A High‐Throughput Screening Process for the Discovery of Melanoma  Chemotherapeu cs Targeted at the ErbB4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase  1

1



Richard L. Cullum , Ram B. Gupta  and David J. Riese, II  

1

2

Departments of Chemical Engineering  and Drug Discovery and Development , Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849  Methods 

Background 

    RTK Pathway 

MTT 

TMB Substrate  HRP 

Signal Molecules 

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 

Color 

an ‐Phosphotyrosine  Detec on An body 

Extracellular 

Intracellular 

Tyrosine  Kinase Domain 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

Tyr 

ATP 

S mulated  Kinase 

ADP 



Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 





Tyr 

Tyr 



ACTIVE 

Phosphorylated  Tyrosines 

NADH 

Phosphorylated ErbB4 

Cellular  Response 

ACTIVE 

Mo va on 

A  small  molecule  library  containing  10,000  molecules  was  screened  using  a  proprietary  (DiscoveRx)  cell‐based  system  that  detects  s mula on  of  ErbB4  tyrosine  phosphoryla on  by measuring the binding of a modified SH2 domain to a site  of  ErbB4  tyrosine  phosphoryla on.5  The  23  hits  that  emerged from this screen were then assayed for s mula on  of ErbB4 tyrosine phosphoryla on using the sandwich ELISA.   The  results  for  7  of  the  most  promising  hits  from  the  sandwich ELISA are shown here. 

Formazan 

Mean

Median

SD

K3

4.28

5.13

4.34

0.02

8.53

L3

4.27

3.42

5.91

‐1.52

10.06

M3

7.31

5.70

4.23

3.16

11.45

N3

6.44

6.49

1.97

4.51

8.37

O3

4.95

4.98

3.53

1.49

8.42

P3

7.16

6.75

2.92

4.30

10.03

A4

4.92

4.69

1.42

3.52

6.31

2

Results 

Crystal structure of the ErbB4 RTK



Dose Response for Ligand S mula on of ErbB4 

In  effort  to  minimize  background  noise  and  maximize  signal,  every  parameter  involved  in  the  comple on  of  the  assay  needed  to  be  op mized.    The  following  table  represents  the  op mized  condi on  for  some  of  the  key  parameters  in  this par cular ELISA. 

Parameter

Conclusions 

Optimized Condition

Capture Antibody

R&D Systems anti‐ErbB4 (100 ng/well)

Blocking Agent

1% BSA, 0.05% NaN3 in PBS

 Molecules that s

Incubation time for blocking

2 hours

 The ELISA is sensi

Evaporation control

Plate sealer; humid environment

 22 compounds can be screened per plate 

Number of plate washings

5 in between each step

Lysate concentration

107 cells/mL

 A

Detection method

HRP‐conjugated anti‐phosphotyrosine (1:1200)

Substrate

TMB (100 L/well)

Average Absorbance vs. Lysate Sample  4.50

3.75

3.00

Absorbance 

Cells  were  treated  with  3  nM  NRG2  in  the  presence  of  increasing concentra ons of NRG2/Q43L.3 

2.25

1.50

Objec ve 

0.75

Signal/Noise Trial 2 2/Q43L 1 6.002 2.529 2 6.375 2.544 3 4.746 2.173 4 5.357 2.093 5 6.135 2.306 6 7.150 2.528 7 5.518 2.084 8 6.030 2.076 Mean 5.914 2.292 SD 0.721 0.214

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mean SD

2/Q43L 0.693 0.706 0.614 0.642 0.853 0.737 0.396 0.670 0.664 0.130

0.00 Mock

Develop  a  high‐throughput  screening  process  that  can  iden fy  molecules  that  s mulate  ErbB4  tyrosine  phosphoryla on, fail to s mulate ErbB4 coupling, and inhibit agonist induced ErbB4 coupling. 

NRG2B

NRG2B/Q43L

Lysate Sample 

The figure above represents the average absorbance readings from  eight separate trials. 

σp, σn = standard devia on of posi ve and  nega ve control respec vely μp, μn = mean of posi ve and nega ve control  respec vely

ve enough to yield an average Z‐factor of 0.664 with an ErbB4 par al agonist 

er capture an body coa ng and blocking, the ELISA takes about 4.5 hours 

 The MTT Prolifera  Agonis

Z‐Factor 2 0.693 0.750 0.656 0.521 0.953 0.728 0.851 0.687 0.730 0.130

mulate ErbB4 tyrosine phosphoryla on can be screened via ELISA in 96‐well format 

 These experiments can be performed at room temperature 

Agonist and Par al Agonist Induced ErbB4 Tyrosine Phosphoryla on 

CEM/ErbB4  cells  were  starved and  s mulated  with  satura ng  concentra ons of either NRG2b (10 nM) or NRG2b/Q43L (300  nM).  Immunoprecipita on (IP) and immunoblo ng (IB) were  used to assess ErbB4 tyrosine phosphoryla on.  

Change in agonist  Agonist Activity  Z‐Factor (Z') concentration Reduction 10 nM → 2 nM 80% 0.246 10 nM → 0 nM 100% 0.236

ELISA Parameter Op miza on 

NRG2/Q43L 

NRG2 

Mock 

Western Blot for ErbB4 Tyrosine Phosphoryla on 

95% C. I. Lower Upper

Compound ID

on mutants are found in a significant frac on of melanoma cell 

lines.    Ligands  that  antagonize  agonist  s mula on  of  ErbB4  could  be  used  to  treat  ErbB4‐dependent tumors.   The  Q43L  mutant  of  the  naturally‐occurring  ErbB4  agonist  Neuregulin  2beta  (NRG2) func ons as a par al agonist at ErbB4.3    NRG2/Q43L  s mulates  ErbB4  tyrosine  phosphoryla on,  but  does  not  s mulate  ErbB4  coupling  to  cell  prolifera on  and  compe vely  antagonizes  agonist s mula on of ErbB4 coupling to cell prolifera on.   Current methods for analyzing ErbB4 ligands (Western Blots and cell staining)  are  me  consuming  processes,  and  they  cannot  be  scaled  easily  in  order  to  screen large libraries of candidate ligands. 

MTT Prolifera on Assay Results 

Net  s mula on  of  ErbB4  tyrosine  phosphoryla on  by  each  puta ve  small  molecule  ErbB4  agonist  was  calculated  by  subtrac ng the effect of mock s mula on from each of the  experimental  sample  values.    The  effect  of  each  puta ve  small  molecule  ErbB4  agonist  was  normalized  against  the  effect of 10 nM NRG1β. 

NAD+ 

an ‐ErbB4 Capture An body 

Preliminary Results of Small Molecule Screening 

 

Viable Cell 

Intracellular  Proteins 

INACTIVE 

 Gain‐of‐func

MTT Prolifera on Assay for detec ng  ErbB4 coupling to cell prolifera on 

Sandwich ELISA for ErbB4 Tyrosine  Phosphoryla on Detec on 

Receptor  tyrosine  kinases  (RTKs)  are  high  affinity  cell  surface  receptors.    Once  ac vated,  they  catalyze  the  phosphoryla on  of  tyrosine  residues  which  promotes  further  intracellular  responses.    Although  RTKs  are  regulators  of  normal  cell  processes,  they  are  also  known  to  be  involved  in  the  development  and  progression  of  many types of human malignancies.  This has led to RTKs becoming proven targets for oncology drug discovery.1 

Results 

on Assay does iden fy molecules that s mulate ErbB4 coupling to cell prolifera on 

c ac vity needs to be reduced by at least 80% in order to achieve a Z‐factor of  0.246 

Future Direc ons  In order to completely screen for par al agonists the following items need to be addressed:   U

liza on of automated liquid handling system (robot)   Cell s mula on and lysis in 96‐well format to allow for rapid transfer of lysate to ELISA plates   Development of MTT Prolifera on Assay for antagonists 

References  (1) Riese, D. J. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2011, 6, 185–193.  (2) Flaherty, K. T.; Hodi, F. S.; Bastian, B. C. Curr Opin Oncol 2010, 22, 178–183.  (3) Wilson, K. J.; Mill, C. P.; Gallo, R. M.; Cameron, E. M.; VanBrocklin, H.; Settleman, J.; Riese, D. J. Biochem. J. 2012, 443, 133–144.  (4) Qiu, C.; Tarrant, M. K.; Choi, S. H.; Sathyamurthy, A.; Bose, R.; Banjade, S.; Pal, A.; Bornmann, W. G.; Lemmon, M. A.; Cole, P. A.; Leahy, D. J. Structure 2008, 16,  460–467.  (5) h p://www.discoverx.com/product‐data‐sheets‐3‐tab/93‐0465c3 

2014-09 AACR Melanoma Meeting Poster.pdf

Cell sƟmulaƟon and lysis in 96‐well format to allow for rapid transfer of lysate to ELISA plates. Development of MTT ProliferaƟon Assay for antagonists. Conclusions. Preliminary Results of Small Molecule Screening. Change in agonist. concentration. Agonist Activity. Reduction. Z‐Factor (Z'). 10 nM → 2 nM 80% 0.246.

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