Arapahoe High School Student Planner/Handbook 2017-2018 Littleton Public Schools
WARRIORS 2201 East Dry Creek Road Centennial, Colorado 80122 Main Office – 303-347-6000 Attendance Office – 303-347-6030 Attendance Night Line – 303-734-6500 Main Office Fax – 303-347-6004 http://arapahoe.littletonpublicschools.net Mrs. Natalie Pramenko, Principal Ms. Angela Boatright, Assistant Principal Mr. Brian Ceriani, Assistant Principal Ms. Abby Hancock, Assistant Principal Mr. Cory Hawk, Assistant Principal Mr. Pat McCabe, Assistant Principal Warriors, always take care of one another! Property of: Name_____________________________________________________________ Address___________________________________________________________ Phone____________________________________________________________ In case of emergency, please notify: Name_______________________________Phone__________ Address____________________________________________ Parent Work/Cell Phone_______________________________ If found, please return this book to my English teacher. Name of Guidance Counselor __________________________ No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, without getting prior written permission of the publisher. ©2017. SDI Innovations. All Rights Reserved.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Use your Student Planner! Write in it often, and fill your pages completely. If you keep your student planner, it will become a journal of your high school experiences that you can keep forever. Save all of your Arapahoe Student Planners and cherish your days as a Warrior. Mission Statement Vision Statement Library / Media Center Services Online Resources Borrowing Periods Fines and Fees Expectations Works Cited Counseling Center Counselors Administrators Guidance Services AHS Graduates Recommend AHS “Warrior Fight Song” The Variable Schedule Unscheduled Time Study Center Reducing Stress Student Council Officers Link Crew Commissioners Warrior Athletics Philosophy Sportsmanship Extracurricular Activities Academic Eligibility Student Activity Tickets Homework Helpful Hints Ten Ways to Study AHS Graduation Requirements OPT-Out Procedures Valedictorian / Salutatorian Your Teachers’ Unscheduled Hours First Semester Second Semester 2017-2018 PLC Wednesdays Arapahoe Post Graduate Center ACT/SAT Exam Dates Questions about College Planning SAT and ACT Advanced Placement Courses Field Trips Student Attendance
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5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 20
LPS Dance Policy Dress Dancing Guidelines Student Policies ID Cards Student Dress Physical Education Dress Bullying Hazing / Initiations Academic Dishonesty Policy Cafeteria Skateboards/Bicycles/Rollerblades Loitering Personal Electronic Devices Parking Canine Drug Search Motor Vehicle Searches Student Lockers Student Illness or Injury at School Student Conduct Due Process Suspension and Expulsion Important Information- Off Campus Behavior Harassment Transfer of Student Records Change of Address Immunization Certificate Student Safety Precautions Student Visitors Tornado Drills Fire Drills Lockdown Drills Title IX / Section 504 Americans with Disabilities Act 3 Year Calendar
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS Art Department
136
Business Department
137
Drama
137
Family and Consumer Sciences
138
Journalism
139
Language Arts Department
140
Math Department
141
Music
142
Physical Education Department
143
Technology & Engineering Education
144
World Languages Department
145
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A Message to All Warriors, Your Arapahoe Student Planner is a gift to you because we believe students perform better when they know what is expected, understand how to organize, study and make good use of their time. It also contains the Arapahoe Student Policies that you are expected to read and understand. This instructional tool will help, but only if you use it! Learning to stay organized with your school work will help you prepare for college and for life. You should approach your schoolwork with the attitude of doing it because you want to learn. Doing it well, and to the best of your ability, will help you know how your learning is progressing and when you need to ask for additional assistance from your teachers. Make the most out of your high school experience by getting involved in school activities. There are so many wonderful extracurricular clubs, athletics and activities that Arapahoe has to offer! Choose something you enjoy. It as an opportunity to learn, develop strength and leadership skills, and to make new friends. At Arapahoe, we truly believe that teenagers make a difference. A strong historical example of this is displayed near the Arapahoe main office entrance in the famous World War II mural of the “Flag Raising on Iwo Jima.” Two of the six US Marines were teenagers, and they helped save the world! At Arapahoe we need your help, spirit and commitment to do the right things right. We provide many opportunities for you to take advantage of, but it is up to YOU to make it happen! We sincerely hope this new school year is both meaningful and enjoyable. Make it a great year! It’s always a great day to be a Warrior! Sincerely, Mrs. Pramenko Principal 4
Arapahoe High School Vision Statement
A leading school where excellence and tradition meet innovation
Mission Statement
To provide: a community of collaborative learning, rich culture, and meaningful relationships that prepares each student for their future
Core Values
Embracing a growth mindset in which we learn from taking positive risks and failure and encourage perseverance Promoting cross-curricular learning Supporting the whole student: socially, emotionally, and intellectually Encouraging service to community Modeling Warriors always take care of one another
Teaching rigorous curriculum that demands critical thinking and problem-solving Developing strong moral character Making decisions in the best interest of students Fostering lifelong learning Honoring and nurturing our relationship with the Arapaho Tribal Nation
Revised 2015-2016
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Library/Media Center Ms. Lezlee Raub Mr. Karl Fisch, Director of Technology Mrs. Mary Rice, Library Clerk Hours:
6:45 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. M-TH 6:45 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. F and before holidays
Students seeking to do research or have a place to study may visit the Library/Media Center before school, during unscheduled time, during lunch or after school. During the spring and summer of 2014, the library was extensively remodeled. When planning the design for the new library, much thought was placed in not only updating the facility, but in making it a place that will meet multiple learning styles. Within the walls of the library, students should be able to find space and resources to meet their individual learning needs. Areas of the library have been specifically designed for a wide variety of uses. These areas include • A food and drink area near the front of the library. With a tile floor and comfortable, but nonupholstered furniture, this is the only area of the library where food and drink are permitted. Students pressed for time may bring a snack into the library and work on their school assignments. Students are expected to keep this area clean by picking up after themselves before they leave. A water dispenser for filling water bottles is also located in this area. Please note, students should eat their lunch in the cafeteria. • A quiet study area with individual study carrels. This area is located in the northwest corner adjacent to windows looking west. Also found in this area is a laptop counter along the windows. Students in this area are to work independently and silently. • A comfortable seating area is found in the northeast corner next to a large east-facing window. Upholstered chairs and tables with built-in laptop swivel tablets are scattered throughout this area. For those who work best in a less conventional environment, this might be the place for them. Students may work in groups of up to three in this area. • Small group table seating is located in the southeast corner, immediately to the right as one enters the library. Seating for up to fifty-six students is found at round, square and rectangular tables. This area works well for students that need to spread out individually, work with a partner or in small groups. Although talking is permitted, even encouraged, in this part of the library, students are expected to respect the needs of others by using quiet voices. • Five small group study rooms are located next to the table seating area. Each room has a 10’ x 4’ conference table, large LCD monitor, and two white boards. The tables provide power for charging portable devices. Students may connect their devices to the wall mounted monitor via HDMI connections located in each table. Students working on a group project, studying for an exam, or preparing a group presentation may use these rooms. Students are asked to leave their student ID at the circulation desk when using a room. Groups as large as eight may use these rooms. A room may be reserved ahead of time using the link found on the library webpage. • Teacher conferencing area has been set aside for teachers to meet with students. This space is located right at the front of the library as one walks in and is located next to the book shelves found in the middle of the facility.
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Services
The library staff is available to assist with
Research assignments Class assignments Reading recommendations Technology related to completing school assignments Reserving materials Requesting materials from other LPS schools Reference questions Photocopying/Scanning
• • • • • • • •
Online Resources
An extensive collection of subscription database resources is accessible from the AHS Library’s webpage. Students may access these resources using their school email username and password.
• •
Borrowing Periods
Regular Collection including e-books and digital audio books – three weeks Reference and Reserved Materials – overnight Textbooks – one class period for use within the library only Notebook computers – one class period to be used in the library only
• • • •
Fines and Fees • • • • •
• •
Regular Collection - .25 per day Overnight Materials - $1.00 per day Maximum Fine per Item - $5.00 Lost Materials - Replacement Cost Printing of School Assignments – the first two sheets of paper per assignments are free, after that the cost is .10 per additional sheet Personal Copies (this includes extracurricular activities/athletics) – .10 per page Color Printing - .50 per page
Expectations • •
• • • • •
Food and drink is permitted only in the food and drink area located near the front of the library. Use of electronic devices (iPods, MP3 players, cell phone, tablets, laptop computers) should not distract others nor call attention to yourself. Students are expected to use their electronic devices to complete assignments – activities such as playing games or watching videos for entertainment should be done elsewhere. No talking on cell phones is allowed. This includes checking voice mail as doing so may give staff the impression that you are talking on your phone. See the library’s webpage for detailed guidelines regarding student behavior expectations and policies on the use of electronic devices in the library. . Students are expected to be courteous to one another and to the library staff. Use of the library is a privilege. Students causing a distraction to the academic environment and/or acting disrespectfully to faculty and staff may be asked to leave the library. To check out materials, students must know their student ID number.
Works Cited •
•
For citing resources, Arapahoe High School follows the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition o MLA recommends double spacing citations. o Titles of books, periodicals, websites, and online databases should be italicized rather than underlined. Easy Bib School Edition All AHS students may create their own Easy Bib account, good until they graduate, to assist them with citing sources accurately. In addition, this is an excellent resource for organizing their research information. To make sure you are authenticated as an Arapahoe student, access Easy Bib for the first time at school. Thereafter, the account may be accessed from anywhere in the world.
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In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity! -Albert Einstein Many quotes in your STUDENT PLANNER come from “The American Patriot’s Almanac” by William Bennett and John T. E. Cribb
Counseling Center
The Arapahoe Counseling Center is open from 7:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m. daily to accommodate students. Our facility offers opportunities for students to pursue independent college/ career/scholarship computer searches. Parent Volunteers assist students daily with these searches.
Counselors
All students are assigned by alpha and remain with that same counselor throughout high school. However, you may request to see any counselor. Mr. Ron Lewis A-Cl Mrs. Carmen Kittrell Co-Go Ms. Katie Zimmerman Gr-La Ms. Shannon Kershaw Le-O Mrs. Kelly Talen P-So Mr. Scott Wadsworth Sp-Z Ms. Krista Klabo School Psychologist Ms. Katie Williams School Psychologist Mrs. Kristin Hall Post Grad Coordinator
Administrators
All students are assigned by grade and remain with that same administrator throughout high school. Mr. Brian Ceriani Class of 2018 Mr. Pat McCabe Class of 2019 Mr. Cory Hawk Class of 2020 Ms. Angela Boatright Class of 2021 Ms. Abby Hancock Freshman Class
Guidance Services: Counseling Guidance Testing Availability
Personal, Social, Developmental College, Career, Academic, Military Preparation, Administration and Interpretation Registration Course Selection and Scheduling Special Programs Alternative Education Opportunities Community Referrals Liaison Home, Faculty Parent appointments and phone calls are welcome. Please call 303-347-6010.
Arapahoe High School School Code for College and Testing Registration: 060928 Students May Register for the ACT and SAT Tests On-Line at: www.actstudent.org www.collegeboard.org 8
Arapahoe High School Graduates Recommend Homework at Arapahoe is Essential!
Not all learning takes place in class. With the Variable Schedule homework ties the days of instruction together. Homework prepares you for college rigor, offers opportunity for review of class instruction, teaches self-discipline, autonomy and study habits, and reinforces focus on learning! Our teachers may not all grade homework every day, but it will be reviewed and valued. Average nearly two hours of homework each night. Our Variable Schedule requires it. When you don't have homework- REVIEW notes, tests, etc. Prepare questions to ask in class. “Once students begin with a strong commitment to academics they tend to stay strong”.
Arapahoe High School “Warrior Fight Song” Whenever we compete, we want our opponents to hear our Warrior Pride! Very few high schools have a Student Body who knows its fight song. Warriors, learn it! We’re Warriors of the Tribe Arapahoe Courageous, loyal braves where e’er we go Beneath our colors bold, the black and gold We’ll cheer our team to victory! Fight! Fight! Dear alma mater, now we sing to thee, A symbol brave and strong you’ll always be. Our pride in you will ever grow ‘Cause that’s the spirit of Arapahoe!
WARRIORS, ALWAYS TAKE CARE OF ONE ANOTHER! Anthony Sitting Eagle Arapaho Tribal Elder
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The Variable Schedule A Privilege – Not a Right!
The Variable Student Scheduling system was established at Arapahoe High School in 1967. It enables students to gain a more diversified educational background, to become independent learners, as well as more self-disciplined, to manage responsibility and develop time management skills. The scheduling system is similar to the college semester system. Class periods are less than one hour; however most classes meet fewer than five periods each week. The periods per week vary with the time demands of the course. For example: Western Civilization meets Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for three periods every week; Chemistry Labs meets for two consecutive periods on Tuesday or Thursday for a total of two periods a week; Economics meets on Tuesday and Thursday, two periods every week. Credit is awarded on a semester hour basis; the number of credits is equal to the number of class periods the class meets. Thus, Western Civilization, which meets Mon.-Wed.-Fri., is worth three semester hours of credit.
Unscheduled Time
Variable Scheduling allows students the opportunity for unscheduled time. Students should use unscheduled time for working on class assignments, seeking out teachers for additional help, meeting with counselors about course and career planning, visiting the Study Center, computer labs or the Library/Media Center, and pursuing other endeavors. (Unscheduled time is not synonymous with free time!) When unscheduled, teachers are generally available in their departmental offices. Variable Scheduling affords students unscheduled time during the school day so students may become independent learners, develop self-discipline and experience some control over the school day. Violators of unscheduled time may lose this privilege. Because half of the classrooms are being used during lunch periods, it is important that students not use the hallways near occupied classrooms. Congregating or loitering in the hall during class time is discouraged. The Library is open from 6:45 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Students may have unscheduled hours which may not occur during the same time as their classroom teachers. It is important to remember TEACHERS ARE AVAILABLE TO ASSIST STUDENTS IN EACH DEPARTMENTAL OFFICE THROUGHOUT THE SCHOOL DAY.
Study Center
All students are encouraged to use the resources provided in the Study Center. This includes teacher and peer tutors, computers and study space. The Study Center is designed to provide academic assistance to any student in addition to help available through departmental offices. The student may choose to simply drop-in or he/she may register for the Study Center class through their counselor for credit. The Study Center is located at the west end of the building in the glass atrium next to the gymnasiums.
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Reducing Stress
Exercise and eat regularly and avoid excessive caffeine Reflect on things you are grateful and thankful for Communicate Make prioritized lists of assignments and tasks Estimate the amount of time you think each task will require and add 15% to accommodate for unplanned delays and interruptions No negative self-talk! Challenge yourself to think positive or neutral thoughts: “Things are hard now, but they will get better as I complete my work and get some help.” Procrastination almost never pays off; don’t wait for additional information to come your way. Start working as soon as possible, especially on large projects. Take a break from stressful situations: listen to music, play an instrument, walk, workout, hang with family and friends, draw, write, whatever your passion is! Build a great support network from family, friends, teachers, or staff at school who will help you cope in a positive way.
Executive Officers: President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Publicity Officer
Student Council Officers
Harper Anne Finch Peyton Smith Lilly Doan Carly Broady Morgan McArdle
Junior Class – Class of 2019
President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Publicity Officer
Julia Whitcher Emmy Hawkins Olivia Wilson Anna Brandner Olivia Golden
Senior Class – Class of 2018 President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Publicity Officer
Molly Galloway Anand Trehan Hallie Varto Scott Cooke Bella Sumner
Sophomore Class – Class of 2020
President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Publicity Officer
Lauren Nagel Saskia Braakman Emma Smith Marcus Morgan Ellie Olsen
Freshman Class – Class of 2021 Elected in Fall 2017
Link Crew Commissioners Rachel Green Mia Middleton Will Naumann Ashley Nikkel Seth Porter Aidan Price Kira White
Do not let what you cannot do interfere with what you can do!
–John Wooden
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Warrior Athletics Centennial League
Fall
Cross Country (M/F) Football (M) Golf (M) Soccer (M) Softball (F) Tennis (M) Volleyball (F) Field Hockey (F)
(M=Male, F=Female)
Winter
Basketball (M/F) Swimming (F) Wrestling (M)
Spring
Baseball (M) Golf (F) Lacrosse (M/F) Soccer (F) Swimming (M) Tennis (F) Track (M/F)
Year-Round – Cheerleaders (F) and Tom Toms (F)
Philosophy
At Arapahoe High School, we believe that the athletic/activity programs are an integral part of the total school program. There are educational values and experiences in athletics that cannot be found in the classroom. Athletes are subject to mental and physical discipline, make decisions, exhibit courage, and work hard. Even in team sports, athletes compete against themselves, striving always to improve their own performances. We ask that every athlete give 100% when making a commitment to an athletic program. We believe our primary objective is to teach wholesome attitudes: An appreciation for physical fitness, personal health, team loyalty, personal sacrifice, teamwork, cooperation, dependability, and the ability to accept challenges. A winning program depends upon effort and attitude as well as performance. The LPS Athletic Code of Conduct will be in effect 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for 365 days a year. It applies to all athletes whether in season or out of season, on school property, at school sponsored/sanctioned events, on or off campus. Consequences of code violations may carry over from year to year and may be in effect for the duration of the athlete’s high school participation.
Sportsmanship
Because athletics must operate within the framework of sound educational principles, it follows that: 1. Athletic teams at Arapahoe High School come under the jurisdiction of, and are required to abide by, the rules of the Colorado High School Activities Association, so that all athletes may compete under identical standards. 2. Those who take advantage of the privilege of athletics either as a participant or as spectator are expected to conduct themselves in a manner that does not detract from the educational principles, which direct the basic organization. 3. Athletes and officials are human beings—they are not perfect and never will be. Everyone involved in a contest may make a mistake. Competitors, coaches, officials and spectators enter into competition knowing that errors are a normal part of an activity and are likely to happen.
Fans and Spectators are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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Show Warrior Spirit and encourage our team without insulting our opponents. Stand and remove head gear during the National Anthem. Cheer for their team rather than against their opponents. Maintain self-control at all times while conducting themselves as responsible citizens. Show RESPECT for opponents in every way possible. Bring School ID card for admission. Be humble in victory, and gracious and not bitter in defeat. Leave the site of an activity including the parking lot–as soon as possible after the activity is completed. Wear appropriate clothing at sporting events (no body paint).
Fans and Spectators will not:
1. Use negative chants, which focus on or exploit mistakes. 2. Participate in chants or behaviors, which use obscene or insulting language, gestures, or which mention or imply topics, which would tend to ridicule, taunt, harass, intimidate, humiliate, demean or embarrass others in attendance, incite or abuse opponents, or bring disrespect upon game officials. 3. Engage in any action that endangers the safety of participants, spectators, or officials. 4. Bring music devices, or radio equipment to athletic contests or make use of noisemakers in the stands. 5. Throw anything onto the playing surface or at players, coaches, officials, cheerleaders, band members, supervisors, police, fans, or guests. 6. Leave an athletic event before it is over and expect to return at a later time. 7. Wear costumes, including but not limited to; masks inappropriate representations of the warrior mascot or barrels. Violations of the spectators’ code of conduct may result in dismissal of the event, prohibition from future event attendance, and/or suspension from school.
Extracurricular Activities
Arapahoe offers students membership in a wide variety of school sponsored activities, clubs, and organizations. In addition, Arapahoe offers over 40 student led clubs. Please check AHS website under “Activities” for current clubs offered. Co-curricular clubs include: Art Club Key Club Color Guard/Winter Guard LINK Crew DECA (Assoc. of Marketing Students) Math Competitions Drumline/Winter Percussion MUSE FBLA (Future Business Leaders) National Honor Society FCCLA (Family/Career Leaders) Journalism Forensics Student Council Instrumental Music TSA (Technology Student Assoc.) International Thespian Society/Drama Vocal/Orchestral Music
Academic Eligibility
Eligibility for competition in interscholastic athletic and spirit squads at Arapahoe High School is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of CHSAA (Colorado High School Activities Assoc.), the Centennial League, and Littleton Public Schools requirements. In order to participate in activities sanctioned by the CHSAA, a student must be actively enrolled in a minimum of 2.5 Carnegie units of credit. Eligibility will be checked once a week and will be effective for the following week. To maintain eligibility, a student cannot fail more than .5 Carnegie units of credit. To translate Arapahoe High School Variable Scheduling hours to Carnegie Units: Carnegie Units Variable Scheduling Hours 3, 4, or 5 hour course .5 2 hour course .25 Athletes who are ineligible, of course, cannot compete, but it is felt that a more positive approach is needed to remedy this situation.
Student Activity Tickets
All students are encouraged to purchase Activity Tickets which are good for most activities/athletic contests throughout the year. The cost is $30. The ticket provides free admission to home extracurricular events with the exception of theater productions. Otherwise, student admission is $4 per event. These fees are used for school organizations, clubs and teams to assist in funding various activities; i.e., forensics, vocal music, orchestra/marching band, newspaper, spirit squads, and athletic teams. All students who participate in these programs are expected to purchase Activity Tickets to support these groups. In addition to free admission to most “home” school sponsored events, the Activity Ticket provides each student with a copy of each edition of the student newspaper, the Arapahoe Herald, finances guest entertainers at school assemblies, finances athletic, academic and activity chenille letters, end of the year achievement award plaques and pays membership fees to CHSAA.
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Homework
Homework is an expectation! Recent HOMEWORK research/study by METLIFE AMERICAN stated: Homework helps students practice and apply information/ learnings shared in class. Homework review of class material helps students prepare for tests. Homework provides teenagers with a sense of responsibility and accomplishment. Students who believe homework is not important tend to receive below average grades, do not plan to attend college, and are more stressed about school. Achieving students do homework at least 5 out of every 7 days.
For those going on to college, we know you will be doing substantial homework in college. With our variable schedule, not everything can be learned in the classroom. You are expected to do your part independently at home, in the library or in our cafeteria. Stay prepared by following up on school work outside of class. Arapahoe is a rigorous high school, but we offer many opportunities to get help from teachers in our Study Center, our departmental offices or any office wherever there are adults available to you. Advocate for yourself. Ask for help if you need it, and don’t wait until you are earning a D or an F. See a teacher for help anytime you are achieving below a C.
Helpful Hints
Focus on the daily learning goal. Learn the vocabulary of the course. Learn basic facts, ideas, principles, definitions. Be able to state them in your own words. Think! Thinking is the manipulation and application of facts and principles. Your thinking will be as clear as your understanding of these facts and principles. This is not easy and requires effort. Test yourself. Try to answer your own questions. Check your answers with the book and/or the teacher. Review your work. Review today's work before you study tomorrow's. Put the current assignment in perspective. Does it make sense? Ask Questions. Prepare questions to ask in class. The Arapahoe staff is very good at answering questions and it values student questions. Meet with Teachers – Review your study plan to be sure you are focusing on the most important points. AHS Seniors tend to do more homework than freshmen! Eat Breakfast - Starting your day off with a healthy breakfast will make you feel great and perform better in school and sports. You will perform better in school, meet your vitamin and mineral needs for the day, eat more fiber and less fat, and are less likely to be overweight. Fiber and protein are the most filling and keep your blood sugar levels steady for the longest period of time. That’s great if you have a late lunch!
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
Ten Ways to Study – That Work!
Use your student planner every day. Study in a quiet place–the same place each day. Gather all the materials you'll need before you begin. Don't wait for inspiration to strike–it probably won't. Develop a system to keep your coursework organized – both electronic and hard copy documents. Study in spurts of 30 minutes with a five minute break between. We recommend at least three or four spurts each evening. Good notes are your insurance against forgetting. Don't try to memorize what the teacher says...write down the meaning in your own words. Frequent review of your notes, quizzes, tests and related material will help improve grades. Most of us forget that this is homework, too. There is a purpose for homework. Read for meaning. Put the meaning in your own words. It must make sense to you! Research shows that studying and preparing for class is good for you. Study two hours per day and take Friday/Saturday off.
Whether you think you can or think you can’t, you are right!
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–Henry Ford
Arapahoe High School Graduation Requirements
MINIMUM GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS General Requirement: Students must pass a minimum of 188 semester credits in grades 9-12. Most Arapahoe students far exceed these minimums. I.
II.
Language Arts — 35 semester credits distributed as follows:
A. B. C. D.
English 9 - S1 and S2, Integrated English 9/U.S. History - S1 and S2, or English 9: Honors –S1 and S2. English 10 - S1 and S2 or Honors American Literature - S1 and S2. Electives — remaining semester credits necessary to total 35 semester credits. Alternate electives — Journalism classes qualify for elective credit, a maximum of three credits for successfully completing a third year of a World Language, Drama: History/Literature.
Social Sciences — 30 semester credits distributed as follows:
A. B. C. D. E. F.
U.S. History - S1 and S2, Honors U.S. History - S1 and S2, or Integrated English 9/U.S. History - S1 and S2. World Geography and Civilizations - S1 and S2 or Honors World Geography and Civilizations - S1 and S2. Western Civilization - S1 and S2 or Honors Western Civilization - S1and S2. American Government or Advanced Placement American Government. Economics or Advanced Placement Economics. The remaining semester credits need to equal or exceed 30 credits, which means three additional elective credits.
III.
Mathematics — 4 different semesters (8 semesters strongly recommended).
IV.
Science — 4 different semesters of a lab based science (8 semesters strongly recommended).
V.
VI.
Fine Arts — 6 semester credits selected from any one or a combination of the following: Visual Arts or Performing Arts.
A.
Practical Arts — 6 semester credits distributed as follows:
A.
B. C.
VII.
Personal Finance is a graduation requirement beginning with the Class of 2020 - this requirement will be taken in the junior or senior year. Other credits may be selected from one or a combination of the following: Business and Marketing Education, Journalism, Technology Education, Area Career Technical Education (ACTS), or Consumer and Family Sciences. Alternate Courses - Stagecraft (Theatre).
Physical Education — 12 semester credits distributed as follows:
A.
B. C.
VIII.
Alternate Courses — Technology Studies and Public Speaking. Beginning with the class of 2021, Technology Studies and Public Speaking will not qualify for Fine Arts credit.
One course in swimming or proficiency demonstrated by passing the swimming skills waiver test. (Completed in the ninth or tenth grade.) Health in the eleventh grade. Waiver – Beginning with the class of 2021, the following waiver policy will apply for Physical Education credit: a. Students who successfully complete a season of LPS athletics sanctioned by the Colorado High School Activities Association (CHSAA) or Unified sports (student athletes) may receive a one-time, two credit-hour waiver equivalent to the semester credit requirement of a Physical Education course. This waiver does not reduce the total number of credits required for graduation and does not override the health and swimming requirements. b. Marching band participants will receive the two-credit hour waiver upon completion of their fourth year; a marching band participant completing three years will receive a one-credit hour waiver. No waivers will be granted to students completing less than three years of marching band.
Electives — In addition to the required credits, each student must select sufficient elective courses to complete a total of 188 credits for graduation from Arapahoe High School. (Two years of the same World Language is strongly recommended.)
Single Gender Classes are popular and available throughout our course offerings for all grades. Placement is voluntary and students may opt-out or opt-in to Single Gender Classes.
OPT-Out Procedures Parents can expect the use of consistent standards at AHS for opting out of programs, events or activities. Under no circumstances will students intentionally be made to feel different, nor will parents choosing to exercise their right to opt-out be criticized for their decision. Opt-out applies to the Board-adopted curriculum and related activities that occur regularly or as a matter of course. Opting-out of an assignment always requires a showing of a bona fide reason. Replacement of assignments/activities will be provided at the Administration/Teacher discretion.
Confidence means believing that you can succeed!
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Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping-stones to success! -Dale Carnegie
Valedictorian/Salutatorian
Traditionally, Valedictorians and Salutatorians are chosen based upon their academic record through eight semesters of high school. Arapahoe High School believes these two honored positions should also reflect the values held by community, students, and staff. Those values include not only high academic performance, but the integrity and high moral character of students as well. Scholars violating laws, policies or school rules may lose this honor. Therefore, the administration at Arapahoe High School reserves the right to bestow the honor of Valedictorian and Salutatorian based upon academic performance and qualities of good citizenship as demonstrated by all students.
Your Teachers’ Unscheduled Hours
One of the tremendous benefits of the Variable Schedule is the Unscheduled Time. This provides time for students to meet with teachers during the school day. If your particular teacher is unavailable during your unscheduled time, feel free to see any other teacher in the department. Arapahoe teachers are very good at providing assistance...just ask.
Mon.
1 7:20-8:20
2 8:25-9:25
First Semester 3 9:30-10:30
4 10:35-12:10
5 12:15-1:15
6 1:20-2:21
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs.
Fri.
The Variable Schedule requires students to spend considerable time outside of class on schoolwork.
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Knowledge grows exponentially. The more we know the greater our ability to learn and the faster we expand our knowledge base.
Mon.
1 7:20-8:20
2 8:25-9:25
Second Semester 3 9:30-10:30
4 10:35-12:10
5 12:15-1:15
6 1:20-2:21
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs.
Fri.
2017-2018 PLC Every Wednesday (Late start days–First Period begins 8:20 a.m.)
August 23 November 8 February 21
2017-2018 TRIBE Dates
September 13 September 27 October 25 December 6 January 17 January 31 March 7 April 4 May 2
You can make more friends in two months by becoming interested in other people than you can in two years by trying to get others interested in you! –Dale Carnegie
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Arapahoe Post Graduate Center
The Arapahoe Post Graduate Center is located in the Guidance Center. It is designed to assist students and their parents in all aspects of planning students’ post graduate years: college and scholarship searches, personality assessments, and career and military information. Sophomores, juniors, and seniors receive invitations for scheduled visits. All students are welcome at any time during school hours or by appointment outside of school hours. Parents are encouraged to call or make appointments. Please call Mrs. Kristin Hall, Post Graduate Center Coordinator, at 303-347-6089. ACT American College Test
ACT/SAT Exam Dates
Test Date Registration_____________________________ September 9, 2017 August 4, 2017 October 28, 2017 September 22, 2017 December 9, 2017 November 3, 2017 February 10, 2018 January 12, 2018 April 14, 2018 March 9, 2018 June 9, 2018 May 4, 2018 July 14, 2018 June 15, 2018 SAT Test Date Registration_____________________________ Scholastic October 7, 2017 September 8, 2017 Aptitude November 4, 2017 October 5, 2017 Test December 2, 2017 November 2, 2017 March 10, 2018 February 9, 2018 May 5, 2018 April 6, 2018 June 2, 2018 May 3, 2018______________________________ PSAT/NMSQT Oct. 11, 2017 (Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test) STATE SAT April 10, 2018 (tentative) PSAT 9 & PSAT 10 April 11, 2018 (tentative)
Our National School Code #060928
Questions About College Planning? SAT and ACT
Visit our “Post Graduate Center”
Individual colleges and universities will request either the SAT or ACT for admissions. Most schools will accept either test. Remember, all juniors at Arapahoe will take the State ACT during a school day in April. Students wishing to retake the ACT to improve their scores, or to take the SAT, may do so by registering for a national test date. Where Do I Register Online for the SAT or ACT? Register at actstudent.org for the ACT. Register at sat.collegeboard.org for the SAT. Choose your test date and test center. Get and send your scores online. Register for the SAT Reasoning Test, SAT Subject Tests, ACT and ACT Writing Tests. ACT Writing and SAT Subject Tests may be required by certain colleges – see the Post Graduate Center for more information. How Can I Prepare for the SAT? Get extensive practice with The Official SAT Online Course. Sign up for “SAT Question of the Day” at sat.collegeboard.org. Participate in SAT review/prep classes at Arapahoe High School. Access SAT prep books at the Post Graduate Center. Register for sat.collegeboard.org and take the free online prep course.
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How Can I Prepare for the ACT? Get extensive practice with Choices Test Gear in the Post Graduate Center. Participate in ACT review/prep classes at Arapahoe High School. Access ACT prep books at the Post Graduate Center. Register for actstudent.org and take the free online prep course. Why Should I Take the PSAT and ASPIRE Tests? The PSAT and ASPIRE give you feedback on your academic skills to help you prepare for college. PSAT and ASPIRE results predict your scores on the SAT and ACT tests. The PSAT is a qualifying test for National Merit scholarships. Plan for College Visit our Post Graduate Center. Take challenging courses. Get involved in extracurricular activities, internships, and volunteer work.
Advanced Placement Courses What is AP?
General Information
AP can change your life. College-level AP Courses allow you to enter a universe of knowledge that might otherwise remain unexplored in high school. AP Exams give you the opportunity to earn credit or advanced placement at most of the nation’s colleges and universities, as well as colleges and universities in 28 other countries.
Why Participate?
It’s the highest level of learning in high school, and you can earn college credit by scoring the required number for each respective college or university the AP exam in May. With 34 courses and exams in 17 subject areas, AP offers something for everyone. The only requirements are a strong curiosity about the subject you plan to study and the willingness to work hard. Here are just a few reasons to sign up: Gain the edge in college preparation. Get a head start on exactly the sort of work you will confront in college. Improve your writing skills and sharpen your problem-solving techniques. Develop the study habits necessary for tackling rigorous course work. Juniors and seniors are eligible to take college courses that can count as both high school and college credit through a program called Concurrent Enrollment. Stand out in the college admissions process. Demonstrate your maturity and readiness for college. Show your willingness to push yourself to the limit. Emphasize your commitment to academic excellence. Study subjects in greater depth and detail. Take the risk of rigorous course work. You are smarter than you think!
Field Trips
Arapahoe considers field trips an important part of a student’s high school experience, but also considers participation in field trips to be a privilege. It is the responsibility of the student to see teachers in advance of the field trip to make arrangements for any work that will be missed. While a field trip is considered an excused absence, any work not completed in accordance with teachers’ instructions or within the agreedupon time frame, may be treated as late and may not be accepted, per classroom policies. At times, a teacher may be concerned that a student’s participation in a field trip may be inadvisable because of that student’s academic status. In that case, the teacher may recommend that a student not participate in a field trip.
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Student Attendance
Variable Scheduling provides students with "unscheduled time" during the school day. This allows for student pursuit of additional opportunities. Since most classes meet two, three or five days per week it is imperative that students be in attendance at every scheduled class session. With the privilege of "unscheduled time" comes the responsibility to attend ALL scheduled classes. Excused Absences Absences may be excused for student illness, family emergencies, family vacations or medical or court appointments that can be made at no other time than during school hours. Absences will be excused when parents telephone the Attendance Office the day of the absence or by 3:00 p.m. the following day. The school reserves the right to determine whether an absence is excused or not and may require medical verification or other documentation if there is a pattern of excessive absences. The Attendance Office number is 303-347-6030 from 7:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m. The 24-hour voice mail number is 303-734-6500. Daily attendance can be checked on the Arapahoe “Home Page” through the Parent Portal. Parental written notes are NOT acceptable in releasing students and/or excusing students from classes. Phone calls must be made to validate the absences. In order to protect class instruction time, messages to students are delivered only in cases of emergencies from immediate family members and/or employers. Students must pick up a pass from the Attendance Office in order to leave school for an appointment during the school day. A parent must call the Attendance Office early that morning, or the day before, to arrange for the pass. The student is responsible for picking up the pass before the scheduled departure time. Passes are not delivered and teachers do not allow students to leave class without a pass. If Your Parents Are Unavailable Students, if your parents are unavailable, the Attendance Office will expect a call within 24 hours of your parent(s) return. Only parents are allowed to call in student’s attendance. If a student is 18, the parent must still call in to excuse absences. Unexcused Absences An unexcused absence is one in which the parent does not excuse or the school does not approve. Unexcused absences will normally be absences not covered in the categories of pre-arranged and excused. Students will not be excused from classes and allowed to be on school grounds (evening if studying). Absences for Final Exams Parents should make a request in writing to the School Administration two weeks before the exam date. After approval, the student may arrange with the teacher for an alternative exam date and time. Pre-Arranged Absences Parents and students should consider carefully before deciding to participate in any activity which necessitates the student being absent from school. When an extended absence is necessary, the parent must:
1. Call the Attendance Office with the special request at least three school days prior to the absence to secure the necessary attendance form and to report the absence. 2. To secure the necessary make-up work, the student must present the pre-arranged form to his/her teachers. 3. Return the form, with teacher signatures and assignment information, to the Attendance Office prior to leaving on the pre-arranged absence.
Tardiness Being tardy to class or leaving before a class is over may be considered an unexcused absence. Tardies are to be worked out between student and teacher. Students who are more than ten minutes late to class (unexcused) may be considered absent. Parents need to call to excuse the student if he/she will be late to a class.
Perseverance means never giving up even if something is difficult.
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The entire Arapahoe faculty and staff cares about the welfare and safety of every Warrior. Any student needing help, support or just a non-judgmental listener should seek an AHS adult. In the spirit of taking care of one another, always refer a friend in need. Suicide Hotlines Safe 2 Tell
Colorado 303-692-2539 877-542-7233
National 1-800-273-TALK or online at safe2tell.org
LPS Dance Policy
In order to promote a healthy, safe, enjoyable evening for all students, the following procedures will be in place for all Littleton Public Schools’ dances. Dances are school-related events, and all LPS and school rules apply. Dress
Students will not be admitted into the dance if dressed inappropriately for a school function. Ladies: Semi-Formal/Formal Attire Strapless/spaghetti straps are allowed Dress/skirt length must be within school dress code No jeans No excessively low cut or revealing dresses or tops Public health code requires you to wear shoes at all times (bring something comfortable for dancing) Gentlemen: Semi-Formal/Formal Attire Collared dress shirt (tie recommended) Dress pants or slacks; no jeans No bandanas, chains, or canes Public health code requires you to wear shoes at all times (bring something comfortable for dancing) Casual/Informal Attire: Follow and maintain all LPS and Arapahoe High School dress code rules throughout the dance.
Dancing Guidelines
Students who do not maintain an appropriate style of dance will be asked to stop. No Front to Back Dancing is Permitted No inappropriate, graphic or suggestive dancing will be allowed No simulated sex acts (grinding, etc.) No dancing which could cause harm to oneself or others (moshing, slam dancing or crowd surfing) Hands on waists or shoulders only Violation of these guidelines may result in removal from the dance by an Arapahoe administrator. Most high schools have only two dances, Homecoming and Prom. We are fortunate to have more. High school dances are a privilege. Let’s make ours the best!
Do not always choose to be right, but always choose to be kind.
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Student Policies
One of the major objectives of formal education is to teach student citizenship and responsibility. We believe that this is of primary importance in today's society. Arapahoe High School students recognize the conduct appropriate for a given situation and they behave themselves accordingly. We expect that this custom will continue and that students will exhibit the courtesy that has brought many compliments to our school. At Arapahoe we don't have numerous rules, but the ones we have...we enforce: 1. Everyone has the right to learn (and no one has the right to interfere with the learning of others). 2. We believe that everyone's dignity, welfare, and material possessions should be respected. 3. Everyone is expected to attend all scheduled classes. 4. Individual teachers may have additional expectations about student behavior for their classes.
ID Cards
STUDENTS MUST CARRY IDENTIFICATION CARDS AT ALL TIMES DURING SCHOOL AND AT SCHOOL-SPONSORED ACTIVITIES. Student ID cards will be issued to all students at the beginning of each school year. The initial cost for an ID card is $10. Should an ID card be lost, the replacement is $5. Although IDs will be processed during August Schedule Pick-Up, new students, and students who lost their IDs may obtain them in the Guidance Center. EVERY AHS STUDENT MUST HAVE AN ID CARD and carry it at all times. If a school official asks to see an ID, the student must produce it promptly and cooperatively. Failure to carry or refusal to show an ID upon request may result in disciplinary action.
Student Dress
Student dress reflects personal pride in appearance. Student school attire should adhere to accepted and traditional standards of decency, described as neat, clean, tasteful, and moderate, and should not intimidate or pose a threat to personal or public health and safety. Whenever there is a disagreement between the school and students about appearance, an administrator will verify that the possible dress code infraction has been reviewed and rectified. In some cases, students may be sent home to change. Below is a list of specific guidelines for student dress. This list is not exhaustive. 1. Shoes or sandals must be worn at all times. 2. Hoods/hoodies are not to be worn “up” in school. Faces must be able to be recognized. 3. Offensive slogans which could be considered sexist, vulgar, promote or display weapons, alcohol, tobacco, 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
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or drug use are unacceptable. No sunglasses are to be worn in the school. Masks or excessive markings on face are not allowed. Inappropriately sheer, tight, short, or low-cut clothing that bare or expose traditionally private parts of the body including, but not limited to, the stomach, buttocks, upper thigh, back, and breasts are not acceptable in the school building. All tops must have straps with a minimum 1” width (approximately 2 fingers). Spandex shorts are not allowed. Shorts must have a minimum of a 3-inch inseam. When wearing shorts, the hem of the shorts must show below the hem at the bottom of the shirt. Pajamas, robes, togas, and/or slippers are not allowed. Hats are not to be worn during the school day in instructional areas. (Classrooms, departmental/guidance/main offices, theatre, gym, library, Forum, etc.) Hats or head coverings of any sort are limited to the cafeteria, halls, outside of school and anywhere after school is dismissed. Bandanas, of any color or design will not be tolerated. Bandanas are defined as colored or paisley-patterned handkerchiefs, or textiles, often tied around the head. Bandanas are not to be worn in hair or as a clothing accessory. Clothing reflecting gang affiliation, including sagging pants, oversize pants, or bandanas will not be tolerated. Doo-rags are not allowed at school. Jewelry or clothing spiked, harmful or in any way intimidating to others is not acceptable. Chains may not be worn, including wallet chains. Coats are not to be worn to classes. Every student has a locker issued for this purpose. Full length trench coats are not allowed. Clothing must be worn as intended by the manufacturers.
Physical Education Dress
PE uniforms are not required, but all students are required to wear appropriate clothing to class each day for active participation. Arapahoe Athletic shirts/shorts will be available for purchase in PE classes the beginning of each semester. Failing to abide by this requirement will result in a zero grade for that day. This expectation is in the best interests of hygiene and safety. Jewelry (bracelets and necklaces of rope, cloth or metal; watches, earrings, and rings) must not be worn to PE classes due to possible injuries. Students are to place all clothing and personal items in their locked locker for safekeeping. The Arapahoe staff is not responsible for the security of jewelry, money, valuables, or personal clothing.
Bullying
HB 11-1254 broadened the definition of bullying & reinforced the expectations for schools to promote bullying prevention and intervene in bullying incidents. It is the role of the administrator to investigate allegations of bullying and determine the severity and appropriate intervention, which may include disciplinary action. “Bullying” means any written or verbal expression, or physical or electronic or gesture, or pattern thereof, that is intended to coerce, intimidate, or cause any physical, mental, or emotional harm to any student. (LPS Board Policies: JICDA, JICDE)
What You Can Do About Bullying:
Bullying is not allowed at any school in the Littleton Public Schools. Did you know that your teachers and parents may not realize you are being bullied unless you tell them? Do you know that you are not alone and that there is somewhere to turn? If you or someone you know has a problem with any form of bullying, call SAFE 2 TELL 1-877-542-7233.
Hazing/Initiations
All our students are unconditionally accepted as Arapahoe Warriors. Kidnapping of students or any other types of verbal or physical initiation, hazing or disruptive initiation activities are not school sponsored or condoned at Arapahoe High School. At our school, we will not tolerate students bullying other students.
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Academic Dishonesty Policy
Definition of Academic Dishonesty Students are responsible for acting with honesty and integrity, and for following the Littleton Public Schools’ Student Code of Conduct. Each incident of academic dishonesty will result in a referral to administration. All consequences will be determined on an individual basis in a fair and consistent manner. To ensure clarity for all concerned, Arapahoe High School further defines academic dishonesty to include, but not be limited to the following:
Cheating or knowingly helping another student in committing an act of cheating or other form of academic dishonesty. Cheating is unfair to other students and includes, but is not limited to: Use of any unauthorized assistance or collaboration in taking quizzes or examinations, completing homework, papers, projects or labs. Dependence on the use of sources beyond those authorized by the individual classroom teacher in writing reports, papers, solving problems, or carrying out other assignments. Acquisition, without permission, of tests or other academic material belonging to a member of the school staff. Unauthorized use of computer translators, programmable calculators, personal digital assistants, cell phones, or other electronic devices. Plagiarism or knowingly assisting another student in committing an act of plagiarism. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to: The use, by summary, paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgement. It also includes submitting exams, themes, reports, drawings, laboratory notes, undocumented quotations, computer-processed materials, or other material as one’s own work when such work has been prepared by another person or copied from another person. The unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or other academic materials, including electronic media. Unauthorized possession of examinations, answer keys, library materials, computer software, computer codes, or laboratory materials. Sharing of information regarding examinations or quiz content with students in other sections of the class. Unauthorized changing of grades on an examination, quiz, homework assignment, project, or in an instructor’s grade book or grade report, or the unauthorized access to academic computer records. Intentional beneficial grading of assignments by one student for another. Selling or purchasing of examinations, papers, computer programs and/or assignments of any kind.
Consequences for Academic Dishonesty Disciplinary proceedings will not violate the student’s rights to due process and will be conducted in accordance with the accepted disciplinary policies of Littleton Public Schools.
Cafeteria
We are proud of our Food Service, which offers a wide variety of types of food. Arapahoe students prefer choice when it comes to food. Food and beverages may only be consumed in the cafeteria or outside. No open containers will be allowed in the halls. Food and drink, excluding sealable bottles with water only, are not allowed in the classroom. The cafeteria is a popular area at AHS and also serves as our student center so it is important every student does his/her share of cleaning up. It makes sense! If we don't care about keeping our environment clean, who will? Arapahoe students are environmentally conscious, and it begins with each of us individually. We can make a difference! Personal Electronic devices are allowed in the cafeteria and should not be a distraction to others.
Skateboards/Bicycles/Rollerblades
Skateboards and rollerblades are not to be brought on campus. With the volume of auto and pedestrian traffic on our campus, and young drivers, skateboards create a hazard and danger. Bikes are to be parked and locked in the bike racks.
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Loitering
Loitering in the parking lots during the school day is not permitted. Loitering in the parking lots of neighborhood businesses is also not permitted and may result in police intervention and/or student loss of unscheduled time. Students should depart from campus by 3:00 p.m. (2:30p.m. on Fridays) unless remaining for club meetings, rehearsals, athletic practices or other school related events.
Personal Electronic Devices in the Classroom
Personal electronic devices (PED) are not permitted in classrooms, unless being used as an instructional tool as determined by the teacher. They should be used only in the common areas of the school during passing times/unscheduled times. Disruptions in the classroom due to PED may result in disciplinary action from the teacher and/or administrator. Teachers reserve the right to “hold” cell phones during class. Photographing, videotaping, or audio recording of teachers and/or staff is permitted ONLY with prior permission. Students shall not turn in, present, publish, or distribute any expression, in any media, that is obscene, profane, vulgar, libelous, slanderous, defamatory, or otherwise unlawful under state law. In addition, students shall not use any expression that: • falsifies information as to any person who is not a public figure. • creates a clear and present danger of the commission of unlawful acts. • violates the rights of others to privacy. • threatens violence to property or persons. • attacks any person because of race, color, sex, age, religion, sexual orientation, national background or disability. • tends to create hostility or otherwise disrupt the orderly operation of the educational process. • advocates illegal acts.
Parking
Student parking is provided in the east and west parking lots and is designated by yellow striping and signs. Areas not reserved for student parking are designated for staff and visitors by white striping. Seniors and juniors may purchase parking stickers for $50.00 on a space available basis. Freshmen and sophomores are NOT given parking privileges. Because space is limited in the student parking lot, the Assistant Principal for Student Services may limit the number of stickers and set up a waiting list on a first come-first serve basis. The Fire Department inspects the parking lot on a regular basis. They often phone the Sheriff’s Office if student cars block fire lanes. The Sheriff’s Deputy will write tickets on their own volition. Parking fines are also assessed by AHS Campus Supervisors for parking without a parking sticker, parking in a fire lane, designated non-parking space or handicapped space. Students parking in the east lot designated for staff and visitors may be ticketed/towed/booted. Parking fines are: $10.00 per violation and $25.00 boot fee. Boots may be applied and parking privileges may be revoked for flagrant or persistent violations. Loitering in parked cars is prohibited. Students are responsible to know the rules and regulations they sign when purchasing a parking pass.
Canine Drug Search - School District Policy JIH "Student Interrogations and Searches" Locker/Desk/Storage Area Searches
All lockers, desks, and other storage areas provided for student use on school premises remain the property of the District and are provided for the use of the students subject to inspection, access for maintenance, and searches, including "canine sniff searches," with or without reasonable suspicion, pursuant to this policy. Backpacks may be searched. Therefore, no student has a reasonable expectation of privacy of or in the lockers, desks, and other storage areas made available to the students. No student shall lock or otherwise impede access to any locker, desk, or storage area except with a lock provided by or approved by the principal of the school in which the locker, desk or storage area is located. Unapproved locks shall be removed.
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Motor Vehicle Searches
Students, by virtue of having the privilege of parking a motor vehicle on school property, are deemed to have given prior consent for search of a motor vehicle that has been brought by the student onto the school premises. The principal, or member of the administrative staff, may authorize a search of a motor vehicle on school premises, if there is reasonable suspicion that the search will result in the discovery of contraband. The principal, or designee, may utilize canines to sniff student motor vehicles on school premises, with or without reasonable suspicion that the search will result in the discovery of prohibited items. A positive alert by a canine shall be deemed reasonable suspicion to search the motor vehicle in question.
Student Lockers
Student lockers are the property of the school district. Students may use these lockers as a convenience. Lockers do not belong to the students. Arapahoe High School retains a record of all locker combinations as well as keys to all of the lockers. Lockers may be periodically inspected for cleanliness or storage of illegal items; i.e., drugs, alcohol, weapons, or stolen property. Illegal material found in a locker is presumed to belong to the students assigned to that locker. A student is also held responsible if he/she was aware of illegal material stored in a locker and did not report it. In either case students are subject to disciplinary action. Students are encouraged, in the interest of neatness and concern for locker partners, to keep lockers clean. Students should not leave money or valuable items in school lockers. If a locker or lock is defective, students must notify a Campus Supervisor or the Main Office Receptionist immediately. Kicking lockers to open the locker is prohibited and may cause damage to the locker. Many students lose valuable books or other items by storing them in defective lockers. Students may be required to pay for school items lost from assigned lockers.
Student Illness or Injury at School
The school clinic is located in the Guidance Center. A student who leaves school because of illness or injury must be checked out through the clinic in order to be excused. A list of students who have checked out through the clinic will be given to the Attendance Office daily. In case of illness or injury, the parent or guardian will be contacted and asked to take the student home or provide the transportation. Transportation of an ill or injured student is not provided by the school. If the parent cannot provide transportation and the student is ill or injured, an ambulance may be called at the parent's expense.
Student Conduct
(Refer to the LPS Code of Conduct for further information.) We are proud that Arapahoe students exhibit mature and acceptable behavior. Courtesy and consideration for others is a value of AHS students. In order to ensure the best possible educational environment for all students, unacceptable behavior as described in the following sections shall be prohibited and students subject to disciplinary action if such actions occur while the student is under school jurisdiction. In compliance with the policies of the Board of Education of the Littleton Public Schools, the following are examples, not an exhaustive list, of unacceptable conduct at Arapahoe High School: 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Obscenities, vulgarities, or profanity will not be permitted within the building or at any schoolsponsored activity. Disobedience, disrespect, or open and persistent defiance of proper authority will not be permitted. Cheating on school assignments is a serious matter and will not be tolerated. Each incident of academic dishonesty will be handled through collaboration between student, teacher, and administrator. Using, possessing, selling, giving, or being under the influence of illegal drugs or alcohol and/or possessing drug paraphernalia will result in suspension, expulsion, and/or legal action. Students must understand if they are in a vehicle where one or more of the above substances is discovered, or that they are in the immediate company of another individual or individuals using or possessing one or more of the above substances, and remain after sufficient time to leave, that they, too, will be considered to be in possession, and may be suspended. First Offense - The student will be suspended for five school days, with a request by the principal to the Superintendent or designee to extend the suspension an additional five days. In situations involving particularly pernicious, harmful, or addictive illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or ecstasy, the principal may recommend expulsion.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Alternatives - The suspension period may be reduced to three school days provided the student agrees to complete an appropriate alcohol and drug education/treatment/counseling program, mutually agreed to by the parent, guardian, or legal custodian and the school administrator. The responsibility for initiating and completing the program rests with the student and his/her parent, guardian, or legal custodian. Any costs associated with such program shall be borne by the student/parent, guardian, or legal custodian. Failure to provide documentation of completion of the program within the prescribed time limits will result in the imposition of the additional seven (7) days of suspension. Readmittance Conference - At the readmittance conference, the appropriate school administrator will provide the student and parent, guardian, or legal custodian with information concerning voluntary alcohol and drug treatment/counseling programs and will outline, with the assistance of the student and parent, guardian, or legal custodian, the responsibilities of the student, the parent, guardian, or legal custodian, and the school to prevent further offenses. Second Offense - The appropriate school administrator will recommend to the Superintendent expulsion of the student for up to one calendar year for a second offense and all subsequent offenses within any threeyear period. Use or possession of all tobacco products, including nicotine vaporizers and e-cigarettes, is prohibited on all sites. It is illegal to possess tobacco products in the City of Centennial for anyone under the age of eighteen (18). First time offenders will pay a $100.00 fine plus $25.00 court costs. For subsequent offenses a judge can impose a fine between $100.00 and $400.00. As per LPS Board of Education policy, the following consequences will be administered: First offense - will result in detention, work detail, smoking cessation class, or other measures as deemed appropriate by the building administrator. Implementation of these consequences will be based on specific circumstances and individual students in compliance with each school’s established procedures. Second offense - will result in a one-day suspension. Third offense - will result in a three-day suspension or a one-day suspension with completion of a designated smoking cessation program. Fourth offense - will result in a five-day suspension or a two-day suspension with completion of a designated smoking cessation program. Fifth offense - may result in a recommendation for expulsion for continued willful disobedience under C.R.S. 22-33-106. Intimidation by GANGS or gang appearance will not be tolerated. Our goal is to keep district schools and students free from the threats or harmful influence of any GANG. For purposes of this policy, gang is defined as any group, secret society organization, or association that advocates or engages in disruptive, intimidating, or illegal behavior. The LPS Board of Education finds that gang symbols are inherently disruptive to the educational process, and therefore prohibits the presence of any insignia, apparel, jewelry accessory, notebook or other school supply or manner of grooming which by virtue of its color, arrangement, trademark, or any other attribute denotes membership in gangs. The Board further prohibits any demonstration of gang membership through the use of hand gestures, graffiti, or printed materials. This policy shall be applied as the need for it arises at individual school sites. A student may be suspended or expelled for failure to comply with the provision of policy. Assault and/or battery, or threats, upon any student or school employee, or the use or possession of weapons, explosives, concussive devices or knives of any length are not permitted at school. Violators may be subject to suspension, expulsion, and/or legal action. Disruption of the learning atmosphere will not be tolerated. Incidents of teasing and horseplay often escalate into harmful and/or dangerous altercations and may result in disciplinary action. Continued violations may result in removal from class. Vandalism (willful destruction or defacing of school property) will not be permitted. Violators may be subject to suspension, restriction, expulsion, and/or legal action. All security cameras operate 24/7. Tampering with fire alarm systems and/or fire safety equipment (fire extinguishers) will not be tolerated. Violators will be subject to suspension, expulsion, and/or legal action. Theft of any kind on or off campus during the school day or a school activity will not be tolerated. Student violators may be subject to loss of unscheduled time, suspension, expulsion, restitution, and/or legal action. A copy of the Board of Education policies is available upon request in the Main Office. Public Display of Affection is not allowed (kissing, sitting on laps, etc.) Students from other schools may not visit during the school day. Such conduct may be considered trespassing.
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14. Dry Creek Road and University Boulevard are dangerous streets to cross. Students who "jay-walk," i.e., do not cross at a crosswalk, or cross the street against the traffic pedestrian light, may be ticketed by the Sheriff's Deputies and/or disciplined with elimination of Open Campus. 15. Students are not permitted to gamble on campus. 16. Hackysack is permitted only outdoors.
Due process
Everyone at AHS has personal and civil rights and the commitment from the Arapahoe staff that the right of each individual will be upheld. Students should be aware that if their right has been violated they are expected to exhibit cooperation at all times and then see an administrator for support and assistance. The incident will be investigated and fairness will prevail.
Suspension and Expulsion
Due process is guaranteed to all students in suspension or expulsion situations. Under both the law and the written policy of the Board of Education, students and their parents have the right to review the reasons for the action and to discuss the situation with school administrators. The State of Colorado "Safe Schools" legislation mandates suspension and/or expulsion and/or denial of admission for the three examples listed below. For additional information about behavioral expectations in all LPS schools, please refer to the LPS Code of Conduct: 1. Habitually disruptive students - If a student demonstrates conduct on school grounds, in school vehicles or at school sponsored activities, which is, overly disruptive they may be suspended. A remedial "discipline plan" will be developed after the third disruptive incident. After six such disruptive acts they must be expelled by state law. 2. Students charged by the District Attorney with a crime of violence – The juvenile courts are required to notify the school board of students charged with a crime of violence. The board may decide the student is a threat to others and start expulsion proceedings. 3. Weapons, Drugs, or Violent Acts a) Expulsion is mandated by the Colorado State law for carrying, possessing, or using a dangerous weapon at school, at school-sponsored events or off school grounds in some circumstances. b) Expulsion is the penalty for selling drugs on school grounds, at school sponsored events (or, in some cases, off school grounds). c) Expulsion will result if a student commits a violent act, which would be a crime if committed by an adult at school, at school sponsored events (or, in some cases, off school grounds). According to Colorado school laws and LPS Board of Education policies, students will be suspended for: Physical assault, disorderly conduct, harassment, or any alleged offense under the Colorado Criminal Code directed toward any student, patron or school employee. Any damage caused by students and occurring on the school premises to the personal property of a school employee is a violation of school policy. Students who are suspended must leave campus and may not return to campus or attend school activities until the suspension is over.
Responsibility means being accountable for your actions to yourself and to others.
Important Information–Off Campus Behavior
One of the most far reaching parts of “Safe Schools" legislation is the provision allowing school administrators to impose discipline on students for disruptive acts OFF school grounds and/or after school hours. Under the proper circumstances school officials can suspend or expel students for misbehavior even if they are miles from school and it is on a weekend. Off Campus is a privilege not a right and can be revoked for student behaviors, truancy, and academic failure.
Harassment
Sexual harassment is a behavior of a sexual nature that makes a person feel uncomfortable or unsafe. Sexual harassment comes in many forms. What may be harassment in one situation may not be in another. In general, sexual harassment is repeated or severe words/behaviors that: • give unwanted sexual attention • are degrading to people of one sex or the other
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Students, please report any cases of sexual harassment to teachers, counselors, or administrators so that the harassing action may be appropriately stopped. Do your part to make Arapahoe High School a comfortable place for everyone! (Please see the LPS Student Code of Conduct, which contains all student behavioral expectations.) Nondiscrimination Statement Littleton Public Schools does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex (which includes marital status), sexual orientation, religion, national origin, ancestry, creed, age, disability, or need for learning support services. The following individuals have been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies. Mike Jones, Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources or Melissa Cooper, Director of Special Education and Student Support Services.; Littleton Public Schools; 5776 S. Crocker; Littleton, CO 80120; 303-347-3330.
Transfer of Student Records
If parents and students move to another school district during the school year or summer months, the student's records will be sent to the appropriate school at the request of that school, providing all school fines and fees are paid. Parents, or students eighteen (18) years of age or older, are entitled to receive a copy of the records. A request form in order to receive a copy is available in the Guidance Center at the school. Transcripts of students will be mailed to colleges/universities at the request of the student and/or parents. A cost of $5 is charged for the initial transcript and college application processed.
Change of Address
A student who changes address or phone number during the school year or the summer must report this change to the Counseling Office at 303-347-6010.
Immunization Certificate
Colorado law states: All school age children (K-12) must have a complete immunization certificate on file. If the child does not have this certificate on file, he/she can be suspended from/denied admission to school.
Student Safety Precautions
Arapahoe provides a safe campus with visible staff as well as four campus supervisors that circulate during the school day. Students are not to open doors designated to remain locked during the school day. Students are to enter only through designated student entrances. Students are to report to the Attendance Office, or any available adult in the building, any unusual activity or questionable strangers on the campus or in the school vicinity, including routes to and from school. Strangers encountered on campus are questioned, and if suspicious, the Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office is contacted. All student vehicles must be registered to park on our campus. Non-registered vehicles "cruising" the parking lots are reported to the Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office. Students walking to and from school and school activities are encouraged to do so with friends or in groups. Students leaving school during the school day are required to check out through the clinic, if ill, or the Attendance Office for other reasons. Only immediate family members who can verify relationship through some form of legal identification allow access to our students during the school day. Arapahoe believes in an orderly and safe learning environment and employs the services of the Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office School Resource Officers (SRO). Arapahoe has 2 uniformed officers assigned to our campus to provide security, and support for our students. The SROs are additional significant adults linking our school with our community. The SROs are student oriented and professionally trained legal experts. Arapahoe County Curfew for anyone under age 18: • Sunday through Thursday – 11:00 p.m. • Friday and Saturday – 12:00 midnight
Student Visitors
Students are not allowed to bring visitors to school during the school day for any reason.
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Tornado Drills
Tornado drill procedures are posted in each classroom. Four short rings of the school bells alert us to proceed immediately to the shelter area as dictated on the classroom posting. Personal protection is important and we are expected to lie face down, drawn knees up with the back of the head covered with hands.
Fire Drills
Fire drill procedures have been posted in each classroom. Students are to exit the building in a quiet, orderly manner. Upon leaving the building students are to remain with their class and proceed at least 100 feet from the building. The bells will ring to signal your return to the building. Students should return to the building in the same manner and route in which they left. Pulling a fire alarm is a serious matter and may result in suspension from school, and appropriate legal action.
School Lockdown and Secure Perimeter Drills
During classroom orientation, students will be informed of Arapahoe High School procedures for school lockdowns and secure perimeter.
Title IX/Section 504–Federal Requirement-Students and Employees
Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of handicap. These acts provide that schools adopt public grievance procedures providing for prompt and equitable resolution of any complaints alleging any action which would be prohibited by Title IX and Section 504. People who feel that they have been excluded from participation in, have been denied the benefits of, or have been subjected to discrimination under any activity or program of Arapahoe High School may appeal such discrimination. The complete procedures and forms are available in the Main Office.
Americans with Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of physical disability. The AHS staff is committed to making reasonable accommodations so that otherwise qualified disabled persons can participate in AHS programs.
Don’t Quit
When things go wrong as they sometimes will, When the road you’re trudging seems all up hill, When the funds are low and the debts are high, And you want to smile, but you have to sigh, When care is pressing you down a bit, Rest if you must, but don’t you quit. Life is unique with its twists and turns, As every one of us sometimes learns, And many a failure turns about When you might have won had you stuck it out; Don’t give up though the pace seems slow – You may succeed with another blow. Success is failure turned inside out – The silver tint of the clouds of doubt, And you never can tell just how close you are, It may be near when it seems so far; So stick to the fight when you’re hardest hit – It’s when things seem worst that you must not quit. –Clinton Howell American Poet
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CALENDAR YEARS 2017
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@schooldatebooks
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@schooldatebooks
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@schooldatebooks
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@schooldatebooks
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APRIL 2018 WEDNESDAY
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@schooldatebooks
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1
August 14, 1908 – The first international beauty contest is held in Folkestone, England. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
14
TUESDAY
15
WEDNESDAY
16
44
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
17
First Day of School
FRIDAY
18
SATURDAY
19
SUNDAY
20
AUGUST S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
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August 21, 1911 – Vincenzo Peruggia walked out of the Louvre in Paris, France, with the Mona Lisa hidden beneath his clothes. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
21
6:00 PM (MST) - Mandatory Fall Athletic Night for Parents & Students - AHS Theatre
TUESDAY
22
WEDNESDAY
23
46
1993 - Arapaho Tribal Leadership meets, endorsing the authentic Warrior for AHS 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
24
1932 - Amelia Earhart became first woman to fly non-stop across the U.S. from Los Angeles, California to Newark, New Jersey in 19 hours
FRIDAY
25
8:00 PM - 10:00 PM (MST) Welcome Back Dance - AHS Main Gym
SATURDAY
26
SUNDAY
27
AUGUST S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
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August 31, 1955 – The world’s first solar-powered car was demonstrated at the General Motors Powerama in Chicago. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
28
1963 - “I have a dream” speech given in Washington, D.C. by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
TUESDAY
29
WEDNESDAY
30
48
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 6:00 PM (MST) - Back-to-School Night
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
31
FRIDAY
1
Eid al-Adha begins at sundown
SATURDAY
2
1944 - George Herbert Walker Bush became the youngest World War II pilot in the U.S. Navy 1945 - V-J Day (Victory over Japan)
SUNDAY
3
AUGUST S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
49
September 4, 1882 – Thomas Edison illuminated 400 electric lights on the streets of lower Manhattan in New York. This was the first mass lighting of electric light bulbs. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
4
Labor Day Labor Day - No School
TUESDAY
5
WEDNESDAY
6
50
Club Cafe - Cafeteria During Lunch Periods 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
7
FRIDAY
8
SATURDAY
9
SUNDAY
10
SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
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September 11, 2001 – An attack on New York City’s World Trade Center and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, destroyed the 110-story twin towers and severely damaged a wing of the military headquarters. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
11
Patriot Day
TUESDAY
12
WEDNESDAY
13
52
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
14
FRIDAY
15
SATURDAY
16
1993 - First Assembly at AHS with Arapaho Tribal members to introduce the authentic WARRIOR.
datebookstore.com
SUNDAY
17
SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30
53
September 21, 1937 – J. R. R. Tolkien (John Ronald Reuel) publishes The Hobbit. The Lord of the Rings was not published until 1954 – 17 years later – and it took him over 10 years to write. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
18
1793 - George Washington lays the cornerstone for the U.S. Capitol
TUESDAY
19
WEDNESDAY
20
54
Muharram begins at sundown Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
21
FRIDAY
22
First Day of Autumn Yearbook - Senior Portraits & Bio Due
SATURDAY
23
SUNDAY
24
SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
55
September 25, 1957 – Nine black students entered all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, escorted by the U.S. Army, following efforts to prevent federal court-ordered racial integration. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
25
1981 - Sandra Day O’Connor was sworn in as the first female U.S. Supreme Court Justice nominated by President Reagan
TUESDAY
26
WEDNESDAY
27
56
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
28
FRIDAY
29
Yom Kippur begins at sundown End of Six Weeks
SATURDAY
30
SUNDAY
1
SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
57
October 2, 1967 – Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as the first African-American justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
2
TUESDAY
3
WEDNESDAY
4
58
Homecoming Week 7:00 PM (MST) - Homecoming Royalty/Talent Show - Theatre
1922 - Rebecca L. Felton (Georgia) became the first appointed woman to serve in U.S. Senate Homecoming Week
Homecoming Week 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 5:00 PM (MST) - The DECA BBQ 7:00 PM - 8:30 PM (MST) Bonfire-Baseball Field
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
5
1988 - George Walker Bush visited Arapahoe High School Homecoming Week
FRIDAY
6
Homecoming Assembly Homecoming Week 7:00 PM (MST) - Homecoming Football Game vs. Overland
SATURDAY
7
Homecoming Week 10:00 AM (MST) - Homecoming Parade - West Lot 8:00 PM - 11:00 PM (MST) Homecoming Dance - Main Gym
SUNDAY
8
OCTOBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30 31
datebookstore.com
59
October 12, 1492 – Christopher Columbus landed at a Bahamian island, believing that he had reached East Asia. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
9
Columbus Day (Observed)
TUESDAY
10
WEDNESDAY
11
60
PSAT Test 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
12
FRIDAY
13
SATURDAY
14
1947 - Air Force Test Pilot Chuck Yeager breaks the Sound Barrier
1860 - 11 year old Grace Bedell writes Abraham Lincoln urging him to grow a beard.
SUNDAY
15
OCTOBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30 31
datebookstore.com
61
October 17, 1989 – The World Series, held in the San Francisco Bay Area, was interrupted by an earthquake that registered 7.1 on the Richter scale. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
16
TUESDAY
17
WEDNESDAY
18
62
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 3:00 PM - 8:00 PM (MST) - Parent/ Teacher Conferences
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
19
No School for Students Teacher In-Service
FRIDAY
20
1803 - The U.S. Senate ratified the Louisiana Purchase No School
SATURDAY
21
1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy on national TV states, “The greatest danger of all would be to do nothing.”
datebookstore.com
SUNDAY
22
OCTOBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30 31
63
October 24, 1945 – The United Nations officially came into existence on this date. United Nations Day has been celebrated on October 24 since 1948. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
23
TUESDAY
24
WEDNESDAY
25
64
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE 6:00 PM (MST) - DECA Dodgeball Tournament - Both Gyms
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
26
6:00 PM (MST) - Fall Play Theatre
FRIDAY
27
7:00 PM (MST) - Fall Play Theatre
SATURDAY
28
7:00 PM (MST) - Fall Play Theatre
SUNDAY
29
OCTOBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30 31
datebookstore.com
65
November 4, 1922 – English archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the entrance to King Tutankhamun’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
30
TUESDAY
31
WEDNESDAY
1
66
1765 - John Adams wrote, “Liberty cannot be preserved without a general knowledge among the people.”
Halloween
Yearbook - Senior Memory Blocks Due 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
2
FRIDAY
3
SATURDAY
4
2008 - Barack Obama became the first African-American to be elected U.S. President
Standard Time returns
SUNDAY
5
NOVEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 6 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
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November 11, 1918 – World War I came to an end. Many countries recognize this day as Armistice Day; Americans also celebrate the end of WWI on November 11, Veterans Day. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
6
TUESDAY
7
WEDNESDAY
8
68
Toys for Tots Kick-off Veterans’ Week 6:00 PM (MST) - Academic Letter Ceremony - AHS Theatre
Election Day Veterans’ Week
Veterans’ Week 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
9
Veterans’ Week
FRIDAY
10
Veterans Day (Observed) End of Six Weeks Veterans’ Week
SATURDAY
11
Veterans Day 1:00 PM (MST) - Band and Orchestra Concert - Theatre
SUNDAY
12
NOVEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 6 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
69
November 19, 1969 – Brazilian soccer star Pelé scored his 1,000th professional goal during a game in Rio de Janeiro’s Maracana stadium. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
13
6:00 PM (MST) - Mandatory Winter Athletic Night for Parents & Students - AHS Theatre
TUESDAY
14
WEDNESDAY
15
70
1806 - Zebulon Pike discovered Pike’s Peak 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
16
FRIDAY
17
SATURDAY
18
1863 - Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address
SUNDAY
19
NOVEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 6 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
71
November 26, 1789 – George Washington issued a Thanksgiving Proclamation: “To recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving.” GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
20
TUESDAY
21
WEDNESDAY
22
72
Thanksgiving Break
Thanksgiving Break
1963 - President John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas Thanksgiving Break
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
23
Thanksgiving Thanksgiving Break
FRIDAY
24
Thanksgiving Break
SATURDAY
25
SUNDAY
26
NOVEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 6 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
73
November 30, 1874 – Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, the leader who guided Great Britain and the allies through World War II, was born. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
27
TUESDAY
28
WEDNESDAY
29
74
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 7:00 PM (MST) - Company Showcase
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
30
Mawlid al-Nabi begins at sundown 1835 - Mark Twain was born
FRIDAY
1
SATURDAY
2
SUNDAY
3
NOVEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 6 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
75
December 10, 1898 – The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
4
6:00 PM (MST) - Freshman Showcase Class of 2022
TUESDAY
5
WEDNESDAY
6
76
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
7
1941 - Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S. enters World War II
FRIDAY
8
SATURDAY
9
1994 - AHS Gym is dedicated as Anthony Sitting Eagle Gymnasium
SUNDAY
10
DECEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
77
December 17, 1903 – Orville and Wilbur Wright’s biplane flew for 12 seconds near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
11
TUESDAY
12
WEDNESDAY
13
78
2:30 PM (MST) - AHS Students’ Toys for Tots - Wrapping Party - Cafeteria 6:00 PM (MST) - National Honor Society - Induction Ceremony
Hanukkah begins at sundown
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
14
7:00 PM (MST) - Choir Concert Theatre
FRIDAY
15
SATURDAY
16
SUNDAY
17
DECEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
79
December 19, 1974 – The first personal computer goes on sale. The Altair 8800 was sold as a kit through Popular Electronics magazine. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
18
TUESDAY
19
WEDNESDAY
20
80
Finals
1776 - Thomas Paine publishes “The American Crisis” Finals
Finals 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
21
First Day of Winter Semester Ends Finals
FRIDAY
22
Winter Break
SATURDAY
23
SUNDAY
24
DECEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
81
December 27, 1904 – Peter Pan, by playwright James Barrie, opened at the Duke of York’s Theater in London. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
25
TUESDAY
26
WEDNESDAY
27
82
Christmas Winter Break
Kwanzaa begins Winter Break
Winter Break
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
28
Winter Break
FRIDAY
29
Winter Break
SATURDAY
30
SUNDAY
31
DECEMBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
83
January 4, 1999 – For the first time since Charlemagne’s reign in the ninth century, Europe was united with a common currency when the “euro” debuted as the chief financial unit of 11 European nations. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
1
TUESDAY
2
WEDNESDAY
3
84
New Year’s Day 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln issued “The Emancipation Proclamation” Winter Break
Winter Break
1959 - Alaska became our 49th state Winter Break
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
4
2007 - Nancy Pelosi from California became the first female U.S. Speaker of the House Winter Break
FRIDAY
5
Winter Break
SATURDAY
6
SUNDAY
7
JANUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 8 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
85
January 10, 1946 – Delegates from 51 nations meet in London, England, for the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
8
TUESDAY
9
WEDNESDAY
10
86
In-Service Day No School for Students
First Day Second Semester
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
11
1908 - President Theodore Roosevelt declares the Grand Canyon a national monument
FRIDAY
12
SATURDAY
13
1943 - Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President while in office to travel by airplane
SUNDAY
14
JANUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 8 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
87
January 15, 1929 – Martin Luther King, Jr., a black civil rights leader, minister, advocate of nonviolence, and Nobel Peace Prize recipient, was born on this day. Americans observe his birthday on the third Monday in January. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
15
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (Observed) No School
TUESDAY
16
WEDNESDAY
17
88
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
18
FRIDAY
19
SATURDAY
20
1949 - First televised Presidential Inauguration - President Harry Truman
SUNDAY
21
JANUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 8 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
89
January 26, 1926 – Scotsman John Logie Baird demonstrates the first television broadcast. He was the first to invent a working system of television capable of showing moving images with shades of gray. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
22
TUESDAY
23
WEDNESDAY
24
90
1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman in U.S. with a medical degree
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
25
FRIDAY
26
Winter Pep Assembly - Main Gym
SATURDAY
27
7:00 PM - 10:00 PM (MST) - Winter Dance - Auxiliary Gym
SUNDAY
28
JANUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 8 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
91
January 30, 1948 – A Hindu fanatic assassinated Mohandas Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
29
TUESDAY
30
WEDNESDAY
31
92
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
1
1790 - The U.S. Supreme Court convenes for the first time
FRIDAY
2
Groundhog Day Company Show - Theatre
SATURDAY
3
Company Show - Theatre
1789 - The Electoral College chooses George Washington to be the first U.S. President
SUNDAY
4
JANUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 8 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
93
February 11, 660 BC – Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno. The name Japan is often translated as “The Land of the Rising Sun.” GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
5
TUESDAY
6
WEDNESDAY
7
94
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
8
FRIDAY
9
SATURDAY
10
SUNDAY
11
FEBRUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28
datebookstore.com
95
February 18, 1930 – Elm Farm Ollie is the first cow to ever fly in an airplane. Scientists wanted to observe the midair effects on animals. She was also the first cow to be milked midflight. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
12
Lincoln’s Birthday 6:00 PM (MST) - Mandatory Spring Athletic Night for Parents & Students - AHS Theatre
TUESDAY
13
WEDNESDAY
14
96
Ash Wednesday Valentine’s Day 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
15
1820 - Women’s suffrage leader Susan B. Anthony was born
FRIDAY
16
Chinese New Year End of Six Weeks
SATURDAY
17
1885 - Mark Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn”, the Great American Novel was published
SUNDAY
18
FEBRUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28
datebookstore.com
97
February 24, 1786 – Wilhelm Grimm, the younger of the Brothers Grimm, was born in Hanau, Germany. The pair collected oral folktales published as Grimm’s Fairy Tales. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
19
TUESDAY
20
WEDNESDAY
21
98
Presidents’ Day No School
1962 - Marine Lt. Col. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
22
Washington’s Birthday
FRIDAY
23
Iwo Jima “Flag Raisers” 1945 Harlon Block, John Bradley, Rene Gagnon, Ira Hayes, Frank Sousley, Mike Strank (Gagnon and Sousley were teenagers)
SATURDAY
24
SUNDAY
25
FEBRUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28
datebookstore.com
99
February 26, 1919 – The Grand Canyon National Park was established, covering 1,218,375 acres. A gorge of the Colorado River, it is considered one of the world’s most spectacular natural phenomena. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
26
TUESDAY
27
WEDNESDAY
28
100
7:00 PM (MST) - Band and Orchestra Concert - Theatre
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
1
1872 - Yellowstone becomes our first National Park
FRIDAY
2
1793 - Sam Houston was born. The only person to become Governor of two states (Tennessee and Texas)
SATURDAY
3
1931 - “The Star Spangled Banner” adopted as the National Anthem
SUNDAY
4
FEBRUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28
datebookstore.com
101
March 9, 2011 – Space Shuttle Discovery completes its 39th and final mission since its 1984 debut. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
5
TUESDAY
6
WEDNESDAY
7
102
1836 - “Remember the Alamo” 7:00 PM (MST) - Choir Concert Theatre
1876 - Alexander Graham Bell receives patent for the telephone 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
8
3:00 PM - 8:00 PM (MST) - Parent/ Teacher Conference
FRIDAY
9
No School
SATURDAY
10
Daylight-Saving Time begins
SUNDAY
11
MARCH S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
103
March 16, 1964 – The Beatles release Can’t Buy Me Love, breaking numerous records. It became the largest advanceselling album in history, with 2.1 million orders worldwide. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
12
TUESDAY
13
WEDNESDAY
14
104
WARRIOR WEEK (Special Events - TBD) 7:00 PM (MST) - CU Buffoons Concert - Theatre
WARRIOR WEEK (Special Events - TBD)
WARRIOR WEEK (Special Events - TBD) 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 7:00 PM (MST) - Seniors vs. AHS Staff Basketball Game - AHS Main Gym
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
15
WARRIOR WEEK (Special Events - TBD)
FRIDAY
16
1850 - “The Scarlet Letter” by Nathaniel Hawthorne is published WARRIOR WEEK (Special Events - TBD) 5:00 PM (MST) - Warrior Week Carnival
SATURDAY
17
St. Patrick’s Day
1837 - Grover Cleveland the only U.S. President to serve two nonconsecutive terms was born
SUNDAY
18
MARCH S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
105
March 20, 1916 – Albert Einstein published his theory of relativity. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
19
TUESDAY
20
WEDNESDAY
21
106
First Day of Spring
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
22
FRIDAY
23
1775 - Patrick Henry delivers his “Liberty or Death Speech” Arapaho Tribal Assembly
SATURDAY
24
Palm Sunday
SUNDAY
25
MARCH S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
107
March 30, 1867 – U.S. Secretary of State William Seward reached an agreement to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Uncertain of its value, Senators approved the purchase by only one vote. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
26
TUESDAY
27
WEDNESDAY
28
108
Spring Break
Spring Break
Spring Break
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
29
Spring Break
FRIDAY
30
Good Friday Passover begins at sundown 1867 - Secretary of State William Seward purchases Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Spring Break
SATURDAY
31
April Fools’ Day Easter 1954 - The U.S. Air Force Academy is established in Colorado Springs
datebookstore.com
SUNDAY
1
MARCH S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 5 26 27 28 29 30 31
109
April 6, 648 BC – The earliest solar eclipse recorded by the Ancient Greeks occurred on this date. Earlier eclipses were recorded in China and Babylon. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
2
TUESDAY
3
WEDNESDAY
4
110
FBLA Volleyball Tournament Both Gyms 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
5
FRIDAY
6
End of Six Weeks
SATURDAY
7
SUNDAY
8
APRIL S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
111
April 15, 1912 – The “unsinkable” luxury liner, Titanic, struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York; 1,500 of its 2,200 passengers died. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
9
TUESDAY
10
WEDNESDAY
11
112
1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders Confederate Army to Ulysses Grant
1925 - “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald is published State SAT Test
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
12
1861 - Civil War breaks out - Fort Sumter
FRIDAY
13
SATURDAY
14
SUNDAY
15
APRIL S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
113
April 22, 1970 – Americans celebrated the first Earth Day, an event to increase public awareness of the world’s environmental problems. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
16
6:00 PM (MST) - Incoming Freshmen Registration Night
TUESDAY
17
WEDNESDAY
18
114
1775 - Paul Revere makes his famous ride, Boston to Lexington 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
19
1775 - The Revolutionary War begins with battles of Lexington and Concord 6:00 PM (MST) - Spring Musical
FRIDAY
20
7:00 PM (MST) - Spring Musical
SATURDAY
21
2:00 PM (MST) - Spring Musical 7:00 PM (MST) - Spring Musical
Earth Day
SUNDAY
22
APRIL S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
115
April 29, 1429 – Joan of Arc leads the French to end the English siege of Orléans. She was captured and killed in 1431. Also known as the Maid of Orléans, Joan of Arc is a national heroine of France and a saint of the Catholic Church. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
23
TUESDAY
24
WEDNESDAY
25
116
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
26
FRIDAY
27
Spring Pep Assembly - Main Gym
SATURDAY
28
1:00 PM (MST) - Band and Orchestra Concert - Theatre 3:00 PM (MST) - Band and Orchestra Concert - Theatre
SUNDAY
29
APRIL S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
117
May 2, 2011 – U.S. military personnel kill Osama bin Laden in his Pakistan home. The leader of Al Qaeda, a terrorism network, is believed to have masterminded the September 11, 2001, attacks on the U.S. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
30
TUESDAY
1
WEDNESDAY
2
118
1789 - George Washington takes office as the first U.S. President
7:00 PM (MST) - Mr. Arapahoe
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day 9:58 AM (MST) - Senior Class Meeting - during TRIBE 9:58 AM - 10:30 AM (MST) - TRIBE
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
3
FRIDAY
4
SATURDAY
5
Cinco de Mayo 8:00 PM - 11:00 PM (MST) - Prom Mile High Station
12:00 AM - 4:00 AM (MST) - After Prom - AHS
SUNDAY
6
MAY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
119
May 10, 1869 – The transcontinental railroad was ceremoniously completed when workers drove a golden spike into the rail line at Promontory Point, Utah. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
7
TUESDAY
8
WEDNESDAY
9
120
1945 - Victory in Europe (VE Day)
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
10
1869 - Transcontinental Railroad is completed in Promontory Point, Utah
FRIDAY
11
7:00 PM (MST) - Improv Show & Company Showcase - Theatre
SATURDAY
12
Mother’s Day
SUNDAY
13
MAY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
121
May 17, 1954 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in public educational facilities was unconstitutional in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
14
TUESDAY
15
WEDNESDAY
16
122
1805 Lewis & Clark Expedition As a result of her fortitude and perseverance, Sacagawea becomes one of America’s favorite heroines Yearbook Distribution - Cafeteria
Ramadan begins at sundown 7:00 PM (MST) - Choir Concert Theatre
8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
17
FRIDAY
18
Last Day for Seniors Senior Fun in the Sun Day Soccer Field
SATURDAY
19
1927 - Charles Lindbergh takes off on his historic transcontinental flight
SUNDAY
20
MAY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
123
May 22, 2011 – Joplin, Missouri, is hit by an EF-5, multiple-vortex tornado, killing 158 and causing $3 billion in damages. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
21
TUESDAY
22
WEDNESDAY
23
124
1932 - Amelia Earhart lands in Ireland to become the first woman to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Final Examinations 6:00 PM (MST) - Senior Awards Convocation
Arena Scheduling Class of 2019 and 2020 Final Examinations
1785 - Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal glasses Arena Scheduling Class of 2021 Final Examinations 8:20 AM (MST) - PLC-Late Start Day
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
24
GRADUATION
FRIDAY
25
Final Examinations
SATURDAY
26
SUNDAY
27
MAY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
125
June 1, 1980 – CNN (Cable News Network) makes its debut as the world’s first 24-hour television news network. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
28
Memorial Day (Observed)
TUESDAY
29
WEDNESDAY
30
126
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
31
FRIDAY
1
SATURDAY
2
1924 - Congress granted U.S. citizenship to American Indians
SUNDAY
3
MAY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31
datebookstore.com
127
June 4, 1989 – Following a month and a half of student protests for democracy, the Chinese government ordered its troops to open fire on the unarmed protesters at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
4
TUESDAY
5
WEDNESDAY
6
128
1944 - D-Day Allied Troops land on Normandy, France
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
7
FRIDAY
8
SATURDAY
9
Laylat al-Qadr begins at sundown
SUNDAY
10
JUNE S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
129
June 15, 1215 – King John sealed the Magna Carta. Regarded as the first charter of English liberties, it’s one of the most important documents in the history of political and human freedom. GOALS/PRIORITIES:
MONDAY
11
TUESDAY
12
1987 - In West Berlin President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to “tear down this wall!”
WEDNESDAY
13
130
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
14
Eid al-Fitr begins at sundown Flag Day
FRIDAY
15
SATURDAY
16
Father’s Day
SUNDAY
17
JUNE S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30
datebookstore.com
131
JULY 2018 MONDAY
TUESDAY
2
9
132
WEDNESDAY
3
1890 - Wyoming becomes the first state to allow women the right to vote
Independence Day
4
10
11
16
17
18
23
24
25
30
31
@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY / SUNDAY
1863 - The Battle of Gettysburg begins
5
6
1
7
8
12
13
14
15
19
20
21
22
26
27
28
29
datebookstore.com
133
AUGUST 2018 MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY 1
6
1782 - George Washington creates the original Purple Heart
13
134
7
2007 - Barbara Morgan becomes the first teacher to safely reach space aboard the Shuttle Endeavor
8
14
15
20
Eid al-Adha begins at sundown
21
22
27
1963 - “I have a dream” speech given in Washington, D.C. by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
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@schooldatebooks
THURSDAY
FRIDAY 2
SATURDAY / SUNDAY 3
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1884 - The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid.
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1993 - Arapaho Tribal Leadership meets, endorsing the authentic Warrior for AHS
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1932 - Amelia Earhart became first 24 woman to fly non-stop across the U.S. from Los Angeles, California to Newark, New Jersey in 19 hours
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Art Department Course Offerings
Grade Level
Art Foundations Ceramics Jewelry Drawing
Digital Art Design
9th, 10th, 11th, 12th 11th, 12th 10th, 11th, 12th 9th (2nd semester only), 10th, 11th, 12th 9th (2nd semester only), 10th, 11th, 12th 10th, 11th, 12th
Photography
11th, 12th
Dimensional Design
Prerequisites
None None None Art Foundations Art Foundations
Art Foundations & Tech Studies I or Design Projects Art Foundations
Prerequisites for Acrylic, Printmaking, and Watercolor: Grade Level: 11th, 12th Art Foundations
Prerequisites for Studio:
Grade Level: 11th, 12th Minimum: Art Foundations & Drawing & Dimensional Design (but more Art classes are suggested) *You must have instructor approval for this course
Art Club
Art Club meets every other Thursday in an art room. The club is open to all AHS students even if they are not in an art class. Activities include special art projects giving students the opportunity to create for groups outside of Arapahoe. Students have the opportunity work together to create collaborative pieces of art, or pursue individual art interests. Welcome all AHS artists!
The Color Wheel Yellow Yellow-Orange
Yellow-Green
Orange
Green
Red-Orange
Blue-Green
Red
Blue
Red-Violet
Blue-Violet Violet
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Business Department Business Classes
Advanced Business Technology 2 Business Technology 1* Business/Marketing Principles Career Connections Community Employment Training
Marketing Personal Finance* Principles of Marketing (Advanced Marketing) Professional Employment Training Sports & Entertainment Marketing
*Personal Finance is required for graduation for the class of 2020 and 2021. It will be taken as a Junior or Senior. *Business Technology 1 is required for graduation for the class of 2018, and the class of 2019.
Concurrent Enrollment Courses
(Earn both high school & college credit for FREE!) Introduction to Business Principles of Marketing Personal Finance (3 credit)
Business Clubs
We have 3 business clubs that are recommended to further students’ educational experience in business DECA-Marketing (must be enrolled in a year-long Marketing course) Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) - General Business, Technology, and Finance National Business Honor Society The National Business Honor Society is a national organization that provides recognition for outstanding business students... To become a member you must meet the following requirements: o Students must be a Junior or Senior and have a 3.0 overall GPA and 3.5 GPA in their business classes o Students must have taken 3 business courses OR be enrolled in a third course when they join
Drama Drama instruction builds confidence as well as teaches social and public speaking skills. Whether students are looking to pursue theatre as a career, a hobby, or a one-time experience, these classes will help them move forward. The skills learned in drama classes can be applied throughout all walks of life. Drama classes can benefit any student, teaching them skills that they can carry through life and put to use in numerous areas. Drama instills creativity and self expression as well as nourishing the imagination. It can teach a student to 'think outside the box', which is a great skill for success in future endeavors. Staging and performing in a show can promote teamwork. It teaches the importance of dedication, focus, and self discipline. It makes students set goals and forces them to pursue excellence. Drama helps students to think on their feet and develop self-expression. Creativity can flourish and academics can improve. Creative thought process can be developed through theatre and used in any other school subject.
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Family and Consumer Sciences Culinary Essentials I
Do you like food? Well this is your opportunity to prepare and consume the very best! This class is an introduction to the world of culinary arts. You will experience a combination of formal instruction, food preparation labs, and demonstrations. The focus for the semester will be on culinary cooking techniques as it applies to the home cook and the professional cook; up-to-date nutrition geared to preparing meals and snacks that will support optimal health; an introduction to baking and pastry; and career opportunities. Topics will include: eating for health; basic knife skills; emphasis on cooking techniques that are quick, healthy, cost effective and tasty; moist and dry cooking techniques; planning, costing, and preparing a catered meal; and basic dining service. This class is fast paced and hands on, with the goal for you to become a competent cook with the knowledge and skills to prepare great meals you can enjoy with family and friends. This course aligns with Colorado academic standards and national industry standards for reading, writing, and communication.
Culinary Pathways
This course is designed to broaden and deepen your experience in the culinary arts and introduce you to the career pathways that the culinary arts provide, specifically the exciting world of catering. The two period block will allow students to learn and prepare a large variety of dishes with a focus on French technique. The class will include: nutrition and meal preparation to support health, knife skills, cooking with proteins, starches, vegetables, fruits, baking and pastry techniques, garnishes, cultural cooking with an emphasis on old and new world cuisines including: French, Italian, Asian, and the Americas. Costing and preparing a catered meal, industry standards for safety and sanitation and career opportunities in the food industry will also be emphasized. This course aligns with Colorado academic standards and national industry standards for reading, writing, and communication. Students are encouraged to participate in Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA) and competitions related to the culinary classes.
FCCLA
Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA) is our nationally affiliated student leadership organization connected to the Family and Consumer Sciences curriculum. Students involved in this organization develop leadership skills to last a lifetime while preparing for careers, getting involved in community service, as well as discovering more about themselves, their families, their friends, and the world around them. FCCLA is one of the nation’s largest student organizations. Members may hold office, compete in national programs such as STAR events, and attend local, district, state, and national conferences.
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Journalism Would you like to be a more organized, more coherent, and more forceful writer? Do you enjoy getting to know new people? Would you enjoy a class with cross-curricular learning where skills are learned in more than one academic area? Consider journalism classes. Did you know…
Journalism students do better in 10 of 12 major academic areas. Journalism students write better in 17of 20 comparisons of collegiate writing. Journalism students are more involved in co-curricular and community activities. (Source: Journalism Education Association study of ACT Student Profiles published in Journalism Kids Do Better.)
Students who take journalism classes develop skills in: Language Arts Visual Arts writing for audience photography fact gathering graphic design verbal communication video editing self-editing peer-editing General Education time management Business group cooperation computer skills self-confidence marketing and advertising
Newspaper Journalism
Students learn the elements of news, feature, critical review, sports and editorial writing as well as information gathering, editing, proofreading and photography. Student work is published in the student newspaper, Arapahoe Herald, and on the Internet. Teamwork is stressed. Staff application required.
Yearbook Journalism
Students learn the elements of news and feature writing as well as information gathering, editing, proofreading and photography. Student work is published in the school yearbook, Calumet, and on the Internet. Teamwork is stressed. Staff application required.
Video Production
Students learn and apply techniques of planning, filming and editing video , as well as
exploring the creative aspects of video production and broadcast. Students will cover the events and activities of AHS by broadcasting their productions on the Internet. Teamwork is stressed. Staff
application required.
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Language Arts Department General Information
Students must pass semesters one and two of English 9 and semesters one and two of English 10 (20 credit hours). Students may fulfill their remaining fifteen credit hours through any combination of electives. College-bound students who have maintained a ‘C’ average typically take American Literature junior year, and English Literature or World Literature senior year; however, these classes may not be ideal for all students. We also offer elective courses in reading, creative writing, Shakespeare, mythology, science fiction, mystery literature, speech, and film. We encourage students to seek additional help from our teachers during off hours in the language arts office. Teachers are available every hour M-F and are willing to help if asked.
Honors and Advanced Placement Courses
The Language Arts Department offers Honors level and Advanced Placement courses. The courses for each grade level are as follows: Honors English 9 for freshmen, Honors American Literature for sophomores, Advanced Placement English Language for juniors, and Advanced Placement English Literature for seniors. Acceptance to Honors and Advanced Placement programs is contingent on the following criteria: Teacher/Counselor approval, excellent classroom achievement, and test or admissions essays are required for enrollment in English 9 Honors, American Literature Honors, and Advanced Placement English Language or Literature.
Concurrent Enrollment English Courses (Earn college credit while still in high school!)
Arapahoe Community College offers a concurrent enrollment program to those looking for a challenging academic experience. Benefits:
Finish college sooner! Classes offered conveniently during the regular high school day. Earn college credit without leaving the high school campus. College-level courses. College-level instructors. Free!
College courses are offered during the school day and are taught by ACC-qualified high school instructors. You receive academic and career advising to provide the support you need to succeed in college classes. This year, the Language Arts Department is offering the following concurrent enrollment classes at AHS:
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College Composition, English 121-an introduction to college writing. Introduction to Literature, English 115-an introduction to college fiction, drama, and poetry. Humanities, English 123-examines the modern period by focusing on the interrelationships of the arts, ideas, and history.
MUSE
A publication that is created entirely by Arapahoe students and closely connected to the art of writing. Students who join the Muse staff form into editorial boards, which then judge the literary merit of poems, stories, and essays, deciding which ones make it into the magazine for publication. If you enjoy reading literature with a critical eye and think, you might like to be a part of something truly creative and artistic, think about joining Muse. Artists, writers, and those interested in layout software programs like Adobe’s “Indesign” are especially welcome. If you are interested, please contact Mr. Spare, Mr. Neenan or Ms. King.
Math Department Math Course Information
We currently offer classes for all levels of high school students from Algebra through Calculus as well as AP and concurrent enrollment courses. Students that take AP Math courses at Arapahoe do very well. Approximately 90% score high enough to qualify for college credit. This far exceeds state and national percentages. With 13 sections of college level math (including calculus and AP courses) being offered each year, it is obvious that Arapahoe students are well prepared when they enter college.
Extra Help
The variable schedule at AHS also allows students to meet with teachers outside of class on unscheduled time to clarify concepts and ask questions. The teachers in the math department are very willing to help students in classes other than their own if the student's teacher is not available. AHS also has the Study Center and Math Labs available where students can receive peer tutoring and extra help from teachers any hour of any school day. Math classes can be difficult but there is help available for students if needed.
Calculators
The math department primarily uses Texas Instruments graphing calculators. The TI-89 is not permitted on some standardized exams and therefore not permitted for most AHS courses. Courses such as Algebra II and higher strongly recommend a graphing calculator and it is beneficial in Algebra I and Geometry.
Math Competitions
The department participates in several mathematics competitions throughout the school year. These competitions include the American High School Mathematics Competition, University of Northern Colorado Mathematics Competition, and Colorado Math League. The department attends several Math Days at local colleges including Metro State University and Colorado State University.
Math Website
For more information regarding make-up exams, honors audition information, math competitions, math textbooks, and teacher webpages or to see the math department flowchart of class offerings, go to the AHS math website.
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Music Expression Marks animato con brio calando cantabile crescendo diminuendo giocoso legato marcato morendo rallentando smorzando sperdendosi staccato
animated with energy, spirited becoming softer in a singing style increasing in intensity (“growing”) becoming softer in a playful or joking manner to be performed smoothly marked or stressed (emphasizing on each note) fading, becoming softer gradually slowing down dying away fading away detached (literally, “separated”)
Dynamic Marks
pp p mp mf f ff sfz sf
pianissimo piano mezzo piano mezzo forte forte fortissimo sforzato sforzando
Tempo Marks Accelerando Adagio Allegretto Allegro Andante Andantino Larghetto Largo Lento Moderato Prestissimo Presto Ritardando Vivace
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very soft soft moderately soft moderately loud loud (literally, “strong) very loud with a forced accent synonymous with sforzato for musical purposes Gradually get faster Slow, between lento and andantino Fast, a little slower than Allegro Fast Moderate, walking speed A little slower than andante Somewhat faster than largo Very slow Slow Moderate As fast a possible Very fast Gradually get slower Lively
Physical Education Department Philosophy
Education of the whole student requires a consistent relationship with a lifetime focus upon the value of exercise and fitness. A positive fitness focus is good insurance for contribution to academic development and self-confidence.
Credits
Students need 12 Physical Education credits to graduate. To meet graduation requirements, Swimming will be assigned your freshman year, and Health will be assigned your junior year. In addition, all aquatic classes qualify for the swimming graduation credit. Students may repeat classes in Swimming and Weight Training for Physical Education credit 3 times. All other Physical Education classes may be taken once for credit.
Combination Lock
A combination lock is required of every student enrolled in a physical education class. Lockers and locks cannot be shared by students. A combination lock needs to be brought the 2nd day of physical education classes for locker assignments.
Electives
Aerobic/Weights Recreational Games Basketball/Recreational Games Flag Football/Recreational Games Soccer/Recreational Games Volleyball/Recreational Games Weights Innovative Fitness Yoga/Pilates Social Dance Court Sports Beginning Springboard Diving Scuba Diving ARC Lifeguarding & First Aid / CPR with AED Sports Medicine
Swim Waiver Test
A member of the physical education staff administers the Swim Waiver Test twice during the school calendar year. It is only necessary to attend one day of testing. The test is given: Second week of November on Thursday at 6:00 a.m. / Second week of March on Thursday at 6:00 a.m. The swim waiver may be taken at any of the three Littleton Public Schools high schools. Seniors may only take the Swim Waiver Test in November.
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Technology & Engineering Education Are you interested in a career in Engineering, Architecture, Game Design, Graphic Design, Manufacturing, Robotics, or Web Design? Do you enjoy designing and building things? Would you like to know how to take better photos and enhance their appearance? Technology Education has a class for you!
Technology Studies
In this class, students can choose what topics they want to study. Math, science, design and engineering principles are emphasized where appropriate in each module. Topics include: Architecture – Design single family home and cabin plans. Computer Aided Design (CAD) – Design mechanical parts and create them on a rapidprototyping machine. Digital Video – Design and edit digital audio and video clips, or create computer animations, commercials, or promotional videos. Game Design – Students have the opportunity to learn to use 2-D and 3-D design tools to create characters, backgrounds, animations, and textures used in producing digital games and related interactive media. Graphic Design – Design brochures, modify photos, and design vehicle graphics using graphic design software. Manufacturing – Design and manufacture mechanical parts using Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) lathes and mills. Robotics – Program robots, automated devices and Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) cells. Web Design – Create web pages for a small business.
Design Projects
This class will design and build three projects per semester. Projects may include Bridges, CO2 Racecars, Powered Gliders, Spinning Tops, Aeroracers, Towers, Packaging and more. Students will learn and apply math, science and engineering principles to their design. Each semester builds a different set of three projects.
Woods
Students will have an opportunity to use woodworking machines and tools to produce up to three projects. Students will rotate through all the machines used in a typical woodshop, and make a Mantle Clock or a Jewelry Box and turn a pen on the lathe.
Digital Photography
This class is an introduction to digital photography. Students will learn basic camera use, camera adjustments, photographic composition, and digital editing techniques using Adobe Photoshop. Digital cameras are provided.
Engineering
This class is offered to juniors and seniors. This class covers the basic process of engineering design. Juniors and seniors will go through the Engineering Design Process that takes it from product development, selection of materials, manufacturing of the prototype and through the evaluation considerations. 144
World Languages Department At Arapahoe, we offer: Spanish I, II, III, IV and A.P. Spanish Language French I, II and French III Chinese I, II, III, IV Many colleges require two or three consecutive years of the same language.
Reasons to Study a Second Language 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
SAT scores average 250 points higher. Higher achievement in reading and math. Higher scores on measures of verbal and non-verbal intelligence. Foreign language can be integrated with every other curricular area. Leads to understanding among cultures and provides insight into the process of communication. Improves American effectiveness abroad. Improves ability to do international business. Enhances employment opportunities and increases salary.
Spanish
With well over 35 million Spanish speakers in the United States and with over 40% of the population growth being among the Hispanic people, the stage is set for an enormous increase in Spanish usage in the United States. Spanish is becoming more and more important with regards to business. Learning Spanish will enable you to better communicate with Spanish speaking employees or co-workers. Wouldn't it be nice to be able to offer your product or service to the 350 million people whose mother tongue is Spanish? In North America, Hispanic consumers are the fastest-growing market segment. As for job opportunities, it certainly wouldn't hurt to have Spanish on your résumé. In the United States, knowing Spanish can be particularly helpful if you work in healthcare or education. Increasingly, the building trades are employing more and more Spanish speaking workers. If you are bilingual, you will be more marketable and have more career choices than your monolingual counterpart.
Chinese
Chinese is spoken by more people than any other language in the world. With China opening its doors to the world and making a big impact on the world’s economy, the need for Chinese in education, jobs, travel, etc. has never been greater. Learning Chinese now means more choices for higher education and more opportunities for employment in the future. It will certainly add more pleasure and excitement when you visit China, enjoy Chinese food, watch Chinese movies, communicate with Chinese people and explore China’s 5000-year long culture. Ready for the challenge? Ready for the adventure? Ready to enrich your life?
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LANGUAGE ARTS NOUN
{p a r ts o f s p e e c h }
A WORD THAT NAMES A PERSON, PLACE, THING, QUALITY, ACT OR FEELING.
Common nouns are general and do not refer to a specific person, location or object. Examples: man, city, tonight, honesty, happiness Proper nouns are capitalized and refer to a particular person, place or thing. Examples: Reggie, Market Square Arena, Saturday
PRONOUN
A WORD THAT TAKES THE PLACE OF A NOUN.
Nominative Case Pronouns replace the subject of a sentence or clause. Examples: She took the bus to visit Aunt Jane. We are looking forward to visiting Oregon. Objective Case Pronouns receive a verb’s action or follow a preposition. Examples: Please give me the papers. Timothy’s outstanding service earned him the award. Possessive Case Pronouns show ownership or possession. Examples: The cougar escaped from its cage. Their car slid off the icy road.
VERB
A WORD THAT EXPRESSES ACTION OR A STATE OF BEING. IT ALSO INDICATES THE TIME OF ACTION OR STATE OF BEING. A VERB HAS DIFFERENT FORMS DEPENDING ON ITS NUMBER, PERSON, VOICE, TENSE AND MOOD.
Number indicates whether a verb is singular or plural. The verb and its subject must agree in number. Examples: One dog barks. Two dogs bark. Person indicates whether the subject of the verb is 1st, 2nd or 3rd person and whether the subject is singular or plural. Verbs usually have a different form only in third person singular of the present tense. Examples: Singular Plural 1st Person: I stop. We stop. nd 2 Person: You stop. You stop. rd 3 Person: He/She/It stops. They stop. Voice indicates whether the subject is the doer or the receiver of the action verb. Examples: Cathy wrote the letter. (active voice) The letter was written by Cathy. (passive voice) Tense indicates when the action or state of being is taking place. Examples: We need the information now. (present) Reggie shot the ball. (past) You will enjoy the school play. (future)
ADVERB
A WORD THAT DESCRIBES OR MODIFIES A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB. AN ADVERB TELLS HOW, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW OFTEN AND HOW MUCH.
Examples: The ball rolled slowly around the rim. Soccer scores are reported daily in the newspaper.
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ADJECTIVE
A WORD THAT DESCRIBES OR MODIFIES NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. ADJECTIVES SPECIFY COLOR, SIZE, NUMBER AND THE LIKE.
Examples: red, large, three, gigantic, miniature Adjectives have three forms: positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive form describes a noun or pronoun without comparing it to anything else. Example: My apple pie is good. The comparative form compares two things. Example: Aunt Betty’s apple pie is better than mine. The superlative form compares three or more things. Example: Mom’s apple pie is the best of all! PREPOSITION
A WORD (OR GROUP OF WORDS) THAT SHOWS HOW A NOUN OR PRONOUN RELATES TO ANOTHER WORD IN A SENTENCE.
Examples: The man walked into the gym. The horse leaped over the fence. Their team won the meet in spite of several players being injured. CONJUNCTION
A WORD THAT CONNECTS INDIVIDUAL WORDS OR GROUPS OF WORDS.
Coordinating conjunctions connect a word to a
word, a clause to a clause, or a phrase to a phrase. The sentence elements joined by a coordinating conjunction must be equal. Common coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so. Coordinating conjunctions used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions. Common correlative conjunctions are: either, or; neither, nor; not only, but also; both, and; whether, or. Examples: Raccoons and squirrels frequently invade our bird feeders. Neither Mary Ann nor Julie will be able to go with you. Subordinating conjunctions connect and show the relationship between two clauses that are not equally important. Common subordinate conjunctions are: until, unless, since, where, before, as, if, when, although, after, because, while, as long as, as if, though, whereas. Examples: Until you decide to study, your grades won’t improve. If I hadn’t already made plans, I would have enjoyed going to the mall with you. INTERJECTION
A WORD THAT IS USED IN A SENTENCE TO COMMUNICATE STRONG EMOTION OR SURPRISE. PUNCTUATION IS USED TO SEPARATE AN INTERJECTION FROM THE REST OF THE SENTENCE.
Examples: Hooray! We finally scored a touchdown. Oh, no! I forgot the picnic basket. Yes! Her gymnastic routine was perfect. Ah, we finally get to stop and rest.
LANGUAGE ARTS CAPITALIZATION
{ca p i t a li z a ti o n & p l u r a l s }
THE FOLLOWING CHART PROVIDES A QUICK OVERVIEW OF CAPITALIZATION RULES.
All proper nouns Shannon O’Connor, Orlando, Bill of Rights All proper adjectives Kraft cheese, Bounty paper towels, Phillips screwdriver The first word in every sentence Her dress is stunning. Races, languages, nationalities Asian, French, African-American Nouns/Pronouns that refer to a supreme being God, Allah, Yahweh Days of the week Sunday, Monday, Tuesday Formal epithets Ivan the Terrible Bodies of water Amazon River, Lake Huron, Wea Creek Cities, towns Houston, Lafayette, Dearborn Counties Tippecanoe, Cork Continents Africa, North America Landforms Mojave Desert, the Appalachians Holidays and holy days Veterans Day, Christmas, Yom Kippur Months January, February Official documents Emancipation Proclamation Official titles President Obama, Mayor Bradley Periods and events in history Middle Ages, Renaissance Planets, heavenly bodies Mars, Pluto, Milky Way Public areas Yellowstone National Park Sections of a country or continent the Northwest, the Middle East Special events Battle of Lexington Streets, roads, highways Rodeo Drive, Route 66, Interstate 65 Trade names Honda Accord, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes
PLURALS
THE FOLLOWING CHART PROVIDES A QUICK OVERVIEW OF PLURALIZATION RULES.
The plurals of most nouns are formed by adding s to the singular.
Examples: pie = pies | desk = desks | machine = machines
The plural forms of nouns ending in sh, ch, x, s and z are made by adding es to the singular.
Examples: dish = dishes | fox = foxes | buzz = buzzes | church = churches
The plurals of common nouns that end in y preceded by a consonant are formed by changing the y to i and adding es.
Examples: fly = flies | copy = copies
The plurals of words that end in y preceded by a vowel are formed by adding only s.
Examples: holiday = holidays | monkey = monkeys
The plurals of words ending in o preceded by a vowel are formed by adding s.
Examples: studio = studios | rodeo = rodeos
The plurals of words ending in o preceded by a consonant are formed by adding s or es.
Examples: hero = heroes | banjo = banjos | tomato = tomatoes | piano = pianos
The plurals of nouns ending in f or fe are formed in one of two ways: {1} If the f sound is still heard in the plural form, simply add s.
Examples: roof = roofs | chief = chiefs
{2} If the final sound in the plural is a ve sound, change the f to ve and add s.
Examples: wife = wives | knife = knives
Foreign words and some English words form the plural by taking on an irregular spelling.
Examples: crisis = crises | criterion = criteria | goose = geese | ox = oxen
The plurals of symbols, letters and figures are formed by adding an s.
Examples: 5 = 5s
The plural of nouns that end in ful are formed by adding s at the end of the word.
Examples: handful = handfuls | pailful = pailfuls | tankful = tankfuls
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LANGUAGE ARTS
{s e n te n ce s tr u ctu r e & s p e l l in g r u l e s }
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
A complete sentence must express a complete thought and must have a subject and a verb. Example: He lost the game. A sentence fragment results from a missing subject, verb or complete thought. Example: Because he was lost. THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF SENTENCES: SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX OR COMPOUND-COMPLEX
1 2 3 4
A simple sentence consists of one main clause. It expresses one main thought and has one subject and one verb. A simple sentence may contain a compound subject, or a compound verb or both. Examples: We enjoyed the concert. Amy and Scott were married yesterday. (compound subject: Amy and Scott) Ben is leaving work and going home. (compound verb: leaving and going) A compound sentence contains two or more main clauses (in italics) connected by a conjunction, a semicolon or a comma with a conjunction. Examples: Collecting fossils is fun, but I think identifying fossils is difficult. (conjunction) Andy’s suit looks new; it just got back from the cleaners. (semicolon) Erin came home for Easter, and Courtney went to Florida. (comma/conjunction) A complex sentence has one main clause (in italics) and one or more subordinate clauses (underlined). Examples: Dad says that good grades are the result of diligent studying. (main clause, one independent clause) Diligent studying is difficult, because I have to work several hours before I can start studying. (main clause, two dependent clauses) A compound-complex sentence has two or more main clauses (in italics) and one or more subordinate clauses (underlined). Examples: Because the school bus broke down, the team rode in a van, and the cheerleaders rode in cars. Unless my eyes are deceiving me, Kristi is on that runaway horse, and Dale is behind her.
SPELLING RULES Write i before e except after c, or when sounded like a as in weigh and eight.
Exceptions: seize, weird, either, leisure, neither
When the ie/ei combination is not pronounced ee, it is usually spelled ei.
Examples: reign, weigh, neighbor Exceptions: friend, view, mischief, fiery
When a multi-syllable word ends in a consonant preceded by one vowel, the accent is on the last syllable and the suffix begins with a vowel — the same rule holds true: double the final consonant.
Examples: prefer = preferred | allot = allotted | control = controlling
If a word ends with a silent e, drop the e before adding a suffix that begins with a vowel.
Examples: use = using | like = liking | state = stating | love = loving
When the suffix begins with a consonant, do not drop the e.
Examples: use = useful | state = statement | nine = ninety Exceptions: argument, judgment, truly, ninth
When y is the last letter in a word and the y is preceded by a consonant, change the y to i before adding any suffix except those beginning with i.
Examples: lady = ladies | try = tries | happy = happiness | ply = pliable
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LANGUAGE ARTS WRITING VARIABLES
{t h e w r i t i n g pr o c e s s }
BEFORE BEGINNING ANY ASSIGNMENT, IT WILL HELP YOU TO FOCUS AND REMAIN CONSISTENT IN STYLE IF YOU CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES.
For whom am I writing? A letter written to your ten-year-old sister will be much different in
Audience vocabulary, subject, content, format and sentence complexity than one written to your senator. Topic
About what subject should I write? If possible, choose a subject that interests you. Research your subject well.
Purpose
Why am I writing? Have a clear purpose in mind before starting your paper. Are you writing to entertain, to instruct, to inform or to persuade? Keeping your purpose in mind as you write will result in a paper that is focused and consistent. What point of view or “voice” will I use? Writers sometimes write from the point of view of another person rather than from their own point of view. Writing in a voice other than your own can add variety and help you see your subject in a new way. Make sure your “voice” remains consistent.
Voice
What form will my writing take? Different forms of writing, such as letters, diaries, reports, essays, research papers, etc., have specific requirements. Decide on the form your writing will take, and then make sure you know the requirements for that form of writing.
Format
PLANNING AND WRITING AN ESSAY OR COMPOSITION {1} Select a general subject area that interests you. {2} Make a list of your thoughts and ideas about the subject. {3} Use your list to help focus on a specific topic within the subject area. {4} Decide what you want to say about the topic, and write an introductory statement that reflects
this purpose.
{5} Make a list of details to support your statement. {6} Arrange the list of details into an outline. {7} Do any reading and research necessary to provide additional support for specific areas of your outline.
Keep a careful list of all of your sources for your bibliography.
{8} Write a first draft. {9} Revise your first draft, making sure that:
The introduction includes a clear statement of purpose. Each paragraph begins with some link to the preceding paragraph. {c} Every statement is supported or illustrated. {d} The concluding paragraph ties all of the important points together, leaving the reader with a clear understanding of the meaning of the essay or composition. {e} Words are used and spelled correctly. {f} Punctuation is correct. {10} Read your revised paper aloud to check how it sounds. {11} Proofread your revised paper two times: once for spelling, punctuation and word usage, and again for meaning and effectiveness. {a}
{b}
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LANGUAGE ARTS PERIOD
.
{p u n ct u a t i o n } COLON
Use: to end a sentence that makes a statement or that gives a command not used as an exclamation. Example: Go to your room, and do not come out until dinner. Use: after an initial or an abbreviation.
,
Examples: Mary J. Jones, Mr., Mrs., Ms.
COMMA
Use: to separate words or groups of words in
a series. Example: I used worms, minnows, larva, bread balls and bacon for bait. Note: Some stylebooks and teachers require a comma before “and” in a series. Example: He ran, jumped, and yelled.
:
Use: after words
introducing a list, quotation, question or example. Example: Sarah dropped her book bag and out spilled everything: books, pens, pencils, homework and makeup. SEMICOLON
;
Use: to join compound sentences that are not connected with a conjunction. Example: It’s elementary, my dear Watson; the butler is clearly responsible. Use: to separate groups of words.
Example: I packed a toothbrush, deodorant and perfume; jeans, a raincoat and sweatshirts; and boots and tennis shoes.
“”
Use: to separate an explanatory phrase from the rest of the sentence. Example: Escargots, or snails, are a delicacy that I relish.
Use: to frame direct quotations in a sentence.
Use: to distinguish items in an address and in a date. Examples: John Doe, 290 Main Street, Midtown, IN 48105 September 20, 1960
Use: to distinguish a word that is being discussed.
Use: to separate a title or an initial that follows
a name. Example: Joseph Jones, Ph.D.
?
QUESTION MARK
Use: at the end of a direct or indirect question.
Example: Did your relatives invite you to visit them this summer? Use: to punctuate a short question within parentheses. Example: I am leaving tomorrow (is that possible?) to visit my cousins in France.
APOSTROPHE
,
Use: to show that one or more letters or numbers
have been left out of a word to form a contraction. Examples: do not = don’t | I have = I’ve Use: followed by an s is the possessive form of
singular nouns. Example: I clearly saw this young man’s car run that stop sign. Use: possessive form of plural nouns ending in s is usually made by adding just an apostrophe. An apostrophe and s must be added to nouns not ending in s. Example: bosses = bosses’, children’s
150
QUOTATION MARKS
Only the exact words quoted are placed within the quotation marks. Example: “I don’t know,” she said, “if I will be able to afford the vacation.” Example: Mr. Jones suggested I replace the word “always” with “often” in my theme. Use: to indicate that a word is slang.
Example: Julie only bought that outfit to show that she’s “with it.” Use: to punctuate titles of poems, short stories, songs, lectures, course titles, chapters of books and articles found in magazines, newspapers and encyclopedias. Examples: “You Are My Sunshine,” “Violence in Our Society,” “The Road Not Taken”
SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
‘’
Use: to punctuate a quotation within a quotation.
Example: “My favorite song is ‘I’ve Been Working on the Railroad,’ ” answered little Joey. EXCLAMATION MARK Use: to express strong feeling.
Example: Help! Help!
!
LANGUAGE ARTS
{f r e qu e n t ly c o n f u s e d w o r d s }
accept | to agree to something or receive something willingly except | not including Examples: Jonathon will accept the job at the restaurant. Everyone was able to attend the ceremony except Phyllis. capital | chief, important, excellent. Also the city or
town that is the official seat of government of a state or nation capitol | the building where a state legislature meets the Capitol | the building in Washington, D.C., in which the United States Congress meets Examples: The capital of France is Paris. The capitol of Indiana is a building in Indianapolis. The vice president arrived at the Capitol to greet the arriving senators. hear | to listen to here | in this place
Examples: Do you hear that strange sound? The juice is right here in the refrigerator. it’s | the contraction for it is or it has its | shows ownership or possession
Examples: It’s nearly time to leave for the football game. The wagon lost its wheel in the mud. lead | a heavy, gray metal lead | to go first, guide led | the past tense of lead
to | in the direction of too | also or very two | the whole number
between one and three Examples: The paramedics rushed to the scene of the accident. This meal is delicious, and it is low in fat, too. Only two of the 10 runners were able to complete the race. weather | the state of the atmosphere referring
to wind, moisture, temperature, etc.
whether | a choice or alternative
Examples: We are hoping for warm, sunny weather for our family reunion. We cannot decide whether we will drive or fly to the reunion. Who’s | the contraction for who is or who has Whose | the possessive form of who
Examples: Who’s in charge of the lighting for the stage? Whose bicycle is out in the rain? you’re | the contraction for you are your | the possessive form of you
Examples: She called to ask if you’re planning to attend the party. Your term paper will be due four weeks from today.
Examples: Water pipes in many older homes are made of lead. This path will lead us to the waterfall. Bloodhounds led the police to the hideout. loose | free or not tight lose | to mislay or suffer the loss of something
Examples: Since she lost weight, many of her clothes are loose. If you lose your money, you will not be able to get into the park. principal | the first or most important. It also refers
to the head of a school.
principle | a rule, truth or belief
Examples: Pineapple is one of the principal crops of Hawaii. One principle of science is that all matter occupies space. quiet | free from noise quite | truly or almost completely
Examples: Our teacher insists that all students are quiet during a test. This enchilada is quite spicy. their | belonging to them there | at that place they’re | the contraction for they are
Examples: Their new puppy is frisky. Please place all of the newspapers over there. They’re coming over tonight.
151
LANGUAGE ARTS absence absorb accept accidentally accompany accuse ache achieve acquaintance acquire affect afraid against aggression aggressive all right a lot already always amateur ambition among apology apparent appearance appreciate arctic argument article associate athlete attendance attitude author awful beautiful beauty because beginning believe benefit bicycle biscuit boundary Britain brilliance brilliant bureau business captain career carrying cemetery certain challenge chief children chocolate chosen Christian cinnamon climbed
152
climbing clothes colonel college column commercial committee completely concentrate conscientious conscious continue continuous convenience convenient counterfeit countries courage courageous courteous cried criticism criticize curiosity debt deceive decide definite definitely descend describe description desert dessert destroy develop dictionary didn’t difficult dinner dining disappear disappoint discipline discussion disease dissatisfy doctor does doesn’t dropping during easier easiest easily effect either embarrass enough entertain envelope equipment
equipped escape especially etc. everybody everywhere exaggerate exceed excellence excellent except excitement exciting existence expense experiment experience familiar families fascinate fasten fatigue favorite fiction fictitious field finally first forecast foreign foresee forest foretell formerly forty fragile freight friend front fulfill government governor grabbed grammar grateful guarantee guard guess guest handsome happen happiest happily happiness hear height here history hoping hospital humor humorous
{f r e qu e n tly m i s s pe l l e d w o r d s }
hungry identify imagine immediate immediately immensely incident independent Indian innocent instead intelligence intelligent interpret interrupt introduce its it’s jealous knew know knowledge laboratory laid leisure library lightning literature lonely loose lying magazine magnificent many marriage mathematics meant medicine millionaire miniature minute mischievous model mosquito narrative necessary neighbor nervous niece nineteen ninety notice noticeable nuisance obedience occasion occur occurred occurrence occurring often opinion
opportunity opposite original other pageant pamphlet parallel parents parliament particular passed peculiar perform permanent persuade phenomenon piece pilot plain plane planned pleasant poison possess possession possible practically prairie precede preferred prejudice preparation principal principle privilege probably profession prophecy psychologist psychology pursue quantity quiet quite raspberry realize really receive receiving recess recognize recommend reference referring rein reign relative relief religion remember repetition repellent
trouble reservoir truly restaurant two rhyme unique rhythm until ridiculous unusual running usually safety vaccinate Saturday vacuum scent vegetable schedule village scissors villain search weather secret Wednesday secretary weight semester weird sense were separate we’re separation where sergeant whether shepherd which shining whole sincerely whose soldier witch sophomore woman spaghetti women speak wonderful speech wreck sponsor squirrel writing stationery written stepping wrote stopping yolk stories your strengthen you’re stretch studies studying succeed successful suggest summarize summary superintendent suspense suspicion swimming synagogue temperament themselves there therefore they they’re thief thoroughly thought through tobacco together tomorrow tragedy tried
LANGUAGE ARTS OUTLINING
{o u tli n i n g}
OUTLINES CAN HELP YOU ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS. YOU MIGHT USE AN OUTLINE TO PLAN A SPEECH, COMPOSITION OR TERM PAPER. YOU ALSO MIGHT USE AN INFORMAL OUTLINE TO TAKE NOTES.
formal
A formal outline lists the main points of a topic and shows the relative importance of each and the order in which these points are presented. It also shows the relationships among them. Formal Outline Format: I. A. B. 1. 2. a. b. (1) (2) (a) (b) II. No new subdivision should be started unless there are at least two points to be listed in the new division. This means that each 1 must have a 2; each a must have a b. Formal outlines may be either a sentence outline or a topic outline.
informal Informal outlines use as few words as possible.
Supporting details are written below each heading. Numerals, letters, or dashes may be used. Informal outlines are especially useful for taking notes. Here is an example of a informal outline. I. How lightning occurs – cloud’s particles collide and become electrically charged – positively and negatively charged particles separate – positively charged particles in cloud collide with negatively charged particles on ground II. Forms of lightning – forked – streak – ribbon – bead or chain – ball
A sentence outline uses a complete sentence for each point and subpoint. A topic outline uses words or phrases for each point and subpoint.
Here is an example of a topic outline. Thesis or Introductory Statement I. Gasoline shortage A. Long lines B. Gas “rationing” II. Voluntary energy conservation A. Gasoline B. Electricity C. Home heating fuel III. Forced energy conservation A. Fuel allocation B. Speed limit C. Airline flights D. Christmas lighting Conclusion
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LANGUAGE ARTS
{co m m o n e d i t i n g m a r ks }
| insert a comma Her husband Andy decided to open his own repair business. | insert an apostrophe Mary hadnt planned on a sixth party guest. | insert quotation marks The students were required to read the poem Howl. | insert written suggestion Jean-Pierre said his favorite country to visit was the States. | use a period Mark likes scrambled eggs, He does not like hard-boiled eggs. | delete Jim warned me that that magnet might harm my CD. | transpose elements The team could have also placed first in the tournament. | close up this space Milo retreated to his dog house. | insert single space Jeff didn’t mind waiting,but he was running out of time. | begin new paragraph “Who’s that?” Missy asked. “Her name is Beth,” said Brenda. | no new paragraph “I’m tired,” said Kevin. “I’d like to go home.” | capitalize They traveled to the capitol to meet the vice president. | lowercase Tim fondly remembers playing football in High School. | spell out It was Kim’s 1st trip to the U.K. | stet (let it stand) I don’t like to hurt other people’s feelings. 154
LANGUAGE ARTS YOUR WORKS-CITED LIST
{MLA s t y le of d o c u m e n t a t io n }
Your works-cited list should appear at the end of your essay. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the essay. Each source you cite in the essay must appear in your works-cited list; likewise, each entry in the works-cited list must be cited in the text.
According to the Modern Language Association Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 8th edition: {1} Double-space all entries. {2} Begin the first line of an entry flush with the left margin, and indent lines that follow by one-half inch. {3} List entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If you are listing more than one work by the
same author, alphabetize the works according to title. Instead of repeating the author’s name, type three hyphens followed by a period, and then give the title. {4} Italicize the titles of works published independently. Books, plays, long poems, pamphlets, periodicals and films are all published independently. {5} If the title of a book you are citing includes the title of another book, italicize the main title but not the other title. {6} Use quotation marks to indicate titles of short works included in larger works, song titles and titles of unpublished works. {7} Separate the author, title, and publication information with a period followed by one space. {8} Use lowercase abbreviations to identify parts of a work (for example, vol. for volume), a named translator (trans.), and a named editor (ed.). However, when these designations follow a period, the first letter should be capitalized. {9} Use the shortened forms for the publisher’s name. When the publisher’s name includes the name of a person, cite the last name alone. When the publisher’s name includes the name of more than one person, cite only the first of these names. {10} Use the phrase, “Accessed on” instead of listing the date or the abbreviation, “n.d.” ANY CITATION (GENERAL GUIDELINES)
Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Date of Access (if applicable).
pAGE ON A WEbSITE
“How to Change Your Car’s Oil.” eHow, 25 Sept. 2016, www.ehow.com/ how_2016_how-oil.html. Accessed 5 Jan. 2017.
ARTICLE IN A jOURNAL fROM A WEbSITE (ALSO IN pRINT)
ARTICLE IN A pERIODICAL (GENERAL GUIDELINES)
Doe, Jim. “Laws of the Open Sea.” Maritime Law, vol. 3, no. 6, 2016, pp. 595-600, www.maritimelaw.org/article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2017. Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Periodical title, Day Month Year, pages.
bYLINED ARTICLE fROM A DAILY NEWSpApER
Barringer, Felicity. “Where Many Elderly Live, Signs of the Future.”
UNbYLINED ARTICLE fROM A DAILY NEWSpApER
“Infant Mortality Down; Race Disparity Widens.” Washington Post,
ARTICLE fROM A MONThLY OR bIMONThLY MAGAzINE
Willis, Garry. “The Words that Remade America: Lincoln at Gettysburg.”
New York Times, 7 Mar. 2017, p. A12.
12 Mar. 2017, p. A12.
Atlantic, June 2018, pp. 57-79.
ARTICLE fROM A WEEKLY OR bIWEEKLY MAGAzINE
Hughes, Robert. “Futurisms Farthest Frontier.” Time, 9 July 2018, pp. 58-59.
EDITORIAL
“A Question of Medical Sight.” Editorial. Plain Dealer, 11 Mar. 2018, p. 6B.
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LANGUAGE ARTS book
{MLA s t y le o f d o c u m e n t at io n }
(GenerAL GuideLines)
Author’s last name, first name. Book title. Publisher, publication date.
book by one Author
Wheelen, Richard. Sherman’s March. Crowell, 1978.
two or More books by the sAMe Author
Garreau, Joel. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. Doubleday, 1991.
book by two or three Authors
Purves, Alan C., and Victoria Rippere. Elements of Writing About a Literary
---. The Nine Nations of North America. Houghton, 1981.
Work. NCTE, 1968.
book by four or More Authors
Pratt, Robert A., et al. Masters of British Literature. Houghton, 1956.
book by A corporAte Author
The Rockefeller Panel Reports. Prospect for America. Doubleday, 1961.
book by An AnonyMous Author
book with An Author And An editor
A work in An AnthoLoGy
Literary Market Place: The Dictionary of American Book Publishing. 2003 ed., Bowker, 2002. Toomer, Jean. Cane. Edited by Darwin T. Turner, Norton, 1988. Morris, William. “The Haystack in the Floods.” Nineteenth Century British Minor Poets, edited by Richard Wilbur and W. H. Auden, Dell, Laurel Edition, 1965, pp. 35-52.
An edition other thAn the first
siGned ArticLe in A reference book
156
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Riverside Chaucer. Edited by Larry D. Benson. 3rd ed., Houghton, 1987. Wallace, Wilson D. “Superstition.” World Book Encyclopedia. 1970 ed., vol. 2, Macmillan, 2018.
LANGUAGE ARTS YOUR REFERENCE LIST
{A PA s tyle o f d o c u m e n t a t io n }
YOUR REFERENCE LIST SHOULD APPEAR AT THE END OF YOUR ESSAY. IT PROVIDES THE INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR A READER TO LOCATE AND RETRIEVE ANY SOURCE YOU CITE IN THE ESSAY. EACH SOURCE YOU CITE IN THE ESSAY MUST APPEAR IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST. LIKEWISE, EACH ENTRY IN THE REFERENCE LIST MUST BE CITED IN THE TEXT.
BASIC RULES According to the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association:
Indent your reference list one-half inch from the left margin, excluding the first line of each reference, which should remain flush left. This is called a hanging indent. Double-space all references. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle of a work. Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Italicize titles of books and journals. Note that the italicizing in these entries includes commas and periods. Invert authors’ names (last name first); give last name and initials for all authors of a particular work, unless the work has more than six authors (in this case, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author’s name to indicate the rest of the authors). Alphabetize by authors’ last names letter by letter. If you have more than one work by a particular author, order them by publication date, oldest to newest (thus a 2014 article would appear before a 2015 article). When an author appears as a sole author and again as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. If no author is given for a particular source, alphabetize by the title of the piece in the reference list. Use a shortened version of the title for parenthetical citations within the text. Use “&” instead of “and” before the last author’s name when listing multiple authors of a single work.
BASIC FORMS FOR SOURCES IN PRINT An article in a periodical (such as a journal, newspaper, or magazine)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. You need to list only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then you should list the issue number as well Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. A nonperiodical (such as a book, report, brochure or audiovisual media)
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. For “Location,” you should always list the city, and you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state. Use the two-letter zip-code abbreviation for each state. Part of a nonperiodical (such as a book chapter or an article in a collection)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher. When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use “pp.” before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. BASIC FORMS FOR ELECTRONIC SOURCES A web page
Author, A. A. (Date of publication or revision). Title of full work. Retrieved from http://web address
An online journal or magazine
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. doi:0000000/000000000000 Since online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. An online journal or magazine (no DOI assigned)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved from http://web address E-mail
Because e-mail is a personal communication, not easily retrieved by the general public, no entry should appear in your reference list. Instead, parenthetically cite in text the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication: The novelist has repeated this idea recently (S. Rushdie, personal communication, May 1, 2015).
157
LANGUAGE ARTS
{A PA s t y le o f d o c u m e n t a t io n }
EXAMPLES Journal article, one author
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. Journal article, more than one author
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204. Work discussed in a secondary source
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608. Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in your reference list. In the text, use the following citation: In Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ... Magazine article, one author
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31. Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. An article or chapter of a book
O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer. A government publication
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. A book or article with no author or editor named
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. New drug appears to cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. For parenthetical citations of sources in text with no author named, use a shortened version of the title instead of an author’s name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster’s, 2005) and (“New Drug,” 1993). A translated work and/or a republished work
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814). A review of a book, film, television program, etc.
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467. An entry in an encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. An online journal article (no DOI assigned)
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.buddhistethics.org/2/inada1 A web page
Daly, B. (1997). Writing argumentative essays. Retrieved from http://www.ltn.lv/~markir/essaywriting/ frntpage.htm
158
LANGUAGE ARTS
{r o o t w o r d s & t h e ir d e r iv a t iv e s }
acer, acid, acri | bitter, sour, sharp
geo | earth
ri, ridi, risi | laughter
ag, agi, ig, act | do, move, go
grad, gress | step, go
salv, salu | safe, healthy
here, hes | stick
scope | see, watch
hydr, hydra, hydro | water
scrib, script | write
ignis | fire
sent, sens | feel
acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony
agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action
anni, annu, enni | year
anniversary, annually, centennial
arch | chief, first, rule
archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, patriarchy
aud | hear, listen
audiology, auditorium, audition
belli | war
rebellion, belligerent, bellicose
capit, capt | head
decapitate, capital, captain
clud, clus, claus | shut
include, conclude, recluse, occlusion, claustrophobia
cord, cor, cardi | heart
cordial, concord, discord, courage
corp | body
corpse, corps, corporation, corpulent, corporal punishment
crea | create
creature, recreation, creation
geography, geocentric, geology grade, gradual, graduate, progress adhere, cohere, inherent, cohesion dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydrogen, hydrophobia ignite, igneous, ignition
ject | throw
deject, project, eject, interject
lau, lav, lot, lut | wash
launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution
liter | letters
literary, literal, alliteration
magn | great
magnify, magnificent, magnitude, magnanimous, magnum
man | hand
manual, manage, manufacture, manicure, manifest, maneuver
mem | remember
memo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable
cresc, cret, crease | rise, grow
migra | wander
cycl, cyclo | wheel, circular
mit, miss | send
crescendo, concrete, increase
bicycle, cyclic, cyclone, Cyclops
dem | people
democracy, demography, epidemic
dict | say, speak
dictation, dictionary, benediction dictator, edict, predict, verdict
dorm | sleep
dormant, dormitory
dura | hard, lasting
durable, duration, endure
equi | equal
equinox, equilibrium, equipoise
fall, fals | deceive
fallacy, fallacious, falsify,
fid, fide, feder | faith, trust
confidante, fidelity, confident, infidel, federal, confederacy
fin | end, ended, finished
final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale
fort, forc | strong
fortress, fortify, forte, fortitude
migrate, emigrant, immigrate emit, remit, submit, commit, transmit, mission, missile
deride, ridicule, ridiculous, risible salvation, salvage, salutation telescope, periscope, kaleidoscope scribble, inscribe, describe, prescribe, manuscript sentiment, consent, dissent, sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory
sign, signi | sign, mark seal
signal, signature, design, insignia
sist, sta, stit | stand
assist, persist, stamina, status, state, stable, stationary
solv, solu | loosen
solvent, absolve, soluble, solution
spir | breath
spirit, expire, inspire, respiration
tact, tang, tag, tig | touch
tactile, contact, intact, tangible, contagious, contiguous
tempo | time
temporary, contemporary, temporal
ten, tin, tain | hold
tenant, tenure, detention, pertinent, contain, pertain
terra | earth
terrain, terrarium, territory
nat, nasc | to be from, spring forth
tract, tra | draw, pull
nov | new
trib | pay, bestow
omni | all, every
uni | one
innate, natal, native, renaissance novel, novice, innovate, renovate omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous
path, pathy | feeling, suffering
pathos, smypathy, apathy, telepathy
ped, pod | foot
pedal, impede, pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry
pel, puls | drive, urge
compel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, repulsive
poli | city
metropolis, police, politics, acropolis
port | carry
portable, transport, export, support
punct | point, dot
punctual, punctuation, puncture
tractor, attract, tractable, abstract tribute, contribute, attribute unicorn, unify, universal
vac | empty
vacate, vacuum, vacant, evacuate
ven, vent | come
convene, venue, venture, advent
ver, veri | true
verdict, verify, verisimilitude
vict, vinc | conquer
victor, convict, convince, invincible
viv, vita, vivi | alive, life
revive, survive, vivid, vitality
voc | call
vocation, convocation, evoke, vocal
zo | animal
zoo, zoology, zoomorphic, zodiac
159
LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON PREFIXES
A PREFIX IS A SYLLABLE ADDED TO THE BEGINNING OF A WORD TO CHANGE ITS MEANING.
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
autobicomcondisenextrailimininterirmidmisnonpostpreresubsupertransun-
self two or twice with with do the opposite of to make beyond not not or within not or within between not middle wrong not or without after before back or again below above, outside across, over not
automobile, autopilot bicycle, biannual, biweekly compare, communicate, company conference, concert, confide disappear, dislike, distrust ensure, enlarge, enable extraordinary, extrasensory illegal, illogical, illiterate impossible, immature, impatient insecure, incomplete, indoors, ingrown international, interact, intersection irresponsible, irregular midnight, midstream, midway mistake, misguide, misunderstood nonsense, nonfat, nonfiction postgraduate, postwar prehistoric, precaution, preschool return, rewrite, recycle, react submarine, subzero, subtitle supernatural, supermarket, superpower transplant, transcontinental, transport unsafe, unusual, unsure
COMMON SUFFIXES
160
{co m m o n p r e f ix e s & s u f f ix e s }
A SUFFIX IS A SYLLABLE ADDED TO THE END OF A WORD TO CHANGE ITS MEANING. IN MOST CASES, WHEN ADDING A SUFFIX THAT STARTS WITH A VOWEL, DROP THE FINAL E OF THE ROOT WORD. FOR EXAMPLE, NERVE BECOMES NERVOUS. ALSO, CHANGE A FINAL Y IN THE ROOT WORD TO AN I BEFORE ADDING A SUFFIX, EXCEPT -ING.
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
-able -al -an -ance -ant -ative -ent -ful -ian -ity -ive -less -ment -ness -or -ous -ship -ward
able to be of, like or suitable for relating to, belonging to or living in the condition or state of being a person or thing that does something having the nature of or relating to characterized by full of relating to, belonging to or living in quality or degree have or tend to be without or lacking act of state of person or thing that does something characterized by quality of or having the office of in the direction of
payable, movable, portable logical, natural, comical American, European, librarian performance, allowance contestant, peasant, servant imaginative, talkative, decorative different, reverent, independent thoughtful, beautiful musician, magician activity, fatality, popularity active, attractive, impressive homeless, thoughtless payment, employment, achievement happiness, thoughtfulness actor, accelerator nervous, courageous, famous friendship, leadership, companionship backward, homeward, westward
LANGUAGE ARTS
{e x p lo r i n g F r e n c h }
GREETINGS Hello/Good morning/Good afternoon | Bonjour Good evening | Bonsoir Hi/Bye | Salut Bye | Ciao Goodbye | Au revoir How are you doing? | Comment allez-vous?
(Informal: Comment vas-tu?)
I’m... | Je vais... (very) well | (très) bien (very) poorly | (très) mal So-so. | Comme-ci, comme-ça. How’s it going? | Ça va? It’s okay. | Ça va. It’s going well. | Ça va bien. It’s going poorly. | Ça va mal. Not bad. | Pas mal. And you? | Et vous? (Informal: Et tu?)
INTRODUCTIONS What’s your name? | Comment vous appelez-vous?
(Informal: Comment t’appelles-tu?)
My name is... | Je m’appelle... Pleased to meet you. | Enchanté(e). I’d like you to meet... | Je vous présente...
(Informal: Je te présente...)
This is... | Voici...
PLEASANTRIES Please | S’il vous plaît (Informal: S’il te plaît) Thank you | Merci You’re welcome. | Je vous en prie.
(Informal: Je t’en prie.) No problem. | De rien. Excuse me. | Excusez-moi. (Informal: Excuse-moi.)
BASICS Who | Qui Where | Où When | Quand Why | Pourquoi What | Quoi How | Comment And | Et Also | Aussi A lot | Beaucoup
PHRASES Do you speak English? | Parlez-vous anglais? How do you say...? | Comment dit-on...? I need help. | J’ai besoin d’aide. Help! | Au secours! I am lost. | Je suis perdu.
NUMBERS 1| 2| 3| 4| 5|
un deux trois quatre cinq
6 | six 7 | sept 8 | huit 9 | neuf 10 | dix
DAYS OF THE WEEK Monday | lundi Tuesday | mardi Wednesday | mercredi Thursday | jeudi Friday | vendredi Saturday | samedi Sunday | dimanche
RESPONSES MONTHS Yes | Oui No | Non I don’t know. | Je ne sais pas. Of course. | Bien sûr. OK | D’accord. Maybe | Peut-être
TITLES Miss | Mademoiselle Mrs./Ma’am | Madame Mr./Sir | Monsieur
January | janvier February | février March | mars April | avril May | mai June | juin July | juillet August | août September | septembre October | octobre November | novembre December | décembre
161
LANGUAGE ARTS
{e x p lo r i n g S p an is h }
GREETINGS Hello | Hola Good morning | Buenos días Good afternoon/evening | Buenas tardes Good night | Buenas noches Goodbye | Adiós/Chao See you later | Hasta luego/Nos vemos How are you? | ¿Cómo estás? I’m... | Estoy... (very) well | (muy) bien (very) bad | (muy) mal How’s it going? | ¿Cómo vas?/¿Qué tal? It’s okay. | Está bien. Not bad. | No está mal. And you? | ¿Y usted/tú?
INTRODUCTIONS What’s your name? | ¿Cómo se llama usted? My name is... | Me llamo... Pleased to meet you. | Encantado(a). Likewise. | Igualmente. I’d like you to meet... | Me gustaría que conozcas a... This is... | Este(a) es...
PLEASANTRIES Please | Por favor Thank you | Gracias You’re welcome. | De nada. No problem. | No hay problema. Excuse me! | ¡Discúlpeme! Sorry | Perdón
RESPONSES Yes | Sí No | No I don’t know. | No sé. I don’t remember. | No me acuerdo. Of course. | Por supuesto. OK | Bueno Maybe | Quizás/De pronto Absolutely | Claro
TITLES Miss/Ms. | Señorita (Srta.) Mrs./Ma’am | Señora (Sra.) Mr./Sir | Señor (Sr.)
162
BASICS Who | Quién Where | Dónde When | Cuándo Why | Por qué What | Qué How | Cómo Which | Cuál And | Y Also | También A lot | Mucho The | El, La, Los, Las
PHRASES Do you speak English? | ¿Habla Inglés? How do you say...? | ¿Cómo se dice...? I need help. | Necesito ayuda. I am lost. | Estoy perdido(a).
NUMBERS 1| 2| 3| 4| 5|
uno dos tres cuatro cinco
6 | seis 7 | siete 8 | ocho 9 | nueve 10 | diez
DAYS OF THE WEEK Monday | lunes Tuesday | martes Wednesday | miércoles Thursday | jueves Friday | viernes Saturday | sábado Sunday | domingo
MONTHS January | enero February | febrero March | marzo April | abril May | mayo June | junio July | julio August | agosto September | septiembre October | octubre November | noviembre December | diciembre
LANGUAGE ARTS GREETINGS
{e x p lo r i n g Ch in e s e M a n d ar in }
BASICS
PHRASES
INTRODUCTIONS
NUMBERS
PLEASANTRIES
RESPONSES
DAYS OF THE WEEK
MONTHS
TITLES
163
SCIENCE
SUN
{ the s o la r s ys t e m }
Mercury Venus
Earth
Mars
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
JOVIAN PLANETS
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Observing the night sky with the naked eye, ancient astronomers noticed moving points of light they called “planets,” which means “wanderers.” Those first planets were named for Roman deities: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus and Saturn. With the invention of the large telescope, astronomers were able to see other planets. These included Uranus in 1781, Neptune in 1846, and Pluto in 1930, which was later redefined as a dwarf planet. Besides planets, thousands of asteroids and comets fill the universe. Most asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter. Comets exist beyond Pluto’s orbit. There are two types of planets. Terrestrial planets, closest to the Sun, have rocky surfaces. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Those beyond Mars’ orbit— Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, are called Jovian planets, meaning “gas giants.” THE SUN A huge sphere of mostly ionized gas, the sun is the closest star to Earth. size: 332,900 times more massive than Earth temperature: 27 million°F MERCURY Named for the Roman Messenger god, Mercury orbits the sun faster than any other planet. diameter: 3,031 miles temperature: -346°F to 950°F mean distance from the sun: 35.98 million miles VENUS Named for the Roman goddess of love and beauty, it is the only planet that rotates in the opposite direction of its orbit around the sun. diameter: 7,521 miles temperature: 55°F to 396°F mean distance from the sun: 67.23 million miles EARTH Earth is the only planet known to harbor life and the only planet with liquid water on its surface. diameter: 7,926 miles temperature: -128°F to 136°F mean distance from the sun: 92.96 million miles
164
MARS Named for the Roman god of war, Mars gets its red coloring from soil rich in iron oxides. diameter: 4,221 miles temperature: -305°F to 90°F mean distance from the sun: 141.61 million miles JUPITER The largest planet in our solar system was named for the king of the Roman gods. Its bands of color can be seen with a large telescope. diameter: 88,846 miles temperature: -234°F average mean distance from the sun: 483.80 million miles SATURN Named for the Roman god of agriculture, Saturn was the most distant planet known by the ancients. Its rings are comprised of ice particles. diameter: 74,897 miles temperature: -288°F mean distance from the sun: 890.73 million miles URANUS Originally named Georgium Sidus in honor of King George III, Uranus was discovered in 1781. It is twice as far from the sun as Saturn. diameter: 31,763 miles temperature: -353°F uniform mean distance from the sun: 1,784.89 million miles NEPTUNE Named for the Roman god of the sea, Neptune’s layer of methane gives a blue coloring. Winds tear through its clouds at more than 1,200 mph. diameter: 30,775 miles temperature: -353°F mean distance from the sun: 2,793.12 million miles DwARf PLANETS Named for the Roman god of the underworld, Pluto is the coldest, smallest and outermost planet in our solar system. In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. Other dwarf planets are Ceres, Eris, Makemake, Haumea and Sedna.
SCIENCE
{ th e h u m a n s k e le t o n }
FRONTAL BONE EYE SOCKETII AUDITORY OPENING UPPER JAW
CHEEKBONEII NOSEII LOWER JAWII
CLAVICLE (COLLARBONE) STERNUM
HUMERUS RIB
SPINAL COLUMN RADIUSIII PELVIS
ULNAIII
WRIST CARPUS
PHALANGES (FINGERS) FEMUR PATELLA
TIBIA
FIBULA
TARSUS METATARSAL BONES PHALANGES (TOES)
165
166
PERIOD
radium
(226)
francium
(223)
Ra
137.3 88
132.9 87
Fr
Ba
barium
Cs
87.62 56
85.47 55
caesium
Sr
strontium
Rb
40.08 38
39.10 37
rubidium
calcium
potassium
Ca
22.99 19
K
magnesium
[24.30, 24.31] 20
sodium
Mg
9.012 12
Na
beryllium
lithium
Be
4
2 IIA
[6.938, 6.997] 11
Li
[1.007, 1.009] 3
hydrogen
H Element Name
Atomic Number
Y
7
6
Actinoids
89-103
Lanthanoids
88.91 57-71
yttrium
44.96 39
scandium
Zr
Hf
Rf
V
Nb
Ta
Db
Cr
Mo
W
Sg
Th
Pa
231.03588
protactinium
Tc Re Bh
U
238.02891
uranium
144.242 92
neodymium
60
Nd
(272)
bohrium
186.2 107
rhenium
(98) 75
technetium
54.94 43
Ru Os Hs
Np (237)
neptunium
(145) 93
promethium
61
Pm
(270)
hassium
190.2 108
osmium
101.1 76
ruthenium
55.85 44
iron
Fe
26
8
Rh Ir
Mt
Pu
(244)
plutonium
150.36 94
samarium
62
Sm
(276)
meitnerium
192.2 109
iridium
102.9 77
rhodium
58.93 45
cobalt
Co
27
9 VIIIB
107.9
silver
Ag
47
Ni Pd Pt
Ds
Rg
197.0 111
gold
Au
107.9 79
silver
Ag
63.55 47
copper
Cu
29
11 IB
Am (243)
americium
151.964 95
europium
63
Eu
(281)
(247)
curium
Cm
157.25 96
gadolinium
64
Gd
(280)
darmstadtium roentgenium
195.1 110
platinum
106.4 78
palladium
58.69 46
nickel
28
10
Atomic Mass
Symbol
Cd
Hg Cn
Bk
(247)
berkelium
158.92535 97
terbium
65
Tb
(285)
copernicium
200.6 112
mercury
112.4 80
cadmium
65.38(2) 48
zinc
Zn
30
12 IIB
B
Ga In
Tl
Nh
Cf
(251)
californium
162.500 98
dysprosium
66
Dy
(284)
nihonium
[204.3, 204.4] 113
thallium
114.8 81
indium
69.72 49
gallium
26.98 31
aluminium
Al
C
Ge
Fl
Es
(252)
einsteinium
164.93033 99
holmium
67
Ho
(289)
flerovium
207.2 114
lead
Pb
118.7 82
tin
Sn
72.63 50
germanium
[28.08, 28.09] 32
silicon
Si
carbon
6
14 IVA
N
As Sb Bi
Mc
Fm
(257)
fermium
167.259 100
erbium
68
Er
(288)
moscovium
209.0 115
bismuth
121.8 83
antimony
74.92 51
arsenic
30.97 33
phosphorus
P
nitrogen
7
15 VA
O
Te Po Lv
Md
(258)
mendelevium
168.93422 101
thulium
69
Tm
(293)
livermorium
(209) 116
polonium
127.6 84
tellurium
78.97 52
selenium
Se
F Cl
I
At Ts
No
(259)
nobelium
173.054 102
ytterbium
70
Yb
(294)
tennessine
(210) 117
astatine
126.9 85
iodine
[79.90, 79.91] 53
bromine
Br
chlorine
19.00 17
fluorine
9
17 VIIA
[32.05, 32.08] [35.44, 35.46] 34 35
sulfur
S
oxygen
8
16 VIA
[10.80, 10.83] [12.00, 12.02] [14.00, 14.01] [15.99, 16.00] 13 14 15 16
boron
5
13 IIIA
Source: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Encyclopaedia Britannica, and others.
thorium
232.0377
(227)
Ac
actinium
140.907 91
praseodymium
cerium
140.116 90
lanthanum
Mn
manganese
25
7 VIIB
Transition Metals
138.90547 89
59
(271)
seaborgium
183.8 106
tungsten
95.95 74
molybdenum
52.00 42
chromium
24
6 VIB
Pr
58
(268)
dubnium
180.9 105
tantalum
92.91 73
niobium
50.94 41
vanadium
23
5 VB
Ce
57
La
(267)
rutherfordium
178.5 104
hafnium
91.22 72
zirconium
47.87 40
titanium
Ti
22
21
Sc
4 IVB
3 IIIB
Group IA (excluding Hydrogen) comprises the alkali metals. Group IIA comprises the alkaline-earth metals. Group VIIIA comprises the noble gases.
* IUPAC conventional atomic weights; standard atomic weights for these elements are expressed in intervals; see iupac.org for an explanation and values. ** Numbering system adopted by IUPAC. *** Numbering system widely used from the mid-20th century. ( ) indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1 ** IA ***
GROuP
Kr
Og
Lr
(262)
lawrencium
174.9668 103
lutetium
71
Lu
(294)
oganesson
(222) 118
radon
Rn
131.3 86
xenon
Xe
83.80 54
krypton
39.95 36
argon
Ar
20.18 18
neon
Ne
4.003 10
helium
2
He
18 VIIIA
SCIENCE { per i o d i c ta ble o f t h e e le m e n t s }
SCIENCE
{ p h y s i cs la w s & f o r m u la s }
Mass Density
Torque
Speed
(T=torque; F=force; R=radius)
mass density = mass volume average speed = distance covered elapsed time
Acceleration a = Δv or vF - vI Δt tF - tI
(a=average acceleration; v=velocity; t=time; vF=final velocity; vI=initial velocity; tF=final time; iI=initial time) Law of Universal Gravitation
m1m2 d2 (F=force of attraction; m1 and m2=the masses of the two bodies; d=distance between the centers of m1 and m2; G=gravitational consistent) F=G
Work Done by a Force
work = (force)(distance) Power
power =
work (see above formula for work) time
Kinetic Energy
2 KE = mv 2 (KE=kinetic energy; m=mass; v=velocity)
Specific Heat
Q = cmΔt (Q=quantity of heat; c=specific heat; m=mass; Δt=change in temperature) Electric Current - Strength
I= Q t (I=the current strength; Q=quantity of charge; t=time)
T = FR Boyle’s Law when temperature constant:
p1V1 = p2V2 (p1=original pressure; p2=new pressure; V1=original volume; V2=new volume) Wave Motion
V = nl (V=wave velocity; n=wave frequency; l=wavelength) Illumination on a Surface Perpendicular to the Luminous Flux
E = rI2 (E=illumination; I=intensity of the source; r=distance from source to surface perpendicular to the beam) Focal Length of Mirrors and Lenses
1 = 1 + 1 f do di (f=focal length; do=object distance; di=image distance) Images in Mirrors and Lenses
hi = di ho do (h=image height; ho=object height; di=image distance; do=object distance) Ohm’s Law
I= V R (I=strength of the current flowing in a conductor; V=the potential difference applied to its ends; R=its resistance)
Momentum
momentum = (mass)(velocity) Mass-Energy Equivalence
E = mc2 (E=the energy [measured in ergs] equivalent to a mass m [measured in grams]; c=speed of light [measured in centimeters per second]) Power Expended in an Electric Appliance
P = IV (P=power in watts; I=current; V=voltage) Newton’s Second Law of Motion
force=(mass)(acceleration)
167
SCIENCE
{ uni t co n ve rs i o n s }
English to mEtric convErsions
To Convert arEa
square inches square feet square miles acres lEngth
inches feet yards miles
mass anD WEight
ounces pounds pounds short tons volumE
cubic inches cubic feet quarts gallons
Multiply By
To Find
6.45 0.09 2.58 0.40
square centimeters square meters square kilometers hectares
2.54 0.30 0.91 1.61
centimeters meters meters kilometers
28.30 0.45 4.45 0.91
grams kilograms newtons metric tons
16.39 0.02 0.95 3.79
cubic centimeters cubic meters liters liters
mEtric to English convErsions
arEa
square centimeters square meters square kilometers hectares lEngth
centimeters meters meters kilometers mass anD WEight
grams kilograms metric tons newtons volumE
cubic centimeters cubic meters liters liters
Multiply By 0.16 10.76 0.39 2.47
To Find square inches square feet square miles acres
0.39 3.28 1.09 .62
inches feet yards miles
0.04 2.20 1.10 .023
ounces pounds short tons pound force
0.06 35.3 1.06 0.26
cubic inches cubic feet quarts gallons
Freezing Point of Water
To Convert
tEmpEraturE Fahrenheit to celsius:
subtract 32, then multiply by 5 and divide by 9.
celsius to Fahrenheit:
multiply by 9, divide by 5, then add 32.
168
SCIENCE
{ w e i gh t s & m e a s u r e s & f o r m u l a s }
WeighTs And MeAsures engLish
MeTriC
Area
Area
Capacity
Capacity
1 square foot (ft2) --------144 square inches (in2) 1 square yard (yd2) -------------------9 square feet 1 acre ---------------------------43,560 square feet 1 square mile (mi2)---------------------- 640 acres 1 cup (c) --------------------- 8 fluid ounces (fl oz) 1 pint (pt) ------------------------------------ 2 cups 1 quart (qt) --------------------------------- 2 pints 1 quart --------------------------------------- 4 cups 1 gallon (gal)-------------------------------4 quarts Length
1 foot (ft) ---------------------------- 12 inches (in) 1 yard (yd) ------------------------------- 36 inches 1 yard -----------------------------------------3 feet 1 mile (mi) ------------------------------ 5,280 feet 1 mile ---------------------------------- 1,760 yards Time
1 minute (min) --------------------- 60 seconds (s) 1 hour (h) ------------------------------ 60 minutes 1 day (d)----------------------------------- 24 hours 1 week (wk) ---------------------------------- 7 days 1 year (yr) -------------------------12 months (mo) 1 year --------------------------------------52 weeks 1 year --------------------------------------365 days 1 century (c) ----------------------------- 100 years Weight
1 sq centimeter (cm2) ---100 sq millimeters (mm2) 1 sq meter (m2) ------------ 10,000 sq centimeters 1 hectare (ha) -------------- 10,000 square meters 1 sq kilometer (km2) --------1,000,000 sq meters 1 milliliter (ml) ----------------------.001 liter (L) 1 centiliter (cl) -----------------------------.01 liter 1 deciliter (dl) ------------------------------ .1 liter 1 dekaliter (dal) ---------------------------10 liters 1 hectoliter (hl) -------------------------- 100 liters 1 kiloliter (kl) --------------------------1,000 liters Length
1 millimeter (mm) --------------- .001 meter (m) 1 centimeter (cm) ----------------------- .01 meter 1 decimeter (dm)--------------------------.1 meter 1 dekameter (dam)---------------------- 10 meters 1 hectometer (hm) -------------------- 100 meters 1 kilometer (km) -------------------- 1,000 meters Mass/Weight
1 milligram (mg) ------------------- .001 gram (g) 1 centigram (cg) --------------------------.01 gram 1 decigram (dg) --------------------------- .1 gram 1 dekagram (dag) ----------------------- 10 grams 1 hectogram (hg) ----------------------- 100 grams 1 kilogram (kg) -----------------------1,000 grams 1 metric ton (t) ------------------ 1,000 kilograms
1 pound (lb) ----------------------- 16 ounces (oz) 1 short ton (T) --------------------- 2,000 pounds FOrMuLAs
Perimeter of a rectangle -------------- P = 2(l+w) Perimeter of a square -----------------------P = 4s Perimeter of a regular polygon ------------P = ns (n = number of sides) Area of a rectangle ------------------------- A = lw Area of a square ----------------------------- A = s2 Area of a parallelogram -------------------- A = bh Area of a triangle ------------------------ A = ½bh Area of a trapezoid ------------- A = ½h(b1 + b2) Area of a circle ----------------------------- A = πr2 Circumference of a circle --------C = πd, or 2πr Volume of a rectangular prism --------- V = lwh Volume of any prism ----------------------V = Bh Volume of a cylinder ------------------- V = πr2h Volume of a pyramid ------------------- V = ⅓Bh Volume of a cone ---------------------V = ⅓πr2h Surface area of a cylinder ----SA = 2πr2 + 2πrh Pythagorean Theorem --------------- a2 + b2 = c2 (sides of a right triangle)
FOrMuLA KeY
A b B d h
= = = = =
l P r s sa V w
= = = = = = =
area base, length of any side of a plane figure area of base diameter height, perpendicular distance from the furthest point of the figure to the extended base length perimeter radius side surface area volume width
Simple interest------------------------------ I = prt
I = interest, p = principal, r = rate, t = time
Distance -------------------------------------- d = rt
d = distance, r = rate, t = time
169
MATHEMATICS ROMAN NUMERALS
{R o m a n n u m e ra ls & pl a ce va l ue }
IN THE ROMAN NUMBER SYSTEM, NUMERALS ARE REPRESENTED BY 7 CAPITAL LETTERS FROM OUR ALPHABET. THESE LETTERS ARE COMBINED IN DIFFERENT WAYS TO FORM NUMBERS. THE VALUES OF THE LETTERS ARE ADDED TOGETHER, UNLESS A LETTER WITH A LESSER VALUE COMES BEFORE ONE WITH A LARGER VALUE. IN THIS CASE, THE VALUE IS THE DIFFERENCE OF THE TWO LETTER VALUES.
one five ten fifty one hundred five hundred one thousand
{4}=IV {5}=V {6}=VI {7}=VII {8}=VIII {9}=IX
PLACE VALUE Hundred Trillions Ten Trillions One Trillions Hundred Billions Ten Billions One Billions Hundred Millions Ten Millions One Millions Hundred Thousands Ten Thousands One Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Number
1 5 4 3 9 9 7 1 5 4 6 2 1 0 0 Read this number as one hundred fifty-four trillion, three hundred ninety-nine billion, seven hundred fifteen million, four hundred sixty-two thousand, one hundred. Write this number as 154,399,715,462,100.
NUMBER PREFIXES
uni- --------------------------------------------- one bi- ---------------------------------------------- two tri- ---------------------------------------------three quadri- -----------------------------------------four quint- ------------------------------------------ five sex- ---------------------------------------------- six sept- ------------------------------------------ seven oct- --------------------------------------------eight non- ------------------------------------------- nine deci- ---------------------------------------------ten
{2}=II {3}=III
FOLLOWING ARE THE 7 LETTERS AND THEIR VALUES:
I V X L C D M
{1}=I
Thousand Million Billion Trillion Quadrillion Quintillion Sextillion Septillion Octillion Nonillion Decillion Googol
Zeros
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 100
{10}=X {11}=XI
XII
{12}=
XIII
{13}=
{14}=XIV {15}=XV
XVI
{16}=
{17}=XVII {18}=XVIII {19}=XIX
XX
{20}=
{30}=XXX {40}=XL
{50}=L {60}=LX {70}=LXX {80}=LXXX {90}=XC {100}=C {500}=D {1000}=M
170
MATHEMATICS
{s qu a r e s & s qu a r e r o o t s }
SQUARES & SQUARE ROOTS N
N2
N
N
N2
N
N
N2
N
1 2 3 4 5
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
1.00 1.41 1.73 2.00 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3.00 3.16
51 52 53 54 55
2,601 2,704 2,809 2,916 3,025 3,136 3,249 3,364 3,481 3,600
7.14 7.21 7.28 7.35 7.42 7.48 7.55 7.62 7.68 7.75
101 102 103 104 105
10,201 10,404 10,609 10,816 11,025 11,236 11,449 11,664 11,881 12,100
10.05 10.10 10.15 10.20 10.25 10.30 10.34 10.39 10.44 10.49
3.32 3.46 3.61 3.74 3.87 4.00 4.12 4.24 4.36 4.47
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
3,721 3,844 3,969 4,096 4,225 4,356 4,489 4,624 4,761 4,900
7.81 7.87 7.94 8.00 8.06 8.12 8.19 8.25 8.31 8.37
111 112 113 114 115
16 17 18 19 20
121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
116 117 118 119 120
12,321 12,544 12,769 12,996 13,225 13,456 13,689 13,924 14,161 14,400
10.54 10.58 10.63 10.68 10.72 10.77 10.82 10.86 10.91 10.95
21 22 23 24 25
441 484 529 576 625
4.58 4.69 4.80 4.90 5.00
71 72 73 74 75
5,041 5,184 5,329 5,476 5,625
8.43 8.49 8.54 8.60 8.66
121 122 123 124 125
14,641 14,884 15,129 15,376 15,625
11.00 11.05 11.09 11.14 11.18
26 27 28 29 30
5.10 5.20 5.29 5.39 5.48 5.57 5.66 5.74 5.83 5.92
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
5,776 5,929 6,084 6,241 6,400 6,561 6,724 6,889 7,056 7,225
8.72 8.77 8.83 8.89 8.94 9.00 9.06 9.11 9.17 9.22
126 127 128 129 130
31 32 33 34 35
676 729 784 841 900 961 1,024 1,089 1,156 1,225
131 132 133 134 135
15,876 16,129 16,384 16,641 16,900 17,161 17,424 17,689 17,956 18,225
11.22 11.27 11.31 11.36 11.40 11.45 11.49 11.53 11.58 11.62
36 37 38 39 40
1,296 1,369 1,444 1,521 1,600
6.00 6.08 6.16 6.24 6.32
86 87 88 89 90
7,396 7,569 7,744 7,921 8,100
9.27 9.33 9.38 9.43 9.49
136 137 138 139 140
18,496 18,769 19,044 19,321 19,600
11.66 11.70 11.75 11.79 11.83
41 42 43 44 45
1,681 1,764 1,849 1,936 2,025 2,116 2,209 2,304 2,401 2,500
6.40 6.48 6.56 6.63 6.71 6.78 6.86 6.93 7.00 7.07
8,281 8,464 8,649 8,836 9,025 96 9,216 97 9,409 98 9,604 99 9,801 100 10,000
9.54 9.59 9.64 9.70 9.75 9.80 9.85 9.90 9.95 10.00
141 142 143 144 145
19,881 20,164 20,449 20,736 21,025 21,316 21,609 21,904 22,201 22,500
11.87 11.92 11.96 12.00 12.04 12.08 12.12 12.17 12.21 12.25
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
46 47 48 49 50
56 57 58 59 60
91 92 93 94 95
106 107 108 109 110
146 147 148 149 150
171
MATHEMATICS
{a lge bra & m a t h e m at ic a l s y m b o l s }
ALGEBRA Expanding
{1} a(b+c) = ab+ac {2} (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 {3} (a-b)2 = a2-2ab+b2 {4} (a+b)(a+c) = a2+ac+ab+bc {5} (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd {6} (a+b)3 = a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3 {7} (a-b)3 = a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3 {8} a2-b2 = (a+b)(a-b) {9} a3+b3 = (a+b)(a2-ab+b2) {10} a3b-ab = ab(a+1)(a-1) {11} a2-2ab+b2=(a-b)2 {12} a3-b3=(a-b)(a2+ab+b2)
Laws of Exponents
{1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8}
aras = ar+s ar/as = ar-s aras/ap = ar+s-p (ar)s = ars (ab)r=arbr (a/b)r=ar/br (b≠0) a0=1 (a≠0) a-r=1/ar (a≠0)
Logarithms
Log (xy) = Log x+Log y Log xr = r Log x Log x = n x = 10n (Common log) Logax = n x = an (Log to the base a) {5} Ln x = n x = en (Natural log) {6} Log (x/y) = Log x-Log y {1} {2} {3} {4}
e=2.71828183
if r and s are positive integers
Quadratic Formula
ax2+bx+c=0
When given a formula in the form of a quadratic equation The solution can be derived using the quadratic formula
-b+ b2-4ac x= 2a
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
172
plus
greater than
circle
minus
less than
arc of circle
plus or minus
greater than or equal to
square
multiplied by
less than or equal to
rectangle
divided by
infinity
parallelogram
equal to
is to (ratio)
triangle
not equal to
as (proportion)
angle
nearly equal to
pi (--3.14159)
right angle
square root of x
therefore
perpendicular
--- root of x
because
parallel
percentage
absolute value of x
degrees
sum of
and so on
minutes
MATHEMATICS
{ f ra ct i o n s & p e r c e n t a g e s & m u l t ip l ic a t io n t ab l e }
FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGES
WORKING WITH FRACTIONS
1
=
1.0
=
100%
3/4
=
0.75
=
75%
2/3
=
0.667
=
66.7%
1/2
=
0.5
=
50%
1/3
=
0.333
=
33.3%
The bottom number of a fraction is called the denominator.
1/4
=
0.25
=
25%
1/5
=
0.2
=
20%
To multiply:
1/6
=
0.167
=
16.7%
1/7
=
0.142
=
14.2%
1/8
=
0.125
=
12.5%
1/9
=
0.111
=
11.1%
1/10
=
0.1
=
10%
1/11
=
0.091
=
9.1%
1/12
=
0.083
=
8.3%
1 2
The top number of a fraction is called the numerator.
1 3 1x3 3 x = = 2 4 2x4 8
To divide, multiply the first fraction with the reciprocal of the other: 2 1 2 6 12 — = x = =4 3 6 3 1 3
To add or subtract, first find the common denominator: 1 2 1x5) 2x3) 5 6 11 + = ( + ( = + = 3 5 3x5 5x3 15 15 15
MULTIPLICATION TABLE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60
4 5 8 10 12 15 16 20 20 25 24 30 28 35 32 40 36 45 40 50 44 55 48 60 52 65 56 70 60 75 64 80 68 85 72 90 76 95 80 100
5
6
7
8
9
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240
13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300
16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320
17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340
18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360
19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
173
MATHEMATICS PARALLELOGRAM
{ a r e a & vo lu m e }
RECTANGLE
RIGHT TRIANGLE
A B a
b
C
l
a
h
A
D
b
c
b
h
Area of ABCD = bh
Perimeter = 2(l + h) Area = l x h
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
B
a
C
Area = ab/2 c2 = a2 + b2 (Pythagorean Theorem)
CIRCLE
RECTANGULAR PRISM
w
C l a
r
a h
A
h B
b
Area = bh/2
Surface area of a prism = 2(wl + lh + wh) Volume of a prism = l x w x h
Circumference of a circle = 2πr Area of a circle = πr2
SPHERE
CYLINDER
CONE
h
r
PYRAMID
r
Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2 Volume of a sphere = 4πr3/3
l
l
h
h
r
B
Surface area of a pyramid Surface area of a cone = B + Lateral Area (Lateral = πrl + πr2 (l=slant height) area=sum of triangular faces) Volume of a cone Volume of a pyramid = πr2h/3 = Bh/3 (B = area of base)
Surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr2 Volume of a cylinder = πr2h
CIRCLE THEOREMS
D x
x
P
r
C
Q
2x
C
a
C
b
A B
∠ x = 90°
(PQ is the diameter)
174
C is the center of the circle
∠a = ∠b
(Both angles intercept arc AB)
MATHEMATICS
{ geometric angles & congruency cases}
GEOMETRIC ANGLES
180°
90°
An acute angle is less than 90°
A right angle is exactly 90°
An obtuse angle is greater than 90°
A straight angle is exactly 180°
360°
Complementary angles add up to 90°
Supplementary angles add up to 180°
One complete angle of rotation = 360°
GEOMETRIC CONGRUENCY CASES S.S.S. POSTULATE
S.A.S. POSTULATE
B A
A.S.A. POSTULATE
B C
E
F
D
B C
A L
M
Side-Angle-Side ΔABC = ΔKLM
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
B
A
C
A Y
S
X
R
K
Side-Side-Side ΔABC = ΔDEF
H.S. POSTULATE (RIGHT Δ’S ONLY)
P
Angle-Side-Angle ΔABC = ΔPRS
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
C
Z
Hypotenuse-side ΔABC = ΔXYZ
SCALENE TRIANGLE
60°
60°
60°
3 Sides of Equal Length 3 Angles of 60° Each
2 Sides of Equal Length 2 Base Angles are Equal
3 Unequal Sides 3 Unequal Angles
175
MATHEMATICS
{ t r i go n o m e tr y}
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
Law of Sines
sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin (A-B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos (A+B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos (A-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
a = b = c sin A sin B sin C
B
Law of Cosines
tan A + tan B tan (A+B) = 1 - tan A tan B tan A - tan B 1 + tan A tan B
c
a
sinθ tanθ = cosθ
Law of Tangents
a-b = tan 1/2(A-B) a+b tan 1/2(A+B)
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 cos2θ - sin2θ = cos2θ tan2θ+1 = sec2θ cot2θ+1 = csc2θ
A
C
c-a = tan 1/2(C-A) c+a tan 1/2(C+A)
b
45º
60º
2
1
2
b-c = tan 1/2(B-C) b+c tan 1/2(B+C)
h(
1
30º
45º
a (adjacent)
3
1 1 sin 45º = 2 1 cos 45º = 2
sin 30º =
1 2
sin 60º =
3 cos 30º = 2 tan 30º = 1 3
tan 45º = 1
o (opposite) = 1 sinθ = h (hypotenuse) cscθ
3 2
cos 60º = 1 2
cosθ =
tan 60º = 3
tanθ =
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
0
π/2
π
3π/2
2π
sinθ
0
1
0
−1
0
cos θ
1
0
−1
0
1
tanθ
0
∞
0
−∞
0
sec θ (1/cos)
1
∞
−1
∞
1
csc θ
∞
1
∞
−1
∞
cotθ
∞
0
−∞
0
∞
(1/sin)
(1/tan)
o (opposite) a (adjacent)
=
1 cotθ
r θ
r r
x
θ = 1 radian π radians = 180º 2π radians = 360º
QUADRANTS
note: ∞ denotes undefined or infinite
176
a (adjacent) = 1 h (hypotenuse) secθ
y
θ
(sin/cos)
e)
us
ten
o hyp
o (opposite)
tan (A-B) =
a2 = b2+c2-2bc(cos A) b2 = a2+c2-2ac(cos B) c2 = a2+b2-2ab(cos C)
Quad II 90º-180º sin, csc are +
Quad I 0º-90º all ratios are +
Quad III 180º-270º tan, cot are +
Quad IV 270º-360º cos, sec are +
CIVICS AMENDMENT
{ Bi ll o f R i gh t s }
I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT
II
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT
III
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. AMENDMENT
IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT
V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
AMENDMENT
VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. AMENDMENT
VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. AMENDMENT
VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT
IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. AMENDMENT
X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
177
GEOGRAPHY {AL} {AK} {AZ} {AR} {CA} {CO} {CT} {DE} {FL} {GA} {HI} {ID} {IL} {IN} {IA} {KS} {KY} {LA} {ME} {MD} {MA} {MI} {MN} {MS} {MO}
178
{s ta te s & s t a t e ca p i ta l s }
Alabama------------ Montgomery Alaska ----------------------Juneau Arizona ------------------- Phoenix Arkansas ------------- Little Rock California ------------Sacramento Colorado ------------------ Denver Connecticut ------------ Hartford Delaware ------------------- Dover Florida-----------------Tallahassee Georgia-------------------- Atlanta Hawaii ----------------- Honolulu Idaho ------------------------ Boise Illinois -----------------Springfield Indiana -------------- Indianapolis Iowa ----------------- Des Moines Kansas --------------------- Topeka Kentucky -------------- Frankfort Louisiana ---------- Baton Rouge Maine -------------------- Augusta Maryland --------------Annapolis Massachusetts ------------ Boston Michigan----------------- Lansing Minnesota ----------------St. Paul Mississippi ----------------Jackson Missouri----------- Jefferson City
{MT} {NE} {NV} {NH} {NJ} {NM} {NY} {NC} {ND} {OH} {OK} {OR} {PA} {RI} {SC} {SD} {TN} {TX} {UT} {VT} {VA} {WA} {WV} {WI} {WY}
Montana ------------------ Helena Nebraska ------------------Lincoln Nevada -------------- Carson City New Hampshire ------- Concord New Jersey --------------- Trenton New Mexico -------------Santa Fe New York ----------------- Albany North Carolina ----------Raleigh North Dakota ----------Bismarck Ohio ------------------- Columbus Oklahoma ------ Oklahoma City Oregon ----------------------Salem Pennsylvania----------Harrisburg Rhode Island ---------Providence South Carolina --------Columbia South Dakota -------------- Pierre Tennessee ---------------Nashville Texas------------------------ Austin Utah ---------------Salt Lake City Vermont ------------- Montpelier Virginia --------------- Richmond Washington------------- Olympia West Virginia---------Charleston Wisconsin -------------- Madison Wyoming --------------Cheyenne
CIVICS No. {1} {2} {3}
{4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {20} {21} {22} {23} {24} {25} {26} {27} {28} {29} {30} {31} {32}
{33} {34} {35} {36} {37} {38} {39} {40} {41} {42} {43} {44} {45}
{ U nite d S t a t e s p r e s i d e n t s }
President Party Native State Dates of term(s) April 30, 1789-March 3, 1797 George Washington Fed. Virginia† March 4, 1797-March 3, 1801 John Adams Fed. Massachusetts† March 4, 1801-March 3, 1805 Thomas Jefferson Dem.-Rep. Virginia† Thomas Jefferson March 4, 1805-March 3, 1809 March 4, 1809-March 3, 1813 James Madison Dem.-Rep. Virginia† James Madison March 4, 1813-March 3, 1817 March 4, 1817-March 3, 1825 James Monroe Dem.-Rep. Virginia† † March 4, 1825-March 3, 1829 John Quincy Adams Dem.-Rep. Massachusetts March 4, 1829-March 3, 1833 Andrew Jackson Dem. Carolinas† Andrew Jackson March 4, 1833-March 3, 1837 Martin Van Buren Dem. New York March 4, 1837-March 3, 1841 March 4, 1841-April 4, 1841 William Henry Harrison* Whig Virginia† John Tyler Whig Virginia April 6, 1841-March 3, 1845 James K. Polk Dem. North Carolina March 4, 1845-March 3, 1849 Zachary Taylor* Whig Virginia March 4, 1849-July 9, 1850 Millard Fillmore Whig New York July 10, 1850-March 3, 1853 Franklin Pierce Dem. New Hampshire March 4, 1853-March 3, 1857 James Buchanan Dem. Pennsylvania March 4, 1857-March 3, 1861 Abraham Lincoln Rep. Kentucky March 4, 1861-March 3, 1865 Abraham Lincoln* March 4, 1865-April 15, 1865 Andrew Johnson Dem. North Carolina April 15, 1865-March 3, 1869 Ulysses S. Grant Rep. Ohio March 4, 1869-March 3, 1873 Ulysses S. Grant March 4, 1873-March 3, 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes Rep. Ohio March 4, 1877-March 3, 1881 James A. Garfield* Rep. Ohio March 4, 1881-Sept. 19, 1881 Chester A. Arthur Rep. Vermont Sept. 19, 1881-March 3, 1885 Grover Cleveland Dem. New Jersey March 4, 1885-March 3, 1889 Benjamin Harrison Rep. Ohio March 4, 1889-March 3, 1893 Grover Cleveland Dem. New Jersey March 4, 1893-March 3, 1897 William McKinley Rep. Ohio March 4, 1897-March 3, 1901 William McKinley* March 4, 1901-Sept. 14, 1901 Theodore Roosevelt Rep. New York Sept. 14, 1901-March 3, 1905 Theodore Roosevelt March 4, 1905-March 3, 1909 William H. Taft Rep. Ohio March 4, 1909-March 3, 1913 Woodrow Wilson Dem. Virginia March 4, 1913-March 3, 1917 Woodrow Wilson March 4, 1917-March 3, 1921 Warren G. Harding* Rep. Ohio March 4, 1921-August 2, 1923 Calvin Coolidge Rep. Vermont August 3, 1923-March 3, 1925 Calvin Coolidge March 4, 1925-March 3, 1929 Herbert C. Hoover Rep. Iowa March 4, 1929-March 3, 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt Dem. New York March 4, 1933-Jan. 20, 1937 Franklin D. Roosevelt Jan. 20, 1937-Jan. 20, 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt Jan. 20, 1941-Jan. 20, 1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt* Jan. 20, 1945-April 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman Dem. Missouri April 12, 1945-Jan. 20, 1949 Harry S. Truman Jan. 20, 1949-Jan. 20, 1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower Rep. Texas Jan. 20, 1953-Jan. 20, 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower Jan. 20, 1957-Jan. 20, 1961 John F. Kennedy* Dem. Massachusetts Jan. 20, 1961-Nov. 22, 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson Dem. Texas Nov. 22, 1963-Jan. 20, 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson Jan. 20, 1965-Jan. 20, 1969 Richard M. Nixon Rep. California Jan. 20, 1969-Jan. 20, 1973 Richard M. Nixon* Jan. 20, 1973-Aug. 9, 1974 Gerald R. Ford Rep. Nebraska Aug. 9, 1974-Jan. 20, 1977 James E. Carter, Jr. Dem. Georgia Jan. 20, 1977-Jan. 20, 1981 Ronald Reagan Rep. Illinois Jan. 20, 1981-Jan. 20, 1985 Ronald Reagan Jan. 20, 1985-Jan. 20, 1989 George H. W. Bush Rep. Massachusetts Jan. 20, 1989-Jan. 20, 1993 William J. Clinton Dem. Arkansas Jan. 20 1993-Jan. 20, 1997 William J. Clinton Jan. 20, 1997-Jan. 20, 2001 George W. Bush Rep. Connecticut Jan. 20, 2001-Jan. 20, 2005 George W. Bush Jan. 20, 2005-Jan. 20, 2009 Barack H. Obama Dem. Hawaii Jan. 20, 2009-Jan. 20, 2013 Barack H. Obama Jan. 20, 2013-Jan. 20, 2017 Donald Trump Rep. New York Jan. 20, 2017† (*did not finish term, born as subjects of Great Britain before United States was established)
Vice President John Adams Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr George Clinton George Clinton* Elbridge Gerry* Daniel D. Tomkins John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun* Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson John Tyler
George M. Dallas Millard Fillmore William R. King* John C. Breckinridge Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson* William A. Wheeler Chester A. Arthur Thomas A. Hendricks* Levi P. Morton Adlai E. Stevenson Garret A. Hobart Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks James S. Sherman* Thomas R. Marshall Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes Charles Curtis John N. Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley Richard M. Nixon Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert H. Humphrey Spiro T. Agnew* Gerald R. Ford* Nelson Rockefeller Walter Mondale George H. W. Bush Dan Quayle Albert Gore, Jr. Richard B. Cheney Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Mike Pence
ORDER OF PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION
{1} The Vice President {2} Speaker of the House {3} President pro tempore of the Senate {4} Secretary of State {5} Secretary of the Treasury
{6} Secretary of Defense {7} Attorney General {8} Secretary of the Interior {9} Secretary of Agriculture {10} Secretary of Commerce {11} Secretary of Labor
{12} Secretary of Health and Human Services {13} Secretary of Housing and Urban Development {14} Secretary of Transportation {15} Secretary of Energy
{16} Secretary of Education {17} Secretary of Veterans Affairs {18} Secretary of Homeland Security
179
GEOGRAPHY
180
{w o r ld m a p }
GEOGRAPHY
{w o rld m a p w i th lo n g it u d e & l at it u d e }
181
GEOGRAPHY
182
{U n i t e d S t a t e s m a p }
GEOGRAPHY
{U n i te d S ta te s m a p w it h l o n g it u d e & l at it u d e }
183
GEOGRAPHY
184
{Co l o ra d o sta te m a p }
SUCCESS SKILLS
{ tips for impr oving your memor y & taking standar dized tests}
TIPS FOR IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY {1} Keep notes, lists and journals to jog your memory. {2} Decide what is most important to remember by looking for main ideas. {3} Classify information into categories. Some categories may be: a. Time – summer, sun, swimming, hot b. Place – shopping center, stores, restaurants c. Similarities – shoes, sandals, boots d. Differences – mountain, lake e. Wholes to parts – bedroom, bed, pillow f. Scientific groups – Flowers, carnation, rose {4} Look for patterns. Try to make a word out of the first letters of a list of things you are trying
to remember. You also could make a sentence out of the first letters of the words you need to remember. {5} Associate new things you learn with what you already know. {6} Use rhythm or make up a rhyme. {7} Visualize the information in your mind. a. See the picture clearly and vividly. b. Exaggerate and enlarge things. c. See it in three dimensions. d. Put yourself into the picture. e. Imagine an action taking place. {8} Link the information together to give it meaning. {9} Use the information whenever you can. Repetition is the key to memory.
TIPS FOR TAKING STANDARDIZED TESTS {1} Concentrate. Do not talk or distract others. {2} Listen carefully to the directions. Ask questions if they are not clear. {3} Pace yourself. Keep your eye on the time, but do not worry too much about not finishing. {4} Work through all of the questions in order. If you do not think you know an answer to a
problem, skip it and come back to it when you have finished the test.
{5} Read all of the possible answers for each question before choosing an answer. {6} Eliminate any answers that are clearly wrong, and choose from the others. Words like
always and never often signal that an answer is false.
{7} If questions are based on a reading passage, read the questions first and then the passage.
Then go back and try to answer the questions. Scan through the passage one last time to make sure the answers are correct. {8} When you finish the test, go back through and check your answers for careless mistakes. Change answers only if you are sure they are wrong or you have a very strong feeling they are wrong. {9} Do not be afraid to guess at a question. If you have a hunch you know the answer, you probably do! {10}Use all of the time allotted to check and recheck your test.
185
SUCCESS SKILLS
{ li s t e n i n g & h om e w o r k s kil l s }
LISTENING SKILLS
Listening (unlike hearing, which is a physical process not requiring thinking) gives meaning to the sounds you hear. It helps you understand. Listening is an active process that requires concentration and practice. In learning, the teacher’s responsibility is to present information; the student’s responsibility is to be “available” for learning. Not listening means you will be unable to learn the material. To help develop listening skills:
Approach the classroom ready to learn: leave personal problems outside the classroom. Try to avoid distractions. Even if you do not sit close to the teacher, focus your attention directly on him/her. Pay attention to the teacher’s style and how the lecture is organized. Participate; ask for clarification when you do not understand. Take notes. Listen for key words, names, events and dates. Don’t make hasty judgments; separate fact from opinion. Connect what you hear with what you already know.
HOMEWORK SKILLS
Keep track of your daily assignments in this datebook so you will always know what you have to do. Homework is an essential part of learning. Even though you may not have written work to do, you can always review or reread assignments. The more you review information, the easier it is to remember and the longer you are able to retain it. Realize that homework is considered an important part of learning. Not doing your homework because you do not believe in homework is self-defeating behavior. It is your responsibility to find out what you have missed when you are absent. Take the initiative to ask a classmate or teacher what you need to make up. You need to also know when it needs to be turned in. If you are absent for several days, make arrangements to receive assignments while you are out. Have a place to study that works for you – one that is free from distractions. Be honest with yourself about using the TV or stereo during study time. Make sure you have everything you need before you begin to work. Develop a schedule that you can follow. Be rested when you study. It is okay to study in short blocks of time. Marathon study sessions may be self-defeating. Prioritize your homework so that you begin with the most important assignment first: study for a test, then do the daily assignment, etc. Study for 30-40 minutes at a time, then take a 5-10 minute break. Estimate the amount of time it will take to do an assignment and plan your break time accordingly.
186
SUCCESS SKILLS
{ s u cce s s f u l n o t e t akin g }
SUCCESSFUL NOTETAKING
Taking notes reinforces what we hear in the classroom and requires active listening. Having accurate information makes your outside study and review time that much easier. Good notetaking requires practice. Be aware of each teacher’s lecture style; learning how to adapt to each style takes patience. Take notes as you (attentively) listen to the lecture. Keep notes in an individual notebook for each class or in a loose-leaf binder that has a section for each class. Your teacher may have certain requirements. Date each day’s notes, and keep them in chronological order. Some teachers provide outlines that tell you how a series of lectures will be organized; other teachers will deliver their lectures and expect you to write the information in your notes. Most teachers will emphasize important points by stressing them or repeating them a few times. Make a note in the margin or highlight any information the teacher specifically identifies as important. Write notes in short phrases, leaving out unnecessary words. Use abbreviations. Write clearly so you will be able to understand your notes when you review them. If you make a mistake, a single line through the material is less time consuming than trying to erase the whole thing. This will save time and you won’t miss any of the lecture. Don’t copy your notes over to make them neat; write them neatly in the first place. Don’t create opportunities to waste your time. Write notes on the right two-thirds of the notebook page. Keep the left one-third free for your follow-up questions or to highlight the really important points in the discussion. Listen for key ideas. Write them down in your own words. Don’t try to write down every word that your teachers say. Some teachers will use the chalkboard, an overhead projector or a PowerPoint presentation to outline these key ideas. Others will simply stress them in their discussion. Soon after class, while the information is still fresh in your mind, create questions directly related to your notes in the left column of the paper. Place these questions across from the information to which it pertains. Highlight or underline any key points, terms, events or people. Quiz yourself by covering the 2/3 side of your notes and try to answer the questions you developed without referring to your notes. If you need to refresh your memory, simply uncover the note section to find the answers to your questions. Short, quick reviews will help you remember and understand the information as well as prepare for tests. Review your notes daily. This reinforces the information and helps you make sure that you understand the material. Make sure your notes summarize, not duplicate, the material. Devise your own use of shorthand. Vary the size of titles and headings. Use a creative approach, not the standard outline form. Keep class lecture notes and study notes together.
187
SUCCESS SKILLS
{h e lp f u l h i n t s }
THE SUCCESSFUL STUDENT’S
BAG OF SKILLS
LAUDABLE LISTENING Concentrate on what the instructor says. Avoid distractions. n Pay attention to the lecture, and take good notes. n Participate! Ask questions if you don’t understand. n Listen for key words, names, events and dates. n Don’t assume or judge. Separate fact from opinion. n Connect what you hear to what you already know. n n
HEALTHY HOMEWORK SKILLS Use this datebook to track your daily assignments. n If you’re absent, have a friend or parent get your assignments. n Develop a routine for completing your homework: Set aside a time; choose a place; have your supplies at hand; and turn off the TV and MP3 player. n Study in blocks of time (if that works best for you). n Begin with your most important assignments first. n Take breaks periodically to refresh yourself and review what you’ve learned.
NOTABLE NOTETAKING
n
Date your notes and organize them chronologically. n Paraphrase and abbreviate – but make sure you understand your own shorthand! n Use the right two-thirds of the page for notes and the left third for writing questions and highlighting key points. n Review your notes immediately after the class session. n Fill in any points you missed. Use titles, drawings, etc., to organize and highlight the material. n
A MEMORABLE MEMORY Use a variety of avenues (listening, notetaking, reading, online resources, etc.) to improve your chances of retaining the material. n Look for the main ideas, then find out how they all relate. n Use mnemonic devices. For example, make a word out of the first letters of the items you are trying to remember. To remember the five Great Lakes, think of HOMES: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior. n
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Make up rhymes using the information you want to remember. n Visualize the information or make up a story using the different facts you must recall. n Use and review the information as often as you can because repetition is the key to a good memory. n
SUCCESS SKILLS
{p la n t o ge t a h e ad }
People don’t succeed because they’re lucky. They succeed because they set goals and work toward those goals. They plan for success, and they follow these four strategies to succeed: 1
Use this datebook to write down all the homework,
Organization projects and events for which you’re responsible. Also,
ensure you have all the information and tools to complete your school work correctly and on time. 2
Time Management Managing your time wisely ensures you have
3
Setting Priorities down the list. Stay on task – don’t let yourself get
the time to do both what you need to do and what you want to do. Three keys: – Set aside specific times for routine tasks (e.g., homework and household chores). – Map out time for everything you have to do, such as travel to school, attend team practices and go to your part-time job. – Build in some flexibility. Some things may take more or less time than you expect. Plan on it! Start with your more important tasks and move
sidetracked. Stick to those tasks that must be completed and have the most impact on your success. 4
Setting Goals Just wishing to get better grades or to excel in sports
accomplishes nothing. You need an action plan with clear, attainable goals. Goal-setting also lessens your stress by making you feel more in control of your life. When setting goals: – Write them down. – Be specific. – Set specific time limits, whether they’re for 6 weeks, a semester or a year. – Be realistic. If you’re a “C” student in math, set up steps for attaining a “B,” then set steps for getting that “A.” – Develop a plan for reaching each goal. Make a list of the tasks or steps you need to complete. – Share your goals with others to gain their support. – Visualize your success. – Build in rewards for yourself when you reach each goal. 189
SUCCESS SKILLS PLAN FOR SUCCESS
{ p la n f o r s u cce s s }
SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE DON’T BECOME SUCCESSFUL BY LUCK. THEIR SUCCESS IS THE RESULT OF SETTING GOALS AND WORKING TO ACHIEVE THOSE GOALS. IN OTHER WORDS, SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE PLAN TO SUCCEED. YOU, TOO, CAN PLAN TO SUCCEED. DON’T PROCRASTINATE. GOOD INTENTIONS WILL NOT HELP YOU SUCCEED. START PLANNING FOR SUCCESS TODAY!
{1} Organization – Getting organized is the first step to success.
Remember that you are responsible for knowing about and completing your assignments and special projects. Use your datebook to write down your homework, extracurricular activities, community activities and home responsibilities. Make sure you have all the materials you need when you go to class and when you do your homework. {2} Time Management – Managing time wisely will help ensure that you have the opportunity to do both the things you need to do and the things you want to do. Plan a definite time to do your homework. Plan time for extracurricular and social activities as well as home responsibilities. Commit yourself to your time plan, but be flexible. For example, if something happens that makes it impossible for you to do homework during the regularly scheduled time, plan an alternate time to do the homework. {3} Set Priorities – If you have lots to do, it is important to set priorities. Rank each task in 1, 2, 3 order. Start with #1 – the most important task – and continue on down the list. When doing homework, start with the subject in which you need the most improvement. Check off finished tasks. If you frequently find that you cannot finish all the tasks on your list, you may need to prioritize your optional activities and eliminate some that are low on your priority list. {4} Set Goals – Just wishing to get better grades or to excel in soccer accomplishes nothing. You need a plan of action to achieve your goals. Setting goals will result in better grades and higher self-esteem. Best of all, setting goals will make you feel in control of your life. Some hints for setting goals: Be specific. List specific goals for each academic subject. Also list goals for other school and home activities. Set time limits. Your goals can be both short-term (within a month or on the next quiz or test) and long-term (within the semester or within the school year). Set realistic goals. For example, if math has always been difficult for you, don’t aim for an “A” in Algebra at the beginning of the year. If you usually get a “C-” in math, you may want to begin by setting a short-term goal of “C+” or “B-”. Reaching that first short-term goal will give you the confidence to raise your goal for the next test or the next grading period. Draw up a step-by-step plan of action for reaching each goal; then go for it! Write your goals down, and put them in several places (your locker, your datebook, your bulletin board) so you will see them several times a day. Share your goals with others – your parents, teachers, good friends, etc. They can give you encouragement. Keep at it! Be determined, and keep a positive attitude. Visualize yourself achieving your goals. Reward yourself when you reach a goal.
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SUCCESS SKILLS
{preparing for college}
PREPARING FOR COLLEGE The College Application Process {1} {2}
{3} {4} {5} {6}
{7} {8} {9}
The application process begins in NINTH grade. Your grades and coursework will directly impact your admittance to college. Fill your schedule with a variety of subjects and difficulty. Colleges are looking for well-rounded students who are highly motivated. Do your best in each class. Do not let a class slip because it does not interest you. Colleges look for a consistent performance in all subjects. Take the SAT or ACT in time to include scores on your college applications. Look at as many potential colleges as possible. Do not limit your options. Visit as many campuses as possible and talk to students, staff and the office of admissions while at the college. Send applications to prospective colleges beginning in early fall of your senior year. You can obtain applications and information in the guidance office or online at university and college websites. Fill out any potential scholarship forms and send them to the appropriate personnel. Allow at least two weeks for your counselor to process your applications. Many schools will respond to your application within four to six weeks.
Steps for Juniors {1}
{2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10}
Talk to your counselor about filling your junior-year class schedule with coursework in English, foreign language, social studies, science, and mathematics. It is recommended that students take as many mathematics courses as possible. Colleges are looking for well-rounded students in the arts, business, drama, and speech. Find out when potential universities are visiting your school or when your school is going on visitations to potential colleges. It is best to visit campuses when classes are in session. (Not spring break, Christmas or any major holiday.) Take a course that prepares you for the SAT or ACT. At the beginning of your junior year, take the PSAT exam to practice and gauge yourself for the SAT. Take the SAT or ACT in the spring of your junior year. If you feel the score does not reflet your ability, retake the exam during your senior year. Start applying for any scholarships for which you feel you are qualified. If you know your intended field of study in college, schedule your senior year with an emphasis in that area. Plan to visit as many colleges during the summer as possible.
Steps for Seniors {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10}
Attend as many college fairs as possible in your local area. Visit as many institutions and universities as possible. It is best to visit campuses when classes are in session. (Not spring break, Christmas, or any major holiday.) When visiting colleges, meet with the admissions office and financial aid office as well as speak with professors in your intended field of study. Talk to older friends and students about that particular college or university. Ensure that your SAT or ACT scores meet the requirments of the colleges and universities that interest you. If necessary, retake the entrance exams. Make a list of admission deadlines at the colleges you are interested in attending. Submit completed college applications to your guidance counselor, and be sure to include any application fees. File a financial aid form. Inquire about any available scholarships, and be sure to meet the appropriate requirements and deadlines. Keep a file of any correspondence from potential colleges for future reference.
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