4º CSH Unit 3

ACTIVITIES: Q1. Describe the pictures.

Between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a radical transformation of production systems occurred in Britain and called the Industrial Revolution. Machines gradually replaced manual labour, and the craftsmen of old were replaced by workers concentrated in large factories. New inventions were incorporated into the new machines and new transports. This process changed the life of humanity. This process spread throughout the rest of Europe. It was called Industrialisation, and it would be an imitation of what happened in Britain. Industrialisation led to a new economic system, Capitalism, based on private property. This led to the emergence of two contrary social classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. ACTIVITIES: Q2. What was the Industrial Revolution? The economies of industrialized countries met a new period of expansion and discovery called Second Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century. This process is finished around the late eighties of the twentieth century when computer science, biotechnology and biomedicine gave rise to the Third Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution was the result of a set of economic and technological changes, which occurred first in Britain in the mid eighteenth century and which led to a strong transformation of the economy and society.

1.1. Growing population and towns. It was mainly due to two causes: 1. The maintenance of a high birth rate (over 40 ‰). 2. The decline in mortality. Arthur Young in 1774 explains that the population increase was due to the rise of the birth rate: “The national wealth increased the demand for labour and raised wages which led to an increase in the 1

4º CSH Unit 3 birth rate... there has been an increase in employment, more marriages and, because children are not a burden, more births. As soon as a child can use its hands it can maintain itself, and the parents, too, are fully employed”. The fall in the death rate due to better health also helps to explain the increase in population (see the graph below). Gradually, over time, a number of factors reduced the death rate.  Laws were passed by Parliament to improve people´s health in terms of water supply and drainage.  The greater availability of food and the elimination of subsistence crises, thanks to the increase in productivity (agricultural revolution) and disappearance of subsistence crisis and catastrophic mortality.  Hygienic advances. Improving technology meant that gradually people learned how to build drains and sewers. Government inspector wrote in 1800 about improved health conditions: “Much of the growth in population is due to better health conditions, the improvement in medical knowledge, and the improved habits among the people who are cleaner, in homes and habits than they used to be, partly because of cheaper clothing from our cotton factories, partly because of better knowledge about running the household”.

ACTIVITIES: Q3. Using this information, draw a line/bar graph showing:  The difference in life expectancy between men & women in 1750 and 1900.  The difference in the number of deaths at birth and babies that lived in 1750 and 1900.

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    

As we have seen, during the 18th and 19th centuries the population of Britain increased dramatically. From 1801 the government began to take a census (count) of the population every ten years. This gives us accurate figures for the population increase, and we know that by 1900 there were more than six times as many people living in Britain as there had been in 1750. Historians are uncertain as to why the population increased so dramatically, obviously if more people are born than die the population will increase. The question is WHY? The average age at which people married dropped from 27 to 20, so families tended to be larger. If families have more children, there are more people to have children in the future, and so the population keeps increasing. Jobs for children became available in the factories. There were big improvements in medical care, with the introduction of inoculations against killer diseases like smallpox. Improvements in agriculture and transport made food cheaper and more readily available.

ACTIVITIES: Q4. What is the census and when was the first one? Why is the census useful? Q5. List four possible reasons to explain why the population increased. The results of rising population:  The expanding population meant there was a rising demand for food and industrial goods.  This gave incentives to farmers, industrial inventors and factory owners, who knew they could make money by producing goods and selling them to the growing population.  There were more people available to work, so employers had more people to work for them in the farms and factories, including children.  This helped more food and industrial goods to be made. ACTIVITIES: Q6. How did the population growth spur the industrial revolution? Q7. How did the industrial revolution stimulate the population growth?

1.2. A new agriculture. The population increase led to an increased demand for food and rising agricultural prices, a fact that encouraged the owners to improve production. All of this was achieved thanks to several transformations. The old way of farming was beginning to change. The old method of farming was to leave one field fallow every third year. In the new method, they worked out a system of crop rotation, growing a different crop on the same field each year. The new system was called the Norfolk crop rotation:

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4º CSH Unit 3

A progressive mechanization was also initiated which made agricultural tasks more simple.

Finally, the introduction of new crops like corn and potatoes, and the expansion of livestock allowed farmers to offer people a rich and varied diet. The improvements came about by selective breeding from the largest, healthiest animals. Another improvement was the growing of root crops like turnips that could be fed to animals during the winter. New farming magazines appeared. Arthur Young was popular journalist. He wrote in 1768: “One farmer sowed turnips and was al great pains to hoe them well; the neighbours ridiculed him but were surprised to see what good crops he gained”. Improvements in farming were: draining land, crop rotation, seed drills, horse shoes, selective animal breeding and growing root crops.

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4º CSH Unit 3 Moreover, the parliament approved laws which put an end to the old feudal system, which increased production. These new Enclosure Acts permitted putting all the land in the village together and giving it out in small pieces. Each person owned their own parcel of land. Each strip had to be fenced in. ACTIVITIES: Q8. What were the main developments in agriculture?

2.1. Steam and factories. Very simple but effective machines were replacing manual labour and craftsmanship, thereby changing the old systems. Each new machine meant an increase in productivity and lower costs, which allowed goods to be sold more cheaply, increased demand, and resulted in higher profits. At first machines were powered by human force and later by hydraulic energy. But the source of energy that revolutionized the production and transport systems was steam. The steam engine invented by James Watt in 1769, using coal as fuel, allowed the abandonment of traditional energies. Factories were places where workers and machines were located. A division of labour existed in each factory. Every worker performed only a small part of the production chain. This is how the factory system functioned. ACTIVITIES: Q9. What was the importance of the steam engine? Q10. How did the factory system work?

2.2. Cotton mills. Industry before 1750. Before 1750, woollen cloth was made in people's homes, and collected and sold by merchants at home and abroad. Other goods, such as bricks, soap and pottery, were made in small workshops. Most things were made by hand. Price of a length of cotton cloth 1770 1815 1860

£2.00 60p 25 p.

The cotton industry. Raw cotton was grown in America, India and Egypt. Because of Britain's trading practices, it was brought to Britain to be made into cloth. There was an expanding market for cotton goods because the world population was growing. Cotton is very comfortable to wear and easy to wash. However, the raw cotton had to be spun and woven. It was slow work and this made the cloth expensive. How could it be done more quick1y and cheaply?

Inventions and factories: Inventions of machines through the eighteenth century meant far more cotton cloth could be made. These machines got larger and larger as they were driven first by water and 5

4º CSH Unit 3 then by steam. The only place for them was in factories, called mills. So people went from working in their homes to working in factories. New Machines:

ACTIVITIES: Q11. Why was cotton industry so important in England? Q12. Why did the textile production grew during the 18th century?

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2.3. More changes: coal and iron. Iron was also needed to make the new machines that were driven by steam engines, but the growth of the iron industry was held up by one large problem. For centuries iron ore had been dug from the ground. The iron was then separated from the rest of the rock by heating up the ore. The iron melted and ran out. The heating up or smelting was done by using charcoal, which was made from trees. Coal could not be used because its impurities spoi1ed the iron. By the seventeenth century, therefore, the forests in Britain were in danger of being completely destroyed. In 1709 Abraham Darby, like Dudley before him, used purified coa1 (coke) to smelt the iron ore. This discovery opened the way for the widespread use of iron. However, the cast iron produced was not as good as wrought iron. In 1783, Henry Cort discovered a new method of making wrought iron by stirring the molten iron. Soon enormous ironworks were built where iron ore went in at one end and beautifully made iron products rolled out at the other. Steel is even stronger than wrought iron but it was very expensive to make. In 1856, Henry Bessemer invented a converter, a huge container full of white-hot molten iron. By superheating and the addition of some chemicals, steel was produced. In 1866 the Siemens brothers invented an even cheaper process, and Gilchrist invented a method that could turn any type of iron ore into steel.

ACTIVITIES: Q13. How was steel produced?

Increasing agricultural and industrial production did not make sense if it was not possible to deliver the goods to the population. A number of innovations revolutionized transportation and more importantly allowed for a huge increase in trade.

3.1. Railroad and steamboat. Firstly, the railroad was used in mines to transport ore in wagons that moved on the rails. The first innovation was a new system of iron rails and flanged wheels that prevented the derailment of the train. But, the most innovative was the invention of the locomotive by Stephenson in 1829. His invention triggered the use of steam machines for the railroads. 7

4º CSH Unit 3

The first passenger line joined the cities of Manchester and Liverpool. Afterwards, the construction of the European rail network was a great stimulus to the development of the steel industry. Consequences: the journeys were shorter, faster, cheaper and safer The steam engine was applied to shipping and iron made steamships, which replaced the sailing ships, and would soon cross the Atlantic Ocean. 8

4º CSH Unit 3 ACTIVITIES: Q14. What effect did the railways have on the cost of transporting goods? Q15. How did railways help to create more jobs? Q16. Why was it cheaper to transport goods by rail rather than roads? Q17. How did the European railroads develop?

3.2. The increase of trade. The industrial revolution led to a market economy. Goods were produced for sale and export and not self-consumption. This was possible thanks to increased production and population, and improving the purchasing power of the popular classes. Improving transport allowed an increase of internal trade. Outward trade increased considerably in the nineteenth century. Although theories of free trade argued that it would promote economic growth, protectionism would be imposed to protect the industries of each country with tariffs and taxes on imports. ACTIVITIES: Q18. What was the impact of the transport innovations in trade? Q19. What economic theories supported the industrial revolution?

The industrial revolution led to an economic model of capitalism and liberalism as a political doctrine. It spread from Britain to the U.S.A., Japan and Europe.

4.1. Liberalism and capitalism. A number of thinkers are identified with economic liberalism in the late eighteenth century. Among them is Adam Smith, who defined the main principles of Liberalism as follows:  The personal interest and the pursuit of maximum profit are the aims of the Economy.  The prices are adjusted according to the law of supply and demand so they balance the different interests of the buyers and sellers.  The State mustn´t intervene in the economy. Under these principles, economic capitalism is presented as a system in which the means of production are owned by the bourgeoisie, and workers without property work in exchange for wages. As a result of poor planning and over-production, an economic crisis is produced in a cyclical way. Supply increases more than demand and the social consequence is a rise in unemployment. 9

4º CSH Unit 3

4.2 Banks and finances. Banks became something very important: they acted as intermediaries; they lent money and paid capital letters and loans. They helped savers invest their savings and industrialists get capital. However, the money needed couldn`t be invested by only one person and soon there were public corporations which gave the money in pieces called stocks. The stock exchange or stock market took responsibility for selling these stocks to and buying these stocks from private businessmen. ACTIVITIES: Q20. What were the characteristics of the economic liberalism? Q21. Why were banks so important for the industrial revolution?

5.1. The new sources of energy and the new industries. The Second Industrial Revolution (1865–1900) is a phrase used by some historians to describe an assumed second phase of the Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution describes a later, somewhat less dramatic change which came about in the late 19th century with the widespread availability of electric power, internal-combustion engines.... Since this period includes the rise of industrial powers other than France and Britain, such as Germany or the USA, it may be used by writers who want to stress the contribution of these countries or relativize /decrease the importance of the position of the UK. ACTIVITIES: Q22. What countries were the world industrial leaders in 1900? In the United States of America, the Second Industrial Revolution is commonly associated with electrification, which was pioneered by Thomas Alva Edison and George Westinghouse. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time due to mechanizing the manufacture of food and drink, clothing, transport. Even entertainment became mechanized with early cinema, radio and gramophones serving the needs of the population while providing employment for the increasing numbers. New industries:  The chemical industry produces industrial chemicals. It is central to the modern world economy, converting raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, minerals) into more than 70,000 different products. Polymers and plastics, especially polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride))  The electrical power industry provides for the production and delivery of electrical power (electrical energy), often known as power, or electricity, in sufficient quantities to areas that need electricity through a grid. Many households and businesses need access to electricity, especially in developed nations, but there is less demand for it in developing nations.  The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. 10

4º CSH Unit 3 ACTIVITIES: Q23. What was the second industrial revolution? What new industries appeared?

5.2. A New industrial organization. In the late nineteenth century production turned into mass production, or what is known as Taylorism. This means a manufacturing chain which has its production divided into highly specialized tasks and includes the use of advanced machinery. It was first applied in the U.S.A. in the Ford car factory. The cars were produced in a standard manner and at a lower cost that made them affordable for more buyers.

Industrial concentration was aided by the technological demand and soon laws were passed to curb competition and fix prices. As a result the cartel, the trust, the holding company and the monopoly were born.  The cartel: Agreements between companies.  The trust: Company mergers.  The holding: Financial group that owns most of the stock in a group of companies and banks.  The monopoly: The exclusive right of a company to market a product.

ACTIVITIES: Q24. Describe the pictures. Q25. Who made these inventions? Telephone, light bulb, cinematograph, radio, telegraph.

The industrial revolution and the new regime lead to a new social order. An open society and a society of classes, mainly structured into two main groups, the bourgeoisie or middle class (we can use this term by this historical moment) and proletariat.

6.1. Bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie is the hegemonic group, who leads the economy and politics.  Upper bourgeoisie is formed by bankers, landlords and owners of big factories.  Middle bourgeoisie is made up of civil servants, traders and liberal professions.  Lower or petit bourgeoisie consists of small craftsmen, shopkeepers and employees. 11

4º CSH Unit 3

6.2. Proletariat or working class. The factory workers were the proletariat. They worked for low wages and were very numerous. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, there was no law that would set the working conditions. Therefore, the wages, hours, and holidays were established however the employers wanted. Their living conditions were terrible and the work was hard. The work day lasted from 12 to 14 hours and the pay was so low that they could not feed their families. That forced women and children to work, but they were paid less than the men. The factory lacked safety and hygienic conditions. ACTIVITIES: Q26. How was the living conditions of proletariat during the industrial revolution?

6.3. First workers' associations. Luddism, opposed to the use of machines, appeared in England as violent movements that involved the burning of machines and factories. The workers began to become aware of their social class and to defend their interests. Because of this, they created the first relief societies. These organizations helped the unemployed and sick workers. The unions (associations of workers) were illegal until 1825. The first trade unions appeared in Britain in 1825. The Great Trade Union was founded in 1834 in Britain, and it was a union that brought workers from different trades together. Its objectives were to improve the living conditions of workers, reduce the number of hours they worked, get them better pay, and regulate child labour or the right to assembly. ACTIVITIES: Q27. What were the first workers’ associations?

Several thinkers denounced the inequalities created by capitalism and thought about new models of social order.

7.1. Marxism and Socialism. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels denounced the exploitation of the working class and advocated the need for a workers’ revolution to destroy capitalism in the midnineteenth century. The proletariat would get political power by way of a revolution. A workers' state would be created without private property. This would be socialized. The end of private property would lead to the gradual disappearance of social classes and state so they would get an ideal communist society, a classless society.

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4º CSH Unit 3 The workers' parties emerged in the late nineteenth century. Their aim was revolution, but they defended an intervention in political life through the election system and its entry into the parliaments. So, socialists would get better legislation for workers. ACTIVITIES: Q28. According to Marx, why should private property have to disappear? Q29. What did socialists defend?

7.2. Anarchism. Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin were the main anarchist thinkers. They shared the main ideas of this ideology.  The exaltation of individual freedom, criticism of private property and defence of forms of collective property.  Rejection of all political and religious authority.  They advocated revolutionary action. They wanted workers and peasants to destroy the state and create a collective and egalitarian society.  They were opposed to participation in politics and allowed the unions. Some of them were very violent and became terrorists, while others fought peacefully for their ideas.

7.3. The internationalism. Marxists and anarchists advocated the idea of uniting workers around the world against capitalism. The International Workingmen's Association (First International) was founded in 1864. Differences between Marxists and anarchists led to its failure in 1876.

ACTIVITIES: Q30. What did anarchists defend? 1.- Vocabulary:  Anarchism.  Capitalism.  Cartel.  Enclosure Acts.  Flying Shuttle.  Holding.  Industrialisation.

     

Norfolk Crop Rotation. Proletariat. Socialism. Spinning Jenny. Taylorism. Trust.

2.- Answer the key questions (page 62):    

What is the Industrial Revolution? What changes happened? What innovations caused machines and the factory system? What were the first industries affected by the industrial revolution? What were the main characteristics of capitalism? What were the characteristics of urban industrial society?

3. - Who were these figures? Lord Townshend, John Kay, James Watt, George Stephenson, Robert Fulton, Adam Smith, Thomas Alva Edison, Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller, Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin. 13

4º CSH Unit 3 4.- Find inventions in this wordsearch. Write the name of the inventors: T U T A N K H Y T O N N I E K A F A N K H L O C O T T O N G I N S H C E E L O T T O A S T E A ME N G I N E A R F K Y A N ME K E O P S E L E R Z S R E U R I I O T E L E U A B L V R J A P T E MC R L N E A V R P I A ME I O G I S E A O E E I G P S I O N O MA H T N N T U A L O R T M S I S E A J K T E J O N I I C MR L N R S H T U A L J Z L S E M I N T A B O R E E N U I C MR V U A I S O O N A N O H E A V M T T A B O MU L E E C T I H O A E W I N D T A N O H P I A ME O K P T Y T D O G O U L H O A E P O A P E L Y S G B C E P G C Y E T Y T D K E N N T U A L O R N R E U R I I G B C E N N T U A E L E R Z S N N T U A L O R N R 5.- Correct the mistakes in these sentences: a) The proletariat is the hegemonic group, who leads the economy and politics. b) Lower or petit bourgeoisie is formed by bankers, landlords and owners of big factories. c) d) e) f) g) h)

Upper bourgeoisie is made up of civil servants, traders and liberal professions. Middle bourgeoisie consists of small craftsmen, shopkeepers and employees. The factory had safety and hygienic conditions. Luddists wanted to improve the living conditions of workers. The first trade unions were opposed to the use of machines. The Great Trade Union was founded in 1825 in Britain.

i) Karl Marx and Adam Smith denounced the exploitation of the working class. j) Karl Marx advocated the need for a workers’ bloody revolution. k) In the late nineteenth century socialist parties would get worse legislation for workers. 6.- Fill in the blanks: It was a __________ of red __________, or of __________ that would have been red if the __________ and __________ had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and __________ like the painted face of a __________. It was a town of __________ and tall __________, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for __________ and __________, and __________ got uncoiled. It had a black __________ in it, and a __________ that ran __________, and vast piles of building full of __________ where there was a rattling and a trembling all __________ long, and where the __________ of the steam-engine __________ monotonously __________ and __________, like the __________ of an __________ in a state of melancholy __________. It contained __________ large __________ all very like one another, and many __________ __________ still more like one another, __________ by people __________ like one another, who all went in and out at the same __________, with the same sound upon the same __________, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as __________ and __________, and every year the __________ of the last and the __________. 14

4º CSH Unit 3 These attributes of Coketown were in the __________ inseparable from the __________ by which it was sustained. You saw nothing in Coketown but what was severely __________. If the members of a __________ persuasion built a __________ there - as the members of __________ religious persuasions had done they made it a pious __________ of red __________, with sometimes (but this is only in highly ornamental __________) a __________ in a __________ on the top of it. The solitary exception was the New __________; a stuccoed edifice with a __________ steeple over the door, terminating in __________ short pinnacles like florid __________ legs. All the public __________ in the town were __________ alike, in severe __________ of black and __________. The __________ might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the __________, the __________ might have been either, or both, or anything else, for anything that appeared to the __________ in the __________ of their __________. Charles DICKENS, Hard Times.

7.- Answer the questions: a) What colour was the town? b) Where did the smoke come from? c) What is a steam-engine? d) How did Coketown’s people live? e) What were Coketown’s streets like? What were Coketown’s buildings like? 8.- Find names of socialists and anarchists: X R A M L V B R J A K T B E M E L O C O T T O O N G R N O S K C A S T E A M E E N G O N E E R R K E O P S E P L E R P S P R O S E U A B A K U N I N O T B E Y L P I A M E I M O G I T E M A O E N O M A H T T U O P K J J K T E J O E N I

I

I O T G

I M E R K N

N O H D U O R P N T N B S O R E

9.- Read the document and answer the questions: The French Revolution postponed in England many reforms which had been rendered necessary by rapid industrial progress. Radicalism was associated in the public mind with a French origin, and that killed it politically. After Waterloo the tide turned and agitators gained a hearing. The landed interests wished to maintain the late war prices, and the artisan population desired cheap bread. Hence discontent, oratory, and riots which resulted in the loss of life. The most celebrated disturbance of these years is the "Peterloo Massacre" of 1819. On August 16th a mass meeting was arranged by the Manchester radicals to hear Henry Hunt, a speaker who advocated annual parliaments, universal suffrage, and the ballot. A crowd gathered in St. Peter's Fields, and trouble arose between it and the Lancashire militia who were present on the plea of preserving order. The troops charged and killed 15 persons, to the intense indignation of radical

sympathizers in every part of the island. Peterloo (1819), Charles W. Colby, ed., Selections from the Sources of English History a) b) c)

What was Peterloo? Why was reforms postpone? How many people die in the Peterloo Massacre? 15

4º CSH Unit 3 10.- Underline the right answer: 1. Industrial Revolution is… a. A radical transformation of production system. b. A transformation that occurs in England. c. Both answers are correct. 2. New social classes were… a. Nobility and Third Estate. b. Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. c. Capitalists and factory workers. 3. Population grew because of… a. Good wages. b. Better health. c. Jobs for children that became available in the factories. 4. When did the British government begin to take a census? a. In 1750. b. In 1775. c. In 1801. 5. In the Norfolk rotation system there were four main crops… a. Wheat, cotton, turnip and barley. b. Wheat, turnip, barley and potatoes. c. Turnip, barley, clover and wheat. 6. The seed drill was invented by… a. Arthur Young. b. Henry Bessemer. c. Jethro Tull. 7. The Enclosure Acts… a. Permitted putting all the land in the village together and giving it out in small pieces b. Put an end to the old feudal system. c. Both answers are correct. 8. Water frame was invented by… a. Richard Arkwright. b. Samuel Crompton. c. John Kay. 9. Flying shuttle was invented by… a. Richard Arkwright. b. Samuel Crompton. c. John Kay.

10. Steam engine used… a. Charcoal. b. Coal. c. Wood. 11. The first passenger line joined the cities of… a. Manchester and Birmingham. b. London and Manchester. c. Manchester and Liverpool. 12. Taylorism… a. Is a manufacturing chain. b. Has its production divided into highly specialized tasks. c. Both answers are correct. 13. What is a cartel? a. Agreements between companies. b. Company mergers. c. A financial group. 14. What is a trust? a. Agreements between companies. b. Company mergers. c. A financial group. 15. The bourgeoisie… a. Is the hegemonic group. b. Leads the economy and politics. c. Both answers are correct. 16. Middle bourgeoisie… a. Is formed by bankers, landlords and owners of big factories. b. Is made up of civil servants, and liberal professions. c. Consists of small craftsmen, shopkeepers and employees. 17. Luddists… a. Were workers opposed to the use of machines. b. Wanted to improve the living conditions of workers. c. Denounced the inequalities created by capitalism. 18. Marx and Engels were… a. Socialists. b. Anarchists. c. Utopian socialists.

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