Chapter 15
SA., SS., Srikalahasti – 517644 Chittoor District gurudeva.com - new
ENGLAND
K. Suresh,
1
The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780s and the 1850s is called the „first industrial revolution.
gurudeva.com - new
2
These were to have a major impact on the society and economy of those countries and also on the rest of the world. gurudeva.com - new
3
However the industrialisation that occurred in different countries followed different patterns depending upon their own historical, social and geographical features. gurudeva.com - new
4
Industrial development made it possible to produce goods on a massive scale compared to handicraft and handloom industries. gurudeva.com - new
5
Its use led to faster forms of transportation, by ships and railways. gurudeva.com - new
6
Georges Michelet
Friedrich Engels
The term „Industrial Revolution‟ was used by European scholars - Georges Michelet in France and Friedrich Engels in Germany. gurudeva.com - new
7
It was used for the first time in English by the philosopher and economist Arnold Toynbee (1852-83), to describe the changes that occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820. gurudeva.com - new
8
Fig: 15.1 Industries in London at the time of Industrial Revolution gurudeva.com - new
9
Industries in London at the time of Industrial Revolution gurudeva.com - new
10
Industries in London at the time of Industrial Revolution gurudeva.com - new
11
Industries in London at the time of Industrial Revolution gurudeva.com - new
12
Industries in London at the time of Industrial Revolution gurudeva.com - new
13
gurudeva.com - new
14
Britain had been politically stable th since the 17 century, with England, Wales and Scotland unified under a monarchy.
gurudeva.com - new
15
Britain became the pioneer of the European countries and was looked upon as the „Workshop of the World‟. gurudeva.com - new
16
1. England was blessed with modest climate (suited to cotton industry.) 2. There was no scarcity of water power. 3. There was no dearth of raw material. 4. Coal and iron were available. 5. The coal fields were closer to harbours 6. It was convenient for transport by water. gurudeva.com - new
17
“On the basis of iron, coal, and textiles Britain built up a type of civilisation which has been copied all round the world” – Fisher. gurudeva.com - new
18
Iron Mining in England
gurudeva.com - new
19
Coal Mining in England
gurudeva.com - new
20
Raising capital - wealth was available in abundance earned huge profits. gurudeva.com - new
21
The rise of London money market, jointstock banks, and Joint Stock Corporation made the finance simple and easy. gurudeva.com - new
22
Map 1: Britain (England): The Iron Industry
gurudeva.com - new
23
British population was also growing. The old agriculture was replaced by improved methods of cultivation. gurudeva.com - new
24
It was well equipped by eighteenth century for sea - borne trade.
gurudeva.com - new
25
gurudeva.com - new
26
England was fortunate in that coal and iron ore, lead, copper and tin were plentifully available.
gurudeva.com - new
27
coal
gurudeva.com - new
28
Iron
gurudeva.com - new
29
Copper
gurudeva.com - new
30
Lead
gurudeva.com - new
31
TIN
gurudeva.com - new
32
Iron is extracted as pure liquid metal from the ore by a process called Smelting. For centuries, charcoal (from burnt timber) was used for the smelting process.
gurudeva.com - new
33
Problems of Smelting with Charcoal: 1. Charcoal was too fragile to transport. 2. It produced poorquality iron. 3. Forests had been destroyed. 4. It could not generate high temperatures.
gurudeva.com - new
34
Abraham Darby
The solution to this problem had been sought for years before it was solved by a family of ironmasters, the Darbys of Shropshire. gurudeva.com - new
35
Abraham Darby
In the course of half a century, three generations of this family - grandfather, father and son, all called Abraham Darby brought about a revolution in the metallurgical industry.
gurudeva.com - new
36
It began with an invention in 1709 by the first Abraham Darby (16771717). This was a blast furnace that would use coke, which could generate high temperatures. gurudeva.com - new
37
Coke was derived from coal by removing the sulphur and impurities. This invention meant that furnaces no longer had to depend on charcoal. The melted iron from these furnaces permitted larger castings than before.
gurudeva.com - new
38
The process was further refined by more inventions.
gurudeva.com - new
39
The second Darby (171168) developed wrought-iron (strong) from pig-iron.
gurudeva.com - new
40
Henry Cort (1740-1823) designed the puddling furnace (molten iron - rid of impurities) used steam power to roll purified iron into bars. The durability of iron made it a better material than wood for everyday items and for machinery. gurudeva.com - new
41
PUDDLING FURNACE
gurudeva.com - new
42
PUDDLING FURNACE gurudeva.com - new
43
Britain was lucky in possessing excellent coking coal and high-grade iron ore in the same basins or even the same seams. gurudeva.com - new
44
gurudeva.com - new
These basins were also close to ports.
45
As a result ship building and the shipping trade increased. gurudeva.com - new
46
gurudeva.com - new
The British iron industry between 1800 and 1830, and its product was the cheapest in Europe. 47
gurudeva.com - new
48
gurudeva.com - new
In 1820, a tonne of pig iron needed 8 tonnes of coal to make it, but by 1850 it could be produced by using only 2 tonnes. 49
By 1848, Britain was smelting more iron than the rest of the world put together. gurudeva.com - new
50
Fig. 15.2: The Cast Iron Bridge near Coalbrookdale,
gurudeva.com - new
designed by the third Darby. 51
gurudeva.com - new
52
gurudeva.com - new
53
gurudeva.com - new
54
gurudeva.com - new
55
The British had always woven cloth out of wool and flax. gurudeva.com - new
56
From the 17th century, importing bales of cotton cloth from India at great cost. As the East India Company‟s political control of parts of India Was established, it began to import, along with cloth, raw cotton. gurudeva.com - new
57
cloth, raw cotton. gurudeva.com - new
58
Till the early eighteenth century, spinning had been so slow. Therefore, while spinners were occupied all day, Weavers waited idly to receive yarn. gurudeva.com - new
59
gurudeva.com - new
60
Map 2: The cotton industries in gurudeva.com - new
61
From the 1780s, the cotton industry symbolised British industrialisation in many ways. gurudeva.com - new
62
gurudeva.com - new
63
Raw cotton had to be entirely imported and a large part of the finished cloth was exported. gurudeva.com - new
64
gurudeva.com - new
65
The industry was heavily dependent on the work of women and children in factories. gurudeva.com - new
66
gurudeva.com - new
67
gurudeva.com - new
68
gurudeva.com - new
69
gurudeva.com - new
70
Fig. I5.3: James Watt Steam Engine gurudeva.com - new
71
Steam power was first used in mining industries.
gurudeva.com - new
72
gurudeva.com - new
Flooding in mines was a serious problem and steam engines were used to drain the mines. 73
James Watt‟s (17361819) invention converted the steam engine from being a mere pump into a „PRIME MOVER‟ capable of providing energy to power machines in factories.
gurudeva.com - new
74
Backed by the wealthy manufacturer Matthew Boulton (1728- 1809), Watt created the Soho Foundry in Birmingham in 1775. gurudeva.com - new
75
gurudeva.com - new
By the end of the eighteenth century, Watt‟s steam engine was beginning to replace hydraulic power. 76
gurudeva.com - new
77
The need to transport raw materials and manufactured products led to the improvement of roads and the digging of canals in England.
gurudeva.com - new
78
gurudeva.com - new
79
Mc Adam devised the method of making ‘pakka’ or „macadama mised‟ roads. gurudeva.com - new
80
gurudeva.com - new
81
Mc Adam
gurudeva.com - new
82
Macadam road 1850
gurudeva.com - new
83
gurudeva.com - new
84
gurudeva.com - new
85
gurudeva.com - new
Canals were initially built to transport coal to cities. 86
gurudeva.com - new
87
gurudeva.com - new
88
The making of the first English canal, the Worsley Canal (1761) by James Brindley (1716-72), had no other purpose than to carry coal from the coal deposits at Worsley (near Manchester) to that city. gurudeva.com - new
89
gurudeva.com - new
90
gurudeva.com - new
91
gurudeva.com - new
The making of the first English canal, the Worsley Canal (1761) by James Brindley (1716-72), had no other purpose than to carry coal from the coal deposits at Worsley (near Manchester) to that city.92
James Brindley
gurudeva.com - new
93
English canal gurudeva.com - new
94
Worsley Canal
gurudeva.com - new
95
After the canal was completed the price of coal fell by half. Thousands of kilometers of canals were built by 1830 and were used to transport commodities cheaply. gurudeva.com - new
96
The first steam locomotive, Stephenson‟s Rocket, appeared in 1814.
gurudeva.com - new
97
Stephenson
gurudeva.com - new
98
Railways emerged as a new means of transportation that was available throughout the year, both cheap and fast, to carry passengers and goods. gurudeva.com - new
99
The invention of the railways took the entire process of industrialisation to a second stage. gurudeva.com - new
100
The first railway line connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington in 1825, a distance of 9 miles that was completed in 2 hours at the speed of upto 5 kmph. gurudeva.com - new
101
The next railway line connected Liverpool and Manchester in 1830. gurudeva.com - new
102
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
gurudeva.com - new
103
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
gurudeva.com - new
104
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
gurudeva.com - new
105
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
gurudeva.com - new
106
Who were he
inventors? gurudeva.com - new
107
Dozens of scientific journals and published papers of scientific societies appeared in England between 1760 and 1800. gurudeva.com - new
108
There was a widespread thirst for knowledge even in the smaller towns. That multiplied through the eighteenth century. gurudeva.com - new
109
gurudeva.com - new
Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than the application of scientific knowledge.
110
JOHN KAY
JAMES HARGREAVES
Some inventors in the cotton industry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry. gurudeva.com - new
111
Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig-maker, gurudeva.com - new
112
Richard Arkwright Water Frame
gurudeva.com - new
113
Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled gurudeva.com - new
114
Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule
gurudeva.com - new
115
Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine and agriculture, initially wished to become a clergyman and knew little of mechanics.
gurudeva.com - new
116
POWER LOOM - Edmund Cartwright
gurudeva.com - new
117
By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer,
gurudeva.com - new
118
Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith and locksmith,
gurudeva.com - new
119
gurudeva.com - new
120
James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions. gurudeva.com - new
121
The road-builder John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind. gurudeva.com - new
122
gurudeva.com - new
123
The canal builder James Brindley was almost illiterate, poor - he could never spell the word „navigation‟, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination and concentration. gurudeva.com - new
124
gurudeva.com - new
125
In these years, therefore, revolutionary changes. Similarly, there were rich individuals who took risks and invested money would „multiply‟.
gurudeva.com - new
126
Wealth, in the form of goods, incomes, services, knowledge and productive efficiency, did increase dramatically. gurudeva.com - new
127
The number of cities in England with a population of over 50,000 grew from two in 1750 to 29 in 1850. gurudeva.com - new
128
gurudeva.com - new
129
Fig. 15.45 (A) Coalbrookdale, Carpenters‟ Row, cottages built by the company for workers in 1783;
gurudeva.com - new
130
gurudeva.com - new
131
(B) The houses of the Darbys; painting by William Westwood, 1835.
gurudeva.com - new
132
The houses of the Darbys
gurudeva.com - new
133
gurudeva.com - new
134
Manchester
Derby. Birmingham
A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than that of any other social group in cities: it was 15 years in Birmingham, 17 in Manchester, 21 in Derby. gurudeva.com - new
135
lifespan gurudeva.com - new
136
More people died, and died at a younger age, in the new industrial cities, than in the villages they had come from.
gurudeva.com - new
137
gurudeva.com - new
138
gurudeva.com - new
139
gurudeva.com - new
140
gurudeva.com - new
141
gurudeva.com - new
142
gurudeva.com - new
143
gurudeva.com - new
144
gurudeva.com - new
145
Half the children failed to survive beyond the age of five.
gurudeva.com - new
146
gurudeva.com - new
147
gurudeva.com - new
148
gurudeva.com - new
149
gurudeva.com - new
150
Deaths were primarily caused the pollution of water, like cholera and typhoid, or of the air, like tuberculosis.
gurudeva.com - new
151
More than 31,000 people died from an outbreak of cholera in 1832. gurudeva.com - new
152
gurudeva.com - new
153
gurudeva.com - new
154
gurudeva.com - new
155
gurudeva.com - new
156
gurudeva.com - new
157
The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that children and women worked. gurudeva.com - new
158
The earnings of women and children were necessary to supplement men‟s meager wages. gurudeva.com - new
159
They were employed in large numbers in the cotton textile industry in Lancashire and Yorkshire.
gurudeva.com - new
160
gurudeva.com - new
161
gurudeva.com - new
162
gurudeva.com - new
163
Women were also the main workers in the silk, lace making and knitting industries, as well as (along with children) in the metal industries of Birmingham. gurudeva.com - new
164
Machinery like the cotton spinning jenny was designed to be used by child workers with their small build and nimble fingers. gurudeva.com - new
165
Children were often employed in textile factories. Children caught their hair in machines or crushed their hands. Some died when they fell into machines as they dropped off to sleep from exhaustion. gurudeva.com - new
166
Coal mines were also dangerous places to work in. gurudeva.com - new
167
The owners of coal mines used children to reach deep coal faces where the approach path was too narrow for adults. gurudeva.com - new
168
Younger children Worked as „trappers‟ who opened and shut doors as the coal wagons travelled through mines, or carried heavy loads of coal on their backs as „coal bearers‟. gurudeva.com - new
169
gurudeva.com - new
170
gurudeva.com - new
171
gurudeva.com - new
172
gurudeva.com - new
173
Factory managers considered child labour to be important training for future factory work.
gurudeva.com - new
174
Women may well have gained increased financial independence from their jobs. gurudeva.com - new
175
gurudeva.com - new
Fig. 15.5: Woman in gilt-button factory Birmingham. In the 1850s, two thirds of the workforce in the button trade was women and children. Men received 25 shillings a week, women 7 shillings and children one shilling each, for the same hours of work. 176
Germany
France gurudeva.com - new
177
England
Industrialisation began early in England in the 18th century, it was in 1850s and 1870s - in Germany and France.
gurudeva.com - new
178
In both the countries industrialisation received a boost by the introduction of railways in 1830s.
gurudeva.com - new
179
Prussia, exploited its rich coalfields (Silesia and the Rhineland -the Ruhr) and iron deposits (Bohemia) in order to create a flourishing steel industry. gurudeva.com - new
180
Alfred Krupp had established a small iron foundry at Essen in 1810. By 1870 Krupp of Essen, had been transformed into a giant company employing thousands of workers.
gurudeva.com - new
181
ALFRED KRUPP IRON FOUNDRY
gurudeva.com - new
182
The invention of the electric dynamo - Werner Siemens in 1866Germany
gurudeva.com - new
183
gurudeva.com - new
184
The horrible condition - a committee of British Parliament in 1816 - in a cotton mill. gurudeva.com - new
185
He was asked questions by the committee on the condition of child labourers in his factory.
„Those that came from London were from about eight or ten to fifteen. gurudeva.com - new
186
‘At what age were they taken?’ ‘Those that came from London were from about eight or ten to fifteen. 'Up to what period were they apprenticed?’ ‘One-and-twenty.’ 'What were the hours of work?’ 'From five O’clock in the morning till eight at night! gurudeva.com - new
187
'Were Fifteen hours in the day the regular hours of work?’ ‘Yes.’ 'When the works were stopped for the repair of the mill, or for any want of cotton, did the children afterwards make up for the loss of that time?' ‘Yes.’ 'Did the children sit or stand to work?’ ‘Stand.’ gurudeva.com - new
188
'The whole of their time?' 'Yes.’ 'Were there any seats in the miIl?' ‘None I have found them frequently upon the mill-floors, after the time they should have been in bed.' 'Were any children injured by the machinery?’ 'Very frequently’ gurudeva.com - new
189
German industrialisation was greatly facilitated by the German government.
gurudeva.com - new
190
The German army required huge quantities of arms. The factory owners control their workers and pay less. gurudeva.com - new
191
Germany directly borrowed the new technology & developed. And even surpassed British industries in size and scope. gurudeva.com - new
192
Germany developed iron and steel, chemical and electrical industries which were new generation industries and overtook Britain in these areas.
gurudeva.com - new
193
England
Germany
gurudeva.com - new
Britain was still producing more coal, but Germany was producing more steel. 194
France.
gurudeva.com - new
France, in contrast was slow in industrialising - remained a rural country people cultivating small plots of land. 195
France did not develop Banks & French manufacturers depended upon family resources. They remained small companies as a result.
France.
gurudeva.com - new
196
France.
France did not have good reserves of coal and depended upon expensive imports. Thus French industrialisation remained focused on consumer products like textiles, which were basically small scale enterprises. gurudeva.com - new 197
The Gustav Krupp Family
gurudeva.com - new
198
gurudeva.com - new
199
The Krupp family established what was to become the world„s largest arms factory. This first factory specialised in field gun manufacture and, by 1887, it supplied arms to forty six different countries. gurudeva.com - new
200
gurudeva.com - new
201
gurudeva.com - new
202
gurudeva.com - new
203
During World War 1 the Krupp factories made guns for the German artillery. gurudeva.com - new
204
gurudeva.com - new
205
The Krupp supported Hitler in the German general election of 1933. As Nazi Germany occupied neighbouring countries, Alfred Krupp seized new land to make more factories. Many of these factories used slave-labour from the Nazi concentration camps. gurudeva.com - new
206
gurudeva.com - new
207
gurudeva.com - new
208
The development of industry on an extensive scale.
gurudeva.com - new
209
The act or process of transforming.
gurudeva.com - new
210
The transformation of industry in Britain between the 1780s and 1850s. gurudeva.com - new
211
A heat engine that performs mechan ical work using steam as its working fluid. gurudeva.com - new
212
The use of fluids under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. gurudeva.com - new
213
Mention the consequences of the industrial revolution in the economic Held. Write a report and present in your class. gurudeva.com - new
214
K. Suresh, S.A., S.S., Z.P. (Boys) High School, SRIKALAHASTI gurudeva.com - new
215
PPTs, Videos, Previous Question Papers, Model papers, Lesson Plans, Teaching Notes, Materials, Maps……etc., in Telugu and English Mediums of SCERT syllabus.
Visit (Just
click on this links)
Http://Sureshsrikalahasti.Weebly.Com/ Http://Mana Social.Weebly.Com gurudeva.com - new
216
