IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, July 2014, Pg. 384-387

International Journal of Research in Information Technology (IJRIT) www.ijrit.com

ISSN 2001-5569

A Review on Various Collision Detection and Avoidance Methods for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Neena Thakur1, Pankaj Kumar2 Department of Computer Science & Engineering Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected]

Abstract Safety is always the most important issue in every respect, so it has attracted attention of researchers. Safety applications include collision warning, obstacle detection and avoidance, highway/railway collision avoidance. Collision avoidance is crucial area to work at as there is an increased rate of collisions between vehicles in fog during night time or zero visibility situations, vehicle search and rescue operations in inconvenient places [1], so any method that can reduce it to some extend will be beneficial to the society. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) enables wireless communication among vehicles to benefit the society with improved transportation safety and efficiency. The existing methods of collision detection and avoidance for VANET are not efficient to meet every traffic scenarios. In this paper, we discussed the merits and demerits of existing collision detection and avoidance methods for VANET, which will help to develop new cooperative collision detection and avoidance strategy or improvement of existing methods in near future. Keywords: VANET, WSN, Collision Detection, Collision avoidance

1. Introduction Collision avoidance requires reliable and instantaneous information exchange between vehicles [5]. Collision can be avoided by assisting the drivers with timely information. Now days, by using Vehicular Ad hoc Network vehicles are able to communicate with each other to avoid any critical situations such as vehicle collisions, speed control, vehicle and unseen obstacles etc. In the last years VANET has gained increasing attention of research community due to the wide variety of services they provide and likely to be deployed commercially in coming years. This type of network enables communication between vehicles without any infrastructure and without costly network to be deployed. VANET is a form of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), which enables vehicle-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-roadside infrastructure (V2I) communication via wireless network. With the emerge of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and VANET a new type of Intelligent Navigation System can be deployed. WSN are deployed in resource-constrained and hostile environment such as dense jungles for habitat monitoring and battlefields for enemy troop movement monitoring. A large number of sensor nodes deployed over a geographical area of interest. These tiny sensor nodes are self-organize to form a multi-hop network and relay critical information to a sink node which acts as a gateway to a backbone network. The gathered data is analyzed to take appropriate decisions [3]. Sensors are used to sense information which helps us in avoiding or managing major hazards. These sensor networks play an important role in safety applications such as collision, safety warning Neena Thakur,

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IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, July 2014, Pg. 384-387

systems to assist drivers, intelligent traffic management system. Sensors in vehicles provide information such as its position, average speed. These sensors form a network on top of the VANET communication structure [6]. Various research projects on VANET are going on such as COMCAR, DRIVE, FleetNet, NoW (Network on Wheel), CarTALK2000, CarNet [7]. The FCC in the United States has allocated 75 MHz band for Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) to enable communication-based safety [9]. In this research paper we focus on reviewing collision detection and avoidance methods in VANET. The paper is organized as follows: Section II describes overview of VANET architecture and section III discusses literature review on various methods for collision detection and avoidance in VANET. We conclude in section IV and at the end add references.

2. Overview of VANET Architecture VANET is Ad hoc communication network composed of vehicles and a roadside base station to provide ubiquitous connectivity to the moving vehicles on the road [2]. A vehicular Ad Hoc networks are noninfrastructure based network that do not have any central administration for communication between vehicles. With the emerge of wireless technology vehicles now a days have become more intelligent to avoid any critical situation.

Fig. 1: Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Architecture [6] A VANET node is a vehicle equipped with an On-Board Unit (OBU). These OBUs frequently broadcast traffic related information such as current position, direction, acceleration, speed and any event etc. To other vehicles and to the base station (Roadside Unit) located alongside the road to transmit/receive messages generated by the network if any incident such as vehicle collision occurs. Each vehicle node has two interfaces: IEEE802.11p Interface for vehicle-vehicle (V2V) communication and IEEE 802.15.4 Interface for vehicle-roadside infrastructure (V2I) communication [7]. High mobility of vehicles, frequently changing topology, variation in network density and vehicle’s velocity poses challenges to design a routing protocol for VANET to avoid incident like collision, traffic congestion etc. 2.1 Features of VANET • • • • • • •

Highly Dynamic Topology Frequent Network Disconnection High Mobility of Vehicle Interaction with On-Board Sensors Sufficient Storage and Energy Less Bandwidth Consumption Multi-hop Communication

Neena Thakur,

IJRIT

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IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, July 2014, Pg. 384-387

2.2 Challenges in VANET • •

• • •

Mobility: Due to the very high speed of vehicles, the topology of VANET changes frequently. Volatility in Network Connection: Due to the highly dynamic topology, the link connectivity changes frequently, the network resources allocated to vehicles are wasted due to frequent link disconnection. Variation in Network Density: The density of vehicles in VANET varies from small in highway to large in city. To deal with this highly dynamic traffic flow is important yet challenging. Quality-of-Service (QoS): VANET provides safety applications, which needs low latency and reliability. The safety related information should be handled at higher priority. Data Dissemination: The traffic information in critical situations such as collision, traffic jam etc. requires broadcasting rather than unicasting. In broadcasting, a vehicle does not need the destination address and the route information.

3. Literature Review In recent years a lot of research on VANET has been done to identify several issues which need to be resolved for widespread adoption. VANET is designed to improve driving safety.VANET does not guarantee timely detection of collision or maintain communication connectivity when the network density is low i.e. in rural areas. Authors of [3] designed hybrid architecture to combine the features of VANET and a roadside sensor network for intelligent navigation. They suggested that a vehicle can detect a jam on the road if the speed of the vehicle is lower than a threshold a warning message about traffic jam is send to the nearby WSN sink node. If the density of these messages is higher than a threshold and average speed of vehicle is lower than a threshold, it is predicted that there is a jam. A congested road message is broadcasted to VANET Conversely, if the density is lower than a threshold, sink node broadcast a message which indicates the current road is out of congestion. To design an efficient VANET, a vehicular mobility model is required [1]. In this authors proposed a vehicular mobility model where different challenges and applications of VANET are evaluated. Several mobility parameters like vehicle speed, vehicular density, vehicular velocity, acceleration/deceleration and human behavior are used to evaluate any VANET design. The authors of [9] discussed that the collision avoidance requires reliable and instantaneous information exchange. Effective information dissemination is a critical problem in VANET due to its highly dynamic topology and mobility, the traffic information should be broadcasted without any delay. A lot of broadcasting protocols have been reviewed in the literature. These are: Single-hop Broadcasting, In this each vehicle has traffic information with itself and this information is transferred to all the vehicles in its one-hop neighborhood. Broadcast interval is the key factor to be considered to design the broadcast protocol for VANET. TrafficInfo is a fixed broadcast interval protocol in which each vehicle has a Global Positioning System (GPS) and digital road map and periodically broadcast the traffic information stored in its database. In adaptive broadcast interval protocols, the broadcast interval can be adjusted. Collision Ratio Control Protocol (CRCP) is an adaptive interval based Single-hop Broadcasting protocol, which dynamically change the broadcast interval based on the number of packet collisions. Inspite of the vehicle density, the collision ratio is kept at a targeted level. Single-hop broadcasting scheme is inefficient in broadcasting. In Multi-hop Broadcasting Protocol, information is flooded in the network. It is divided into three categories: Delay Based Multi-hop Broadcasting Protocol, different waiting time is assigned to each vehicle. The vehicle with a shortest waiting time gets the highest priority to rebroadcast the packet. Urban Multi-hop Broadcast (UMB) Protocol, Smart Broadcast (SB) and Efficient Directional Broadcast (EDB) are delay-based multi-hop broadcast protocol. In Probabilistic Based broadcasting protocol, each vehicle is assigned a probability and packet is rebroadcast according to the assigned probability. The third category of multi-hop broadcast protocol is network coding which reduce the number of transmissions in the network to increase the throughput. In [10], a Radar based collision detection technique has been proposed but it has limitation that it can detect collision when the vehicle is in the front or rear. Such system exchanges the information about the position and speed of the vehicle using single-hop WLAN at 360° angle of coverage. It introduces the problem of hidden vehicles, where the transmitter of colliding vehicles is not within the range of each other. This method of collision detection takes more time. [8] In this paper, authors proposed a model for collision detection. The information such as ID of the vehicle, location of the vehicle, speed of the vehicle, the angle of turn, the stopping distance of the vehicle and the reporting time of the information Neena Thakur,

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IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, July 2014, Pg. 384-387

is exchanged among the neighboring vehicles and then a 2D cone of movement is calculated. This cone of movement predicts collision points for the vehicle. Once the collision is identified, collision avoidance technique is performed. The number of collision points is calculated on the basis of the difference between the number of collision points and the preset value, the force is applied on the breaking system along with the steering system .The Double C-Curve movement is used to keep the vehicle away from colliding with each other. The modified path information ( ID of the vehicle, reporting time of the information, current position of the vehicle, future position of the vehicle that causes collision, time of collision, alternate path and previous collision zone area) is added to the information packet sent. Authors of [5], proposed a relay scheme for Cooperative Collision Warning to reduce the impact of transmission failure caused by shadow fading. An accurate and timely massage may avoid a collision risk. Each vehicle periodically broadcast information about its position, velocity and potential collision target information to its neighbors, on receiving this information from neighboring vehicle, the local vehicle adds it to its neighbor list. On the basis of motion of local vehicle and the received one, the collision detection algorithm calculates the collision risk between two vehicles. Each vehicle besides calculating its own collision risk, it also calculates the collision risk of its neighboring vehicle. If it has detected collision and the neighbor keep quit, it broadcast a relay packet containing information of two vehicles involved in collision but this scheme lacks in several technical challenges such as motion information broadcasting without acknowledgement, secondly a multiple third party vehicles can accomplish the relay task so, to overcome this a coordination method is required to avoid multiple transmission.

4. Conclusions In this paper, we presented a brief survey of various schemes appropriate to detect and prevent collision between vehicles. We have also discussed some important strengths and shortcomings of current research. The existing methods for collision avoidance require complex computations and are not efficient to meet every traffic scenarios. Thus a cooperative and simple collision detection and avoidance scheme is required to be developed in future.

References [1]. Sandeep Tayal, Malay Ranjan Tripathy”VANET-Challenges in selection of Vehicular Mobility Model” Second International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies. 2008 [2]. Radhika.K,Tejas M Vasavada,Krupali Shah,Chandni Shah”Applications of WSN in VANET” National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology.May 2011 [3]. Rongyan Xia, Chen Ye, Dongdong Zhang”Vehicle to Vehicle and Roadside Sensor Communication for Intelligent Navigation” IEEE 2010 [4]. V. Ramya Krishnan, T Rajesh”Vanet Based Proficient Collision Detection and Avoidance Strategy for Cars by using Double-C Curve Movement Algorithm”International Journal Of Computer Application & Information Technology,Vol. I, Issue II,September 2012 (ISSN: 2278-7720) [5]. Chung-Ming Huang, Lai Tu, Chih-Hsun Chou”ReWarn: An Opportunistic Relay Scheme for Cooperative Collision Warning in VANET” IEEE 2009 [6]. Rahat Ali Khan, Shakeel Ahmed Shah, Muhammad Abdul Aleem, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Asad Ali Shaikh, Muhmaad Aslam Kumbhar”Wireless Sensor Networks: A Solution for Smart Transportaion” Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 4, April 2012 [7]. Bijan Paul, Mohammed J. Islam”Survey over VANET Routing protocols for Vehicle to Vehocle Communication” IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering(IOSRJCE), Vol. 7, Issue 5(Nov-Dec. 2012), PP 01-09 [8]. Tanwee Kausar, Priyanka Gupta, Deepesh Arora, Rishabh Kumar”A Vanet based Cooperative Collision Avoidance System for a 4-Lane Highway” [9]. Rakesh Kumar, Mayank Dave”A Review of Various VANET Data Dissemination Protocols” International Journal of u- and e-Serviceol. 5, No. 3, September,2012 [10]. Highway safety Website: http://www.iihs.org/research/qanda/Crash_avoidance.asas

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A Review on Various Collision Detection and ...

avoidance for VANET are not efficient to meet every traffic scenarios. .... each vehicle has traffic information with itself and this information is transferred to all the ...

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