ACCESS TO THE LITERATURE OF MUSIC MEDICINE THROUGH CAIRSSTM (COMPUTER-ASSISTED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SERVICE SYSTEM) [In R. Pratt and R. Spintge (eds.), Music Medicine II, 317-26. St. Louis: MMB Music.] Charles T. Eagle Department of Music Therapy: Medicine & Health Southern Methodist University and Donald A. Hodges Institute for Music Research University of Texas at San Antonio INTRODUCTION Research—Practice—Theory. 1.What is being done in each of these three aspects, 2. how is it being done, 3. who is doing it, and 4. where in the world is it being done? Equally important, 5. when was it done and 6. why? These are the six essential questions in any discipline or profession, including music medicine. Without resolution of the what, how, who, where, when, and why of music medicine, it shall not be taken as seriously by collegial observers of the art/science, nor will we researchers, practitioners, and theorizers of it be fully confident of ourselves. As a consequence and, most importantly, the patients, clients, and students whom we serve through the knowledges and skills of music medicine will not be nurtured to the fullest extent possible. Nor will they or we be served IF an interconnecting paradigm is not envisioned among the three aspects of research, practice, and theory. Wisely and succinctly, Gaston (1968) has said that “without practice and research, theory is impotent and unproven; without theory and research, practice is blind; and without theory and practice, research is inapplicable” (p. 408). To fail to have evidence of any one of the necessary three legs of the tripod of research, practice, and theory in music medicine is to court failure in all three. The success of our discipline depends, therefore, on knowing the composition of the tripod and the relationships among its three legs. Only then can we rise to a higher level of confident attainment in music medicine, metaphorically standing on the tripod and accessing a felt

worldview of who we are in the discipline--confident but not arrogant, philosophical and also practical, caring, and providing meaning in life. This is the foundational intent of the CAIRSSTM for Music Project, both as process and product. The Computer-Assisted Information Retrieval Service SystemTM (CAIRSS) has been developed to meet the need for a single comprehensive source of literature pertaining to the function of music in nature . . . in its art and science . . . its art/science. More specifically, CAIRSS for MusicTM (Hodges & Eagle, 1992) is a bibliographic database of music research, its clinical and educational practice and theory. CAIRSS has been developed to meet the evidential requirements of practitioners who need to know the latest and best clinical music procedures described in the literature, of researchers who need to know about the published music studies relevant to their own, and of theoreticians who need to know why something has happened in the findings reported in music research literature. As has become readily apparent, this literature (hereinafter called by the inclusive term “research”) is reported in many publications throughout the world, making identification of and access to the research sometimes nearly impossible, but certainly timeconsuming and frustrating. Recent advancements in technology have aided in the search for relevant music literature with several electronic strategies. For example, some music research literature can be identified in such many-topical electronic databases as EMBASE, ERIC, and MEDLINE. However, there is only one database that is devoted solely to the music research literature: CAIRSS for Music. Researchers from any location in the world now have immediate and easy electronic on-line access to computerized searches of thousands of relevant periodical articles in music research, from hundreds of journals published worldwide. The purpose of this chapter, then, is (a) to describe the historical development of CAIRSS and the current operational status of the resulting database, (b) to present a description of the contents of CAIRSS, (c) to provide speculations of the envisioned future directions for CAIRSS.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CAIRSS CAIRSS was established in 1969. A thorough investigation of finding published music research literature was instigated in an attempt to bring it together into a single, comprehensive source. Over the ensuing 25 years, a global search has been made to identify and collate published music research, relevant particularly to medicine but also to psychology, education, therapy, and other related areas. Support for this process has been provided by several institutions, including the National Association for Music Therapy (1970-1977), Southern Methodist University (19751994), Texas Woman’s University (1972-1975), University of Miami (1969-1972), and University of Texas at San Antonio (1988-1994). As the CAIRSS Project has continued, no less than 21 formal presentations have been made about its progress and results, to such international audiences as dance therapists, drama therapists, music educators, music performers, music therapists, neurophysiologists, physicians (various), psychoacousticians, and psychologists (Eagle 1976b, 1978b, 1978c, 1979b, 1979c, 1980d, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993a, 1993b; Eagle & Dubler 1970; Eagle & Hodges 1978, 1994; Eagle & Lathom 1972; Eagle, Miniter, & Drennan 1977; Eagle & Prewitt 1973; Hodges & Eagle 1993a, 1993b, 1994a, 1994b). Among these, the first formal results of the CAIRSS Project were presented to a meeting of the Music Teachers National Association in 1970 (Eagle & Dubler), and subsequently published in 1971 (Eagle & Dubler). In all, 11 publications have carried informational details about CAIRSS for Music (Eagle 1976c, 1979a, 1980a, 1980b, 1980c, 1992, 1994; Eagle and Dubler 1971; Eagle & Hodges 1992; Eagle & Miniter 1985; Eagle & Prewitt 1974). The initial, first generational efforts of CAIRSS for Music eventuated in a printed series of three indexes. The three index volumes were computer-generated (mainframe) from a series of evolving software programs: KWOC (Keywords Out Of Context)1, KWIC (KeyWords In Context), WADEX (Word And Author Index) (Ripperger, Wooster, Juhasz, Falconer, Roach, & Stanton 1966), and finally, the nine subroutines of COWAX2`. The last subroutine of it provided the final format for the printing of the three indexes.

The first index publication was Music therapy index, Volume 1 (Eagle, 1976a). This volume contained bibliographical citations of music research--with music therapy as the central focus-published between 1960 and 1975. The second was Music psychology index, Volume 2 (Eagle, 1978a). The change of title reflected an evolving philosophy due to the expanding relevance of literature in music research, especially to medicine and psychology as well as music therapy. This can be seen especially in its subtitle: The international interdisciplinary index of the influence of music on behavior: References to the literature from the natural and behavioral sciences, and the fine and therapeutic arts for the years 1976-77. The third and final printed volume was Music psychology index, Volume 3 (Eagle & Miniter, 1984); it contained relevant citations published 1978-1980. Summary data of the three index volumes indicate over 6,000 bibliographic entries covering music research literature from 1960-1980. These citations are listed under more than 16,000 keyword descriptors and names of authors found in those references. With the publication of Volume 3 in 1984, work on CAIRSS for Music ceased. The enormity of the subject had become overwhelming, due to the following reasons: First, new professional organizations in music medicine, such as the International Arts Medicine Association, International Society for Music in Medicine, and Performing Arts Medicine Association, were being established during the 1980s. Second, there was an increasing number of national and international conferences specifically oriented to the function and use of music in various medical specialties and settings. Third, there was an increasing number of related refereed journals that began publication, including International journal of arts medicine, Music perception, and Music therapy perspectives. Fourth, a holistic art/science philosophy had led literally to hundreds of sources of thousands of relevant articles. Fifth, a “revolution” in computer hardware and software was under way by the early 1980s, and consequently, a change in technology for operating CAIRSS became obvious. Sixth, it became clear that an index of citations built only from a listing of keyword descriptors in the titles and authors of articles (i.e., through KWOC, KWIC, WADEX, and COWAX mainframe computer programs) was inadequate in providing users the essential information from within the published articles. Seventh, more immediate access to published

literature via on-line computer services, rather than through time-delayed printing and distribution became apparent (i.e., printed indexes had become passé). The convergence of these seven major factors led to the conclusion that a complete overhaul of the CAIRSS Project was necessary if it were to continue in operation effectively and efficiently. Taking into account these developments, plans were made to secure the second generation of CAIRSS toward the end of the 1980s. 1. Searches were made of several electronic databases of medical literature (including MEDLINE and EMBASE) using the keywords "music" and "music therapy." Searches also were made 'by hand' of other appropriate publications and bibliographies. 2. Thirty-nine relevant fields of information were determined. These fields not only included the most pertinent ones of other bibliographic retrieval systems, but also ones that the developers considered worthy of inclusion for users of CAIRSS. 3. Desktop computers were purchased. 4. Several software programs were reviewed for relevancy; these included Bookends, Double Helix, Pro-Cite, Filemaker, and finally, Filemaker Pro. The combination of these four factors resulted in the renewed input of bibliographic materials into CAIRSS.3 5. At the same time, however, work began toward the development of a technique to determine keyword descriptors from each article-not just the titles--of each bibliographic entry in the database. This effort has resulted in a thesaurus of search terminology compatible to languages used by medical and music professionals. Thus, not only has a modern, more sophisticated, and user-friendly CAIRSS database been built, but a more complete and compatible language base for music researchers has been devised. (See Eagle, 1994: CAIRSS thesaurus, Volume 1.) Parallel with these activities taking place at Southern Methodist University in its Department of Music Therapy: Medicine & Health (DMT) during the late 1980s, the Institute for Music Research (IMR) was established at the University of Texas at San Antonio. IMR was created to promote research primarily in the areas of music psychophysiology and music technology, the activities of IMR being organized into three main categories: computer services4, conferences5, and dedicated research.6 Part of these activities at IMR included the development of an extensive database, primarily of research in music education. Subsequent consultation between the directors

of DMT and IMR led to the merger of the two databases, resulting in an appropriately expanded version and institutionalization of CAIRSS for Music. In turn, NOTIS7 was selected as the delivery system for CAIRSS. NOTIS is a comprehensive system for libraries, allowing for a wide range of management and processing functions and also to offer on-line catalogs. It is this cataloging capability that is now being used for CAIRSS. Because NOTIS automatically runs on the INTERNET, a worldwide computer network, CAIRSS is now accessible as a free bibliographic service to all users anywhere in the world.8

DESCRIPTIVE CONTENTS OF CAIRSS9 Citation Holdings Currently (1994), there are over 11,000 citations in CAIRSS. Eighteen “primary journals” form the nucleus of the database; these are so identified because more than 50% of the articles in the periodicals pertain to music research. This means that every article (including perhaps, those on art, dance, drama, etc.) that has ever been published in these journals over the years is cited in CAIRSS. This means, too, that citations of articles from these journals are added to the database as they are received on an on-going basis. These primary journals are: Arts in psychotherapy, Bulletin of the council for research in music education, Bulletin of the national association for music therapy, Contributions to music education, Hospital music newsletter, IJAM: International journal of arts medicine, Journal of the association for music and imagery, Journal of music teacher education, Journal of music therapy, Journal of research in music education, Medical problems of performing artists, Music perception, Music therapy, Music therapy perspectives, Psychology of music, Psychomusicology, The quarterly: Research in music teaching and learning, and Update: Applications of research in music education. Besides the primary journals, there are 969 additional different journals (mostly medical and psychological) published worldwide, from which pertinent articles have been selected and are currently cited in CAIRSS. There is a variety of these secondary sources that have been identified, including reference listings from ‘hand searches’ and from other databases such as

MEDLINE and EMBASE. In addition, another 551 journals have been identified, which contain relevant articles. Thus, there currently is a total of 1,538 journals identified as having pertinent references, which are published in 42 different countries in 20 languages.

Citation Contents The information for each citation in the CAIRSS database has been taken from a copy of the original article. Each citation in the database has the following: 1. All authors, 2. complete title and subtitle of the article, and if in a non-English language, the title appears in [brackets]. 3. The number of authored references and/or bibliography cited in the article is provided, as is 4. one of twelve types of documents (e.g., case study, empirical study, literature review). In addition, 5. the name of the journal is given, along with 6. its country of publication, its unique 7. ISSN and 8. CODEN designators--so that reference librarians can more easily order the article desired. 9. The language of the article is stated and 10. whether or not the article has an English abstract. Included as well are 11. date of publication, 12. volume number, 13. issue number, 14. inclusive page numbers, and 15. a list of keyword descriptors. The keywords have been determined from an analysis of 5,000 articles, the citations of which were randomly selected from CAIRSS. The resulting 2,500+ keyword and keyword-phrase descriptors have been taken directly from the title, subtitle (if any), author(s), abstract (if any), and the body of the article. Word form conventions were determined and term relationships devised. From this process, an additional 24 broad categories of terms--that appear in uppercase letters in the list of keywords for any particular article--were developed to aid the user in making a more broad and more inclusive search of the database. These categories include those such as BRAIN, DENTISTRY, PERCEPTION, SURGERY, UPPER LIMB, and WOODWINDS. The resulting purpose of these unique search features has been to increase the probability of the user making more accurate and quick “hits” of relevant citations.

Citation Summaries Articles Based on further analysis of the 5,000 selected articles in CAIRSS relevant to their 12 types, findings indicate that 42% of the articles in the database are empirical studies, 21% program reviews, 11% theoretical studies, and 6% case studies. Among the 20 different languages of the articles, 90% have been published in English, 4% German, 2% French, and 1% Polish. Regarding the year of publication, the most significant datum is the rate of publication. Since 1960 and over a period of 33 years, music research has been published an average of 48% more each year than the immediate preceding year. The summary data concerning the broad categories of keyword descriptors reveal that 24% of the 5,000 articles pertain to THERAPY; 13% each to EDUCATION, MUSIC TYPES, and PSYCHOLOGY; and 12% to PERCEPTION. Although not designated broad categories as such, a frequency count reveals that 20% of the 5,000 articles have the term “performing arts medicine” as a keyword phrase, and 13% “music therapy.” Journals An analysis made of the 1,538 journals identified as having published music research literature indicates that the countries of publication are as follows: 51% USA, 12% England, 8% Germany, and 4% France. In an attempt to determine the types or kinds of journals represented in the database, categories of journals were determined from the 987 primary and secondary journals currently appearing among the citations of the approximately 11,000 articles in CAIRSS. Findings from this categorical analysis reveal the following: In the category of “Medicine: Specialty Boards”: 48% of all journals, the highest number being those in psychiatry, neurology, dentistry, and surgery. (Significant is the the fact every medical specialty, as listed by the National Library of Medicine, has published music research literature.) In the category of “Medicine: Other Specialties”: 5% of all journals, the largest number being those in behavioral medicine, sports medicine, geriatrics, and occupational medicine. In the category of “Medicine: General”: 14% of

all journals. In the category of “Therapeutic Arts & Sciences,” 16% of all journals were found, the highest number of these published in psychology, ‘general’ therapy, music therapy, and physical therapy. In the category of “Arts, Humanities & Sciences”: 17% of all journals, the largest number being those in education, music, ‘general’ science, and biology. Overall then, two-thirds, or 67%, of all journals cited in CAIRSS are those in the categories of medicine. One-third, or 33%, are those journals in the categories of the arts, sciences, and humanities.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF CAIRSS Although the initial experience has been positive, there are several additions and improvements envisioned for CAIRSS.10 Inter-Library Loan Service. To provide an inter-library loan service, which will allow users to order and obtain copies of selected and desired articles not readily available. Scanned-In Abstracts. To develop a process which will allow for scanning-in abstracts, summaries, and/or opening and closing paragraphs of articles. In turn, these items will become available on-line to users. Scanned-Full Text. To place the full text of articles in the database, which will allow users to read the complete article—including figures, tables, and illustrations—on-line. As a result, the user will be able to print out the text of the desired article at remote locations.

CONCLUDING STATEMENT ABOUT CAIRSS11 CAIRSS for Music has been in preparation for 25 years. Initial efforts resulted in the publication of three hard-copy volumes: Music therapy index, Volume 1 and Music psychology index, Volume 2 and Volume 3. Although the printing of CAIRSS has ceased, efforts have been, are currently, and will remain dedicated to producing a continually up-dated and current on-line, computerized database of music research literature, available worldwide. Through collegial collaboration, the goals of CAIRSS for Music remain:

1. To continue to develop a state-of-the-art computerized information retrieval service system for recording information of scientific and artistic value in music research. 2. To serve as a clearinghouse for all information relevant to music research, both published and unpublished. 3. To promote scientific inquiry into all aspects of the function of music, principally among those in the disciplines of music psychophysiology, music therapy, music medicine, and music education. 4. To facilitate networking among music researchers, clinicians, and theorists. Endnotes 1Joseph Youngblood of the University of Miami formulated the KWOC program specifically for CAIRSS. 2E.A. Ripperger of the University of Texas at Austin generously provided the COWAX program. 3Staff members at Southern Methodist University, who have contributed most significantly to this aspect of CAIRSS have included Dennis Bowers, David Luce, Thomas Mogyordy, Kathryn Riddle, Susan Plyler Scott, Cathy Weldin, and especially Kobie Temmingh. Thomas Eagle of Texas Instruments, Inc. also contributed significantly. 4MRIS (Music Research Information Services) is a gopher server which serves as a gateway to CAIRSS, TIME (Technology In Music Education)—a database of music-related hardware and software products, a bulletin board for sharing music research information, and a number of related services, including connections to remote sites. All are offered as free services, available worldwide via the INTERNET. 5The first conference sponsored by IMR was "Setting an Agenda for Neuromusical Research," held January 21-23, 1993. The second conference was “Technological Directions in Music Education,” December 2-4, 1993, and the third: “Vth International Symposium on MusicMedicine,” a conference of the International Society for Music in Medicine (ISMM), jointly sponsored by ISMM, IMR, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and the International Arts Medicine Association. The Second "Technological Directions in Music Education" will be held January 26-28, 1994. 6Research projects include a variety of studies in neuromusicology and music technology. 7David Sebald of the University of Texas at San Antonio made the final selection of NOTIS, after investigating various options for a delivery system for CAIRSS.

8Staff and faculty members at the University of Texas at San Antonio, who have contributed most significantly to CAIRSS, include John Conyers, Jack Frost, Debra Harris, Sandra Rickett, David Sebald, Joseph Stuessy, Sue Tyner, Kim Walls, and Fred Zapata. 9This section is has been abridged and edited from the materials found in: Eagle 1994: CAIRSS Thesaurus, Volume 1. 10The intent is to maintain CAIRSS as a free service; however, there is a modest cost for the CAIRSS Thesaurus. When the inter-library loan service and the full-text system become available, there will be a small non-profit fee attached. In both of these circumstances, full compliance will be made with prevailing copyright restrictions. 11For information about CAIRSS, to become a registered user, or to acquire a copy of the CAIRSS Thesaurus, please send your name, address, phone, fax, e-mail address, and professional affiliation (clinic, hospital, university, etc.) to: Dr. Donald A. Hodges, Director Institute for Music Research; Division of Music University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio, TX 78249-0645 phone: (210) 691-5317; fax: (210) 691-4381; e-mail: [email protected] In the meantime, you may logon via the following: 1. Access your local network and enter: telnet runner.utsa.edu 2. at login, enter: imr 3. at password, just press return.

REFERENCE LIST Eagle, C.T. (Ed.) (1976a). Music therapy index: Volume 1: An international interdisciplinary index to the literature of the psychology, psychophysiology, psychophysics and sociology of music. Lawrence, KS: National Association for Music Therapy. Eagle, C.T. (1976b, October 23). How to use the music therapy index. Paper presented at the 27th annual conference of the National Association for Music Therapy, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Eagle, C.T. (Ed.) (1978a). Music psychology index: Volume 2: The international interdisciplinary index of the influence of music on behavior: References to the literature from the natural and behavioral sciences, and the fine and therapeutic arts for the years 1976-77. ( Formerly, Music Therapy Index.) Denton, TX: Institute for Therapeutics Research.

Eagle, C.T. (1978b, October 21). The computer-assisted information retrieval service system (CAIRSS) for music therapy. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium for Music Therapy Training, Herdecke-Ruhr, West Germany. Eagle, C.T. (1978c, November 14). CAIRSS for music therapy. Paper presented at the 29th annual conference of the National Association for Music Therapy, Atlanta, Georgia. Eagle, C.T. (1979a). The computer-assisted information retrieval service system (CAIRSS) for music and music education. In S.D. Miller (Ed.) Research Reports: Texas Music Educators Association. (ix, 1-23). Houston: TMEA. Eagle, C.T. (1979b, February 10). The computer-assisted information retrieval service system (CAIRSS) for music and music education. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Texas Music Educators Association, Ft. Worth, Texas. Eagle, C.T. (1979c, June 29). An overview of the CAIRSS System for music therapy: Implications for creative arts therapies. Paper presented at the conference on creative arts therapies, sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. Eagle, C.T. (1980a). The computer-assisted information retrieval service system (CAIRSS) for music. Proceedings of the Loyola Music Symposium (n.p.). New Orleans: Loyola University College of Music. Eagle, C.T. (1980b). Bibliographical research in music therapy. In R. Gibson (Ed.) The Use of the Creative Arts in Therapy (42-44). Washington: American Psychiatric Association. Eagle, C.T. (1980c, February 15). CAIRSS (Computer-assisted information retrieval service system) for music. Paper presented at the 3rd annual Loyola music symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana. Eagle, C.T. (1986, December 11). Exploring research in music and medicine. Paper presented at the music and health conference, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky. Eagle, C.T. (1989, October 29). Retrieving the literature of music medicine. Paper presented at the 4th international symposium of the International Society for Music in Medicine, Annenburg Center for Health Sciences at Eisenhower, Rancho Mirage, California.

Eagle, C.T. (1990, March 2-3). (Consultant and participant), Symposium on information retrieval in arts medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Eagle, C.T. (1992). Retrieving the literature of music medicine. In R. Spintge and R. Droh (Eds.) Music in medicine: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium of the International Society for Music in Medicine (391-404). St. Louis: MMB Music. Eagle, C.T. (1993a, November 3). The research literature in music medicine. Paper presented at an “Evening of presentations,” Institute for Music Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Eagle, C.T. (1993b, November 4). The research literature in music medicine. Paper presented at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas. Eagle, C.T. (1994). CAIRSS thesaurus: The cross-indexed reference of keywords in bibliographical citations of art-science. San Antonio: Institute for Music Research, University of Texas at San Antonio. Eagle, C.T. & Dubler, G.D. (1970, April 15). Recent findings in psychology of music research. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Music Teachers National Association, Miami Beach, Florida. Eagle, C.T. & Dubler, G.D. (1971). Recent findings in psychology of music research. Journal of Music Therapy, 8:4, 152-167. Eagle, C.T. & Hodges, D.A. (1978, February 3). The CAIRSS system for music. Paper presented at the research symposium on the psychology and acoustics of music, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Eagle, C.T. & Hodges, D.A. (1992). CAIRSS for music in arts medicine. International Journal of Arts Medicine, 1:2, 21-25. Eagle, C.T. & Hodges, D.A. (1994, March 18). Access to the literature of music medicine through CAIRSS (Part 2). Paper presented at the 5th international symposium of the International Society for Music in Medicine, San Antonio, Texas.

Eagle, C.T. & Lathom, W.B. (1972, August 17). A computer-assisted information retrieval system in music therapy: Implications for the physical and neuropsychological foundations of music. Paper presented at the workshop on physical and neuropsychological foundations of music, Ossiach, Austria. Eagle, C.T. & Miniter, J. J. (Eds.) (1984). Music psychology index: Volume3: The international interdisciplinary index of the influence of music on behavior: References to the literature from the natural and behavioral sciences, and the fine and therapeutic arts for the years 1978-80. Phoenix: Oryx Press and Denton, TX: Institute for Therapeutics Research. Eagle, C.T., Miniter, J.J., & Drennan, C. (1977, October 27). The CAIRSS project: Past, present, and future. Paper presented at the 28th annual conference of the National Association for Music Therapy, Anaheim, California. Eagle, C.T. & Prewitt, S.A. (1973, November 2). A computer-assisted information retrieval system in music therapy: A word-and-author index of published studies. Paper presented at the 24th annual conference of the National Association for Music Therapy, Athens, Georgia. Eagle, C.T. & Prewitt, S. A. (1974). A computerized bibliographical index in music psychology and music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 11:4, 181-201. Gaston, E.T. (1968). Planning and understanding research. In E.T. Gaston (Ed.) Music in therapy (408). New York: Macmillan. Glassman, L.R. (1985). Review of Eagle, C.T. & Miniter, J. J. (Eds.) Music psychology index, Volume 3. Arts in Psychotherapy, 12:2, 120. Hodges, D.A. & Eagle, C.T. (1992). CAIRSS for music. The INTERNET. Hodges, D.A. & Eagle, C.T. (1993a, February 11). Long distance access to music research literature. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Texas Music Educators Association, San Antonio, Texas. Hodges, D.A. & Eagle, C.T. (1993b, October 28). CAIRSS for music: Long-distance access to music research literature. Paper presented to the Joint North American Music Therapy Conference, Toronto, Canada.

Hodges, D.A. & Eagle, C.T. (1994a, February 12). Long distance access to music education research. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Texas Music Educators Association, San Antonio, Texas. Hodges, D.A. & Eagle, C.T. (1994b, March 18). Access to the literature of music medicine through CAIRSS (Part 1). Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium of the International Society for Music in Medicine, San Antonio, Texas. Regelski, T.A. (1980). Review of Eagle, C.T. (Ed.) Music psychology index (Vol. 2). Journal of Music Therapy, 17:4, 223-227. Ripperger, E.A., Wooster, H., Juhasz, S., Falconer, D., Roach, F.A., & Stanton, P.L. (1966). WADEX: Word and author index: Description and program documentation. Unpublished monograph, Applied Mechanics Reviews, San Antonio, Texas. Sharpe, A.T. (1976). Review of C.T. Eagle: Music therapy index: An international interdisciplinary index to the literature of the psychology, psychophysiology, psychophysics and sociology of music, Volume 1. Journal of Music Therapy, 13:4, 184-185.