International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

A Review Of Genetic Diversity of Marine Macrozoobenthos for Marine Conservation Aradea Bujana Kusuma* Marine Science Depertement, University Of Bengkulu. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Genetic diversity is a variability or differences in genes that occur in a population of organisms. Genetic differentiation within species occurs as a result of sexual reproduction. Combination of genes or mutations DNA caused by Genetic differences between individuals on same offspring. Therefore, genetic diversity has important role in the evolution of a species to adapted on environment changes and environmental damage. For some marine macrozoobenthos, environment damage have been one of the major problems. It is caused they have sedentary habitat that could not be able to avoid from the damage. Damage of macrozoobenthos habitat could reduce the population. The decreased of population will lead to inbreeding in a population. Inbreeding that occurs in a species will decrease the genetic diversity. Whereas, genetic diversity have negative affect on the abilities of some species to adapted on environmental change. Therefore, there is necessary efforts to be able to maintain the genetic diversity of macrozoobenthos. Genetic conservation efforts is very important to do. The genetic conservation will help preserve its existence and management of wildlife on identify a series of animal conservation unit. Keyword: Conservation, DNA, Genetic, Macrozoobenthos, Population.

INTRODUCTION Macrozoobenthos is animal who live in seafloor or marine substrate. The size of Macrozoobenthos

is 1.0 mm. According to Payne (1986), zoobenthos is an animal

who has several or all life cycle in substrate. Based on life cycle, macrozoobenthos are classified in two types, which are, infauna and epifauna (Barnes & Mann, 1994). Infauna is an animal that lived within substrate and epifauna is an animal that live in the surface of substrate (Hutchinson, 1993). Molluscas are the kind of infauna, and coral reef are epifauna that found in marine substrate. Molluscas have a function as decomposser in the marine ecosystem. Coral reef are called as large macrozoobenthos ecosystem in the marine ecosystem. Coral reef have a many function in the ecosystem. Based on ecology function, as nursery ground, feeding ground and spawning ground for other organism in the marine ecosystem. On physic function, as barrier for costal to protected from abration. Molluscas moved very slowly, for some macrozoobenthos like coral reef was sessile. They can not be avoid from environmental damage. The environmental damage could have an impact on ecologis function damage. Epifauna is more sensitive than Infauna to detect environmental change (Pennak, 1989). The damage of marine

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

environmental such as oil pollution, coal exploration, waste of industries, destructive fishing gear could be impacted on decrease of macrozoobenthos in environmental. The relative sensitivities of 309 common invertebrate species in marine waters are presented for environmental and anthropogenic pressures such as organic enrichment, sedimentation and fisheries (Gittenberger and Loon, 2013). The decreased of macrozoobenthos can be increasing the potention of inbreeding in some population. Table 1. Genetic Diversity Of Mollusca and Coras accessed from the number of the haplotype (Hn), haplotype diversity (Hd), and nucleotide diversity (π), N indicated the number of samples for each site Species

Population N

Genetic Diversity Hn

Hd

π

DNA Fragment

References

Genetic Diversity of Mollusca Turbo sparverius

Manokwari 20 6

0.657

0.0018

COI

Saleky, 2016

Turbo bruneus

Manokwari 18 6

0.785

0.0032

COI

Saleky, 2016

Tridacna squamosa

Singapore

20 6

0.72 ± 0.088

0.31 ± 0.22

COI

Neo,2012

27 10

0.86 ± 0.041

0.76 ± 0.45

COI

Neo,2012

30 4

0.356 ± 0.106

0.0024 ± 0.0015

COI

Keeney, 2009

Tridacna crocea Singapore Zeacumantus subcarinatus

Deborah Bay

Genetic Diversity of Corals Acropora cervicornis Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Anemonia alicemartinae

Florida

54

21

0.824

0.00242 mtDNA

Hemond, 2010

Sulawesi

24

11

0.6

0.002

ND2

Kusuma et al, 2016

Quiriquina 22 Island (Peru)

5

0.338

0.10

COI

Aguirre, 2015

Sinularia

Thailand

13

10

0.962 ± 0.03588 0.041 ± 0.00463

msh1

Panithanarak, 2013

Cladiella

Thailand

55

2

0.168 ± 0.00024 0.064 ± 0.00009

msh1

Panithanarak, 2013

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Inbreeding is a mating of organism that closely related in the same of male and female (Gusrina, 2012). Inbreeding in the populatin could lead low genetic diversity. Genetic diversity has been defined as the variety of alleles and genotypes present in a population and

this is reflected in morphological, physiological and behavioural differences between individuals and populations (Frankham et al. 2002). Acording to, Arifin (2007) the lower genetic diversity is indicated as slow rate of growth, high rate of mortality, and early maturity. in addition to, lower genetic diversity can be impacted on immune system (Mantau, 2005), than caused of death. Therefore, the genetic diversity of macrozoobenthos need to protect. Moleculer identification can be used as some effort to protect the genetic diversity. Macrozoobenthos was important organism in ecosystem, and the rare information of theme genetic diversity make study of genetic diversity of macrozoobenthos was important.

+ = Breeding

Figure 1. Inbreeding Model CASE STUDY - GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MARINE MACROZOOBENTHOS Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) was obtained from molluscas (Turbo sparverius, Turbo bruneus, Tridacna squamosa, Tridacna crocea, Zeacumantus subcarinatus) in 3 research. The results of haplotype diversity molluscas shown the high until lower value. Haplotype diversity of Zeacumantus subcarinatus (0.356 ± 0.106) was lowes than

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

other. The haplotype diversity of Turbo sparverius (0.657), Turbo bruneus (0.785) and Tridacna squamosa (0.86 ± 0.041) were moderate chategory. The highiest haplotype diversity was Tridacna crocea (0.86 ± 0.041). The COI, msh1, ND2 and MtDNA were collected from coral. Haplotype diversity of Anemonia alicemartinae (0.338) and Cladiella (0.168 ± 0.064) were lowes than Acropora cervicornis (0.824), Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (0.6), Sinularia (0.962 ± 0.041). According to Nei (1987), there are three chategories of the value of genetic diversity, which are hight (0,8 – 1), moderate (0,5 - 0,7), and low (0,1 - 0,4). The low of genetic diversity value indicated low size of population in ecosystem. Nuryanto (2009) said that high genetic diversity value can be used to figured the size of population, in which the decrease of size population impacted on genetic diversity. There have been much factors that can decrease the size population of macrozoobenthos which are over exploitation, antrophogenic pollution, oil pollution, global warming and tourism activity (Kusuma, 2016). The sediment pollution from dredging of shipping lanes and nearshore construction activities in Singapore be a major problem, even when the exploitation of clams has ceased. Sediment have negative impact on giant clams in numerous ways, for example, by interfering with their filter feeding, by increasing turbidity and thus reducing light reaching the photosynthetic symbiotic zooxanthellae in the clam’s mantle tissues, and by covering reef substrates with a layer of sediment that makes it difficult for clam larvae to settle (Neo et al. 2012). In addition, the genetic diversity of coastal gastropods at New Zealand was decrease caused by lowering of sea levels and associated changes in coastal habitat during glacial periods (Keeney et al. 2009) The Barrier or geographic isolation also can impact on dari genetic diversity in some population. Gene flow can lead the decrease of genetic diversity, there is no isolation of some population can maintain the genetic diversity. Saleky, (2016) Gene flow and geographic isolation were affected by geographical distance and environment complexity. Genetic similarities might also exist due to the similarity of habitats in each population. There is no barrier can be allow sexual reproduction via outcrossing between Population. In general, marine invertebrates with high dispersal capabilities and life histories that include pelagic phases and large population sizes are expected to show high levels of gene flow and a low population genetic structure over small spatial scales

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IMPLICATION FOR CONSERVATION The studies on genetic diversity of marine macrozoobenthos can be considered rare, fragmentation and rarity of suitable habitats are the main resons. studies on the genetic diversity of rare species in fragmented habitats have been a basic assessing their risk of extinction, especially in the context of increased habitat fragmentation by human activities. Genetic diversity is the foundational basis of all conservation efforts because genetic diversity is requisite for evolutionary adaptation, and such adaptation is the key to the long-term survival of any species (Schemske et al. 1994). The Application and uses of genetic diversity for conservation should be better to understanding. It migh be easily to what to determining conserve as well as where to conserve, and will improve our understanding of the taxonomy and origin and evolution of macrozoobenthos species of interest. Knowledge of both these topics is essential for collecting and use of any macrozoobenthos species. There are three ways to protect the genetic diversity, which are prevention of marin ecosystem damage, minimizing inbreeding, and integrated coastal management. The understanding of larval transport in and out of reserves is required in designing of marine reserve systems, whether reserves will be self-breeding, whether they will accumulate recruits from surrounding exploited areas, and whether reserve networks can exchange recruits (Palumbi, 2003). Direct measurements of mean larval dispersal are needed to understand connectivity in a reserve system, but such measurements are difficult due to logistic problems of tracking marine larvae. Genetic patterns of population structure and gene flow have the potential to add to direct measurement of larval dispersal distance and can help set the appropriate geographic scales on which marine reserve systems will function effectively. Dispersal, and larva survival rate are importan factor of genetic diversity of macrozoobenthos.

Figure 2. Stepping-Stone Model (Palumbi, 2003) Integeration management of ecosystem is need to protect the genetic connectivity of larva of macrozoobenthos. According to Kusuma (2016), the protection of genetic connectivity between population can help the distribute of macrozoobenthos. 256

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Moreover, the designing of adaptive marine protected areas that connected by genetic to establish strong carrying capacity of ecology as spawning and nursery ground. Because genetic connectivity is well maintained can increase the genetic diversity.

CONCLUSION Genetic diversity and demographic analysis are important tools for marine conservation, these tools can be used to creat the basis form of marine conservation management. Designing of adaptive marine protected areas that connected by genetic to establish strong carrying capacity of ecology as spawning and nursery ground. Because genetic connectivity is well maintained can increase the genetic diversity.

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