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K. Suresh, S.A., S.S., Z.P. (BOYS) High School, SRIKALAHASTI
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Look at the map of the world given below. It shows the world as known to the Europeans some 600 years ago.
Genoese
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Map 1: Map of world known to Europeans in 1400 known as Genoese. 4
Watch the map and answer the questions. Which of the continents were they not familiar with at all? Which were the continents whose coastal areas were known to them but not the interior regions? gurudeva.weebly.com
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600 years ago the people of the world travelled very little - on the horses / camels / small boats / ships. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Traders travelled far and wide to buy goods and sell them at high prices. 1. Silk and porcelain ware from China 2. Cotton textiles 3. Steel and spices from India 4. Fruits and scents from Arabia 5. Wine from Europe. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The traders exchange goods for gold and silver and made huge profits. Some of the traders were richer than kings.
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Most of the trade routes connecting Europe and Asia around 1400 were controlled by Muslim kingdoms (Ottoman Empire). gurudeva.weebly.com
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Arab traders brought Asian goods to the Alexandria in Egypt and sold them to the Italians. 10
They wanted to find faster and easier routes to India and China. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Portuguese wanted to find a route around Africa to reach India. The Spanish wanted to reach India by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. gurudeva.weebly.com
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They invested huge fortunes by hiring experienced sea mariners and giving them ships and other resources to explore. gurudeva.weebly.com
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This led to the discovery of Central America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and of sea route to India around Africa by Vasco Da Gama in 1498.
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Columbus was working on behalf of the Spanish queen while Vasco da Gama was working for the Portuguese king. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Arcitic ocean 66 ½° Northern latitude Arctic Circle
ICELAND
North Atlantic Ocean
RUSSIA Moscow
Estonia North sea
London English Channel
Lithuania
Berlin
Poland
Germany
Warsaw
Belarus
Ukraine
Versailles
Paris
Bay of Biscay
SPAIN
France
Jeneva
Switzerland
ROMANIA
Bulgaria
Corsica SARDDINIA
TURKEY
Athens
GIBRALTAR STRAIT
Mediterrian Sea
Sicily
Montenegro
Bosnia gurudeva.weebly.com Slovania Herzegovina
BLACK SEA
Macedonea
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Why do you think the Italians were controlling the trade with Asia in 1400 and not other Europeans like Portuguese or Spanish? Why were the Portuguese and Spanish keen to find other routes to reach Asia? gurudeva.weebly.com
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Columbus West Indiesthought – India & called the local people „Indians‟. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig. 17.1: Columbus before the Queen, as imagined by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1843. gurudeva.weebly.com
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After Columbus the Spanish government expected to find gold and silver mines in America. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Cortes, a Spanish conqueror led an expedition to massacre the people, killed the local king and plunder Mexico. gurudeva.weebly.com
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ARCTIC OCEAN
BEAUFORT SEA ALASKA
23 ½° NORTH LATITUDE TROPIC OF CANCER
CANADA
Hudsan Bay Ottawa
UNITED STATES OF AMERICAWashington (USA)
Guatemala gurudeva.weebly.com
GULF OF MEXICO
PANAMA CANAL
CUBA JAMAICA
N O RT H AT L A N T I C OCEAN
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
66 ½° North Latitude Arctic Circle
WEST INDIES
Caribbean Sea
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Similarly Pizarro plundered and conquered Peru. gurudeva.weebly.com
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PANAMA CANAL Caracas
VENEZULA
COLUMBIA
0° LATITUDE EQUATOR
FRENCH GUINEA
NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
Lima
BOLIVIA Lapaz
23 ½° South Latitude TROPIC OF CORPRICORN
Brasilia
SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Santiago Buenos Aires
PACIFIC OCEAN
MAGELLAN STRAIT
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S O U T H E R N
SURESH O C E A N
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Pizarro and his followers in Lima in 1535
The Conquest of Peru
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English landed in North America and began to set up colonies along the eastern coast. Massacred them and drove them into the interior. gurudeva.weebly.com
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About 15 to 20 million African slaves were transported forcibly to America. gurudeva.weebly.com
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To work on sugar cane farms, corn fields, tobacco fields and cotton fields. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig. 17.2:Illustration showing 292 slaves being stowage in the lower deck of ship
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During 1500 to 1800, most of Central and South America was brought under the control of Spain and Portugal.
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Since Spanish and Portuguese languages are considered off shoots of Latin, these countries are called “Latin American” countries. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Half of the inhabitants had been killed or died of diseases brought by Europeans.
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The residents of these countries are 1. A mix of native Indians 2. Spanish and Portuguese settlers 3. Descendents of African slaves.
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Look at the map of South America around 1800 to identify the countries controlled by the different powers. Map 2: South America - 1800. gurudeva.weebly.com
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They were heavily taxed - labour supply to the mines and farms owned by the Spanish. 51
Their temples were destroyed converted to Roman Catholic religion.
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Rebellions in 17th and 18th centuries - mercilessly crushed lacked the arms by Spanish. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Haciendas were vast estates of thousands of acres which contained silver and copper mines, agricultural lands and pastures and also factories. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The settled Spanish did not have any role in the administration of the colonies which were controlled by the Spanish government from Europe.
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Spanish landlords exported sugar, meat, tin and copper. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Meat
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TIN
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Copper
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Why do you think the Spanish Settlers were not allowed positions of importance in the government of the colonies? gurudeva.weebly.com
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The colonies were forced to develop cultivation of commercial crops & sold cheaply.
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Compare the Zamindari system in the Nizam state and the haciendas of South America. What similarities and differences do you find between them? Try to formulate the grievances of the following people of the Latin American colonies: 1.Spanish settlers who owned haciendas 2.Small Spanish farmers settled in America 3.Native Americans 4.African slaves settled in Latin America gurudeva.weebly.com
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The people of the Spanish colonies disliked Spanish nobles.
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Revolts broke out against Spain from 1810 in Latin America. 67
Between 1816 and 1826 most of the Latin American countries became independent. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Caracas
Simon Bolivar VENEZULA led a revolutionary army supported by people. This army liberated Venezuela. gurudeva.weebly.com
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San Martin liberated Chile, Peru and Argentina by 1817.
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Brazil which was a colony of Portugal became independent in 1822. Thus BRAZIL ended the colonial rule in South America.
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By 1820s USA had emerged as a major economic and political power and actively discouraged any European power to establish control over this area. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig. 17.3: An Inca site of worship known as Machu Picchu in today’s Peru. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The President of USA James Monroe ‘Munroe Doctrine’ “No European colonies in the American continents and US will not interfere in the affairs of Europe or colonies in other continents”. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Munroe’s speech of 1823 “The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonisation by any European powers.” gurudeva.weebly.com
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Britain which had a powerful navy supported the Munroe doctrine. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Very large landlords Villages of poor Indian communities
Semi slaves
A large number of slaves Poor farmers Industry and trade
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European Colonialism in Asia
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India, China and Japan-densely populated by prosperous peasant communitiespowerful empires - vast armies. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Mughal Empire- defeated Europeans able to establish power - ports like Goa they controlled the oceanic trade. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Portuguese seaborne empire
16th century - The Portuguese established - ‘seaborne empire’ - Indian Ocean - pay a special tribute - if not, attacked and looted. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Holland and England - East India Companies in 1600-1602 – trade - cotton and silk textiles, spices, steel - 400% profit. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Dutch: The people of Holland are called the ‘Dutch’. The official name of Holland today is Netherlands.
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The Dutch Company - In 1800 – Indonesia – use Indonesia as a source of revenue- native people deliver products like coffee, sugar and spices as taxes - resulted poverty and famines. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig. 17.4: Dutch imperial imagery representing the Dutch East Indies (1916) The text reads Our most precious jewel. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Dutch government budget
25% Profits
25% of the Dutch government budget came from these profits. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Rubber, pepper or sugarcaneextensively planted and managed by Dutch planters. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Dutch introduced coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and rubber and large expanses of land became plantations. mining tin and petroleum. invested heavily in railway, telegraph lines. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Coffee
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Coffee
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Coffee
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Coffee
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tea gurudeva.weebly.com
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tea
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tea plantation
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Cocoa gurudeva.weebly.com
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Cocoa
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Cocoa gurudeva.weebly.com
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Cocoa gurudeva.weebly.com
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Cocoa
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tobacco gurudeva.weebly.com
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Rubber
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TIN
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petroleum
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Railways gurudeva.weebly.com
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Telegraph Line
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The Dutch Indonesia produced most of the world's supply of quinine and pepper, over a third of its rubber, a quarter of its coconut products, and a fifth of its tea, sugar, coffee and oil gurudeva.weebly.com
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Quinine
Pepper, gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Dutch power was ended by Japan during the second World War. Indonesia became independent after the world war along with India. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The Portuguese Goa -15th centuryTill Aurangzeb, no European power. After 1700 establish political control - French – Pondicherry – Bengal Nawab Bengal in 1757. 112
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Chinese rulers realized the danger of allowing Europeans to trade gurudeva.weebly.com
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China was not brought under direct political control of any European power. China thus had to pay heavy war indemnity. gurudeva.weebly.com
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• 1. Opium was an extremely harmful drug . • 2. Opium was grown in India well. gurudeva.weebly.com
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• 3. It was smuggled into China by the East India Company. • 4. Chinese government prohibited its import into the country.
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• 5. Opium were illegally imported into China by the British merchants. gurudeva.weebly.com
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• 6. The Chinese Government destroyed the Opium boxes. • 7. England could not tolerate it and waged “Opium Wars” against China between 1839-42 and 1857-58.
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Opium
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• The opium wars were fought between China and England. • The First opium war held in the years 1839-1842. • The Second opium war held in the years 1857-1858. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig. 17.5: British navy in the first Opium war.
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• 1. China was defeated. • 2. China allowed Opium trade without restrictions. • 3. Trading enclaves in China in which only English laws could be in force. • 4. Forced to give the most favoured nation treatment. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Fig. 17.6: Water colour on paper titled ‘Macao street scene’ from 1840. Macao was one of the port cities in China where Europeans were allowed to conduct trade.
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The local industries did not develop in China. gurudeva.weebly.com
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England, France, Germany, Russia and Japan forced the Chinese government. China came to be controlled economically and politically not by one country but by several European countries. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Japan was seeking colonies. Japan waged a war against China in 1894-95 127
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Main products imported by western countries from China was _________. The product that western countries tried to sell in China was __________. Asian country that tried to influence trade in China was _______________. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Middle of 19th century the Europeans showed little interest in establishing colonial power in Africa. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Between the 16th and 19th century it was just used as a source of slaves who were sold off in America. gurudeva.weebly.com
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European traders had avoided the interior regions. 144
After 1850 entered interiors of Arica prepare maps of the places, mineral sources, forests and products and the people living there. gurudeva.weebly.com
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David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley (Belgium) mapped Southern and Central Africa. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton, John Speke and James Grant located the great central lakes and the source of the Nile. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Richard Burton gurudeva.weebly.com
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John Speke and James Grant
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John Speke and James Grant
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Europeans traced the courses of the Niger, Congo and Zambezi resources of Africa. gurudeva.weebly.com
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As industrialisation proceeded Europe after 1850, they sought markets in Africa.
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‘Scramble for Africa’ began in 1870s. In 1870s 10% of Africa was under colonial powers and within 40 years almost the entire continent with the exception of Ethiopia and a couple of small states.
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Scramble for Africa: It is used to describe the frantic claim of African territories by the European Countries. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Look at the Map of Africa in 1913 to see the extent of colonial possessions of the European powers in Africa. Compare the map with a modern map of Africa. Make a list of the large African countries and write against their names the countries that had colonised them. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Map 3: Africa - 1913.
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From 1869 to 1874, Stanley, the explorer was secretly sent by King Leopold II (Belgium) to the Congo. He made treaties with several African chiefs. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Leopold II (Belgium)
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He added the kingdom of Katanga by killing its king. By 1882 Leopold’s African territories grew up to 2,300,000 square kilometres, about 75 times larger than Belgium. It was called the Congo Free State. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Leopold II owned source of ivory and rubber. - imposed a reign of terror -mass killings - forced labour. Each person supply a quota of rubber - didn’t fulfill hands cut off. gurudeva.weebly.com
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16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908. gurudeva.weebly.com
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The English outpost - Cape of Good Hope - passing ships to rest and replenish food supplies. Some Dutch farmers had settled in this area to cultivate and sell the produce to the passing ships. gurudeva.weebly.com
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They came into conflict with the local African peoples called Boers. The Boers were dissatisfied and migrated to new areas – established independent republics. gurudeva.weebly.com
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South Africa – Boers (The Dutch)
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South Africa – Boers (The Dutch)
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South Africa – Boers (The Dutch)
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South Africa – Boers (The Dutch)
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IMPERIALISM IN INDIA • The first European nation that came first to India to make trade was The Portuguese. gurudeva.weebly.com
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IMPERIALISM IN INDIA • The Battle of Plassey took place in the year 1757.
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Gold & diamond mines were discovered – 186986 – from Europe, Africa and India migrated to gain from the mining boom.
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Two bitter wars - ended in 1902 and the British consolidated all the regions of South Africa into one ‘Union of South Africa’. gurudeva.weebly.com
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South Africa - population 1. European migrants -20% 2. Black Africans- 75% 3. Indians - 5% 4. Chinese. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Native Africans were subjected to Apartheid Policy.
1. Heavy taxation 2. No civic rights 3.No voting 4. remain confined to a very small demarcated area 5. Only 10% land 6. Discriminatory laws gurudeva.weebly.com
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The African people fought against it for almost the entire 29th century and finally ended it in 1994. 184
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1. Colonialism The policy of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. gurudeva.weebly.com
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2. Latin America The parts of the American continent where Spanish or Portuguese is the main national language. gurudeva.weebly.com
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. Relating to the Turkish dynasty of Osman I (Othman I), founded in c.1300. gurudeva.weebly.com
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4. Explorations Travel through (an unfamiliar area) in order to learn about it. Investigate or discuss in detail. gurudeva.weebly.com
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5.
The system of Apartheid discrimination on grounds of race in force in South Africa 1948–91.
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6. Haciendas
A large estate with a house. gurudeva.weebly.com
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A policy of the United States introduced on Dec. 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as 7. Munroeacts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. doctrine gurudeva.weebly.com
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8. Opium
An addictive drug prepared from the juice of a poppy used as a narcotic.
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discovery The process of discovering. gurudeva.weebly.com
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colonisation Establish a colony in a place or country. gurudeva.weebly.com
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If you were a citizen of Britain, could you support its colonisation? As an Indian citizen could you support or reject colonisation. Give a brief account of your views. gurudeva.weebly.com
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Locate the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French colonies in the world map and filled with different colours. gurudeva.weebly.com
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1. Match the following: i. Opium war a) Belgium ii. Ottoman empire b) Spain iii. Personally owned the colony c) controlled trade before colonisation iv. Settling farmers d) China gurudeva.weebly.com
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K. Suresh, S.A., S.S., Z.P. (BOYS) High School, SRIKALAHASTI
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