b presents the percentage of never-married female youth who agreed about different issues related to Hepatitis C. Like other respondents, there is a universal agreement among never-married female youth that getting a Hepatitis C infection is severe (98%). Additionally, never-married female youth were also asked whether it is possible that they will get infected with Hepatitis C. Almost 13% of never-married female youth agreed that it is possible that they will get infected with Hepatitis C, with 18% of never-married female youth from rural Upper Egypt agreeing with this issue compared to none of female youth in urban governorates. High percentage of never-married female youth agreed that the use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C (88%), with minor variations between regions. Table 5.6b Never-married female youth Perceptions related to Hepatitis C Percentage of never-married female youth who agreed with specific statements about Hepatitis C (female youth who heard about Hepatitis C only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.) Region Urban Urban Percentage who agreed Govern Lower Lower to various statements norates Egypt Egypt Getting Hepatitis C infection is severe It is possible that you will get infected with Hepatitis C Use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C Number
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
96.8
92.7
98.5
97.9
98.1
97.8
97.6
98.1
97.9
0.0
15.1
14.5
15.4
17.3
16.7
17.5
8.1
16.5
12.8
91.0 100
89.7 185
89.1 55
90.0 130
85.3 191
87.0 54
84.7 137
89.5 209
87.3 267
88.2 476
73
Never-married male youth perceptions related to Hepatitis C Never-married male youth who had ever heard about Hepatitis C were also asked a series of questions to investigate their perceptions regarding issues related to Hepatitis C. Table 5.6c presents the percentage of never-married male youth who agreed with the same issues mentioned before. Like other respondents, almost all never-married male youth agreed that getting a Hepatitis C infection is severe with very minor differences between regions. When male youth were asked about whether it is possible that they will get infected with Hepatitis C, 10% of never-married male youth agreed that it is possible. The percentage who agrees with this statement ranges from 17% of never-married male youth in rural Upper Egypt to 5% among male youth in urban Lower Egypt. A high percentage of never-married male youth agreed that the use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C (87%), with variations between regions. Ninety-five percent of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt agreed with this statement compared to 81% for those from Urban Governorates. Table 5.6c Never-married male youth Perceptions related to Hepatitis C Percentage of never-married male youth who agreed with specific statements about Hepatitis C (male youth who heard about Hepatitis C only), by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Urban Percentage who agreed Lower Lower to various statements norates Egypt Egypt Getting Hepatitis C infection is severe
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
99.8
It is possible that you will get infected with Hepatitis C
9.9
6.7
4.8
7.4
14.6
9.3
16.8
8.1
11.6
10.2
Use of disposable syringes is an effective way to prevent Hepatitis C
81.2
92.3
95.2
91.2
83.5
86.7
82.1
87.3
87.1
87.2
Number
101
300
83
217
254
75
179
259
396
655
5.3
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices related to Safe Injections and Blood Borne Diseases
The 2005 EHCS questionnaire included questions about the knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to safe injections and the related blood borne diseases. In the following, the results obtained from the four groups of respondents will be presented.
5.3.1
Knowledge of blood borne diseases and safe injections practices
Respondents were asked if they had ever heard about blood borne diseases that can be transmitted through used needles (syringes). Tables 5.7 and 5.7a present knowledge of blood-borne diseases among married respondents and never-married youth respectively. In addition, Figure 5.3 shows the distribution of respondents’ knowledge of blood-borne diseases by urban-rural residence. The results show that husbands and never-married female youth are more knowledgeable about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles than women and never-married male youth. About 80% of husbands and never-married female youth had ever heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles compared to around three-quarters of women and nevermarried male youth. Generally, respondents from urban areas are more knowledgeable about this issue than respondents from rural areas as shown in Figure 5.3. Additionally, differences exist
74
across regions as shown in Tables 5.7 and 5.7a. For example, 97% of husbands from Urban Governorates had ever heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles compared to 70% of husbands from rural Lower Egypt. Fig 5.3 Ever heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles 87
80 72
81 75
78
79 72
Urban Rural
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Respondents who ever heard about blood-borne diseases were asked to mention the diseases that can be transferred through used needles. Eighty percent of husbands, 69% of never-married male youth, 60% of women, and 59% of never-married female youth mentioned that Hepatitis C can be transferred through used needles. Eighty-three percent of women from Urban Governorates mentioned Hepatitis C, while only 39% of women from rural Upper Egypt mentioned it. Additionally, 92% of never-married male youth, 85% of husbands, 78% of never-married female youth, and 70% of women mentioned that HIV/AIDS can be transferred through used needles. Women, husbands, and never-married female-youth from rural Lower Egypt, and never-married male youth from Urban Governorates were least likely to mention that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted in this manner. Few respondents mentioned that tetanus can be transferred through used needles (17% of husbands, 14% of women and never-married female youth, and 9% of nevermarried male youth). It has to be mentioned that slightly more than one-third of husbands from Lower Egypt mentioned that tetanus can be transmitted through used syringes. Also, one in ten women does not know any blood-borne diseases that can be transferred through used needles.
75
Table 5.7 Knowledge of Blood-Borne Diseases and Safe Injection Practices among women and husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who ever heard about blood-borne diseases, and among those who heard about blood borne diseases, percentage who mentioned the diseases that can be transferred through used needles. And percentage who mentioned ways of preventing the risk of infection from infected needles, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Gover Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper norates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles
81.1
68.5
74.5
66.7
79.6
84.6
77.9
Number
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
80.2 480
72.3 927
75.0 1,407
Blood-borne diseases that can be transferred through used needles Hepatitis C Tetanus HIV/AIDS Other Don’t know
82.5 18.2 72.7 5.8 0.0
70.6 28.0 67.9 12.4 6.5
78.1 23.8 77.1 13.3 2.9
68.1 29.4 64.9 12.1 7.7
44.1 1.0 71.2 11.4 17.4
57.9 2.4 77.0 11.1 12.7
39.2 0.6 69.2 11.5 19.0
73.2 14.5 75.3 9.6 4.9
52.7 14.0 67.2 11.8 13.7
60.2 14.2 70.1 11.0 10.5
154
418
105
313
483
126
357
385
670
1,055
88.4
76.4
75.9
76.5
95.9
98.0
95.2
87.7
85.8
86.4
18.9
28.4
27.7
28.6
6.9
8.7
6.3
18.3
17.6
17.8
20.5
24.8
27.0
24.1
26.4
21.5
27.9
22.7
26.0
24.9
30.5 0.0 1.1
17.4 0.8 11.5
22.7 1.4 7.1
15.8 0.6 12.8
17.6 0.2 1.5
14.8 0.0 0.7
18.6 0.2 1.7
23.3 0.4 2.7
17.2 0.4 7.3
19.3 0.4 5.8
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Number Ways to prevent the risk of infection from infected needles Do not share/reuse needles Use oral medications instead of injections when possible Ask provider to use a disposable syringe Purchase disposable syringe for the provider to use Other Don't Know Number
HUSBANDS Heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles
97.1
72.2
78.2
70.3
80.3
83.7
79.3
Number
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
87.4 437
74.7 819
79.1 1,256
Blood-borne diseases that can be transferred through used needles Hepatitis C Tetanus HIV/AIDS Other Don’t know
90.6 15.9 82.4 1.8 0.0
90.6 34.2 82.0 7.1 0.3
92.3 34.6 86.5 3.8 0.0
90.0 34.0 80.4 8.2 0.3
66.9 1.9 89.5 9.6 4.7
74.1 2.8 94.4 11.1 2.8
64.5 1.6 87.9 9.0 5.3
86.4 17.3 86.9 5.0 0.8
76.6 17.0 84.3 8.7 2.9
80.4 17.1 85.3 7.2 2.1
170
395
104
291
429
108
321
382
612
994
96.0
87.4
90.2
86.5
80.9
82.2
80.5
90.2
83.5
85.8
30.9
54.1
62.4
51.4
5.6
5.4
5.7
33.0
28.8
30.3
23.4
30.2
27.1
31.2
30.5
28.7
31.1
26.1
31.1
29.4
11.4 0.0 0.0
32.7 0.4 2.2
34.6 0.8 2.3
32.1 0.2 2.2
43.6 0.6 1.5
47.3 2.3 1.6
42.5 0.0 1.5
29.1 0.9 1.1
37.2 0.1 1.8
34.4 0.4 1.6
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
Number Ways to prevent the risk of infection from infected needles Do not share/reuse needles Use oral medications instead of injections when possible Ask provider to use a disposable syringe Purchase disposable syringe for the provider to use Other Don't Know Number
76
Table 5.7a Knowledge of Blood-Borne Diseases and Safe Injection Practices among youth Percentage distribution of never-married female and male youth who ever heard about blood-borne diseases, and among those who heard about blood borne diseases, percentage who mentioned the diseases that can be transferred through used needles. And percentage who mentioned ways of preventing the risk of infection from infected needles, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles
83.9
68.4
70.9
67.4
86.5
87.8
86.1
81.3
77.8
79.2
Number
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
79.8 26.6 78.7 3.2 0.0 94
70.4 24.2 69.4 6.5 4.8 186
69.6 25.0 71.4 7.1 3.6 56
70.8 23.8 68.5 6.2 5.4 130
45.0 2.1 82.6 15.6 7.1 282
48.6 4.2 90.3 12.5 4.2 72
43.8 1.4 80.0 16.7 8.1 210
67.1 18.9 80.6 7.2 2.3 222
54.1 10.0 75.6 12.6 7.1 340
59.3 13.5 77.6 10.5 5.2 562
89.3
83.5
74.7
87.0
97.2
97.6
97.1
87.5
92.7
90.7
27.7
27.9
32.9
25.9
5.8
8.5
4.9
23.4
14.2
17.7
28.6
21.7
20.3
22.3
19.3
18.3
19.7
23.1
20.8
21.7
25.9 0.0 0.9
19.5 0.7 9.2
26.6 2.5 11.4
16.6 0.0 8.3
31.9 0.0 1.2
37.8 0.0 1.2
29.9 0.0 1.2
29.7 0.7 4.0
24.0 0.0 4.3
26.2 0.3 4.2
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
Blood-borne diseases that can be transferred through used needles Hepatitis C Tetanus HIV/AIDS Other Don’t know Number Ways to prevent the risk of infection from infected needles Do not share/reuse needles Use oral medications instead of injections when possible Ask provider to use a disposable syringe Purchase disposable syringe for the provider to use Other Don't Know Number
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Heard about blood-borne diseases transmitted through used needles
96.7
67.2
67.3
67.2
74.2
70.1
75.7
Number
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
79.0 338
71.8 570
74.4 908
Blood-borne diseases that can be transferred through used needles Hepatitis C Tetanus HIV/AIDS Other Don’t know
77.3 3.4 86.6 2.5 0.8
82.0 22.5 92.2 4.9 0.4
84.8 21.2 95.5 1.5 0.0
80.9 23.0 91.0 6.2 0.6
55.6 1.3 93.9 13.4 1.6
65.9 1.2 96.3 8.5 1.2
51.9 1.3 93.1 15.2 1.7
75.7 7.1 91.8 4.1 0.7
64.5 10.8 92.2 11.2 1.2
68.9 9.3 92.0 8.4 1.0
119
244
66
178
313
82
231
267
409
676
88.6
80.2
88.8
77.0
71.8
66.7
73.8
81.1
75.3
77.4
26.0
43.3
55.1
38.9
1.4
1.7
1.3
26.0
18.8
21.5
28.5
31.4
32.7
30.9
16.6
10.3
19.0
23.4
24.6
24.1
15.4 0.0 0.0
37.7 0.0 2.5
37.8 0.0 1.0
37.7 0.0 3.0
83.9 0.5 2.1
82.1 1.7 4.3
84.6 0.0 1.3
45.0 0.6 1.8
62.8 0.0 2.1
56.2 0.2 2.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Number Ways to prevent the risk of infection from infected needles Do not share/reuse needles Use oral medications instead of injections when possible Ask provider to use a disposable syringe Purchase disposable syringe for the provider to use Other Don't Know Number
77
All interviewed respondents were asked about how a person can avoid the risk of infection from infected needles. Ninety-one percent of never-married female youth and 86% of women and husbands mentioned that the person should not share or reuse needles, compared to only 77% of never-married male youth. Additionally, 29% of husbands, 25% of women, 24% of never-married male youth, and 22% of never-married female youth mentioned that the person can ask the provider to use a disposable syringe. Purchasing disposable syringes for the provider to use was mentioned by 56% of never-married male youth, 34% of husbands, 26% of never-married female youth, and 19% of women. Eighty-five percent of never-married male youth from rural Upper Egypt mentioned this compared with only 15% of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates. Slightly less than one-third of husbands mentioned that the person can use oral medications instead of injections.
5.3.2
Intentions toward safe injection practices
Respondents were read statements to assess their intentions with respect to safe injection practices. The responses were presented on a scale of 1-5 (very unlikely, unlikely, somewhat likely, likely, and very likely). During the analysis stage, the responses were recoded into three categories; likely, unlikely and somewhat likely. Results are presented in Table 5.8 for women and husbands and in Table 5.8a for never-married female and male youth. The first statement in both tables asked respondents about the likelihood of asking the medical service provider to use a disposable syringe, while the second statement asked about the likelihood of asking the medical service provider to properly dispose of the needles/syringes. Almost all respondents mentioned that they are likely to ask the medical provider to use a disposable syringe (97% of never-married male youth, 96% of husbands and never-married female youth, and 95% of women), with slight differences among regions. All never-married male youth from Urban Governorates are likely to ask the medical provider to use a disposable syringe compared with 94% of never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt. Respondents were also asked about the likelihood of asking the medical service provider to properly dispose of the needles/syringes. Results show that about three-quarter or more of respondents are likely to do so (81% of husband, 89% of never-married male youth, 74% of women, and 80% of never-married female youth). Results vary across regions, where, 91% of women from urban Lower Egypt are likely to ask medical service provider to properly dispose of the needles/syringes compared to 50% of women in rural Upper Egypt. Additionally, husbands and never-married male youth from Urban Governorates are more likely to ask medical service provider to properly dispose of the needles/syringes than those in other regions.
78
Table 5.8 Intentions toward Safe Injection Practices among women and husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands by their intentions toward safe injection practices, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Intentions toward Safe Injection Practices
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Govern Urban Rural Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper norates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to use a disposable syringe Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean
97.9 0.0 0.5 4.9
93.1 3.4 1.3 4.8
95.7 4.3 0.0 4.8
92.3 3.2 1.7 4.8
95.6 1.0 2.6 4.9
97.3 1.3 1.3 4.9
95.0 0.9 3.1 4.8
97.1 1.7 0.6 4.9
93.6 2.0 2.4 4.8
94.8 1.9 1.8 4.8
Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to dispose of the needles/syringes properly Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean
88.9 2.1 7.9 4.6
86.4 7.0 3.9 4.6
90.8 4.3 4.3 4.7
85.1 7.9 3.8 4.5
55.8 29.7 10.4 3.5
72.5 18.8 5.4 4.1
50.4 33.2 12.0 3.3
84.4 7.9 6.0 4.5
68.0 20.4 7.9 3.9
73.6 16.1 7.2 4.1
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
HUSBANDS Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to use a disposable syringe Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to dispose of the needles/syringes properly Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean Number of husbands
97.1 0.6 1.1 4.9
96.2 1.5 1.3 4.7
98.5 0.0 1.5 4.8
95.4 1.9 1.2 4.7
96.1 0.2 2.4 4.9
96.1 0.0 2.3 4.9
96.0 0.2 2.5 4.9
97.3 0.2 1.6 4.9
95.7 1.1 1.8 4.8
96.3 0.8 1.8 4.8
95.4 0.0 4.6 4.8 175
85.4 3.8 8.4 4.5 547
84.2 1.5 12.0 4.5 133
85.7 4.6 7.2 4.5 414
71.2 20.2 5.6 4.0 534
78.3 13.2 4.7 4.3 129
68.9 22.5 5.9 3.9 405
87.0 4.3 6.9 4.6 437
77.4 13.4 6.6 4.2 819
80.7 10.3 6.7 4.3 1,256
79
Table 5.8a Intentions toward Safe Injection Practices among youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth by their intentions toward safe injection practices, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Intentions toward Safe Injection Practices
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to use a disposable syringe Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean
96.4 0.9 1.8 4.9
93.0 4.4 0.7 4.8
91.1 3.8 2.5 4.8
93.8 4.7 0.0 4.7
98.5 0.9 0.3 4.9
98.8 1.2 0.0 4.9
98.4 0.8 0.4 4.9
95.6 1.8 1.5 4.9
96.3 2.5 0.2 4.8
96.1 2.3 0.7 4.9
Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to dispose of the needles/syringes properly Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean
90.2 2.7 7.1 4.7
88.6 6.3 3.7 4.6
92.4 5.1 2.5 4.8
87.0 6.7 4.1 4.5
69.3 17.2 10.1 4.0
73.2 13.4 9.8 4.2
68.0 18.4 10.2 4.0
85.7 6.6 6.6 4.6
76.4 13.3 7.6 4.2
80.0 10.7 7.2 4.3
Number
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to use a disposable syringe Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.9
96.4 0.6 1.7 4.8
96.9 0.0 2.0 4.8
96.2 0.8 1.5 4.8
97.2 0.0 1.2 4.9
94.0 0.0 2.6 4.9
98.4 0.0 0.7 5.0
97.0 0.0 1.5 4.9
97.4 0.4 1.1 4.9
97.2 0.2 1.2 4.9
Likelihood of asking the medical service provider to dispose of the needles/syringes properly Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Mean
95.1 0.8 3.3 4.8
84.8 1.4 11.0 4.5
82.7 1.0 14.3 4.4
85.7 1.5 9.8 4.6
91.2 2.4 3.1 4.7
89.7 3.4 3.4 4.6
91.8 2.0 3.0 4.7
89.6 1.8 6.5 4.6
88.9 1.8 6.1 4.6
89.2 1.8 6.3 4.6
Number
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
5.3.3
Safe injection Behaviors
Respondents were asked about safe injection behaviors they have engaged in. The results are shown in Tables 5.9 through 5.9c for women, husbands, never-married female and male youth by region and urban-rural residence. Women were asked if they had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe. Results show that only around one-fifth of women had done so. Thirty-five percent of women from rural Lower Egypt had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe compared to only 6% of women from urban Upper Egypt. Additionally, 71% of women did not ask the service provider to use a disposable syringe, and 8% brought their own disposable syringe. It is worth mentioning that 13% of women from rural Lower Egypt bring their own disposable syringe compared to only less than one percent of women from Urban Governorates. When women were asked whether they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the 12 months preceding the survey, slightly more than one-third of women mentioned that they
80
purchased or obtained syringes for use at home with the percentage ranging from 43% in urban Lower Egypt to 32% in Urban Governorates. Slightly less than two-thirds of women (63%) mentioned that they did not purchase or obtain syringes for use at home. Women, who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the last 12 months, were asked whether they or any of their children reused a syringe during the specified period. About one-quarter of those women who purchased syringes for use at home mentioned that they reused a syringe by themselves during the last 12 months with differences between regions. Thirty-five percent of women from rural Lower Egypt reused a syringe compared to 12% of women from Urban Governorates. Only 5% of women who purchased syringes to use at home mentioned that one of their children reused a syringe during this period, with none of women from Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt mentioning this. Additionally, 72% of women who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home mentioned that they had never reused a syringe. Additionally, women who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the last 12 months, were asked about the methods of disposal of syringe. Eighty-two percent of women mentioned that they threw the syringe in the garbage, with the percentage ranging from 98% of women in urban Upper Egypt to 67% among women in rural Lower Egypt. Also, 52% of women mentioned that they destroyed the needle so that it cannot be used again. Looking at differentials by region, two-thirds of women from Urban Governorates mentioned this method compared to 35% of women from urban Upper Egypt. Few percentage of women mentioned that they threw the syringe away in a secure place (17%), with the highest percentage found among women in Urban Governorates (37%). Table 5.9 Women’s Safe Injection Practices Percentage of ever-married women by practices related to safe injection and percentage purchased or obtained syringes for use at home. And among those who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home, percentage that have reused a syringe and who mentioned methods of disposal of syringe, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower orates Egypt Egypt Ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe Yes No Brings her own disposable syringe Ever purchased or obtained syringes for use at home Yes No Don't Know Number of women Ever reused a syringe Yes, respondent Yes, one of her children No Method of disposal of syringe Destroy the needle so that it cannot be used again Throw it away in a secure place Throw it in the garbage Don't Know Number
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
11.1 88.4
33.6 54.1
30.5 59.6
34.5 52.5
10.4 83.0
6.0 86.6
11.8 81.9
15.2 79.4
23.3 67.0
20.5 71.2
0.5
12.3
9.9
13.0
6.6
7.4
6.3
5.4
9.7
8.2
31.6 68.4 0.0 190
39.3 60.3 0.3 610
42.6 57.4 0.0 141
38.4 61.2 0.4 469
35.9 63.9 0.2 607
34.9 64.4 0.7 149
36.2 63.8 0.0 458
35.8 64.0 0.2 480
37.3 62.5 0.2 927
36.8 63.0 0.2 1,407
11.7 0.0 88.3
32.5 2.5 65.0
25.0 0.0 75.0
35.0 3.3 61.7
16.1 8.7 75.2
13.5 15.4 71.2
16.9 6.6 76.5
16.9 4.7 78.5
26.3 4.9 68.8
23.2 4.8 72.0
66.7
59.6
53.3
61.7
39.4
34.6
41.0
52.3
51.7
51.9
36.7 86.7 0.0 60
22.5 67.9 0.0 240
20.0 71.7 0.0 60
23.3 66.7 0.0 180
6.0 95.0 0.0 218
1.9 98.1 0.0 52
7.2 94.0 0.0 166
20.3 84.9 0.0 172
15.6 79.8 0.0 346
17.2 81.5 0.0 518
81
Husbands, like their wives, were asked a series of questions to investigate their safe injection practices (Table 5.9a). Husbands were first asked if they had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe. As shown in Table 5.9a, only 14% of husbands had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, with the percentage ranging from 21% among husbands in Urban Governorates and rural Lower Egypt to 5% among husbands in rural Upper Egypt. In addition, more than 8 out of 10 husbands had not asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, and 6% bring their own disposable syringe. None of the husbands from Urban Governorates bring their own disposable syringe compared to 11% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. Husbands were also asked if they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the 12 months preceding the survey. Slightly less than one-third of husbands mentioned that they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during this reference period with differences between regions. Thirty-seven percent of husbands from rural Lower Egypt purchased or obtained syringes for use at home compared to 24% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. Slightly more than two-thirds of husbands mentioned that they did not purchase or obtain syringes for use at home during the last 12 months. Husbands, who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home in the last 12 months, were asked if they or any of their children reused the syringe. Only 16% of husbands mentioned that they reused a syringe by themselves, with the highest percentage found in rural Lower Egypt (23%) and the lowest percentage found in urban Upper Egypt (8%). Only 3% of husbands who purchased syringes to be used at home mentioned that any of their children reused the syringe. Additionally, more than 80% of husbands who purchased syringes for use at home mentioned that they did not reuse the syringe. Husbands who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home in the 12 months preceding the survey were asked about methods of disposal of syringe, 90% of those husbands mentioned that they threw the syringe in the garbage, with the percentage ranging from 97% of husbands in Upper Egypt to 83% of husbands in rural Lower Egypt. Slightly more than one-third of husbands mentioned that they destroyed the needle so that it cannot be used again, with the percentage ranging from 66% among husbands in Urban Governorates to 22% among husbands in urban Upper Egypt. About 3 in 10 husbands mentioned that they threw the syringe away in a secure place, with large differences between regions. Sixty-three percent of husbands from urban Lower Egypt mentioned this method compared to only 3% of husbands from Upper Egypt.
82
Table 5.9a Husband’s Safe Injection Practices Percentage of husbands by practices related to safe injection and percentage that purchased or obtained syringes for use at home. And among those who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home, percentage that have reused a syringe and who mentioned methods of disposal of syringe, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Urban Lower Lower norates Egypt Egypt Ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe Yes No Brings his own disposable syringe Ever purchased or obtained syringes for use at home Yes No Don't Know
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
21.1 78.9
20.1 76.4
16.5 81.2
21.3 74.9
5.2 84.5
7.0 83.7
4.7 84.7
15.6 81.0
13.1 79.7
13.9 80.2
0.0
3.5
2.3
3.9
10.3
9.3
10.6
3.4
7.2
5.9
34.9 65.1 0.0
35.3 63.4 1.3
28.6 71.4 0.0
37.4 60.9 1.7
25.5 74.5 0.0
28.7 71.3 0.0
24.4 75.6 0.0
31.1 68.9 0.0
31.0 68.1 0.9
31.1 68.4 0.6
Number Ever reused a syringe Yes, respondent Yes, one of his children No
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
13.1
21.8
15.8
23.2
8.8
8.1
9.1
12.5
17.7
15.9
1.6 85.2
3.1 75.1
0.0 84.2
3.9 72.9
2.2 89.0
2.7 89.2
2.0 88.9
1.5 86.0
3.1 79.1
2.6 81.5
Method of disposal of syringe Destroy the needle so that it cannot be used again Throw it away in a secure place Throw it in the garbage Don't Know
65.6
40.9
36.8
41.9
22.8
21.6
23.2
45.6
34.6
38.5
18.0 93.4 0.0 61
49.2 84.5 0.0 193
63.2 92.1 0.0 38
45.8 82.6 0.0 155
2.9 97.1 0.7 136
2.7 97.3 2.7 37
3.0 97.0 0.0 99
26.5 94.1 0.7 136
29.1 88.2 0.0 254
28.2 90.3 0.3 390
Number
Never-married female youth were asked the same series of questions to investigate their safe injection practices (Table 5.9b). Never-married female youth were asked if they had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe. As shown in Table 5.9b, only 17% of never-married female youth had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, with differences between regions. Around one-third of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt mentioned that they had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe compared to only 5% of never-married female youth from urban Upper Egypt. Additionally, about threequarters of never-married female youth reported that they had not asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, and only 7% bring their own disposable syringe. Like husbands, none of the never-married female youth from Urban Governorates bring their own disposable syringe compared to 11% of never-married female youth from rural Upper Egypt. Also, when never-married female youth were asked if they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the 12 months preceding the survey, around one-quarter mentioned that they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during this period (26%) with minor differences between regions. Almost three-quarter of never-married female youth mentioned that they did not purchase or obtain syringes for use at home.
83
Never-married female youth who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the 12 months preceding the survey were asked if they reused the syringe. About one-fifth of those female youth mentioned that they reused a syringe, with differences between regions. Thirty percent of never-married female youth from rural Lower Egypt reported reusing a syringe compared to 5% in urban Upper Egypt. When never-married female youth who purchased syringes for use at home were asked about methods of disposal of syringes, 83% mentioned that they threw the syringe in the garbage, with differences between regions. All never-married female youth from urban Upper Egypt mentioned this method, compared to only 55% of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt. Fifty-six percent of never-married female youth mentioned that they destroyed the needle so that it cannot be used again, with the percentage ranging from 88% among never-married female youth in Urban Governorates to 33% among never-married female youth in urban Upper Egypt. Around one-quarter of never-married female youth mentioned that they threw the syringe away in a secure place, with very high differences between regions. Forty-one percent of never-married female youth in Urban Governorates mentioned this method, while none of never-married female youth in urban Upper Egypt mentioned it. Table 5.9b Safe Injection Practices among never married female youth Percentage of never-married female youth by practices related to safe injection and percentage that purchased or obtained syringes for use at home. And among those who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home, percentage that have reused a syringe and who mentioned methods of disposal of syringe, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Urban Lower Lower norates Egypt Egypt Ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe Yes No Brings her own disposable syringe Ever purchased or obtained syringes for use at home Yes No Don't Know Number Ever reused a syringe Yes Method of disposal of syringe Destroy the needle so that it cannot be used again Throw it away in a secure place Throw it in the garbage Number
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
14.3 85.7
30.1 63.6
34.2 58.2
28.5 65.8
6.7 83.1
4.9 87.8
7.4 81.6
17.2 78.4
16.7 74.6
16.9 76.1
0.0
6.3
7.6
5.7
10.1
7.3
11.1
4.4
8.7
7.0
28.6 71.4 0.0
27.9 71.0 1.1
27.8 70.9 1.3
28.0 71.0 1.0
23.6 76.4 0.0
25.6 74.4 0.0
23.0 77.0 0.0
27.5 72.2 0.4
25.2 74.4 0.5
26.1 73.5 0.4
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
18.8
27.6
22.7
29.6
7.8
4.8
8.9
16.0
19.1
17.8
87.5
61.8
59.1
63.0
36.4
33.3
37.5
64.0
50.0
55.7
40.6 96.9
38.2 65.8
36.4 54.5
38.9 70.4
6.5 94.8
0.0 100.0
8.9 92.9
28.0 85.3
23.6 81.8
25.4 83.2
32
76
22
54
77
21
56
75
110
185
To investigate safe injection practices among never-married male youth, they were asked the same series of questions as the other respondents. Table 5.9c presents the results. When never-married male youth were asked if they had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, only
84
7% mentioned that they had ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, with the highest percentage found among never-married male youth in Urban Governorates (16%) and the lowest percentage found among male youth in urban Upper Egypt (1%). Additionally, 67% of never-married male youth reported that they had never asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe, with clear differences between regions. Eighty-five percent of never-married male youth from Lower Egypt mentioned that they had not asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe compared to 43% of those from rural Upper Egypt. One-quarter mentioned that they bring their own disposable syringe, with the highest percentage found among never-married male youth in rural Upper Egypt (55%) and the lowest percentage found among never-married male youth in Urban Governorates and Lower Egypt (4%). Table 5.9c Safe Injection Practices among never married male youth Percentage of never-married male youth by practices related to safe injection and percentage that purchased or obtained syringes for use at home. And among those who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home, percentage that have reused a syringe and who mentioned methods of disposal of syringe, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Urban Govern Lower Lower norates Egypt Egypt Ever asked the service provider to use a disposable syringe Yes No Brings her own disposable syringe
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
16.3 79.7
10.7 84.8
11.2 84.7
10.6 84.9
1.7 48.3
0.9 63.2
2.0 42.6
9.5 75.4
6.0 62.3
7.3 67.2
4.1
3.9
4.1
3.8
50.0
35.9
55.4
15.1
31.4
25.3
Ever purchased or obtained syringes for use at home Yes No Don't Know
30.1 69.9 0.0
27.8 70.5 1.7
20.4 79.6 0.0
30.6 67.2 2.3
15.6 83.4 0.9
10.3 89.7 0.0
17.7 81.0 1.3
20.4 79.6 0.0
23.7 74.6 1.8
22.5 76.4 1.1
Number
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Ever reused a syringe Yes
37.8
14.9
10.0
16.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
23.2
9.6
14.2
51.4
29.7
20.0
32.1
21.2
33.3
18.5
39.1
26.7
30.9
0.0 97.3 0.0 37
59.4 88.1 0.0 101
75.0 80.0 0.0 20
55.6 90.1 0.0 81
0.0 100.0 0.0 66
0.0 100.0 0.0 12
0.0 100.0 0.0 54
21.7 92.8 0.0 69
33.3 94.1 0.0 135
29.4 93.6 0.0 204
Method of disposal of syringe Destroy the needle so that it cannot be used again Throw it away in a secure place Throw it in the garbage Don't Know Number
Never-married male youth were asked if they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the 12 months preceding the survey. Slightly less than one-quarter (23%) mentioned that they purchased or obtained syringes for use at home with the percentage ranging from 31% among never-married male youth in rural Lower Egypt to 10% among those in urban Upper Egypt. Slightly more than three-quarters of never-married male youth mentioned that they did not purchase or obtain syringes for use at home. Never-married male youth who purchased or obtained syringes for use at home during the last 12 months were asked if they reused the syringe. Only 14% of never-married male youth mentioned that they reused the syringe by themselves with very large variations between regions. Thirty-eight 85
percent of male youth who purchased syringes to be used at home from Urban Governorates mentioned that they reused the syringe, while none from Upper Egypt had done so. When never-married male youth were asked about methods of disposal of syringe, 94% of them mentioned that they threw the syringe in the garbage, with all never-married male youth from Upper Egypt mentioning this method compared to 80% of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt. Slightly less than one-third of never-married male youth who purchased syringes for use at home mentioned that they destroyed the needle so that it cannot be used again, with very clear differences between regions. Around half of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates mentioned this method compared to 19% of never-married male youth in rural Upper Egypt. Twenty-nine percent of never-married male youth mentioned that they threw the syringe away in a secure place, with very large differences between regions. Seventy-five percent of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt mentioned this method, while none of those in Urban Governorates and Upper Egypt mentioned it
86
HEALTHY LIFESTYLES AND PASSIVE SMOKING
6
Promoting healthy lifestyles is one of the main objectives of the CHL program. The program aims to increase demand for health services and to stimulate the adoption of healthy behaviors and lifestyles. Keeping in mind this objective, the 2005 EHCS collected information about attitudes and practices related to healthy lifestyles. Additionally, the survey collected information about hand washing, smoking, and passive smoking.
6.1
Hand Washing Practices
The questionnaire included questions for respondents about their hand washing habits. Respondents were asked about whether they had washed their hands with soap the day of the survey or the day before as well as the timing of washing their hands. Results for women and husbands are shown in Table 6.1 and for never-married female and male youth in Table 6.1a. Additionally, Figure 6.1 shows the percentage of respondents who wash their hands by place of residence. Fig 6.1 Percentage who Wash Hands with Soap 99
99
95
99
99 90
90
88
Urban Rural
Wom en
Husban ds
Ne ver-married fem ale you th
Ne ve r-m arrie d male you th
Overall, almost all women and never-married female youth washed their hands with soap compared to 92% of husbands and 89% of never-married male youth. Variations between regions exist for husbands and never-married male youth. All never-married male youth from Urban Governorates and almost all husbands from urban Lower Egypt and Urban Governorates wash their hands with soap compared to only 79 of never-married male youth and 83% of husbands from urban Upper Egypt. Respondents who reported washing their hands with soap were asked when they tend to do so. Overall, 97% of never-married female youth, 96% of women, 95% of never-married male youth, and 94% of husbands wash their hands after eating, with slight differences between regions. For example, all never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt wash their hands after eating compared to 91% of never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt. In general, respondents from urban areas were more likely to wash their hands after eating than respondents from rural areas. The percentage of respondents who reported washing hands before eating is lower than percentage reporting doing so after eating. Overall, 85% of never-married female youth, 84% of women, 82% of never-married male youth, and 80% of husbands wash their hands before eating. Ninety-six percent of husbands from Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt wash their hands before eating compared to 65% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. Generally, respondents from Upper Egypt were the least likely to wash their hands before eating.
87
Table 6.1 Hand washing practices (Women and Husbands) Percentage distribution of ever-married women and husbands by their hand washing practices, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Urban Lower Lower Governorates Egypt Egypt
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Using soap today or yesterday in washing hands Yes No Don’t wash hands with soap
98.9 1.1
98.9 1.1
100.0 0.0
98.5 1.5
99.5 0.5
99.3 0.7
99.6 0.4
99.4 0.6
99.0 1.0
99.1 0.7
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
Washes hand When waking up in the morning Before eating After eating After using the bathroom Before preparing food After feeding children
97.4 93.7 98.4 99.5 94.2 52.1
96.9 90.7 93.4 92.5 91.5 53.4
97.9 95.7 97.9 97.2 97.2 47.5
96.6 89.1 92.1 91.0 89.8 55.2
94.2 74.8 97.5 92.8 78.7 50.6
96.0 86.6 99.3 93.3 85.9 51.0
93.7 71.0 96.9 92.6 76.4 50.4
97.1 92.1 98.5 96.9 92.5 50.4
95.1 80.2 94.5 91.8 83.2 52.9
95.8 84.2 95.9 93.5 86.4 52.0
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
HUSBANDS Using soap today or yesterday in washing hands Yes No Don’t wash hands with soap
99.4 0.6
95.4 4.6
99.2 0.8
94.2 5.8
85.6 14.4
82.9 17.1
86.4 13.6
94.5 5.5
90.4 9.6
91.8 8.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
Washes hand When waking up in the morning Before eating After eating After using the bathroom
99.4 96.0 99.4 99.4
97.6 89.6 92.7 89.8
100.0 96.2 97.0 96.2
96.9 87.4 91.3 87.7
75.7 65.7 92.5 90.6
77.5 69.0 91.5 93.0
75.1 64.7 92.8 89.9
93.1 88.1 96.3 96.6
86.1 76.2 92.1 88.8
88.5 80.3 93.6 91.5
Number of husbands
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
More than 90% of all respondents (96% of never-married female youth, 94% of women and nevermarried male youth, and 92% of husbands) wash their hands after using the bathroom with slight differences between regions. Respondents from urban areas are more likely to do this than respondents from rural areas. It is worth mentioning that all never-married female youth from urban areas wash their hands after using the bathroom. Respondents also mentioned that they wash their hands when waking up in the morning, with some differences between the different groups. More than 95% of women and never-married female youth reported that they wash their hands when waking up in the morning compared to 89% of husbands and only 74% of never-married male youth. All never-married male youth from Urban Governorates wash their hands in the morning compared to only 45% of those from rural Upper Egypt. Among never-married male youth, these practices vary by place of residence. While 85% of never married males from urban areas wash their hands when waking up in the morning, only two-thirds from rural areas do.
88
Eighty-six percent of women and never-married female youth wash their hands before preparing food compared to 54% of never-married male youth and none of husbands. Women and nevermarried female youth from urban Lower Egypt are more likely than those from other regions to do that. Women are the only group of respondents who wash their hands after feeding their children, with more than half of women doing this practice. Table 6.1a Hand washing practices (never-married female and male youth) Percentage distribution of never-married female and male youth by their hand washing practices, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Using soap today or yesterday in washing hands Yes No Washes hand When waking up in the morning Before eating After eating After using the bathroom Before preparing food Number of nevermarried female youth
98.2 1.8
98.9 1.1
100.0 0.0
98.4 1.6
99.1 0.9
100.0 0.0
98.8 1.2
99.3 0.7
98.6 1.4
98.9 1.1
97.3 96.4 100.0
97.8 93.8 94.1
100.0 98.7 100.0
96.9 91.7 91.7
92.3 73.6 97.9
95.1 80.5 98.8
91.4 71.3 97.5
97.4 92.3 99.6
93.8 80.3 95.0
95.2 84.9 96.8
100.0 92.0
94.5 90.1
100.0 98.7
92.2 86.5
94.8 81.0
100.0 84.1
93.0 79.9
100.0 91.6
92.7 82.8
95.5 86.2
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Using soap today or yesterday in washing hands Yes No Don’t wash hands with soap Washes hand When waking up in the morning Before eating After eating After using the bathroom Before preparing food Number of nevermarried male youth
100.0 0.0
92.3 7.7
91.8 8.2
92.5 7.5
83.2 16.4
78.6 21.4
84.9 14.4
90.2 9.8
88.4 11.2
89.1 10.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.1
100.0 90.2 99.2
94.8 89.5 95.3
98.0 93.9 100.0
93.6 87.9 93.6
48.1 73.7 93.4
57.3 70.1 90.6
44.6 75.1 94.4
84.6 84.3 96.4
67.4 81.1 94.0
73.8 82.3 94.9
97.6 60.2
93.9 42.7
98.0 53.1
92.5 38.9
92.2 61.4
91.5 45.3
92.5 67.5
95.6 53.0
92.5 54.2
93.6 53.7
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
89
6.2
Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Perceptions Related to Smoking
Practices related to smoking Respondents were asked about smoking and smoking practices. Tables 6.2 and 6.2a show practices related to smoking for women, husbands, and never-married male youth. As shown in Table 6.2, only less than one percent of women smoke any kind of smoke, with the percentage ranging from 2% among women in Urban Governorates to 0% of the women in urban Lower Egypt. Data for the type of products smoked by women who smoke is not shown in the table because a very few number of women smoke. Husbands’ smoking practices are also shown in Table 6.2. Data show that 55% of husbands smoke, with the highest percentage found in Urban Governorates (65%), and the lowest percentage in rural Lower Egypt (48%). Husbands who smoke were asked about the kind of smoking. Overall, 83% of husbands smoke cigarettes, 22 smoke water pipe “Shisha”, and less than one percent smoke rolled cigarettes, with variations between regions. Among husbands who smoke, 92% from Urban Governorates smoke cigarettes compared to around three-quarters of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. The mean number for smoke cigarettes was 19.8 cigarettes per day. The percentage of husbands who smoke water pipe “Shisha” ranged from 25% among husbands in rural Lower Egypt and rural Upper Egypt to 10% of husbands in urban Upper Egypt. Table 6.2 Practices related to smoking (women and husbands) Percentage of ever-married women and husband who smoke and percentage who smoke specific products, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Smoke cigarettes or "measel" or other
2.1
0.5
0.0
0.6
0.3
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.4
0.6
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
HUSBANDS Smoke cigarettes or "measel" or other Number of husbands Type of products Smoke cigarettes Mean no of smoked cigarettes per day Smoke rolled cigarettes Mean no of rolled smoked cigarettes per day Pipe Water pipe "Shisha" Other Number of husbands who smoke
64.6
48.4
52.6
47.1
59.0
55.0
60.2
58.1
53.6
55.2
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
92.0
84.2
91.4
81.5
79.7
91.5
76.2
91.7
78.6
83.4
18.4 0.9
18.7 0.8
20.6 0.0
17.9 1.0
21.2 0.0
21.6 0.0
21.1 0.0
19.9 0.4
19.7 0.5
19.8 0.4
10.0 2.7 23.9 0.0
12.5 0.0 21.5 0.0
0.0 11.4 0.0
12.5 0.0 25.1 0.0
0.0 21.6 2.2
0.0 9.9 0.0
0.0 25.0 2.9
10.0 1.2 16.5 0.0
12.5 0.0 25.1 1.6
11.7 0.4 21.9 1.0
113
265
70
195
315
71
244
254
439
693
Table 6.2a shows never-married male youth practices related to smoking. It has to be noted that none of the never-married female youth smoke, with all never-married female youth from all regions not smoking. Regarding never-married male youth, Table 6.2a shows that around one-quarter of never-married male youth smoke, with minor variations between regions. Those who smoke were asked about the type of products they smoke. Among never-married male youth cigarette smoking is most common
90
(89%), followed by water pipe “Shisha” (15%). Additionally, none of never-married male youth smoke rolled cigarettes or a pipe and only 2% smoke other products. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 19.2. Water pipe “Shisha” smoking varies by region. About onethird of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates smoke “Shisha”, compared to 6% of those from urban Upper Egypt. Table 6.2a Practices related to smoking (never-married female and male youth) Percentage of never-married male youth who smoke, and percentage who smoke specific products, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Gover- Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper norates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Smoke cigarettes or "measel" or other Number of never-married male youth Type of products Smoke cigarettes Mean no of smoked cigarettes per day Water pipe "Shisha" Other Number of never-married male youth who smoke
27.6
25.1
29.6
23.4
25.8
27.4
25.2
28.1
24.4
25.8
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
94.1
94.5
93.1
95.2
83.5
96.9
77.9
94.7
85.6
89.3
20.0 32.4 0.0
19.1 8.8 0.0
20.6 13.8 0.0
18.4 6.5 0.0
19.0 13.8 4.6
18.3 6.3 0.0
19.4 16.9 6.5
19.6 17.9 0.0
18.9 12.2 3.6
19.2 14.5 2.1
34
91
29
62
109
32
77
95
139
234
Attitudes toward smoking Respondents were read a set of four statements about smoking to assess their attitudes toward smoking. Respondents’ agreement with the statement was presented on a scale of 1-5 (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree). For the purpose of the analysis, responses were regrouped into three categories: agree, disagree, and neutral. Results are presented in Tables 6.3 through 6.3c for women, husbands, never-married female youth, and never-married male youth. Women attitude towards smoking As mentioned above, women were asked a set of four statements to assess their attitudes toward smoking. As shown in Table 6.3, there is a universal agreement across the different regions that smoking endangers the health of smokers with a mean score of 4.9 with almost no variation by region.
91
Table 6.3 Women Attitude towards Smoking Percentage distribution of ever-married women by their attitudes toward smoking, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Smoking endangers the health of smokers Agree Neutral Mean
100.0 0.0 5.0
99.7 0.3 4.8
99.3 0.7 4.9
99.8 0.2 4.8
100.0 0.0 4.9
100.0 0.0 4.9
100.0 0.0 4.9
99.8 0.2 4.9
99.9 0.1 4.8
99.9 0.1 4.9
Smoking endangers the health of people around smokers Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.9
98.4 0.8 0.8 4.7
98.6 0.7 0.7 4.8
98.3 0.9 0.9 4.7
99.7 0.2 0.2 4.8
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.7
99.6 0.2 0.2 4.8
99.6 0.2 0.2 4.8
98.9 0.5 0.5 4.7
99.1 0.4 0.4 4.8
Smoking reduces a person's ability to participate in sports Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
92.1 0.0 7.4 4.7
93.0 0.3 5.2 4.5
97.9 0.0 2.1 4.7
91.5 0.4 6.2 4.5
87.3 3.1 7.4 4.4
94.0 2.7 3.4 4.5
85.2 3.3 8.7 4.4
94.4 0.8 4.6 4.6
88.3 1.8 7.4 4.4
90.4 1.5 6.5 4.5
Creating a non smoking area in your home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to second hand smoke Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
91.6 0.0 8.4 4.7
93.4 0.2 5.6 4.6
97.9 0.7 1.4 4.7
92.1 0.0 6.8 4.6
86.8 5.3 6.6 4.3
89.9 4.7 5.4 4.3
85.8 5.5 7.0 4.3
92.9 1.7 5.4 4.6
89.0 2.7 6.9 4.4
90.3 2.3 6.4 4.5
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Women also agreed that smoking endangers the health of people around smokers (99%). Only less than one percent disagreed with this issue. The mean score for this statement was 4.8 ranging from 4.9 in Urban Governorates to 4.7 in rural Lower Egypt and urban Upper Egypt. When women were asked whether smoking reduces a person’s ability to participate in sports, 90% overall, with the highest percentage found among women in urban Lower Egypt (98%) and the lowest percentage in rural Upper Egypt (85%). Only 2% disagreed with this statement and 7% were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.5. Women were also asked whether creating a non-smoking area at home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to secondhand smoke. Overall, 90% of women agreed, with the percentage ranging from 98% in urban Lower Egypt to 86% in rural Upper Egypt. Additionally, only 2% of women disagreed with this statement and 6% were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 with the highest mean found in Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt (4.7) and the lowest mean found in Upper Egypt (4.3). Husbands' attitude towards smoking As shown in Table 6.3a, 96% of husbands agreed that smoking endangers the health of smokers, with all husbands from urban Lower Egypt agreeing with this statement compared to 92% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. Additionally, only 2% disagreed with the statement and 2%
92
were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.7 with almost no variation by different region. Husbands were also asked whether smoking endangers the health of people around smokers. Data showed that 93% of husbands agreed, with the highest agreement found among husbands in Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt (98%). Three percent of husbands disagreed with this issue and another three percent were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.5, ranging from 4.8 among husbands in Urban Governorates to 4.4 among those in rural Upper Egypt. Table 6.3a Husbands Attitude towards Smoking Percentage distribution of husbands by their attitudes toward smoking, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Attitude statements
Urban Governorates
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Smoking endangers the health of smokers Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
98.9 0.6 0.0 4.8
98.0 0.2 1.8 4.7
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.8
97.3 0.2 2.4 4.7
93.3 4.1 2.4 4.6
98.4 0.0 1.6 4.7
91.6 5.4 2.7 4.6
99.1 0.2 0.5 4.8
94.5 2.8 2.6 4.6
96.1 1.9 1.8 4.7
Smoking endangers the health of people around smokers Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
97.7 0.6 1.1 4.8
95.8 0.9 3.3 4.5
97.7 0.0 2.3 4.6
95.2 1.2 3.6 4.5
89.3 6.4 4.1 4.4
93.8 4.7 1.6 4.5
87.9 6.9 4.9 4.4
96.6 1.6 1.6 4.6
91.6 4.0 4.3 4.5
93.3 3.2 3.3 4.5
Smoking reduces a person's ability to participate in sports Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
93.7 0.0 5.7 4.7
93.8 1.1 4.0 4.5
96.2 0.0 3.8 4.5
93.0 1.4 4.1 4.5
77.5 11.8 9.4 4.0
87.6 9.3 3.1 4.2
74.3 12.6 11.4 4.0
92.7 2.7 4.3 4.5
83.8 7.0 7.7 4.2
86.9 5.5 6.5 4.3
91.4 0.6 6.9 4.7 175
90.7 1.3 7.1 4.4 547
92.5 0.8 6.0 4.5 133
90.1 1.4 7.5 4.4 414
78.3 9.7 10.1 4.1 534
82.2 8.5 8.5 4.2 129
77.0 10.1 10.6 4.1 405
89.0 3.0 7.1 4.5 437
83.6 5.7 9.0 4.2 819
85.5 4.8 8.4 4.3 1,256
Creating a non smoking area in your home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to second hand smoke Agree Disagree Neutral Mean Number of husbands
When husbands were asked whether smoking reduces a person’s ability to participate in sports, 87% agreed, with the highest percentage found in urban Lower Egypt (96%) and the lowest in rural Upper Egypt (74%). On the other hand, 6% of husbands disagreed with this statement and 7% were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.3, ranging from 4.7 in Urban Governorates to 4.0 in rural Upper Egypt. Husbands were also asked whether creating a non-smoking area at home would be an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to secondhand smoke. Eighty-six percent of husbands agreed with the percentage of agreement ranging from 93% in urban Lower Egypt to only 77% in rural Upper Egypt. Only 5% of husbands disagreed and 8% were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.3 with the highest mean found in Urban Governorates (4.7) and the lowest in rural Upper Egypt (4.1).
93
Never-married female youth attitude towards smoking Like the other respondents, never-married female youth were asked a set of four statements to assess their attitudes toward smoking. As shown in Table 6.3b, there is a universal agreement among never-married female youth that smoking endangers the health of smokers with a mean score of 4.9 with almost no variation between the different regions. Never-married female youth also universally agreed that smoking endangers the health of people around smokers. The mean score for this statement was 4.8, ranging from 4.9 among nevermarried female youth in Urban Governorates to 4.7 in urban Lower Egypt. Never-married female youth were also asked whether smoking reduces a person’s ability to participate in sports. Overall, 96% of never-married female youth agreed with this statement, with the highest percentage for never-married female youth in urban Lower Egypt (99%) and the lowest for never-married female youth in Urban Governorates (93%). The mean score for this statement was 4.7, with almost no variations of never-married female youth between regions. When never-married female youth were asked whether creating a non-smoking area at home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to secondhand smoke, 94% agreed, with slight variations across regions. All never-married female youth from Urban Governorates agreed with this statement compared to 91% of never-married female youth in rural Upper Egypt. Only 1% disagreed with this statement and 4% were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.6 with the highest mean found in Urban Governorates (4.9). Table 6.3b Never-married Female’s Attitudes towards Smoking Percentage distribution of never-married female youth by their attitudes toward smoking, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Smoking endangers the health of smokers Agree 100.0 Mean 5.0 Smoking endangers the health of people around smokers Agree 98.2 Disagree 0.0 Neutral 1.8 Mean 4.9 Smoking reduces a person's ability to participate in sports Agree 92.9 Disagree 0.0 Neutral 6.3 Mean 4.8 Creating a non smoking area in your home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to second hand smoke Agree 100.0 Disagree 0.0 Neutral 0.0 Mean 4.9 Number of never-married 112 female youth
100.0 4.8
100.0 4.8
100.0 4.8
100.0 4.9
100.0 5.0
100.0 4.9
100.0 100.0 4.9 4.9
100.0 4.9
99.6 0.0 0.0 4.8
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.7
99.5 0.0 0.0 4.8
99.4 0.0 0.6 4.9
98.8 0.0 1.2 4.8
99.6 0.0 0.4 4.9
98.9 0.0 1.1 4.8
99.5 0.0 0.2 4.8
99.3 0.0 0.6 4.8
96.7 0.4 2.2 4.6
98.7 0.0 1.3 4.6
95.9 0.5 2.6 4.7
95.4 0.9 2.5 4.6
96.3 0.0 3.7 4.7
95.1 1.2 2.0 4.6
95.6 0.0 4.0 4.7
95.4 0.9 2.3 4.6
95.5 0.6 3.0 4.7
94.5 0.4 4.8 4.6
98.7 0.0 1.3 4.6
92.7 0.5 6.2 4.6
92.3 2.8 4.3 4.5
95.1 2.4 2.4 4.5
91.4 2.9 4.9 4.5
98.2 0.7 1.1 4.7
92.0 1.8 5.5 4.5
94.4 1.4 3.8 4.6
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
94
Never-married male youth’s attitudes towards smoking There is universal agreement among never-married male youth that smoking endangers the health of smokers with a mean score of 4.8, ranging from 4.9 in rural Upper Egypt to 4.7 in Lower Egypt. When never-married male youth were asked whether smoking endangers the health of people around smokers about 98% agreed, with the highest level of agreement found among nevermarried male youth in urban Lower Egypt (100%) and the lowest level of agreement found among those in urban Upper Egypt (96%). The mean score for this statement was 4.7 with almost no variations between regions. Never-married male youth were also asked whether smoking reduces a person’s ability to participate in sports. Ninety-five percent of never-married male youth agreed, with the highest percentage in urban Lower Egypt and Urban Governorates (98%) and the lowest percentage in urban Upper Egypt (93%). The mean score for this statement was 4.5, with the highest score found in Urban Governorates (4.7). Never-married male youth were also asked whether creating a non-smoking area at home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to secondhand smoke. Overall, 94% agreed with this statement, with slight variations between regions. Ninety-six percent of never-married male youth from rural Upper Egypt agreed with this statement compared to 92% in urban Lower Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 with the highest mean found in Urban Governorates (4.7). Table 6.3c Never-married male’s Attitudes towards Smoking Percentage distribution of never-married male youth by their attitudes toward smoking, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Govern- Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Smoking endangers the health of smokers Agree Mean
99.2 4.8
100.0 4.7
100.0 4.7
100.0 4.7
99.8 4.8
99.1 4.8
100.0 4.9
99.4 4.8
100.0 4.8
99.8 4.8
Smoking endangers the health of people around smokers Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
99.2 0.0 0.0 4.8
98.1 0.0 1.9 4.6
100.0 0.0 0.0 4.6
97.4 0.0 2.6 4.6
96.7 1.2 1.9 4.7
95.7 1.7 1.7 4.6
97.0 1.0 2.0 4.7
98.2 0.6 0.6 4.7
97.2 0.5 2.3 4.7
97.6 0.6 1.7 4.7
Smoking reduces a person's ability to participate in sports Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
97.6 0.0 1.6 4.7
95.0 0.3 4.4 4.5
98.0 0.0 2.0 4.6
94.0 0.4 5.3 4.5
94.8 1.9 2.8 4.3
93.2 3.4 2.6 4.3
95.4 1.3 3.0 4.3
96.2 1.2 2.1 4.5
94.7 0.9 4.0 4.4
95.3 1.0 3.3 4.5
Creating a non smoking area in your home is an effective way to reduce the harmful effects of exposure to second hand smoke Agree Disagree Neutral Mean
93.5 0.0 4.9 4.7
92.3 1.1 5.0 4.5
91.8 0.0 5.1 4.5
92.5 1.5 4.9 4.5
96.0 0.7 2.6 4.4
94.9 0.9 2.6 4.3
96.4 0.7 2.6 4.4
93.5 0.3 4.1 4.5
94.6 1.1 3.7 4.4
94.2 0.8 3.9 4.5
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Number of never-married male youth
95
6.3
Attitudes toward Passive Smoking
Future attitudes toward passive smoking Respondents were asked about the likelihood of engaging in various smoking-related behaviors in the near future (during next month). The responses were measured on a 5-point scale ranging from very unlikely to very likely. During the analysis stage, the responses were recoded into three categories: likely, unlikely, and somewhat likely. Results are presented in Tables 6.4 through 6.4c for women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth. Women future attitude towards passive smoking Women who smoke were asked about the likelihood of not smoking in their home or in the presence of children. As shown in Table 6.2, less than one percent of women smoke, and thus their intentions are not presented due to the few number of cases. Table 6.4 Women’s Attitudes towards Passive Smoking Percentage distribution of ever-married women by the likelihood that they would engage in specific actions to prevent second hand smoke during the month following the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Will ask visitors not to smoke in your home/in the presence of children Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
60.4 21.4 17.6 187 3.6
63.9 21.8 14.0 609 3.7
69.5 16.3 14.2 141 3.9
62.2 23.5 13.9 468 3.6
21.9 53.6 23.7 604 2.3
38.1 39.5 21.8 147 2.8
16.6 58.2 24.3 457 2.2
56.2 25.5 17.9 475 3.4
39.7 40.6 19.0 925 2.9
45.3 35.5 18.6 1,400 3.1
Will create at least one "non smoking" area in your home Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
71.3 1.7 27.0 115 4.0
72.4 10.7 16.5 497 4.1
77.8 5.6 16.7 108 4.2
71.0 12.1 16.5 389 4.0
30.6 43.6 24.4 509 2.8
40.0 33.9 25.2 115 3.1
27.9 46.4 24.1 394 2.7
62.7 13.9 23.1 338 3.8
49.3 29.4 20.3 783 3.4
53.3 24.7 21.1 1,121 3.5
Women were also asked about the likelihood of asking visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children. Forty-five percent of women are likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children, with obvious differences between regions. Seventy percent of women from urban Lower Egypt reported the likelihood of doing so compared to only 17% of women from rural Upper Egypt. In addition, slightly more than one-third of women are unlikely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children with the highest percentage found among women in rural Upper Egypt. The mean socre for this statement was 3.1, with the highest mean found among women in urban Lower Egypt (3.9) and the lowest mean found among women in rural Upper Egypt (2.2). Women who do not have a nonsmoking area in their home were asked about the likelihood that they would create at least one such area in their home. Fifty-three percent of women reported it was likely that they would create at least one nonsmoking area in their home, 21% were somewhat likely, and one-quarter were unlikely with differences between regions. Seventy-eight percent of women from urban Lower Egypt are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home, while only 28% of women from rural Upper Egypt intend to do so. The mean score for this statement was 3.5 ranging from 4.2 in urban Lower Egypt to 2.7 in rural Upper Egypt.
96
Husbands’ attitudes towards passive smoking Table 6.4a shows that only 29% of husbands are likely to stop smoking in their home or in the presence of children, 35% are somewhat likely, and 35% are unlikely. Differences between regions are clear with respect to this issue. Forty-seven percent of husbands from Urban Governorates are likely to stop smoking in their home or in the presence of children compared to 21% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 2.9 with the highest mean found among husabnds in Urban Governorates (3.5) and the lowest mean found among husbands in rural Upper Egypt (2.6). Like women, 45% of husbands reported that they are likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children, with apparent differences between regions. Three-quarters of husbands from urban Lower Egypt are likely to do so compared to only 10% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. In addition, 39% of husbands are unlikely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children with the highest percentage found in rural Upper Egypt (74%). Only 16% of husbands are somewhat likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children. The mean score for this statement was 3.0, ranging from 3.8 in urban Lower Egypt and Urban Governorates to 2.0 in rural Upper Egypt. Husbands who do not have a nonsmoking area in their home were asked about the likelihood that they would create at least one such area in their home. Fifty-four percent of husbands reported that they are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home, 23% were somewhat likely, and another 23% were unlikely to do that. Seventy-nine percent of husbands from Urban Governorates are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home compared to 24% of husbands from urban Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 3.5 ranging from 4.2 in Urban Governorates to 2.8 in urban Upper Egypt. Table 6.4a Husbands’ Attitudes towards Passive Smoking Percentage distribution of husbands by the likelihood that they would engage in specific actions to prevent second hand smoke during the month following the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Urban Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Will stop smoking in your home/in the presence of children Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
46.8 16.2 33.3 111 3.5
29.3 28.6 41.0 266 3.1
27.1 30.0 42.9 70 3.0
30.1 28.1 40.3 196 3.1
22.3 46.5 29.3 314 2.6
25.4 39.4 32.4 71 2.8
21.4 48.6 28.4 243 2.6
35.3 26.6 35.7 252 3.2
25.3 39.4 33.7 439 2.8
28.9 34.7 34.4 691 2.9
Will ask visitors not to smoke in your home/in the presence of children Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
64.2 17.3 18.5 173 3.8
71.7 14.1 14.3 540 3.7
75.6 8.4 16.0 131 3.8
70.4 15.9 13.7 409 3.7
11.1 71.8 16.9 531 2.0
14.1 65.6 20.3 128 2.2
10.2 73.7 15.9 403 2.0
52.8 28.9 18.3 432 3.3
40.5 44.6 14.8 812 2.8
44.8 39.1 16.0 1,244 3.0
Will create at least one "non smoking" area in your home Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
78.6 2.7 17.9 112 4.2
73.6 6.8 19.3 383 3.9
73.6 2.2 24.2 91 3.8
73.6 8.2 17.8 292 3.9
29.1 43.2 27.4 405 2.9
23.7 37.6 38.7 93 2.8
30.8 44.9 24.0 312 2.9
59.8 13.5 26.4 296 3.7
51.5 27.2 21.0 604 3.4
54.2 22.7 22.8 900 3.5
97
Never-married female youth’s attitudes towards passive smoking Never-married female youth who smoke were asked about the likelihood of not smoking in their home or in the presence of children. Due to the fact that only one never-married female youth smoke data will not be analyzed for this statement. Never-married female youth were also asked about the likelihood of asking visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children. Thirty-eight percent of never-married female youth reported that they are likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children, with clear differences between regions. Seventy-three percent of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt are likely to do so compared to only 14% of those from rural Upper Egypt. In addition, 41% of never-married female youth are unlikely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children with the highest percentage found among those in rural Upper Egypt. Only one-fifth of never-married female youth are somewhat likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children. The mean socre for this statement was 2.9, ranging from 3.9 in urban Lower Egypt to 2.0 in rural Upper Egypt. Like other respondnets, never-married female youth who do not have a nonsmoking area in their home were asked about the likelihood of creating at least one such area in their home. Half of them reported that they are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home, 24% are somewhat likely, and another 24% are unlikely. Eighty-one percent of never-married female youth from urban Lower Egypt are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home compared to one-quarter of those from rural Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 3.4, with the highest mean in urban Lower Egypt (4.3) and the lowest mean in rural Upper Egypt (2.7). Table 6.4b Never-married female youth’s Attitudes toward Passive Smoking Percentage distribution of never-married female youth by the likelihood that they would engage in specific actions to prevent second hand smoke during the month following the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Will ask visitors not to smoke in your home/in the presence of children Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
53.6 12.5 33.9 112 3.6
60.1 22.9 16.6 271 3.6
73.4 12.7 12.7 79 3.9
54.7 27.1 18.2 192 3.4
14.6 65.9 18.9 323 2.1
15.9 58.5 24.4 82 2.3
14.1 68.5 17.0 241 2.0
48.0 26.4 24.9 273 3.3
32.1 50.1 17.6 433 2.7
38.2 40.9 20.4 706 2.9
Will create at least one "non smoking" area in your home Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
74.7 1.3 22.7 75 4.1
72.0 6.6 20.9 211 4.1
80.6 1.6 16.1 62 4.3
68.5 8.7 22.8 149 4.0
27.1 43.7 26.0 277 2.7
35.4 35.4 27.7 65 3.0
24.5 46.2 25.5 212 2.7
63.9 12.4 22.3 202 3.8
42.7 30.7 24.4 361 3.2
50.3 24.2 23.6 563 3.4
Never-married male youth’s attitudes towards passive smoking Never-married male youth were the group least likely not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children, with 28% of never-married male youth reporting that they are likely to stop smoking in their home or in the presence of children. Half of never-married male youth from Urban Governorates are likely to do so compared to 16% of those from urban Upper Egypt. In addition, 41% are somewhat likely to stop smoking in their home or in the presence of children, and 31% are unlikely to do so. The mean score for this statement was 3.0 with the highest mean found among never-married male youth in Urban Governorates (3.5) and the lowest mean found
98
among those in urban Upper Egypt (2.3). Never-married male youth were also asked about the likelihood of asking visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children. Slightly less than half of never-married male youth reported that they are likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children, with very high differences between regions. About 8 in 10 never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt are likely to do so compared to only 18% of those from urban Upper Egypt. In addition, 37% of never-married male youth are unlikely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children and only 14% are somewhat likely to ask visitors not to smoke in their home or in the presence of children. The mean score for this statement was 3.1, ranging from 4.1 in Urban Governorates to 2.2 in urban Upper Egypt. Never-married male youth who do not have a nonsmoking area in their home were also asked about the likelihood to create at least one such area in their home. Fifty-five percent of nevermarried male youth reported that they are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home, 28% are somewhat likely, and another 17% are unlikely. Seventy-eight percent of nevermarried male youth from urban Lower Egypt are likely to create at least one nonsmoking area in their home compared to 31% of those from urban Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 3.5, with the highest mean in Urban Governorates (4.0) and the lowest mean in urban Upper Egypt (3.0). Table 6.4c Never-married male youth Future Attitudes toward Passive Smoking Percentage distribution of never-married male youth by the likelihood that they would engage in specific actions to prevent second hand smoke during the month following the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Attitude statements
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Will stop smoking in your home/in the presence of children Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
50.0 14.7 35.3 34 3.5
33.0 14.3 52.7 91 3.3
34.5 20.7 44.8 29 3.2
32.3 11.3 56.5 62 3.3
17.4 49.5 33.0 109 2.6
15.6 65.6 18.8 32 2.3
18.2 42.9 39.0 77 2.7
33.7 33.7 32.6 95 3.0
24.5 28.8 46.8 139 3.0
28.2 30.8 41.0 234 3.0
Will ask visitors not to smoke in your home/in the presence of children Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
75.6 8.9 15.4 123 4.1
68.9 17.9 13.2 363 3.6
79.6 8.2 12.2 98 3.9
64.9 21.5 13.6 265 3.5
23.2 62.1 13.7 422 2.4
17.9 74.4 7.7 117 2.2
25.2 57.4 16.1 305 2.5
56.8 31.4 11.8 338 3.4
43.7 40.7 14.9 570 3.0
48.6 37.2 13.8 908 3.1
Will create at least one "non smoking" area in your home Likely Unlikely Somewhat likely Number Mean
74.3 2.9 21.4 70 4.1
66.1 11.0 21.6 245 3.7
77.8 3.2 19.0 63 3.9
62.1 13.7 22.5 182 3.6
41.8 23.8 34.4 323 3.3
30.7 43.2 26.1 88 3.0
46.0 16.6 37.4 235 3.4
57.9 19.0 22.6 221 3.6
53.0 15.3 30.9 417 3.5
54.7 16.6 28.1 638 3.5
Attitudes toward nonsmoking areas Respondents were asked whether they have a non smoking area in their home and how different persons would react toward the creation of a non smoking area. Results are shown in Tables 6.5 through 6.5c for women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth. Additionally, Figure 6.2 presents the distribution of respondents who have a non smoking area by urban-rural residence.
99
Fig 6.2 Percentage of respondetns who Have a Non-Smoking Area 39 35 29
29
18
15
Women
29
28
Husbands Urban
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Rural
Women attitude towards nonsmoking areas One-fifth of women reported that they have a non-smoking area in their home. Forty percent of women from urban Governorates reported having a non smoking area in their home compared to 14% of women from rural Upper Egypt. The percentage of women in urban areas who have a non smoking area in their home is almost double that of rural areas. Women who have a non smoking area were asked about their spouse’s reaction. Ninety percent of women mentioned that their husbands were supportive, 6% of husbands were neutral, and only 4% of them were opposing. It should be mentioned that all husbands from urban Upper Egypt supported women in creating a non smoking area. The mean score for this statement was 4.4 ranging from 4.8 in urban Upper Egypt to 4.3 in Urban Governorates, rural Lower Egypt, and rural Upper Egypt. Women were also asked about their children’s reaction. Ninety-six percent of women mentioned that children were supportive and less than one percent mentioned that children were opposing. Almost all women in urban Lower Egypt mentioned that their children were supportive compared to 93% of women from Urban Governorates. The mean score for this statement was 4.5, with the highest mean found in Upper Egypt (4.6). Women were also asked about other family members’ reactions. Eighty-two percent of women mentioned that they were supportive, 9% mentioned that they were neutral and 5% mentioned that they were opposing. When women were asked about their friends’ reaction, slightly more than three-quarters mentioned that they were supportive, with differences between regions. Eighty-four percent of women from Lower Egypt and urban Upper Egypt mentioned that their friends were supportive compared to 55% of women from Urban Governorates. Additionally, less than 1 percent of women mentioned that their friends opposed and 9% mentioned that their friends were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.2 with minor differences between regions. Women were also asked about their husbands’ friends' reaction. Fifty-one percent of women mentioned that they were supportive, with differences between regions. Sixty-six percent of women from Lower Egypt mentioned that their husbands’ friends were supportive compared to 36% of women from rural Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 3.8 with the highest mean found in urban Lower Egypt (4.1) and the lowest mean found in rural Upper Egypt (3.4).
100
Table 6.5 Women attitude towards non-smoking areas Percentage distribution of ever-married women by family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward creating a non smoking area, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Have a non smoking area in your home
39.5
18.5
23.4
17.1
15.7
21.5
13.8
29.2
15.4
20.1
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Spouse reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
82.1 7.5 10.4 67 4.3
91.6 2.8 5.6 107 4.3
93.8 3.1 3.1 32 4.4
90.7 2.7 6.7 75 4.3
94.3 3.4 2.3 88 4.5
100.0 0.0 0.0 27 4.8
91.8 4.9 3.3 61 4.3
88.9 4.8 6.3 126 4.4
91.2 3.7 5.1 136 4.3
90.1 4.2 5.7 262 4.4
Your children reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
93.1 0.0 6.9 29 4.6
97.7 0.0 2.3 44 4.5
16 -
96.4 0.0 3.6 28 4.5
95.1 2.4 2.4 41 4.6
10 -
93.5 3.2 3.2 31 4.5
96.4 0.0 3.6 55 4.6
94.9 1.7 3.4 59 4.5
95.6 0.9 3.5 114 4.5
Other family members reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
(14) -
(1 ) -
(18 ) -
78.1 9.4 9.4 32 4.0
(8 ) -
(24) -
23) -
76.2 7.1 11.9 42 4.0
81.5 4.6 9.2 65 4.2
Friends reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
55.0 0.0 8.3 60 4.2
83.8 1.0 3.8 105 4.3
83.9 3.2 0.0 31 4.4
83.8 0.0 5.4 74 4.2
79.6 1.1 15.1 93 4.1
83.9 3.2 12.9 31 4.2
77.4 0.0 16.1 62 4.1
69.7 1.6 7.4 122 4.2
80.9 0.0 10.3 136 4.2
75.6 0.8 8.9 258 4.2
Husbands friends reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
39.7 5.2 20.7 58 3.6
66.0 2.9 12.6 103 4.0
65.6 3.1 9.4 32 4.1
66.2 2.8 14.1 71 4.0
42.2 12.2 17.8 90 3.5
55.2 3.4 20.7 29 3.7
36.1 16.4 16.4 61 3.4
50.4 4.2 17.6 119 3.8
52.3 9.1 15.2 132 3.7
51.4 6.8 16.3 251 3.8
(19) -
Number of cases less than 25
Husbands’ attitude towards nonsmoking areas Husbands were more likely than women to mention that they have a non smoking area in their home. Thrity-one percent of husbands reported that they have a non-smoking area in their home, with slight differences between regions. Thirty-eight percent of husbands from urban Lower Egypt reported having a non smoking area in their home compared to 24% of husbands from rural Upper Egypt. Husbands who have a non smoking area were also asked about their spouse’s reaction. Almost all husabnds mentioned that their wives were supportive. The mean score for this statement was 4.8 ranging from 5.0 in Urban Governorates and urban Upper Egypt to 4.6 in rural Lower Egypt. Husbands were also asked about their children reaction. Ninety-six percent of husbands mentioned that their children were supportive and less than one percent mentioned that their children were
101
opposing. Almost all husbands in Lower Egypt mentioned that their children were supportive compared to 91% of husbands in rural Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.7, with almost no difference by region. Table 6.5a Husbands attitude towards creating a non-smoking area Percentage distribution of husbands by family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward the created non smoking area, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Have a non smoking area in your home
Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
36.0
35.3
38.3
34.3
24.9
29.5
23.5
34.8
28.9
31.0
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
100.0 0.0 0.0 63 5.0
99.5 0.5 0.0 193. 4.6
100.0 0.0 0.0 51 4.7
99.3 0.7 0.0 142 4.6
100.0 0.0 0.0 133 5.0
100.0 0.0 0.0 38 5.0
100.0 0.0 0.0 95 4.9
100.0 0.0 0.0 152 4.9
99.6 0.4 0.0 237 4.7
99.7 0.3 0.0 389 4.8
Your children reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
(20) -
98.6 0.0 1.4 72 4.6
(23) -
98.0 0.0 2.0 49 4.6
91.8 1.6 6.6 61 4.6
(16) -
91.1 0.0 8.9 45 4.6
98.3 1.7 0.0 59 4.7
94.7 0.0 5.3 94 4.6
96.1 0.7 3.3 153 4.7
Other family members reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
(12) 1
51.2 0.0 9.3 43 4.3
(5) -
50.0 0.0 7.9 38 4.3
85.1 2.1 8.5 47 4.4
(5 ) -
85.7 2.4 9.5 42 4.4
(22) -
68.8 1.3 8.8 80 4.4
71.6 1.0 8.8 102 4.4
Friends reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
35.1 5.3 43.9 57 3.5
29.9 0.6 23.0 174 3.8
20.5 0.0 27.3 44 3.7
33.1 0.8 21.5 130 3.8
33.3 2.6 60.7 117 3.4
40.7 7.4 51.9 27 3.4
31.1 1.1 63.3 90 3.4
31.3 3.9 39.8 128 3.5
32.3 0.9 38.6 220 3.6
31.9 2.0 39.1 348 3.6
Number of husbands
112
354
82
272
401
91
310
285
582
867
Number of husbands Spouse reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
Number of cases less than 25.
Husbands were also asked about other family members’ reactions toward the creation of a non smoking area. Seventy-two percent of husbands mentioned that they were supportive, 9% mentioned that they were neutral and only 1% mentioned that they were opposing. The mean score for this statement was 4.4. When husbands were asked about their friends’ reaction, 32% mentioned that they were supportive, with differences between regions. Forty-one percent of husbands from urban Upper Egypt mentioned that their friends were supportive compared to around one-fifth of husbands from urban Lower Egypt. Additionally, 2% of husbands reported that their friends opposed and 39% mentioned that their friends were neutral. The mean score for this statement was 3.6 ranging from 3.8 in rural Lower Egypt to 3.4 in Upper Egypt.
102
Never-married female youth’s attitude towards nonsmoking areas Twenty-two percent of never-married female youth reported that they have a non-smoking area in their home with the percentage ranging from 34% in Urban Governorates to 14% in rural Upper Egypt. Never-married female youth were also asked about their mothers’ reaction. Almost all nevermarried female youth mentioned that their mothers were supportive. The mean score for this statement was 4.8 ranging from 5.0 in Urban Governorates to 4.5 in urban Lower Egypt. Ninety-one percent of never-married female youth mentioned that their fathers were supportive, with slight differences between regions. Ninty-five percent of female youth from Lower Egypt mentioned that their fathers were supportive compared to 87% of those from Urban Governorates. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 with almost no differences between regions. Table 6.5b Never-married female youth’s attitude towards creating a non-smoking area Percentage distribution of never-married female youth by family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward the created non smoking area, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Urban Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Have a non smoking area in your home Mother reaction Support Neutral Number Mean
33.9
23.5
22.8
23.8
16.9
25.6
13.9
28.2
18.3
22.1
100.0 0.0 38 5.0
100.0 0.0 60 4.6
(17) -
100.0 0.0 43 4.6
98.2 1.8 55 4.8
(21) -
97.1 2.9 34 4.8
100.0 0.0 76 4.8
98.7 1.3 77 4.7
99.3 0.7 153 4.8
Father reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
87.1 9.7 3.2 31 4.4
94.5 0.0 1.8 55 4.5
18 -
91.9 0.0 2.7 37 4.5
90.6 1.9 7.5 53 4.5
19 -
88.2 2.9 8.8 34 4.5
92.6 4.4 2.9 68 4.5
90.1 1.4 5.6 71 4.5
91.4 2.9 4.3 139 4.5
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
Number of nevermarried female youth
Number of cases less than 25.
Never-married male youth attitude towards nonsmoking areas About one-third of never-married male youth reported that they have a non-smoking area in their home with the percentage ranging from about 44% in Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt to 25% in rural Upper Egypt. Never-married male youth were also asked about their mothers’ reaction. Almost all never-married male youth mentioned that their mothers were supportive. The mean score for this statement was 4.8 ranging from 5.0 in urban Upper Egypt to 4.7 in Lower Egypt. Never-married male youth were also asked about their fathers’ reaction. Ninety-two percent of never-married male youth mentioned that their fathers were supportive, with slight differences between regions. Ninety-seven percent of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt mentioned that their fathers were supportive compared to 89% of those from rural Lower Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.6 with the highest mean found among never-married male youth in rural Upper Egypt (4.8) and the lowest mean found among those in rural Lower Egypt (4.3).
103
Table 6.5c Never-married male youth attitude towards the creation of a non-smoking area Percentage distribution of never-married male youth by family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward the created non smoking area, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Have a non smoking area in your home
43.1
36.4
43.9
33.6
26.1
29.9
24.6
38.8
28.8
32.5
Mother reaction Support Neutral Number Mean
100.0 0.0 51 4.9
100.0 0.0 128 4.7
100.0 0.0 42 4.7
100.0 0.0 86 4.7
98.1 1.9 103 4.9
100.0 0.0 32 5.0
97.2 2.8 71 4.9
100.0 0.0 125 4.9
98.7 1.3 157 4.8
99.3 0.7 282 4.8
Father reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
89.7 5.1 5.1 39 4.6
91.6 4.2 4.2 119 4.4
97.4 0.0 2.6 38 4.5
88.9 6.2 4.9 81 4.3
92.2 3.3 3.3 90 4.8
90.0 3.3 6.7 30 4.6
93.3 3.3 1.7 60 4.8
92.5 2.8 4.7 107 4.6
90.8 5.0 3.5 141 4.5
91.5 4.0 4.0 248 4.6
Number of nevermarried male youth
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Attitudes toward creating a nonsmoking area in the future Respondents who indicated that they did not have a nonsmoking area in their home were asked to predict how different people would react if they were to create such an area. Results are shown in Tables 6.6 through 6.6c for women, husbands, and never-married female and male youth. Women’s attitude towards creating a nonsmoking area in the future The majority of women (80%) reported that they don’t have a non-smoking area in their home. Those women were asked about the expected reaction of their husbands. Only half of women expect their husabnds to be supportive, 35% expect their husbands to be opposing, and 13% expect their husbands to be neutral. The mean score for this statement was 3.3 with the lowest mean found among women in Urban Governorates (3.0). Women were also asked about the expected reaction of their children. Seventy-nine percent of women mentioned that they expect their children to be supportive, 13% expect their children to be neutral, and 8% expect their children to be opposing, with some differences between regions. About 84% of women from Upper Egypt expect their children to be supportive compared to 67% of women from Urban Governorates. The mean score for this statement was 4.0, with almost no differences between regions. Women were also asked about the expected reaction of other family members. Sixty-one percent of women mentioned that they expect their other family members to be supportive, 23% mentioned that they would be neutral and 11% mentioned that they would be opposing. Three-quarters of women in urban Upper Egypt mentioned that they expect other family members to be supportive compared to 59% of women from rural Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 3.7 ranging form 4.0 in urban Upper Egypt to 3.6 in rural Upper Egypt.
104
Table 6.6a Women’s attitude towards creating a non-smoking area in the future Percentage distribution of ever-married women by the expected attitude of family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward creating a non smoking area in the future, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Have a non smoking area in your home
60.5
81.5
76.6
82.9
84.3
78.5
86.2
70.8
84.6
79.9
Spouse reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
37.8 39.6 19.8 111 3.0
52.3 36.8 9.0 465 3.3
50.0 42.2 5.9 102 3.1
52.9 35.3 9.9 363 3.3
50.9 32.5 15.3 458 3.3
51.0 37.3 10.8 102 3.3
50.8 31.2 16.6 356 3.3
46.0 39.7 12.4 315 3.1
51.9 33.2 13.2 719 3.3
50.1 35.2 13.0 1,034 3.3
Your children reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
66.7 1.8 26.3 57 4.0
76.2 9.9 13.4 202 3.9
75.4 10.5 14.0 57 3.9
76.6 9.7 13.1 145 3.9
83.5 6.8 9.7 236 4.1
83.3 11.7 5.0 60 4.0
83.5 5.1 11.4 176 4.1
75.3 8.0 14.9 174 4.0
80.4 7.2 12.1 321 4.0
78.6 7.5 13.1 495 4.0
Other family members reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
(18) -
60.0 13.3 14.2 120 3.7
(12) -
60.2 14.8 13.0 108 3.7
61.1 10.2 27.2 265 3.6
75.0 5.6 16.7 36 4.0
59.0 10.9 28.8 229 3.6
68.2 3.0 21.2 66 4.0
59.3 12.2 23.7 337 3.6
60.8 10.7 23.3 403 3.7
Friends reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
27.4 0.0 34.5 84 3.7
56.7 2.5 16.7 473 3.9
53.5 2.0 12.9 101 4.0
57.5 2.7 17.7 372 3.9
48.7 3.2 37.6 505 3.6
58.8 2.6 25.4 114 3.9
45.8 3.3 41.2 391 3.5
48.2 1.7 23.7 299 3.9
51.5 3.0 29.8 763 3.7
50.6 2.6 28.1 1,062 3.8
Husbands friends reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
12.4 8.2 38.1 97 3.2
46.7 7.3 17.5 463 3.8
45.5 5.9 14.9 101 3.7
47.0 7.7 18.2 362 3.8
16.5 17.0 33.5 460 3.0
23.8 13.9 26.7 101 3.1
14.5 17.8 35.4 359 2.9
27.4 9.4 26.4 299 3.4
30.8 12.8 26.8 721 3.4
29.8 11.8 26.7 1,020 3.4
Number of women
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Number of cases less than 25.
Women were also asked about the expected reaction of their friends. About half of women mentioned that they expect their friends to be supportive, with differences between regions. Fiftynine percent of women from urban Upper Egypt mentioned that their friends would be supportive compared to only 27% of women from Urban Governorates. Additionally, 28% of women mentioned that their friends would be neutral, and only 3% mentioned that their friends would oppose this issue. The mean score for this statement was 3.8 with the highest mean found in urban Lower Egypt (4.0) and the lowest mean found in rural Upper Egypt (3.5). Women were also asked about their husbands’ friends' reaction. Around 3 in 10 women mentioned that they would be supportive, 27% mentioned that they would be neutral, and 12% expect husbands’ friends to oppose, with clear differences between regions. Forty-seven percent of women from rural Lower Egypt mentioned that their husbands’ friends would be supportive compared to 12% of women from Urban Governorates. The mean score for this statement was 3.4
105
with the highest mean found in rural Lower Egypt (3.8) and the lowest mean found in rural Upper Egypt (2.9). Husbands’ attitude towards creating a nonsmoking area in the future Husbands who don’t have a non-smoking area were asked about the expected reaction of their spouse toward creating a non smoking area in the future. Ninety-five percent of husbands mentioned that they expect that their wives would be supportive, while 4% expect their wives to be neutral. The mean score for this statement was 4.7 with minor differences between regions. Husbands were also asked about the expected reaction of their children toward creating a non smoking area in the future. Eighty-nine percent of husbands mentioned that they expect that their children would be supportive, 10% expect them to be neutral, and less than one percent mentioned that they expect that their children would be opposing. Looking at differentials across regions, 93% of husbands in rural Lower Egypt and urban Upper Egypt mentioned that their children would be supportive compared to 85% of husbands in rural Upper Egypt and urban Lower Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.4 ranging from 4.5 in Urban Governorates and urban Upper Egypt to 4.2 in urban Lower Egypt. Table 6.6a Husbands’ attitude towards creating a non-smoking area in the future Percentage distribution of husbands by the expected attitude of family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward the created non smoking area, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Have a non smoking area in your home
64.0
64.7
61.7
65.7
75.1
70.5
76.5
65.2
71.1
69.0
Spouse reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
93.8 0.0 4.5 112 4.8
96.3 1.1 1.4 354 4.6
96.3 1.2 1.2 82 4.6
96.3 1.1 1.5 272 4.6
93.3 0.0 6.5 400 4.6
96.7 0.0 3.3 91 4.8
92.2 0.0 7.4 309 4.6
95.4 0.4 3.2 285 4.8
94.1 0.5 4.6 581 4.6
94.6 0.5 4.2 866 4.7
Your children reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
88.5 3.8 5.8 52 4.5
90.3 0.0 7.6 144 4.3
84.8 0.0 13.0 46 4.2
92.9 0.0 5.1 98 4.4
87.1 0.0 12.4 178 4.4
93.3 0.0 4.4 45 4.5
85.0 0.0 15.0 133 4.3
88.8 1.4 7.7 143 4.4
88.3 0.0 10.8 231 4.3
88.5 0.5 9.6 374 4.4
Other family members reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
(16) -
54.2 8.4 13.3 83 4.0
(8) -
52.0 9.3 13.3 75 4.0
61.8 5.0 31.2 199 3.7
(22) -
60.5 5.6 32.2 177 3.7
65.2 2.2 28.3 46 3.9
57.9 6.7 26.6 252 3.8
59.1 6.0 26.8 298 3.8
Friends reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
16.8 9.9 49.5 101 3.2
30.6 1.5 28.8 330 3.8
29.3 1.3 26.7 75 3.7
31.0 1.6 29.4 255 3.8
26.8 9.7 57.4 373 3.2
35.0 7.5 55.0 80 3.3
24.6 10.2 58.0 293 3.2
26.2 6.6 44.5 256 3.3
27.6 6.2 44.7 548 3.4
27.1 6.3 44.7 804 3.4
Number of husbands
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
Number of cases less than 25.
106
Additionally, husbands were also asked about the expected reaction of other family members toward creating a non smoking area in the future. Overall, 59% of husbands mentioned that they would be supportive, 27% mentioned that they would be neutral and only 6% expect them to be opposing, with differences between regions. Sixty-two percent of husbands in Upper Egypt mentioned that other family members would be supportive compared to only half of husbands from rural Lower Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 3.8 ranging form 4.0 in Lower Egypt to 3.7 in rural Upper Egypt. When husbands were asked about their friends’ reaction, only 27% mentioned that they would be supportive, with differences between regions. Thirty-five percent of husbands from Urban Upper Egypt mentioned that their friends would be supportive compared to 17% of husbands from Urban Governorates. Additionally, 45% of husbands mentioned that they expect that their friends would be neutral and 6% mentioned that they expect their friends to oppose. The mean score for this statement was 3.4 with the highest mean found among husbands in rural Lower Egypt (3.8) and the lowest mean found among husbands in rural Upper Egypt (3.2). Never-married female youth’s attitude towards creating a nonsmoking area in the future Never-married female youth were asked about the expected reaction of their mothers toward creating a non smoking area in the future. Ninety-one percent of never-married female youth mentioned that they expect their mothers to be supportive, 5% their mothers to be neutral, and 4% expect their mothers to be opposing, with slight differences between regions. Ninty-eight percent of never-married female youth from Urban Lower Egypt mentioned that their mothers would be supportive compared to 86% of those from rural Lower Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.5 with slight variation between regions. Never-married female youth were also asked about the expected reaction of their fathers toward creating a non smoking area in the future. Only 44% of never-married female youth mentioned that their fathers would be supportive, with slight differences between regions. Fifty-four percent from urban Upper Egypt expect their fathers to be supportive compared to one-third from rural Upper Egypt. Additonally, slightly less than one-quarter mentioned that fathers would oppose and 10% expect fathers to be neutral. The mean score for this statement was 3.5 ranging from 3.7 in Urban Governorates, rural Lower Egypt, and Urban Upper Egypt to 3.2 in rural Upper Egypt. Table 6.6b Never-married female youth’s attitude towards creating a non-smoking area in the future Percentage distribution of never-married female youth by the expected attitude of family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward creating a non-smoking area in the future, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Urban Lower Lower Governorates Egypt Egypt Have a non smoking area in your home Mother reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean Father reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean Number of nevermarried female youth
Residence
Rural Urban Rural Lower Upper Upper Upper Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
66.1
76.5
77.2
76.2
83.1
74.4
86.1
71.8
81.7
77.9
91.7 2.8 4.2 72 4.6
89.2 3.4 5.4 203 4.5
98.3 0.0 1.7 58 4.7
85.5 4.8 6.9 145 4.4
91.5 4.2 4.2 259 4.5
96.7 0.0 3.3 60 4.7
89.9 5.5 4.5 199 4.4
95.3 1.1 3.2 190 4.7
88.1 5.2 5.5 344 4.4
90.6 3.7 4.7 534 4.5
51.2 22.5 10.0 80 3.7
48.7 21.3 8.7 230 3.6
44.8 26.9 10.4 67 3.4
50.3 19.0 8.0 163 3.7
38.2 25.6 11.7 309 3.3
53.7 20.9 7.5 67 3.7
33.9 26.9 12.8 242 3.2
50.0 23.4 9.3 214 3.6
40.5 23.7 10.9 405 3.4
43.8 23.6 10.3 619 3.5
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
107
Never-married male youth’s attitude towards creating a nonsmoking area in the future Never-married male youth were also asked about the expected reaction of their mothers toward creating a non smoking area in the future. Almost all never-married male youth mentioned that their mothers would be supportive. The mean score for this statement was 4.8 ranging from 4.9 in Upper Egypt to 4.5 in rural Lower Egypt. Never-married male youth were also asked about the expected reaction of their fathers. Fifty-seven percent of never-married male youth mentioned that their fathers would be supportive, with slight differences between regions. Seventy-three percent of never-married male youth from urban Lower Egypt mentioned that their fathers would supportive compared to 51% of never-married male youth from urban Upper Egypt. The mean score for this statement was 4.1 with the highest mean found among never-married male youth in urban Lower Egypt (4.3) and the lowest mean found among never-married male youth in urban Upper Egypt (3.7). Table 6.6c Never-married male youth’s attitude towards creating non-smoking area in the future Percentage distribution of never-married male youth by the expected attitude of family members, relative, and friends attitudes toward creating a non smoking area in the future, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper Governorates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
Have a non smoking area in your home Yes
56.9
63.6
56.1
66.4
73.9
70.1
75.4
61.2
71.2
67.5
Mother reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
98.6 0.0 0.0 69 4.8
96.9 0.9 1.8 224 4.6
98.1 1.9 0.0 52 4.6
96.5 0.6 2.3 172 4.5
99.3 0.0 0.3 304 4.9
100.0 0.0 0.0 82 4.9
99.1 0.0 0.5 222 4.9
99.0 0.5 0.0 203 4.8
98.0 0.3 1.3 394 4.7
98.3 0.3 0.8 597 4.8
Father reaction Support Oppose Neutral Number Mean
58.4 5.2 18.2 77 4.1
63.4 6.9 5.3 262 4.2
73.3 5.0 5.0 60 4.3
60.4 7.4 5.4 202 4.1
51.2 13.9 6.9 361 4.1
50.6 25.8 7.9 89 3.7
51.5 9.9 6.6 272 4.2
59.3 13.3 10.6 226 4.0
55.3 8.9 6.1 474 4.1
56.6 10.3 7.6 700 4.1
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Number of nevermarried male youth
108
EXPOSURE TO INFORMATION, EDUCATION, AND COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGNS
7
During the last decades, several important mass media public information and education programs have been conducted as part of the Egyptian family health program. These education and communication efforts gradually expanded to provide information not only about family planning, but also about safe pregnancy, family health, smoking, HIV/AIDS, safe injection, etc. The first step in assessing the impact of any communication campaign is to measure the level of exposure to the different media interventions. The 2005 EHCS obtained information on the proportion of respondents who have been recently exposed to and are able to recall family health messages and on the channels through which they have received these messages. This information may be useful in guiding future information and education efforts in Egypt’s family health programs. Accordingly, respondents were asked a series of questions to assess their level of exposure to different media interventions. The results are presented in the following sections.
7.1
Interpersonal Communication about Family Planning
Interpersonal communications can be an important source of information about family planning. The 2005 EHCS women’s questionnaire asked women how often they discussed family planning with their husband, friends/neighbors, doctors, nurses or Raida Refia during the 12 months preceding the survey. Table 7.1 shows that 65% of women reported not having discussed family planning with their spouse in the past 12 months, 26% discussed it once or twice and only 9% discussed it more often. There was a considerable variation in discussing family planning among various regions. Only 5% of women in urban Upper Egypt often discussed family planning with their husbands during the 12 months preceding the survey compared to 20% among women in Urban Governorates. Table 7.1 shows that 27% of women discussed family planning with friends, neighbors, or relatives (other than their husband) during the 12 months preceding the survey. Women in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt discussed family planning more than women in Upper Egypt. Most women discussed family planning with other relatives and friends/neighbors. When women were asked whether they discussed family planning with a health provider (doctor, nurse, pharmacist, Raida Refia, etc.), 21% of women mentioned that they discussed family planning with health providers. Of those who discussed family planning with a health provider, 70% spoke to a doctor, and 31% spoke to a nurse. In urban Upper Egypt, women who discussed family planning with a health provider were most likely to have discussed it with the doctor (83%); very few women discussed it with a nurse (8%). By contrast, in rural Upper Egypt, only 57% of women who discussed family planning with their doctor, while 29% discussed it with a nurse.
109
Table 7.1 Discussion of Family Planning among Women Percentage distribution of women by the discussion of family planning in the 12 months preceding the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Discussed FP with husband Never Once or twice Many
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
47.8 32.0 20.2
66.3 25.7 8.0
68.7 25.4 6.0
65.6 25.7 8.7
69.9 24.8 5.3
70.8 24.6 4.6
69.6 24.9 5.5
60.9 27.8 11.3
67.6 25.3 7.1
65.3 26.2 8.5
178
573
134
439
548
130
418
442
857
1,299
Discussed FP with friends/neighbors/relatives
30.0
34.3
34.0
34.3
19.8
12.8
22.1
25.8
28.3
27.4
Talked with Mother Father Sister Brother Daughter Mother in law Other relatives Friends/neighbors Other
45.6 0.0 14.0 8.8 7.0 12.3 49.1 31.6 0.0
30.6 1.9 16.7 8.1 6.2 18.7 52.6 40.7 0.0
29.2 2.1 22.9 10.4 8.3 8.3 35.4 43.8 0.0
31.1 1.9 14.9 7.5 5.6 21.7 57.8 39.8 0.0
6.7 0.0 20.0 0.0 6.7 6.7 57.5 60.8 0.8
10.5 0.0 15.8 0.0 10.5 10.5 42.1 52.6 0.0
5.9 0.0 20.8 0.0 5.9 5.9 60.4 62.4 1.0
33.9 0.8 17.7 8.1 8.1 10.5 42.7 39.5 0.0
21.4 1.1 17.2 4.6 5.7 15.6 58.8 48.5 0.4
25.4 1.0 17.4 5.7 6.5 14.0 53.6 45.6 0.3
Discussed FP with doctor, nurse, pharmacist, Raida Refia
22.1
26.9
24.8
27.5
13.5
8.1
15.3
18.5
21.5
20.5
Talked with Doctor Nurse Pharmacist Raida Refia Any other health provider
78.6 21.4 26.2 7.1 0.0
72.0 35.4 11.0 14.6 5.5
88.6 25.7 17.1 5.7 2.9
67.4 38.0 9.3 17.1 6.2
61.0 25.6 1.2 23.2 0.0
83.3 8.3 0.0 8.3 0.0
57.1 28.6 1.4 25.7 0.0
83.1 21.3 19.1 6.7 1.1
63.8 34.7 6.5 20.1 4.0
69.8 30.6 10.4 16.0 3.1
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Number
Number
110
Husbands were asked whether they discussed use of family planning with friends/neighbors/relatives during the 12 months preceding the survey. Data presented in Table 7.1a show that husbands are much likely to have discussed family planning than women. Only 14% of husbands discussed use of family planning with friends/neighbors/relatives during the last 12 months. Husbands in Upper Egypt are less likely to discuss family planning than those in Lower Egypt and Urban Governorates. Data presented in the table revealed that husbands discussed family planning mostly with other relatives and friends/neighbors. Table 7.1a Discussion of Family Planning among Husbands Percentage distribution of husbands discussed family planning in the 12 months preceding the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Discussed FP with friends/neighbors/relatives Talked with Mother Father Sister Brother Other relatives Friends/neighbors Other Number
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
13.1
18.3
18.0
18.4
9.0
7.0
9.6
12.8
14.0
13.6
8.7 0.0 17.4 0.0 30.4 60.9 0.0 175
19.0 3.0 16.0 16.0 46.0 28.0 1.0 547
8.3 4.2 25.0 29.2 33.3 29.2 4.2 133
22.4 2.6 13.2 11.8 50.0 27.6 0.0 414
4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 54.2 43.8 0.0 534
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.6 55.6 0.0 129
5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 53.8 41.0 0.0 405
7.1 1.8 17.9 12.5 35.7 46.4 1.8 437
16.5 3.5 10.4 9.6 51.3 32.2 0.0 819
13.5 2.9 12.9 10.5 46.2 36.8 0.6 1,256
Unmarried youth were also asked whether they discussed family planning during the 12 months preceding the survey. Data presented in Table 7.1b shows that the never-married female youth are more likely to discuss family planning than never-married male youth, with 17% of female youth having discussed family planning during the 12 months preceding the survey compared to only 8% of male youth. Youth in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt are more likely to discuss family planning than youth in Upper Egypt. Overall, more than half of female youth who discussed family planning during the 12 months preceding the survey discussed it with their friends/neighbors (58%) and more than one-third discussed it with other relatives (36%). The same pattern was observed regarding never-married male youth. A substantial percentage of never-married female youth discussed family planning with their mothers (33%), especially in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt.
111
Table 7.1b Discussion of Family Planning among Youth Percentage distribution of youth discussed family planning in the 12 months preceding the survey, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Discussed FP with friends/neighbors/relatives Talked with Mother Father Sister Brother Other relatives Friends/neighbors Number
18.8
24.6
21.5
25.9
9.2
8.5
9.4
16.5
16.7
16.6
61.9 19.0 33.3 28.6 33.3 47.6 112
35.8 4.5 17.9 14.9 34.3 47.8 272
29.4 5.9 11.8 29.4 47.1 35.3 79
38.0 4.0 20.0 10.0 30.0 52.0 193
6.7 0.0 6.7 0.0 40.0 86.7 326
0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 28.6 71.4 82
8.7 0.0 4.3 0.0 43.5 91.3 244
40.0 11.1 22.2 24.4 37.8 46.7 273
28.8 2.7 15.1 6.8 34.2 64.4 437
33.1 5.9 17.8 13.6 35.6 57.6 710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Discussed FP with friends/neighbors/relatives
15.4
12.4
11.2
12.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
9.2
6.5
7.5
Talked with Mother Father Sister Brother Other relatives Friends/neighbors
5.3 0.0 15.8 26.3 21.1 52.6
13.3 6.7 15.6 17.8 33.3 40.0
0.0 0.0 18.2 0.0 54.5 54.5
17.6 8.8 14.7 23.5 26.5 35.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 75.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 66.7
3.2 0.0 16.1 16.1 32.3 54.8
16.2 8.1 13.5 21.6 27.0 37.8
10.3 4.4 14.7 19.1 29.4 45.6
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Number
Overall, more than half of female youth who discussed family planning during the 12 months preceding the survey discussed it with their friends/neighbors (58%) and more than one-third discussed it with other relatives (36%). Same trend was observed regarding never-married male youth with no significant differences between regions. However, a substantial percentage of the never-married female youth discussed family planning with their mothers (33%), where most of them are from Urban Governorates and from Lower Egypt.
7.2
Communication about Safe Pregnancy
All respondents were asked if during the six months preceding the survey they received information about pregnancy precautions or about the signs of pregnancy complications (danger signs) that should be known by pregnant women. Tables 7.2 and 7.2a present the level of recall of pregnancy precaution messages for married respondents and never-married youth respectively. Overall, the tables show that females had higher levels of recall of pregnancy precautions messages than males. The tables show that 32% of women and 20% of never married female youth report having received such information, while 18% of husbands and only 6% of never married male youth received information about safe pregnancy during the past six months. Figure 7.1 shows that the recall of pregnancy precautions messages in urban areas is higher than in rural areas for all groups of respondents.
112
Figure 7.1 Exposure to Pregnancy Precautions Messages 36 29 23
21
18
17
9 5
Wome n
Husban ds Urban
Ne ve r married fe male you th
Neve r marrie d m ale you th
Ru ral
However, levels of recall of safe pregnancy information vary greatly across regions. In total, respondents in Urban Governorates reported the highest level of recall, while respondents in urban Upper Egypt reported the lowest level of recall. More than half of the women in Urban Governorates (56%) received pregnancy precautions messages compared to only 17% of women in urban Upper Egypt. The same pattern was observed among husbands. Table 7.2a shows that none of never-married male youth in urban Upper Egypt were able to recall safe pregnancy messages, while 19% in Urban Governorates reported having received such information. Respondents who were exposed to safe pregnancy information in the past six months were asked to mention the last source of information. Television is by far the most mentioned source of information for all groups of respondents. The second most mentioned source for women is the medical provider, while the spouse is the second most mentioned source for husbands. Among never-married female youth, television was the most commonly mentioned source of information about safe pregnancy (50%), followed by friends/neighbors (14%) and other relatives (13%). Sources of information about safe pregnancy vary by region. More than half of are the second most mentioned sources for safe pregnancy message, while the television is the most frequent source of information for male youth. Differentials were clear between regions. More than half of women (55%) and almost two-thirds of husbands (65%) in Urban Governorates who received information about safe pregnancy reported television to be their last source of information compared to 11% or less among women and husbands in urban Upper Egypt. Medical providers were mentioned by around one-third of women in Upper Egypt (35%), but only by about 20% of women in other regions. While more than 40% of the never-married female youth in Upper Egypt mentioned friends/neighbors, this source was mentioned by only 11% of female youth in Lower Egypt, and by none of the female youth in Urban Governorates.
113
Table 7.2 Recall of Safe Pregnancy Messages among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands reporting that they had received information during the six months preceding the survey about safe pregnancy and last source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Heard/seen any health messages about pregnancy precautions
55.8
31.3
29.8
31.8
24.4
17.4
26.6
36.3
29.2
31.6
Last source of information Television Radio Newspaper/magazine Brochure/leaflet Poster Medical Provider Spouse Other relatives Friends/Neighbors
54.7 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0 20.8 0.0 4.7 13.2
39.3 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.6 22.5 1.0 19.4 15.2
38.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.4 2.4 16.7 19.0
39.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.0 22.8 0.7 20.1 14.1
10.1 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 35.1 0.0 29.7 23.0
7.7 0.0 3.8 3.8 0.0 30.8 0.0 19.2 34.6
10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 36.1 0.0 32.0 20.5
43.7 0.6 4.6 0.6 0.0 22.4 0.6 9.8 17.8
26.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.5 28.8 0.4 25.5 17.0
33.3 0.2 1.8 0.4 0.9 26.3 0.4 19.3 17.3
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Number
HUSBANDS Heard/seen any health messages about pregnancy precautions
28.0
24.5
24.8
24.4
8.2
7.0
8.6
20.8
16.6
18.1
Last source of information Television Radio Newspaper/magazine Brochure/leaflet Poster Medical Provider Spouse Other relatives Friends/Neighbors
65.3 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 10.2 16.3 4.1 0.0
53.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.7 9.7 24.6 8.2 1.5
57.6 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 18.2 15.2 0.0
52.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 10.9 26.7 5.9 2.0
13.6 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.0 6.8 18.2 38.6 15.9
11.1 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 22.2 33.3 22.2 0.0
14.3 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 2.9 14.3 42.9 20.0
57.1 1.1 3.3 0.0 0.0 9.9 18.7 9.9 0.0
42.6 0.0 1.5 0.7 0.7 8.8 23.5 15.4 6.6
48.5 0.4 2.2 0.4 0.4 9.3 21.6 13.2 4.0
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
Number
114
Table 7.2a Recall of Safe Pregnancy Messages among Youth Percentage distribution of never married female and male youth reporting that they had received information during the six months preceding the survey about safe pregnancy and last source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Heard/seen any health messages about pregnancy precautions
39.3
25.7
17.7
29.0
8.3
6.1
9.0
23.1
17.8
19.9
Last source of information Television Newspaper/magazine Brochure/leaflet Poster Medical Provider Parents Other relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
61.4 4.5 2.3 2.3 18.2 9.1 2.3 0.0 0.0
52.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 10.0 8.6 14.3 11.4 1.4
50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 14.3 14.3 7.1 7.1
53.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 10.7 7.1 14.3 12.5 0.0
22.2 0.0 0.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 25.9 40.7 0.0
20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 40.0 20.0 0.0
22.7 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.5 22.7 45.5 0.0
55.6 3.2 1.6 1.6 15.9 9.5 7.9 3.2 1.6
44.9 1.3 0.0 1.3 7.7 6.4 16.7 21.8 0.0
49.6 2.1 0.7 1.4 11.3 7.8 12.8 13.5 0.7
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
Number
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Heard/seen any health messages about pregnancy precautions
18.7
8.8
7.1
9.4
0.7
0.0
1.0
9.0
4.9
6.4
Last source of information Television Newspaper/magazine Brochure/leaflet Poster Medical Provider Parents Other relatives Friends/Neighbors Other
78.3 0.0 4.3 8.7 4.3 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0
71.9 3.1 6.3 6.3 0.0 0.0 6.3 6.3 0.0
71.4 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0
72.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 0.0
33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0
-
33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0
76.7 0.0 6.7 6.7 3.3 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0
67.9 3.6 3.6 7.1 0.0 0.0 10.7 7.1 0.0
72.4 1.7 5.2 6.9 1.7 0.0 8.6 3.4 0.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
334.0
570
908
Number
7.3
Communication about Passive Smoking
Non-smokers who are exposed to second hand smoke have a higher risk of suffering of heart disease than those who live and work in a smoke-free environment. Accordingly, to assess awareness of the risk of second hand smoke, the 2005 EHCS questionnaire included questions asking whether the respondents heard/seen any message about the health effect of second hand smoke during the six months preceding the survey. Those who recalled those messages were asked from which source they last received such information. Data of Tables 7.3 and 7.3a indicates that recall of messages about passive smoking is relatively high for both married and never-married youth. Overall, 70% of ever-married women, 64% for both husbands and never-married male youth and 71% of never-married female youth report receiving information about passive smoking in the past six months. The data shows that the recall of passive smoking messages varies between urban and rural areas. Around three-quarters of all urban areas recalled such messages, compared to about two-thirds of respondents in rural areas.
115
The data show that recall of passive smoking messages varies dramatically between regions. Respondents in Urban Governorates are more likely to have received messages about passive smoking than respondents in other regions, while respondents in Upper Egypt, except male youth, are least likely to have received such messages. Those who report receiving information about passive smoking in the past six months identify television as their main source of information followed by friends/neighbors and other relatives. Minor differences were observed between regions, except for never-married male youth. Almost half of never-married male youth in Lower Egypt received information about passive smoking from friends/neighbors, compared to almost 6% among male youth in Upper Egypt. Table 7.3 Recall of Health Messages related to Passive Smoking among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands by recall of health messages related to passive smoking during the six months preceding the survey and source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Heard/seen messages about the health effects of second hand smoking
82.1
71.0
73.0
70.4
64.9
73.8
62.0
76.9
66.2
69.9
Source of information Television Radio Newspaper/Magazine Brochure/Leaflet Poster Medical provider Spouse Other relatives Friends/neighbors
87.8 0.6 10.3 6.4 12.8 8.3 19.2 11.5 7.7
80.8 2.3 2.8 1.8 6.7 9.0 15.7 21.0 18.7
79.6 1.9 7.8 4.9 8.7 8.7 18.4 14.6 14.6
81.2 2.4 1.2 0.9 6.1 9.1 14.8 23.0 20.0
85.8 2.0 1.5 3.0 3.8 6.6 7.1 17.0 18.8
88.2 4.5 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.5 4.5 12.7 17.3
84.9 1.1 1.4 3.2 3.9 7.4 8.1 18.7 19.4
85.6 2.2 7.0 4.9 8.9 7.3 14.6 12.7 12.5
82.9 1.8 1.3 2.0 5.0 8.3 11.7 21.0 19.7
83.9 1.9 3.5 3.1 6.5 7.9 12.8 17.9 17.0
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Number
HUSBANDS Heard/seen messages about the health effects of second hand smoking
88.0
63.4
67.7
62.1
55.8
58.1
55.1
73.0
58.6
63.6
Source of information Television Radio Newspaper/Magazine Brochure/Leaflet Poster Medical provider Spouse Other relatives Friends/neighbors
82.5 1.3 13.6 14.3 23.4 8.4 12.3 14.9 11.7
70.9 3.7 8.9 15.6 18.4 16.1 27.7 44.4 32.6
70.0 4.4 15.6 20.0 24.4 20.0 24.4 35.6 30.0
71.2 3.5 6.6 14.0 16.3 14.8 28.8 47.5 33.5
85.6 0.3 5.0 1.7 3.7 7.4 6.0 17.4 20.1
90.7 0.0 9.3 4.0 4.0 8.0 6.7 9.3 14.7
83.9 0.4 3.6 0.9 3.6 7.2 5.8 20.2 22.0
80.9 1.9 13.2 13.5 19.1 11.6 14.4 19.4 17.6
77.1 2.1 5.2 7.9 10.4 11.3 18.1 34.8 28.1
78.6 2.0 8.4 10.1 13.9 11.4 16.6 28.7 23.9
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
Number
116
Table 7.3a Recall of Health Messages related to Passive Smoking among Youth Percentage distribution of never married female and male youth by recall of health messages related to passive smoking during the six months preceding the survey and source of information, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Heard/seen messages about the health effects of second hand smoking Source of information Television Radio Newspaper/Magazine Brochure/Leaflet Poster Medical provider Other relatives Friends/neighbors Number
78.6
72.1
73.4
71.5
68.1
69.5
67.6
74.4
69.3
71.3
90.9 2.3 12.5 8.0 19.3 10.2 20.5 30.7 112
83.7 2.0 7.7 2.6 10.2 9.2 21.9 23.0 272
84.5 1.7 5.2 5.2 8.6 10.3 22.4 19.0 79
83.3 2.2 8.7 1.4 10.9 8.7 21.7 24.6 193
89.6 0.5 2.7 4.5 5.4 5.9 19.4 24.3 326
91.2 1.8 5.3 8.8 1.8 7.0 7.0 17.5 82
89.1 0.0 1.8 3.0 6.7 5.5 23.6 26.7 244
89.2 2.0 8.4 7.4 11.3 9.4 19.2 21.7 273
86.5 1.0 5.0 2.3 8.6 6.9 22.8 25.7 437
87.5 1.4 6.3 4.3 9.7 7.9 23.1 22.3 710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Heard/seen messages about the health effects of second hand smoking Source of information Television Radio Newspaper/Magazine Brochure/Leaflet Poster Medical provider Other relatives Friends/neighbors Number
7.4
96.7
54.3
57.1
53.2
63.3
49.6
68.5
68.9
61.4
64.2
72.3 1.7 15.1 24.4 29.4 5.9 20.2 10.9 123
63.5 2.0 15.7 26.4 28.9 8.1 35.0 48.2 363
75.0 1.8 19.6 32.1 37.5 8.9 28.6 48.2 98
58.9 2.1 14.2 24.1 25.5 7.8 37.6 48.2 265
96.6 0.4 4.5 0.4 1.5 2.6 1.9 5.6 422
100.0 1.7 3.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 117
95.7 0.0 4.8 0.0 1.9 3.3 2.4 7.2 305
79.8 1.7 13.3 20.6 24.0 5.2 21.9 12.4 334
80.9 0.9 8.6 9.7 11.4 5.1 16.6 23.7 570
80.4 1.2 10.5 14.1 16.5 5.1 23.0 14.9 908
Interpersonal Communication about HIV/AIDS
Respondents had heard of Figure 7.2 HIV/AIDS were asked if they Interpersonal Communication about Risk of Contracting have discussed the risk of HIV/AIDS among those who Heard about HIV/AIDS contracting HIV/AIDS during the six months preceding the 34 survey. The results of the 2005 31 EHCS show that interpersonal communication about the risk of 20 19 18 18 Urban 17 16 contracting HIV/AIDS is lower Ru ral for females than for males. Only 17% of women and 18% of never-married females who are aware of HIV/AIDS have Wome n Husban ds Never Ne ve r recently discussed the risk of m arried marrie d fe male you th male you th contracting HIV/AIDS. By comparison, 24% of both husbands and never-married male youth discussed the risk of HIV/AIDS. Figure 7.2 also shows that urban males are more likely than rural males to have discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than respondents. Among women, there is little difference between rural and urban regions. 117
Tables 7.4 and 7.4a present more detailed information about interpersonal communication about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS among married respondents (women and husbands) and nevermarried youth. The tables show that the percentage who discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS varies across regions. Female respondents from Lower Egypt are more likely than females from other regions to have discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. By contrast, male respondents from Urban Governorates are more likely than males from other regions to have discussed this. Married women who discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS did so mostly with their husbands (65%) and to a lesser extent with friends and neighbors (51%). Husbands who discussed the topic usually did so with friends and neighbors (67%) and to a much lesser extent with their spouse (46%). Never-married youth who discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS mostly did so with friends and neighbors (62% for females and 88% for males). However, a substantial percentage of the never-married female youth discussed such topic with their parents (47%). However, there are large differences by region. Women in Urban Governorates and Lower Egypt are most likely to have discussed the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS with their husbands, while women in Upper Egypt discussed such topic mostly with their friends and neighbors. Almost all husbands in Upper Egypt discussed this topic with their friends and neighbors (90%), while this percentage decreased to 60% among husbands in Lower Egypt and to 71% among husbands in Urban Governorates.
118
Table 7.4 Interpersonal Communication about HIV/AIDS among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands who have ever heard about AIDS by whether they have talked to anyone about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS during the six months preceding the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Talked to anyone about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS
15.8
27.6
25.6
28.2
7.2
8.0
7.0
16.2
17.9
17.2
Talked with Spouse Parents Other relatives Doctor Other service provider Friends/Neighbors Community leaders Other
83.3 20.0 13.3 26.7 23.3 53.3 0.0 3.3
73.6 21.4 19.3 17.1 24.3 41.4 2.9 0.7
75.8 21.2 18.2 18.2 24.2 36.4 3.0 3.0
72.9 21.5 19.6 16.8 24.3 43.0 2.8 0.0
13.9 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 83.3 0.0 0.0
18.2 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 81.8 0.0 0.0
12.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 84.0 0.0 0.0
70.3 17.6 14.9 18.9 20.3 50.0 1.4 2.7
61.4 17.4 18.2 13.6 19.7 50.8 2.3 0.0
64.6 17.5 17.0 15.5 19.9 50.5 1.9 1.0
190
508
129
379
497
138
359
457
738
1,195
Number
HUSBANDS Talked to anyone about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS
41.1
31.8
37.4
29.9
9.1
8.1
9.4
30.5
20.0
23.7
Talked with Spouse Parents Other relatives Doctor Other service provider Friends/Neighbors Community leaders
40.3 5.6 8.3 5.6 11.1 70.8 0.0
58.3 7.7 19.0 9.5 21.4 59.5 5.4
55.1 6.1 20.4 10.2 12.2 67.3 10.2
59.7 8.4 18.5 9.2 25.2 56.3 3.4
11.1 0.0 11.1 2.2 4.4 86.7 0.0
0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 90.0 0.0
14.3 0.0 11.4 2.9 2.9 85.7 0.0
42.7 5.3 13.0 6.9 11.5 71.0 3.8
49.4 6.5 16.9 7.8 20.1 63.0 2.6
46.3 6.0 15.1 7.4 16.1 66.7 3.2
175
529
131
398
497
124
373
430
771
1,201
Number
Differentials between regions were also prominent among youth. None of the youth in Upper Egypt discussed the risk of HIV/AIDS with their parents. Rather, almost all of them discussed it with their friends and neighbors. More than half of female youth in Lower Egypt and more than two-thirds of never-married female youth in Urban Governorates discussed such topic with their parents. Almost all male youth in all regions discussed the risk of HIV/AIDS with their friends and neighbors and a small percentage of male youth in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt discussed it with their parents.
119
Table 7.4a Interpersonal Communication about HIV/AIDS among youth Percentage distribution of never married female and male youth who have ever heard about AIDS by whether they have talked to anyone about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS during the six months preceding the survey, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Talked to anyone about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS
22.3
27.2
27.4
27.2
9.3
6.3
10.4
18.9
18.0
18.4
Talked with Parents Other relatives Doctor Other service provider Friends/Neighbors Community leaders
68.0 32.0 20.0 44.0 60.0 8.0
58.6 22.9 4.3 17.1 50.0 5.7
50.0 25.0 5.0 15.0 35.0 10.0
62.0 22.0 4.0 18.0 56.0 4.0
0.0 10.7 3.6 3.6 92.9 3.6
0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 100.0 0.0
0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 91.3 4.3
54.0 26.0 14.0 30.0 54.0 8.0
42.5 19.2 2.7 12.3 67.1 4.1
47.2 22.0 7.3 19.5 61.8 5.7
112
257
73
184
301
80
221
265
405
670
Number
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Talked to anyone about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS
59.3
34.3
35.1
34.0
2.5
4.5
1.8
33.9
17.0
23.4
Talked with Parents Other relatives Doctor Other service provider Friends/Neighbors Community leaders
5.5 8.2 5.5 0.0 95.9 1.4
15.7 14.9 2.5 15.7 82.6 3.3
11.8 14.7 0.0 17.6 79.4 5.9
17.2 14.9 3.4 14.9 83.9 2.3
0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 90.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 80.0 0.0
7.1 9.8 3.6 5.4 91.1 2.7
16.3 14.1 4.3 14.1 83.7 2.2
11.3 11.8 3.9 9.3 87.7 2.5
123
353
97
256
395
110
285
330
541
871
Number
7.5
Communication about Safe Injections
Several communication programs provide information about safe injections, with the aim of reducing Hepatitis virus infections. To assess the extent to which efforts to inform Egyptians about safe injection practices are succeeding, all respondents were asked if they have received information about safe injections during the six months preceding the survey, the information received, and the last source of information. Overall, recall of safe injection messages is moderately high. Tables 7.5 and 7.5a show that more than half of women, husbands and never married female youth (58%, 55% and 61% respectively) have recently received information about safe infections, while only 44% of never-married males have received such information. Again, recall of safe injection messages is higher in urban areas than in rural areas (see Figure 7.3). Breakdowns by region further show that levels of recall of message about safe injections are especially high in Urban Governorates.
120
Figure 7.3 Recall of Safe Injections Messages 65
64
65 58
55
50
49
Urban 40
Women
Husbands
Never married female youth
Rural
Never married male youth
Data from the 2005 EHCS indicate that virtually all respondents who received information about safe injections report that they were informed to only use a syringe in a sealed packet (92% or more), and 62% or more were informed not to share syringes, except for male youth (58%). Some differences were observed between regions. For example, Tables 7.5 and 7.5a show that around three quarters of husbands in Upper Egypt (76%) were informed not to share syringes compared to slightly more than half of husbands in Urban Governorates (54%). Television was most frequently cited as the last source of information among those who report receiving information about safe injections in the past six months. The secondly cited source was the medical provider. Apart from male youth, 63 % or more of all respondents report last receiving information about safe injections from television. The percentage who mentioned medical providers ranges from 11% among the never-married female youth to 16% among the nevermarried male youth.
121
Table 7.5 Recall of Health Messages about Safe Injections among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands who have heard information about how injections are given safely by information heard and last source of information during the six months preceding the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Heard/Seen or received any information about safe 72.1 injection Information received Only use a syringe (needle) in a sealed packet 100.0 Do not share a syringe (needle) 48.9 Boil/Sterilize syringe (needle) before reuse 2.2 Other 0.0 Last source of information TV 71.5 Radio 0.7 Newspaper/Magazine 3.6 Pamphlet/Brochure 1.5 Poster 6.6 Medical Provider 5.8 Spouse 0.7 Other Relatives 5.1 Friends/Neighbors 4.4 Number 190
50.5
48.9
51.0
61.4
67.1
59.6
63.7
55.2
58.1
93.8 67.2
97.1 68.1
92.9 66.9
93.8 66.5
96.0 65.0
93.0 67.0
98.0 58.5
93.0 67.0
94.9 63.8
7.5 1.3
2.9 0.0
8.8 1.7
4.3 2.1
5.0 2.0
4.0 2.2
3.3 0.7
6.3 2.0
5.1 1.5
73.4 0.6 0.6 0.0 2.3 9.7 1.6 5.2 6.5 610
79.7 2.9 1.4 0.0 1.4 7.2 0.0 4.3 2.9 141
71.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.5 10.5 2.1 5.4 7.5 469
60.6 0.5 0.0 0.3 8.0 21.4 1.1 3.5 4.6 607
65.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.0 21.0 0.0 3.0 4.0 149
59.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 8.8 21.6 1.5 3.7 4.8 458
71.2 1.0 2.0 1.0 5.2 11.1 0.3 4.2 3.9 480
64.8 0.4 0.2 0.0 5.9 16.4 1.8 4.5 6.1 927
67.2 0.6 0.9 0.4 5.6 14.4 1.2 4.4 5.3 1,407
HUSBANDS Heard/Seen or received any information about how injections are given safely Information received Only use a syringe (needle) in a sealed packet Do not share a syringe (needle) Boil/Sterilize syringe (needle) before reuse Other Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/Magazine Pamphlet/Brochure Poster Medical Provider Spouse Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Number
85.7
49.4
51.9
48.6
49.6
48.8
49.9
64.5
49.2
54.5
97.3 54.0
96.7 68.1
98.6 71.0
96.0 67.2
97.0 75.8
96.8 74.6
97.0 76.2
97.5 62.8
96.5 71.7
96.9 68.0
4.0 0.0
6.3 0.4
8.7 0.0
5.5 0.5
3.4 3.0
1.6 4.8
4.0 2.5
4.6 1.1
4.7 1.5
4.7 1.3
70.7 0.7 2.0 2.7 6.0 6.0 2.7 3.3 6.0 175
68.1 1.9 2.6 1.1 0.7 9.6 3.3 4.8 7.8 547
63.8 2.9 1.4 0.0 1.4 10.1 4.3 1.4 14.5 133
69.7 1.5 3.0 1.5 0.5 9.5 3.0 6.0 5.5 414
52.8 0.0 1.1 1.1 10.6 22.6 1.1 4.5 6.0 534
49.2 0.0 3.2 1.6 12.7 22.2 0.0 9.5 1.6 129
54.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 9.9 22.8 1.5 3.0 7.4 405
64.2 1.1 2.1 1.8 6.4 10.6 2.5 4.3 7.1 437
61.8 0.7 1.7 1.2 5.2 16.1 2.2 4.5 6.5 819
62.8 0.9 1.9 1.5 5.7 13.9 2.3 4.4 6.7 1,256
122
Table 7.5a Recall of Health Messages about Safe Injections among Youth Percentage distribution of never married female and male youth who have heard information about how injections are given safely by information heard and last source of information during the six months preceding the survey, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Heard/Seen or received any information about safe 80.4 injection Information received Only use a syringe (needle) in a sealed packet 100.0 Do not share a syringe (needle) 55.6 Boil/Sterilize syringe (needle) before reuse 1.1 Other 0.0 Last source of information TV 70.0 Radio 0.0 Newspaper/Magazine 2.2 Pamphlet/Brochure 0.0 Poster 13.3 Medical Provider 4.4 Other Relatives 7.8 Friends/Neighbors 2.2 Number 112
52.6
45.6
55.4
61.3
63.4
60.7
65.2
58.4
61.0
93.7 60.1
100.0 61.1
91.6 59.8
95.0 66.0
96.2 65.4
94.6 66.2
98.9 59.6
93.3 63.5
95.6 61.9
6.3 1.4
0.0 2.8
8.4 0.9
2.0 1.0
0.0 1.9
2.7 0.7
0.6 1.1
5.1 0.8
3.2 0.9
74.1 0.0 2.1 0.7 2.1 11.2 6.3 3.5 272
80.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 2.8 8.3 79
72.0 0.0 2.8 0.9 2.8 12.1 7.5 1.9 193
65.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 4.0 14.0 9.5 5.5 326
65.4 0.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 17.3 5.8 5.8 82
65.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.7 12.8 10.8 5.4 244
70.8 0.0 1.7 0.6 7.3 9.0 6.2 4.5 273
68.2 0.0 1.6 0.4 3.9 12.5 9.4 3.9 437
69.3 0.0 1.6 0.5 5.3 11.1 8.1 4.2 710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Heard/Seen or received any information about safe injection Information received Only use a syringe (needle) in a sealed packet Do not share a syringe (needle) Boil/Sterilize syringe (needle) before reuse Other Last source of information TV Radio Newspaper/Magazine Pamphlet/Brochure Poster Medical Provider Other Relatives Friends/Neighbors Number
77.2
39.9
35.7
41.5
36.7
32.5
38.4
49.7
39.8
43.5
87.4 55.8
88.3 57.9
85.7 60.0
89.1 57.3
98.7 59.4
100.0 52.6
98.3 61.5
89.9 56.0
93.8 59.5
92.2 58.0
5.3 0.0
11.7 0.7
17.1 0.0
10.0 0.9
0.0 0.6
0.0 2.6
0.0 0.0
6.5 0.6
4.8 0.4
5.6 0.5
66.3 0.0 2.1 11.6 8.4 1.1 7.4 3.2 123
52.4 0.7 3.4 9.0 3.4 15.2 9.0 6.9 363
57.1 0.0 2.9 11.4 2.9 14.3 2.9 8.6 98
50.9 0.9 3.6 8.2 3.6 15.5 10.9 6.4 265
58.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 2.6 25.2 4.5 7.7 422
60.5 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 26.3 0.0 10.5 117
58.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 3.4 24.8 6.0 6.8 305
63.1 0.0 2.4 8.9 5.4 9.5 4.8 6.0 338
54.6 0.4 2.2 4.0 3.5 20.3 8.4 6.6 570
58.2 0.3 2.3 6.1 4.3 15.7 6.8 6.3 908
123
BEHAVIOR CHANGES COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
8
Communication activities play a vital role in all health programs. Awareness and use of health information has increased dramatically during the last decade contributing to an overall improvement in the health of the population. Additionally, the education and communication efforts has increasingly moved to provide more information on family planning, family health, smoking, safe injection and child health. In order to assess the behavior changes caused by different media interventions, levels of recalling the messages of these interventions, the perceived benefits and the effect of the communication activities on respondent’s behaviors should be examined. Accordingly, a series of questions were asked to different groups of respondents in the 2005 EHCS in order to explore these topics and the answers of these questions were presented in the following sections.
8.1
Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through TV
In the 2005 EHCS, two interventions through TV were investigated; spots and programs. The spots include “your health is your wealth” spot, “family’s doctor” spot and “Isaal Istashir” spot. The investigated TV programs also was concerned with programs that talked about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection and child health. Watching Television Habits To obtain information on the communication challenges through which respondents receive information about different topics, questions were asked first to assess media habits among different groups of respondents including questions about exposure to TV, the preferred channels and watching times. In the following, the data on exposure to TV will be discussed for women, husbands, and youth interviewed in the survey. Table 8.1 presents the women and husbands habits of watching television, while Table 8.1a presents the television habits for youth. The tables show that youths are more likely to watch TV than older respondents do. About 98% of youth reported that they watch TV regularly or sometimes compared to around 93% among women and husbands. Respondents in Urban Governorates watched TV regularly or sometimes more than those in other regions. Regarding the preferred Figure 8.1 channels, most of those Percentage Preferred Satelitte Channels who watch TV prefer 64 63 channels one and two 58 57 from the national/local channels. On the other hand, respondents 32 32 32 currently prefer to 29 Urban watch satellite channels Ru ral more than before, where a substantial percentage of all groups of respondents reported Wome n Hu sband Ne ve r-m arried Neve r-marrie d fe male you th male you th preference for satellite channels; however, youth prefer satellite channels more than married respondents. In addition, respondents in urban areas prefer to watch satellite channels than respondents in rural areas. The data shows that more than half of married respondents (about 57%) and about 64% of youth in urban areas reported that they prefer to watch a satellite channel, while 32% or less of all respondents in rural areas reported that they prefer to watch a satellite channels. 124
Looking at differentials accross region, minor differences were observed regarding the preferred TV channels except for satellite channels. Women and husbands in Urban Governorates and in urban Lower Egypt, while never-married youth in urban Lower Egypt are most likely to watch satellite channels than those in other regions. Respondents who mentioned that they prefer to watch satellite channels were asked to list the most preferred three satellite channels. Data of the 2005 EHCS revealed that Rotana Cinema channel is the most preferred channel for all groups of respondents except for husbands who prefer AlJazeera more than Rotana Cinema. Additionally, women mentioned Iqraa channel, ART movies and Al-Magd, while husbands reported Al-Jazeera, Iqraa, Dream 1 &2 and ART sports. For the never-married female youth, ART movies, Mazzika and Iqra are the most preferred satellite channels after Rotana Cinema which was mentioned by 71% of female youth. Never-married male youth prefer to watch, Dream 1 & 2 and Al-Jazeera. Regarding TV watching times, the tables show that males preferred to watch the television at night (after 9 pm.), while females preferred to watch the television at evening (6 pm: 9 pm) or at night (after 9 pm) with no significant differences between regions. Table 8.1 Watching TV Habits among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands by percentage watching TV, favorite channels and time of watch, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN 96.3
91.4
95.0
90.4
93.2
94.0
93.0
95.2
91.7
92.9
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
TV Channels Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 7 Channel 8 Satellite channels Other
86.3 68.9 15.8 4.4 3.8 59.0 23.5
87.5 78.0 17.7 2.5 1.8 38.4 25.4
76.1 70.1 9.7 1.5 0.0 60.4 24.6
91.0 80.4 20.3 2.8 2.4 31.4 25.7
93.8 76.9 11.3 37.5 25.1 32.5 6.4
87.9 69.3 18.6 25.0 22.1 51.4 7.9
95.8 79.3 8.9 41.5 26.1 26.3 5.9
83.8 69.4 14.9 9.8 8.3 57.1 19.0
93.4 79.9 14.6 22.2 14.2 28.8 15.8
90.1 76.2 14.7 17.9 12.2 38.7 16.9
Preferred Satellite channels Rotana cinema Iqraa ART movies Al magd Dream 1&2
56.5 43.5 31.5 25.9 37.0
54.2 49.5 40.2 27.1 20.6
46.9 53.1 35.8 25.9 23.5
58.6 47.4 42.9 27.8 18.8
79.3 33.2 17.4 32.6 30.4
68.1 43.1 16.7 36.1 31.9
86.6 26.8 17.9 30.4 29.5
56.7 46.4 28.7 28.7 31.4
71.4 38.0 31.4 29.0 23.7
63.8 42.3 30.0 28.9 27.7
108
214
81
133
184
72
112
258
245
503
2.7 8.2 7.7 26.8 51.4 61.7 29.5
3.0 4.8 6.5 23.8 37.1 35.7 46.8
2.2 5.2 6.7 26.9 33.6 39.6 47.8
3.3 4.7 6.4 22.9 38.2 34.4 46.5
0.2 7.2 27.9 46.8 65.0 59.7 19.4
0.0 3.6 19.3 33.6 52.1 57.9 28.6
0.2 8.5 30.8 51.2 69.2 60.3 16.4
1.8 5.9 10.9 28.9 46.4 54.0 34.6
1.8 6.6 18.6 37.1 53.8 47.4 31.4
1.8 6.4 15.9 34.2 51.2 49.7 32.5
183
558
134
424
566
140
426
457
850
1,307
Watching television Number
Number TV Watching Times Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
125
Table 8.1 (Continue)
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBAND Watching television
97.2
92.9
94.7
92.3
90.6
91.5
90.4
94.7
91.4
92.5
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
432
819
1,251
TV Channels Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 7 Channel 8 Satellite channels Other
85.3 70.6 11.8 1.8 2.4 55.9 20.6
91.5 84.4 22.4 3.0 2.8 40.0 20.5
87.3 80.2 23.0 1.6 0.8 61.9 14.3
92.9 85.9 22.3 3.4 3.4 32.7 22.5
91.3 76.2 2.7 30.0 25.6 37.0 1.7
87.3 72.9 5.9 18.6 22.0 55.9 3.4
92.6 77.3 1.6 33.6 26.8 30.9 1.1
86.5 74.2 13.5 6.5 7.5 57.7 13.8
92.8 81.7 12.2 18.2 14.8 31.8 12.0
90.5 79.0 12.7 14.0 12.2 41.0 12.7
Preferred Satellite channels Al jazeera Rotana cinema Iqraa Dream 1&2 ART sports
63.2 24.2 51.6 33.7 21.1
46.3 39.4 32.5 29.1 33.0
50.0 37.2 41.0 28.2 28.2
44.0 40.8 27.2 29.6 36.0
41.3 54.7 25.1 22.9 23.5
40.9 47.0 27.3 22.7 24.2
41.6 59.3 23.9 23.0 23.0
52.7 34.7 41.4 28.9 24.3
42.9 49.6 25.6 26.5 29.8
47.8 42.1 33.5 27.7 27.0
95
203
78
125
179
66
113
239
238
477
0.6 1.2 1.2 3.5 17.1 71.2 28.2
2.4 0.6 1.8 5.1 14.4 49.6 45.9
2.4 0.0 0.8 2.4 12.7 54.8 44.4
2.4 0.8 2.1 6.0 14.9 47.9 46.3
1.4 1.2 8.3 28.7 49.8 61.0 27.3
2.5 0.8 3.4 26.3 45.8 66.1 28.8
1.1 1.4 9.8 29.5 51.1 59.3 26.8
1.7 0.7 1.7 9.7 23.9 64.7 33.3
1.7 1.1 5.9 17.5 32.6 53.5 36.8
1.7 0.9 4.4 14.7 29.5 57.5 35.5
170
508
126
382
484
118
366
414
748
1,162
Number
Number TV Watching Times Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
126
Table 8.1a Watching TV Habits among Youth Percentage distribution of female and male youth by percentage watching TV, favorite channels and time of watch, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Watching television Number TV Channels Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 7 Channel 8 Satellite channels Other Preferred Satellite channels Rotana cinema ART movies Mazzika Iqraa Number TV Watching Times Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
99.1 112
97.4 272
98.7 79
96.9 193
98.5 326
96.3 82
99.2 244
98.2 271
98.2 437
98.1 708
73.9 67.6 18.0 1.8 1.8 59.5 18.9
87.2 71.7 15.5 4.5 6.0 49.1 25.7
71.8 55.1 12.8 0.0 0.0 75.6 14.1
93.6 78.6 16.6 6.4 8.6 38.0 30.5
90.3 75.4 10.3 37.1 26.5 34.9 4.7
88.6 73.4 15.2 27.8 16.5 59.5 2.5
90.9 76.0 8.7 40.1 29.8 26.9 5.4
77.6 65.7 15.7 9.0 5.6 64.2 12.7
92.1 77.2 12.1 25.4 20.5 31.7 16.3
86.5 72.7 13.5 19.1 14.8 44.2 14.9
51.5 37.9 21.2 37.9 66
69.2 38.5 20.0 29.2 130
62.7 32.2 23.7 33.9 59
74.6 43.7 16.9 25.4 71
83.0 19.6 44.6 22.3 112
83.0 17.0 38.3 23.4 47
83.1 21.5 49.2 21.5 65
64.0 30.2 26.7 32.6 172
78.7 33.1 32.4 23.5 136
70.5 31.5 29.2 28.6 308
1.8 5.4 7.2 29.7 40.5 55.9 38.7 111
3.0 5.3 12.5 25.7 44.5 38.9 44.2 265
1.3 6.4 14.1 26.9 41.0 42.3 46.2 78
3.7 4.8 11.8 25.1 46.0 37.4 43.3 187
0.3 10.3 32.7 57.3 73.8 66.4 16.2 321
0.0 8.9 27.8 55.7 70.9 67.1 21.5 79
0.4 10.7 34.3 57.9 74.8 66.1 14.5 242
1.1 6.7 15.3 36.6 49.6 55.2 35.8 268.0
1.9 8.2 24.5 43.6 62.2 53.6 27.0 429
1.6 7.6 20.9 40.9 57.4 54.2 30.4 697.0
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Watching television Number TV Channels Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 7 Channel 8 Satellite channels Other Preferred Satellite channels Rotana cinema Mazzika Iqraa Dream 1&2 Number TV Watching Times Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
99.2 123
95.5 363
97.9 98
94.7 265
97.1 422
97.5 117
97.1 305
98.2 338
96 570
96.8 908
80.3 80.3 18.0 4.1 4.9 56.6 26.2
94.2 89.0 25.9 2.0 2.3 45.8 16.1
91.7 88.5 31.3 1.0 1.0 67.7 18.8
95.2 89.2 23.9 2.4 2.8 37.5 15.1
91.2 78.8 5.4 27.8 27.8 38.3 2.9
79.8 72.8 9.6 16.7 21.1 64.9 5.3
95.6 81.1 3.7 32.1 30.4 28.0 2.0
83.4 80.1 19.0 7.5 9.3 62.7 16.9
95.4 84.8 13.0 18.5 17.7 32.4 8.0
90.9 83.0 15.2 14.3 14.6 43.8 11.4
58.0 13.0 8.7 37.7 69
67.9 3.1 17.6 39.0 159
70.8 6.2 21.5 36.9 65
66.0 1.1 14.9 40.4 94
70.7 26.8 9.6 24.8 157
60.8 20.3 9.5 36.5 74
79.5 32.5 9.6 14.5 83
63.0 13.5 13.0 37.0 208
72.3 15.8 12.4 28.2 177
67.3 14.5 12.7 33.0 385
0.0 2.5 0.8 17.2 47.5 87.7 13.1 122
1.4 1.7 4.3 8.1 31.1 56.2 40.3 347
0.0 1.0 5.2 10.4 29.2 58.3 40.6 96
2.0 2.0 4.0 7.2 31.9 55.4 40.2 251
0.2 2.9 17.8 21.0 62.7 68.5 20.5 410
0.9 3.5 11.4 18.4 55.3 61.4 28.1 114
0.0 2.7 20.3 22.0 65.5 71.3 17.6 296
0.3 2.4 5.7 15.7 44.9 70.2 26.2 332
0.9 2.4 12.8 15.2 50.1 64.0 28.0 547
0.7 2.4 10.1 15.4 48.1 66.3 27.3 879
127
8.1.1
Recall of the TV Spot “Your Health is Your Wealth”
Many TV spots that talk about the health of all family members, family planning, smoking, child health…etc, were aired during the 12 months preceding the survey. This section assesses the recall of respondent to these spots. Women, husbands and youth who watch TV were asked if they ever watched “Your Health is Your Wealth” spot, “Family’s Doctor” and “Isaal Istashir” spot. Then who reported seeing the spots were asked a series of questions including: spots messages, benefits, and effect of the spots on respondents’ behaviors. “Your Health is Your Wealth” spot is one of the spots that was aired on the television during the 12 months preceding the survey. This spot talks about the health care of all family members, parent’s health affect Figure 8.2 child’s health, antenatal Watching "Your health is your wealth" Spot care, birth spacing, 63 63 61 breastfeeding, safe 56 52 injection…etc. Tables 8.2, 49 47 46 8.2a, 8.2b and Table 8.2c present the exposure level of respondents to the spot, Urban the recalled and learning Ru ral messages and the effect of the spots on respondents’ behaviors for women, NeverWome n Husbands Neve rmarried marrie d m ale husbands, never-married you th fe male you th female and male youth respectively. The tables indicated that the females watched the spot more than the males. Slightly less than two-thirds of women (62%) and 58% of female youth who reported watching TV, watched the spot, while 53% of husbands and 49% of the never-married male youth who report watching TV watched the spot. Urban-rural differences were clear as shown in Figure 8.2, where respondents in rural areas are more likely to watch the spot than respondents in urban areas. Additionally, respondents in Upper Egypt are most likely to watch the spot than respondents in other regions. Spot Messages, Benefits and Effect on Women’s Behavior Regarding recalling messages of the TV spot “Your Health is Your Wealth”, Table 8.2 revealed that the most recalled message among women was birth spacing (56%), family health care (53%), and breastfeeding and danger of secondhand smoking (47%). However, differentials were observed between regions. Women in Urban Governorates are most likely to recall antenatal care and breastfeeding as the main spot messages, while women in Lower Egypt are most likely to mention antenatal care, birth spacing and family health care. Women in Upper Egypt highly recalled (50% of more) many messages as birth spacing, family health care, breastfeeding and danger of secondhand smoking. Women were aslo asked if they have learned anything from the spot and what did they learn. The data shows that 18% of women mentioned that they learned nothing from the spot, (25% in urban areas and 14% in rural areas). Regarding the differences accross regions, the table shows that slightly less than one-third of women in Urban Governorates (31%) mentioned that they learned nothing compared to 9% among women in rural Upper Egypt. Among those who learned something from “your health is your wealth” spot, the most learned message mentioned by women is the importance of family health care (52%) and 44% mentioned the importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years. Although more than 80% of women mentioned that they have learned something out of the spot, only 67% mentioned that the spot affected their behaviors. Women in Lower Egypt are least likely to mention that the spot affected their behaviors (61%), while 69% in Upper Egypt and 70% in Urban Governorates mentioned that the spot has affected their behaviors. The most mentioned practices that were affected by the spot messages were that they cared about their health and by 128
their husbands’ health, spaced between births and used family planning methods. Differences were clear between regions as indicated in the table. When women were asked whether they talked with someone about the spot, the data revealed that most of women (72%) did not talk about the spot with minor differences between regions. However, most women who talked with someone about the spot, they talked to their friends/neighbors (15%). Table 8.2 Recall of TV Spot (Your health is your Wealth) among Women Percentage distribution of women by percentage who watched the (Your health is your Wealth) TV spot during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the spot, the percentage mentioned spot messages, learned messages, effectiveness of these messages on behaviors and the interpersonal communication about the spot, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005.
Watched the spot Number Spots messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Health care in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Number Learned Messages If parent’s health is good, child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial During the physical examination for the mother after one week from delivery the woman knows the suitable FP method Importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years Secondhand smoking is very harmful to the smoker , the people around him and living with him Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing Number Effectiveness of spot on behavior Cared about my health and my husband's health Spaced between births Used FP methods Intend to care about my health and my husband's health Intend to space between births Intend to use FP methods Other No effect Number Talked with someone about spot Spouse Other relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
60.1 183
41.4 558
41.8 134
41.3 424
83.7 566
79.3 140
85.2 426
60.6 457
63.3 850
62.4 1,307
22.7 47.3 61.8 7.3 20.9 51.8 57.3 48.2 11.8 0.0 110
29.4 41.6 43.3 9.1 32.9 42.0 26.4 28.1 9.1 0.0 231
30.4 53.6 41.1 10.7 32.1 39.3 28.6 41.1 19.6 0.0 56
29.1 37.7 44.0 8.6 33.1 42.9 25.7 24.0 5.7 0.0 175
11.8 59.5 35.4 14.6 27.6 63.7 54.9 55.9 27.0 0.6 474
9.0 57.7 42.3 11.7 23.4 64.9 51.4 47.7 25.2 0.0 111
12.7 60.1 33.3 15.4 28.9 63.4 55.9 58.4 27.5 0.8 363
18.8 52.7 49.8 9.7 24.2 54.5 49.1 46.6 18.8 0.0 277
18.0 52.8 36.8 13.2 30.3 56.7 46.1 47.2 20.4 0.6 538
18.3 52.8 41.2 12.0 28.2 56.0 47.1 47.0 19.9 0.4 815
26.4 36.4 0.0
37.2 39.0 2.6
37.5 42.9 1.8
37.1 37.7 2.9
20.0 62.4 3.8
14.4 55.9 3.6
21.8 64.5 3.9
23.8 45.5 1.8
26.8 55.8 3.5
25.8 52.3 2.9
33.6
15.6
19.6
14.3
12.2
5.4
14.3
19.5
14.3
16.1
2.7 33.6
6.1 25.5
3.6 21.4
6.9 26.9
6.3 55.5
6.3 43.2
6.3 59.2
4.3 35.0
6.5 48.7
5.8 44.0
22.7
18.6
30.4
14.9
37.6
32.4
39.1
28.2
31.2
30.2
20.9 12.7 30.9 110
9.5 21.2 22.5 231
21.4 19.6 19.6 56
5.7 21.7 23.4 175
25.7 47.3 12.2 474
23.4 34.2 22.5 111
26.4 51.2 9.1 363
22.0 22.7 25.3 277
19.7 41.6 13.8 538
20.5 35.2 17.7 815
38.2 30.3 52.6
32.4 31.8 29.1
31.1 26.7 33.3
32.8 33.6 27.6
45.2 18.3 33.4
44.2 26.7 34.9
45.5 16.1 33.0
39.1 28.0 41.1
41.8 21.1 31.5
41.0 23.2 34.4
0.0 7.9 3.9 38.2 30.3 76
2.8 6.1 1.7 17.9 39.1 179
0.0 8.9 0.0 24.4 33.3 45
3.7 5.2 2.2 15.7 41.0 134
3.1 14.9 11.3 37.5 31.0 416
1.2 4.7 3.5 34.9 34.9 86
3.6 17.6 13.3 38.2 30.0 330
0.5 6.8 2.9 33.8 32.9 207
3.7 14.0 10.1 31.7 33.2 464
2.7 11.8 7.9 32.3 33.1 671
10.9 11.8 8.2 78.2 110
9.1 9.5 11.3 69.7 231
12.5 16.1 12.5 62.5 56
8.0 7.4 10.9 72.0 175
6.1 12.2 17.5 71.7 474
5.4 13.5 17.1 72.1 111
6.3 11.8 17.6 71.6 363
9.0 13.4 12.6 72.6 277
6.9 10.4 15.4 71.7 538
7.6 11.4 14.5 72.0 815
129
Spot Messages, Benefits and Effect on Husbands’ Behavior Regarding the recalling messages mentioned by husbands, Table 8.2a shows that the most recalled messages are “family planning during the 40 days after delivery” (58%) followed by “family health care” (52%), and “danger of secondhand smoking” (42%) with minor differences between regions. Husbands are less likely to learn from the spot messages than women, where 22% of husbands mentioned that they did not learn anything from the spot. Urban-rural differences are clear in the table, more than one-quarter of husbands in urban areas (28%) reported that they learned nothing from the spot compared to 19% among husbands in rural areas. Concerning those who learned something from the spot, they mostly learned the importance of family health care (53%) and the importance of birth spacing (30%). Almost 30% of husbands reported that the spot did not affect their behaviors with 39% in Lower Egypt, 27% in Upper Egypt and 16% in Urban Governorates. The most practices affected by the spot messages mentioned by husbands are that they cared about their health and their wives’ health (52%). In addition, they mentioned that they used family planning methods (24%) and spaced between births (22%). Regarding the interpersonal communication about the spot, the table shows that most husbands did not talk with anyone about the spot (79%), while those who talked about the spot talked with their spouse (10%).
130
Table 8.2a Recall of TV Spot (Your health is your Wealth) among Husbands Percentage distribution of husbands by percentage who watched the (Your health is your Wealth) TV spot during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the spot, the percentage mentioned spot messages, learned messages, effectiveness of these messages on behaviors and the interpersonal communication about the spot, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt Watched the spot Number Spots messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Care for mother and child's health in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Number Learning Messages If parent’s health is good, child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial During the physical examination for the mother after one week from delivery the woman knows the suitable FP method Importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years Secondhand smoking is very harmful to the smoker , the people around him and living with him Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing Number Effectiveness of spot on behavior Cared about my health and my wife’s health Spaced between births Used FP methods Intend to care about my health and my wife’s health Intend to space between births Intend to use FP methods Other No effect Number Talked with someone about spot Spouse Other relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
42.9 170
40.6 508
35.7 126
42.1 382
69.0 484
63.6 118
70.8 366
46.6 414
56.1 748
52.8 1,162
67.1 75.3 24.7
72.8 58.7 28.6
86.7 55.6 28.9
68.9 59.6 28.6
8.1 42.5 17.7
10.7 44.0 22.7
7.3 42.1 16.2
49.7 58.5 24.9
31.0 48.8 21.0
36.9 51.9 22.2
5.5 53.4 24.7 12.3 34.2 11.0 0.0
22.2 46.7 17.8 11.1 40.0 17.8 0.0 45
19.9 35.4 24.2 14.9 39.1 12.4 0.0 161
9.0 70.7 34.4 28.7 46.1 29.0 0.0 334
10.7 70.7 29.3 33.3 49.3 20.0 0.0 75
8.5 70.7 35.9 27.4 45.2 31.7 0.0 259
11.4 58.5 24.9 20.2 41.5 16.1 0.0 193
12.9 57.1 31.4 22.6 42.9 24.3 0.0 420
12.4 57.6 29.4 21.9 42.4 21.7 0.0
73
20.4 37.9 22.8 14.1 39.3 13.6 0.0 206
54.8
47.1
57.8
44.1
13.5
9.3
14.7
37.8
26.0
29.7
63.0 5.5
42.7 5.8
53.3 6.7
39.8 5.6
56.3 3.0
57.3 2.7
56.0 3.1
58.5 4.7
49.8 4.0
52.5 4.2
8.2
9.2
4.4
10.6
7.5
8.0
7.3
7.3
8.6
8.2
1.4
5.3
4.4
5.6
3.9
1.3
4.6
2.1
5.0
4.1
30.1
16.0
20.0
14.9
38.9
32.0
40.9
28.5
31.0
30.2
24.7
14.1
20.0
12.4
30.5
32.0
30.1
26.4
23.3
24.3
6.8 5.5 31.5
2.2 11.1 37.8 45
4.3 18.0 34.8 161
18.9 41.6 11.1 334
18.7 30.7 18.7 75
18.9 44.8 8.9 259
10.4 16.6 28.0 193
13.3 34.5 18.8 420
12.4 28.9 21.7
73
3.9 16.5 35.4 206
78.0 48.0 42.0
48.1 30.8 18.8
64.3 32.1 35.7
43.8 30.5 14.3
48.8 13.8 23.2
52.5 21.3 24.6
47.9 11.9 22.9
64.0 33.1 33.1
46.6 17.6 20.2
51.7 22.1 24.0
4.0 4.0 0.0 32.0 16.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 17.9 28.6 28
3.8 7.6 1.9 13.3 41.9 105
1.7 9.8 7.1 26.9 26.3 297
0.0 4.9 0.0 19.7 29.5 61
2.1 11.0 8.9 28.8 25.4 236
1.4 3.6 0.0 23.7 24.5 139
2.6 10.0 6.7 24.0 30.5 341
2.3 8.1 4.8 24.0 28.7
50
3.0 6.0 1.5 14.3 39.1 133
5.5 2.7 2.7 86.3 73
2.9 3.4 7.3 76.7 206
0.0 2.2 4.4 75.6 45
3.7 3.7 8.1 77.0 161
15.9 2.1 5.7 78.1 334
12.0 1.3 4.0 81.3 75
17.0 2.3 6.2 77.2 259
6.7 2.1 3.6 81.9 193
11.9 2.9 6.9 77.1 420
10.3 2.6 5.9 78.6 613
613
613
480
131
Spot Messages, Benefits and Effect on Youth’s Behavior With regards to the never-married youth, Tables 8.2b and 8.2c show that the most recalled messages mentioned by both female and male youth are “family planning during 40 days after delivery” and “danger of secondhand smoking”, while other messages were mentioned less frequently. Youth were asked if they learned anything from the spot and what did they learn. The data revealed that youth were more likely to learn something from the spots than married respondents. Only one in ten of female youth and 16% of male youth reported that they learned nothing from the spot messages with some differentials between regions. Youth in Lower Egypt are least likely to learn something from the spot messages, where 81% and 62% of female and male youth respectively from Lower Egypt mentioned that they learned something from the spot. Youth in Upper Egypt are most likely to learn something from the spot, where 95% and 94% among female and male youth respectively mentioned that they learned from “your health is your wealth” spot. Among those who learned something from the spot, the most recalled messages mentioned by female and male youth are the importance of family health care and the harmful effect of secondhand smoking. In addition, female youth reported that they learned about the importance of birth spacing. Youth were asked about the practices that were changed by the spot messages, the data in the tables revealed that 13% of female youth and 29% of male youth mentioned that the spot did not affect their behaviors. However, youth who mentioned that the spot affect their behavior reported that they intend to care by their health and their spouse’s health and they intend to space between births and also to use family planning methods. Large differences were observed between regions, for example, the intention to use family planning methods was reported by 70% of female youth in urban Upper Egypt compared to 44% among female youth in Urban Governorates. Most youth (79% and 92% of female and male youth respectively) mentioned that they did not talk about the spot with anyone, where female youth in Urban Governorates and male youth in Upper Egypt are least likely to talk about the spot with anyone.
132
Table 8.2b Recall of TV Spot (Your health is your Wealth) among Female Youth Percentage distribution of female youth by percentage who watched the (Your health is your Wealth) TV spot during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the spot, the percentage mentioned spot messages, learned messages, effectiveness of these messages on behaviors and the interpersonal communication about the spot, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt Watched the spot Number Spots messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Care for mother and child's health in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Number Learning Messages If parent’s health is good, the child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial Woman knows the suitable FP method during postpartum Importance of birth spacing Harmful effect of secondhand smoking Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing Number Effectiveness of spot on behavior Intend to care about my health and my spouse’s health Intend to space between births Intend to use family planning methods Other No effect Number Talked with someone about spot Relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
Residence
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
41.4 111
35.1 265
26.9 78
38.5 187
81.9 321
79.7 79
82.6 242
48.5 268
63.4 429
57.7 697
13.0 34.8 43.5
26.9 37.6 34.4
19.0 23.8 23.8
29.2 41.7 37.5
14.1 40.7 30.4
14.3 38.1 33.3
14.0 41.5 29.5
14.6 34.6 35.4
18.0 41.5 31.6
16.9 39.3 32.8
2.2 54.3 47.8 43.5 28.3 17.4 0.0 46
2.2 53.8 24.7 25.8 38.7 14.0 1.1 93
4.8 42.9 23.8 28.6 38.1 0.0 0.0 21
1.4 56.9 25.0 25.0 38.9 18.1 1.4 72
8.0 76.4 52.5 44.1 60.1 30.4 0.4 263
9.5 71.4 50.8 49.2 58.7 30.2 0.0 63
7.5 78.0 53.0 42.5 60.5 30.5 0.5 200
6.2 60.8 45.4 43.8 44.6 20.8 0.0 130
5.9 72.4 45.6 37.9 54.8 27.2 0.7 272
6.0 68.7 45.5 39.8 51.5 25.1 0.5 402
23.9
31.2
19.0
34.7
17.9
17.5
18.0
20.0
22.4
21.6
39.1
39.8
23.8
44.4
54.8
44.4
58.0
39.2
54.4
49.5
0.0
7.5
4.8
8.3
3.8
3.2
4.0
2.3
5.1
4.2
34.8
19.4
28.6
16.7
13.7
17.5
12.5
25.4
13.6
17.4
4.3 30.4
9.7 37.6
9.5 33.3
9.7 38.9
8.7 63.9
9.5 60.3
8.5 65.0
7.7 45.4
8.8 58.1
8.5 54.0
23.9
29.0
33.3
27.8
47.5
44.4
48.5
35.4
43.0
40.5
28.3 21.7 15.2 46
12.9 18.3 19.4 93
14.3 9.5 19.0 21
12.5 20.8 19.4 72
30.0 45.6 4.9 263
25.4 46.0 6.3 63
31.5 45.5 4.5 200
24.6 31.5 11.5 130
26.5 39.0 8.5 272
25.9 36.6 9.5 402
38.5 48.7
49.3 56.0
17.6 47.1
58.6 58.6
59.6 56.4
55.9 50.8
60.7 58.1
44.3 49.6
60.2 58.2
55.2 55.5
43.6 41.0 23.1 39
46.7 26.7 14.7 75
35.3 41.2 11.8 17
50.0 22.4 15.5 58
67.6 37.6 10.8 250
69.5 50.8 8.5 59
67.0 33.5 11.5 191
55.7 46.1 13.9 115
63.1 30.9 12.4 249
60.7 35.7 12.9 364
0.0 4.3 95.7 46
12.9 14.0 68.8 93
14.3 4.8 71.4 21
12.5 16.7 68.1 72
4.2 17.1 79.1 263
7.9 14.3 79.4 63
3.0 18.0 79.0 200
6.2 9.2 83.8 130
5.5 17.6 76.1 272
5.7 14.9 78.6 402
133
Table 8.2c Recall of TV Spot (Your health is your Wealth) among Male Youth Percentage distribution of male youth by percentage who watched the (Your health is your Wealth) TV spot during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the spot, the percentage mentioned spot messages, learned messages, effectiveness of these messages on behaviors and the interpersonal communication about the spot, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt Watched the spot Number Spots messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Care for mother and child's health in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Number Learning Messages If parent’s health is good, the child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial Woman knows the suitable FP method during postpartum Importance of birth spacing Harmful effect of secondhand smoking Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing Number Effectiveness of spot on behavior Intend to care about my health and my spouse’s health Intend to space between births Intend to use family planning methods Other No effect Number Talked with someone about spot Other relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
47.5 122
35.7 347
39.6 96
34.3 251
61.2 410
48.2 114
66.2 296
45.5 332
51.6 547
49.3 879
55.2 75.9 25.9
66.9 60.5 25.0
71.1 60.5 21.1
65.1 60.5 26.7
4.8 13.5 15.5
7.3 12.7 10.9
4.1 13.8 16.8
41.7 49.0 19.2
22.7 28.0 19.9
29.3 35.3 19.6
5.2 70.7 19.0 5.2 44.8 15.5 0.0 58
24.2 43.5 17.7 9.7 53.2 16.1 0.0 124
36.8 47.4 21.1 13.2 57.9 15.8 0.0 38
18.6 41.9 16.3 8.1 51.2 16.3 0.0 86
1.2 61.4 29.1 50.6 86.9 18.7 0.0 251
1.8 52.7 29.1 47.3 89.1 21.8 0.0 55
1.0 63.8 29.1 51.5 86.2 17.9 0.0 196
11.9 58.3 23.2 22.5 64.2 17.9 0.0 151
6.4 57.1 25.2 38.3 75.5 17.4 0.0 282
8.3 57.5 24.5 32.8 71.6 17.6 0.0 433
56.9
35.5
31.6
37.2
8.0
12.7
6.6
34.4
16.0
22.4
74.1
41.9
42.1
41.9
25.1
27.3
24.5
49.0
29.8
36.5
10.3
8.9
10.5
8.1
0.8
1.8
0.5
7.3
2.8
4.4
3.4
11.3
5.3
14.0
22.3
16.4
24.0
8.6
20.9
16.6
0.0 37.9
0.8 19.4
0.0 26.3
1.2 16.3
0.8 25.9
1.8 27.3
0.5 25.5
0.7 31.1
0.7 22.7
0.7 25.6
27.6
21.0
18.4
22.1
79.7
80.0
79.6
44.4
62.1
55.9
6.9 10.3 13.8 58
9.7 14.5 37.9 124
10.5 7.9 42.1 38
9.3 17.4 36.0 86
11.2 35.9 6.4 251
14.5 30.9 7.3 55
10.2 37.2 6.1 196
10.6 17.2 18.5 151
9.9 31.2 15.2 282
10.2 26.3 16.4 433
82.0 66.0
62.3 48.1
77.3 54.5
56.4 45.5
36.6 11.5
33.3 7.8
37.5 12.5
61.0 39.8
41.8 20.1
48.3 26.8
42.0 22.0 10.0 50
48.1 20.8 19.5 77
68.2 36.4 4.5 22
40.0 14.5 25.5 55
13.2 40.0 35.7 235
13.7 33.3 41.2 51
13.0 41.8 34.2 184
35.0 29.3 22.0 123.0
19.2 35.6 32.2 239
24.6 33.4 28.7 362.0
1.7 3.4 86.2 58
4.8 4.8 82.3 124
7.9 7.9 86.8 38
3.5 3.5 80.2 86
2.0 2.0 97.6 251
0.0 0.0 98.2 55
2.6 2.6 97.4 196
2.0 3.3 90.7 151
2.8 2.8 92.2 282
1.4 3.0 91.7 433
134
8.1.2
Recall of the TV Spot “Family’s Doctor”
“Family’s Doctor” spot is also one of the spots that was aired in the television during the 12 months preceding the survey. “Family’s Doctor” spot informed people about the availability of family’s doctor in every health unit who will be a private doctor for all family members to check for their health, their will be a history file for each family member, and that family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations…etc. Unlike “your health is your wealth” spot, data presented in Table 8.3 for married respondents and for never-married youth indicate that only few respondents saw TV spot “Family’s Doctor” during the last 12 month. However, married respondents saw the spot more than the never-married respondents did. Almost 30% of women and husbands, 27% of the never-married female youth and 18% of the never-married male youth mentioned that they saw the spot in the television during the past 12 months. Differences between urban and rural areas were clear in Figure 8.3, where females in rural areas and males in urban areas are more likely to watch such spot than those in other areas. Additionally, significant differences were observed between regions. Women in urban Upper Egypt are most likely to be exposed to such spot (43%) compared to women in urban Lower Egypt (14%). In contrast, husbands in urban Lower Egypt are most likely to report that they saw the spot (43%) than husbands in other regions. Figure 8.3 Watching "Family's doctor" 34 31 28
30
29
21
23
Urban Rural 15
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Respondents who saw the “Family’s doctor” spot were asked to recall the messages of the spot. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that the most frequent recalled messages among all groups of respondents are: “Family’s doctor is available in every health unit” and “Family’s doctor will be a private doctor for all family’s member to check their health”. However, differences were observed among regions, as an example, women in Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt are more likely to recall the message “Family’s doctor is available in every health unit” than women in Urban Governorates.
135
Table 8.3 Recall of TV Spot “family's doctor” Percentage distribution of ever married women, husbands, and never married female and male youth by percentage who watched “Family’s Doctor” TV spot during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the spot, percentage who recalled the spot messages, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Saw "Family's doctor" spot Number Spot messages Family's doctor is available in every health unit Family's doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
26.2 183
21.1 558
14.2 134
23.3 424
39.0 566
42.9 140
37.8 426
27.8 457
30.6 850
29.6 1,307
50.0
69.5
68.4
69.7
63.8
58.3
65.8
56.7
67.3
63.8
75.0
58.5
73.7
55.6
54.3
60.0
52.2
67.7
53.5
58.1
8.3 31.3 0.0 48
22.9 36.4 0.8 118
10.5 21.1 0.0 19
25.3 39.4 1.0 99
5.9 38.5 4.5 221
6.7 36.7 1.7 60
5.6 39.1 5.6 161
7.9 32.3 0.8 127
13.1 39.2 3.8 260
11.4 37.0 2.8 387
28.2 170
36.4 508
42.9 126
34.3 382
25.2 484
33.9 118
22.4 366
34.3 414
28.5 748
30.6 1,162
83.3
93.5
92.6
93.9
39.3
50.0
34.1
77.5
70.9
73.5
70.8
78.4
77.8
78.6
49.2
62.5
42.7
71.1
64.8
67.3
8.3 10.4 0.0 48
16.2 63.8 0.0 185
16.7 63.0 0.0 54
16.0 64.1 0.0 131
15.6 50.0 0.8 122
20.0 50.0 0.0 40
13.4 50.0 1.2 82
14.8 41.5 0.0 142
15.0 58.7 0.5 213
14.9 51.8 0.3 355
HUSBANDS Saw "Family's doctor" spot Number Spot messages Family's doctor is available in every health unit Family's doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Saw "Family's doctor" spot Number Spot messages Family's doctor is available in every health unit Family's doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
19.8 111
23.4 265
15.4 78
26.7 187
31.5 321
29.1 79
32.2 242
21.3 268
29.8 429
26.5 697
54.5
67.7
41.7
74.0
65.3
69.6
64.1
57.9
68.0
64.9
59.1
58.1
58.3
58.0
46.5
52.2
44.9
56.1
50.0
51.9
0.0 36.4 0.0 22
22.6 43.5 0.0 62
41.7 41.7 0.0 12
18.0 44.0 0.0 50
7.9 43.6 3.0 101
13.0 26.1 4.3 23
6.4 48.7 2.6 78
14.0 33.3 1.8 57
10.9 46.9 1.6 128
11.9 42.7 1.6 185
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Saw "Family's doctor" spot Number Spot messages Family's doctor is available in every health unit Family's doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
27.9 122
27.7 347
34.4 96
25.1 251
6.6 410
7.0 114
6.4 296
22.6 332
15.0 547
17.9 879
94.1
93.8
90.9
95.2
51.9
37.5
57.9
86.7
86.6
86.6
88.2
90.6
90.9
90.5
55.6
50.0
57.9
85.3
82.9
84.1
0.0 2.9 0.0 34
6.3 71.9 0.0 96
6.1 63.6 0.0 33
6.3 76.2 0.0 63
11.1 33.3 0.0 27
12.5 37.5 0.0 8
10.5 31.6 0.0 19
4.0 33.3 0.0 75
7.3 65.9 0.0 82
5.7 50.3 0.0 157
136
8.1.3
Recall of “Isaal Istashir” Spot
One of the spots that the 2005 EHCS asked about is “Isaal Istashir” spot. “Isaal Istashir” spot advise people to consult a doctor in any medical center that has the sign of (Isaal Istashir) about any problem, promote people to use family planning methods, give information about contraceptive pills for the breastfeeding women…etc. Accordingly, respondents were asked whether they ever seen/heard “Isaal Istashir” spot in any place. Tables 8.4 and 8.4a present the level of exposure of married respondents and never-married respondents respectively to “Isaal Istashir” spot; additionally, the tables present the spot messages that were recalled by respondents in addition to learned messages. Data shown in the tables indicated that a substantial percentage of all groups of respondents have ever seen or heard “Isaal Istashir” spot, where 71% of women, 69% of husbands, 77% of never-married female youth and 64% of never-married male youth mentioned that they were exposed to such spot. However, differentials between urban and rural areas were clear among all groups of respondents except for women as shown in Figure 8.4. Respondents in rural areas were exposed to such spot more than respondents in urban areas. Television is by far the main source for the spot followed by a poster in a pharmacy or in a clinic. Significant differences were observed between regions, where respondents in Lower Egypt and Urban Governorates are least likely to see/hear a spot about “Isaal Istashir”, while respondents in Upper Egypt were highly exposed to such spot (80% or more) except for male youth (72%). Figure 8.4 Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" Spot 81 71
72
71
70
63
68 57
Urban Rural
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Respondents were asked to recall “Isaal Istashir” spot messages, data presented in Tables 8.4 and 8.4a revealed that the highest recall message among all respondents was that the spot advise people to consult a doctor/pharmacist about problems or inquiries. Women and husbands recalled this message more than youth, where more than two-thirds of women and husbands (68%) recalled this message compared to almost 61% of never-married youth. The second most recalled message was that the spot inform people to consult a doctor/ pharmacy/ medical center that has “Isaal Istashir” sign, where around half of husbands and never-married male youth, 43% of women and 41% of never-married females recalled this message. The third most recalled message was that the spot talks about family planning methods. Other messages were reported by fewer percentages. As the previous spots, respondents were asked whether they learned anything from “Isaal Istashir” spot and what did they learn. The data revealed that never-married youth learned from the spot more than married respondents. Slightly more than three-quarters of married respondents (78% of women and 79% of husbands) who saw the spot reported that they learned something from the spot, while these percentages increased to 86% of never-married females and 83% of nevermarried males. In addition, respondents in Lower Egypt are least likely to mention that they learned something from the spot if compared by other regions. Among those who mentioned that they learned something from the spot, the data shows that most of them reported that they should consult doctor/pharmacist or medical center that has (Isaal 137
Istashir) sign. The second most learning message mentioned by all groups of respondents is that they should consult doctor/pharmacist about any problem/inquiry. Significant differences were observed between regions, for example, more than 60% of women in Upper Egypt and Urban Governorates mentioned that they should consult a doctor or medical center that has (Isaal Istashir) sign compared to 42% among women in Lower Egypt. Same trend was observed among husbands and female youth, while male youth in Upper Egypt were least likely to mention such learning message. Some pharmacies have posters of “Isaal Istashir” sign in order to inform people to consult doctors about any problem and to advise them by different messages. Accordingly, respondents were asked whether they have ever gone to a pharmacy that have “Isaal Istashir” sign. The data of the 2005 EHCS revealed that around one-third of women, husband and never-married male youth and around 26% of male youth reported that they have ever gone to a pharmacy have “Isaal Istashir” sign. However, differences were observed accross regions, respondents in urban Upper Egypt are more likely to mention that they went to a pharmacy with (Isaal Istashir) sign more than respondents in other regions. Table 8.4 Seen/heard “Isaal Istashir” spot among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands by percentage who watched “Isaal Istashir” spot and place of watching the spot, and among those who watched the spot, the percentage mentioned spot messages, learned messages, and whether they gone to a pharmacy having “Isaal Istashir” sign, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN
Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Number Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learned messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing Number Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
65.0 20.2 25.1 183
56.3 10.6 40.7 558
50.0 12.7 47.0 134
58.3 9.9 38.7 424
80.9 21.6 18.9 566
82.9 17.1 17.1 140
80.3 23.0 19.5 426
66.1 17.1 29.1 457
69.3 16.5 29.1 850
68.2 16.7 29.1 1,307
78.8
69.2
71.8
68.5
64.9
59.5
66.8
70.4
67.5
68.5
21.9
42.3
45.1
41.5
17.2
24.1
14.9
27.8
26.4
26.9
29.9 52.6 22.6 0.0
29.9 36.9 33.2 0.9
31.0 38.0 32.4 0.0
29.6 36.5 33.5 1.2
55.3 39.4 30.5 3.3
51.7 31.9 28.4 3.4
56.6 42.0 31.2 3.2
38.0 42.0 26.9 1.2
44.9 39.6 32.2 2.3
42.5 40.5 30.3 1.9
62.0 27.0 34.3 12.4 21.2 137
42.3 45.6 23.9 14.2 29.9 331
46.5 42.3 25.4 12.7 25.4 71
41.2 46.5 23.5 14.6 31.2 260
60.8 50.3 14.2 19.6 15.7 459
55.2 50.0 13.8 19.8 17.2 116
62.7 50.4 14.3 19.5 15.2 343
56.2 38.6 25.0 15.1 20.7 324
53.4 48.8 18.2 17.4 22.1 603
54.4 45.2 20.6 16.6 21.6 927
29.0 183
31.2 558
33.6 134
30.4 424
33.6 566
41.4 140
31.0 426
34.1 457
30.7 850
31.9 1,307
138
Table 8.4 (Continue)
Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
HUSBANDS
Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Number Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learned messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing Number Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
50.6 16.5 41.2 170
56.3 25.8 38.2 508
54.0 26.2 42.1 126
57.1 25.7 36.9 382
78.3 24.0 20.2 484
71.2 29.7 25.4 118
80.6 22.1 18.6 366
57.5 23.2 37.0 414
68.6 23.9 27.9 748
64.6 23.7 31.2 1,162
83.0
82.5
84.9
81.7
53.1
65.9
49.3
77.8
63.8
68.4
35.0
43.9
39.7
45.2
17.9
23.9
16.1
32.6
29.1
30.3
11.0 30.0 9.0 1.0
39.5 23.2 35.4 0.3
42.5 28.8 27.4 0.0
38.6 21.6 37.8 0.4
69.9 39.4 30.8 1.6
75.0 36.4 36.4 0.0
68.5 40.3 29.2 2.0
41.4 31.8 23.4 0.4
55.1 31.9 33.0 1.3
50.6 31.9 29.9 1.0
70.0 45.0 10.0 8.0 15.0 100
51.9 40.4 14.0 15.9 33.4 314
58.9 47.9 17.8 12.3 26.0 73
49.8 38.2 12.9 17.0 35.7 241
66.3 40.9 11.4 30.1 12.4 386
71.6 54.5 9.1 27.3 10.2 88
64.8 36.9 12.1 30.9 13.1 298
67.4 49.0 11.9 15.7 16.5 261
58.1 37.5 12.4 24.7 23.2 539
61.1 41.3 12.3 21.8 21.0 800
22.9
38.6
43.7
36.9
31.4
39.8
28.7
34.1
32.9
33.3
170
508
126
382
484
118
366
414
748
1,162
139
Table 8.4a Seen/heard “Isaal Istashir” spot among Youth Percentage distribution of never-married female and male youth by percentage who watched “Isaal Istashir” spot and place of watching the spot, and among those who watched the spot, the percentage mentioned spot messages, learned messages, and whether they gone to a pharmacy having “Isaal Istashir” sign, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern orates
Lower Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Number Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learning messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing Number Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
63.1 18.9 29.7 111
60.0 18.1 36.2 265
51.3 15.4 48.7 78
63.6 19.3 31.0 187
87.2 21.5 10.6 321
86.1 19.0 12.7 79
87.6 22.3 9.9 242
66.4 17.9 30.2 268
77.2 21.0 19.1 429
73.0 19.8 23.4 697
69.2
60.9
50.0
64.3
58.9
58.0
59.2
61.0
61.1
61.0
25.6
36.1
35.0
36.4
32.1
27.5
33.5
28.3
34.6
32.4
33.3 52.6 14.1 0.0
30.8 37.3 23.1 0.6
30.0 55.0 35.0 0.0
31.0 31.8 19.4 0.8
48.8 34.1 30.3 1.7
50.7 33.3 27.5 2.9
48.2 34.4 31.2 1.4
39.0 46.0 23.5 1.1
41.8 33.4 26.8 1.2
40.8 37.8 25.7 1.1
56.4 41.0 30.8 15.4 15.4 78
48.5 37.9 37.9 17.2 17.2 169
42.5 37.5 37.5 20.0 25.0 40
50.4 38.0 38.0 16.3 14.7 129
59.9 44.6 22.3 29.3 12.2 287
60.9 53.6 21.7 29.0 7.2 69
59.6 41.7 22.5 29.4 13.8 218
55.1 44.9 28.9 21.4 14.4 187
56.2 40.3 28.2 24.5 14.1 347
55.8 41.9 28.5 23.4 14.2 534
38.7 111
29.8 265
21.8 78
33.2 187
38.0 321
44.3 79
36.0 242
35.4 268
34.7 429
35.0 697
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Number Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learned messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing Number Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
45.9 22.1 41.8 122
51.3 26.2 42.9 347
51.0 32.3 41.7 96
51.4 23.9 43.4 251
71.7 19.0 28.3 410
56.1 28.9 43.9 114
77.7 15.2 22.3 296
50.9 27.4 42.5 332
65.6 19.2 32.0 547
60.1 22.3 35.9 879
91.5
83.8
92.9
80.3
40.5
46.9
38.7
77.0
54.6
62.2
45.1
39.9
33.9
42.3
36.1
43.8
33.9
41.4
37.1
38.5
23.9 1.4 2.8 0.0
50.5 18.7 23.7 0.5
46.4 17.9 25.0 0.0
52.1 19.0 23.2 0.7
53.4 13.3 10.9 1.0
59.4 17.2 7.8 1.6
51.7 12.2 11.7 0.9
42.4 11.5 11.0 0.5
51.9 14.8 16.1 0.8
48.7 13.7 14.4 0.7
88.7 28.2 5.6 0.0 9.9 71
71.2 34.3 5.1 14.6 23.2 198
71.4 30.4 5.4 12.5 23.2 56
71.1 35.9 4.9 15.5 23.2 142
57.5 20.4 11.6 21.1 14.3 294
64.1 17.2 7.8 28.1 18.8 64
55.7 21.3 12.6 19.1 13.0 230
75.4 25.1 6.3 13.1 16.8 191
61.6 26.9 9.7 17.7 16.9 372
66.3 26.3 8.5 16.2 16.9 563
26.2 122
30.0 347
30.2 96
29.9 251
22.9 410
31.6 114
19.6 296
29.2 332
24.3 547
26.2 879
140
8.1.4
Recall of TV Programs
Many programs were aired in the television during the 12 months preceding the survey that talked about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection, child health…etc. Respondents were asked whether they saw such programs in the television during the past 12 months and if so, they were asked to mention the topics of these programs, what they learned from the programs and finally how these programs affected and/or changed their behaviors. Data shown in Tables 8.5 and 8.5a indicate that the recall of the television programs during the 12 months preceding the survey was not as high as the television spots. The data shows that more than half of women and female youth (54% and 52% respectively) saw a television program during the last 12 months that talked about the previouly mentioned health issues, while these percentages decreased among male respondent (40% and 29% of husbands and male youth respectively). Respondents in Urban Governorates are highly exposed to these programs than respondents in other regions. Respondents who saw the TV programs, were asked to mention the topics that were discussed in those programs. The most frequent topic mentioned by all groups of respondents was “Multiple birth problems” which was mentioned by more than half of all respondents (59% of women, 58% of husbands, 55% of never-married female youth and 53% of never-married male youth). The second most mentioned topic for all groups of respondents except for women was “danger of secondhand smoking”, while “birth spacing” was the second most mentioned topic by women. Premarital examination was from the topics that were mentioned frequently by the never-married youth. Differences were clear accross regions regarding the recalling topics. For example, more than two-thirds of women in Upper Egypt mentioned “multiple birth problems” compared to less than half of women in Lower Egypt. Respondents who saw the programs were asked if they learned anything from the programs and what did they learn. The results show that virtually most respondents learned something from the programs. Additionally, never-married youth are more likely to learn from the programs than married respondents. Also, respondents in rural areas are more likely to learn from the programs than those in urban areas except for never-married male youth (as shown in Figure 8.5). The data shows that slightly more than one-fifth of women (22%), 24% of husbands, 10% of never-married females and 14% of neverFigure 8.5 married males mentioned Percentage of respondents who learned from the TV programs that they did not learn 92 anything from these 90 86 programs. Most women 83 82 81 who did not learn anything from the programs were 69 69 from urban Lower Egypt Urban and urban Upper Egypt. Ru ral Husbands from Urban Governorates, female youth W ome n Husban s Neve r-marrie d Never-marrie d from urban Lower Egypt fem ale youth m ale youth and male youth from rural Lower Egypt are least likely to learn something from the programs. The most frequently learned messages mentioned by all respondents is that they knew family planning methods, the importance of birth spacing and the importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoking effects. However, differentials were observed between regions. As an example, women in Upper Egypt are more likely to mention that they knew family planning and to mention “Importance of birth spacing” than those in other regions do. Respondents who learned something from the TV programs were asked to mention how these programs affect and change their behaviors. Data presented in Tables 8.5 and 8.5a indicate that the 141
programs that talk about family health or family planning affect never-married youth more than married respondents. The data shows that 39% of women and 36% of husbands reported that these programs did not change or affect their behaviors, while these percentages decreased to 10% among never-married female youth and 19% among never-married male youth. Respondents who reported that the programs affect their behaviors mentioned the practices, attitudes and intentions that were affected by the programs. The most frequent practice affected by the programs, among married respondents, was that they used family planning methods (36% of women and 41% of husbands). Regarding never-married youth, the most frequent attitude mentioned by female and male youth was that they intend to use family planning methods after marriage (73% among female youth and 57% among male youth). The second most frequent practice changed by the programs is that the married respondents spaced between births, while youth intend to space between births. Additionally, intention to do antenatal care was one of the practices that mentioned frequently by the never-married female youth. Table 8.5 Recall of TV Programs among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands by percentage who watched TV Programs about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the programs, the percentage mentioned program messages, learned messages and effectiveness of these programs on behaviors, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN Watching TV programs Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during (amenorrheic period) Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing Number Effect of programs on behavior Used FP methods Spaced between births Had antenatal care Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to have antenatal care Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect Number
67.9
46.4
47.5
46.1
58.0
59.7
57.4
59.4
51.7
54.3
23.3 40.3 59.7 43.4 28.7 36.4 51.2 18.6 37.2
42.0 44.9 48.8 31.8 30.0 25.4 33.6 14.1 41.3
38.8 52.2 49.3 26.9 26.9 25.4 35.8 11.9 46.3
43.1 42.6 48.6 33.3 31.0 25.5 32.9 14.8 39.8
18.5 48.6 67.9 25.9 26.1 31.8 39.8 11.6 49.7
22.5 50.6 64.0 31.5 23.6 28.1 44.9 9.0 37.1
17.1 47.9 69.2 24.0 27.0 33.1 38.0 12.5 54.0
26.7 46.3 58.6 35.8 26.7 31.2 45.6 14.0 39.3
28.8 45.5 59.9 28.2 28.8 29.6 35.7 13.6 47.6
28.0 45.8 59.4 31.0 28.0 30.2 39.4 13.7 44.5
36.4 32.6 26.4
42.8 45.6 24.0
32.8 41.8 16.4
45.8 46.8 26.4
45.2 56.8 19.9
37.1 44.9 15.7
47.9 60.8 21.3
35.8 38.6 20.7
47.0 54.5 23.6
42.8 48.6 22.5
34.9 38.0 27.9 129
17.7 37.8 25.8 283
19.4 29.9 34.3 67
17.1 40.3 23.1 216
35.5 57.7 17.6 352
29.2 43.8 33.7 89
37.6 62.4 12.2 263
29.5 37.9 31.2 285
28.4 52.4 17.1 479
28.8 47.0 22.4 764
33.3 19.4 22.6 1.1 4.3 1.1
32.9 23.8 12.9 7.1 10.5 3.8
34.1 27.3 4.5 2.3 2.3 6.8
32.5 22.9 15.1 8.4 12.7 3.0
40.0 19.0 11.0 12.4 17.9 5.5
47.5 28.8 13.6 5.1 10.2 5.1
38.1 16.5 10.4 14.3 19.9 5.6
37.8 24.0 15.8 2.6 5.6 3.6
35.8 19.1 12.3 11.8 16.9 4.5
36.4 20.7 13.5 8.8 13.2 4.2
2.2 9.7 50.5 93
3.8 15.2 40.0 210
2.3 18.2 45.5 44
4.2 14.5 38.6 166
5.5 12.8 34.8 290
8.5 11.9 33.9 59
4.8 13.0 35.1 231
4.1 12.2 44.4 196
4.5 13.6 36.5 397
4.4 13.2 39.1 593
142
Table 8.5 (Continue)
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBANDS Watching TV programs Number Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during (amenorrheic period) Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing Number Effect of programs on behavior Used FP methods Spaced between births Had antenatal care Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to let my wife has ANC Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect Number
57.1 175
35.1 547
39.1 133
33.8 414
40.3 534
43.4 129
39.3 405
47.2 432
36.5 819
40.2 1,251
39.0 50.0 75.0 16.0 13.0 15.0 56.0 7.0 64.0
42.7 50.0 43.2 16.7 12.5 16.7 38.5 4.7 46.9
40.4 48.1 59.6 13.5 17.3 19.2 53.8 7.7 53.8
43.6 50.7 37.1 17.9 10.7 15.7 32.9 3.6 44.3
10.7 29.8 63.7 14.0 11.2 24.2 45.1 14.0 61.9
12.5 32.1 58.9 23.2 10.7 17.9 48.2 19.6 66.1
10.1 28.9 65.4 10.7 11.3 26.4 44.0 11.9 60.4
32.2 44.7 66.8 17.3 13.5 16.8 53.4 10.6 62.0
25.8 39.1 52.2 14.0 11.0 21.4 38.8 8.0 52.8
28.4 41.4 58.2 15.4 12.0 19.5 44.8 9.1 56.6
41.0 28.0 13.0
43.8 40.6 14.6
50.0 44.2 9.6
41.4 39.3 16.4
26.0 41.4 11.2
16.1 30.4 10.7
29.6 45.3 11.3
36.5 32.7 11.5
35.1 42.5 13.7
35.7 38.5 12.8
41.0 41.0 39.0 100
21.9 33.3 26.6 192
42.3 44.2 21.2 52
14.3 29.3 28.6 140
40.5 60.9 14.9 215
33.9 53.6 26.8 56
42.8 63.5 10.7 159
39.4 45.2 31.3 208
29.4 47.5 19.1 299
33.5 46.5 24.1 507
62.3 34.4 37.7 4.9 3.3 0.0
45.4 33.3 9.2 5.0 4.3 1.4
36.6 24.4 19.5 4.9 4.9 0.0
49.0 37.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 2.0
29.5 11.5 4.4 9.8 10.4 3.3
34.1 14.6 4.9 2.4 4.9 2.4
28.2 10.6 4.2 12.0 12.0 3.5
46.9 25.9 23.1 4.2 4.2 0.7
36.8 21.5 4.5 9.1 8.7 2.9
40.5 23.1 11.4 7.3 7.0 2.1
0.0 24.6 24.6 61
2.1 11.3 41.1 141
0.0 22.0 53.7 41
3.0 7.0 36.0 100
2.7 20.2 36.6 183
4.9 22.0 36.6 41
2.1 19.7 36.6 142
1.4 23.1 36.4 143
2.5 14.5 36.4 242
2.1 17.7 36.4 385
143
Table 8.5a Recall of TV Programs among Youth Percentage distribution of never-married female and male youth by percentage who watched TV Programs about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, and among those who watched the programs, the percentage mentioned program messages, learned messages and effectiveness of these programs on behaviors, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Watching TV programs Number Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during (amenorrheic period) Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing Number Effect of programs on behavior Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to have antenatal care Other No effect Number
8.0 112
51.1 272
39.2 79
56.0 193
48.2 326
43.9 82
49.6 244
51.3 273
52.4 437
52.0 710
46.6 32.9 53.4 49.3 23.3 46.6 57.5 27.4 47.9
48.2 41.7 42.4 34.5 33.1 30.2 41.0 14.4 43.2
41.9 32.3 45.2 41.9 41.9 29.0 38.7 16.1 45.2
50.0 44.4 41.7 32.4 30.6 30.6 41.7 13.9 42.6
28.7 38.9 67.5 20.4 22.3 22.9 47.1 12.7 48.4
33.3 30.6 61.1 33.3 25.0 22.2 44.4 13.9 36.1
27.3 41.3 69.4 16.5 21.5 23.1 47.9 12.4 52.1
42.1 32.1 53.6 43.6 27.9 36.4 50.0 21.4 44.3
38.0 42.8 56.3 24.0 25.8 26.6 45.0 13.1 47.6
39.6 38.8 55.3 31.4 26.6 30.4 46.9 16.3 46.3
47.9 35.6 41.1
56.8 42.4 25.9
41.9 32.3 29.0
61.1 45.4 25.0
61.8 61.1 26.1
61.1 55.6 36.1
62.0 62.8 23.1
50.0 40.0 37.1
61.6 54.6 24.0
57.2 49.1 29.0
42.5 69.9 13.7 73
35.3 53.2 12.2 139
29.0 48.4 22.6 31
37.0 54.6 9.3 108
38.2 58.0 7.0 157
33.3 63.9 5.6 36
39.7 56.2 7.4 121
37.1 63.6 13.6 140
38.4 55.5 8.3 229
37.9 58.5 10.3 369
58.7 31.7 31.7 44.4 20.6 63
73.0 45.9 30.3 45.1 9.8 122
24
74.5 46.9 29.6 44.9 9.2 98
80.1 58.2 30.1 39.0 5.5 146
73.5 50.0 44.1 44.1 2.9 34
82.1 60.7 25.9 37.5 6.3 112
64.5 38.8 35.5 44.6 14.0 121
78.6 54.3 27.6 41.0 7.6 210
73.4 48.6 30.5 42.3 10.0 331
144
Table 8.5a (Continue) Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH
Watching TV programs Number Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during (amenorrheic period) Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing Number Effect of programs on behavior Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to let my wife has ANC Other No effect Number
53.7 123
25.1 363
23.5 98
25.7 265
26.1 422
21.4 117
27.9 305
33.7 338
26.8 570
29.4 908
39.4 62.1 72.7 15.2 6.1 7.6 59.1 1.5 57.6
46.2 46.2 59.3 11.0 23.1 14.3 50.5 5.5 46.2
-
41.2 41.2 52.9 10.3 27.9 16.2 50.0 7.4 45.6
12.7 14.5 35.5 7.3 5.5 8.2 41.8 10.0 61.8
12.0 8.0 16.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 44.0 12.0 80.0
12.9 16.5 41.2 7.1 4.7 9.4 41.2 9.4 56.5
37.7 50.0 61.4 13.2 7.0 7.0 54.4 3.5 60.5
25.5 27.5 46.4 8.5 15.0 12.4 45.1 8.5 51.6
30.7 37.1 52.8 10.5 11.6 10.1 49.1 6.4 55.4
75.8 48.5 15.2
51.6 37.4 11.0
-
47.1 33.8 10.3
12.7 23.6 4.5
4.0 12.0 8.0
15.3 27.1 3.5
57.9 40.4 13.2
29.4 30.1 6.5
41.6 34.5 9.4
57.6 42.4 7.6 66
39.6 33.0 18.7 91
-
36.8 30.9 23.5 68
39.1 64.5 14.5 110
40.0 64.0 20.0 25
38.8 64.7 12.9 85
51.8 46.5 9.6 114
37.9 49.7 17.6 153
43.8 48.3 14.2 267
90.2 62.3 23.0 18.0 8.2 61
73.0 44.6 27.0 20.3 14.9 74
71.2 40.4 25.0 21.2 13.5 52
22.3 19.1 5.3 56.4 28.7 94
-
25.7 20.3 5.4 55.4 27.0 74
71.8 51.5 21.4 26.2 15.5 103
44.4 28.6 13.5 41.3 21.4 126
56.8 38.9 17.0 34.5 18.8 229
23
22
20
-: Number of cases is less than 25.
8.2
Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Radio
Previous surveys showed that exposure to the radio is much less than exposure to TV. In the following discussion, the exposure to radio, as well as exposure to the radio campaign among different groups of respondents will be presented. Listening to the Radio Habits Tables 8.6 and 8.6a present the percentage of married respondents and never-married youth respectively who listen to the radio, the preferred channels, and the preferred time to listen to the radio by region. Overall, more than half of married respondents (58% of women and 57% of husbands) listen to the radio regularly or sometimes, while this percentage decreased to 46% among never-married females and to 38% among never-married males. No clear differences were observed between regions regarding the exposure of husbands to the radio, while, significant differences were observed between regions for women and for never-married youth. Women and female youth in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt are more likely to listen to the radio than those in Upper Egypt. The situation is reversed among male youth, where male youth in Upper Egypt and rural Lower Egypt listen to the radio more than those in other regions.
145
The Most preferred channel for all groups of respondents except for male youth is El-Quran ElKarim channel. The second most preferred channel for both women and husbands is El-Bernameg EL-Aam, while for never-married females is Negoom FM. Regarding the preferred channel for never-married males, the data revealed that the most preferred channel is El-Bernameg EL-Aam followed by El- Quran El-Karim channel then Negoom FM. Differentials exist accross regions. For example, husbands in Lower and in Upper Egypt prefer El-Bergnameg El-Aam than husbands in Urban Governorates. Additionally, never-married female youth in Urban Governorates prefer Negoom FM than those in other regions. Regarding the preferred times of listening to the radio, the data shows that in contrary to TV, most respondents listen to the radio in the morning (6 am: 9 am) or forenoon (9 am: 12 am). Table 8.6 Listening to the radio among women and husbands Percentage distribution of women and husbands by percentage listening radio, and among those who listen to the radio, the percentage reporting favorite channels and preferred time to listen to the radio, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN Listening to radio Number Preferred channels El-Bernameg El-Aam El-Shark El-Aosaat Soat El-Arab El- Quran El-Karim El-Shabab Wa El-Riada Greater Cairo Middle Dalta Shamal El-Saaid Ganoub El- Saaid Negoom FM Other Preferred time Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
75.2 190
64.7 610
68.1 141
63.8 469
46.2 607
51.7 149
44.3 458
65.8 475
54.2 927
58.1 1,402
15.4 16.8 3.5 89.5 0.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.0
17.7 19.7 8.4 90.6 2.5 3.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 5.3 1.3
16.7 21.9 4.2 93.8 2.1 3.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 6.3 2.1
18.1 19.1 9.7 89.6 2.7 3.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.0
36.4 12.5 3.6 83.6 3.6 3.6 0.0 7.9 14.6 6.4 3.2
28.6 11.7 1.3 81.8 5.2 7.8 0.0 6.5 13.0 10.4 0.0
39.4 12.8 4.4 84.2 3.0 2.0 0.0 8.4 15.3 4.9 4.4
19.0 17.1 3.2 88.9 2.2 3.5 0.6 1.6 3.2 11.4 0.6
26.7 16.5 7.6 87.5 2.8 3.0 1.0 3.4 6.2 5.0 2.4
23.7 16.7 5.9 88.0 2.6 3.2 0.9 2.7 5.0 7.5 1.7
62.2 33.6 4.2 2.1 2.1 13.3 18.2 143
61.3 22.8 6.1 5.3 5.8 6.3 28.6 395
52.1 16.7 6.3 5.2 6.3 9.4 33.3 96
64.2 24.7 6.0 5.4 5.7 5.4 27.1 299
56.1 53.6 10.4 12.5 6.1 13.2 20.4 280
40.3 48.1 7.8 7.8 6.5 11.7 31.2 77
62.1 55.7 11.3 14.3 5.9 13.8 16.3 203
53.8 32.0 5.7 4.4 4.4 11.7 25.9 316
63.3 37.3 8.2 9.0 5.8 8.8 22.7 502
59.7 35.2 7.2 7.2 5.3 9.9 24.0 818
146
Table 8.6 Continue
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBANDS Listening to radio Number Preferred channels El-Bernameg El-Aam El-Shark El-Aosaat Soat El-Arab El- Quran El-Karim El-Shabab Wa El-Riada Greater Cairo Middle Dalta Shamal El-Saaid Ganoub El- Saaid Negoom FM Other Preferred time Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
52.0 175
59.6 547
60.2 133
59.4 414
55.4 534
56.6 129
.055 405
55.9 437
57.2 819
56.8 1,256
20.9 11.0 5.5 87.9 23.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.1
51.2 33.7 17.2 70.9 23.3 10.4 1.2 0.0 0.3 7.7 0.6
53.8 26.3 18.8 78.8 27.5 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0
50.4 36.2 16.7 68.3 22.0 10.2 1.6 0.0 0.4 7.3 0.8
43.9 9.5 4.1 83.4 9.1 1.4 0.0 6.1 14.9 3.0 3.0
42.5 11.0 5.5 83.6 15.1 1.4 0.0 6.8 16.4 4.1 4.1
44.4 9.0 3.6 83.4 7.2 1.3 0.0 5.8 14.3 2.7 2.7
38.1 16.0 9.8 83.6 22.1 4.5 0.0 2.0 4.9 4.9 1.6
47.5 23.2 10.4 75.5 14.9 6.0 0.9 2.8 7.0 5.1 1.7
44.3 20.8 10.2 78.3 17.4 5.5 0.6 2.5 6.3 5.0 1.7
59.3 11.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 8.8 36.3 91
41.4 4.9 2.5 3.4 3.7 8.6 53.7 326
41.3 1.3 2.5 2.5 3.8 8.8 57.5 80
41.5 6.1 2.4 3.7 3.7 8.5 52.4 246
67.2 33.4 7.1 10.1 4.7 13.2 18.6 296
65.8 39.7 9.6 12.3 4.1 16.4 20.5 73
67.7 31.4 6.3 9.4 4.9 12.1 17.9 223
55.3 16.4 4.1 4.9 2.5 11.1 38.5 244
53.9 18.1 4.3 6.4 4.3 10.2 36.0 469
54.4 17.5 4.2 5.9 3.6 10.5 36.9 713
147
Table 8.6a Listening to the radio among Youth Percentage distribution of youth by percentage listening radio, and among those who listen to the radio, the percentage reporting favorite channels and preferred time to listen to the radio, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Listening to radio Number Preferred channels El-Bernameg El-Aam El-Shark El-Aosaat Soat El-Arab El- Quran El-Karim El-Shabab Wa El-Riada Greater Cairo Middle Dalta Shamal El-Saaid Ganoub El- Saaid Negoom FM Other Preferred time Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
54.5 110
54.5 272
46.9 79
57.5 193
36.2 326
.050 82
31.6 244
.051 273
.043 437
.046 710
14.8 8.2 3.3 70.5 3.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.6 0.0
17.6 13.5 1.4 68.9 4.7 2.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 45.3 0.0
10.8 8.1 2.7 54.1 2.7 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 59.5 0.0
19.8 15.3 0.9 73.9 5.4 2.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 40.5 0.0
28.8 13.6 0.8 57.6 2.5 3.4 0.0 6.8 16.9 27.1 11.0
24.4 7.3 2.4 48.8 2.4 4.9 0.0 7.3 17.1 41.5 12.2
31.2 16.9 0.0 62.3 2.6 2.6 0.0 6.5 16.9 19.5 10.4
16.5 7.9 2.9 59.7 2.9 2.2 0.7 2.2 5.0 56.8 3.6
24.5 16.0 0.5 69.1 4.3 2.7 0.5 2.7 6.9 31.9 4.3
21.1 12.5 1.5 65.1 3.7 2.4 0.6 2.4 6.1 42.5 4.0
36.1 24.6 13.1 6.6 9.8 23.0 29.5 61
41.2 20.3 5.4 11.5 6.8 14.2 29.7 148
45.9 13.5 0.0 16.2 13.5 24.3 18.9 37
39.6 22.5 7.2 9.9 4.5 10.8 33.3 111
35.6 39.8 7.6 14.4 8.5 16.1 29.7 118
34.1 39.0 4.9 19.5 7.3 22.0 22.0 41
36.4 40.3 9.1 11.7 9.1 13.0 33.8 77
38.1 25.9 7.2 12.9 10.1 23.0 24.5 139
38.3 29.8 8.0 10.6 6.4 11.7 33.5 188
38.2 28.1 7.6 11.6 8.0 16.5 29.7 327
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Listening to radio Number Preferred channels El-Bernameg El-Aam El-Shark El-Aosaat Soat El-Arab El- Quran El-Karim El-Shabab Wa El-Riada Greater Cairo Middle Dalta Shamal El-Saaid Ganoub El- Saaid Negoom FM Other Preferred time Morning (6 am: 9 am) Forenoon (9 am: 12 am) Noon (12 am: 3 pm) After noon (3 pm: 6 pm) Evening (6 pm: 9 pm) Night (after 9 pm) No specific time Number
21.2 123
42.4 363
28.5 98
47.6 265
39.3 422
38.5 117
39.7 305
29.3 338
43.3 570
38.1 908
19.2 3.8 0.0 57.7 42.3 11.5 3.8 0.0 0.0 69.2 0.0
63.0 37.7 10.4 40.9 47.4 5.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 54.5 0.0
67.9 32.1 10.7 28.6 60.7 7.1 3.6 0.0 0.0 67.9 0.0
61.9 38.9 10.3 43.7 44.4 5.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 51.6 0.0
53.6 15.7 1.8 48.8 3.0 3.0 0.0 12.7 15.1 24.1 22.9
37.8 15.6 0.0 37.8 6.7 0.0 0.0 11.1 8.9 46.7 11.1
59.5 15.7 2.5 52.9 1.7 4.1 0.0 13.2 17.4 15.7 27.3
41.4 17.2 3.0 40.4 31.3 5.1 2.0 5.1 4.0 58.6 5.1
60.7 27.5 6.5 48.2 23.5 4.9 0.8 6.5 8.5 34.0 13.4
55.2 24.6 5.5 46.0 25.7 4.9 1.2 6.1 7.2 41.0 11.0
38.5 11.5 3.8 15.4 0.0 23.1 46.2 26
29.9 5.8 3.2 3.2 3.9 14.9 55.2 154
25.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.9 64.3 28
31.0 5.6 4.0 4.0 4.8 14.3 53.2 126
37.3 7.2 3.6 6.6 10.2 27.1 45.8 166
37.8 4.4 2.2 11.1 8.9 11.1 53.3 45
37.2 8.3 4.1 5.0 10.7 33.1 43.0 121
34.3 7.1 2.0 9.1 4.0 16.2 54.5 99
34.0 6.9 4.0 4.5 7.7 23.5 48.2 247
34.1 6.9 3.5 5.8 6.6 21.4 50.0 346
148
Recall of different Radio health messages As the spots and programs that were aired through TV, many spots were also aired through the radio that talked about the health of all family members, family planning, smoking, child health…etc, during the 12 months preceding the survey. Respondents who listen to the radio were asked if they had ever listened to “Your Health is Your Wealth” spot, “Family’s doctor” spot, and any program or song that talk about the previous issues in the radio. Then who reported listening the spot/programs/songs were asked a series of questions including: spots/programs/songs issues, benefits, and the effect of these interventions on respondents’ behaviors. Data of the 2005 EHCS indicated that respondents who recalled different radio health messages were much less than those who recalled messages through TV. Overall, the percentages of respondents who reported listening to any intervention through radio did not exceed 20% among those who listen to the radio regularly or sometimes. Accordingly, the following sections will present only the percentages of respondents who recall spots/programs/songs from radio without covering the other issues as the benefits and the effect of these interventions on respondent’s behavior due to the few number of respondents who have recalled those messages. 8.2.1
Recall of the Radio Spot “Your Health is Your Wealth”
Regarding “Your health is your Wealth” spot, data of the 2005 EHCS revealed that married respondents recalled this spot more than never-married youth. Additionally, respondents in rural areas are more likely to listen to this spot in the radio than those in urban areas except for male youth. Around 15% of women and husbands listen to “Your Health is Your Wealth” spot in the radio, while about one in ten among female youth and only 7% among male youth listened to that spot. Figure 8.6 Listening Radio spot "Your Health is Your Wealth" 17 16
16 14
14 12
12
Urban
11
9
9
Rural 7
Women
8.2.2
Husbands
Never-married female youth
7
Total
Never-married male youth
Recall of the Radio Spot “Family’s Doctor”
The individual questionnaires also include questions about the radio spot “Family’s doctor”. Few respondents recalled the spot “Family’s doctor”, where less than 10% of all respondents mentioned listening to such spot (9% among husbands, 7% among women and female youth and 4% among male youth). Again, respondents in rural areas are more likely to report listening “Family’s doctor” spot than respondents in urban areas except for never-married male youth.
149
Figure 8.7 Listening Radio spot "Family's Doctor" 9 8 7
9
9
8 Urban 4
4
4
4
4 3
Women
8.2.3
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Rural Total
Never-married male youth
Recall of Radio Programs
In this part, recall of radio programs health messages will be discussed, where respondents who listen to the radio were asked whether they listen to any program in the radio that talked about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. Data of the EHCS 2005 shows that the percentage of respondents who mentioned that they listen to a radio program is slightly higher if compared by other interventions aired through the radio. Percentage of those who heard a radio program about family planning/reproductive health ranges from 20% among married respondents (women and husbands) to 9% among male youth. Regarding recall of married respondents to radio programs, women in rural areas were more likely to report listening to such programs (24%), while women in urban areas are least likely to report listening to such programs (13%). Figure 8.8 Listening to Radio Programs 24 20
19
21
20 20
18 Urban
14
13
10
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Rural 8
9
Total
Never-married male youth
Regarding recall of radio programs by never-married youth, data of the 2005 EHCS revealed that never-married female youth in rural areas are most likely to listen to programs that talk about family planning and family health (21%) than female youth in urban areas. The situation is completely reversed for never-married male youth, where male youth in rural areas are less likely to listen to such programs (8%). 8.2.4
Recall of Radio Songs
Respondents in the individual questionnaire were asked whether they heard any song that talked about the population problem during the 12 months preceding the survey. Then they were asked to recall the messages and mention the learned messages from the song. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that the recall of respondents to radio song is very low, where only 13% or less of all respondents recalled such song (12% of husbands, 7% of women, 13% of male and 11% of female youth). 150
Figure 8.9 Listening to Radio Song talks about the Population Problem 15
14
14 12
10
13 13
10
9
6
6
Women
Husbands
Urban Rural
7
Total
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Differentials were clear by residence. All groups respondents in urban areas are least likely to mention listening to such song (7% or less) except for never-married male youth (13%).
8.3
Recall of IEC Communication Interventions through Printed Media
In addition to the broadcast media which have been discussed previously, the 2005 EHCS also collected information about the exposure of respondents to printed media,. The level of exposure of respondents to printed materials is important to identify those who can recall family planning and family health messages through that media channel. Respondents who can read were asked if they read any newspapers and/or magazines, and among those who read newspapers/magazines, they were asked whether they read any subject during the 12 months preceding the survey about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health. Then they were asked a series of questions about the topics they read on the newspapers/magazines, what they learned from these topics and how these topics affect their behaviors. Reading Habits of the Printed Media (Newspapers/Magazines) It has to be taken into consideration that due to the low educational level of respondents the level of exposure to printed media is remarkably much lower than the exposure of respondents to the television. Data of the 2005 EHCS indicates that less than two-thirds of respondents read newspapers/magazines regularly or sometimes. Male respondents are more likely to read newspapers/magazines than female respondents (65% of both husbands and never-married male youth compared to 50% of both women and never-married female youth). Differentials were observed among urban-rural residence as shown in Figure 8.9. As expected, respondents in urban areas are more likely to read newspaper/magazines than those in rural areas. Additionally, respondents in Urban Governorates read newspapers/magazines more than respondents in other regions do. Among those who read newspapers/magazines, respondents were asked whether they read any subject about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. Tables 8.7 and 8.7a present recall of married respondents and never-married youth respectively to printed media health messages. The tables show that only a limited percentage of those who read newspapers/magazines have read a subject about family health and family planning during the specified period. Additionally, the data shows that female respondents read such topics in newspapers/magazines more than male respondents did. More than one-third of women (36%), 33% of never-married female youth, 28% of husbands and only 19% of never-married male youth read a subject about family health during the reference period.
151
Figure 8.10 Reading Newspapers/magazines 81 65
75 55
58 Urban
40
37
Women
65
Husbands
Never married female youth
Rural
Never married male youth
Regarding the specific messages recalled from newspapers/magazines, the most frequent messages mentioned by all respondents except the never-married male youth were: multiple birth problems, family planning and danger of secondhand smoking. While the most frequent messages mentioned by male youth were the danger of secondhand smoking, AIDS and multiple birth problems. Differences between urban-rural residence were clear in the tables. Respondents were asked whether they learned something from subjects read in newspapers/magazines and if they learned something, they were asked what did they learn from such subjects. The data shows that never-married respondents are more likely to learn from the topics in newspapers/magazines than married respondents. Slightly more than three-quarters of women, 69% of husbands, 80% of never-married male youth and 89% of never-married female youth mentioned that they learned something from subjects read in newspapers/magazines. Among those who learned from messages, the data shows that the most learning messages mentioned by all respondents are that they gained knowledge about family planning methods, the importance of birth spacing and the importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoking. Respondents who learned from messages read in newspapers/magazines, were asked about the practices that were changed by the newspapers/magazines messages. Generally, data presented in Tables 8.7 and 8.7a indicated that the practices and behaviors of never-married youth were affected by such messages more than married respondents. Less than one-quarter of never-married respondents (around 21% of both male and female youth) mentioned that their behaviors did not change compared to around 60% among women and husbands. Concerning the practices that were changed among different respondents, the most practices affected by the newspapers/magazines messages mentioned by women and husbands are that they used family planning methods and spaced between births. While the intention to use family planning and space between births are the most frequent practices mentioned by youth. However, female youth mentioned also that they intend to have antenatal care during their pregnancy in the future.
152
Table 8.7 Recall of FP/RH related messages in Newspapers/ Magazines about among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of women and husbands by percentage who read newspapers/magazines, and among those who read newspapers/magazines, percentage who read about FP/RH, the recalled messages, learned messages and effectiveness of these messages on behavior, by urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005 Urban
Rural
Total
65.1
37.2
49.5
WOMEN Reading newspapers or magazines Number Reading subjects about FP/RH Number Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Antenatal care Family planning Breast feeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of postnatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing Number Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Used family planning methods Spaced between births Had ANC Other No effect Number
353
447
800
38.3
32.5
35.9
230
166
396
36.4 22.7 48.9 20.5 47.7 31.8 36.4 35.2
24.1 18.5 31.5 14.8 33.3 24.1 31.5 44.4
31.7 21.1 42.3 18.3 42.3 28.9 34.5 38.7
27.3 23.9 17.0 11.4
29.6 31.5 11.1 7.4
28.2 26.8 14.8 9.9
23.9 36.4 30.7
22.2 46.3 13.0
23.2 40.1 23.9
88
54
142
19.7 11.5 4.9 14.8 63.9
19.1 8.5 4.3 23.4 55.3
19.4 10.2 4.6 18.5 60.2
61
47
108
153
Table 8.7 (Continue) Urban
Rural
Total
HUSBANDS Reading newspapers or magazines
81.5
55.0
65.4
366
564
930
28.2
28.1
28.1
298
310
608
Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Antenatal care Family planning Breast feeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other
23.8 21.4 53.6 6.0 39.3 14.3 32.1 54.8
13.8 8.0 24.1 4.6 25.3 13.8 44.8 55.2
18.7 14.6 38.6 5.3 32.2 14.0 38.6 55.0
learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of postnatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing
39.3 26.2 8.3 3.6 17.9 35.7 36.9
21.8 14.9 5.7 2.3 26.4 47.1 25.3
30.4 20.5 7.0 2.9 22.2 41.5 31.0
84
87
171
41.5 28.3 15.1 18.9 45.3
18.5 7.7 1.5 16.9 66.2
28.8 16.9 7.6 17.8 56.8
53
65
118
Number Reading subjects about FP/RH Number
Number Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Used family planning methods Spaced between births The wife had antenatal care Other No effect Number
154
Table 8.7a Recall of FP/RH related messages in Newspapers/ Magazines about among Youth Percentage distribution of never-married female and male youth by percentage who read newspapers/magazines, and among those who read newspapers/magazines, percentage who read about FP/RH, the recalled messages, learned messages and effectiveness of these messages on behavior, by urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Urban
Rural
Total
39.9
50.0
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Reading newspapers or magazines Number Reading subjects about FP/RH Number
64.9 248
368
616
33.5
32.7
33.1
161
147
308
Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Family planning during AIDs Danger of second hand smoking Other
33.3 9.3 42.6 33.3 11.1 38.9 59.3
27.1 20.8 37.5 37.5 18.8 41.7 58.3
30.4 14.7 40.2 35.3 14.7 40.2 58.8
learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing
37.0 24.1 33.3 61.1 16.7
39.6 35.4 37.5 77.1 4.2
38.2 29.4 35.3 68.6 10.8
54
48
102
42.2 17.8 17.8
56.5 30.4 28.3
49.5 24.2 23.1
26.7 28.9 26.7
26.1 32.6 17.4
26.4 30.8 22.0
45
46
91
Number Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to have antenatal care Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect Number
155
Table 8.7a (Continue) Urban
Rural
Total
75.0
58.4
64.8
320
520
840
25.0
14.5
19.1
240
304
544
Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Family planning AIDS Danger of secondhand smoking Other
30.0 26.7 51.7 21.7 50.0 65.0 41.7
13.6 15.9 31.8 22.7 36.4 63.6 27.3
23.1 22.1 43.3 22.1 44.2 64.4 35.6
learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing
58.3 36.7 63.3 53.3 10.0
18.2 25.0 38.6 25.0 34.1
41.3 31.7 52.9 41.3 20.2
60
44
104
74.1 33.3 11.1
48.3 20.7 3.4
65.1 28.9 8.4
13.0 20.4 14.8
10.3 13.8 31.0
12.0 18.1 20.5
54
29
83
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Reading newspapers or magazines Number Reading subjects about FP/RH Number
Number Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to let the wife has ANC Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect Number
8.4
Recall of IEC Communication Interventions through Posters/flyers/billboard
All respondents were asked if they have seen any posters/flyers/billboards about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. Of those who saw the posters they were asked about the posters messages, what did they learn from these posters and the place where they saw these posters. Recall of health messages through Posters/flyers/billboards Tables 8.8 and 8.8a present recall of married respondents (women and husbands) and nevermarried youth respectively to health messages through posters/flyers/billboards. The tables indicate that the percentages of females who saw the posters/flyers are greater than the males. The data shows that 45% of women and never-married female youth mentioned that they saw posters/flyers talk about the previous mentioned topics during the 12 months preceding the survey, while 38% of husbands and only 28% of never-married males reported that they saw such posters. However, significant differences were observed among regions, where female respondents in Upper Egypt and male respondents in Urban Governorates are most likely to see such posters than respondents from other regions. Respondents who saw the posters/flyers were asked about the topics of these posters. However posters/flyers have many messages, all respondents agreed about some topics which are: “family planning is a health essential” and “danger of secondhand smoking”. Other messages were recalled less frequently. Significant differences were observed between regions. For example, 86% of 156
women in rural Upper Egypt recalled “family planning is a health essential” message compared to 42% among women in urban Lower Egypt. Respondents who saw the posters/flyers/billboards were asked to mention the learned messages from these posters. The data revealed that females are more likely to learn something from these posters than males. Less than one-fifth of women and never-married female youth (16% and 14% respectively) mentioned that they did not learn anything from these posters and/ or flyers, compared to more than one-fifth among male respondent (32% of husbands and 22% of nevermarried male youth). Respondents from Urban Governorates are least likely to learn something from these posters than those in other regions except for husbands, where husbands in Lower Egypt are least likely to learn something from such posters. Table 8.8 Recall of health messages through posters/flyers/ billboards among Women and Husbands Percentage distribution of ever married women and husbands by percentage who saw posters/flyers/billboards about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, and among those who saw posters/flyers/billboards, the percentage mentioned posters/flyers messages, learned messages and the place of these posters/flyers/billboards, by region and urbanrural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN Saw posters/flyers Number Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy In private clinic Other Number
30.5 190
31.8 610
27.0 141
33.3 469
62.3 607
62.4 149
62.2 458
39.4 480
47.6 927
44.8 1,407
6.9 36.2 43.1 19.0 63.8 55.2 0.0
21.6 37.6 57.2 16.5 43.3 34.0 0.5
15.8 42.1 42.1 10.5 57.9 39.5 0.0
23.1 36.5 60.9 17.9 39.7 32.7 0.6
11.9 28.6 85.7 41.3 35.4 37.3 0.8
10.8 26.9 83.9 37.6 41.9 29.0 0.0
12.3 29.1 86.3 42.5 33.3 40.0 1.1
10.6 32.8 63.0 26.5 51.9 39.2 0.0
16.1 31.7 77.3 33.8 35.6 37.4 0.9
14.4 32.1 73.0 31.6 40.5 37.9 0.6
25.9
52.1
31.6
57.1
84.1
74.2
87.4
50.8
76.6
68.9
5.2 15.5
17.0 22.7
13.2 15.8
17.9 24.4
11.4 23.3
9.7 21.5
11.9 23.9
9.0 18.5
14.1 24.0
12.5 22.4
36.2 34.5 34.5
29.4 21.6 22.7
36.8 21.1 34.2
27.6 21.8 19.9
36.2 18.8 9.8
35.5 14.0 19.4
36.5 20.4 6.7
36.0 21.7 27.0
33.3 20.9 11.3
34.1 21.1 16.0
22.4 56.9 62.1 0.0 0.0
69.1 23.7 28.4 0.5 2.1
44.7 44.7 42.1 0.0 2.6
75.0 18.6 25.0 0.6 1.9
72.2 21.2 40.7 0.5 1.6
66.7 31.2 46.2 1.1 3.2
74.0 17.9 38.9 0.4 1.1
48.7 41.8 50.3 0.5 2.1
74.4 18.1 34.0 0.5 1.4
66.7 25.2 38.9 0.5 1.6
58
194
38
156
378
93
285
189
441
630
Regarding the learned messages from such posters/flyers/billboards, the first ranked message learned by all groups of respondents was “the importance of family planning”. This message learned by around two-thirds of women and never-married female youth (69% and 65% respectively), while learned by around half of husbands and never-married male youth (45% and 56% respectively). The second ranked message learned by all groups of respondents is “the importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoking”. Among those recalled recently seeing posters/flyers/billboards, the health unit is the most important source of posters among women especially in rural areas. Women in Urban Governorates saw these posters mostly in the pharmacies, while women in Lower Egypt and Upper 157
Egypt saw these posters in the health units. Most husbands saw these posters/flyers in the street (66%) especially husbands in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt, while husbands in Upper Egypt mostly saw these posters in the pharmacies. For never-married females, 48% mentioned that they saw the posters in pharmacies, while 44% mentioned the street. Most never-married male youth mentioned that they saw the posters in the street. Table 8.8 (Continue)
Residence
Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBANDS Saw posters/flyers Number Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy Number
54.9 175
38.4 547
40.6 133
37.7 414
31.1 534
34.1 129
30.1 405
44.4 437
33.9 819
37.6 1,256
13.5 36.5 53.1 5.2 68.8 35.4 0.0
16.2 20.5 39.0 17.6 76.7 19.5 0.0
13.0 18.5 35.2 18.5 83.3 24.1 0.0
17.3 21.2 40.4 17.3 74.4 17.9 0.0
6.0 10.8 72.3 26.5 52.4 30.7 0.0
4.5 15.9 65.9 29.5 63.6 38.6 0.0
6.6 9.0 74.6 25.4 48.4 27.9 0.0
11.3 26.8 51.0 14.4 71.6 33.0 0.0
12.6 15.8 55.4 20.9 62.9 22.3 0.0
12.1 20.3 53.6 18.2 66.5 26.7 0.0
42.7
27.6
24.1
28.8
68.7
63.6
70.5
42.3
47.1
45.1
13.5 17.7
12.4 8.6
7.4 5.6
14.1 9.6
5.4 6.6
6.8 11.4
4.9 4.9
10.3 12.9
10.1 7.6
10.2 9.7
31.3 27.1 37.5
36.2 8.1 44.3
42.6 7.4 48.1
34.0 8.3 42.9
43.4 14.5 12.0
50.0 20.5 13.6
41.0 12.3 11.5
38.7 20.1 35.1
37.1 10.1 29.1
37.7 14.2 31.6
27.1 85.4 30.2 96
25.2 73.3 47.1 210
20.4 85.2 44.4 54
26.9 69.2 48.1 156
36.1 45.2 50.0 166
27.3 54.5 52.3 44
39.3 41.8 49.2 122
25.3 78.4 39.2 194
32.4 57.2 48.6 278
29.4 65.9 44.7 472
158
Table 8.8a Recall of health messages through posters/flyers/ billboards among Youth Percentage distribution of never-married female and male youth by percentage who saw posters/flyers/billboards about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, and among those who saw posters/flyers/billboards, the percentage mentioned posters/flyers messages, learned messages and the place of these posters/flyers/billboards, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern orates
Lower Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Saw posters/flyers Number Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy Other Number
46.4
32.0
25.3
34.7
54.3
50.0
55.7
41.4
46.5
44.5
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
21.2 36.5 44.2 11.5 73.1 71.2 0.0
20.7 29.9 43.7 18.4 67.8 29.9 0.0
5.0 5.0 40.0 20.0 85.0 45.0 0.0
25.4 37.3 44.8 17.9 62.7 25.4 0.0
13.6 25.4 79.7 37.9 40.1 32.8 0.6
17.1 19.5 68.3 31.7 46.3 17.1 2.4
12.5 27.2 83.1 39.7 38.2 37.5 0.0
16.8 24.8 52.2 20.4 65.5 46.9 0.9
16.7 30.5 70.4 32.5 46.3 33.5 0.0
16.8 28.5 63.9 28.2 53.2 38.3 0.3
48.1 19.2 21.2
40.2 17.2 13.8
20.0 0.0 0.0
46.3 22.4 17.9
81.4 15.3 19.8
78.0 17.1 19.5
82.4 14.7 19.9
54.0 15.0 16.8
70.4 17.2 19.2
64.6 16.5 18.4
53.8 44.2 23.1
48.3 25.3 19.5
50.0 40.0 25.0
47.8 20.9 17.9
36.7 9.0 9.0
39.0 4.9 7.3
36.0 10.3 9.6
47.8 29.2 17.7
39.9 13.8 12.3
42.7 19.3 14.2
23.1 73.1 51.9 1.9
36.8 43.7 43.7 2.3
15.0 70.0 40.0 0.0
43.3 35.8 44.8 3.0
43.5 36.2 48.0 1.7
24.4 53.7 39.0 2.4
49.3 30.9 50.7 1.5
22.1 65.5 45.1 1.8
47.3 32.5 48.8 2.0
38.3 44.3 47.5 1.9
52
87
20
67
177
41
136
113
203
316
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Saw posters/flyers Number Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy Other Number
68.3
34.4
37.8
33.2
10.9
7.7
12.1
38.5
21.9
28.1
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
14.3 27.4 56.0 10.7 73.8 36.9 0.0
14.4 12.8 56.8 28.8 61.6 22.4 0.0
13.5 16.2 67.6 29.7 62.2 29.7 0.0
14.8 11.4 52.3 28.4 61.4 19.3 0.0
8.7 13.0 45.7 21.7 58.7 47.8 0.0
0.0 33.3 44.4 0.0 66.7 44.4 0.0
10.8 8.1 45.9 27.0 56.8 48.6 0.0
13.1 24.6 58.5 15.4 70.0 35.4 0.0
13.6 10.4 50.4 28.0 60.0 28.0 0.0
13.3 17.6 54.5 21.6 65.1 31.8 0.0
53.6 14.3 9.5
59.2 11.2 8.0
64.9 10.8 13.5
56.8 11.4 5.7
50.0 8.7 6.5
33.3 0.0 22.2
54.1 10.8 2.7
55.4 12.3 11.5
56.0 11.2 4.8
55.7 11.8 8.2
48.8 14.3 26.2
44.8 10.4 22.4
64.9 13.5 13.5
36.4 9.1 26.1
58.7 26.1 10.9
66.7 33.3 11.1
56.8 24.3 10.8
54.6 15.4 21.5
42.4 13.6 21.6
48.6 14.5 21.6
21.4 77.4 41.7 0.0
25.6 67.2 51.2 0.0
35.1 67.6 51.4 0.0
21.6 67.0 51.1 0.0
21.7 56.5 34.8 8.7
11.1 44.4 33.3 22.2
24.3 59.5 35.1 5.4
24.6 72.3 43.8 1.5
22.4 64.8 46.4 1.6
23.5 68.6 45.1 1.6
84
125
37
88
46
9
37
130
125
255
159
8.5
Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Seminars and Community Meetings
Meeting and seminars that are conducted at the community level is considered one of the IEC interventions. The EHCS 2005 investigates to what extent respondents were exposed to these activities, main topics of these meetings, the learned messages and the effect of these meetings and seminars on respondent’s behaviors. Exposure to Seminars/Community Meetings Respondents were asked whether they attended seminars or community meetings about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. As confirmed in many surveys exposure to communication interventions via seminars and community meetings is still very low. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that 6% of women and never-married female youth and only 3% of husbands and nevermarried male youth attended seminars or community meetings during the 12 months preceding the survey. Due to the few numbers of respondents who attended seminars/meetings, data of this section will not be analyzed by region or by the recalled messages, learned messages or effect on respondent behavior. Figure 8.11 Attending seminars/meetings about family health 7 6
6
6
6
6 Urban
4
3
3
3
2
Rural Total
1
Women
8.6
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Exposure to IEC Communication Interventions through Visits
One of the IEC communication interventions is the visits of any health worker or Raida Refia to respondent’s home. Respondents were asked if there was any Raida Refia/ health worker visited them during the last 12 months. The data shows that only women mentioned that a Raida Refia or a health worker visited them (8%), while no one of all other groups of respondents mentioned that. As expected, the level of home visits in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas (10% vs. 3%). Family planning is the most important subject that discussed by Raida Refia/health worker followed by the reproductive health then the antenatal care (not shown in a table).
8.7
Recall of “Your Health is Your Wealth” Slogan
One of the questions in the individual questionnaire of 2005 EHCS is whether they saw/heard the sentence/slogan “your health is your wealth” during the 12 month preceding the survey and where did they see/hear the sentence. Data of 2005 EHCS presented in Table 8.9 show that never married female youth are most likely to see/hear the slogan than other groups of respondents. Slightly less than three quarter (72%) of never-married female youth, 66% of women, 56% of husbands and 49% of never-married male youth reported that they saw/heard this sentence and mostly they saw the sentence in the television.
160
Table 8.9 Seen/heard a sentence of “your health is your wealth” Percentage distribution of ever married women, husbands and never-married female and male youth by percentage who Seen/heard a sentence “your health is your wealth” during the past 12 months by place of seeing/hearing the sentence, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN
Seen/heard the sentence "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/magazines Posters/flyers/billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
62.8 1.6 6.0 1.1 30.1 183
45.5 2.2 0.7 3.8 50.5 558
35.1 1.5 0.7 3.0 61.2 134
48.8 2.4 0.7 4.0 47.2 424
81.4 0.4 3.9 6.2 18.0 566
80.7 0.0 5.0 7.1 17.9 140
81.7 0.5 3.5 5.9 18.1 426
60.2 1.1 4.2 3.5 35.4 457
65.3 1.4 2.1 4.9 32.6 850
63.5 1.3 2.8 4.4 33.6 1,307
63.8 1.0 1.7 2.9 34.7 484
51.7 0.8 1.7 2.5 46.6 118
67.8 1.1 1.6 3.0 30.9 366
45.2 5.6 5.1 2.9 50.0 414
56.3 2.7 6.8 3.9 40.2 748
52.3 3.7 6.2 3.5 43.7 1,162
84.8 1.3 1.3 3.8 15.2 79
86.0 0.0 3.3 4.1 12.8 242
61.2 4.5 2.6 1.5 34.7 268
72.7 2.1 2.6 3.5 24.2 429
68.3 3.0 2.6 2.7 28.3 697
45.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.4 114
72.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 28.0 296
34.9 3.3 4.8 1.2 60.8 332
54.1 2.0 4.8 3.3 44.4 547
46.9 2.5 4.8 2.5 50.6 879
HUSBANDS
Seen/heard the sentence "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/magazines Posters/flyers/billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
44.7 6.5 6.5 1.8 49.4 170
43.9 5.3 10.4 4.7 50.4 508
39.7 8.7 6.3 4.8 54.0 126
45.3 4.2 11.8 4.7 49.2 382
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Seen/heard the sentence "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/magazines Posters/flyers/billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
68.5 0.9 3.6 0.9 28.8 111
47.2 7.2 1.9 1.9 46.0 265
26.9 12.8 2.6 0.0 62.8 78
55.6 4.8 1.6 2.7 39.0 187
85.7 0.3 2.8 4.0 13.4 321
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Seen/heard the sentence "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/magazines Posters/flyers/billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
8.8
30.3 4.9 8.2 0.8 63.1 122
31.7 4.6 8.4 4.3 64.3 347
28.1 5.2 6.3 3.1 65.6 96
33.1 4.4 9.2 4.8 63.7 251
64.6 0.0 0.7 1.5 35.4 410
Respondent’s opinion about the best way to receive information
One of the questions that were asked to all respondents during the survey was about the best way to receive information if the government wants to provide information about family planning, reproductive health or family health through the television and through the radio. Tables 8.10 and 8.10a present the best ways to receive information from the government mentioned by married respondents and by never-married youth respectively. Regarding communication about FP/RH through the television, data of 2005 EHCS shows that the spots and the Drama (serials/films) are considered the best ways to receive any information through the television as mentioned by all groups of respondents. Large differentials were observed between regions except for never-married male youth as shown in the tables. 161
Respondents in Upper Egypt prefer to receive the information by the Drama (serials/films), while respondents in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt prefer to receive information through TV spots. Regarding airing information about FP/RH through the radio, the tables show that the spots is by far the best way mentioned by all groups of respondents. However, respondents’ opinion differ between married respondents and never-married youth, where “Talk shows” is the second best way mentioned by married respondents, while the songs is the second best way mentioned by nevermarried youth. Regarding the differences between regions, the data shows that respondents in Urban Governorates and in Lower Egypt prefer radio spots for receiving any information about FP/RH, while respondents in Upper Egypt prefer radio Drama for receiving such information. Table 8.10 Opinions about the best way to receive information among women and husbands Percentage distribution of women and husbands by their opinion about the best way to receive information about family planning, reproductive health and family health, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN Best way to receive information through TV Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/films) Other
38.9 33.2 1.1 0.0 26.8 0.0
44.6 16.6 3.3 2.8 32.1 0.7
34.8 19.9 3.5 0.7 40.4 0.7
47.5 15.6 3.2 3.4 29.6 0.6
25.0 12.2 4.1 9.1 49.4 0.2
30.9 16.8 5.4 5.4 41.6 0.0
23.1 10.7 3.7 10.3 52.0 0.2
35.2 24.2 3.1 1.9 35.4 0.2
35.5 13.2 3.5 6.8 40.7 0.4
35.4 16.9 3.3 5.1 38.9 0.4
Best way to receive information through radio Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/films) Other
53.2 37.4 0.0 5.3 4.2 0.0
42.6 24.9 3.0 11.6 15.7 2.1
37.6 31.2 4.3 12.1 12.8 2.1
44.1 23.0 2.6 11.5 16.6 2.1
17.8 19.9 9.6 18.1 34.3 0.3
18.1 28.9 10.1 14.8 28.2 0.0
17.7 17.0 9.4 19.2 36.2 0.4
37.7 32.9 4.4 10.2 14.2 0.6
31.1 20.1 5.9 15.3 26.3 1.3
33.3 24.4 5.4 13.6 22.2 1.1
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
Number
HUSBANDS Best way to receive information through TV Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/films) Other
40.0 56.6 0.6 0.6 2.3 0.0
50.6 25.2 4.2 3.7 15.4 0.7
46.6 33.8 2.3 5.3 12.0 0.0
51.9 22.5 4.8 3.1 16.4 1.0
27.2 19.1 9.9 3.6 39.1 0.9
25.6 20.9 10.1 1.6 41.1 0.0
27.7 18.5 9.9 4.2 38.5 1.2
37.8 39.1 3.9 2.3 16.7 0.0
39.9 20.5 7.3 3.7 27.4 1.1
39.2 27.0 6.1 3.2 23.6 0.7
Best way to receive information through radio Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/films) Other
42.9 52.6 0.6 2.3 1.7 0.0
45.2 27.4 5.5 8.6 12.2 0.9
41.4 30.1 9.0 7.5 12.0 0.0
46.4 26.6 4.3 8.9 12.3 1.2
22.1 22.5 9.0 18.5 27.0 0.7
22.5 26.4 7.8 22.5 20.2 0.0
22.0 21.2 9.4 17.3 29.1 1.0
36.4 38.0 5.3 9.8 10.3 0.0
34.3 23.9 6.8 13.1 20.6 1.1
35.0 28.8 6.3 11.9 17.0 0.7
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
Number
162
Table 8.10a Opinions about the best way to receive information among Youth Percentage distribution of youth by their opinion about the best way to receive information about family planning, reproductive health and family health, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Best way to receive information through TV Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/ films) Other
49.1 27.7 0.9 8.0 14.3 0.0
44.1 16.5 1.5 7.7 30.1 0.0
40.5 16.5 1.3 11.4 30.4 0.0
45.6 16.6 1.6 6.2 30.1 0.0
25.2 8.3 4.3 21.5 40.2 0.6
28.0 9.8 3.7 19.5 39.0 0.0
24.2 7.8 4.5 22.1 40.6 0.8
40.3 19.0 1.8 12.5 26.4 0.0
33.6 11.7 3.2 15.1 35.9 0.5
36.2 14.5 2.7 14.1 32.3 0.3
Best way to receive information through radio Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/ films) Other Number
46.4 35.7 0.9 15.2 1.8 0.0 112
41.5 25.0 2.2 17.3 12.1 1.8 272
38.0 21.5 3.8 16.5 13.9 6.3 79
43.0 26.4 1.6 17.6 11.4 0.0 193
21.8 11.3 6.7 35.9 23.6 0.6 326
25.6 12.2 6.1 37.8 18.3 0.0 82
20.5 11.1 7.0 35.2 25.4 0.8 244
37.7 24.5 3.3 22.3 10.3 1.8 273
30.4 17.8 4.6 27.5 19.2 0.5 437
33.2 20.4 4.1 25.5 15.8 1.0 710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Best way to receive information through TV Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/ films) Other
44.7 42.3 1.6 5.7 5.7 0.0
54.0 16.3 3.9 12.1 12.9 0.8
55.1 13.3 6.1 9.2 15.3 1.0
53.6 17.4 3.0 13.2 12.1 0.8
55.5 9.7 5.5 12.3 16.6 0.2
50.4 6.0 5.1 20.5 17.1 0.0
57.4 11.1 5.6 9.2 16.4 0.3
49.7 21.3 4.1 11.8 12.4 0.3
55.6 14.0 4.4 11.1 14.4 0.5
53.4 16.7 4.3 11.3 13.7 0.4
Best way to receive information through radio Spots Talk shows Competition programs Songs Drama (serials/ films) Other
39.0 37.4 3.3 17.9 2.4 0.0
44.4 16.3 5.5 23.4 9.6 0.8
40.8 16.3 9.2 24.5 8.2 1.0
45.7 16.2 4.2 23.0 10.2 0.8
32.5 25.4 3.1 22.7 15.6 0.5
29.9 18.8 3.4 35.0 12.0 0.0
33.4 27.9 3.0 18.0 17.0 0.7
36.4 24.9 5.0 25.7 7.4 0.3
39.1 22.5 3.5 20.4 13.9 0.7
38.1 23.3 4.1 22.4 11.5 0.6
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Number
163
EXPOSURE TO, AND RECALL OF COMMUNICATION FOR HEALTHY LIVING (CHL) PROJECT ACTIVITIES
9
The Communication for Healthy Living Project, funded through USAID, is one of the main providers of health education in Egypt. The CHL communication activities cover a wide range of topics including family planning, reproductive health, safe pregnancy, family health, smoking, and HIV/AIDS. CHL campaign messages focus on the benefits of premarital examinations, birth spacing, and the use of family planning during the postnatal period. They also promote antenatal care, breastfeeding, and child vaccinations. In addition, CHL messages aim to increase awareness of the dangers of second-hand smoke. This chapter examines the respondents’ recall of various CHL communication campaign elements and messages. The first sections of this chapter assess recall of specific messages that were disseminated by the CHL program through TV, radio, and print media through unprompted questions. Subsequent sections assess recall of the CHL campaign through prompted questions about specific CHL campaign spots and slogans. To the extent possible, the data also show the respondents’ perceptions about the effect of these messages on their health intentions and behaviors.
9.1
Recall of CHL Campaign Messages on TV
Many programs were aired on television during the 12 months preceding the survey that talked about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection, child health, etc. Respondents were asked whether they saw such television programs during the past 12 months and to mention the topics of these programs, what they learned from the programs and how they believe these programs affected and/or changed their behaviors. Data shown in Tables 9.1 and 9.1a indicate that more than half of women and female youth (54% and 52% respectively) saw a television program during the last 12 months that talked about the previously mentioned health issues, while these percentages were lower for male respondents (40% and 29% of husbands and male youth respectively). Respondents in Urban Governorates report higher recall of such health programs than respondents in other regions. Respondents were asked to list the topics that were discussed in those television programs. The most frequent topic mentioned by all groups of respondents was “Multiple birth problems” which was mentioned by around one third or less of all respondents (32% of women, 24% of husbands, 29% of never-married female youth and 16% of never-married male youth). The second most mentioned topic for all groups of respondents except for women was “Danger of secondhand smoking”, while “Birth spacing” was the second most mentioned topic by women. Premarital examination was from the topics that were mentioned frequently by never-married female youth. Differences in recall of these topics were clear among regions. For example, almost two-fifth of women in Upper Egypt mentioned “Multiple birth problems” compared to slightly more than onefifth of women in Lower Egypt. Additionally, the tables show the percentage of all respondents who learned specific health information through these television programs. The results show that females are more likely than males to report having learned something from these programs. Also, female respondents in rural areas and male respondents in urban areas are more likely to have learned from the programs than those in other areas. The data shows that three quarters of never-married male respondents, 69% of husbands, 58% of women and 53% of never-married female youth mentioned that they did not learn anything from the programs or they did not watch the programs. Women from Lower Egypt were most likely to report that they did not learn anything from the programs or did not watch such television programs Husbands from rural Lower Egypt, female youth from urban Lower Egypt and male youth from urban Upper Egypt are least likely to learn something from the programs or did not watch the program. 164
The most frequently learned messages mentioned by all respondents is that they knew family planning methods, the importance of birth spacing and the importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke. However, differentials were observed between regions; for example, women in Upper Egypt are more likely to mention that they knew family planning and to mention “Importance of birth spacing” than those in other regions. Respondents were asked to mention how they believed these programs affected and changed their behaviors. Data presented in Tables 9.1 and 9.1a indicate that the programs that talk about family health or family planning affected never-married female youth more than other respondents. Furthermore, these data show that about three quarters or more of all respondents, except female youth (53%), reported that these programs did not change or affect their behaviors or that they did not watch these programs. Respondents who reported that the programs affected their behaviors mentioned the practices, attitudes and intentions that were changed by the programs. Almost 15% of married women and 12% of husbands reported that the programs led them to use family planning. The second most frequent change reported by married respondents is birth spacing. 34% of female youth and 14% of male youth reported that the programs made them intend to use family planning methods after marriage. Youth also reported that the programs made them intend to space their births. Additionally, intention to use antenatal care was one of the changes mentioned frequently by never-married female youth.
165
Table 9.1 Recall of TV Programs among Women and Husbands Percentage of ever married women and husbands who watched TV Programs about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, who recalled specific messages, who learned various messages, and who report these programs affected their behavior, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Urban Rural Total WOMEN Watching TV programs Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during amenorrheic period Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing learned/Did not watch the program Effect of programs on behavior Used FP methods Spaced between births Had antenatal care Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to have antenatal care Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect/ Did not watch the program Number
67.9
46.4
47.5
46.1
58.0
59.7
57.4
59.4
51.7
54.3
15.8 27.4 40.5 29.5 19.5 24.7 34.7 12.6 25.3
19.5 20.8 22.6 14.8 13.9 11.8 15.6 6.6 19.2
18.4 24.8 23.4 12.8 12.8 12.1 17.0 5.7 22.0
19.8 19.6 22.4 15.4 14.3 11.7 15.1 6.8 18.3
10.7 28.2 39.4 15.0 15.2 18.5 23.1 6.8 28.8
13.4 30.2 38.3 18.8 14.1 16.8 26.8 5.4 22.1
9.8 27.5 39.7 13.8 15.5 19.0 21.8 7.2 31.0
15.8 27.5 34.8 21.3 15.8 18.5 27.1 8.3 23.3
14.9 23.5 31.0 14.6 14.9 15.3 18.4 7.0 24.6
15.2 24.9 32.3 16.8 15.2 16.4 21.4 7.5 24.2
24.7 22.1 17.9
19.8 21.1 11.1
15.6 19.9 7.8
21.1 21.5 12.2
26.2 32.9 11.5
22.1 26.8 9.4
27.5 34.9 12.2
21.3 22.9 12.3
24.3 28.2 12.2
23.2 26.4 12.2
23.7 25.8
8.2 17.5
9.2 14.2
7.9 18.6
20.6 33.4
17.4 26.2
21.6 35.8
17.5 22.5
14.7 27.1
15.6 25.5
51.1
65.6
68.8
64.6
52.2
60.4
49.6
59.2
57.2
57.9
16.3 9.5 11.1 0.5 2.1 0.5
11.3 8.2 4.4 2.5 3.6 1.3
10.6 8.5 1.4 0.7 0.7 2.1
11.5 8.1 5.3 3.0 4.5 1.1
19.1 9.1 5.3 5.9 8.6 2.6
18.8 11.4 5.4 2.0 4.0 2.0
19.2 8.3 5.2 7.2 10.0 2.8
15.4 9.8 6.5 1.0 2.3 1.5
15.3 8.2 5.3 5.1 7.2 1.9
15.4 8.7 5.7 3.7 5.5 1.8
1.1 4.7
1.3 5.2
0.7 5.7
1.5 5.1
2.6 6.1
3.4 4.7
2.4 6.6
1.7 5.0
1.9 5.8
1.8 5.5
75.8 190
79.3 610
83.0 141
78.3 469
68.9 607
73.8 149
67.2 458
77.3 480
72.8 927
74.3 1,407
166
Table 9.1 (Continue)
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBANDS Watching TV programs Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during amenorrheic period Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing learned/ Did not watch the program Effect of programs on behavior Used FP methods Spaced between births Had antenatal care Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to let my wife has ANC Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect/ Did not watch the program Number
57.1
35.1
39.1
33.8
40.3
43.4
39.3
47.6
36.5
40.4
22.3 28.6 42.9 9.1 7.4 8.6 32.0 4.0 36.6
15.0 17.6 15.2 5.9 4.4 5.9 13.5 1.6 16.5
15.8 18.8 23.3 5.3 6.8 7.5 21.1 3.0 21.1
14.7 17.1 12.6 6.0 3.6 5.3 11.1 1.2 15.0
4.3 12.0 25.7 5.6 4.5 9.7 18.2 5.6 24.9
5.4 14.0 25.6 10.1 4.7 7.8 20.9 8.5 28.7
4.0 11.4 25.7 4.2 4.4 10.4 17.3 4.7 23.7
15.3 21.3 31.8 8.2 6.4 8.0 25.4 5.0 29.5
9.4 14.3 19.0 5.1 4.0 7.8 14.2 2.9 19.3
11.5 16.7 23.5 6.2 4.9 7.9 18.1 3.7 22.9
23.4 16.0 7.4
15.4 14.3 5.1
19.5 17.3 3.8
14.0 13.3 5.6
10.5 16.7 4.5
7.0 13.2 4.7
11.6 17.8 4.4
17.4 15.6 5.5
12.8 15.5 5.0
14.4 15.5 5.2
23.4 23.4
7.7 11.7
16.5 17.3
4.8 9.9
16.3 24.5
14.7 23.3
16.8 24.9
18.8 21.5
10.7 17.3
13.5 18.8
65.1
74.2
69.2
75.8
65.7
68.2
64.9
67.3
70.5
69.3
21.7 12.0 13.1 1.7 1.1 0.0
11.7 8.6 2.4 1.3 1.1 0.4
11.3 7.5 6.0 1.5 1.5 0.0
11.8 8.9 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.5
10.1 3.9 1.5 3.4 3.6 1.1
10.9 4.7 1.6 0.8 1.6 0.8
9.9 3.7 1.5 4.2 4.2 1.2
15.3 8.5 7.6 1.4 1.4 0.2
10.9 6.3 1.3 2.7 2.6 0.9
12.4 7.1 3.5 2.2 2.1 0.6
0.0 8.6
0.5 2.9
0.0 6.8
0.7 1.7
0.9 6.9
1.6 7.0
0.7 6.9
0.5 7.6
0.7 4.3
0.6 5.4
73.7 175
84.8 547
85.7 133
84.5 414
78.3 534
79.8 129
77.8 405
79.2 432
81.2 819
80.5 1,251
167
Table 9.1a Recall of TV Programs among Youth Percentage of never married female and male youth who watched TV Programs about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, who recalled specific messages, who learned various messages, and who report these programs affected their behavior, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Watching TV programs Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during amenorrheic period Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing learned/Did not watch the program Effect of programs on behavior Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to have antenatal care Other No effect /Did not watch the program Number
65.2
51.1
39.2
56.0
48.2
43.9
49.6
51.3
52.4
52.0
30.4 21.4 34.8 32.1 15.2 30.4 37.5 17.9 31.3
24.6 21.3 21.7 17.6 16.9 15.4 21.0 7.4 22.1
16.5 12.7 17.7 16.5 16.5 11.4 15.2 6.3 17.7
28.0 24.9 23.3 18.1 17.1 17.1 23.3 7.8 23.8
13.8 18.7 32.5 9.8 10.7 11.0 22.7 6.1 23.3
14.6 13.4 26.8 14.6 11.0 9.8 19.5 6.1 15.9
13.5 20.5 34.4 8.2 10.7 11.5 23.8 6.1 25.8
21.6 16.5 27.5 22.3 14.3 18.7 25.6 11.0 22.7
19.9 22.4 29.5 12.6 13.5 14.0 23.6 6.9 24.9
20.6 20.1 28.7 16.3 13.8 15.8 24.4 8.5 24.1
31.3 23.2 26.8
29.0 21.7 13.2
16.5 12.7 11.4
34.2 25.4 14.0
29.8 29.4 12.6
26.8 24.4 15.9
30.7 31.1 11.5
25.6 20.5 19.0
32.3 28.6 12.6
29.7 25.5 15.1
27.7 45.5
18.0 27.2
11.4 19.0
20.7 30.6
18.4 27.9
14.6 28.0
19.7 27.9
19.0 32.6
20.1 29.1
19.7 30.4
43.8
55.1
69.6
49.2
55.2
58.5
54.1
55.7
51.9
53.4
33.0 17.9 17.9 25.0
32.7 20.6 13.6 20.2
20.3 12.7 10.1 13.9
37.8 23.8 15.0 22.8
35.9 26.1 13.5 17.5
30.5 20.7 18.3 18.3
37.7 27.9 11.9 17.2
28.6 17.2 15.8 19.8
37.8 26.1 13.3 19.7
34.2 22.7 14.2 19.7
46.4 112
53.3 272
64.6 79
48.7 193
54.3 326
57.3 82
53.3 244
54.9 273
51.3 437
52.7 710
168
Table 9.1a (Continue) Residence
Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH
Watching TV programs Program messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems ANC FP during amenorrheic period Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Child vaccinations Other Learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing learned/Did not watch the program Effect of programs on behavior Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to let my wife has ANC Other No effect /Did not watch the program Number
9.2
53.7
25.1
23.5
25.7
26.1
21.4
27.9
33.7
26.8
29.4
21.1 33.3 39.0 8.1 3.3 4.1 31.7 0.8 30.9
11.6 11.6 14.9 2.8 5.8 3.6 12.7 1.4 11.6
14.3 14.3 18.4 3.1 2.0 2.0 12.2 0.0 11.2
10.6 10.6 13.6 2.6 7.2 4.2 12.8 1.9 11.7
3.3 3.8 9.2 1.9 1.4 2.1 10.9 2.6 16.1
2.6 1.7 3.4 1.7 1.7 0.9 9.4 2.6 17.1
3.6 4.6 11.5 2.0 1.3 2.6 11.5 2.6 15.7
12.7 16.9 20.7 4.4 2.4 2.4 18.3 1.2 20.4
6.8 7.4 12.5 2.3 4.0 3.3 12.1 2.3 13.9
9.0 10.9 15.5 3.1 3.4 3.0 14.4 1.9 16.3
40.7 26.0 8.1
12.9 9.4 2.8
15.3 11.2 3.1
12.1 8.7 2.6
3.3 6.2 1.2
0.9 2.6 1.7
4.3 7.5 1.0
19.5 13.6 4.4
7.9 8.1 1.8
12.2 10.1 2.8
30.9 22.8
9.9 8.3
11.2 9.2
9.4 7.9
10.2 16.8
8.5 13.7
10.8 18.0
17.5 15.7
10.2 13.3
12.9 14.2
50.4
79.6
77.6
80.4
77.7
82.9
75.7
69.5
77.9
74.8
44.7 30.9 11.4 8.9
14.9 9.1 5.5 4.1
17.3 12.2 7.1 4.1
14.0 7.9 4.9 4.2
5.0 4.3 1.2 12.6
1.7 2.6 0.9 10.3
6.2 4.9 1.3 13.4
21.9 15.7 6.5 8.0
9.8 6.3 3.0 9.1
14.3 9.8 4.3 8.7
50.4
78.0
80.6
77.0
80.3
84.6
78.7
71.0
77.9
75.3
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
Recall of CHL Campaign Messages from Radio
Radio was also used to disseminate information about the health of all family members, family planning, smoking, child health, etc. Respondents were asked if they ever listened to any radio spot, program or song that talked about these issues. Afterwards, they were asked a series of questions including: spot/program/song issues, benefits, and the perceived effect of these messages on their behaviors. Data from the 2005 EHCS indicate that recall of different radio messages is much lower than exposed to TV interventions. Overall, the percentage of respondents who reported listening to any message through radio did not exceed 11% of all respondents. Accordingly, this section will present only the percentages of respondents who recalled messages from programs/song through radio without covering the other issues as the benefits and the effect of these interventions on respondent’s behavior due to the few number of respondents who were exposed to those interventions. Respondents were asked whether they listened to any radio program that talked about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. The percentage who heard a radio program about family planning/reproductive health ranges from 11% among married respondents (women and husbands) to 3% among never-married male youth. Women in rural areas were most likely to report listening to such programs (13%), while women in urban areas were least likely to report listening to such 169
programs (9%). Regarding the exposure of never-married youth to radio programs, data from the 2005 EHCS reveal that never-married female youth in rural areas are more likely to listen to programs about family planning and family health (9%) than female youth in urban areas (7%). Figure 9.1 Listening to Radio Programs 13 11
11
12
11 9
9 7
Urban
8
Rural 3
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
4
Total 3
Never-married male youth
Respondents were asked whether they heard any song that talked about the population problem during the 12 months preceding the survey. Then they were asked to recall the messages and mention the learned messages from the song. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that recall of respondents to radio song is very low, where only 7% or less of all respondents were able to recall such song (7% of husbands and 5% of all other respondents). Differentials were clear by residence. All groups of respondents in urban areas are least likely to mention listening to such song (4% or less), while 5% or more of all respondents in rural areas mentioned that they heard any song talked about the population problem during the 12 months preceding the survey. Figure 9.2 Listening to Radio Song talks about the Population Problem 8 7 6 5
5
5 3
Women
9.3
5
5
4
4
Husbands
3
Never-married female youth
Urban Rural Total
Never-married male youth
Recall of CHL Campaign Messages through Print Media
The 2005 EHCS also collected information about the recall of respondents to messages in print media. The level of exposure of respondents to printed materials is important to identify those who are subject to recall of family planning and family health messages through that media channel. Respondents were asked whether they read any subject about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. Then they were asked a series of questions about the topics they read on the newspapers/magazines, what they learned from these topics and how these topics affected their behaviors. 170
Tables 9.2 and 9.2a show the percentage of married respondents and never-married youth respectively who report reading about family planning and family health in newspapers/magazines. The tables show that only a limited percentage read about family health and family planning during the specified period. Additionally, women were least likely to read about such topics in newspapers/magazines. Almost 14% of husbands and never married female youth, 12% of never married male youth and 10% of women read about family planning and family health during the reference period. Tables 9.2 and 9.2a show that the most frequent messages mentioned by women were problems of multiple birth and family planning. Danger of secondhand smoking and problems of multiple birth were the most frequent mentioned messages by husbands and never-married female youth. While the most frequent messages mentioned by never-married male youth were danger of secondhand smoking, AIDS and problems of multiple birth. Differences between urban-rural residence were clear in the tables. The data shows that 90% or more of all respondents, except never-married female youth (87%), mentioned that they did not learn anything from print media. The most common gains reported are increased knowledge about family planning methods, the importance of birth spacing and the importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoking. Respondents were asked if their practices had changed as a result of newspaper/magazine messages. Generally, data presented in Tables 9.2 and 9.2a indicated that few respondents were affected by printed messages. Never-married youth were more likely than married respondents to report being affected by print media. Nevertheless, almost 96% of women and husbands reported that print media did not change their behaviors, compared to 90% and 93% of female and male youth respectively. Among married women and husbands, the most commonly reported behavior change caused by print media was use of family planning and birth spacing. Among youth, the most commonly reported changes caused by print media was the intention to use family planning and to space births. Female youth also mentioned intending to encourage their son/daughter to have a premarital examination.
Table 9.2 Recall of Subjects in Newspapers/Magazines about FP/RH among Women and Husbands Percentage of ever married women and husbands by percentage who read about FP/RH in newspaper/magazines, who recalled various messages, who learned specific messages and who report these messages affected their behavior, by urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Urban
Rural
Total
Reading subjects about FP/RH
18.3
5.8
10.1
Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Antenatal care Family planning Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other
6.7 4.2 9.0 3.8 8.8 5.8 6.7 6.5
1.4 1.1 1.8 0.9 1.9 1.4 1.8 2.6
3.2 2.1 4.3 1.8 4.3 2.9 3.5 3.9
5.0 4.4 3.1 2.1
1.7 1.8 0.6 0.4
2.8 2.7 1.5 1.0
4.4 6.7
1.3 2.7
2.3 4.1
87.3
94.9
92.3
2.5 1.5 0.6 1.9
1.0 0.4 0.2 1.2
1.5 0.8 0.4 1.4
95.4
97.7
96.9
480
927
1,407
WOMEN
learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of postnatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing / Did not read subjects about FP/RH Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Used family planning methods Spaced between births Had ANC Other No effect / Did not read subjects about FP/RH Number
171
Table 9.2 (Continue) Urban
Rural
Total
19.2
10.6
13.6
4.6 4.1 10.3 1.1 7.6 2.7 6.2 10.5
1.5 0.9 2.6 0.5 2.7 1.5 4.8 5.9
2.5 2.0 5.3 0.7 4.4 1.9 5.3 7.5
7.6 5.0 1.6 0.7 3.4 6.9 87.9
2.3 1.6 0.6 0.2 2.8 5.0 92.1
4.1 2.8 1.0 0.4 3.0 5.7 90.6
5.0 3.4 1.8 2.3 93.4
1.5 0.6 0.1 1.3 97.3
2.7 1.6 0.7 1.7 95.9
437
819
1,256
HUSBANDS Reading subjects about FP/RH Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Antenatal care Family planning Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of antenatal care Importance of postnatal care Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing / Did not read subjects about FP/RH Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Used family planning methods Spaced between births The wife had antenatal care Other No effect / Did not read subjects about FP/RH Number
Table 9.2a Recall of Subjects in Newspapers/Magazines about FP/RH among Youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth who read about FP/RH in newspaper/magazines, who recalled various messages, who learned specific messages and who report these messages affected their behavior, by urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Urban
Rural
Total
19.8
11.0
14.4
6.6 1.8 8.4 6.6 2.2 7.7 11.7
3.0 2.3 4.1 4.1 2.1 4.6 6.4
4.4 2.1 5.8 5.1 2.1 5.8 8.5
7.3 4.8 6.6 12.1 83.5
4.3 3.9 4.1 8.5 89.5
5.5 4.2 5.1 9.9 87.2
7.0 2.9 2.9
5.9 3.2 3.0
6.3 3.1 3.0
4.4 4.8 87.9
2.7 3.4 91.3
3.4 3.9 90.0
273
437
710
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Reading subjects about FP/RH Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Family planning AIDs Danger of second hand smoking Other learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing / Did not read subjects about FP/RH Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to have antenatal care Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect/ Did not read subjects about FP/RH Number
172
Table 9.2a (Continue) Urban
Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Reading subjects about FP/RH
17.8
7.7
11.5
Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Premarital examination Birth spacing Multiple birth problems Family planning AIDS Danger of secondhand smoking Other
5.3 4.7 9.2 3.8 8.9 11.5 7.4
1.1 1.2 2.5 1.8 2.8 4.9 2.1
2.6 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.1 7.4 4.1
learned messages Knew FP methods Importance of birth spacing Importance of protecting nonsmokers from smokers Other Nothing / Did not read subjects about FP/RH
10.4 6.5 11.2 9.5 84.0
1.4 1.9 3.0 1.9 94.9
4.7 3.6 6.1 4.7 90.9
11.8 5.3 1.8
2.5 1.1 0.2
5.9 2.6 0.8
2.1 3.3 86.4
0.5 0.7 96.5
1.1 1.7 92.7
338
570
908
Effect of Newspapers/magazines subjects’ messages Intend to use FP methods Intend to space between births Intend to let the wife has ANC Intend to encouraged son/ daughter to do premarital examination Other No effect / Did not read subjects about FP/RH Number
All respondents were asked if they have seen any posters/flyers/billboards about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. Additionally, they were asked about posters’ messages, the information learned from these posters and the place where they saw these posters. Tables 9.3 and 9.3a present the recall of, married respondents (women and husbands) and nevermarried youth respectively, of messages in posters/flyers/billboards. The tables indicate that the percentage of females who saw the posters/flyers/billboards is higher than for females. The data show that 45% of women and never-married female youth mentioned that they saw posters/flyers/billboards about the previously mentioned health topics during the 12 months preceding the survey, while 38% of husbands and only 28% of never-married male youth reported that they saw such posters. However, significant differences were observed among regions. Female respondents in Upper Egypt and male respondents in Urban Governorates are more likely to have seen such posters than respondents from other regions. Respondents were asked what the topics of the posters were. The most commonly recalled topics were “family planning is a health essential” and “danger of secondhand smoking”. Other messages were recalled less frequently. Significant differences were observed between regions. For example, 54% of women in rural Upper Egypt recalled seeing posters about “family planning is a health essential”, compared to only 11% of women in urban Lower Egypt. The data reveal that females are more likely to have learned something from these posters than males. Almost 62% of women and never-married female youth mentioned that they did not learn anything from these posters/flyers/billboards or they did not see such posters, compared to 74% of husbands and 78% of never-married male youth. Respondents from urban Lower Egypt, except male youth, are least likely to have learned something from these posters. Regarding the messages learned from such posters/flyers/billboards, the most commonly learned message for all groups of respondents was “the importance of family planning”. This message was 173
learned by around 30% of women and never-married female youth (31% and 29% respectively), while learned by 17% of husbands and 16% of never-married male youth. The second ranked message learned by all groups of respondents is “the importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoking”. Significant differences were found among regions regarding the messages learned. Those recently exposed to posters/flyers/billboards, are most likely to report having seen them in the health unit. This is particularly the case for women in rural areas. Women in Urban Governorates saw these posters mostly in the pharmacies, while women in Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt saw these posters in the health units. Most husbands saw these posters/flyers in the street (25%) especially husbands in Urban Governorates (47%) and in Lower Egypt (28%), while husbands in Upper Egypt mostly saw these posters in the pharmacies. For never-married females, 21% mentioned that they saw the posters in pharmacies, and 20% mentioned the street. Nevermarried male youth mentioned that they saw the posters in the street (19%). Table 9.3 Recall of subjects in posters/flyers/ billboards among Women and Husbands Percentage of ever married women and husbands who saw posters/flyers/ billboards about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, who recalled specific messages, who learned various health messages and the percentage who recall seeing posters in various locations, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN Saw posters/flyers Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing / Did not see posters/flyers/ billboards Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy In private clinic Other Number
30.5
31.8
27.0
33.3
62.3
62.4
62.2
39.4
47.6
44.8
2.1 11.1 13.2 5.8 19.5 16.8 0.0
6.9 12.0 18.2 5.2 13.8 10.8 0.2
4.3 11.3 11.3 2.8 15.6 10.6 0.0
7.7 12.2 20.3 6.0 13.2 10.9 0.2
7.4 17.8 53.4 25.7 22.1 23.2 0.5
6.7 16.8 52.3 23.5 26.2 18.1 0.0
7.6 18.1 53.7 26.4 20.7 24.9 0.7
4.2 12.9 24.8 10.4 20.4 15.4 0.0
7.7 15.1 36.8 16.1 16.9 17.8 0.4
6.5 14.4 32.7 14.1 18.1 17.0 0.3
7.9
16.6
8.5
19.0
52.4
46.3
54.4
20.0
36.5
30.8
1.6 4.7
5.4 7.2
3.5 4.3
6.0 8.1
7.1 14.5
6.0 13.4
7.4 14.8
3.5 7.3
6.7 11.4
5.6 10.0
11.1 10.5
9.3 6.9
9.9 5.7
9.2 7.2
22.6 11.7
22.1 8.7
22.7 12.7
14.2 8.5
15.9 9.9
15.3 9.5
80.0
75.4
82.3
73.3
43.8
49.7
41.9
71.3
57.8
62.4
6.8 17.4 18.9 0.0 0.0
22.0 7.5 9.0 0.2 0.7
12.1 12.1 11.3 0.0 0.7
24.9 6.2 8.3 0.2 0.6
45.0 13.2 25.4 0.3 1.0
41.6 19.5 28.9 0.7 2.0
46.1 11.1 24.2 0.2 0.7
19.2 16.5 19.8 0.2 0.8
35.4 8.6 16.2 0.2 0.6
29.9 11.3 17.4 0.2 0.7
190
610
141
469
607
149
458
480
927
1,407
174
Table 9.3 (Continue)
Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBANDS Saw posters/flyers Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing / Did not see posters/flyers/ billboards Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy Number
54.9
38.4
40.6
37.7
31.1
34.1
30.1
44.4
33.9
37.6
7.4 20.0 29.1 2.9 37.7 19.4 0.0
6.2 7.9 15.0 6.8 29.4 7.5 0.0
5.3 7.5 14.3 7.5 33.8 9.8 0.0
6.5 8.0 15.2 6.5 28.0 6.8 0.0
1.9 3.4 22.5 8.2 16.3 9.6 0.0
1.6 5.4 22.5 10.1 21.7 13.2 0.0
2.0 2.7 22.5 7.7 14.6 8.4 0.0
5.0 11.9 22.7 6.4 31.8 14.6 0.0
4.3 5.4 18.8 7.1 21.4 7.6 0.0
4.5 7.6 20.1 6.8 25.0 10.0 0.0
23.4
10.6
9.8
10.9
21.3
21.7
21.2
18.8
16.0
17.0
7.4 9.7
4.8 3.3
3.0 2.3
5.3 3.6
1.7 2.1
2.3 3.9
1.5 1.5
4.6 5.7
3.4 2.6
3.8 3.7
17.1 14.9
13.9 3.1
17.3 3.0
12.8 3.1
13.5 4.5
17.1 7.0
12.3 3.7
17.2 8.9
12.6 3.4
14.2 5.3
65.7
78.6
78.9
78.5
72.7
70.5
73.3
71.2
75.9
74.3
14.9 46.9 16.6
9.7 28.2 18.1
8.3 34.6 18.0
10.1 26.1 18.1
11.2 14.0 15.5
9.3 18.6 17.8
11.9 12.6 14.8
11.2 34.8 17.4
11.0 19.4 16.5
11.1 24.8 16.8
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
175
Table 9.3a Recall of subjects in posters/flyers/ billboards among Youth Percentage of never married female and male youth who saw posters/flyers/ billboards about family planning and family health during the past 12 months, who recalled specific messages, who learned various health messages and the percentage who recall seeing posters in various locations, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Governo Lower rates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH
Saw posters/flyers Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing / Did not see posters/flyers/ billboards Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy Other Number
46.4
32.0
25.3
34.7
54.3
50.0
55.7
41.4
46.5
44.5
9.8 17.0 20.5 5.4
6.6 9.6 14.0 5.9
1.3 1.3 10.1 5.1
8.8 13.0 15.5 6.2
7.4 13.8 43.3 20.6
8.5 9.8 34.1 15.9
7.0 15.2 46.3 22.1
7.0 10.3 21.6 8.4
7.8 14.2 32.7 15.1
7.5 12.7 28.5 12.5
33.9 33.0 0.0
21.7 9.6 0.0
21.5 11.4 0.0
21.8 8.8 0.0
21.8 17.8 0.3
23.2 8.5 1.2
21.3 20.9 0.0
27.1 19.4 0.4
21.5 15.6 0.0
23.7 17.0 0.1
22.3
12.9
5.1
16.1
44.2
39.0
45.9
22.3
32.7
28.7
8.9 9.8
5.5 4.4
0.0 0.0
7.8 6.2
8.3 10.7
8.5 9.8
8.2 11.1
6.2 7.0
8.0 8.9
7.3 8.2
25.0 20.5
15.4 8.1
12.7 10.1
16.6 7.3
19.9 4.9
19.5 2.4
20.1 5.7
19.8 12.1
18.5 6.4
19.0 8.6
64.3
74.3
81.0
71.5
50.6
53.7
49.6
65.9
59.3
61.8
10.7 33.9 24.1 0.9
11.8 14.0 14.0 0.7
3.8 17.7 10.1 0.0
15.0 12.4 15.5 1.0
23.6 19.6 26.1 0.9
12.2 26.8 19.5 1.2
27.5 17.2 28.3 0.8
9.2 27.1 18.7 0.7
22.0 15.1 22.7 0.9
17.0 19.7 21.1 0.8
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH
Saw posters/flyers Posters/flyers messages Premarital examination Antenatal care FP is a health essential FP and RH services for all Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know learned messages Importance of FP Importance of premarital examination Importance of ANC Importance of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke Other Nothing / Did not see posters/flyers/ billboards Place of posters/flyers In the health unit In the street In the pharmacy Other Number
68.3
34.4
37.8
33.2
10.9
7.7
12.1
38.5
21.9
28.1
9.8 18.7 38.2 7.3
5.0 4.4 19.6 9.9
5.1 6.1 25.5 11.2
4.9 3.8 17.4 9.4
0.9 1.4 5.0 2.4
0.0 2.6 3.4 0.0
1.3 1.0 5.6 3.3
5.0 9.5 22.5 5.9
3.0 2.3 11.1 6.1
3.7 5.0 15.3 6.1
50.4 25.2 0.0
21.2 7.7 0.0
23.5 11.2 0.0
20.4 6.4 0.0
6.4 5.2 0.0
5.1 3.4 0.0
6.9 5.9 0.0
26.9 13.6 0.0
13.2 6.1 0.0
18.3 8.9 0.0
36.6
20.4
24.5
18.9
5.5
2.6
6.6
21.3
12.3
15.6
9.8 6.5
3.9 2.8
4.1 5.1
3.8 1.9
0.9 0.7
0.0 1.7
1.3 0.3
4.7 4.4
2.5 1.1
3.3 2.3
33.3 9.8
15.4 3.6
24.5 5.1
12.1 3.0
6.4 2.8
5.1 2.6
6.9 3.0
21.0 5.9
9.3 3.0
13.7 4.1
49.6
73.3
67.3
75.5
90.3
93.2
89.2
69.8
82.8
78.0
14.6 52.8 28.5 0.0
8.8 23.1 17.6 0.0
13.3 25.5 19.4 0.0
7.2 22.3 17.0 0.0
2.4 6.2 3.8 0.9
0.9 3.4 2.6 1.7
3.0 7.2 4.3 0.7
9.5 27.8 16.9 0.6
4.9 14.2 10.2 0.4
6.6 19.3 12.7 0.4
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
176
9.4
Recall of CHL Campaign Messages through Interpersonal Channels (Meetings/Seminars)
The CHL campaign also included meeting and seminars conducted at the community level. The 2005 EHCS investigates to what extent respondents were exposed to these activities, the main topics of these meetings, the messages learned and the perceived effect of these meetings and seminars on respondent’s behaviors. Respondents were asked whether they attended seminars or community meetings about family planning after the first birth, family health, smoking, safe injection or child health during the 12 months preceding the survey. Recall of health messages via seminars and community meetings is still very low. Data from the 2005 EHCS show that 6% of women and never-married female youth and only 3% of husbands and never-married male youth attended seminars or community meetings during the 12 months preceding the survey. Figure 9.3 Attending seminars/meetings about family health 7 6
6
6
6
6 Urban
4
3
3
3
2
Rural Total
1
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
The CHL program also included health worker and Raida Refia visits to women’s homes. Women were asked if any Raida Refia/ health worker visited them during the last 12 months. The data show that only few women mentioned that a Raida Refia or a health worker visited them (8%). As expected, the level of home visits in rural areas is higher than in urban areas (10% vs. 3%). Family planning, reproductive health and antenatal care are the most important subjects discussed by Raida Refia/health workers (not shown).
9.5
Recall of Specific CHL Campaign Spots and Slogans
This section assesses recall of specific CHL campaing spots and slogans through prompted questions. Women, husbands and youth were asked about specific campaign messages, such as the “Your Health is Your Wealth”, “Family doctor” and “Isaal Istashir” TV spots. They were then asked a series of questions including: spots messages, benefits, and effect of the spots on respondents’ behaviors. 9.5.1
Recall of the “Your Health is Your Wealth” Spot
9.5.1.a Recall of the “Your Health is Your Wealth” Spot through TV “Your Health is Your Wealth” spot is one of the spots that was aired on the television during the 12 months preceding the survey. This spot talks about the health care of all family members, how the parents’ health affects their children’s health, antenatal care, birth spacing, breastfeeding, safe injection, etc. Tables 9.4 and 9.4a show the percentage of respondents who recall seeing this TV spot, the recalled messages, and what they learned from the spot. These tables also show the respondents’ perception about the effect of the messages on their health intentions and behaviors. Finally, the tables show the percentage of respondents who discussed the spot with others. The tables indicate that females watched the spot more than males. Almost 58% of women and 57% of never-married female youth, but only 49% of husbands and 48% of the never-married male 177
youth, watched the TV spot. Urban-rural differences were clear as shown in Figure 9.4, where respondents in rural areas are more likely to watch the spot than respondents in urban areas, except for women. Additionally, respondents in Upper Egypt are more likely to watch the spot than respondents in other regions. Regarding recall of the messages of the “Your Figure 9.4 Health is Your Wealth” TV Watching "Your health is your wealth" Spot 62 spot, Table 9.4 revealed that 58 58 women are most likely to 51 50 48 44 45 recall the messages about birth spacing (32%), family health care (31%), and Urban breastfeeding and danger of secondhand smoking Ru ral (27%). However, differentials were observed Wome n Husbands Neve rNeverbetween regions, where married marrie d m ale fe male you th you th women in Urban Governorates are most likely to recall antenatal care and breastfeeding as the main spot messages, while women in Lower Egypt are most likely to mention antenatal care, birth spacing and family health care. Women in Upper Egypt highly recalled (42% or more) many messages as birth spacing, family health care, breastfeeding and danger of secondhand smoking. Women were also asked if they learned anything from the spot and if so, what they learned. The data show that 52% of women mentioned that they learned nothing from the spot or that they did not watch the spot. Regarding the differences between regions, the table shows that 71% of women in rural Lower Egypt mentioned that they learned nothing from spot messages or they did not watch the spot compared to 28% among women in rural Upper Egypt. Among those who learned something from the “your health is your wealth” spot, the most commonly learned messages mentioned by women are the importance of family health care (30%) and the importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years (26%). Although slightly less than half of women mentioned that they have learned something from the spot, only 32% mentioned that the spot affected their behaviors. Women in Lower Egypt are least likely to mention that the spot affected their behaviors (18%), while 47% of all women in Upper Egypt and 28% of women in Urban Governorates mentioned that the spot has affected their behaviors. The most commonly mentioned changes caused by the spot are caring about their health and their husbands’ health, using family planning methods and birth spacing. Differences were clear between regions as indicated in the table. The data revealed that most of women (84%) did not talk about the spot, with minor differences between regions. Women were most likely to discuss the spot with their friends or neighbors (8% of all women).
178
Table 9.4 Recall of TV Spot (Your health is your Wealth) among Women and Husbands Percentage of ever-married women and husbands who watched the (Your health is your Wealth) TV spot during the past 12 months, who recalled specific spot messages, who learned various health messages, who reported these messages affected their behaviors, and who discuss the spot with others, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urba n Rural Total
WOMEN Watched the spot Spot messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Health care in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Learned Messages If parent’s health is good, child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial During the postpartum examination woman knows the suitable FP method Importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years Secondhand smoking is very harmful to all people Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing / Did not watch the spot Effect of spot on behavior Cared about my health and my husband's health Spaced between births Used FP methods Intend to care about my health and my husband's health Intend to space between births Intend to use FP methods Other No effect / Did not watch the spot Talked with someone about spot Spouse Other relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
57.9
37.9
39.7
37.3
78.1
74.5
79.3
57.7
58.0
57.9
13.2 27.4 35.8 4.2 12.1 30.0 33.2 27.9 6.8 0.0
11.1 15.7 16.4 3.4 12.5 15.9 10.0 10.7 3.4 0.0
12.1 21.3 16.3 4.3 12.8 15.6 11.3 16.3 7.8 0.0
10.9 14.1 16.4 3.2 12.4 16.0 9.6 9.0 2.1 0.0
9.2 46.5 27.7 11.4 21.6 49.8 42.8 43.7 21.1 0.5
6.7 43.0 31.5 8.7 17.4 48.3 38.3 35.6 18.8 0.0
10.0 47.6 26.4 12.2 22.9 50.2 44.3 46.3 21.8 0.7
10.8 30.4 28.7 5.6 14.0 31.5 28.3 26.9 10.8 0.0
10.5 30.6 21.4 7.7 17.6 32.9 26.8 27.4 11.9 0.3
10.6 30.6 23.9 7.0 16.3 32.4 27.3 27.2 11.5 0.2
15.3 21.1 0.0
14.1 14.8 1.0
14.9 17.0 0.7
13.9 14.1 1.1
15.7 48.8 3.0
10.7 41.6 2.7
17.2 51.1 3.1
13.8 26.3 1.0
15.5 32.4 2.0
14.9 30.3 1.7
19.5
5.9
7.8
5.3
9.6
4.0
11.4
11.3
8.3
9.3
1.6
2.3
1.4
2.6
4.9
4.7
5.0
2.5
3.8
3.3
19.5
9.7
8.5
10.0
43.3
32.2
46.9
20.2
28.3
25.5
13.2
7.0
12.1
5.5
29.3
24.2
31.0
16.3
18.1
17.5
12.1 7.4 60.0
3.6 8.0 70.7
8.5 7.8 68.1
2.1 8.1 71.4
20.1 36.9 31.5
17.4 25.5 42.3
21.0 40.6 27.9
12.7 13.1 56.9
11.4 24.2 49.9
11.9 20.4 52.3
15.3 12.1 21.1
9.5 9.3 8.5
9.9 8.5 10.6
9.4 9.6 7.9
31.0 12.5 22.9
25.5 15.4 20.1
32.8 11.6 23.8
16.9 12.1 17.7
20.9 10.6 15.7
19.5 11.1 16.4
0.0 3.2 1.6 15.3 72.1
0.8 1.8 0.5 5.2 82.1
0.0 2.8 0.0 7.8 78.7
1.1 1.5 0.6 4.5 83.2
2.1 10.2 7.7 25.7 52.7
0.7 2.7 2.0 20.1 62.4
2.6 12.7 9.6 27.5 49.6
0.2 2.9 1.3 14.6 71.0
1.8 7.0 5.1 15.9 66.6
1.3 5.6 3.8 15.4 68.1
6.3 6.8 4.7 87.4 190
3.4 3.6 4.3 88.5 610
5.0 6.4 5.0 85.1 141
3.0 2.8 4.1 89.6 469
4.8 9.6 13.7 77.9 607
4.0 10.1 12.8 79.2 149
5.0 9.4 14.0 77.5 458
5.2 7.7 7.3 84.2 480
4.0 6.0 9.0 83.6 927
4.4 6.6 8.4 83.8 1,407
Table 9.4 shows that husbands are most likely to recall the messages “family planning during the 40 days after delivery” (28% of all husbands), “family health care” (25%), and “danger of 179
secondhand smoking” (21%), with significant differences between regions. The most frequent recalled message among husbands in Lower Egypt is “husbands and wife’s health affect child’s health” (27%). On the other hand, this message is the least frequently recalled message among husbands in Upper Egypt (5%). Husbands are less likely to learn from the spot messages than women, with 62% of husbands mentioning that they did not learn anything from the spot or they did not watch the spot. Urbanrural difference are clear in the table. More than two thirds of husbands in urban areas (68%) reported that they learned nothing from the spot compared to 58% among husbands in rural areas. Concerning those who learned something from the spot, they mostly learned the importance of family health care (26%), followed by the importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years and “if parent’s health is good, chid’s health will be good”. Slightly less than three quarters of husbands (73%) reported that their behaviors were not affected by the TV spot. The same is reported by 85% of husbands in Lower Egypt, 76% of husbands in Urban Governorates and 59% of husbands in Upper Egypt. The most commonly behavior changes reported by husbands, being caused by the spot, were that they cared about their health and their wives’ health (20%). In addition, they mentioned that they used family planning methods (9%) and spaced between births (8%). Regarding the interpersonal communication about the spot, the table shows that most husbands did not talk with anyone about the spot (90%). The few who did discuss the spot tended to talk with their spouses.
180
Table 9.4 (Continue) Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
HUSBANDS Watched the spot Spot messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Care for mother and child's health in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Learned Messages If parent’s health is good, child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial During the postpartum examination woman knows the suitable FP method Importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years Secondhand smoking is very harmful to all people Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing / Did not watch the spot Effect of spot on behavior Cared about my health and my wife’s health Spaced between births Used FP methods Intend to care about my health and my wife’s health Intend to space between births Intend to use FP methods Other No effect / Did not watch the spot Talked with someone about spot Spouse Other relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
41.7
37.7
33.8
38.9
62.5
58.1
64.0
44.2
51.3
48.8
28.0 31.4 10.3
27.4 22.1 10.8
29.3 18.8 9.8
26.8 23.2 11.1
5.1 26.6 11.0
6.2 25.6 13.2
4.7 26.9 10.4
22.0 25.9 11.0
15.9 25.0 10.7
18.0 25.3 10.8
2.3 22.3 10.3 5.1 14.3 4.6 0.0
7.7 14.3 8.6 5.3 14.8 5.1 0.0
7.5 15.8 6.0 3.8 13.5 6.0 0.0
7.7 13.8 9.4 5.8 15.2 4.8 0.0
5.6 44.2 21.5 18.0 28.8 18.2 0.0
6.2 41.1 17.1 19.4 28.7 11.6 0.0
5.4 45.2 23.0 17.5 28.9 20.2 0.0
5.0 25.9 11.0 8.9 18.3 7.1 0.0
6.6 29.3 16.1 11.6 22.0 12.5 0.0
6.1 28.1 14.3 10.7 20.7 10.6 0.0
22.9
17.7
19.5
17.1
8.4
5.4
9.4
16.7
13.3
14.5
26.3
16.1
18.0
15.5
35.2
33.3
35.8
25.9
25.5
25.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.6
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.4
3.5
1.5
4.1
4.7
4.7
4.7
3.2
4.4
4.0
0.6
2.0
1.5
2.2
2.4
0.8
3.0
0.9
2.6
2.0
12.6
6.0
6.8
5.8
24.3
18.6
26.2
12.6
15.9
14.7
10.3
5.3
6.8
4.8
19.1
18.6
19.3
11.7
12.0
11.9
2.9 2.3 71.4
1.5 6.2 75.7
0.8 3.8 78.9
1.7 7.0 74.6
11.8 26.0 44.4
10.9 17.8 52.7
12.1 28.6 41.7
4.6 7.3 68.2
6.8 17.7 58.4
6.1 14.1 61.8
22.3 13.7 12.0
11.7 7.5 4.6
13.5 6.8 7.5
11.1 7.7 3.6
27.2 7.7 12.9
24.8 10.1 11.6
27.9 6.9 13.3
20.4 10.5 10.5
19.4 7.3 8.4
19.7 8.4 9.2
1.1 1.1 0.0 9.1 76.0
0.7 1.5 0.4 3.5 85.2
0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 85.0
1.0 1.9 0.5 3.4 85.3
0.9 5.4 3.9 15.0 59.0
0.0 2.3 0.0 9.3 66.7
1.2 6.4 5.2 16.8 56.5
0.5 1.1 0.0 7.6 76.0
1.1 4.2 2.8 10.0 71.1
0.9 3.1 1.8 9.2 72.8
2.3 1.1 1.1 94.3
1.1 1.3 2.7 91.2
0.0 0.8 1.5 91.7
1.4 1.4 3.1 91.1
9.9 1.3 3.6 86.3
7.0 0.8 2.3 89.1
10.9 1.5 4.0 85.4
3.0 0.9 1.6 92.0
6.1 1.5 3.5 88.3
5.0 1.3 2.9 89.6
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
181
With regards to the never-married youth, Table 9.4a shows that the most recalled messages mentioned by both female and male youth are that “family planning during 40 days after delivery” and “danger of secondhand `smoking”, while other messages were less frequently mentioned. Youth were asked if they learned anything from the spot and what was they have learned. The data revealed that youth were more likely to have learned something from the spot than married respondents. Slightly less than half of all female youth (49%) and 60% of all male youth reported that they learned nothing from the spot messages or did not watch the spot with clear differences between regions. Female and male youth reported that the spot taught them about the importance of family health care and the harmful effect of secondhand smoking. In addition, female youth reported that they learned about the importance of birth spacing. Youth were asked about the practices that were changed by the spot messages, the data in the tables revealed that 55% of all female youth and 72% of all male youth mentioned that the spot did not affect their behaviors. Among youth, the most commonly reported changes were that the spot caused them to intend to care by their health and their spouse’s health, intend to space between births and to use family planning methods. Large differences were observed between regions as shown in the table. Most youth (88% and 96% of female and male youth respectively) mentioned that they did not talk about the spot with anyone, where female youth in Urban Governorates and male youth in Upper Egypt are least likely to talk about the spot with anyone.
182
Table 9.4a Recall of TV Spot (Your health is your Wealth) among Youth Percentage of never-married female and male youth who watched the (Your health is your Wealth) TV spot during the past 12 months, who recalled specific spot messages, who learned various health messages, who reported these messages affected their behaviors, and who discuss the spot with others, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Watched the spot Spot messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Care for mother and child's health in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Learned Messages If parent’s health is good, child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial During the postpartum examination woman knows the suitable FP method Importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years Secondhand smoking is very harmful to all people Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing / Did not watch the spot
Effect of spot on behavior Intend to care about my health and my spouse’s health Intend to space between births Intend to use family planning methods Other No effect / Did not watch the spot Talked with someone about spot Relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
41.1
34.2
26.6
37.3
80.7
76.8
82.0
47.6
62.2
56.6
5.4 14.3 17.9
9.2 12.9 11.8
5.1 6.3 6.3
10.9 15.5 14.0
11.3 32.8 24.5
11.0 29.3 25.6
11.5 34.0 24.2
7.0 16.5 16.8
11.2 25.9 19.7
9.6 22.3 18.6
0.9 22.3 19.6 17.9 11.6 7.1 0.0
0.7 18.4 8.5 8.8 13.2 4.8 0.4
1.3 11.4 6.3 7.6 10.1 0.0 0.0
0.5 21.2 9.3 9.3 14.5 6.7 0.5
6.4 61.7 42.3 35.6 48.5 24.5 0.3
7.3 54.9 39.0 37.8 45.1 23.2 0.0
6.1 63.9 43.4 34.8 49.6 25.0 0.4
2.9 28.9 21.6 20.9 21.2 9.9 0.0
3.7 45.1 28.4 23.6 34.1 16.9 0.5
3.4 38.9 25.8 22.5 29.2 14.2 0.3
9.8
10.7
5.1
13.0
14.4
13.4
14.8
9.5
14.0
12.3
16.1 0.0
13.6 2.6
6.3 1.3
16.6 3.1
44.2 3.1
34.1 2.4
47.5 3.3
18.7 1.1
33.9 3.2
28.0 2.4
14.3
6.6
7.6
6.2
11.0
13.4
10.2
12.1
8.5
9.9
1.8
3.3
2.5
3.6
7.1
7.3
7.0
3.7
5.5
4.8
12.5
12.9
8.9
14.5
51.5
46.3
53.3
21.6
36.2
30.6
9.8
9.9
8.9
10.4
38.3
34.1
39.8
16.8
26.8
23.0
11.6 8.9 65.2
4.4 6.3 72.4
3.8 2.5 78.5
4.7 7.8 69.9
24.2 36.8 23.3
19.5 35.4 28.0
25.8 37.3 21.7
11.7 15.0 57.9
16.5 24.3 43.0
14.6 20.7 48.7
13.4 17.0
13.6 15.4
3.8 10.1
17.6 17.6
45.7 43.3
40.2 36.6
47.5 45.5
18.7 20.9
34.3 33.2
28.3 28.5
15.2 14.3 73.2
12.9 7.4 76.5
7.6 8.9 81.0
15.0 6.7 74.6
51.8 28.8 31.6
50.0 36.6 34.1
52.5 26.2 30.7
23.4 19.4 63.7
35.9 17.6 50.1
31.1 18.3 55.4
0.0 1.8 98.2
4.4 4.8 89.3
3.8 1.3 92.4
4.7 6.2 88.1
3.4 13.8 83.1
6.1 11.0 84.1
2.5 14.8 82.8
2.9 4.4 92.3
3.4 11.0 85.1
3.2 8.5 87.9
112
272
79
193
326
82
244
273
437
710
183
Table 9.4a (continue) Residence
Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Watched the spot Spot messages Husband and wife's health affect child's health Family health care ANC Care for mother and child's health in the postpartum period FP during 40 days after delivery Birth spacing Breastfeeding Danger of secondhand smoking Other Don’t know Learned Messages If parent’s health is good, child's health will be good The importance of family health care Importance of personal cleanness Breastfeeding during the first hour is very beneficial During the postpartum examination woman knows the suitable FP method Importance of birth spacing from 3 to 5 years Secondhand smoking is very harmful to all people Smoking is harmful to the child's health, the pregnant woman's health and her embryo Other Nothing / Did not watch the spot
Effect of spot on behavior Intend to care about my health and my spouse’s health Intend to space between births Intend to use family planning methods Other No effect/ Did not watch the spot Talked with someone about spot Other relatives Friends/neighbors No one Number
47.2
34.2
38.8
32.5
59.5
47.0
64.3
44.7
49.5
47.7
26.0 35.8 12.2
22.9 20.7 8.5
27.6 23.5 8.2
21.1 19.6 8.7
2.8 8.1 9.2
3.4 6.0 5.1
2.6 8.9 10.8
18.6 21.9 8.6
11.2 13.9 9.8
14.0 16.9 9.4
2.4 33.3 8.9 2.4 21.1 7.3 0.0
8.3 14.9 6.1 3.3 18.2 5.5 0.0
14.3 18.4 8.2 5.1 22.4 6.1 0.0
6.0 13.6 5.3 2.6 16.6 5.3 0.0
0.7 36.5 17.3 30.1 51.7 11.1 0.0
0.9 24.8 13.7 22.2 41.9 10.3 0.0
0.7 41.0 18.7 33.1 55.4 11.5 0.0
5.3 26.0 10.4 10.1 28.7 8.0 0.0
3.2 28.2 12.5 18.9 37.4 8.6 0.0
4.0 27.4 11.7 15.6 34.1 8.4 0.0
26.8
12.1
12.2
12.1
4.7
6.0
4.3
15.4
7.9
10.7
35.0 4.9
14.3 3.0
16.3 4.1
13.6 2.6
14.9 0.5
12.8 0.9
15.7 0.3
21.9 3.3
14.7 1.4
17.4 2.1
1.6
3.9
2.0
4.5
13.3
7.7
15.4
3.8
10.4
7.9
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
17.9
6.6
10.2
5.3
15.4
12.8
16.4
13.9
11.2
12.2
13.0
7.2
7.1
7.2
47.4
37.6
51.1
19.8
30.7
26.7
3.3 4.9 59.3
3.3 5.0 78.8
4.1 3.1 77.6
3.0 5.7 79.2
6.6 21.3 44.3
6.8 14.5 56.4
6.6 23.9 39.7
4.7 7.7 63.6
4.9 15.4 58.1
4.8 12.6 60.1
33.3 26.8
13.2 10.2
17.3 12.2
11.7 9.4
20.4 6.4
14.5 3.4
22.6 7.5
22.2 14.5
17.5 8.4
19.3 10.7
17.1 8.9 63.4
10.2 4.4 82.9
15.3 8.2 78.6
8.3 3.0 84.5
7.3 22.3 64.2
6.0 14.5 74.4
7.9 25.2 60.3
12.7 10.7 71.6
8.1 14.9 71.6
9.8 13.3 71.6
0.8 1.6 93.5 123
1.1 1.7 93.9 363
1.0 3.1 94.9 98
1.1 1.1 93.6 265
0.2 1.2 98.6 422
0.9 0.0 99.1 117
0.0 1.6 98.4 305
0.9 1.5 95.9 338
0.5 1.4 96.1 570
0.7 1.4 96.0 908
184
9.5.1.b Recall of the “Your Health is Your Wealth” Spot through Radio Data from the 2005 EHCS reveal that married respondents have higher recall of the “Your health is your Wealth” radio spot than never-married youth. Additionally, respondents in rural areas are more likely to listen to this spot in radio than those in urban areas, except for male youth (see Figure 9.5). Eight percent of women and 9% husbands listened to “Your Health is Your Wealth” radio spot, while 5% of female youth and only 3% of male youth listened to that spot. Figure 9.5 Listening Radio spot "Your Health is Your Wealth" 10 9 8
8
9
8
5
Urban
5
Rural
4 3
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
3
3
Total
Never-married male youth
9.5.1.c Recall of the “Your Health is Your Wealth” Spot through Slogan Data of 2005 EHCS presented in Table 9.5 shows that never married female youth are more likely than other groups of respondents to have seen or hear the slogan “Your Health is your Wealth”. Slightly less than three quarter (70%) of never-married female youth, 62% of women, 52% of husbands and 48% of never-married male youth reported that they saw/heard this slogan mostly through television. Additionally, respondents in Upper Egypt are more likely to mention that they saw/heard this slogan than those in other regions.
185
Table 9.5 Seen/heard the slogan of “your health is your wealth” Percentage of ever married women, husbands and never-married female and male youth by percentage who have seen/heard the slogan “your health is your wealth” through various channels during the past 12 months by place of seeing/hearing the slogan, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region
Residence
Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
WOMEN
Seen/heard the slogan "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/ magazines Posters/flyers/ billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
60.5 1.6 5.8 1.1 32.6 190
41.6 2.0 0.7 3.4 54.8 610
33.3 1.4 0.7 2.8 63.1 141
44.1 2.1 0.6 3.6 52.2 469
75.9 0.3 3.6 5.8 23.6 607
75.8 0.0 4.7 6.7 22.8 149
76.0 0.4 3.3 5.5 23.8 458
57.3 1.0 4.0 3.3 38.5 480
59.9 1.3 1.9 4.5 38.2 927
59.0 1.2 2.6 4.1 38.3 1,407
57.9 0.9 1.5 2.6 40.8 534
47.3 0.8 1.6 2.3 51.2 129
61.2 1.0 1.5 2.7 37.5 405
42.8 5.3 4.8 2.7 52.6 437
51.4 2.4 6.2 3.5 45.4 819
48.4 3.4 5.7 3.3 47.9 1,256
81.7 1.2 1.2 3.7 18.3 82
85.2 0.0 3.3 4.1 13.5 244
60.1 4.4 2.6 1.5 35.9 273
71.4 2.1 2.5 3.4 25.6 437
67.0 3.0 2.5 2.7 29.6 710
44.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.6 117
69.8 0.0 1.0 2.0 30.2 305
34.3 3.3 4.7 1.2 61.5 338
51.9 1.9 4.6 3.2 46.7 570
45.4 2.4 4.6 2.4 52.2 908
HUSBANDS
Seen/heard the slogan "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/ magazines Posters/flyers/ billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
43.4 6.3 6.3 1.7 50.9 175
40.8 4.9 9.7 4.4 53.9 547
37.6 8.3 6.0 4.5 56.4 133
41.8 3.9 10.9 4.3 53.1 414
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Seen/heard the slogan "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/ magazines Posters/flyers/ billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
67.9 0.9 3.6 0.9 29.5 112
46.0 7.0 1.8 1.8 47.4 272
26.6 12.7 2.5 0.0 63.3 79
53.9 4.7 1.6 2.6 40.9 193
84.4 0.3 2.8 4.0 14.7 326
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Seen/heard the slogan "your health is your wealth'' On television In newspapers/ magazines Posters/flyers/ billboards In health unit/hospital Never seen it Number
30.1 4.9 8.1 0.8 63.4 123
30.3 4.4 8.0 4.1 65.8 363
27.6 5.1 6.1 3.1 66.3 98
31.3 4.2 8.7 4.5 65.7 265
62.8 0.0 0.7 1.4 37.2 422
186
9.5.2
Recall of the “Family Doctor” Spot
9.5.2.a Recall of the “Family Doctor” Spot through TV “Family Doctor” spot is one of the spots that was aired on television during the 12 months preceding the survey. The “Family doctor” spot informed people about the availability of a family doctor in every health unit. This will be a private doctor who can check the health of all family members, and will keep a medical history of each family member. The spot also clarified that family health clinics provide a wide range of health examinations, etc. Unlike the “Your Health is Your Wealth” spot, data presented in Table 9.6 indicate that only few respondents saw the TV spot “Family doctor” during the last 12 months. Slightly more than one quarter of all respondents, except never married male youth (17%), mentioned that they saw the “Family Doctor” television spot during the past 12 months. Differences between urban and rural areas were clear in Figure 9.6, with females in rural areas and males in urban areas being more likely to watch this spot than those in other areas. Additionally, significant differences were observed between regions. Women in urban Upper Egypt are more likely to recall this TV spot (40%) than women in urban Lower Egypt (14%). In contrast, husbands in urban Lower Egypt are more likely to report that they saw the spot (41%) than husbands in other regions. Figure 9.6 Watching "Family doctor" TV Spot 33 27
28
29 26 21
22
Urban Rural 14
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Respondents who saw the “Family doctor” TV spot were asked to recall the messages of the spot. Data of the 2005 EHCS shows that the most frequent recalled messages among all groups of respondents are: “Family doctor is available in every health unit” and “Family doctor will be a private doctor for all family’s member to check their health”. However, differences were observed among regions, as an example, women in Upper Egypt are more likely to recall the message “Family doctor is available in every health unit” than women in other regions.
187
Table 9.6 Recall of TV Spot “Family doctor” Percentage of ever-married women, husbands, and never married female and male youth who watched the “Family doctor” TV spot during the past 12 months, and percentage who recalled the spot messages, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN Saw "Family doctor" spot Spot messages Family doctor is available in every health unit Family doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
25.3
19.3
13.5
21.1
36.4
40.3
35.2
26.5
28.0
27.5
12.6
13.4
9.2
14.7
23.2
23.5
23.1
15.0
18.9
17.6
18.9
11.3
9.9
11.7
19.8
24.2
18.3
17.9
15.0
16.0
2.1 7.9 0.0 190
4.4 7.0 0.2 610
1.4 2.8 0.0 141
5.3 8.3 0.2 469
2.1 14.0 1.6 607
2.7 14.8 0.7 149
2.0 13.8 2.0 458
2.1 8.5 0.2 480
3.7 11.0 1.1 927
3.1 10.2 0.8 1,407
27.4
33.8
40.6
31.6
22.8
31.0
20.2
32.5
26.0
28.3
22.9
31.6
37.6
29.7
9.0
15.5
6.9
25.2
18.4
20.8
19.4
26.5
31.6
24.9
11.2
19.4
8.6
23.1
16.8
19.0
2.3 2.9 0.0 175
5.5 21.6 0.0 547
6.8 25.6 0.0 133
5.1 20.3 0.0 414
3.6 11.4 0.2 534
6.2 15.5 0.0 129
2.7 10.1 0.2 405
4.8 13.5 0.0 437
3.9 15.3 0.1 819
4.2 14.6 0.1 1,256
HUSBANDS Saw "Family doctor" spot Spot messages Family doctor is available in every health unit Family doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Saw "Family doctor" spot Spot messages Family doctor is available in every health unit Family doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
19.6
22.8
15.2
25.9
31.0
28.0
32.0
20.9
29.3
26.1
10.7
15.4
6.3
19.2
20.2
19.5
20.5
12.1
19.9
16.9
11.6
13.2
8.9
15.0
14.4
14.6
14.3
11.7
14.6
13.5
0.0 7.1 0.0 112
5.1 9.9 0.0 272
6.3 6.3 0.0 79
4.7 11.4 0.0 193
2.5 13.5 0.9 326
3.7 7.3 1.2 82
2.0 15.6 0.8 244
2.9 7.0 0.4 273
3.2 13.7 0.5 437
3.1 11.1 0.4 710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Saw "Family doctor" spot Spot messages Family doctor is available in every health unit Family doctor will be a private doctor for all family members Family health clinics will include all kinds of examinations Other Don’t Know Number
27.6
26.4
33.7
23.8
6.4
6.8
6.2
22.2
14.4
17.3
26.0
24.8
30.6
22.6
3.3
2.6
3.6
19.2
12.5
15.0
24.4
24.0
30.6
21.5
3.6
3.4
3.6
18.9
11.9
14.5
0.0 0.8 0.0
1.7 19.0 0.0
2.0 21.4 0.0
1.5 18.1 0.0
0.7 2.1 0.0
0.9 2.6 0.0
0.7 2.0 0.0
0.9 7.4 0.0
1.1 9.5 0.0
1.0 8.7 0.0
123
363
98
265
422
117
305
338
570
908
188
9.5.2.b Recall of the “Family Doctor” Spot through Radio The individual questionnaires include also questions about the radio spot “Family doctor”. Few respondents recalled this radio spot. Figure 9.7 shows that 5% or less of all respondents mentioned listening to this radio spot (5% among husbands, 4% among women 3% among female youth and 1% among male youth). Female respondents in rural areas are more likely to report listening to the “Family doctor” radio spot than those in urban areas, while no differences were observed between urban and rural areas among male respondents. Figure 9.7 Listening Radio spot "Family Doctor" 5 4
5
5
4
4 3
3
Urban Rural
2
Total 1
Women
9.5.3
Husbands
Never-married female youth
1
1
Never-married male youth
Recall of “Isaal Istashir” Spot
One of the spots that the 2005 EHCS asked about is “Isaal Istashir” spot. The “Isaal Istashir” spot advises people to consult a doctor in any medical center that has the sign of (Isaal Istashir) about any health problem. The spot encourages people to use family planning methods, gives information about contraceptive pills for breastfeeding women, etc. Accordingly, respondents were asked whether they had ever seen/heard “Isaal Istashir” spot. Tables 9.7 and 9.7a present the level of recall of married respondents and never-married respondents respectively to the “Isaal Istashir” spot. Additionally, the tables show the percentage of all respondent who recall specific spot messages, and the percentage who learned specific items from the spot. Data shown in the tables indicated that a substantial percentage of all groups of respondents have ever seen or heard “Isaal Istashir” spot. Two thirds of women (66%), 64% of husbands, 75% of never-married female youth and 62% of never-married male youth mentioned that they have seen this spot. However, differentials between urban and rural areas were clear among all groups of respondents, as shown in Figure 9.8. Respondents in rural areas had higher recall of this spot than respondents in urban areas, except for women. Significant differences were observed between regions, with respondents in Lower Egypt and Urban Governorates being least likely to see/hear an “Isaal Istashir” spot, and respondents in Upper Egypt most likely to see/hear such a spot. Television is the main source for the spot, followed by a poster in a pharmacy or in a clinic.
189
Figure 9.8 Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" Spot 79 68
65
60
66
69
65 57
Urban Rural
Women
Husbands
Never-married female youth
Never-married male youth
Data presented in Tables 9.7 and 9.7a reveal that respondents were most likely to recall that the spot advise people to consult a doctor/pharmacist about problems or inquiries. The second most recalled message was that the spot informs people to consult a doctor/ pharmacy/ medical center that has “Isaal Istashir” sign. 30% or more of all respondents recalled this message, except women (28%). The third most recalled message was that the spot talks about family planning methods. Other messages were reported by lower percentages. Respondents were asked whether they learned anything from the “Isaal Istashir” spot, and which specific things they learned. The data revealed that never-married female youth are more likely than other respondents to have learned something from the spot. Almost 36% of female youth reported that they learned nothing from the spot or they did not see/hear the spot, compared to around 49% among other groups of respondents. In addition, respondents in Lower Egypt are least likely to mention that they learned something from the spot if compared by other regions. Most reported that they learned that they should consult doctor/pharmacist or medical center that has (Isaal Istashir) sign. They also learned to consult doctor/pharmacist about any problem/inquiry. Significant differences were observed between regions, as shown in the tables. Some pharmacies have posters of “Isaal Istashir” to inform people to consult doctors about any problem and to advise them. Accordingly, respondents were asked whether they have ever gone to a pharmacy that has the “Isaal Istashir” sign. The data of the 2005 EHCS revealed that around onethird of women, husband and never-married female youth and 25% of male youth reported that they have ever gone to a pharmacy that has the “Isaal Istashir” sign. However, differences were observed between regions. Respondents in urban Upper Egypt are more likely to mention that they went to a pharmacy with the Isaal Istashir sign than respondents in other regions, except for husbands.
190
Table 9.7 Seen/heard “Isaal Istashir” spot among Women and Husbands Percentage of ever married women and husbands who have seen/heard the “Isaal Istashir” spot, percentage who recall specific spot messages, percentage who learned various things from the spot, and percentage who attended an “Isaal Istashir” pharmacy, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
WOMEN
Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learned messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing /Did not see or hear the spot Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
62.6 19.5 27.9
51.5 9.7 45.7
47.5 12.1 49.6
52.7 9.0 44.6
75.5 20.1 24.4
77.9 16.1 22.1
74.7 21.4 25.1
62.9 16.3 32.5
63.5 15.1 35.0
63.3 15.5 34.1
56.8 15.8 21.6 37.9 16.3 0.0
37.5 23.0 16.2 20.0 18.0 0.5
36.2 22.7 15.6 19.1 16.3 0.0
38.0 23.0 16.4 20.3 18.6 0.6
49.1 13.0 41.8 29.8 23.1 2.5
46.3 18.8 40.3 24.8 22.1 2.7
50.0 11.1 42.4 31.4 23.4 2.4
47.5 18.8 25.6 28.3 18.1 0.8
43.9 17.2 29.2 25.8 20.9 1.5
45.1 17.7 28.0 26.7 20.0 1.3
44.7 19.5 24.7 8.9 43.2
23.0 24.8 13.0 7.7 62.0
23.4 21.3 12.8 6.4 62.4
22.8 25.8 13.0 8.1 61.8
46.0 38.1 10.7 14.8 36.2
43.0 38.9 10.7 15.4 35.6
46.9 37.8 10.7 14.6 36.5
37.9 26.0 16.9 10.2 46.5
34.7 31.7 11.9 11.3 49.3
35.8 29.8 13.6 10.9 48.3
30.0 190
31.3 610
33.3 141
30.7 469
32.0 607
40.9 149
29.0 458
34.4 480
29.9 927
31.4 1,407
191
Table 9.7 (Continue)
Region Urban Govern Lower orates Egypt
Urban lower Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt
Residence Upper Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Upper Egypt
Urban Rural
Total
HUSBANDS
Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learned messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing /Did not see or hear the spot Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
49.1 16.0 42.9
52.3 23.9 42.6
51.1 24.8 45.1
52.7 23.7 41.8
71.0 21.7 27.7
65.1 27.1 31.8
72.8 20.0 26.4
54.5 22.0 40.3
62.6 21.9 34.2
59.8 21.9 36.3
47.4
47.3
46.6
47.6
38.4
45.0
36.3
46.5
42.0
43.6
20.0
25.2
21.8
26.3
12.9
16.3
11.9
19.5
19.2
19.3
6.3 17.1 5.1 0.6
22.7 13.3 20.3 0.2
23.3 15.8 15.0 0.0
22.5 12.6 22.0 0.2
50.6 28.5 22.3 1.1
51.2 24.8 24.8 0.0
50.4 29.6 21.5 1.5
24.7 19.0 14.0 0.2
36.3 21.0 21.7 0.9
32.2 20.3 19.0 0.6
40.0 25.7 5.7 4.6
29.8 23.2 8.0 9.1
32.3 26.3 9.8 6.8
29.0 22.2 7.5 9.9
47.9 29.6 8.2 21.7
48.8 37.2 6.2 18.6
47.7 27.2 8.9 22.7
40.3 29.3 7.1 9.4
38.2 24.7 8.2 16.2
38.9 26.3 7.8 13.9
51.4
61.8
59.4
62.6
36.7
38.8
36.0
50.1
49.5
49.7
24.0
37.5
43.6
35.5
29.0
38.0
26.2
34.1
30.9
32.0
175
547
133
414
534
129
405
437
819
1,256
192
Table 9.7a Seen/heard “Isaal Istashir” spot among Youth Percentage of never married females and males who have seen/heard the “Isaal Istashir” spot, percentage who recall specific spot messages, percentage who learned various things from the spot, and percentage who attended an “Isaal Istashir” pharmacy, by region and urban-rural residence, EHCS 2005. Residence
Region Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Govern Lower lower Lower Upper Upper Upper orates Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt
Urban Rural Total
NEVER-MARRIED FEMALE YOUTH Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learning messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing /Did not see or hear the spot Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
62.5 18.8 30.4
58.5 17.6 37.9
50.6 15.2 49.4
61.7 18.7 33.2
85.9 21.2 12.0
82.9 18.3 15.9
86.9 22.1 10.7
65.2 17.6 31.5
75.7 20.6 20.6
71.7 19.4 24.8
48.2
37.9
25.3
43.0
51.8
48.8
52.9
41.8
48.5
45.9
17.9
22.4
17.7
24.4
28.2
23.2
29.9
19.4
27.5
24.4
23.2 36.6 9.8 0.0
19.1 23.2 14.3 0.4
15.2 27.8 17.7 0.0
20.7 21.2 13.0 0.5
42.9 30.1 26.7 1.5
42.7 28.0 23.2 2.4
43.0 30.7 27.9 1.2
26.7 31.5 16.1 0.7
33.2 26.5 21.3 0.9
30.7 28.5 19.3 0.8
39.3 28.6 21.4 10.7
30.1 23.5 23.5 10.7
21.5 19.0 19.0 10.1
33.7 25.4 25.4 10.9
52.8 39.3 19.6 25.8
51.2 45.1 18.3 24.4
53.3 37.3 20.1 26.2
37.7 30.8 19.8 14.7
44.6 32.0 22.4 19.5
42.0 31.5 21.4 17.6
41.1
48.5
62.0
43.0
22.7
22.0
23.0
41.4
31.8
35.5
39.3 112
30.1 272
22.8 79
33.2 193
38.0 326
45.1 82
35.7 244
36.3 273
34.6 437
35.2 710
NEVER-MARRIED MALE YOUTH Seen/heard "Isaal Istashir" spot On television On pharmacy or clinic Never seen it Spot messages Advise people to consult a doctor about problems Describes/ promotes use of FP methods Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign About FP methods Other Don’t know learned messages Consult a doctor has (Isaal Istashir) sign Consult doctor about problems Knew FP methods Other Nothing /Did not see or hear the spot Ever gone to a pharmacy having "Isaal Istashir" sign Number
45.5 22.0 42.3
49.0 25.1 45.5
50.0 31.6 42.9
48.7 22.6 46.4
69.7 18.5 30.3
54.7 28.2 45.3
75.4 14.8 24.6
50.0 26.9 43.5
63.0 18.4 34.7
58.1 21.6 38.0
52.8
45.7
53.1
43.0
28.2
25.6
29.2
43.5
35.6
38.5
26.0
21.8
19.4
22.6
25.1
23.9
25.6
23.4
24.2
23.9
13.8 0.8 1.6 0.0
27.5 10.2 12.9 0.3
26.5 10.2 14.3 0.0
27.9 10.2 12.5 0.4
37.2 9.2 7.6 0.7
32.5 9.4 4.3 0.9
39.0 9.2 8.9 0.7
24.0 6.5 6.2 0.3
33.9 9.6 10.5 0.5
30.2 8.5 8.9 0.4
51.2 16.3 3.3 0.0
38.8 18.7 2.8 8.0
40.8 17.3 3.1 7.1
38.1 19.2 2.6 8.3
40.0 14.2 8.1 14.7
35.0 9.4 4.3 15.4
42.0 16.1 9.5 14.4
42.6 14.2 3.6 7.4
40.2 17.5 6.3 11.6
41.1 16.3 5.3 10.0
48.0
58.1
56.1
58.9
40.3
55.6
34.4
53.0
45.8
48.5
26.0 123
28.7 363
29.6 98
28.3 265
22.3 422
30.8 117
19.0 305
28.7 338
23.3 570
25.3 908
193
194
