ADEOs
Agriculture Diary for Extension Officers July to December 2013 Version 1.0
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
1
CONTENTS 1) Guideline (What this book is about & How to use ADEOs) 2) Mission Statement and Vision Statement 3) JOB PURPOSE of Camp Extension Officer 4) Objectives for Extension Services in My Agricultural Camp 5) Camp Profile 6) Monthly Schedule (Plan and Achievement) 7) Forms of Various Reports 8) Knowledge & Information Base 9) Address Book of Clients (Farmers and Farmer Groups) 10) FAQ Report Sheet 11) List of Principal and Senior Agricultural Officers 12) List of Visitors 13) Motorbike Maintenance Checklist
Guide: Plan your work schedule with this Diary and keep record of your work. Carry this Diary wherever you go for your extension service. Report your work plan and achievement to your supervisor with this Diary.
1
Planning for This Month’s Activities
What this book is about
In the beginning of the month, you fill this form to set The ADEOs (Agriculture Diary of Extension
a target to achieve according to activity.
Officers) aims at helping the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) extension officers and their
Camp Profile
supervisors to plan and monitor the daily extension
You should fill in this part as your basic understanding
activities effectively. The ADEOs is developed and
of your target camp including Camp Agriculture
authorized by MAL as one of the official documents,
Committee(CAC). You can clarify the farmers’
which should be used by all MAL extension officers
demographic information of your camp, with which
as a part of their mandates.
you can plan your target population as labeled as “the
The ADEOs contains all management and
number of current serviced”. You draw a map of your
technical issues of extension activities such as Job
camp indicating your area with information on the
description, Objectives, Area Profile, Calendar, Plan
location of your camp house, zones, rivers, roads,
and Monitoring of daily activities, various reporting
other facilities (school, clinic), etc. List of popular and
formats, technical information of a variety of crops
potential crops/ vegetables is important information
and vegetables, etc. Thus the extension officers must
for your decision of specification of promoted crops/
carry this Diary to wherever they work and they need
vegs. “Popular” crops means that most farmers
to plan and record their activities in this book.
practice, while “Potential” crops means that most farmers think it has potential despite it is not practiced
How to use”ADEOs”
by many farmers.
Job Purpose Monthly Diary “Planned” and “Actual”
Extension officers have their own job purposes principal
The Monthly Diary consists of two parts, “Planned
accountabilities, and so on. You should confirm your
Activities” on the left and “Actual” on the right at an
job description and remind yourself for the purpose of
opened page. (See “example of description”)
including
missions,
key
results
and
The part of “Planned Activities” should be
being an extension officer.
clarified before the target week starts.
Based on your
“Objectives” together with “Camp Profile”, you can
Objectives of Your Extension Service Based on your mission speculated in the Job
design your weekly schedule by writing your planned
Purpose, you clarify the objectives of your extension
activities on the part of “Planned Activities”, on the
service.
left side of the opened page.
You
(BEO/SAO).
should
consult
your
supervisor
Common key indicators are 1) the
In this part, you must
indicate the information of where, who, what to do,
target number of the farmers to be serviced; 2) the
and what time, if possible for each day.
target number of demonstrations / field days; 3) the
The part of “Actual” should be filled at the end
specific crops/ vegs to be promoted, etc. The
of your working day. The “actual” time and contents
objectives are the compass of planning of your
of your activities should be written, i.e. Cancellation
extension activities.
and modification should be written, if any. For the
2
Address Book of Farmers
events related to farmers, the number of the attendance is recorded with gender information. If you
You can put the information of farmers and
are visited by your supervisor, you record it as this
groups you frequently visit. This information helps
book is also used as the visitor’s book. The
not only you, but also your colleagues and supervisors
information of these activities will help you to write
to contact farmers in your area. This list also works as
your monthly report at the end of the month. If any
proof of your connectivity with the target farmers.
planned activities are cancelled, you have to think the
Frequently Asked Questions
alternative activities in the plan part (left side).
When you are asked the same or similar
Report Formats
questions from many farmers which are important for
Monthly report formats for CEO/BEO are
extension, you record the questions. Some questions
described in this book. This is just a “format”, so you
may not be answered by you without confidence, so
have to copy the format in a separate plain paper (not
you should consult your District SMSs.
in this book) and fill the information in it. This is a
should also be shared by District staff especially SMS.
This list
format to be used for your general extension service,
Motorbike maintenance Checklist
so you must attach other reports to this report if your supervisor requests so.
Using this maintenance checklist, check your motorbike on regular basis. Daily care will extend
Field References for Extension Officer
motorbike's life, do not let any defects hinder your
This is a list of technical information of
activities.
agricultural products, livestock and fisheries, which
Help Lines
can be reference for you in the field. This is general information and it does not necessarily reflect local
If you face any technical challenges, contact or
specialties in your area, so it is recommended to use it
send SMS to your supervisor(s). Telephone numbers
by getting good consultation from District SMS (with
and names of Senior Agricultural Officers and
Help Lines) and other officers like researchers from
Principal Agricultural Officers in your provinces are
ZARI in your Province.
shown.
[Example of description]
3
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Mission Statement To facilitate and support a viable and competitive agriculture sector that assures food security and incomes at both household and national levels and maximises the sectors contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Vision Statement The Vision of the Agriculture Sector is to have: “An efficient, dynamic, competitive, sustainable and export led agriculture sector that assures food security and increased income by 2030.”
4
Mission
To undertake the provision of extension services in order to facilitate dissemination of information and technologies for improved agriculture at camp level KEY RESULT AREA
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTABILITIES
Training
Conducts timely demonstrations and training of farmers in order to ensure effective delivery of appropriate information on technology Conducts timely demonstrations and agronomic practices for the farmers in order to ensure effective delivery of appropriate technologies.
Technical Support
Performance management
Ensures timely development of individual and camp work plans in order to monitor and evaluate performance
REPORTING RELATIONSHIPS a) Report to: Block Extension Officer (District)
b) Other Jobs Reporting to above: Other camp extension officers
c) Number and Level of Immediate Subordinates: None
d) Contacts Internal Contacts: Agricultural Officers Other District Staff
External Contacts: NGOs, Farmers and Other stakeholders
5
3Rs for The Extension Officer
R
OLES OF THE EXTENSION OFFICER
ROLE is the Function or position that somebody has or is expected to have in an organization or in a society. Or the degree of involvement in an activity and the effect they have on it. So the role or function of the Camp Extension Officer is to provide Extension Services at camp level. Hence increase in production and productivity improving the farmers’ livelihoods.
R
ESPONSIBILITIES OF THE EXTENSION OFFICER
Responsibility is a duty to deal with so that you may be blamed if something goes wrong. The responsibilities of the Camp Extension Officers are drawn from the three Key Result Areas that are found in their job description.
R
ELATIONSHIPS FOR THE EXTENSION OFFICER
The way in which two or more people or groups behave towards each other or deal with each other. Or they way in which two or more things are connected. For the Camp Extension Officer the word relationship entails a number of things: i. To whom they report to? ii. Immediate subordinates. iii. Contacts.
Calendar of Camp Activities
6
Mission Statement
Objectives for the 3rd Quarter and the 4th Quarter 2013 1. 3rd Quarter (July–September 2013)
2. 4th Quarter (October–December 2013)
Key Indicators Key Indicators
Period/Unit
7
Target
Client
Zones
Villages
Study Groups
Households
Population M
1. Total number in your camp 2. Number of current serviced
Map of Camp
List of Popular Crops and Potential Crops/Livestock/Aquaculture Popular Crops/Livestock/Aquaculture
Potential Crops/Livestock/Aquaculture
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
8
F
Camp Agriculture Committee (CAC) 1. Name of Chairperson: 2. Name of Vice Chairperson: 3. Chief's Representative (subject to appraisal by MAL) Name: 4. Cooperative/Farmer Organization from each zone
Zone
Name of Organization
Telephone Number: Telephone Number: Telephone Number:
Type of Organization Cooperative (Coop) or Farmer Organization (FO)
Name of Representatives (Chairman/Secretary)
Telephone Number
Period of Tenure Maximum 2 years (From Until )
Main Activity of Organization
Name of Representatives (Chairman/Secretary)
Telephone Number
Telephone Number
Name of Officer
Position
Telephone Number
5. Community Based Organizations Zone
Name of Organization
6. Public Offices other than MAL Zone
Name of Government Organization/Institution
9
July PLANNING FOR THIS MONTH’S ACTIVITIES 1. Plan of Utilization of Days Number of Total Days for This Month
31/ 30/ (
)
Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting Number of Days for other purposes 2. Plan of Activities Activities
Location (Zone)
Location (Village/Group)
10
Activity Target
Beneficiary Target M F
July Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
11
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
July 1
Mon Hero’s day
2
Tue
3
Wed
4
Thu
5
Fri
6
Sat
7
Sun
8
Mon
9
Tue
Unity day
10 Wed 11
Thu
12
Fri
13
Sat
14
Sun
15 Mon 16
Tue 12
ACTUAL
July 1
Mon Hero’s day
2
Tue
3
Wed
4
Thu
5
Fri
6
Sat
7
Sun
8
Mon
9
Tue
Unity day
10 Wed 11
Thu
12
Fri
13
Sat
14
Sun
15 Mon 16
Tue 13
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
July 17 Wed 18
Thu
19
Fri
20
Sat
21
Sun
22 Mon 23
Tue
24 Wed 25
Thu
26
Fri
27
Sat
28
Sun
29 Mon 30
Monthly Report Submission from Camp to Block or District.
Tue
31 Wed
14
ACTUAL
July 17 Wed 18
Thu
19
Fri
20
Sat
21
Sun
22 Mon 23
Tue
24 Wed 25
Thu
26
Fri
27
Sat
28
Sun
29 Mon 30
Tue
31 Wed
15
August PLANNING FOR THIS MONTH’S ACTIVITIES 3. Plan of Utilization of Days Number of Total Days for This Month
31/ 30/ (
)
Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting Number of Days for other purposes 4. Plan of Activities Activities
Location (Zone)
Location (Village/Group)
16
Activity Target
Beneficiary Target M F
August Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
8
9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
17
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
August 1
Thu
2
Fri
3
Sat
4
Sun
5
Mon Farmer’s day
6
Tue
7
Wed
8
Thu
9
Fri
10
Sat
11
Sun
12 Mon 13
Tue
14 Wed 15
Thu
16
Fri 18
ACTUAL
August 1
Thu
2
Fri
3
Sat
4
Sun
5
Mon Farmer’s day
6
Tue
7
Wed
8
Thu
9
Fri
10
Sat
11
Sun
12 Mon 13
Tue
14 Wed 15
Thu
16
Fri 19
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
August 17
Sat
18
Sun
19 Mon 20
Tue
21 Wed 22
Thu
23
Fri
24
Sat
25
Sun
26 Mon 27
Tue
28 Wed 29
Thu
30
Fri
31
Sat
Monthly Report Submission from Camp to Block or District.
20
ACTUAL
August 17
Sat
18
Sun
19 Mon 20
Tue
21 Wed 22
Thu
23
Fri
24
Sat
25
Sun
26 Mon 27
Tue
28 Wed 29
Thu
30
Fri
31
Sat
21
September PLANNING FOR THIS MONTH’S ACTIVITIES 5. Plan of Utilization of Days Number of Total Days for This Month
31/ 30/ (
)
Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting Number of Days for other purposes 6. Plan of Activities Activities
Location (Zone)
Location (Village/Group)
22
Activity Target
Beneficiary Target M F
September Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
23
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
September 1
Sun
2
Mon
3
Tue
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
16 Mon
24
ACTUAL
September 1
Sun
2
Mon
3
Tue
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
16
Mon
25
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
September 17
Tue
18
Wed
19
Thu
20
Fri
21
Sat
22
Sun
23
Mon
24
Tue
25
Wed
26
Thu
27
Fri
28
Sat
29
Sun
30
Mon
Monthly Report Submission from Camp to Block or District.
26
ACTUAL
September 17
Tue
18
Wed
19
Thu
20
Fri
21
Sat
22
Sun
23
Mon
24
Tue
25
Wed
26
Thu
27
Fri
28
Sat
29
Sun
30
Mon
27
October PLANNING FOR THIS MONTH’S ACTIVITIES 7. Plan of Utilization of Days Number of Total Days for This Month
31/ 30/ (
)
Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting Number of Days for other purposes 8. Plan of Activities Activities
Location (Zone)
Location (Village/Group)
28
Activity Target
Beneficiary Target M F
October Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
8
9
10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
29
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
October 1
Tue
2
Wed
3
Thu
4
Fri
5
Sat
6
Sun
7
Mon
8
Tue
9
Wed
10
Thu
11
Fri
12
Sat
13
Sun
14
Mon
15
Tue
16
Wed 30
ACTUAL
October 1
Tue
2
Wed
3
Thu
4
Fri
5
Sat
6
Sun
7
Mon
8
Tue
9
Wed
10
Thu
11
Fri
12
Sat
13
Sun
14
Mon
15
Tue
16
Wed 31
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
October 17
Thu
18
Fri
19
Sat
20
Sun
21
Mon
22
Tue
23
Wed
24
Thu
25
Fri
26
Sat
27
Sun
28
Mon
29
Tue
30
Wed
31
Thu
Independence day
Monthly Report Submission from Camp to Block or District.
32
ACTUAL
October 17
Thu
18
Fri
19
Sat
20
Sun
21
Mon
22
Tue
23
Wed
24
Thu
25
Fri
26
Sat
27
Sun
28
Mon
29
Tue
30
Wed
31
Thu
Independence day
33
November PLANNING FOR THIS MONTH’S ACTIVITIES 9. Plan of Utilization of Days Number of Total Days for This Month
31/ 30/ (
)
Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting Number of Days for other purposes 10. Plan of Activities Activities
Location (Zone)
Location (Village/Group)
34
Activity Target
Beneficiary Target M F
November Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
35
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
November 1
Fri
2
Sat
3
Sun
4
Mon
5
Tue
6
Wed
7
Thu
8
Fri
9
Sat
10
Sun
11
Mon
12
Tue
13
Wed
14
Thu
15
Fri
16
Sat
36
ACTUAL
November 1
Fri
2
Sat
3
Sun
4
Mon
5
Tue
6
Wed
7
Thu
8
Fri
9
Sat
10
Sun
11 Mon 12
Tue
13 Wed 14
Thu
15
Fri
16
Sat 37
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
November 17
Sun
18 Mon
19
Tue
20 Wed
21
Thu
22
Fri
23
Sat
24
Sun
25 Mon
26
Tue
27 Wed
28
Thu
29
Fri
30
Sat
Monthly Report Submission from Camp to Block or District.
38
ACTUAL
November 17
Sun
18 Mon
19
Tue
20 Wed
21
Thu
22
Fri
23
Sat
24
Sun
25 Mon
26
Tue
27 Wed
28
Thu
29
Fri
30
Sat
39
December PLANNING FOR THIS MONTH’S ACTIVITIES 11. Plan of Utilization of Days Number of Total Days for This Month
31/ 30/ (
)
Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting Number of Days for other purposes 12. Plan of Activities Activities
Location (Zone)
Location (Village/Group)
40
Activity Target
Beneficiary Target M F
December Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
41
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
December 1
Sun
2
Mon
3
Tue
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
16 Mon 42
ACTUAL
December 1
Sun
2
Mon
3
Tue
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
16 Mon
43
PLANNED ACTIVITIES
December 17
Tue
18 Wed
19
Thu
20
Fri
21
Sat
22
Sun
23 Mon
24
Tue
25 Wed Christmas day
26
Thu
27
Fri
28
Sat
29
Sun Monthly Report Submission from
30 Mon
31
Camp to Block or District.
Tue 44
ACTUAL
December 17
Tue
18
Wed
19
Thu
20
Fri
21
Sat
22
Sun
23
Mon
24
Tue
25
Wed
26
Thu
27
Fri
28
Sat
29
Sun
30
Mon
31
Tue
Christmas day
45
46
Department of Agriculture
Monthly
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Department of Agriculture MONTHLY CAMP REPORT
* Monthly report should be submitted within the first week of the next month. Name of Camp:
Name of Reporting Officer:
Reporting Month:
1. Summary of Activities Number of Total Days of This Month Number of Days in the Field Number of Days in the office (home) to work Number of Days for resting (Weekend/Public Holiday, Sick Leave) Number of Days for other purpose (Business trip out of Camp) Number of newly established Demo sites Number of maintained(continued) Demo sites 2. WEATHER Rainfall days
Overall Rainfall (Low, Average, High)
3. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Location Activity Zone
Temperature (Cold, Average, Hot)
Location
days days days days sites sites
(Very Favourable, Just Favourable, Fairly Favourable, Not Favourable)
M
Beneficiary Target F Total
Set up Demo Farmer Field School Field day Training Meeting (CAC, Cooperatives and FG) Others(
)
Overall
Activity Target
Village/Group
31/ 30/ (
)
* you can add the line of the activity according to the situation in your camp *Activities are including those which are supported / collaborated by NGO/ other partners.
47
Activity Actual M
Beneficiary Actual F Total
Remarks
Monthly
4. General Situation of Agriculture Type of Agriculture Overall Status Crop ( Maize ) Good / Fair/ Not Good Crop ( ) Good / Fair/ Not Good Crop ( )* Good / Fair/ Not Good Vegetable ( ) Good / Fair/ Not Good Vegetable ( )* Good / Fair/ Not Good Livestock ( ) Good / Fair/ Not Good Fisheries ( ) Good / Fair/ Not Good
Situation description / comments
* you can add lines if you have more crops / vegetables./ * if you have some serious challenges in camp related to agriculture, write a report in a separate paper
5. PESTS AND DISEASES OBSERVED Pest/Diseases Observed
6. FUNDING Source of Fund
Action Taken
Amount received
Comment
Amount Spent
Receive from District
Others (describe source of funding. e.g. NGO, Company and Project )
7. INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY BUILDING INDICATOR
NUMBER
Contents
No. Of Trainings Attended No. Of Booklets/Materials Read No. Of Sessions with SMSs No. Of Peer Learning Sessions Attended 48
Comment
Monthly
8. SUMMARY OF MAJOR ISSUES i. Major Problems of Farmers for this month.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii. Major Opportunities (Good News) for Farmers of this month ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii. Major Problems of CEO/BEO for this month. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv. Major Opportunities (Good News) for CEO/BEO of this month ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v. Major feedback from supervisors/District of this month ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Messages to Supervisors (District / Province) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Condition of Transports (Motorbike / Bicycle) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Annex attached / not attached (If you are requested to submit other reports from your supervisor, you need to attach requested report(s) as annex to this report.)
49
Department of Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
Quarterly
Department of Agriculture QUARTERLY CAMP REPORT These information are provided quarterly in addition to Monthly Report Name of Camp:
Name of Reporting Officer:
1. CAMP PROFILE (Report September and April) No. of Farmers Zone No. of No. of Total M F Total Villages Househol Populatio ds n 1
Reporting Period:
No. of Farmers Groups
No. of Demo
No. of FFS/CSGs
Major Commodities grown/Enterprises by farmers
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 2. General Situation of Agriculture (Report Quarterly) a) Field Crops CROP No. of Farmers Ha. Actual Production Kg. Maize F/Millet Sorghum P/Rice G/Nuts M/Beans 50
Market Outlet
Comments
Quarterly
S/Beans S/Potatoes Cassava Tobacco Cotton
* you can omit or add the line of the crops according to the situation in your camp.
Comments on your observation and harmful effects on crops …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Horticulture Crops Fruit Trees Oranges Lemons Mandarins Avocado Guavas Bananas Mangoes Coffee Cashew Nuts Oil Palms
No. of Growers
No. of Trees / Mat
Market Outlet
Comments
* you can omit or add the line of the fruits according to the situation in your camp.
Comments on your observation and harmful effects on crops …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c)
Vegetables Type Cabbage Rape
No. of Growers
Ha.
Market Outlet
51
Comments
Quarterly
C/cabbage Tomato Onion Egg plant Okra
* you can omit or add the line of the vegetables according to the situation in your camp.
Comments on your observation and harmful effects on vegetables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… d) Livestock Cattle (numbers) Type Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Oxen Calves Total No. of Owners No. of Animals Comments on your observation and harmful effects on cattle ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Small livestock and poultry Type Pigs No. of Owners
Goats
Sheep
Rabbits
Chickens
Ducks
No. of Animals Comments on your observation and harmful effects on small livestock and poultry …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
52
Quarterly 3. TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION (Report Quarterly)
TECHNOLOGIES/INNOVATION PRACTICED Zone
Production Practices
Post Harvest Practices
Framing As A Business Practices
(e.g. Herbicide)
(e.g. Improved Storage)
(e.g. Gross Margin & Record Keeping)
Name of Practice
Name of Practice
Name of Practice
Farmers Practicing
Farmers Practicing
M
M
F
Total
F
Total
Name of Practice
Name of Practice
Name of Practice
Name of Practice
Farmers Practicing
Name of Practice(eg improved storage bin Farmers Practicing
Farmers Practicing
Farmers Practicing
Farmers Practicing
Farmers Practicing
M
M
M
M
M
F
Total
F
Total
1 2 3
53
F
Total
F
Total
F
Total
M
F
Total
Department of Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
Bi-Annual
Department of Agriculture Bi-Annual CAMP REPORT
These information are provided Bi-annual in addition to Monthly Report Name of Reporting Officer: Reporting Period:
Name of Camp:
1. MECHANISATION INVENTORY (Report Bi-annual) Hand Numbers Animal Draft Power Numbers Motorised
MECHANISATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CAMP Peddle Sheller
Hoe
Knapsack Sprayer
Hand Sheller
Ripper
Plough
Cultivator
No – till Planter
Pairs of Trained Oxen/Cows/ Donkey
Ox Carts
Planter
Pairs of Trained Donkeys
Harrow
Ridger
Groundnut lifter
4x4WD tractor
4x2WD tractor
2x2WD (Power Tiller)
Ripper
Plough
Harrow
Sheller
Sprayer
Trailer
Planter
Cultivator
No – till Planter
Numbers
*you may add any other equipment used by farmers in your camp Comment on the extent of application of the mechanisation technologies in the camp ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
54
Quarterly
Department of Cooperatives
"REPORT FORMAT FOR COOPERATIVE DEPARTMENT (EMPHASIS ON CATEGORISATION) COVER OF THE REPORT ((indicate the name of the Camp/Block)) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CAMP ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUT – PLANNED ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ACTIVITY Cooperative Inspection Training, Education of Co-operators Arbitration and Investigations Cooperatives Formation and registration Cooperative Promotion Cooperatives meetings Backstopping CEOs on Cooperatives
MEASURE No. inspected
TARGET
ACTUAL
COMMENTS
If there are any unplanned activities they must be reported because they also take your time. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS Comment on the key programmes of the department and refer to the indicators as signs for any achievements. Co-operative Inspections and Audit: Show indicators seen as a result of your inspection and cooperative auditing. Cooperative Formation and Registration: Show the results of right registration procedures, give examples of some cooperatives. Co-operative Education and Trainings: Any improvement in cooperative governance as a result of your trainings conducted. Cooperative Promotion and Development: What have you yielded from your cooperative promotion and facilitation Remember to give a general overview of the cooperative development in the entire district.
CATEGORISATION OF COOPERATIVES IN THE DISTRICT The table below should be included with some comments on the improvement or otherwise.
(Spend more time on this) Summary Categorisation of Co-operatives CO-OPERATIVE CATEGORIES SUCCESSFUL
ENTERPRISING
EMERGING
PREVIOUS YEAR 2012 CURRENT YEAR 2013
NOTE: Provide the list as per annex 1
55
NON-ENTERPRISING
DEFUNCT
TOTALS
Quarterly
PROJECTS/PROGRAMMES You must indicate the contribution being made to cooperative development by the said collaborator. ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES Finance Indicate the district name, amount budgeted, amount received, amount used for cooperative activities, amount cut, the balance. Office Equipment Include a table showing districts, the type of Equipment and furniture and condition. Transport Situation Include a table showing districts, the type of transport, number and condition of transport. CONSTRAINTS CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD KEY FOR CATEGORIZATION LEVEL 5:
LEVEL 4:
LEVEL 3:
LEVEL 2:
LEVEL 1
SUCCESSFUL
ENTERPRISING
EMERGING
NON-ENTERPRISING
DEFUNCT COOPERATIVE
COOPERATIVES
COOPERATIVES
COOPERATIVES
COOPERATIVES
Set vision and business plans;
Hold meetings
business plans;
regularly;
Operate profitably;
Good record of
Set vision and
Hold meetings
resources;
regularly;
Business
established;
activities;
Good records
Offer services to
Submit all returns.
Mobilizing
Exist only on paper;
business plans;
Members cannot be
No business;
records in order;
Hold meetings but
Certificate lost;
not regularly;
Disbanded
New business
Start holding meetings regularly.
members;
Just starting to put
established;
No vision and no
Submit Annual returns.
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Poor records.
traced;
cooperative.
Quarterly
Annex 1: List of Three categories of Cooperatives DEPARTMENT OF COOPERATIVES DISTRICT: … ………………………………..
A. SUCCESSFUL COOPERATIVES NO.
NAME OF COOPERATIVE
LOCATION TYPE
DATE FORMED
MEMBERSHIP M F TOTAL
Y
MEMBERSHIP M F TOTAL
Y
MEMBERSHIP M F TOTAL
Y
ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN
CONTACT PERSON
ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN
CONTACT PERSON
ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN
CONTACT PERSON
1 2 3 TOTAL
B. ENTERPRISING COOPERATIVES NO.
NAME OF COOPERATIVE
LOCATION TYPE
DATE FORMED
1 2 3 4 TOTAL
C. EMERGING COOPERATIVES NO.
NAME OF COOPERATIVE
LOCATION TYPE
DATE FORMED
1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL
57
Quarterly
Department of Agri-Business
58
Quarterly
Department of Fisheries
AQUACULTURE EXTENSION PERFORMANCE REPORTING FORM TWO (EXTENSION SERVICE DELIVERY) PROVINCE…………………DISTRICT……………… LOCATION (Camp)…………………………PERIOD REPORTED……………………………………… DATE OF REPORT SUBMITTED: …………………………………………… REPORTING OFFICER…………………………………………………………. OFFICE REPORT SUBMITTED TO: …………………………………………. KEY RESULT AREA Training Technical Support Aquaculture Data Collection Supervision 0f Aquaculture Activities Administration Aquaculture field activities
development
Aquaculture information mnagment &dissemination
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTABILITY Number of farmers Training conducted Number of of ponds,cages,pens,and dams established How many times Updating fish farming data has been done Faciliatations visits/workshops or demonstrations conducted Number of Planning and review meetings conducted Collaborative meetings conducted with partners Number of station managment activities conducted Number o surveys conducted Number of trips to Supervising construction of Aquaculture units Number of Demonstrations in Aquaculture management practices conducted Number of Fish seed production facilitated Number of Facilitation trips to acquisition of fish seed Number of awareness campaigns conducted Number of Fish farm management training conducted Days spent on Aquaculture data collection Number of record keeping activities conducted with Fish farmers Types of Aquaculture data stored on computer Information storage demostrations conducted Number Agriculture shows/field days Facilitated How many times data has been Inputted or downloading on website
UNITS Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number
59
LAST QUARTER
THIS QUARTER
REMARKS
Quarterly AQUACULTURE EXTENSION PERFORMANCE REPORTING FORM ONE (FISH PONDS AND TANKS) PROVINCE…………………DISTRICT……………… LOCATION (Camp)…………………………PERIOD REPORTED……………………………………… DATE OF REPORT SUBMITTED: …………………………………………… REPORTING OFFICER…………………………………………………………. OFFICE REPORT SUBMITTED TO: …………………………………………. Item activity Unit Last quarter This quarter Remarks Number of Fish Farmers with active ponds/tanks Number Number of Active ponds/tanks Number Total Area m² Total yield per unit area kg/100m²/Yr Average period of fish production months Highest water temperature Degrees celcius Lowest water temperature Degrees celcius Rainfall mm Annual water availability in months in ponds/tanks months Number of functional ponds/tanks/tanks Number Total number site selected Number Total number of ponds/tanks pegged Number Total number of new ponds/tanks constructed Number Total area of new ponds/tanks constructed ha Total number of sites rejected Number Ponds/tanks abandoned Number Fingerling stocking density range fish/m² Total Fingerlings stocked Number Number of Fish Species used Number Unstocked ponds/tanks Number Fingerlings shortfall Number Number of Mobile training conducted Number Number of topics covered Number Budget used on extension Kwacha Number of Extension Agents Number Extension request made Number Number of requests not attended to Number Extension mode of transport Number 60
61
62
63
64
Agro-Ecological Regions Agro-Ecological
Regions
N Chiengi
W
E
Kaputa
Mpulungu Mbala
Nchelenge
Nakonde Mporokoso
S
Mungwi
Kawambwa
Isoka
Scale 1: 2,500,000
Mwense
Luwingu
Kasama Chinsali
Chilubi Mansa
Chama Samfya Mpika
Milenge
Mwinilunga Chililabombw e
Agro-Ecological Regions ological Regions Solwezi
Chingola
Ka lulushi
Lufwanyama
Chavuma
Mbala
Isoka Mwense Mongu
Kalabo
wense
Luwingu
Mungwi
Kaoma Luwingu
Nyimba
Kabwe
Mporokoso
Mungwi
Petauke Katete
Mkushi
Kapiri Mposhi Nakonde
Nakonde Lukulu Kawambwa
Mambwe
Serenje
Kasempa
Nchelenge
Kawambwa
Luans hy a
Mpongwe
Mufumbwe Mpulungu
Kaputa
Mbala Mporokoso
Ndola
Masaiti
Mpulungu
ge
Kitw e
Kabompo Zambezi Chiengi
Kaputa
Chiengi
Lundazi
Muf ulira
MumbwaIsoka
Chibombo Chongwe
Kasama
Lusaka Urban
Kasama Chinsali Itezhi-Tezhi
Luangwa
Kafue
Agro-Ecological Regions LEGEND LEGEND Chinsali
Chilubi
nsa
Mazabuka
Namwala Chama
Mansa Senanga Chama
Chilubi
Monze
Samfya
Mpika Solwezi
Chingola
Regions
Mpulungu Kazungula
Kalomo Lundazi Mbala
Muf ulira
Ka lulushi
Choma
Mpika
Kaputa
Chiengi
Chililabombw e
I
LundaziNchelenge
Kitw e
Ndola
Lufwanyama
Mambwe 0 Mpongwe
200Serenje
aiti Mufumbwe
Kasempa
MkushiSource:
Masaiti
Kawambwa
200
Chipata Petauke Kapiri KateteMposhi Chadiza
Mwense Mkushi
400 Kilometers
Luwingu
Soil Survey, Mt. Makulu Chilanga
IIb
IIb
Isoka
III
Chadiza
III
Chama
Chibombo
Mumbwa
IIa
Chipata
Mansa
ma
I
Chinsali
Nyimba Chilubi
Kabwe
Nyimba
MporokosoLivingstone Mambwe Serenje Mungwi Petauke Kasama Katete
Regions
Nakonde
IIa
Luans hy a
Gwembe
gw e
nga Milenge
Siavonga
Sesheke
Shangombo Milenge
Sin az on
Samfya
LEGEND
Samfya Chongwe
Lusaka Urban
Chongwe nMwinilunga Luangwa Itezhi-Tezhi
Luangwa Milenge
Regions
Mpika
Kafue Chililabombw e
Mazabuka
Solwezi Namwala
Chingola
Monze
a ke
Ka lulushi
Lundazi
Muf ulira
KEY
Kitw e
Siavonga Lufwanyama Gwembe
Ndola
Luans hy a
Choma Kalomo Kasempa
Livingstone
Kaoma
Masaiti
Mambwe
District boundary Chipata
Mpongwe
Sin az on
Mufumbwe Kazungula
gw e
ompo
Serenje
Petauke Katete
Mkushi
Kapiri Mposhi
KEY
I IIa
District boundary IIb III
Chadiza
Nyimba
Kabwe
400 Kilometers Chibombo
Mumbwa
December 2002
Chongwe Lusaka Urban
Luangwa
December 2002
Kafue
Itezhi-Tezhi
Mazabuka
Namwala
Monze Siavonga Sesheke
KEY
Gwembe
Choma
District boundary e
Kalomo
65
Chipata Chadiza
Field References (Crops) MAIZE Varieties: See seed variety codes under the annex. High rainfall area receiving more than with 1000mm per
annum, plant medium to late maturing varieties.
Climate and soil requirements: Frost free conditions, wide range of soils from loamy sands to clays and pH of 4.7- 6.5. Seed Rate: 20 to 25 kg/ ha depending on the seed size. Spacing: Rows 80 -100 cm with intra row spacing of 20 - 30 cm will achieve the desired population. Row space cm Plants/ha ‘000 Row space cm 75 x 25 53,3 80 x25 75 x 30 44,4 80 x 30 (Surviving stands are usually up to 10 per cent lower)
Plants/ha ‘000 50,0 42,6
Planting: Plant 5 cm deep, into moist soil, with first planting rains.
Row Space cm 90 x 25 90 x 30
End October - early December.
Weed Control: Weeds can be controlled by the use of hoes Fertilizer Requirement in kg/ha: This is a guide only subject to soil test. Management level Basal Dressing Top Dressing Small Scale D 200-300kg D 200-250kg Medium Scale D 200-300kg D 200-250kg Alley cropping, green manure application from Agroforestry shrubs, intercropping with legumes, and improved fallows are good practices for soil fertility improvement for maize. Crop Protection Pest Larger grain borer
Chemical Actellic Super( This is a dust)
Rate/ha 28 g/50 kg shelled maize
Chemicals are available from various agro chemicals companies, assistance can be sought from them in their various products. Diseases Disease Maize Streak Virus
Symptom Broken narrow yellow lines along leaf veins
Treatment Avoid late planting in the high rainfall areas. Choose resistant varieties. Rust Small rusty raised spots on leaves in Varietal resistance is (Puccinia sorghi) periods of high humidity adequate Grey Leaf Spot Elongated lesions appearing as Varietal resistance streaks at first, then develop into dark Crop rotation grayish brown rectangular shapes Burn crop residues Guide only. Refer to label Instructions. Mono cropping is not recommended because it causes building up of same pest and diseases and crop rotation is strongly recommended. Harvest: Physiological maturity occurs at approximately 30 percent moisture. Yield: Average commercial yield is 5.0 – 7.5 tonnes per hectare (Experimental yields have exceeded 12 tonnes).
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FINGER MILLET Varieties: Lima Planting: Drill seeds 1 - 2 cm deep in the rows at 25 - 30 cm row to row spacing. Planting time: Plant any time in the second fortnight of December Seed rate: 8 - 10 Kg/ha. Planting: 25 - 30 cm Weed Control: Weed free to achieve good yields. Drilling method is one of ways to ease weeding labour. Fertilizer Requirement in kg Management level Basal Dressing Top Dressing Small Scale D 100 Small Scale D 100 Kg/ha ‘D’ Compound as basal 80 Kg/ha Urea as top dressing Crop protection Variety LIMA has fairly good tolerance to major diseases like blast and blight and needs no chemical protection measures against diseases. Harvesting: Harvesting with sickles is suggested. Yield: 1 - 2 tonnes/ha RICE Varieties: Malawi faya, Angola crystal, Kalembwe, 1632, Supa, Zian Xhou, Sumbuwangu Seed Rate: Approx. 60 Kg/ha seed. Spacing: Drill in rows 20-25 cm apart. (40-50 seeds per metre length of row). Broad casting method requires more labour for weeding. Planting: Sow 3 cm deep into moist soil, mid-late November. Fertilizer N P2O5 K2O S Kilogram per hectare Low 70 – 90 100 – 120 30 - 40 15 min. Medium 50 – 60 70 – 90 10 - 20 15 min High 30 – 40 40 – 60 0 10 min Average fertilizer application, dambo rice. Basal: 200 – 300 Kg/ha ‘D’ plus 100 Urea top dressed (at 6-8 weeks). Fertility Status
Crop Protection Pests Control Stem Borer (Sesamia sp.) Prophylactic Fastac/Karate spray Both birds and rats can prove troublesome Management practices (Mechanical control) Guide only. Manufacturer’s formulations are subject to change. Some local methods can be applied against birds and rats, e.g. use of cat. Diseases
67
Disease Control Blast (Pyricularia oryza) Varietal resistance Excess application of N fertilizer causes high blast infestation. Harvest: Cut straw at ground level when three quarters of the particle has reached the mature yellow ripe colour. Yields: 3 – 4 tonnes/ha.
BEANS Varieties: Carioca, Bat 331, Nep 2, Solwezi rose, Kabulanketi etc. Climate and Soil Requirements: Adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. Beans will grow best on well drained soils with pH 4.6 – 5.0. Seed Rate: 30 – 35 kg per ha depending on the seed size Spacing/Plants/hectare: Rows 50 – 75 cm x 8 - 10 cm intra-row. Fertilizer Requirement Management level Rotated lands
Basal Dressing D 200 – 300kg
Top Dressing A/N 100kg
Crop Protection Pests Bean Stem Maggot (Melanagromyza spp.) Anthracnose (Collectotrichum
Control Endosulfan 50 w.p. (500gram/50 Kg.) Varietal resistance
Angular Leaf Spot (Phaseoisariopsis)
Varietal resistance
indemuthianum)
Weed Control: Weed free to achieve good yields. Yields: Some can yield up to 2 tonnes/ha. SOYA BEANS Varieties Variety Hernon 147*
Maturity (Days) 120
Days to shattering 10
Yield potential (kg/ha) 1500
Remarks Promiscuous
Climate and Soil Requirements: Temperature is 20 – 250C, soil pH 5.0 – 5.5. Moisture is critical at pod-fill stage (March). Seed Rate: Seed rate of 80 to 100kg/ha Spacing: 50cm between rows – 30 seeds/m, 75cm between rows - 40 seeds/m. Row widths above 75cm and below 30cm tend to decrease yields with present varieties. Planting: Middle to end of December Weed Control: Keep weed free during the first seven weeks. 2 – 3 weedings is sufficient Fertilizer Requirement: In acidic soils apply Lime.
68
Crop Protection Pests Stink Bug (Nezara sp)
Control
Disease Bacterial Pastule (Xanthomonas phaseoli) Bacterial Blight
Control Varietal resistance is adequate Varietal resistance is adequate
Harvest: Immediately the crop is mature to curb shattering losses. Yield: 1.8 – 3.0 tonnes/ha. Rain-fed GROUNDNUTS Varieties: Natal Common, Chalimbana, Comet, MGV 4, Chipego, Champion, Luena etc Planting time: November to December Seed Rate: 80kg/ha Spacing: 75cm x 10cm Weeds: Done by hand or hoe Harvest: Maturity is indicated by the formation of brownish-black markings on the inside of the pod Yields Variety Chalimbana Comet Natal Common Makulu Red
Rainfed 1 500kg/ha 1 500kg/ha 1 500 kg/ha 2 000 kg/ha
Irrigated 2 500 Kg/ha 3 000 Kg/ha 3 000 Kg/ha 5 000 Kg/ha
Market in 50 Kg bags (shelled) at 6.5% moisture. Composition Oil% Whole nut (shelled) 45-48 Meal 6
Protein% 25-30 45
CASSAVA Varieties Variety
Maturity Months
Kapumba
16
Yield Potential Tons/Ha 22
Nalumino
16
29
Disease and Pest
Characteristics
Moderately Resistant to CMV and CM Resistant to CMV and moderately reistant to CM and BLS
Semi-branched, Good cooking quality, Average plant height 2 metres Average plant height 2 metres
69
Bangweulu
24
31
Resistant to CMV
Mweru
Long root, sweet taste and low cyanide content Chila Tolerant to pests Light green stem. Slightly bitter with cyanide content Tanganyika Grey stem and conical root shape. Consumed without processing Kampolombo High Light green stem, highly yielding branched with sweet taste Key: CMV = Cassava Mosaic Virus BLF = Brown Leaf Spot CM = Cassava Mealy bug Climatic and Soil Requirements: Temp > 20oC. Light textured soils. Land Preparation - Mounds: 0.75 m to 2 m in radius and the height may vary from 15cm to 50 cm. 8 000 plants/ha. - Ridges: Height of about 30 cm. Between ridges 80cm to100cm apart. Width 40 cm. - Flat: Rows 80 cm to100 cm. Ridges and flat systems, plant population is (12 500 plants/ha). Planting Material: Cuttings 20 to 45 cm long Spacing: Branching type: 1m x 1m or 1m x 0.8m. Non-branching type: 1m x 0.8 or 1m x 0.7m. Weeding: Three weeding times at 45 days interval from planting date Crop Protection: Cassava mealy bugs, cassava green mites, cassava red mites, African cassava mosaic virus and cassava bacterial blight. Control: The two control strategies used are: Cultural control: This involves the planting of clean material that can be obtained from clean crop. Use tolerant clones such as Nalumino, Kapumba and Mwansamfungo. Harvest: From 12- 36 months depending upon the clones. Yields: 15 to 20 tonnes/ha fresh weight
SWEET POTATO Varieties: Chingovwa, Luapula, Zambezi and many local varieties grown throughout the country. Climatic and Soil Requirements: Sweet potato grows well under warm conditions and low temperature retard growth. Planting and Spacing: One vine should be planted every 25cm, along the middle of the ridge. Fertilizer Requirement: Use organic matter as source of nutrients when making ridges or mounds Crop Protection Pest and Diseases Sweet Potato Weevil
Control Cultural practices such as earthling up and weevil-free planting materials.
70
Sweet Potato Virus
Use of resistant varieties such as Chingovwa and the selection of vines from clean plants
Harvest: Harvesting can be done within 3 to 4 months Yield: 12 – 20 tonnes/ha CABBAGE Varieties: Main crop, Copenhagen Market, Brunswick ladu and Sugar loaf for cool dry season. RianaF1, Gloria F1, Constant F1 and KK cross for hot rainy season. Climatic and Soil Requirements: All year round, preferably April to July. Planting and Seed Rate: Sow seed in nursery. Spacing: 40 – 60cm between rows; 30 - 50cm within rows. Fertilizer Requirements in kg/ha Management level Basal Dressing Small Scale D 200 Medium Scale
D
400
Top Dressing A/N Small Scale A/N Medium Scale
Crop Protection Management Problem Control Dosage level Small Scale Diamond Back moth, aphids, Fastac or 1ml/lt water serpentine Leaf Minor, Bagrada Karate bugs Medium Same as above Same as Same as above Scale above Bacterial Blackrot and soft rot: Plant resistant cultivars e.g., Riana, Improve drainage in field & Remove infected plants Harvesting: The crop is ready for harvest after 3 to 4 months after transplanting Yield 28 - 40 tonnes/ha.
TOMATO Varieties: Roforto VFN, Red Khaki and Rossol VFN for hot dry season, Herald, Roma VF, Red Khaki for cool dry season, Roma VF, Herald, Monoprecos during rainy season. Planting: Sow seed in nursery. Germination expected 5-8 days. Apply copperoxychloride or Dithane M45 to avoid diseases in rainy season Seed Rate: 100g/ha when transplanted Spacing: 90 - 120 cm x 30 - 50 cm
71
Fertilizers: 12 x 50 kg D / ha basal, 2 x 50 kg AN / ha top dress All top dress applied as split dose i.e., at 2 weeks after transplanting and then 4 weeks after flowering Rotation: Do not plant tomato on land that had eggplant, peppers, potatoes, tomato in last 2 years
Crop Protection Pests and Diseases
Chemical
Rate/ha
Fruit borers
Fastac, Karate, or Cyrux
1 ml / litre
Foliar diseases (Early and late blight) Redspider mites
Dithane M 45 spray(preventative measure) Use acaricides e.g., Morocide or Tik tok Isolate crop from other crops infested with mites
25 g / 10litre
Yield: 24 - 48 tonnes / ha POTATOES Varieties: Baraka, Pentland dell, uptodate, Primpernel Climate and soils: Light soils well drained soils. pH5.5 – 6.5. Seed Rate ad Spacing: 20kgs of seed potato is required for 100m2. Planting and Fertiliser application: Ridges spaced at 60cms. 6 - 10cm deep depending on the soil moisture. Well sprouted materials are used. Apply 12.5 to 25t of compost or manure (20liters tins for every 8m). Apply basal dressing as a side landing without contact the tuber (30gms/m2 compound D) and cover the tubers and irrigate to facilitate sprouting the tubers. Top dressing of Ammonium nitrate at 10kg/m2 to be applied when plants are 20cm high. Earthing Up: To keep the tubers covered by 25cm of soil is an important operation all the time. Crop Protection Pests and Diseases
Chemical
Early and Late Blight
Dithane M45 and copper oxycloride Tuber moth Azodrin Nematode Fusaban Hoe weeding in the later growing season is not economical and moving in the field when the crop is very dense assists in spreading viruses. Use of resistant or tolerant varieties is recommended. Harvesting: 90 to 120 days to reach maturity. Storage: Short- term storage is possible by keeping the potato in a darkened room with cool light air. Yields: 20 to 40 tonnes/ha
72
ONION Varieties: Texas Early Grano, Red Creole, Yellow Granex F1, Tropic Ace, Dessex F1, Pusa Red. Climatic and Soil Requirements: March to October. (Cool season), in well drained fertile soils. Seed Rate: Sow seed in nursery 500g / ha and transplant after 6-8 weeks. Spacing: 25-50 cm x 5-7 cm Weed Control: Keep field weed free at all times. Fertilizer Requirement in kg/ha Management level Basal Dressing Small Scale D 200 Medium Scale D 400 Crop Protection Problem Thrips Purple Blotch
Top Dressing A/N 50-100 A/N 100-150
Control Endosulfan 50% WP Malathion 50% CE Bravo and other fungicides Use resistant varieties, reduce plant density
Dosage 100 g/100 lts water
Consult Product label Harvesting: Harvest when fully matures i.e., 75% leaf fall. Yield: The average yield is 24 - 32 tonnes/ha
MANGO Varieties Fibreless type Kent, Zill, Tommy Aitkin
Fibre type Peach, Nolea, Sober
Soil Requirement: Deep well drained light sandy soils. Planting Material: Seeds and grafted seedlings Spacing: 6m x 4m (416 plants/ha) Fertilizer Requirement per tree/year Mature plants 700g N, 400g P2O5, 750g K2O
Newly planted 70g N, 100g P2O5, 250g K2O
Crop Protection Insect Pest Mango weevil Mealy bugs
Infected part
Control
Fruit Inflorescence
Spray with Carbaryl Spray with Malathion
73
Fruitflies
Fruit
Spray with Malathion
Symptoms
Control
Whitish powder on plant parts Rotten ripe fruits
Spray with copperoxychloride Spray with copperoxychloride
Diseases Disease Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae) Anthracnose
Harvesting: Fruits are picked when they begin to change colour or a few ripe fruits have dropped from the tree. Yield: 80 -120 tonnes/ha BANANA Varieties: Dwarf Cavendish; Williams Soil Requirements: Well drained with high organic matter. Soil pH of 5.5 to 6.5 Climate Requirement: Optimum temperature is 25-30℃, below 10 causes chilling. Planting Material: Propagated vegetatively (suckers) Spacing: 3m x 3m giving 1,300 plants/ha. Fertilizer Requirements: Large quantities of compost or manure are needed per year (10 -15t per year). At planting apply 50g D-compound /per hole Yearly applications: 120g ammonium nitrate per stool every month except June and July to avoid frost damage. 7-10Kg manure per year. Desuckering: Only three plants per station should be allowed to grow. Irrigation: 102 litres /week/stool. Crop Protection Insect Pest Banana weevil
Infected parts Stem
Nematode
Roots
Control Spray dieldrin on soil surface around stems. Dilution rate 60ml EC/10 litres water. Rotation, by treatment of planting material by placing the bases in hot (62-65 oC) water for 10 minutes. Extract from Neem tree leaves are effective to control it. Rotation and by treating propagating materials by placing the bases in hot water (62-65℃) in 1o minutes.
Diseases Disease Bunch Top Anthracnose (Crown rot)
Symptoms
Control
Presence of aphids at leaf base Stem end of bananas become black
Spray with Rogor, Malathion. Destroy diseased plants Dip or spray fruits with benzimidazole compounds.
74
Harvesting: Ready for harvest 5 to 18 months after planting. Yield: 23 – 43 tonnes/ha (12t per ha is average yield for small scale farmers)
FERTILIZERS
Fertilizers – The contents of NPKS and trace elements Nutrients N P2 O 5 K2 O Boron Sulphur Commodity % % % % (Approx) % Mixture A 2 18 15 0.1 10 C 6 18 12 0.1 10 V 4 18 15 0.1 10 R 20 20 10 X 20 10 5 10 D 10 20 10 10 Nitrogenous Fertilizer: Ammonia Nitrate (A/N) 34 Sulphate of Ammonia (S/A) 21 Urea 46 24 Nitrate of Soda 16 Phosphate Fertilizer: Single Super Phosphate (S.S/P.) 19 Triple Super Phosphate (T.S/P.) 44 Potash Fertilizer: Potassium Chloride 60 -Potassium Sulphate 50 Fertilizer is sold in 50kg pockets and Repacks. Liming is very necessary for highly acidic soils. Lime is sold in bulk or in 50kg bags.
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Equivalent rates of fertilizer application for hectares and m2 The following Table is just a help when converting rates in Kg per hectares into grams or tablespoons per m2. All recommendations of fertilizer are given in kg per hectare, though some farmers only grow a very small area of some crops, vegetables for example. Application per Application per m2 Hectare Kg Pockets Grams Tablespoons (50kg each) Level (15 grams each) Level (15 grams each) 1/3 50 1 5 0.3 ( ) N/A 100 2 10 0.7 (2/3) N/A 150 3 15 1.0 N/A 200 4 20 1.3 N/A 250 5 25 1.7 N/A 300 6 30 2.0 1.0 350 7 35 2.3 1.2 400 8 40 2.7 1.3 450 9 45 3.0 1.5 500 10 50 3.3 1.7 600 12 60 4.0 2.0 700 14 70 4.7 2.1 800 16 80 5.3 2.7 900 18 90 6.0 3.0 1000 20 100 6.7 3.3 Nutrient Content for Manure The following figures can be used when manure is compared to fertilizer. The nutrient content for manure varies much depending on age, litter contents etc, and loss of nitrogen may be substantial during storage. Manure Nutrient in Kilograms per tone N P2O5 K2O Poultry in Cages Wet. 75% Water 10 8 5 Dry. 15% Water 40 30 20 Pigs Solid 6 4.6 4.4 Cattle Solid 3 2 1.6
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Field References (Food and Nutrition) VEGETABLE AND FRUIT PRESERVATION TIPS Introduction: A variety of fruits and vegetables are produced in Zambia. During the rainy seasons some edible wild fruits and vegetables are available throughout Zambia. Fruits and vegetables with their rich contents of minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber as well as anti-oxidants are categorized as protective foods. They are highly perishable in nature due to high moisture content (70-95%). They also get infested easily with micro-organisms like fungi, bacteria and insects. Hence, the need for these fruits and vegetables to be preserved and protected from deterioration. Preservation of fruits and vegetables increases their availability throughout the year and can also be an income generation activity. The preservation of fruits and vegetables can reduces bulkiness, easier transportation and improves storage ability. Some of the preservation methods used at farm level in Zambia are:-Drying, sugaring, smoking, fermentation, cooling, pickling, salting, blanching, steaming, par boiling and frying. Basic tips on fruit and vegetable preservation 1. SELECTION: Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected before preservation to ensure that quality of the raw material is good. Selection should be in terms of fruit or vegetable quality e.g avoiding fruits that are bruised, avoiding fruits that are over ripe etc. Selection of suitable varieties is important when making jams, pastes and other preserves. 2. PRE- PRESERVATION: Some fruits and vegetables may need cooling before processing to enhance the quality of the final product. Fruits such as mangoes and pawpaws need to be put under a shade or put in cold water to cool them before preservation 3. FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENCE: Food safety and hygiene should be observed to reduce on contamination and foodborne diseases. Fruit and vegetables should thoroughly be cleaned before preservation. Hand washing before any processing operation should be ensured. All utensils and equipment must be properly cleaned before and after use. Finally, packaging materials e.g. bottles or containers must be washed with a soap and hot water or sterilized. 4. PRESERVATION PRACTICES: Application of good preservation practices ensures nutrient retention, quality preservation and a long self- life of the preserve e.g During preparation include the stem of the vegetable, as part of the preserve to avoid nutrient lose. (the nutrients are concentrated there) and avoid shredding of vegetables as they lose most of the nutrients Process the fruits and vegetables as soon as possible as they lose their nutritional value easily. As such as possible select preservation methods that can help retain nutrient in the preserve e.g steaming when drying-avoid direct sun drying as much as possible, spread vegetable or fruit on the reed mat on a raised platform to dry under a shade or use the solar drier Turn the preserve frequently to facilitate drying and do not leave the preserve outside overnight during the drying process as this affects the flavour and colour of preserve. 4 TESTING:To test for dryness, the preserve can be subjected to a moisture content test. This can be done by putting preserve in an empty colourless plastic for some time. Clouding in the plastic is a sign that the moisture content is high and further drying should be done. Most vegetables preserves are deemed dry when they are crispy and can easily be broken by the crushing with fingers. In Jam making, testing can also be done. when set the jam will slide slowly from cooking stick or when put on a lid of the pot it will slide slowly. 5 STORAGE: To ensure that preserves are stored well good storage containers should be used. These can be modern or traditional containers. Traditional methods have disadvantages such as short shelf life as they allow attack from insects, rodents and moulds. Modern storage containers are expensive but allow for good storage. Some modern air tight containers available in local communities include plastic drums, plastic buckets with lids, sealable polythene bags, bottles and plastics. Most vegetables should be stored in dry cool clean suspended place.
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Field References (Livestock) VILLAGE CHICKEN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE NUTRIENTS SUPPLY IN VILLAGE CHICKENS A farmer should aim at producing more meat, plenty of eggs and chicks and health birds all year round. This can be achieved among other management practices through good chicken feeding strategies which include; Supplementary Feeding -This is the supply of feedstuffs to birds in addition to what they feed on from the natural environment. This is practiced under extensive and semi-intensive systems. The following practices may be applied; a. Provide supplementary feeds during dry season b. Provide supplementary feeds throughout the year c. Provide supplementary feeds to selected chickens, e.g., chicks, mother hens with chicks, breeding hens and cocks, sick birds, etc. Workout a Feed Calendar A farmer should have a calendar showing months when various scavenging feeds are unavailable and make a feed plan a. In the feed plan; State the conditions in which feeds are found and how they should be prepared Take note of the condition and performance of chickens in such seasons. For instance green, young and tender vegetation is associated with fairly high insect populations which feed on the herbage. Insects are nutritious feedstuff for chickens. Contrary, aged, fibrous and browning vegetation and characteristic dryness indicate poor nutrition in vegetation. Chickens will starve during this time if they are not supplementary fed b. Conserve feedstuffs; just after cereal harvests, when there are plenty cereal grains, cassava and legumes which are normally wasted. Collect and store these materials for chickens. Feeding and watering Using conserved feeds, a farmer should make a feeding plan and ensure that hens lay and hatch more eggs and chicks grow fast while the entire flock remains health. Along with solid food, chickens must have access to clean and cool water at all times. SIMPLE HOME BASED FEED COMPOUNDING Examples of Simple Home Based Feed Compounding Exercise a. Ration for Chicks and Laying Hens; Mix 1 part (1 Meda Container) of energy feedstuff, e.g., maize to 1 part (1 Meda Container) of protein feedstuff, e.g., soyabeans. This ration will give above 22% crude protein b. Ration for Growing birds; Mix 2 parts (2 Meda containers) of energy feedstuff to 1 part (1 Meda Container) of protein feedstuffs NB: in both cases provide Vitamins in drinking water such as pounded vegetables or edible weeds soaked in water. Some vegetables or weeds may need boiling before giving them to chickens to remove toxic compounds. Complete Home-Based Feed Compounding Practical Guide Recommended Ingredient Mixture for Village Chickens Diets under Semi-intensive Management Mix Percentage (%) Ingredient Age of Birds (Weeks) Under 6 Above 6 Energy source: Maize, sorghum, millet and their by-product used as single 60 70 material or any combination Crude Protein Source: Sunflower, soyabean as ground seed or meals/cakes, 37 27 cotton cake used as single materials or combination Limestone 1.2 1.2 Di-Calcium Phosphate (DCP) 1.5 1.5
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Salt 0.3 0.3 Mineral premix * * Vitamin premix * * Estimated crude protein content (CP) >16 14-16 Total 100 100 *Add according to manufacturer’s recommendation WHAT A FARMER SHOULD KNOW AND DO TO MAXIMIZE BENEFITS FROM VILLAGE CHICKENS A farmers should have good chicken management skills and able to practice; a. Improved chicken housing b. Improved chicken nutrition c. Good chicken breeding management d. Improved chicken health care e. Record keeping f. Improved routine practices Poultry Housing and Equipment It is very important to provide suitable housing to chickens. Such structures should enable a farmer to efficiently carry out routine management operations while chickens are given favourable environment to grow and perform the functions they are kept for. Characteristics of a good poultry house A good chicken house should provide the following conditions; a. Allow easy and good flow of fresh air at all times b. Allow enough sunlight in the house c. Provide protection from rain, cold weather, winds and excess heat d. Provide chickens with enough resting space and comfort e. Should protect chickens and eggs from predators e.g., cats, dogs, thieves, etc. f. Should be easy to clean and disinfect Materials required for building poultry houses The materials required depend on the type of house being built. General considerations include; a. Simple poultry houses - use debarked wooden poles, chicken wire, mud or burnt bricks, grass for thatching and anthill soil for floors. Debarking minimises problems of parasites such as fleas, and tick which tend to hide under barks. b. Standard poultry house - burnt bricks or concrete blocks, chicken wire, treated timber or metal poles, corrugated iron or asbestos sheets for roof and concrete cement for floors Designs of Village Chickens Houses The designs of village chickens houses should meet the specific management needs of three flock categories namely; brooding hens, growers and old chickens. An Ideal Night Shelter for brooding hens Night shelters for broody hens and their chicks should have nests. The farmer should consider the following guidelines; a. Construct such nests on bricks, stones or high ground to avoid running water. The height of a nest should be low enough to allow chicks to easily enter and get out of the shelter b. Nest size: - approximately 40cm width, 40cm length and 30cm height is ideal c. Place sun sterilised clean, dry, chopped grass, sunflower hulls or saw dust bedding on nest floor for comfort and protect the birds from the cold. d. Place night nests near hatching areas to help hens easily locate the night shelter e. To avoid diseases and parasite build up; Temporal nests -burn used nests after brooding Permanent nests - thoroughly clean and disinfect nest after each batch Avoid placing nests on the same site An Ideal Night Shelter for Growers and Older Chickens a. Raise the shelter at least 1.5m above the ground leaving gaps in the floor between poles for droppings to fall to the ground for easy manure harvest b. Allow 7 chickens per square meter to avoid overcrowding c. Provide roof overlap of 0.8m on all sides to keep out rain water d. Allow at least 0.5m between the roof and perch on the slanting lower sides for good ventilation e. Construct a new structure on a new site at least every 3 years. Changing sites for chicken structures help to prevent the build-up of disease causing organisms and parasites
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Ideal Laying Nests for Chickens Brooding hens must be provided appropriate nesting facilities to ensure that eggs are safely laid and incubated, ultimately good hatchability. Below are general guidelines that a farmer should follow when constructing laying nests for hens; a. Ideal nest size: 40cm width by 40cm length and 30cm height b. Other simple nests; clay pots, calabashes, or baskets made of local fibre, cardboards or wooden boxes big enough to accommodate a hen c. Nest to hen ratio; 1 nest to 2-3 hens d. The farmer must ensure that nests are free from germs and parasites. Ecto-parasites in nests may reduce eggs hatchability as hens tend to leave the nests most times and spend a lot of energy cleaning and scratching their bodies. e. Place laying nests in shady places f. Use sun-sterilised dry, clean and soft grass as nest bedding g. Generally raise nests at least 1.5m above the ground for protection against rain and predators
ROUGHAGE /FORAGE Pasture conservation ensures a more efficient animal production by making use of wasted pasture surpluses in the growing season. By utilizing conserved feed in the dry months, weight loses are minimized, productivity is enhanced and cattle mortality may be prevented. Hay is one easy method for conserving stock feed. Hay Making Hay can be made either from improved or natural grasses. Hay may be conserved as; long hay (standing hay left in the field), Shredded hay, chopped hay, baled hay or loose hay Important Points to kept in mind while hay making; a. The grass for hay making should be leafy with tender and thin stems. b. It should contain about 7-10% protein and 0.5% calcium. c. The harvested crop should be dried in field till its dry matter content reaches 60 per cent. It should be dried up to 80-85% dry matter d. The hay to be stored should not contain more than 15% moisture. e. Dry hay as early as possible to preserve nutrients present therein. f. There should be no loss of leaves during the act of harvesting, transportation and drying. g. The suitable crops for hay-making should be harvested at flowering stage. At this stage they are rich in carotene, protein, digestible carbohydrates and minerals. h. The best time for harvesting is early morning this helps in proper spreading and drying of grasses over the fields under sun rays. Hand Method Hay Making Process Steps to follow when making a bale of hay: Step 1: Cut grass with a sickle when half of it has flowered Step 2: Spread the grass on the ground to dry and turn it once a day for 3 days. After 3 days tie (bale) the dried grass using a simple wooden box and strings Step 3 and 4: Prepare the bale box for baling Step 4: Fill bale box with cut grass Step 5 Pack and press grass in the box to make a tight bale. Step 6: Tie the grass in the box into bale Step 7: Lift the box to release baled grass. Start the process again to make more bales. Step 8: Store hay bales and cut grass fodder on storage racks above the ground to avoid wastage by termites
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MOLASSES-UREA LICK-BLOCKS FOR RUMINANTS Ingredients for a 30 kg block Molasses 15.0 Urea 3.0 Salt 1.5 Quick lime 3.0 Bran 7.5 Other mineral* Total 30.0 (Unit measures in kilograms) Steps to follow; 1. Make a pre-mixture of salt, binder and a little bit of water; 2. Add the other ingredients in the order indicated above; 3. Mix thoroughly; 4. Put the mixture in moulds made from plastic sheets; 5. Allow the blocks to harden for a few days; 6. After drying, remove the blocks from the moulds and give them to the animals; 7. *Other extra minerals may be added to blocks to improve the mineral balance. CLIPPING PIGLETS TEETH This is the removal teeth in piglets to minimize injury on teats of the sow and amongst the piglets themselves. a. Use a stainless steel cutter with a flat cutting edge on one side and beveled on the other. b. Disinfect the cutter using surgical spirit before the operation c. Best age to cut piglets’ teeth is at day old. d. Carefully press open a piglet’s mouth with thumb and forefinger. e. Support piglet on your thigh while keeping its mouth open. f. Insert clippers into the mouth from the front. Keep flat side of blades close to the gum, but take care not to cut its lips or the tongue. g. Without twisting or pulling, clearly clip off the upper teeth first and then the lower teeth h. Afterward run your finger inside the piglet’s mouth to check if there are needle-sharp edges left.
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MANAGING A BOAR A boar in pig production is considered to be half the herd. It is therefore very important that a boar is well managed so that it effectively performs. • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
Use a boar for mating when it is 8 months of age at a mating ration of 1 boar to 25 sows in a year. A boar can be used for 3-4 years but making sure that there is no inbreeding. A new boar brought in the pen should be put near other pigs but should not be used immediately. It should be given time to settle in the new environment. At least three weeks are adequate. Feed boars 2 kilograms of feed per day although individual variations are there. A sow on heat should be taken to the boar. Young boars serving for the first time should be given plenty of time to adjust and properly handled. They may fail to mount or locate the vagina; in such situations assistance is required. However, sows must be allowed to tease the boar. If the boar does not serve a sow within 15 minutes, remove the sow and bring it back later. The boar should be allowed to serve 4-6 times per week and give them one week off every month. Do not use a boar that is unwell; has some lameness or injury to the feet and general illness, rest the boar until it gets well. Do not use too large boars on small sows or gilts as they cannot stand the weight of the boar. Keep boars in individual pens to avoid fighting. Boars should always be handled by the stockmen so that they get used to human beings. Individual boar habits must be known. Boars may become savage due to poor handling or injury. Boars must be treated for worms and mange on a routine basis (at least every six months).
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Field References (Aquaculture) FISH POND 1. Fish Pond Design and Construction Ponds are built for a variety of reasons, but two basic rules remain the same. The pond must be sited on suitable soils and properly constructed to hold water, and there should be enough water available to fill the pond but not in great excess. Careful attention and expert advice on pond site selection and construction are essential. Once a pond is built, proper maintenance extends its useful life and beauty. In addition, most farm ponds depend on runoff from their watershed (land uphill from the pond) to fill and maintain the water level. Protecting the watershed ensures a quality supply of water to the pond. For ponds built for recreational fishing, there is no advantage in deep ponds (over 12 feet to 14 feet deep) or to a deep area within the pond. Deep ponds are not more productive and tend to have more oxygen problems. Ponds should not have extensive shallow areas (less than 3 feet deep) unless aquatic plants are desired. Constructing ponds to drop off rather quickly to a depth of at least 2 1/2 feet helps prevent aquatic weed growth 2. Pond Management Options Before a pond is stocked, deciding which species you would like to raise and which would do best in your pond is important. There are alternative management strategies for farm pond fisheries that rely on other species and more intensive management schemes. Some of these combinations are relatively untried or work well only under certain specific conditions. Pond owners should be aware that they might need to contract with a private farm pond consultant to properly implement and maintain such alternative fisheries. In small ponds (< 1 acre), the All-Purpose management strategy is not recommended because it is difficult to maintain a balanced predator: prey community. In these ponds, single-species fisheries tend to work best. 3. Aquatic Vegetation Weeds are simply plants in the “wrong” place. Many types of aquatic plants are beneficial for wildlife, and plants form part of a healthy pond. Farm pond owners may consider leaving vegetation in and around ponds to provide cover and food for wildlife. However, excessive growth of plants can interfere with other uses of the pond, such as watering cattle, fishing and swimming, making the plants “weeds.” Floating weeds, such as duckweed, can become so abundant that the pond surface becomes covered, cutting off light and oxygen to the fish below. On occasion, weeds can literally take over a pond and cause serious problems for the farm pond owner. Physical Techniques for Weed Control Shallow areas where light reaches the pond bottom are ideal for the growth of rooted aquatic weeds, and plants can be expected to grow in these areas. In most cases, measures to control weeds in such shallow water are futile. Deepening pond edges so that the water depth quickly reaches 2 1/2 to 3 feet helps reduce weeds. This may not be an appropriate option for ponds close to homes where the safety of children is a concern. An alternative is to use pond dye, which provides a shading effect and prevents light penetration to the bottom where rooted plants attach and grow. Drawing down the water level 3 to 4 feet during the late fall and winter can help control rooted weeds and is also good to reduce overpopulation of prey fish. Shallow weeds are exposed during drawdown and subjected to drying an freezing. An expensive alternative is to use a pond liner which prevents plant roots from penetrating the soil. This option must be installed before filling the pond, or the pond must be drained. 4. WHY SHOULD I FEED? What is this manual all about? Fish already grow in my ponds. I have managed to increase production by fertilization. Why should I spend more money on feed? Will I be able to produce more or make more profit'? These are the sort of questions this section will try to answer. Having done so, the rest of the manual deals with the type of feed that can be used, how to make mixed (compound) feeds, and how to store and use feed on your farm. In this section, information on energy and the feeding habits of fish is summarized. The types of food available to them are then introduced. The ways in which the food available to the fish can be increased are discussed. Finally there are some notes on the economic effects of feeding. The object of aquaculture should be to produce the maximum weight of marketable fish or shrimp from a given volume of water in the shortest time at the least cost. 83
5. Harvesting Fish Harvesting is the collection of fish from a pond for sale at market, or for cooking and preservation for family use. Harvesting can refer to collecting all the fish or to taking out only some of the fish (this happens often in tilapia ponds having both young and adult fish). If the pond can be drained, harvest the fish by draining the pond into the catch basin and collecting the fish with a scoop net. If the pond cannot be drained, drain out as much water as possible and use a series of nets to catch the fish. Harvesting is the collection of fish from a pond for sale at market, or for cooking and preservation for family use. Harvesting can refer to collecting all the fish or to taking out only some of the fish (this happens often in tilapia ponds having both young and adult fish). If the pond can be drained, harvest the fish by draining the pond into the catch basin and collecting the fish with a scoop net. If the pond cannot be drained, drain out as much water as possible and use a series of nets to catch the fish. Types of Nets There are different kinds of nets which can be used in ponds. Some nets, such as the one shown here are gill nets. Gill nets often have mesh sizes from 2-3cm; they are often used to harvest the largest fish in a pond and leave the smaller fish until they grow larger. They are called gill nets because the fish pokes his head through the net mesh, and is caught around the gills as he tries to wiggle through the net. Another net used to harvest fish is the seine. A seine can collect all the fish in the pond at one time because it has smaller openings (mesh size) than the gill nets, and it is usually made of heavier fibres to hold the fish. (See the end of this section for instructions on making a seine.) Both seines and gill nets have lead sinkers (weights) attached to the bottom ropes. These weights hold the nets at the bottom of the pond (so the fish cannot escape underneath the nets as they are pulled). Seines and gill nets also have floats attached to the top ropes to help the net form an enclosure: the entire pond is netted with one sweep of the net. Netting a Pond Let out as much water as possible. NEVER LET THE WATER OUT COMPLETELY. As the fish have less and less water in which to live, they become excited and use up more oxygen when there is less available. Plan on harvesting while the water is draining out so the fish are caught before they are stressed. Or, drain the pond almost completely, and then let water slowly trickle through while netting the fish.
USING A SEINE Place the net at one end of the pond and slowly draw the edges down the sides of the pond. Bring the middle of the net across the pond. When near the other side, begin pulling the edges up onto the bank so that the net forms a u-shape in the pond. Pull up the bottom rope of the net along the pond bottom until it breaks the water surface. At this point the net is a bag shape and will hold the fish in (some seines already have a bag woven into them). Pick the fish up one by one and transfer them to buckets or tubs of clear water for later weighing and transport. OTHER HARVESTING METHODS Fish also can be harvested by other methods. One method is to catch them with a hook and a line, but this 84
method is time-consuming. In some parts of the world fish are harvested by dynamiting or poisoning the water. But these methods are dangerous and should never be done in a pond or any other waterway: dynamite and poisons can kill people and other animals, in addition to fish. NEVER HARVEST FISH BY DYNAMITING OR POISONING THE POND. There are easier and cheaper methods than these. Marketing Harvested Fish Once fish are harvested, they must be marketed. Marketing includes the transportation and sale of fish. As the introduction to the manual pointed out, one very important thing to consider before building a pond is the availability of a market. If a market is further away, the farmer must have transportation to it over passable roads. If the market is very near, he may want to advertise the date of his harvest by word-of-mouth so that the people will come directly to the pond to buy the fish. Also, he may want to make an agreement with a tradesman at the market so that he is sure he has a buyer for his fish when they are harvested. If there is no market, or if the farmer is going to use all the fish himself, then he probably will want to preserve some of the fish (see fish preservation). Containers for storing live fish being taken to market. Transporting fresh fish to market must be carefully done, so that the fish are not damaged. Usually, fish are handled in the same way they were handled when put into the pond. If it is not possible to get the fish to market right away, they must be preserved -- either on ice for quick sale in a nearby market; or salted, dried, smoked, or canned if going to a distant market. These methods are discussed in the next section. Remember: Fish spoil very quickly in warm temperatures. Sell or preserve the fish right after harvesting. After Harvest After the pond is harvested, it should be prepared for the next stocking of fish: * Plough the bottom of the pond * Clear out predators, sticks, rocks, etc. * Dry the pond bottom until the soil cracks * Put lime on the pond bottom * Wait two weeks * Add water to the pond * Check the water quality * Put new fish into the pond * Begin daily and monthly management of fish and ponds * Breed * Market * Harvest * Begin again
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Identification of selected and cultured species IDENTITY
Red-breasted T. rendalli
Green-headed O.. Machrochir
Nile bream O. niloticus
Three-spotted bream O.andersonii
Body Head
Typically deep Convex profile
More slender than other breams Long snout
Eye
Red eye
Throat Chest
Bright red Bright red breast
Deep dark olive green Moderately deep Green with dark brown straight or concave spots below the eye Red eye differentiates it from Bright red eye O. andersonii) Grey-green Grey-green
Bars Spots
5 to 7 dark olive broad vertical bars Clear Tilapia spot
none 6 to 7 vertical bars Dark brown spots below the eye Unclear Tilapia spot
None 3 to 4 mid lateral spots
Caudal fin Dorsal spines
Lower half half is grey 14 to 16
Dorsal soft rays
Appearance
is reddish upper grey with yellow margin
Yellow
eye
Black with grey Red during breeding
Grey stripes
Grey, red during breeding
15-17
Red when breeding (esp. males)
16 to 18
12 to 13
14 to 11
12 to 14
11 to 14
Lateral line scales
28-32
31 to 32
30 to 34
31 to 35
Anal spines Adults
3
3
3
3
Length: 40 cm (20 cm in ponds)
on males: tassel-like breeding males have red flush on lower Blue-black males with red-tinged fins genitals Length: 40 cm in jaw and chest Length: 50 cm (25 cm in Length : 50 cm (25 cm in ponds) ponds ponds) (spots may not be visible on males)
Juveniles
Round head & beak like ,mouth 8-9 thin vertical bars few broad body bands, pelvics without yellowish fins pigment. Clear Tilapia Spot
and Clear bars across the body Clear Silvery with 8 to 9 irregular bars on Tilapia spot body
Feeding
Omnivore but eats mainly plants
Omnivorous, although more detritus, algae phytoplankton off bottom
eats Grazer: eats diatoms, algae and Grazer: eats and detrius, will also eat insects and small zooplankton plants
Brood type
Substrate spawner
Mouth brooder
Mouth brooder
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Mouth brooder
detritus,
diatoms,
Summary of some characteristics of the species found in Aquaculture ponds Red-breasted
Green-headed O. macrochir Indigenous; found in Zambezi and Luapula.
Growth
T. rendalli Indigenous; found in Kafue, Zambezi and Luangwa and luapula Slower growing
Taste/Market (area specific)
One of the fish with best taste and good market; market
Reproduction
Mature 7 months; semi-frequent Mature quickly (4-6 months) Mature quickly (4 - 6 months); Mature quickly (4-6 months); most rapid repro semi-frequent repro (6 x/yr if repro (6 x/yr if T> 21o C; frequent repro (2 x/yr);if 21o C is (11 x/yr); Temp> 21o C; min Temp if 21o C is min Temp
Feeding
Likes nipping from vegetative Specialized Phytoplankton eater Opportunistic omnivore feeder materials but can also eat other substrates
Availability/ Origin
Social, religious concerns Feed Requirements Cost of Production Adaptation Disease Hardiness Handling/transport Temperature tolerance
None
Nile bream
Adapts pond conditions easily
good market;
Kafue,
None
low Adapts pond conditions easily
good market;
None Heavy plankton feeder low Adapts pond conditions easily
None
None
None
#2
#3
#1
Least cold tolerant bream
O. andersonii Indigenous found in Zambezi and Luangwa
Average 150 - 200 g/ 6 months in Fast growing bream (200 g in 6 Fast growing 200 - 225 g/6 ponds months); months
Adults eat only leaves; best for Heavy plankton feeder extensive (low manure) systems low
Three-spotted bream
O. niloticus Kafue, Exotic/limited availability;
12 - 13o to 41o C
Tolerates 8o to 42o C
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Eats both Phyto & Zooplankton
None Omnivorous but finicky leaf eater Low Adapts pond conditions easily None #4 (least hardy bream) Cold tolerant
Field References (Cooperative) GENERAL INFORMATION Definition of a cooperative: A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet
their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise and whose activities are not prohibited by law. Common and felt needs: There must be a felt need that affects the livelihood of the people and/or a common need affecting many people in a given community. A cooperative is therefore a platform at which peoples problems can be solved. A cooperative is formed by individuals: A cooperative is not a one mans’ show or controlled by the founding members – all individual are equal and own the cooperative collectively on a mutual basis. It is a democratic institution controlled by members. Decisions are made not based on an individual’s status or wealth/share capital. Every member has one vote. Cooperative as an enterprise: Cooperatives are enterprises meaning they are business entities that have a market focus and engage in the exchange of goods and services. If a cooperative is registered and does not operate in accordance with its objectives and the provisions of the Cooperative Act of 1998 such a cooperative deserves to be deregistered. PROCEDURE OF FORMING A COOPERATIVE If a group of individuals decide to form a cooperative they have to follow the procedure outlined below: They must make sure there is no other cooperative in their area of operation that is similar to the one they intend to register. According to the Cooperative Act, a minimum of 10 people can eligible to form a cooperative and should have a common felt need. The group should hold a series of meetings to discuss formation issues and objectives. The deliberations of the meetings should be recorded as evidence that members were in unison prior to registering the cooperative. An interim committee to guide the group through the formation process should be selected. The vision and mission statement should be declared A business plan should be generated. The following documents should be submitted to specific District Cooperatives Development Officer (DCDO) or the Cooperative Inspector for verification: 1. Four Copies of minutes of formation meetings 2. Four copies of by-laws of the cooperative to be registered. Model by-laws are available at the Department of Cooperatives which is guide that can be changed to suit the cooperatives situation. 3. Four copies of the list of members indicating names, NRC, addresses, location, paid up shares and signatures. 4. Four copies of application forms for registration of cooperative societies. Forms can be collected from the DCDO of Cooperative Inspector. 5. Submit application documents to the DCDO or Cooperative Inspector for verification and recommendations. 6. The documents can be delivered for final registration in Lusaka by an official of the cooperative 7. The prescribed registration fee which is K10, 000 for primary cooperatives and K20, 000 for cooperative unions. NB. The foundation for establishing a cooperative is very important if a cooperative is to remain in viable and sustainable business. If it is formed dubiously it will face problems and eventually will collapse. Be reminded to follow the right procedure and hold meetings with members who are the owners of the cooperative before 88
registration is done. BENEFITS OF BELONGING TO A COOPERATIVE The International labor Organization (ILO) identifies five (5) broad benefits of cooperatives as follows: 1. Cooperatives keep economic benefits within a community: Cooperative members who tend to be community residents, own and keep profit within the community. Cooperatives exist to fulfill a need in a community that is not being met by other businesses for example: - Agricultural cooperatives satisfy the need to supply, process and marketing of agricultural inputs and products. - Consumer cooperatives provide members with the goods and services required at competitive prices. - Housing cooperatives give low income people the opportunity to own their homes. - Insurance Cooperatives protect individuals and small businesses from risks. - Tourism cooperatives facilitate the opportunity of holiday stay and travel at fair prices to their members. 2. Cooperatives promote democracy: - Cooperative members own their business. They provide share capital, elect board of directors and receive the benefits of ownership through better service and patronage refunds based on usage. In this way cooperatives reduce poverty. - Cooperatives bring people outside the mainstream into a nation’s economic and political life. - Cooperatives teach people how to resolve problems democratically since many decisions are made through the voting process. 3. Cooperatives build open markets: - As more and more governments privatize state-owned enterprises, there is a danger that these monopolies may be moved intact into private hands. Cooperatives avoid this pitfall by ensuring wider participation by the users of the former state services. - Cooperatives spread economic power and encourage competition. 4. Cooperatives raise human dignity - Poor people most of the times feel worthless and socially rejected. They are traumatized and emotionally detached, feeling no one cares or loves them. Cooperatives help people escape poverty and achieve dreams such as owning a home or giving their children good education. - Cooperatives empower people by giving them a chance to participate in the decision making processes. 5. Cooperatives are systems for development - Cooperatives draw community businesses into regional and national networks through apex organizations such as unions and federations. The Cooperative Movement is a structured system designed to deliver development at all levels. The difference between cooperative s and other businesses: Cooperatives are economic organizations just like other businesses but whose members are also the users of the organizations services. Most businesses are investor-oriented firms owned by shareholders who have invested capital in an economic initiative. A cooperative is user-oriented enterprise designed to maximize the long term qualitative and quantitative benefits if the members. An investor-oriented enterprise is profit-driven and will try as much as possible to reduce costs by purchasing at low prices and selling at high prices. Cooperatives are guided by internationally accepted Principles, Ethics and Values adopted by the International Cooperative Alliance in 1995. Together these form the cooperative identity which refers to the ethical behavior expected of cooperative members.
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Field References (Agri-Business) AGRICULTURAL MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEM
How do various stakeholders access agricultural market information for informed decision making? Through the following: 1. The District Marketing Development Officer’s office under the District Agricultural Coordinator’s Office 2. National and Community Radio Programs 3. Market bulletins 4. Price boards
How do various stakeholders share agricultural market information? 1. Visit The District Marketing Development Officer’s office under the District Agricultural Coordinator’s Office. The information can be incorporated in the following: Radio programs Market bulletins Local Trade data capture sheets
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P3812W(NEW) EXCELLENT GRAIN QUALITY, HIGH STABILITY AND VERY GOOD DEFENSIVE TRAITS KEY STRENGTHS Good overall stability with top yield in all maize zones Yield under good management exceeds 11t/ha Medium maturity hybrid 135-145 days to maturity Excellent grain quality Very good husk cover Very good standability
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Moderately tall hybrid with average cob placement Strong stalks and roots providing for good standability Large cobs packed with deep grain rows
MANAGEMENT SUGGESTIONS An ideal candidate for high management-irrigation,high fertiliser rates and weed control Compliments 30G19 Target final stand of 50-55 000Pplants/ha for optimum yields DISEASE TOLERANCE Very good tolerance to Grey LeafSpot Very good tolerance to Maize Streak Virus Good tolerance to Northern Leaf Blight Very good tolerance to cob rots
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Address Book of Farmers/Lead Farmer and Farmer Groups Name Place Contact Number Area / Issues
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Address Book of Farmers/Lead Farmer and Farmer Groups Name Place Contact Number Area / Issues
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What is asked?
When / by who
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Your Response
Extension Help Lines to answer for Your Queries… Yes, kindly and quickly!! -
Clarification of Extension methods Technical Questions Any concern about Extension Service Any other questions of Extension Service
Send SMS (Short Message) to your Senior Agricultural Officers or Provincial Agricultural Officers whose names and contact numbers are shown below. It is almost FREE service (After receiving your call or SMS, He/She will call you back quickly, or he/she will relay your question to other relevant officers who can help effectively)
* please state your name and camp/block/district for the first time.
List of Principal Agricultural Officers PROVINCE CENTRAL COPPERBELT EASTERN LUAPULA LUSAKA MUCHINGA NORTH WESTERN NORTHERN SOUTHERN WESTERN
PAO Ms. E.M.C Chuma Ms. J. Moonga Mr. P. Daka Mr. D. Namanyungu Mr. P. Chipasha Mr. C.Kapalasha Mr. M. Simbarashe Mr. C.Kapalasha Mr. B. Myanze Mr. M.Mukungu
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TELEPHONE 0977764097 0955538939 0977729755 0977978888 0977406700 0979335429 0977531559 0979335429 0978896606 0979403803
List of Senior Agricultural Officers PROVINCE CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT COPPERBELT EASTERN EASTERN EASTERN EASTERN EASTERN EASTERN EASTERN LUAPULA LUAPULA LUAPULA LUAPULA LUAPULA LUAPULA LUAPULA LUAPULA LUSAKA LUSAKA LUSAKA LUSAKA MUCHINGA MUCHINGA MUCHINGA MUCHINGA MUCHINGA MUCHINGA MUCHINGA NORTH WESTERN NORTH WESTERN NORTH WESTERN NORTH WESTERN
DISTRICT Chibombo Itezhi-tezhi Kabwe Kapiri Mposhi Mkushi Mumbwa Serenje Chililabombwe Chingola Kalulushi Kitwe Luanshya Lufwanyama Masaiti Mpongwe Mufulira Ndola Chadiza Chipata Katete Lundazi Mambwe Nyimba Petauke Chienge Kawambwa Lunga Mansa Milenge Mwense Nchelenge Samfya Chongwe Kafue Luangwa Lusaka Chama Chinsali Isoka Mafinga Mpika Nakonde Shiwangandu Chavuma Ikelengi Kabompo Kasempa
SAO Ackim Nyirenda (Ag) Ms P Lubinda (Ag) M. Katumwa K.Muchula Patrick Mutale (Ag) K. Musonda Donald Mwaba N. Hachobi S.Chilufya D. Kaboboto H.Zimba K. Kasunga W.Hanjabu A. Y. Yamba J. Mweemba M. Chiwele O. Ilunga V.Zulu A.Kahalawe Masenga F.Mwansa H.Mukulumoya C.Mpolomoka G. Nkasabanya Sunday Kaunda Kunda Samson Chipeta Patrick Bwalya David Kandala Ignatius Lusambo Wonani Mumba Sunday K Kunda Anold Muimui John Lungu Wilson Chilembo Ernest Munthali Fesiano Banda F.Chikunta Lameck Chola Dan Musukwa Mishek Musukwa Teddy Kaunda Rainford Hara Frank Sindazi Mpimpa Habeenzu Jeston Mhango J.Phiri J. Masuwa 100
TELEPHONE 0955843976 0977563105 0977881708 0977799980 0966993418 0977780754 0966418738 0977762043 0968862169 0967512389 0977443462 0977703700 0966676821 0966827395 0966827395 0968649669 0977253757 0977252252 0977306410 0977305306 0977632918 0977318236 0977576500 0977789074 0977587364 0977471250 0977199908 0979628986 0977895279 0977342437 0977688990 0977834010 0977805594 0978309637 0978867425 0977515451 0977387347 0976056394 0971699419 0975582218 0977805594 0977279179 0979926181 0977921355 0973830272 0966208700 0968059798
NORTH WESTERN NORTH WESTERN NORTH WESTERN NORTH WESTERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN NORTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN SOUTHERN WESTERN WESTERN WESTERN WESTERN WESTERN WESTERN WESTERN WESTERN
Mufumbwe Mwinilunga Solwezi Zambezi Chilubi Kaputa Luwingu Mbala Mporokoso Mpulungu Mungwi Nsama Kasama Choma Gwembe Kalomo Kazungula Livingstone Mazabuka Monze Namwala Siavonga Sinazongwe Kalabo Kaoma Lukulu Mongu Mulobezi Senanga Sesheke Shang'ombo
P.Chibwiza Evans mtonga F.Mwansa Mr. Mangola Lawrence Bwembya Shadreck Bulaya Trevor Chikuta Rose Shangala Trevor Chikuta Wamulume Muyanga John Mwanza Jebros Kabinda Kennedy Zimba Mabvuto Phiri A.Sianjase N. Somanje T.Kaonga T.Kaonga D. Mooya P.Nyambe M.Kachasa E. Chibwe J.Kembo Mr W Matengo Mr. Milimo Mudenda S.Masenga K.Matauka R Muntanga H.Kasumu Roy Monde Mr . Muntanga
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0977579914 0978301749 0977567131 0976003051 0977110865 0977854576 0977858262 0977926620 0977858262 0976204219 0977853753 0977678251 0955880305 0975511338 0979241381 0977509821 0977665832 0977665832 0977349394 0976654445 0967201415 0977460692 0977659294 0977267602 0979819472 0977305302 0977256954 0977599575 0979230077 0977583442 0977706126
Date
Name
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Purpose of Visit
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Signature
Maize Production Guide INTRODUCTION Zambia has good climate for maize production both in terms of rainfall amounts, distribution and temperatures. Since independence, good progress has been made in terms of varietal development, seed production and availability, and development of agronomic package. Yet national maize production has remained low and the country hardly reaches self sufficiency in maize and other food production. Excellent varieties of maize are available yielding up to 15 tons/hectare but the adoption rate of these varieties by small scale farmers is very low. They tend to continue growing old and poor varieties while far better new varieties are available. The main task is to lift production levels of small scale cultivators to a profitable level of at least 4-5 tons per hectare (20-25bags/Lima)
CHOICE OF VARIETY AND SEED Good crop begins with selection of the right variety and its seed. Seed contains yield potential and other crop characteristics needed to perform well in a given environment. A variety that repeatedly performs best in an area must be chosen. Generally locally bred varieties adapt better to local climatic and soil conditions than those introduced from outside the country. Farmers must always plant fresh certified seed sourced from a reliable supplier of the variety recommended for their area. Zamseed has a long list of old and new hybrids in the market. All Zamseed varieties are bred locally for Zambia and Zambian farmers, particularly the small scale farmers. Almost all Zamseed varieties have good husk cover and therefore good against cob rots. Most varieties have semi flint to flint grains that store well. Varietal description of ZAMSEED varieties is given below to help choose the right variety for farming.
VARIETY DESCRIPTION ZMS 402: a very early maturing new hybrid, with long cobs and short plant height, flinty grains and excellent resistance to all common leaf diseases and tolerance to drought. The hybrid can give 5-6 tons per hectare consistently and reliably. It is highly recommended for the Southern parts of the country. Because of its exceptional high disease resistance, it is also suitable for late planting in other regions, (II and III), especially for late planting or early planted green maize. MM 502: one of the most popular old hybrid known for very stable and reliable yield under diverse growing conditions and good grain quality. It is a medium early maturing hybrid which has stood the test of time. Its double cobbing attribute, attractive cobs and flinty grains with long storage quality make it a choice for small scale farmers. The hybrid has performed consistently well over the years yielding up to 7-8 tons/ha. ZMS 510: a replacement for MM 502 with similar medium-early maturity qualities and good 103
grain and drought resistance but with added resistance to diseases. The hybrid can be grown in drought prone areas all over the country with yield expectations of up to 8 tons/ha. ZMS 528: a new generation medium-early maturity hybrid with flint grains and exceptionally good resistance to GLS. It can be grown all over the country but preferred in Region I and II yielding up to 8-9 tons/ha. ZMS 606: a very versatile New medium maturing hybrid having wide adaptation all over the country. It has moderate levels of disease resistance to all maize diseases and exceptionally good drought tolerance. It has double cobbing attributes and no cob rots. Semi flint grains have very good resistance against storage pests and store well for a long time. The hybrid can yield up to 10 tons/ha at populations of 40,000 to 44,000 plants/ha. ZMS 616: a new very productive medium maturing hybrid with high levels of resistance to all major diseases, including GLS and MSV. It has thick cobs with hard grains good for long storage. The hybrid can be grown all over the country except in valleys with high yields of up to 10 tons/ha. It is very popular in the Eastern Province. The plants have good stability and lodging tolerance. ZMS 652: one of the most attractive and productive medium maturing hybrids, especially for commercial farming. It has moderate levels of resistance to main diseases including cob rots. The hybrid has conical plant shape; therefore, lodging does not occur. Yields can go up to 15 tons/ha with a population of 50,000 plants/ha. The variety can be planted all across the country. It responds well to better management and is ideal for planting in irrigated fields. ZMS 638: a very stable medium maturing high yielding hybrid with excellent resistance to all maize diseases including cob rots. It has a thick long cob with semi-flint grains. The grains are hard and store well for a long time. It can be grown all across the country and can yield up to 15 tons/ha. The hybrid is suitable for both small and large scale arming due to high and stable yields. ZMS 602: a medium to late maturing hybrid with very high yield potential of up to 15 tons per hectare. The hybrid has broad leafy plants but very attractive white and bold semi-dent yet hard grains with moderate resistance to cob rots and other leaf diseases. The hybrid is ideal for high rainfall areas of region II and III. GV 704: an old medium-late maturing hybrid with very high resistance to all maize diseases, except for leaf blight. The hybrid has low cob placement and bold white and attractive grain. The hybrid is good for Region III. Can yield up to 10 ton/ha. ZMS 717: a late maturing very tall hybrid with very good flint grains suitable for high rainfall areas. It has very good resistance to all maize diseases, including cob rots, except leaf blight. It gives very long cobs with grains that are strong to weevil attacks. The variety yields up to 12tons/ha. Because of its tall height it is very good for silage making in commercial farming. ZMS 720: one of the highest yielding late maturing varieties for region II and III. It has good disease resistance and no cob rots. It gives yields of up to 15tons/ha at 50,000 plants/ha. It performs well on both commercial and small scale farming with good resistance to lodging. Grains are a bit smaller and semi flint with resistant to weevil attacks. Cobs are very long and thick with thin cores.
LAND PREPARATION After selection of a right variety and procurement of the right seed from a reliable source, farmers must prepare land to ensure timely planting and good germination. Maize must be 104
planted either shortly before or soon after the on-set of rains. Late planted maize always yields poorly as it is exposed to drought, diseases and pests. Whichever method of land preparation and planting is used, it must ensure good tilth and proper weed control for good plant growth and development. Ideal soils for maize are deep, loam, well drained soils rich in organic matter with a pH range of 5-6.5. However, with good agronomic practices and fertilizer applications good yields can be obtained on almost any soil as long as weeds are removed timely.
PLANTING, SEED RATE AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION Normal seed rate for hand planted maize is 20-25kg per hectare (5kg per Lima). Planting must be done in rows spaced 75 cm apart. Rows can be made by hand or by machines or oxen plough. Planting is done 25-30 cm spaced stations by putting 2-3 seeds per station or by drilling the seed in furrows made by oxen or machines. Stations can also be made 40-50cm apart but then 4-5seeds are planted per station and two plants retained per station after thinning. Stations can be made by hoe (pot holing) even before rains. Ensure that seeds are covered well with soil 1.5-2inches deep. If seed is planted in wet soil after the onset of rain, ensure that the seeds are covered well with wet soil soon after planting and soil is compressed by stepping on the station so that moisture is not lost. Watch for birds as station planted maize is very prone to bird and rodent attack if dry weather follows as they pick the germinating seed and damage young seedlings. Maize requires substantial amounts of nutrients, therefore fertilizer application is necessary for good returns from seed and labour. Rates can vary according to soil type, crop rotation and targeted yield. A minimum of 4bags of D-compound must be applied for 4-5ton grain yield per hectare (20-25 bags of 50kg grain per Lima). D compound must be drilled in furrows ahead of planting or applied in stations before seeding.
WEEDING Weeds are the biggest yield reducing factor in any crop production as they compete directly with plants for space and sunlight, water and nutrients etc. Weeds can be controlled chemically (herbicide applications) or by frequent weeding/cultivation. Use of herbicides is easier and faster than hand weeding but expensive and sensitive. If planting is on a large scale, use of herbicides is necessary. Consult a local agro-chemical dealer on the use of herbicides. Care must be taken to read instruction label and follow them carefully in using any chemical.
TOP DRESSING AND CROP MANAGEMENT After thinning and weeding, when the crop is 35-40 days old, apply top dressing fertilizer like Urea at the rate of 3-4 bags/ha. For most efficient use of the fertilizer, make a groove along the plant rows 6 inches apart and drill the urea. Fertilizers must be applied when soil is moist or rains are likely to follow. If the soils are light split the dose into two and apply urea on 30 and 45 days after germination, respectively. The crop must be monitored periodically as it grows, for any deficiencies due to soil and/or any other pest and disease problem, and appropriate measures 105
Motorbike Pre-ride Inspection Sheet for Extension Officers It is recommended that extension officers must conduct the pre-ride inspection at least once a week.
Date:
Contents
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Results & Remarks
１．Fuel: Fill fuel tank when necessary. Check for leakage. Fuel Level（Check position of fuel cock） Check by touching hose between fuel tank and carburetor.
２．Engine Oil: Add engine oil if necessary. Check for leakage. 2 stroke Engine
Check the volume of oil at the flat place if it is enough.
Level of Oil
３．Tyres: check condition and pressure Visually Check all surfaces of tyre (Wear, Cracks, Splits, Cuts） Tyre Inflation（Recommended：Front
kpa、Rear
kpa）
Looseness of Spokes、Looseness of Rim
４．Drive Chain: Check condition and slack. Slackness/Looseness of Chain、Wear/Damage with Chain& Sprocket Lift the middle of chain by fingers. Slackness/Looseness should be ５～１０ｍｍ.
Touch chain by fingers if chain is gently covered with oil. The chain will get rusty if not enough oil.
Lubricate the Chain
５．Engine Leakage/Dirtiness of Engine Oil Looseness of Drain Plug Check if there is any oil leakage under the engine. 106
Leakage of Coolant、Check Coolant Level Water Cooled Engine
６．Brakes: Check operation and if necessary, adjust freeplay. Check Break Effectiveness by pushing Motorbike Freeplay of Lever（Standard:
mm）
Front
Check Break Effectiveness by riding Motorbike
Back/Rear Looseness of Pedal（Standard： mm） Freeplay of Pedal（Standard:
mm）
７．Clutch: Check operation and if necessary, adjust freeplay. Free play of Lever (Looseness & Tightness)
８．Lights and hooter: Function properly. Head Light (Hi/Lo), Position (Front/Rear), Stop Light, Turn Signal Flashing Condition
９．Battery、Mirror Level of Battery Fluid Make sure that the level of battery fluid is above minimum level.
Battery Corrosion and Looseness of Terminal Mirror
Tightness Adjust position of rear mirror from the correct sitting position
10．Tightness of various parts Axle Shafts (Front & Back) Steering Holder/Bolts Looseness of other parts
This inspection sheet is prepared with technical advice of Mr. Anata (Professional Mechanic) of JICA Zambia Office.
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Safe Use of Pesticides of the farm A Sprayer Operators Guide
Safe Working Practices Protect yourself, your Family, other people on the farm People who eat farm produce Livestock and Chickens Water supplies The environment Your future employment Pesticides Pesticides are used in crops to: Kill pests Kill diseases Kill weeds Some of the pesticides used are dangerous Pesticides can cause: Irritation: itching, sore eyes, nose and throat Burning: redness and blisters Sickness: dizziness, headache, twitching, nausea, stomach ache Death: poisoning Prevent these problems by following safe working practices at all times! Safe working practices You must Follow instructions - read the label Listen to your supervisor Handle pesticides carefully - work carefully to avoid torn packages, leaks and Wear protective clothing - cover yourself up to avoid contact with the spray Check the label to see what you should wear: Gum boots, face shield, gloves, dust mask, overalls, respirator, hat, goggles Spray safely - clear the area of other people Do not spray when it is very windy and work spray drift Wash yourself and your protective clothing after work
spills
upwind, no in the
Protect the crop Incorrect treatment can harm a crop: Too much pesticide causes leaf scorch Too little pesticide does not control the pest or disease Use of the wrong chemical or application to the wrong crop can make the produce unsalable. You must measure the chemical accurately use the right nozzles and sprayer pressure drive/walk at the right speed check the spray distribution to make sure that the nozzles are not blocked or dribbling spray the areas as instructed.
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Safety in the chemical store Pesticides should be kept locked up in a dry, well ventilated store or Never store pesticides with food You must Handle packages carefully Separate liquids and powders, corrosive materials and metal Stack produce in accordance with the manufactures instructions. this way up, drums only two high Rotate stocks so that the older products are used first (first in, first out) Keep records - products received and Goods used After spraying Put up notices warning people that crop has been sprayed. Wash out your sprayer Wash your gloves, face shield etc and hang them up to dry. Change your overalls. Wash your hands. Wash your face. Complete and sign the spray record sheet.
cupboard
Protect the environment o Water o Wild plants and trees o Wild life animals and insects o Zambia needs protection from: Pollution by dangerous chemicals Pollution with litter You can help: Put your container washings into the sprayer Put your sprayer washing into the soak away Burn or bury packaging as instructed Protect other people Observe harvest intervals Observe re-entry intervals Protect water supplies and food from spray drift and run-off. Rinse used containers thoroughly (three times) Never put pesticides into unlabelled containers or food containers. Never use pesticide containers for food or water. Never leave pesticides lying around the farm. Return the container to the store and lock up. First Aid If you feel ill, stop spraying and get some fresh air. Then, tell your supervisor. If you spill chemical on yourself, go and wash. If you find someone in difficulty: o Check the area for your own safety o Move the person to a safe area o Check for breathing and resuscitate if necessary, then put in the recovery position. o Be careful not to contaminate yourself. o Wash pesticide off skin or clothing. o If non-corrosive pesticide has been swallowed, give a conscious victim milk or water to drink. o Tell your supervisor what has happened. o Get medical help and show the doctor the product label.
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