Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

LABORATORY MANUAL AS PER GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (GTU) SYLLABUS (For B.E. Civil Semester-VI)

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS (160602)

Prepared by:

VENUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (VICT) Village Bhoyan Rathod, Gandhinagar-382422 Phone: 079 - 29289857, 29289580 Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Certificate This is to certify that Mr/Ms…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Enrollment number……………………………………………………… of B.E. Sem ………………………………of ……………………………………………………………Branch has satisfactorily completed the course in …………………………………………………………………………….Laboratory work within the four walls of Venus International College of Technology.

Date of Submission…………………………………………………………….. Staff in-Charge…………………………………………………………………… Head of Department………………………………………………………….

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

VENUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Index Sr

Name of Practical

No:

1 2

3

Page No From

To

Date of

Date of

Signature

Start

Completion

of Staff

To verify Reynold’s number for laminar and turbulent flow through a pipe. Verification of Relationship Between Energy Loss and Velocity And Determination Of Friction Factor For A Pipe Flownet Construction by Electrical Analogy Method

4

Determination of Rugosity Coefficient For An Open-Channel

5

Hydraulic Jump In Horizontal Rectaugular Open-Channel

6

Drawing the Characteristics Curves of Centrifugal Pump

7

Drawing the Characteristics Curves of Pelton Wheel Test Rig

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PRACTICAL – 1 To Verify Reynold’s Number for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe. Aim:

To verify Reynold’s number for laminar and turbulent flow through a pipe.

Apparatus:

a) Reynold’s number measuring tank. b) Potassium paramagnet (KMNO4) c) Measuring tank d) Stop watch

Theory:

Classification of fluid flow depends upon:

1) Manner in which particles of fluid layer move with respect to its adjacent layer. 2) Time variation of fluid flow particles variables 3) Space variation of fluid flow variables. 4) Temperature variation. Types of Flows :Laminar Flow :If the liquid particles move in smooth pipe in layer or laminar with one layer sliding over an adjacent layer then flow is said to be the laminar flow. Part of individual particle do not cross or intersect, Turbulent Flow :If the liquid particles moves on irregular paths, passes with high velocity and randomly flucting with times, it is known as turbulent flow. Transition Flow :It is a flow which is neither laminar nor turbulent but having intermediate position. Important points about Reynold’s number :1) Re is dimensionless quantity. 2) If Re < 2000 then flow will be laminar. 3) If Re > 4000 flow will be turbulent. 4) 2000 < Re < 4000 flow will be transition. 5) The Reynold’s number is very useful in deciding the type of flow loss of energy accompanied with the fluid flow – depends on the types of flow. 6) It is very useful for Dynamic similarly between two fluid motion.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

According to Reynold’s that the real fluid can be either laminar or turbulent flow. Actually Reynold’s works about real fluid. He further determine a parameter to decide the given type of flow in a given motion by using simple apparatus. Reynold’s Number :Reynold’s observed that the type of flow depends upon : a) Diameter of pipe b) Density of fluid c) Velocity of fluid d) Coefficient of velocity The Reynold’s number may be given by Re = C.D.ρ µ Where, V = Velocity of fluid in cm / sec. D = Diameter of pipe in cm. in which fluid is flowing. ρ = S.P. weight of fluid in gm / cm3 µ = Viscosity of fluid in poise. (i) Critical Velocity :The velocity at which the flow changes from one type to the other type is called critical velocity. (ii) Upper Critical Velocity :The velocity at which the flow changes from laminar to turbulent is called upper critical velocity. (iii) Lower Critical Velocity :The velocity at which the changes to Laminar from turbulent is called lower critical velocity. → It depends upon :a) initial quantity of fluid in tank b) shape of entrance c) pipe roughness Procedure

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

1) Measure the dimension of measuring tank and glass tube. 2) Open the valve of Reynold’s number apparatus and allow the water to flow slowly. 3) Now, open the dye cock very slowly so that dye can be observed in pattern. 4) Allow the water to flow and to collect it in measuring tank for fixed time. 5) Note the readings of measuring tank and calculate velocity. 6) Calculate the Reynold’s number for each observation. 7) Also comment about the flow acc. to our assumption. Observation Data: 1) Diameter of the glass tube d = 2) Cross section area of the glass tube = 3) Length of measuring tank L = 4) Width of measuring tank β = 5) Viscosity of water µ = 6) Density of water = Calculation:

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Result: From the above experiment, we verify that if Renold’s number Re < 2000 the flow is laminar. If 2000 < Re < 4000 flow is transition and Re > 4000 then the flow is turbulent. Conclusions Thus, we can conclude that for laminar flow the dye particles are in straight line and for turbulent, they cross each other. Thus, from Reynold’s number we can judge the type of flow.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PRACTICAL – 2 Verification of Relationship Between Energy Loss and Velocity & Determination of Friction Factor For a Pipe. 1) Verification of relationship between energy loss and velocity.

Aim:

2) Determine the friction factor for a pipe. Apparatus: Pipe friction apparatus consisting of pipe of different diameter, pressure guage, tapering, inclined manometer, Houk gauge, scale, etc. Theory: 1) Reynold’s experiment :Reynold’s experiment show the loss of energy in a pipe flow with pipe of different diameter and various fluid inducing water at different temperatures. Conclusion of Reynold’s experiment :It is concluded by Reynold’s that the loss of energy due to friction resistance on of viscous of molecular diffraction in liquid depending upon. → Velocity of flow → Weight area of surface → Roughness of the surface → Viscosity and also types of flow For both laminar and turbulent flow, the loss of head is due to frictional resistance or boundary resistance. Hf α Vn ∴ hf = kvn → (1) Where k = constant of proportion Taking log on both sides log hf = logk + nlogv → (2) This is an equation of straight line and from this n can be found out.

N

= log hf - logk Log v

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

2) Loss of head :Various losses are taken in a pipe for fluid flow are as classified. (i) Major loss :- Major loss is due to the frictional resistance or boundary resistance to the flow and different for laminar and turbulent flow. (ii) Minor loss :- Minor loss is due to either change in magnitude of velocity or change in direction flow. Minor loss is local loss and major loss is continuous loss. (iii) Reynold’s number :- It depends upon
dia. of pipe
density of fluid
viscosity of fluid
co-efficient of viscosity (iv) Frictional factor :- This equation gives the head of loss due to friction hf = f. l. v2 2. g. D Where, hf = frictional head loss f = friction factor D = dia. of pipe V = velocity L = length of pipe f = hf 2.g.D Lv2 = 2gD ( hf ) L v2 = 2gD . k where k = hf L v2 f = 0.316 for turbulent flow Re1/4 F = 64 for laminar flow Re In case of inclined manometer the hf can not be available directly.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PROCEDURE: 1) Connect the pressure of friction apparatus to the manometer with taping. 2) Measure the diameter of measuring tank and pipe. 3) Note down the angle of inclination of manometer and its Initial reading. 4) Allow the flow in measuring tank about t se and measure F.R and I.R. 5) Repeat the procedure and take 5 – 6 readings. 6) Calculate the discharge, velocity and friction factor. 7) Draw the graph of log hf → logv and hf → v and f → Re OBSERVATION DATA 1) Length and breath L = 30, B = 30 2) Length of the pipe between pressure tapping = 307 cm. 3) Diameter of the pipe = 1.5 cm 4) C/S area of the pipe = 1.766 cm2 5) Specific gravity of mercury S = 13.6 6) Specific mass of water ρ = 1 gm / sec 7) Viscosity of water µ = 0.01 poise 8) Inclination of the manometer = 7o261 CALCULATION: For reading No. 1 l1 = 8.5, ϕ = 7 o261 D = 3.4 h = l1 sin ϕ = 8.5 x sin 7 o261 h = 1.099 cm of mercury. 1) hf = h ( S – 1 ) = 1.099 (13.6 – 1) = 13.847 cm of water 2) V = LBD = 30 x 30 x 3.4 = 3060 cm3 3) φ = v / t = 3060/ 50 = 61.20 cm3/sec 4) Velocity V = Q / A = 61.20 / 1.766 = 34.63 cm/sec

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

For Table - 2 1) log hf = 1.141 log v = 1.548 Re = ρVD = 1 x 1.5 x 34.63 µ

0.01

= 5215.5 hf = 0.316 = 0.0372 Re1/4 RESULT 1) The friction factor ( analytical )= 0.0372 2) The friction factor f1 (from graph) = 0.1503 3) Slope from graph = 2.00 CONCLUSIONS We concluded that :1) It is concluded that velocity of flow when increased mark subsequently increase in energy loss. 2) Two values of critical values are obtained from laminar to turbulent which gives a higher values due to change from turbulent to laminar and gives lower value due to random motion. 3) The graph of log hf → log v is a straight line showing the slope n.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PRACTICAL – 3 Flownet Contraction by Electrical Analogy Method Aim:

To draw flownet for covering flow conduct by electrical analogy method.

Apparatus: 1) Electrical analogy tray apparatus 2) Copper strip 3) Electrades 4) Graph paper 5) Potential field plotter Theory: A field flow can be described by means of stream lines and equipment lines. 1) Streamline :- A stream line is defined as an imaginary line in fluid flow such that tangent at any point on the line is in the tangent at any point on the line is in the direction of flow. 2) Equipotential line :- It is direction of flow line along which the potential remains constant. Equipotential lines and stream lines are perpendicular to each other . 3) Flow net :- The complete network of stream lines & equipotential lines are called flownet. Uses and characteristics :1) It is useful in determining certain fluid. Phenomena which cannot be easily analysed by mathematical means 2) For a given set of boundary condition there is one possible pattern of fluid flow which is represented by flownet for one set of boundary condition once flownet is obtained it may be used for all irrotational flow with similar geometrical boundaries. 3) Flownet analysis helps in determining efficient boundary shapes for which flow does not seperation from boundary surface. 4) flownet is useful in determining velocities and pressure of fluid flow. 5) For the construction of flownet flow should be steady, irrotational and should not be governed by gravity forces. Electrical analogy method :-

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

A flownet can be drawn by electrical analogy method in which the fluid flow is identified with the help of applying current through electlyte. This is because of that both the physical properties can be represented by laplace’s equation. r2d + r2d = 0 (for two dimensional flow) ry2 rx2 where φ = potential voltage x and y = co-ordinates of a points in fluid flow There are two methods in electrical analogy method. 1) Direct electrical analogy :To apply voltage along the direction of flow fluid the electrical aquipotential will be far to the flow and this can be potential. The stream line flow will be at right angles to equipotential lines. This is called as direct electrical analogy. 2) Inverse electrical analogy :If the voltage applied is across far to the fluid flow the equipotential lines at flow will be far to stream lines. This is called Inverse Analogy.

PROCEDURE: 1) Arrange the condute model in the horizontal position on the table and fill it with water at about 1 to 1.5 cm. 2) Place the electrode and fit the probe in the probe holder and connect them with respective terminals and then to the electric unit arrange the probe position. 3) Now, adjust the required potential voltage on the potential setter. 4) Now, move the prob. along the y-axis on the required potential voltage and get the null point and note the readings. 5) Similarly, repeat the same procedure for 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, etc. 6) Draw the graph showing stream lines and equipotential lines. OBSERVATION DATA: 1) Size of the condue at outlet = 20 cm 2) Size of the condue at inlet = 40 cm RESULT: From the graph we get stream line φ up and equipotential line and they are ⊥er to each other. CONCLUSIONS: Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

From above experiment we conclude that : 1) The flownet is drawn by using electrical analogy method. The flownet is observed as expected. We can draw flownet and fluid flow by using electrical analogy method. 2) For any fluid flow the stream line and equipotential line from any tiny square flow net. Diagram can be drawn by electrical analogy method and we can find the velocity and potential head from this flow net for any irrotational flow.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Practical - 4 Determination of Rugosity Coefficient For an Open Channel

AIM:

To determine Mannig’s regosity coefficient for an open channel.

APPARATUS: Tilting flume, point guage, triangular notch, scale hook guage. THEORY: OPEN CHANNEL :An open channel may be defined as any geometrical free surface i.e. it is subjected to atmospheric pressure. Usually they are used to convey water from one place to another. TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL :(1) Covered (2) Uncovered (1) Covered :- This type of open channel has roof over it or it is closed conduit. Which run full, so that liquid flowing through it has a free surface. (2) Uncovered :- This channel does not have roof or cover over it. It is flowing over the surface of earth uncovered channel is further divided into artificial and natural open channel. (I) NATURAL OPEN CHANNEL :They are those which are not constructed by man but it exists naturally. These channels do not have uniform c/s may vary from length. (ii) ARTIFICIAL OPEN CHANNEL :These are constructed by man for various purposes. They have uniform geometrical c/s for a particular length as designed. They may be lined or unlined. VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL :1) STEADY UNIFORM FLOW :- If a given canal carries constant discharge at a constant depth, then the flow in such a canal is called steady uniform flow. 2) STEADY NOW UNIFORM FLOW :- If a given canal carries constant discharge and depth of the flow changes from one section to another and hence velocity also varies from one section to another then the flow in such a canal is said to be steady non-uniform flow. NORMAL DEPTH :- It may be defined as depth at which a channel at a given bed slope carries uniform flow. Thus it for a channel, the bed slope is just sufficient to overcome the resistance then the depth is said to be normal depth. Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH :- It is the ratio of area to perimeter m = A/P m = hydraulic mean depth A = welted area P = welted perimeter → The rugosity coefficient in an open channel is determined by one of the formula known as Mannig’s formula. For steady uniform flow, according to mannig’s V = 1/N m2/3 i ½ ( mks units ) Or V = 4.64 / N m2/3 i ½ ( cas units ) Where, V = Velocity N = Mannigs rugosity coefficient M = hydraulic mean depth i = canal bed slope Now Q = A . V Q = A x 4.64 / N m2/3 i ½ ---- (1) Qa = kH5/2 ---- (2) Where k = 8/15 cd √2g tan θ/2 Cd = 0.6 θ= 90o (given) H = Head over crest of triangular notch. Equating (1) & (2) KH2/5 = A x 4.64 m2/3 i ½ N N = A 4.64 m2/3 i ½ K H5/2

A x 4.64 m2/3 i ½

{∴ Qa = KH5/2 }

AV

= AY

FACTORS AFFECTING RUGOSITY COEFFICIENT (1) SURFACE ROUGHNESS :Size, shape, roughness of particles forming the bed and sides of the canal will affect the value of ‘N’ . If the grain size is finer then roughness is less.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

(2) VEGETATION :High density and type of vegetation will affect the roughness coefficient. If the vegetation is more than the discharge is less. (3) SILTING AND SCOURING :Deposition of silt in irregular canal decreases the value of N and scouring causes local depression and hence rugosity coefficient increases. (4) CANAL IRREGULARITIES AND AUGNMENT :Due to ridges, depression, sand bar will affect N. The abrupt change in canal alignment will also increase N. EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS ON CANAL FLOW (1) Water flow slows down due to friction. (2) Channel leveled with smooth concrete has much less friction than rough earth channel. (3) Weeds growing in badly maintained channel will further increase roughness. Value of ‘N’ for different canal surface. SR. NO. 1

SURFACE CHARACTERSTICS Wooden surface - planned - unplanned 2 Finished concrete 3 Unfinished concrete 4 Brick mansonary 5 Cast Iron 6 Rubber mansonary 7 Earth 8 Caravel 9 Earth with vegetation 10 Laboratory fumes with smooth metal beds and perpex glass slides PROCEDURE

RANGE OF N 0.010 – 0.014 0.011 – 0.015 0.011 – 0.013 0.013 – 0.016 0.012 – 0.020 0.017 – 0.020 0.020 – 0.030 0.020 – 0.023 0.022 – 0.035 0.025 – 0.040 0.009 – 0.010

(1) Set the apparatus as shown in figure and allow the water flow through the open channel. (2) The depth of water maintained is measured by means of a point guage. (3) The channel is tilted by a required slope and the corresponding depth of water in channel is obtained. (4) After getting the depth of water discharge is calculated and then Mannigs coefficient of rugosity is obtained. Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

OBSERVATION DATA (1) Width of flume b = 30 cm (2) Point guage reading for bottom of flume, I = IR 0 cm (3) V-notch constant k = 8 / 15 cm √2g tan θ/2 k = 14.17 (4) Point guage reading upto apex of triangular notch Ho = 26.4 cm. CALCULATIONS For 6th reading :→ I% = 0.16% → i = 0.096 → i½ = 0.04 → water surface elevation F.R. = 17.65 I. R. = 0 ∴ Depth of flow, d = F.R – I.R. = 17.65 cm. → Area A = bd = 30 x 17.65 = 529.5 cm2 → Wetled perimeter = P = b + 2d = 30 + 2 x 17.65 = 65.3 → Hydraulic mean depth = m = A/P = 529.5 / 65.3 = 8.108 → m2/3 = 4.03629 → After surface over notch - 49.4 → Head over H = H1 - Ho notch = 23 cm → H5/2 = (23)5/2 = 2536.99 → Qactual discharge Q = KH5/2 = 14.17 x 2536.99 = 35949.14 → Velocity = Q/A = 67.89 cm/sec. Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

→ Rugosity coefficient h = 4.64 / v m2/3 i½ = 0.0110 Hence Aug n = 0.009 RESULT By performing the experiment the value of mannig’s coefficient of rugosity is found out to be 0.009. CONCLUSION The experiment has been performed as per the given procedure. The value of Mannig’s rugosity coefficient obtained experimentally depends upon velocity V of flow and hydraulic mean depth (r) as the roughness of surface is high, we get high value of N and vice versa.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Practical – 5 Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Open Channel

Aim:

To study the formation of hydraulic jump on a horizontal floor of a Rectangular open

channel and to verify theoretical discharge depth equation and energy loss equation. Apparatus:

Flume of Rectangular cross-section, V-notch for measuring discharge spillway

model, point guage, etc. Theory: HYDRAULIC JUMP When a stream of water moving with a very high velocity and lower depth is called super critical flow, try to meet another stream of water moving with low velocity and high depth called sub-critical flow. A certain wise in the surface of super-critical flow takes place, this phenomenon is called ‘HYDRAULIC JUMP’. It is generally accompanied by larger scale of turbulines and dissipation of most of the kinetic energy of super-critical flow. OCCURRENCE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP A hydraulic jump may occur in the following cases :→ At the base of spillway where a super critical flow plunges into pool of water. → Flow from a sluice gate discharging into a horizontal channel of mild slope. → At the junction of canal where a super critical flow passes through critical to sub-critical flow. → When a very steep channel is a channel with mild slope. → In case of sudden rise or fill in canal bed. → If a very big obstruction is placed along the flow. → In a uniform canal a trashrack may cause so much loss of head that the stream below is in a shooting stage and returns with a slope to a hydraulic jump. USES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP → To dissipate the energy in the water flowing over the dam, weir or other Hydraulic Structure and thus prevent to scouring of the downstream structure. → To increase the cooler of an apron and thus reduces the uplift pressure under the structure.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

→ When a hydraulic jump is formed on the down stream of sluice gate it can prevent the tail water from backing up against the gate and keep the discharge free. If the flow is submerged the discharge is reduced. → To indicate the special flow condition such as the existence of super critical flow on the pressure of a control station so that the gauging station may be located. → To create drinking water for a city water supply as the churning action of the jump furnishes a cheap and effective means for proper mixing of chemical. → To raise the water level in channel for irrigation. ASSUMPTION MADE IN ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP → The loss of head along the length of the jump due to friction with the walls and the base of the channel is neglected. → The flow is uniform and the pressure distribution before and after the formation of jump is hydraulic. → The channel is horizontal or has very small slope so that the weight component in the direction of flow is neglected.

THEORETICAL DEPTH EQUATION ½VD12 - ½VD22 = β2 qδV2 - β1 qδV1 β1 = β2 = 1 q = V1d1 - u2d2 d22 - d12

= 2q2/ g = 2dc3

∴ q2 / g = d1d2 (d1 + d2) / 2 ∴ 2q2/g d1 = d1d2 + d22 d22 + d1d2 - 2a2/ gd1 = 0 Here A = 1 B = d1 C = -2q2 / gd1 d2 = d1 ± √ d12 - 4(1) (-2q2 / gd) / 2

(1)

As the depth cannot be negative d2 = (-d1 + √ d12 + 8v12 d12 / gd1 )/ 2

(1)

= (-d1 + √ d12 + 8Fr12 d12 ) / 2 = d2 = (-d1 + d1 √ 1 + 8Fr12) / 2 Similarly d1 = -d2 ( -1 + √ 1 + 8Fr2 )/2 Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

d2 = -d1 ( -1 + √ 1 + 8Fr12 ) / 2 ENERGY LOSS IN HYDRAULIC EQUATION ∆E

= El = Ei = E1 - E2

EL

= ( d1 + q2 / 2gd12 ) - ( d2 + q2 / 2gd1) = ( d1 - d2 ) + q2 / 2g ( 1/d12 - 1/d22 )

EL

= ( d1 - d2 ) + q2 / 2g ( d22 – d12 / d12 d2 ) = (d1 - d2) + [ ( d1 + d2 ) (d2 – d1) ] x [ ( d1 + d2 ) d1d2 ] d12 d22

4

= (d2 - d1) + [ -4 d1 d2 + d12 + 2d1d2 + d22 ]/ 4d1d2 EL

= ( d2 – d1 ) ( d2 - d1 )2/ 4d1d2

EL

= ( d2 - d1 ) 3/ 4d1d2

EL

= Hj3/ 4d1d2

Efficiency of Jump e = E2 / E1 = ( 1 + 8Fr1 ) 3/2 - 4Fr12 + (8Fr1) (Fr12 + 2) Percentage error in EL = ( E1 calculated - E1 observed ) / E1 calculated x 100 PROCEDURE: → Take the initial point guage reaching for the bottom of flume. → Fix the spillway model in the flume and allow the water in flow over the flume. → Adjust the discharge so that hydraulic jump takes place. → With the help of point guage jump. These are sequent depths, also measure the corresponding horizontal distance. → Also the intermediate reading for jump profice. → Measure the head over V-notch do calculation and plot graph. OBSERVATION DATA: 1) Width of the flume b = 30 cm 2) Initial point guage reading for bottom of the flume T = 0. 3) Initial point guage reading for apex of the V-notch Ho = 26.4 cm. 4) Angle of notch θ = 90o 5) Co-efficient of the notch cd = 0.6 Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

6) Notch constant ka = 8/15 Cd √2g tan θ = 14.17 CALCULATION: d1 = 6 cm d2 = 18 cm d2 / d1 = 3 Point guage reading for water level on V-notch. H1 = 47.8 cm Head over notch H = H1 - Ho = 47.8 - 26.4 = 21.4 cm H5/2 = 2118.53 Discharge Q = kq H5/2 Ka = 14.17 = 14.17 x 2118.53 = 30019.5701 Area a1 = bd1 = 30 x 6 = 180 cm2 a2 = bd2 = 30 x 6 = 180 cm2 Velocity v1

= Q/ a1 = 30019.57/180 = 166.775 cm/sec.

Velocity Head:

V12 /2g

= ( 166.775 ) 2 / 2 x 981

= 14.176

V22 / 2g = 1.57 Specific energy E1 = d1 + v12 / 2g

= 20.176

E2 = d2 + V22/ 2g

= 19.57

e = E2 / E1 = 0.969 Froude’s number Fr1 = V1 / √gd1

= 2.1738

Fr2 = V2 / √gd2

= 0.418

Calculate

d21 = d1 [ -1 + √8Fr12 ]/2 + 1 = 6 [ -1 + √8 (2.1738) 2 ]/2+ 1 = 15.66 cm

Length of jump

Lj = X2 - X1 = 80 cm

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Ratio Lj / Hj = 6.66 RESULT: → Average percentage error in d2 = -17.95 → Average percentage error in loss in EL = -90.73 → The efficiency of jump η is between 0.7 to 1.2 Ratio Lj /Hj= 6.66

CONCLUSIONS: From the experiment we can conclude that when super critical flow meets sub-critical flow a hydraulic jump is formed. The velocity at starting point of the jump is more than that at the ending point. Energy is lost in the hydraulic jump.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PRACTICAL - 6 Conducting Experiments and Drawing the Characteristics Curves of Centrifugal Pump

AIM: To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the characteristic with maximum efficiency. APPARATUS: 1. Centrifugal pump setup 2. Meter scale 3. Stop watch FORMULAE: 1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Q act = A x y / t (m3 / s) Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2) y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank. 2. TOTAL HEAD: H = Hd + Hs + Z Where: Hd = Discharge head meter Hs = Suction head meter Z = Datum head meter 3. INPUT POWER: I/P = (3600 x N x 1000) / (E x T) (watts) Where: N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc E = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr) T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds) 4. OUTPUT POWER: Po = ρ x g x Q x H / 1000 (watts) Where, ρ = Density of water (kg / m³) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) H = Total head of water (m) Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

5. EFFICIENCY: ηo = (Output power o/p / input power I/p) x 100 % Where, O/p = Output power kW I/ p = Input power kW DESCRIPTION: PRIMING: The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for the removal of air before starting is called priming. After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the delivery pipe to the required height. PROCEDURE: 1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit 2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head 3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading 4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank 5. Measure the area of collecting tank 6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment 7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc. GRAPHS: 1. Actual discharge Vs Total head 2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency 3. Actual discharge Vs Input power 4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

RESULT: Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied and the maximum efficiency was found to be ________

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PRACTICAL - 7 Conducting Experiments and Drawing the Characteristics Curves of Pelton Wheel Test Rig

AIM: To conduct load test on pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of pelton wheel turbine. APPARATUS: Venturimeter, Stopwatch, Tachometer, Dead weight FORMULAE: 1. VENTURIMETER READING: h = (P1 ~ P2) x 10 (m of water) Where, P1, P2 - Venturimeter reading in Kg /cm2 2. DISCHARGE: Q = 0.0055 x √h (m3 / s) 3. BRAKE HORSE POWER: BHP = (π x D x N x T) / (60 x 75) (hp) Where, N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm) D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.315 m T = Torsion in To + T1 – T2 (Kg) 4. INDICATED HORSE POWER: IHP = (1000 x Q x H) / 75 (hp) Where, H = Total head (m) 5. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY: %η = (B.H.P / I.H.P x 100) (%) DESCRIPTION: Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for generating electricity. All the available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of spear and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the velocity of the water is reduced and hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence shaft is rotated.

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

PROCEDURE: 1. The Pelton wheel turbine is started. 2. All the weight in the hanger is removed. 3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained constant for different loads. 4. The Venturimeter readings are noted down. 5. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted down. 6. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted down. 7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated. GRAPHS: The following graphs are drawn. 1. BHP Vs IHP 2. BHP Vs speed 3. BHP Vs Efficiency

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics

RESULT: Thus the performance characteristic of the Pelton Wheel Turbine is done and the maximum efficiency of the turbine is _______

Venus International College of Technology

Applied Fluid Mechanics