www.asiriyar.com
Ck§Vô®p Be¡X ¡Zd¡k§Vd LmùT² Bh£ thud;nA!;o§!; (fp.gp. 1772 - 1785) fp.gp. 1772,y; t§fhs fth;duhf thud;nA!;o§!; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
2.
M§fpy ghuhSkd;wk; fp.gp. 1773,y; xG§FKiw rl;lj;ijf; bfhz;L te;jJ
3.
fp.gp. 1772,y; t§fhsj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gŠrj;jpdhy; kf;fs; bgUk; Jauj;jpw;F cs;shdhh;f;s.
4.
t§fhsj;jpd; MSeh; t§fhsj;jpd; jiyik MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
5.
thud;nA!;o§!; Kjy; jiyik MSeh; Mdhh;.
6.
fp.gp. 1774,y; bfhy;fj;jhtpy; cr;rePjp kd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
7.
rh; vyp#h ,k;ng Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjpahft[k; kw;Wk; _d;W ePjpgjpfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
8.
,uhgh;l; fpist; t§fhsj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwia thud;nA!;o§!;
r.c
om
1.
xHpj;jhh;.
murpd; fUt{yk; Kh;\pjhghj;jpy; ,Ue;J fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
10.
fy;fj;jhtpy; ‘rhjh; jpthdp mjhyj;’ vd;w rptpy; ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
11.
fy;fj;jhtpy; ‘rhjh; ep#hkj; mjhyj;’ vd;w fphpkpdy; ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
12.
xt;bthU khtl;lj;jpYk; rptpy; kw;Wk; fphpkpdy; ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
13.
,!;yhkpa fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf fp.gp. 1781,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; kju!h fy;tp epWtdj;ij thud;
sir
nA!;o§!; Jtf;fpdhh;.
iya
9.
tUtha; Jiwia nkk;gLj;j bfhy;fj;jhtpy; tUtha; Jiwf; fHfk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
15.
Kk;ig kw;Wk; brd;id MSeh;fs; t§fhs jiyik MSeUf;F fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs; Mdhh;fs;.
16.
w. a
14.
fp.gp. 1784Mk; Mz;L M§fpy gpujkh; ,ida gpl; vd;gth; gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lj;ijf; bfhz;L te;jhh;.
,e;jpa thzpfj;ij Cf;Ftpf;f tpahghhpfSf;F R§f thpapy; 2.5% js;Sgo mspj;jhh;.
18.
fy;fj;jh/ lhf;fh/ A@f;sp/ ghl;dh/ Kh;\pjhghj; Mfpa Ie;J ,l§fspy; R§fr; rhtofis
21.
ww
17.
22.
thud;nA!;o§!; gdhuir Mz;l kd;dh; brapj;rp§fplk; mjpf thpg;gzk; nfhhpdhh;.
23.
bgha;f; ifbaGj;J nghl;l tptfhuj;jpy; ee;jFkhh; bfhiy bra;ag;gl;lhh;.
24.
xG§FKiw rl;lj;jpd; Fiwfisg; nghf;f gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
25.
jukhd bghUl;fis th§f M§fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp tzpff;FGit cUthf;fpaJ.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
19. 20.
nuhfpy;yhg; nghh; eilbgw;w Mz;L fp.gp. 1774.
thud;nA!;o§!; nuhfpy;fz;l; Mnahj;jpa[ld; ,izj;jhh;. fp.gp. 1773,y; kuhj;jpah;fs; nuhApy;fz;l; kPJ gilbaLj;jhh;.
fhud;thyp!; gpug[ (fp.gp. 1786 - 1793) 1.
fhud;thyp!; gpug[ fp.gp. 1786Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
www.tnmanavan.blogspot.com
www.asiriyar.com
2.
fhud;thyp!; epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;ij fp.gp. 1793Mk; Mz;L t§fhsj;jpYk; gPfhhpYk; mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhh;.
3.
epiyahd
epythpj;
jpl;lj;jpd;
_yk;
#kPd;jhh;fs;
10
Mz;LfSf;F
epyj;jpd;
brhe;jf;fhuh;fs; Mdhh;fs;. ,e;jpa bghJ Foikapay; gzpapd; je;ij vd fhud;thyp!; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
5.
epiyahd fhtyh; Jiwia cUthf;fpath; fhud;thyp!; Mthh;.
6.
fhud;thyp!; rl;lj; bjhFg;igj; bjhFj;jth; rh; #hh;#; ghh;nyh Mthh;.
7.
epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;jpdhy; mjpfk; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shdth;fs; tptrhapfs;.
8.
nguuRf; bfhs;ifia bty;by!;yp gpd;gw;wpdhh;.
9.
fp.gp. 1791Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpy; fhty;Jiw Mizah; epakdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
10.
fp.gp. 1793Mk; Mz;L fhud;thyp!; rl;lj; bjhFg;gpid rh; #hh;#; ghh;nyh vd;gth; bjhFj;J
r.c
btspapl;lhh;. bty;by!;yp gpug[ : -
fhud;thyp!; gpug[itj; bjhlh;e;J rh; #hd; n\hh; t§fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; b#duyhfg;
iya
1.
om
4.
gjtpnaw;whh;. 2.
rh; #hd; n\hh;-iuj; bjhlh;e;J bty;by!;yp gpug[ fth;dh; b#duyhf 1796 gjtpnaw;whh;.
3.
bty;by!;ypapd; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; bfhz;l Kjy; ,e;jpa kd;dh; iAjuhghj;
4.
sir
ep#hk; Mthh;.
bty;by!;ypapd; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; bfhz;l Kjy; ,e;jpa kd;dh; iAjuhghj; ep#hk; Mthh;.
mnahj;jpia Mz;l ethg;ig bty;by!;yp fl;lhag;gLj;jp Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;fr; bra;jhh;.
w. a
5. 6.
ng\;th ,uz;lhtJ gh#puht; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhh;.
7.
bty;by!;yp gpug[ M§fpy fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpff; FGtpd; mf;gh; vd g[fHg;gLfpwhh;.
1.
ww
khh;Ftp!; nA!;o§!; (fp.gp. 1813 - 1823)
bty;by!;yp gpug[itj; bjhlh;e;J nA!;o§!; gpug[ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;l khh;Ftp!; nA!;o§!; t§fhsj;jpd; jiyik MSeuhfg; bghWg; ngw;whh;.
2.
khh;Ftp!; nA!;o§!; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; 1813Mk; Mz;od; gl;lar; rl;lk; M§fpy murhy; epiw ntw;wg;gl;lJ.
3.
M§fpy fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdpapd; tpahghu chpkk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePof;fg;gl;lJ.
4.
,e;jpah;fspd; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf Mz;LnjhWk; %gha; xU yl;rk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 1813Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa ruj;jhFk;.
5.
neghsj;ijr;
rhh;e;j
Th;f;fh;
,dj;jth;fs;
M§fpnyah;fSf;F
bgUk;
rthyhf
tps§fpdhh;fs;. 6.
M§fpnyah;fs; ,jid rthyhf Vw;Wf;bfhz;L Th;f;fh; ,dj; jiyth; mkh;rp§ifj; njhw;foj;jhh;.
www.tnmanavan.blogspot.com
www.asiriyar.com
7.
fp.gp. 1816Mk; Mz;L Th;f;fh;fs; M§fpnyah;fnshL fpbsyp mikjp cld;gof;ifapy; ifbahg;gkpl;lJ.
8.
gpz;lhhpfs; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; thH;e;j bfhs;isf; Tl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.
9.
mkph;fhd;/ thrpy; KfkJ/ fhpk;fhd; kw;Wk; nrl;L nghd;wth;fs; gpz;lhhpfspd; jiyth;fs;.
10.
nA!;o§!; xU bgUk; M§fpyg; gilia gpz;lhhpfSf;F vjpuhf mDg;gp mth;fisj; njhw;foj;jhh;. nA!;o§!; fp.gp. 1822Mk; Mz;L t§fhs Fj;jifr; rl;lj;ij epiwntw;wp tptrhapfspd; eyidg; ghJfhj;jhh;.
12.
om
11.
,e;jpa kf;fspd; M§fpy fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf fp.gp. 1817Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpy; xU fy;Y]hpia epWtpdhh;. tl;lhu bkhHp gj;jphpf;if jil rl;lj;ij ePf;fpdhh;.
14.
rkr;rhh; gj;jphpf;if vd;w bra;jpj;jhs; btsptu fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.
15.
nA!;o§!;
r.c
13.
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
brd;id
iya
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
khfhzj;jpy;
16.
bty;by!;yp gpug[ Jtf;fpa gzpia nA!;o§!; Koj;J itj;jhh;.
17.
M§fpy
ehl;L
tpahghhpfSf;Fk;
kj
nghjfh;fSf;Fk;
,uhaj;Jthhp
fl;Lg;ghl;L
Kiw
thhpaj;jpd;
mDkjpnahL fpwp!;jt rkaj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; gug;g mDkjpj;j gl;la rl;lk; 1813. kuhj;jpa epyg; gFjpapy; rjhuh vd;w rpw;wuir cUthf;fp rj;ugjp rpth#papd; thhprhf gpujhg;
sir
18.
rp§if muruhf M§fpy muR gpuflg;gLj;jpaJ. tpy;ypak;bgz;o§ gpug[ (fp.gp. 1828 – 1835)
nA!;o§!; gpug[-f;Fg; gpwF Mh;k;Ah;!;l; gpug[ jiyik MSeuhfg; bghWg;ngw;whh;.
2.
,tUila fhyj;jpy; gh;kpah;fs; mrhik ifg;gw;w Kaw;rpj;jdh;.
3.
Mh;k;A!;l; gpug[ fp.gp. 1824Mk; Mz;L gh;kpah; kPJ nghh; bjhLj;jhh;. ,J Kjyhk; gh;kpah;
w. a
1.
nghh; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;nghhpy; M§fpnyah;fs; btw;wp bgw;wdh;. 5.
,g;nghhpd; Kotpy; fp.gp. 1816Mk; Mz;L ahz;lg{ cld;gof;ifapd; go Kotile;jJ.
ww
4.
Mh;k;Ah;!;l; gpug[itj; bjhlh;e;J tpy;ypak; bgz;o§ gpug[ fp.gp. 1828Mk; Mz;L bghWg;ngw;whh;.
6. 7.
bgz;o§gpug[ ,e;jpa Rnjr murh;fsplk; jiyaplhf; bfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdhh;. bgz;o§ gy;ntW Jiwfspy; rPh;jpUj;j§fisg; g[Fj;jpdhh;.
vdnt ,e;jpa fth;dh;
b#duy;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhh;. 8.
mgdp tpahghuj;ij Kiwg;gLj;jp fk;bgdpapd; tUthiag; bgUf;fpdhh;.
9.
,uhQt mjpfhhpfSf;F tH§fg;gl;L te;j gl;lh my;yJ Cjpaj;ijf; Fiwj;jhh;.
10.
khtl;l Ml;rpah; kw;Wk; kh#p!;l;nul; gjtpfis xd;wpizj;jhh;.
11.
,e;jpa ePjpkd;w§fspy; gad;gl;L te;j ghurPf bkhHpf;Fg; gjpyhf tl;lhu bkhHpfisg; g[Fj;jpdhh;.
12.
g[jpajhf rl;l epg[zh; bkf;fhny gpug[it epakdk; bra;jhh;.
www.tnmanavan.blogspot.com
www.asiriyar.com
13.
khepy nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w§fisf; fiyj;jhh;.
14.
rptpy; tHf;FfSf;fhf rhjh; jpthdp mjhyj; kw;Wk; fphpkpdy; (Fw;wtpay;) tHf;FfSf;fhf rhjh; ep#hkj; mjhyj; vd;w nky; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w§fis myfhghj;jpy; epWtpdhh;.
15.
tpy;ypak; bgz;o§ gpug[ fp.gp. 1829Mk; Mz;L rjp xHpg;g[ rl;lj;ij bfhz;L te;jhh;.
16.
eugyp Kiwia xhprhtpy; thH;e;j kiythH; ,dj;jthplk; fhzg;gl;lij xHpj;jhh;.
17.
tpy;ypak; bgz;o§ fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jhtpy; xU kUj;Jt fy;Y]hpa[k; gk;ghapy; vy;gpd;!;ld; fy;Y]hpa[k; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; M§fpy bkhHp nghjid bkhHpahf khwpaJ.
19.
tpy;ypak; bgz;o§ gpug[ Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; 1833Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lk; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
20.
t§fhs fth;dh; b#duy; ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; b#duyhf bghWg;ngw;whh;.
21.
fth;dh; b#duy; eph;thff; FGtpy; rl;l cWg;gpdh; xUth; ,lk; bgw;whh;.
22.
fj;jpathh; kw;Wk; ,uh#!;jhdpy; thH;e;j kf;fspilna fhzg;gl;l kw;bwhU bfhoa gHf;fkhd bgz; rpRf; bfhiyia xHpj;jhh;.
iya
ly;bAsrp gpug[ (fp.gp. 1848 - 1855)
r.c
om
18.
1.
ly;bAsrp gpug[ fp.gp. 1848Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; b#duyhfg; bghWg;ngw;whh;.
2.
thhpR ,Hg;g[f; bfhs;if _yk; Rnjrp ehLfis ,izj;jhh;.
3.
,f;bfhs;ifapd; mog;gilapy; ly;bAsrp gpug[ rfhuh/ b#a;g{h;/ rhk;gy;g{h;/ cja;g{h;/ #hd;rp
4.
sir
kw;Wk; ehfg[hp Mfpa gFjpfis ,izj;jhh;.
ly;bAsrp gpug[ 1856Mk; Mz;L ey;yhl;rp eilbgwtpy;iy vd;w fhuzj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mnahj;jp ethg; thrpj; myp\hit gjtpapwf;fk; bra;J mnahj;jpia ,izj;jhh;.
5.
w. a
jŠrht{iua[k; M§fpy nguuRld; ,izj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. xt;bthU khepyKk; gy khtl;l§fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L xU Jiz Mizahplk; eph;thfk; xg;gilf;fg; gl;lJ.
rpk;yh nfhilf;fhy jiyefukhft[k; fy;fj;jh Fsph;fhy jiyefukhft[k; bray;gl;lJ.
7.
ly;bAsrp ,Ug;g[g; ghijapd; je;ij vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
9.
ww
6.
10.
ly;bAsrp gpug[ bghJg;gzpj;Jiwia jdpj;Jiwahf Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
11.
bg\hth; kw;Wk; bfhy;fj;jhit ,izf;Fk; bgUtHpr; rhiy g[Jg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
12.
f§if fhy;tha; ,th; fhyj;jpy; btl;lg;gl;lJ.
13.
ly;bAsrp gpug[ fhyj;jpy; 1854Mk; Mz;L rh; rhh;y!; cl;!; jiyikapy; fy;tpf; FG
8.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;Kjypy; ,Ug;g[g;ghijia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa bgUik ly;bAsrpiar; rhUk;.
Kjy; ,Ug;g[g;ghij 1853Mk; Mz;L gk;gha; - jhdhtpw;F ,ilnaa[k; 1854Mk;
Mz;L bAsuh - uhzpfŠr; ,ilnaa[k; 1856Mk; Mz;L brd;id muf;nfhzk; ,ilnaa[k; ,uapy; ghij mikf;fg;gl;ld.
mikf;fg; gl;lJ. 14.
,yz;ld; gy;fiyf; fHfj;ij khjphpahff; bfhz;L brd;id/ gk;gha;/ fy;fj;jh gy;fiy fHf§fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
www.tnmanavan.blogspot.com
www.asiriyar.com
%h;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy; bghwpapay; fy;Y]hp xd;Wk; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
16.
,uhQtj;jpd; jiyikaplj;ij fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J rpk;yht[f;F khw;wpdhh;.
17.
gPu§fp gilapd; jiyikaplj;ij fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J kPul;ow;F khw;wpdhh;.
18.
fp.gp. 1856Mk; Mz;L tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk; bfhz;Ltu _yf; fhuzkhf tps§fpdhh;.
ww
w. a
sir
iya
r.c
om
15.
www.tnmanavan.blogspot.com
