ENGLISH DISCOURSES & GRAMMER TIPS (For HS & HSS )

“A candle loses nothing by lighting another candle. “ - Father James Keller

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English Dicourse Tips Poem Analysis Parts of Speech Tense Prepositions Common verbs ( v1, v2, v3, v4) Reported Speech Active- Passive Voice Question Tag If Clause Phrasal Verb Compiled By – ASK 9497470240

1. CHARACTER SKETCH  Describe the character’s physical appearance & Personality  Use variety of Words and Expressions  Include examples from the story  Ideas are sequenced well     

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2. PROFILE Title On before Dates/ Days In before Month/ Year At before Small towns In before larger cities 3. NEWS PAPER REPORT Catchy headline Writer’s name ( eg: Staff Reporter) Place, Date First sentence must be the expansion of Title (What? Who? When? Where? How? ) Beware People Staff Reporter Mexico, 26 Dec 2015 : ___ ___________________

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4. LETTER Use Short and simple sentence

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5. DIARY Date : Dear Diary, Introduction  Today was a great/ bad day for me  Everyday teaches something new to you. Today I ______ Body Conclusion  O God! Thanks for caring me today!  I hope & pray to God that tomorrow will bring more happiness to me Bye Date: Saturday 15th June Dear Diary, Bye

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8. CONVERSATION Initiation  Hi, Good Mrng  Hello, very pleased to meet you  Oh, what a pleasant surprise! Question Tags Question Words Conclusion  See You  Have a nice day

9. SPEECH  Address the audience...  At School: Respected Principal, teachers and dear friends,  Every other occasion: Respected dignitaries, ladies and gentlemen 

6. NOTICE NOTICE XYZ SCHOOL, KOCHI Inauguration of _____ 13-06-2015 Dear Friends, We have decide to conduct the inauguration of _____ on __ (date) __. The pgm will begin at 10 AM at the Auditorium. Many dignitaries will take part in the pgm. Mr. ____ will inaugurate the pgm and Mr ___ will deliver the keynote address. ALL ARE WELCOME Secretary, ____Club

7. SLOGANS/ PLACARDS  Simplicity of language  Aptness of Idea Eg:STOP CRIME, BRING PEACE

Begin with... a) Today I am standing before you to speak a few words on the topic ______ b) Today, we have assembled here to celebrate our ____  Add words/phrases like...  I would like to remind you about the fact that,______  Let us not forget the importance of_____  Friends, let us join hands and work together to make our world a better place to live in.  End the speech with Let me thank the organizers for giving me an opportunity to speak on this fi ne occasion. Thank you all! Jai Hind!

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10. DESCRIPTION Decide on the Purpose Describe clearly , using specific details

15. REPORT OF PROGRAMMES

11. WRITE UP A Suitable Title Elaborates the given topic Includes related Ideas Organize Ideas Natural Style Appropriate Vocabulary & sentence variety 12. NARRATIVE A Suitable Title Proper Sequencing of Events Effective Expression of Theme/ Message Figurative use of language, Imagination & Creativity Proper Beginning & Ending 13. REVIEW A suitable Title The Central Theme Characters & Symbols Personal Views Appropriate Vocabulary & sentence variety Organize Ideas Proper Beginning & Ending 14. ANNOUNCEMENT

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Use of language suitable for Announcement Addressing the audience Brevity Generating the curiosity Catchy expressions

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ANALYSING POEMS - POETIC DEVICES POETIC DEVICE

DEFINITION

EXAMPLE

RHYMING WORDS

Words with same sound repeated at the end of nearby lines

RHYMING SCHEME

Pattern of rhyme between the lines of a poem

Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are! Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky. Rhyme scheme – aabb

ADNOMINATION

Repetition of words with a change in letter or sound

He is nobody from nowhere and he knows nothing.

ALLITERATION

Repetition of initial sounds (consonants ) in neighboring word

Round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran

ശബ്ദാവര്‍ത്തനം

ANAPHORA

Repetition of words at the beginnings In time the savage bull sustains the yoke, In time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure,

ANTIPHRASIS

Use of phrases or words in their opposite sense than the real meaning to create comic effect

He's only a child of 50 years old. She's so beautiful. She has an attractive long nose.

APOSTROPHE

When a speaker breaks off and directs speech to an imaginary person.

“Hello darkness, my old friend I've come to talk with you again."

ASSONANCE

The repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming

On a proud round cloud in white high night

EPIPHORA

A word or a phrase is repeated at the end of successive lines

Hourly joys be still upon you! Juno sings her blessings on you

HYPERBOLE

Exaggeration which may be used for emphasis and humor

I am so hungry I could eat a horse. I have a million things to do.

HYPOPHORA

The speaker raises a question and then answers it.

“What made me take this trip to Africa? There is no quick explanation.

Words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning

The thieves robbed the police station. Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.

Positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions.

He's not a very generous man. She is not very beautiful.

അതിശയ

IRONY

ാക്തി

വിപരീതാര്‍ത്ഥ പ്പയ ാഗം

LITOTES

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OXYMORON

Two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect

“I find no peace, and all my war is done I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice

PERSONIFICATION

A thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes

Look at my car.She is a beauty, isn’t it so? The wind whispered through dry grass. The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.

Directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects

He was a lion in the battle field

METAPHOR

വിയരാധാക്തി

മനുഷയതവായരാപണം

രൂപകാലങ്കാരം

All the world is a stage

Replaces the name of a thing with the Let me give you a hand. (Hand = help.) name of something else with which it The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen = is closely associated written words & sword = military force.)

METONYMY

SIMILE

Comparing one thing to another using He fights like a lion in the battle field words ‘ As ‘ and ‘Like’ He swims as fast as a fish

IMAGERY

Clear and descriptive language that appeals to human senses

ഉപമ

അലങ്കാരപ്പയ

ാഗം

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VISUAL IMAGE

Sight

It was dark and dim in the forest

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AUDITORY IMAGE

Sound

The children were screaming and shouting in the fields

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OLFACTORY IMAGE

Smell

He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee

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GUSTATORY IMAGE

Taste

The fresh and juicy orange is very cold and sweet

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TACTILE IMAGE

Touch

The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric

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PARTS OF SPEECH PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION

നാമം

Places, People, Things

EXAMPLES Trivandrum, Teena, Book

Replace Nouns

സര്‍വ്വ‍നാമം‍ ക്രിയ

He, she, it, me, my, that etc. Show action or being Run, go, have, invite Describe Nouns

നാമവിശേഷണം

The Sun Shines Radha goes to Shop John is Hungry. He wants to eat. The dog and cat are running

Angry, brave, Brown Dog, Red healthy Pen

Describe Verbs, Badly, ക്രിയാവിശേഷണം Adjectives or Adverb Slowly, Very, Almost Type of determiner A, An, The that precedes a noun Show relationship Above , between words in a before, ഉപസര്ഗം sentence expect, from Connecting words And, or, But, So, Unless, സംശയാജനം Either Exclamations that Wow! , Ouch express strong ! , Hmmm, feelings Hey, Oops !

Runs Quickly

A cat, An egg, The Indian I’m going to Ootty

Radha and Raju are Friends Oops ! I spilled the Milk.

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TENSE

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CONTINUOUS: Incomplete Action

PERFECT: Complete Action

PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Prolonged Action

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TENSE - Table

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VERB TENSES

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

INTERROGATIVE

They have a car

They don’t have a car

Do they have a car ?

He is reading now

He isn’t reading now

Is he reading now ?

We have been there

We haven’t been there

Have we been there ?

You have been working hard

You haven’t been working hard

Have you been working hard ?

They saw a movie

They didn’t see a movie Did they see a movie ?

It was snowing

It wasn’t snowing

Was it snowing ?

They had left for France

They hadn’t left for France She had not been waiting for him.

Had they left for France? Had she been waiting for him ?

She will be travelling

It won’t snow this winter She won’t be travelling

Will it snow this winter? Will she be travelling ?

He will have arrived

He won’t have arrived

Will he have arrived

You will have been working

You won’t have been working

Will you have been working ?

She had been waiting for him. It will snow this winter

ASK

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PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITION

MEANING /USAGE

EXAMPLE

 ല്‍(പുറത്തു )  In a position touching a surface  Before Days (ദിവസത്തിനു‍മുമ്പ് )

He’s sitting ON the sofa

 ഇല്‍( അകത്തു )  at a point within an area  Before Month/Year (മാസം,വർഷം‍എന്നിവയ്ക്ക്‍ മുമ്പ്)

He put the Money IN his pocket.

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I met her AT the Entrance

ON

ON Monday th ON 17 May ON my Birthday

IN January IN 2012 IN the Morning

IN അടുക്കക

 Before TIME (സമയത്തിന്‍മുമ്പ് )

AT Night AT 9.30

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മുതല്‍- വക്കര നിന്ന്‍- യിലലക്

I’m coming FROM America TO India

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മുകളിലലയ്ക്ക് Towards or in a higher position

The hikers walked UP the hill

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താലഴാട്ട്‍‍‍ From higher to lower

The ball rolled DOWN the hill

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മുകളില്

The fan is ABOVE my head

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അടിയില് When one thing is not directly UNDER Another.

The Sun disappeared BELOW the horizon

AT

FROMTO

UP

DOWN

ABOVE

BELOW

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കുറുക്കക , അകലത്തില്‍ ‍ വിലങ്ങക്കന

The thief climbed OVER the fence The plane flew OVER Mumbai

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ചുവട്ടില്‍

Your Shoes are UNDER the chair

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വട്ടത്തില്‍

They walked ROUND/ AROUND the other side of the church

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-ല്‍ ‍കൂടി

They drove THROUGH the tunnel

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കൂട്ടത്തില്‍ In a group of many

He is AMONG the richest in the world

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ഇടയില്

The boy is BETWEEN his Dad and Mom

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പുറകില് At the back of

There is a big garden BEHIND my house

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മുമ്പില്‍ In the direction the thing faces

She stood IN FRONT OF the mirror

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പുറലത്തക് Move from a closed space

She took her purse OUT/ OUT OF her Purse

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കൂക്കട From one end to the other

They are walking ALONG the street.

OVER

UNDER

ROUND/AROUND

THROUGH

AMONG BETWEEN

BEHIND

IN FRONT OF

OUT, OUT OF

ALONG

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കുറുക്കക From one side to the other

It's dangerous to run ACROSS the road.

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The cat jumped ONTO the roof of the car

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ഒരു‍പ്പതലലത്തകു‍ കയറുക Move to a position on a surface

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ഉള്ളിലലക്‍ Enter a closed space

He went INTO the shop.

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ഇല്‍ ‍നിന്ന്‍ Down or away from

He fell OFF the horse

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എതിരായി ,‍ലചർത്ത് In opposition to , In contact with

- Stealing is AGAINST the law. - The sofa is AGAINST the wall.

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അരികില്‍ Very near

Raju likes sitting NEXT TO his best friend

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ഒരു‍വസ്‌തുവിലലയ്ക്ക്‍ The child ran TOWARDS her father. In the direction of

TILL/ UNTILL

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BY

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അതുവക്കര, അപ്തലത്താളം Marking a Period of Time, Marking How long ക്കകാണ്ട്‍ At the latest, Up to this point

ACROSS

ONTO

INTO

OFF

AGAINST

NEXT TO/ BESIDE

TOWARDS

SINCE

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FOR 

മുതല്ക്‍ From then to now ലവണ്ടി, ഇപ്തകാലലത്തക്‍ What is intended, Over this period of time

From Monday TILL/ UNTILL Friday We are working on this TILL June I will finish it BY Sunday BY December 2015, we had completed half I have been working here SINCE 2011 I bought this book FOR you. The project was FOR 5 years

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V1 accept allow ask be beat become begin believe bend bind bite bleed bless blow borrow break bring build burn burst buy can cancel catch change choose clean close comb come complain cost cough count creep cut dance dare dig do draw dream drink drive dwell eat

Three forms of the verb with meaning Meaning

സവീകരികക അനവദികക ോചോദികക ആയിരികക അടികക ആയിതീരക ആരംഭികക വിശവസികക വളയക െകടക കടികക രകംെപോടിയക അനഗഹികക കോറ് വീശക കടം വോങക െപോടക / െപോടികക െകോണവരിക നിരമികക കതക,കതികക െപോടിെതറികക വോങക ഒഴിവോകക പിടികക മോറക, മോറക തിരെഞടകക വതിയോകക അടയക മടി ചീകക വരക പരോതിെപടക െചലവോകക ചമയക എണക ഇഴയക മറികക നതം െചയക ൈധരയെപടക കഴികക െചയക വരയക സവപം കോണക കടികക ഓടികക തോമസികക തിനക

V2

Meaning

accepted allowed asked  was / were  beat  became  began believed  bent  bound  bit  bled blessed  blew borrowed  broke  brought  built burnt/burned  burst  bought could cancelled  caught changed  chose cleaned closed combed  came complained  cost coughed counted  crept  cut danced dared  dug  did  drew dreamed/

സവീകരിച അനവദിച ോചോദിച ആയിരന അടിച ആയിതീരന ആരംഭിച വിശവസിച വളച െകടി കടിച രകംെപോടിഞ അനഗഹിച കോറ് വീശി കടം വോങി െപോടി / െപോടിച െകോണവന നിരമിച കതി,കതിച െപോടിെതറികക വോങി

dreamt  drank  drove dwelt  ate

സവപം കണ കടിച ഓടിച തോമസിച തിന

ഒഴിവോകി പിടിച മോറി, മോറി തിരെഞടത വതിയോകി അടച മടി ചീകി വന പരോതിെപട െചലവോയി ചമച എണി ഇഴഞ മറിച നതം െചയ ൈധരയെപട കഴിച െചയ വരച

V3

V4

accepted allowed asked

accepting allowing asking been being beaten beating become becoming begun beginning believed believing bent bending bound binding bitten biting bled bleeding blessed blessing blown blowing borrowed borrowing broken breaking brought bringing built building burnt / burned burning burst bursting bought buying could cancelled cancelling caught catching changed changing chosen choosing cleaned cleaning closed closing combed combing come coming complained complaining cost costing coughed coughing counted counting crept creeping cut cutting danced dancing dared daring dug digging done doing drawn drawing dreamed / dreamt

drunk driven dwelt

eaten

dreaming drinking driving dwelling eating

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explain fall feed feel fight fill find finish fix flee fling fly foresee foretell forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep

വിശദീകരികക വീഴക ഭകണംനലകക ോതോനക വഴകടികക നിറയക കണപിടികക പരതിയോകക ഉറപികക രകെപടക വലിെചറിയക പറകക മനകടികോണക പവചികക മറകക കമികക മരവികക ലഭികക നലകക ോപോവക വളരക തകക

kneel

മുട്ടുകുത്തുക

know lay lead leap learn leave lend let lie light listen live look lose make mean meet melt mislead

അറിയക കിടകക നയികക കതിചചോടക പഠികക വിടോപോവക കടംെകോടകക അനവദികക കിടകക കതികക ശദികക ജീവികക ോനോകക നഷെപടക ഉണോകക അരതമോകക കണമടക ഉരകക വഴി െതറികക

ോകളകക ഒളിക് kneelകുക ഇടികക പിടികക മറിോവലകക സകികക

explained  fell  fed  felt  fought filled  found finished fixed  fled  flung  flew foresaw foretold  forgot  forgave  froze  got  gave  went  grew  hung  had  heard

മടകതക hid  hit  held  hurt  kept  knelt  knew

laid  led leaped/leapt learned  left  lent  let  lay lighted / lit listened lived looked  lost  made  meant  met melted misled

വിശദീകരിച വീണ ഭകണംനലകി ോതോനി വഴകടിച നിറച കണപിടിച പരതിയോകി ഉറപിച രകെപട വലിെചറിഞ പറന മനകടികണ പവചിച മറന കമിച മരവിച ലഭിച നലകി ോപോയി വളരന തകി ോകട ഒളിച ഇടിച പിടിച മറിോവറ സകിച മടകതി അറിഞ കിടന നയിച കതിചചോടി പഠിച വിടോപോയി കടംെകോടത അനവദിച കിടന കതിച ശദിച ജീവിച ോനോകി നഷെപട ഉണോകി അരതമോകി കണമടി ഉരകി വഴി െതറിച

explained

explaining fallen falling fed feeding felt feeling fought fighting filled filling found finding finished finished fixed fixing fled fleeing flung flinging flown flying foreseen foreseeing foretold foretelling forgotten forgetting forgiven foregiving frozen freezing got getting given giving gone going grown growing hung hanging had having heard hearing hidden hiding hit hitting held holding hurt hurting kept keeping knelt kneeling known knowing laid laying led leading leaped / leapt leaping learned learning left leaving lent lending let letting lain lying lighted / lit lighting listened listening lived living looked looking lost losing made making meant meaning met meeting melted/molten melting misled misleading

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mistake misunderstand need open organise overcome overtake overhear pay play plead prove put quit rain read rebuild reply rend rewrite ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sign sing sink sit sleep slide smoke speak spend spit split spoil

െതറപറക െതറിദരികക ആവശയമോയിവരിക തറകക സംഘടിപികക അതിജീവികക മറികടകക ഒളിഞോകളകക പണമടയക കളികക വോദികക െതളിയികക വയക പറതകടകക മഴ െപയക വോയികക പനരനിരമികക മറപടി നലകക കടം നലകക തിരതി എഴതക ഓടികക മണിയടികക ഉയരക ഓടക പറയക കോണക തിരയക വിലകക അയയക ഒരകക കലങക െപോഴികക തിളങക െവടിവയക കോണികക ചരങക /ചരങിോപോവക

അടയക ഒപിടക പോടക മങക/മകക ഇരികക ഉറങക െതനക പക വലികക സംസോരികക ചിലവോകക തപക മറികക നശിപികക

 mistook misunderstood needed opened organised overcame overtook overheard  paid played pleaded /pled proved  put quit /quited rained  read rebuilt replied rent rewrote  rode  rang  rose  ran  said  saw  sought  sold  sent  set  shook  shed  shone  shot  showed  shrank/shrunk  shut signed  sang  sank  sat  slept  slid smoked  spoke  spent  spit/spat  split spoiled/spoilt

െതറപറി െതറിദരിച ആവശയമോയിവന തറന സംഘടിപിച അതിജീവിച മറികടന ഒളിഞോകട പണമടച കളിച വോദിച െതളിയിച വച പറതകടതി മഴ െപയ വോയിച പനരനിരമിച മറപടി നലകി കടം നലകി തിരതി എഴതി ഓടിച മണിയടിച ഉയരന ഓടി പറഞ കണ തിരഞ വിറ അയച ഒരകി കലങി െപോഴിച തിളങി െവടിവച കോണിച ചരങി/ചരങിോപോയി

അടച ഒപിട പോടി മങി/മകി ഇരന ഉറങി െതനി പക വലിച സംസോരിച ചിലവോകി തപി മറിച നശിപിച

mistaken

mistaking

misunderstood misunderstanding

needed opened organised overcome overtaken overheard

needing opening organising overcoming overtaking overhearing paid paying played playing pleaded/pled pleading proved proving put putting quit / quited quitting rained raining read reading rebuilt rebuilding replied replying rent rending rewritten rewriting ridden riding rung ringing risen rising run running said saying seen seeing sought seeking sold selling sent sending set setting shaken shaking shed shedding shone shining shot shooting shown showing shrunk shrinking shut shutting signed signing sung singing sunk sinking sat sitting slept sleeping slid sliding smoked smoking spoken speaking spent spending spat spitting split splitting spoiled / spoilt spoiling

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spread spring stand start steal stick sting strive study succeed swear sweep swell swim talk take teach tear tell think throw translate travel try type understand undertake use wait wake want watch wear wed weep wet win withdraw work worry write

വയോപികക കതിചചോടക നിലകക ആരംഭികക ോമോഷികക ഒടികക പോണി കതക ശമികക പഠികക വിജയികക സതയം െചയക തകക വീരകക നീനക സംസോരികക എടകക പഠിപികക കീറക പറയക ചിനികക എറിയക തരജമ െചയക യോത െചയക ശമികക ൈടപ് െചയക മനസിലോകക, മനസിലോകക ഏെറടകക ഉപോയോഗികക കോതിരികക ഉണരക / ഉണരതക ആവശയമോയിവരിക നിരീകികക ധരികക വിവോഹം കഴികക കരയക നനയക വിജയികക പിനവലികക ോജോലി െചയക ആശങെപടക എഴതക

 spread  sprang  stood started  stole  stuck  stung  strove studied succeeded  swore  swept swelled  swam talked  took  taught  tore  told  thought  threw translated travelled tried typed understood undertook used waited  woke wanted watched  wore wedded / wed  wept wetted / wet  won withdrew worked worried  wrote

വയോപിച കതിചചോടി നിന ആരംഭിച ോമോഷിച ഒടിച പോണി കതി ശമിച പഠിച വിജയിച സതയം െചയ തത വീരത നീനി സംസോരിച എടത പഠിപിച കീറി പറഞ ചിനിച എറിഞ തരജമ െചയ യോത െചയ ശമിച ൈടപ് െചയ മനസിലോകി, മനസിലോയി ഏെറടത ഉപോയോഗിച കോതിരന ഉണരന / ഉണരതി ആവശയമോയിവന നിരീകിച ധരിച വിവോഹം കഴിച കരഞ നനച വിജയിച പിനവലിച ോജോലി െചയ ആശങെപട എഴതി

spread sprung stood

spreading springing standing started starting stolen stealing stuck sticking stung stinging striven striving studied studying succeeded succeeding sworn swearing swept sweeping swelled/swollen swelling swum swimming talked talking taken taking taught teaching torn tearing told telling thought thinking thrown throwing translated translating travelled travelling tried trying typed typing understood undertook used waited

understanding undertaking using waiting woken waking wanted wanting watched watching worn wearing wedded / wed wedding wept weeping wetted / wet wetting won winning withdrawn withdrawing worked working worried worrying written writing

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REPORTED SPEECH There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person. 1. Direct speech 2. Indirect speech Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”. Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen. In DIRECT SPEECH the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) ,While in INDIRECT SPEECH some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly.

DIRECT

INDIRECT

DIRECT

INDIRECT

Is/ Am Are Have / Has Was/ Were Will / Shall May This These Now Here

Was Were Had Had Been Would Might That Those Then There

I You We Me You Us My Your Our

She / He She/ He/ They They Her/ His Her/ His/ Them Them His/ Her Her/ His/ Them Their TENSE CHANGE

Before So Hence Today Tomorrow Yesterday Next Day Last Day

Ago Thus Thence That Day The Next Day The Last Day The Following Day The Previous Day

DIRECT ( KIND OF SENTENCE ) Statement Imperative Begin the imperative sentence with "please" Yes / No question W/H question Order

Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous

Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

INDIRECT ( CONJUNCTION ) that to, not to requested + to If or whether What, When, How etc. Told + to

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 REPORTING STATEMENTS DIRECT SPEECH Simple Present He said: "I am happy" Present Continuous He said: "I'm looking for my keys" Simple Past He said: "I visited New York last year" Present Perfect He said: " I've lived here for a long time " Past Perfect He said: "They had finished the work when I arrived" Past Continuous He said: "I was playing football when the accident occurred"

Present Perfect Continuous He said: “I have been playing football for two hours." Past Perfect Continuous He said: "I had been reading a newspaper when the light went off" Future Simple (will+verb) He said: "I will open the door." Conditional (would+verb) He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich" "I can do it." "May I go out?" "She must apply for the job."

REPORTED SPEECH Simple Past He said that he was happy Past Continuous He said that he was looking for his keys Past Perfect He said that he had visited New York the previous year. Past Perfect He said that he had lived there for a long time Past Perfect He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived" Past Perfect Continuous He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred Past Perfect Continuous He said that he had been playing football for two hours Past Perfect Continuous He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light had gone off Conditional (would+verb) He said that he would open the door. Conditional (would+verb) He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich" He said he could do it. He wanted to know if he might go out He said that she must/had to apply for the job.

 REPORTING QUESTIONS TYPE OF QUESTION IJW/ H Question Yes/ No question

DIRECT SPEECH "Why" don’t you speak English?” “Do you speak English?”

REPORTED SPEECH He asked me why I didn’t speak English. He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

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 REPORTING REQUEST DIRECT REQUEST

REPORTED REQUEST

“ Please help me”

She requested me to help her.

“ Please don't smoke”

She requested me not to smoke.

“ Could you bring my book tonight? ”

She asked me to bring her book that night.

“ Could you pass the milk, please? ”

She requested me to pass the milk.

Would you mind coming early tomorrow? ”

She asked me to come early the next day.

 REPORTING ORDERS DIRECT ORDER Go to bed! ”

REPORTED ORDER He told the child to go to bed.

“ Don't worry! ”

He told her not to worry.

“ Be on time! ”

He told me to be on time.

“ Don't smoke! ”

He told us not to smoke.

 OTHER TRANSFORMATONS DIRECT "You must read this book." Let’s go to the cinema."

REPORTED He advised / urged me to read that book.  He suggested going to the cinema  He suggested that we should go to the cinema

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ACTIVE VOICE – PASSIVE VOICE There are two ways to express an action of a subject in relation to its object  Active voice  Passive voice In “Active Voice” subject acts upon object, while in “Passive Voice” object is acted upon by subject.

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 The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice - Present perfect continuous , Past perfect continuous , Future continuous Future perfect continuous

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Passive Sentences with Two Objects

 Passive voice for Present/Future Modals “CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO” Auxiliary verb in passive voice: be Eg : She can play a Violin – A Violin can be played by her They ought to take the examination - The examination ought to be taken by them.

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QUESTION TAGS A question tag is a small question at the end of a statement. These are used when asking for agreement or confirmation.

 POSITIVE QUESTION TAGS :

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 NEGATIVE QUESTION TAGS :

 EXCEPTIONS :  I 

am

late,

aren’t I?

The statements begin with Let’s – Tag  Shall we? Let’s read, shall we?

 The tag of Imperative sentence  Will you? / won’t you? Don’t call me, will you? Open the door, will you?  Everybody, Everyone, Somebody, Anyone etc. are singular, but for the purpose of tag, they are treated as a Plural ; “ They “ as a subject Everybody is happy, aren’t they? Somebody has borrowed, haven’t they? Anyone was going to Ooty, weren’t they?

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IF CLAUSE ( CONDITIONAL SENTENCE) They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.  Type 1 ( Likely / Real Condition )  Used for real or possible situations. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure if the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen. If + Simple Present , Simple Future ( will ) Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

 Type 2 ( Unlikely / Unreal Condition )  Used for unreal situations. It refers to an action in the present that could happen if the present situation were different. We don't really expect the situation to change because it is very unlikely. If + Simple Past , Would + Base Verb Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

 Type 3 ( Impossible Condition )  It is impossible that the condition will be met. It refers to situations in the past. They express hypothetical results to past given situations. If + Past Perfect , Would + Have + V3 Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

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PHRASAL VERBS (With Malayalam Meaning) PHRASAL VERB ABIDE BY ACCOUNT FOR AGREE WITH AIM AT

MEANINGS Accept or follow a decision or rule കര്‍ശനമഺയ഻‍പഺല഻ക്കഽക To explain - വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക Affect (usually used in the negative ) സമ്മത഻ക്കഽക To target - ലക്ഷ്യമഺക്കഽക

ASK ABOUT

Ask how someone is doing സഽഖവ഻വരം‍അന്നേഷ഻ക്കഽക‍

ASK AFTER

Enquire about someone's health ആന്രഺഗയ‍വ഻വരം‍അന്നേഷ഻ക്കഽക

ASK AROUND ASK FOR ASK IN BACK AWAY

Invite someone – ക്ഷണിക്കുക Request to have or be given – അഭ്യര്‍ദ഻ക്കഽക To invite somebody into your house വ഼ട഻നഽള്ള഻ന്ലക്ക്‍ക്ഷ്ണ഻ക്കഽക‍ Retreat or go backwards - പ഻ന്‍വഺങ്ങഽക

BACK OFF

Retreat -‍പ഻ന്‍വഺങ്ങഽക

BACK OUT

Fail to keep an arrangement or promise വഺക്ക്‍മഺറഽക‍ Make a copy of data OR Support ശര഻പ്പകര്‍പ്പ്‍/‍പ഻ദ്നഽണകകഺടഽക്കഽക

BACK UP BEAR DOWN ON BEAR ON BEAR UP BEAR WITH BLOW AWAY BLOW IN BLOW OUT BLOW UP

Move towards –പ്പന്തയക‍ദ഻ശയ഻ന്ലക്കഽ‍ സഞ്ചര഻ക്കഽക Influence, affect – സേഺധ഼ന഻ക്കഽക Resist pressure – സഹ഻ക്കഽക Be patient – ക്ഷ്മ഻ക്കഽക Kill, Impress greatly – കകഺലലുക/‍മത഻പ്പ്‍ന്തഺന്നഽക‍ Arrive ( suddenly or Unexpectedly) – പ്പത഼ക്ഷ്഻ക്കഺകത‍എത്ത഻‍ന്േരഽക Extinguish - ത഼‍കകടഽത്തഽക Explode OR The beginning of a storm കപഺട്ട഻‍കതറ഻ക്കഽക‍/‍ശക്തമഺയ‍ കകഺടഽങ്കഺറ്റു‍വ഼ശഽക‍

BREAK IN

Leave an organization – ഒരഽ‍സംഘടന‍ യ഻ല്‍‍ന഻ന്നഽം‍വ഻ട‍വഺങ്ങഽക Stop working – പ്പവര്‍ത്തന‍ രഹ഻തമഺകഽക Interrupt something- തടസകപ്പടഽത്തഽക

BREAK UP

Finish a relationship- ബന്ധം‍

BREAK AWAY BREAK DOWN

അവസഺന഻പ്പ഻ക്കഽക‍

EXAMPLE We have to ABIDE BY what the court says. I had to ACCOUNT FOR all the lost Money. I feel terrible- that food didn't AGREE WITH my stomach. The magazine is AIMED AT teenagers. He ASKED ABOUT my father

Rahul rang earlier and ASKED AFTER you. We ASKED them AROUND for dinner I ASKED FOR the menu. 'Jon's at the door.' 'ASK him IN.' The crowd BACKED AWAY when the man pulled a knife The police told the protesters to BACK OFF He BACKED OUT two days before the trip You should always BACK UP important files and documents. Father BACKED UP his son. She spotted him and BORE DOWN ON him The judge's character may well BEAR ON the final decision She is BEARING UP the pain Please BEAR WITH me He BLEW the thief AWAY. Her first novel BLEW me AWAY. He BLEW IN from America early this morning She BLEW the candles OUT The bomb BLEW UP without any Warning. A storm BLEW UP while we were out walking. I BROKE AWAY from IAS My car's BROKEN DOWN I'm sorry to BREAK IN on your conversation Due to personal reasons, the couple BROKE UP

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PHRASAL VERBS (With Malayalam Meaning) BRING ABOUT

Make something happen- കഺരണമഺകഽക

BRING ALONG

Bring someone or something to certain Place – കകഺണ്ട്‍വര഻ക Return – ത഻ര഻കക‍നല്‍കഽക

BRING BACK BRING DOWN BRING FORTH BRING FORWARD

Make a government fall – സര്‍ക്കഺര്‍‍ തകരഺന്‍‍കഺരണമഺകഽക Produce - പഽറകപ്പടഽവ഻ക്കഽക Make something happen earlier than originally planned‍ആസാപ്തണം‍ കേയ്യകപട്ട‍ പര഻പഺട഻‍ന്നരന്ത്ത‍ ആക്കഽക Earn- വരഽമഺനമഽണ്ടഺക്കഽക

BRING IN

publish - പ്പസ഻ദ്ധ഼കര഻ക്കഽക

BRING OUT BRING UP BURST INTO CALL AROUND, CALL AT CALL FOR CALL IN

Educate and Train Children- കഽട്ട഻കകള‍ ന്പഺറ്റുക Catch fire very quickly – ന്വഗത്ത഻ല്‍‍ത഼‍ പ഻ടക്കഽക Visit – സന്ദര്‍ശ഻ക്കഽക Demand – ആവശയകപ്പടഽക Get someone to come and do a job – ന്സവനത്ത഻നഽ‍വ഻ള഻ക്കഽക Ask for help – സഹഺയം‍ അഭ്യര്‍ദ഻ക്കഽക Summon someone for military service – സസന഻കസംബന്ധ഻യഺയ‍ ആവശയത്ത഻നഽ‍വ഻ള഻പ്പ഻ക്കഽക Like – ഇഷ്ടകപടഽക

CALL ON CALL UP CARE FOR CARRY FORWARD CARRY OFF

Make something progress – പഽന്രഺഗത഻‍ സകവര഻ക്കഽക Win, succeed – വ഻ജയ഻ക്കഽക

CARRY ON

Continue – തഽടരഽക Perform a task – ന഻ര്‍വ്വഹ഻ക്കഽക

CARRY OUT CHECK IN CHECK OUT CHOP DOWN CHOP UP

Register on arriving at a hotel – ന്ഹഺട്ടല഻ല്‍‍ മഽറ഻കയടഽക്കഽക Pay the bill when leaving a hotel ബ഻ലല്‍കകഺടഽത്തഽ‍ന്ഹഺട്ടല്‍‍ഒഴ഻യഽക‍ Fell or cut down a tree – കേട഻‍മഽറ഻ക്കഽക Cut into small pieces – കേറ഻യ‍ കഷണമഺയ഻‍മഽറ഻ക്കഽക

The changes to the law were BROUGHT ABOUT by the govt. You can BRING your friends ALONG if you like I BROUGHT BACK the note book to her. The protest BROUGHT the government DOWN She BROUGHT FORTH a surprising result The meeting has been BROUGHT FORWARD to this Friday instead of next week The job BRINGS IN two thousand dollars a month They are BRINGING OUT a Album next week My parents BROUGHT me UP strictly The car BURST INTO flames and the driver died I CALLED AROUND but she wasn't there The Opposition party CALLED FOR the minister's resignation We had to CALL IN a plumber because the sink was leaking The President CALLED ON the wealthy countries for financial aid The army CALLED UP the reserve soldiers when the war broke out. I don't CARE FOR Pepsi; I prefer water The new govt. will be able to CARRY the project FORWARD She CARRIED OFF the first prize in the competition CARRY ON quietly with your work until teacher arrives The government is CARRYING OUT test on MALARIA They CHECKED IN at the Taj yesterday She CHECKED OUT and took a cab to the airport They CHOPPED DOWN most of the forest I CHOPPED UP the vegetables for the soup

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PHRASAL VERBS (With Malayalam Meaning) COME ABOUT COME ACROSS COME ALONG COME BACK COME DOWN COME IN

Happen, occur – സംഭ്വ഻ക്കഽക‍ To meet or find by chance – അവ഻േഺര഻തമഺയ഻‍കണ്ടഽ‍മഽട്ടുക Accompany- അനഽഗമ഻ക്കഽക Return – ത഻രകക‍വര഻ക Rain – മഴ‍കപയ്യുക Receive news – വഺര്‍ത്ത‍ക഻ട്ടുക

COME OFF

Inherit - അനദ്നരഺവകഺശമഺയ഻‍ ലഭ്഻ക്കഽക Be successful – വ഻ജയ഻ക്കഽക

COME ON

Encouragement – പ്പന്േഺദ഻പ്പ഻ക്കഽക

COME INTO

COME OUT COME OUT WITH COUNT DOWN DIE FOR DEAL WITH END UP WITH GET ABOUT GET ACROSS GET ALONG GET AROUND GET AWAY GET BACK GET DOWN GET HOLD OF GET IN GET OFF GET ON GET OVER

A secret is revealed – രഹസയം‍പഽറത്തഽ‍ വര഻ക Declare – പ്പഖയഺപ഻ക്കഽക Wait impatiently or excitedly for something to happen – ക്ഷ്മന്യഺകട‍ കഺത്ത഻ര഻ക്കഽക‍ Want something a lot – ത഼പ്വമഺയ഻‍ ആപ്ഗഹ഻ക്കഽക Manage – സകകഺരയം‍കേയ്യുക Get as a result of something – ഒടഽവ഻ല്‍‍ എത്ത഻‍ന്േരഽക Visit many places – സ്ഥലങ്ങള്‍‍ സന്ദര്‍ശ഻ക്കഽക Communicate successfully – ആശയ‍ വ഻ന഻മയം‍നടത്തഽക To live in harmony – സ്ന്നഹത്ത഻ല്‍‍ ജ഼വ഻ക്കഽക Avoid a problem –‍പ്പശ്നം‍ ഒഴ഻വഺക്കഽക Escape – രക്ഷ്കപടഽക‍ Return something – ത഻ര഻കക‍ ഏല്‍പ്പ഻ക്കഽക Descend – ഇറങ്ങഽക Grasp/ Understand – മനസ഻ലഺക്കഽക Bring inside a place – അകന്ത്തക്ക്‍ കയറഽക Start a journey – യഺപ്ത‍ആരംഭ്഻ക്കഽക Make progress – പഽന്രഺഗത഻‍ഉണ്ടഺകഽക Recover from something –

The meeting CAME ABOUT because of the Emergency situation I CAME ACROSS my old friend when I had been on a Trip. May I COME ALONG on your trip tomorrow? I left work and CAME BACK home early. Just look at the rain COMING DOWN! Reports are just COMING IN of India’s Victory against Pakistan She CAME INTO a lot of money when her grandmother died I was surprised when the plan CAME OFF so easily COME ON; don't give up now when you're so close to finishing The details of the scandal CAME OUT in the press They have just COME OUT WITH a new version. I'm COUNTING DOWN the days till they leave I'm DYING FOR the Vacation I need to DEAL WITH the problem He tried hard but ENDED UP WITH a poor grade I GET ABOUT a lot with my job I just couldn't GET my message ACROSS at the meeting Why don't you two GET ALONG? You're always arguing. we will find a way to GET AROUND the regulations The robbers GOT AWAY in a stolen car Don't lend him any money; you'll never GET it BACK The train pulled in and we GOT DOWN. You need to GET HOLD OF technical details of a Computer It's raining; GET IN We need to GET OFF early GET ON with your Reading skill It took me ages to GET OVER the

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PHRASAL VERBS (With Malayalam Meaning) GET THROUGH

തരണം‍കേയ്യുക Pass – വ഻ജയ഻ക്കഽക,‍കടന്നഽ‍കാടഽക

GET TOGETHER

Meet socially - ഒത്തഽന്േരല്‍

GET UP GIVE AWAY GIVE BACK GIVE IN

Get out of bed – ഉണരഽക Distribute something for free – സൗജനയമഺയ഻‍വ഻തരണം‍കേയ്യുക Return something you've borrowed – ത഻ര഻കക‍നല്‍കഽക Surrender, accept defeat – ക഼ഴടങ്ങഽക

GIVE OUT

Distribute – വ഻തരണം‍കേയ്യുക

GIVE UP

Surrender, stop trying – ക഼ഴടങ്ങഽക

GIVE WAY TO GO AHEAD GO AWAY GO DOWN GO FOR GO FORWARD GO ON GO OFF GO OUT GO THROUGH GO UP HOLD ON KEEP AWAY KEEP BACK KEEP ON KEEP OUT KEEP UP KNOCK DOWN LET IN LET ON

Allow a vehicle to pass in front – വഺഹനം‍ ന്പഺകഽവഺന്‍‍അനഽവദ഻ക്കഽക Proceed – പഽന്രഺഗമ഻ക്കഽക‍

bout of flu My car didn't GET THROUGH its inspection We GOT TOGETHER in the pub for a drink. I GET UP at seven o'clock AM. In this issue of the magazine, they are GIVING AWAY a free DVD I GAVE the money BACK that she'd lent to me They GAVE IN when the police surrounded the building Somebody was GIVING leaflets OUT in front of the School I can't think of the answer; I GIVE UP. You must GIVE WAY TO oncoming traffic

The construction of the bypass WENT AHEAD Leave a place or disappear – This medicine should make the pain GO‍AWAY അപ്പതയക്ഷ്മഺകഽക‍ The price of scanners has GONE Decrease, get smaller- കഽറയഽക DOWN recently The neighbor’s dog WENT FOR Attack – ആപ്കമ഻ക്കഽക the postman and bit him The top three teams GO Progress – പഽന്രഺഗത഻‍സകവര഻ക്കഽക FORWARD to the next round He WENT ON and ON talking Continue – തഽടരഽക and I was so bored The Bomb GO OFF without any Explode (bomb) – കപഺട്ട഻കത്തറ഻ക്കഽക warning The candle WENT OUT Stop burning – ത഼‍അണയഽക I WENT THROUGH my desk Examine, search – പര഻ന്ശഺദ഻ക്കഽക looking for the letter. The price of petrol has GONE UP Rise or climb – വര്‍ധ഻ക്കഽക sharply Could you HOLD ON for a Wait – കഺത്ത഻ര഻ക്കഽക minute; she'll be free in a moment Don't allow someone near something – Medicines should always be KEPT AWAY from children അകറ്റ഻‍വയ്ക്ക്കഽക Maintain a safe distance – സഽരക്ഷ്഻തമഺയ‍ The police told the crowd to KEEP BACK from the fire അകലം‍പഺല഻ക്കഽക He KEPT ON trying and Continue – തഽടരഽക succeeded in the end. Not allow someone to enter – The police KEPT the demonstrators OUT of the building ന഻ന്ഷധ഻ക്കഽക It is our duty to KEEP UP Maintain – ന഻ലന഻ര്‍ത്തഽക Harmony in our country They KNOCKED DOWN the old Demolish – നശ഻പ്പ഻ക്കഽക church and built a Hotel Allow someone to enter – The door staff didn't LET him IN the hostel പ്പന്വശ഻ക്കഽവഺന്‍‍ അനഽവദ഻ക്കഽക I didn't mean to LET ON about the Tell a secret – രഹസയം‍പറയഽക

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PHRASAL VERBS (With Malayalam Meaning) LIE DOWN

Rest – വ഻പ്ശമ഻ക്കഽക

LOOK AFTER

Take care – പര഻പഺല഻ക്കഽക

LOOK BACK

Think about the past – ഭ്ാത‍കഺലകത്ത‍ പറ്റ഻‍േ഻ദ്ന഻ക്കഽക Try to find – അന്നേഷ഻ക്കഽക Expect with pleasure – പ്പത഼ക്ഷ്഻ക്കഽക

LOOK FOR LOOK FORWARD TO LOOK IN LOOK INTO LOOK OUT LOOK THROUGH MAKE AFTER

Make a quick visit – പ്ഹസേ‍സന്ദര്‍ശനം‍ നടത്തഽക Research, investigate – അന്നേഷ഻ക്കഽക Be careful – പ്ശദ്ധ഻ക്കഽക Read quickly – ന്വഗത്ത഻ല്‍‍ വഺയ഻ക്കഽക Chase – പ഻ദ്നഽടരഽക

MAKE FOR

Head in a certain direction – സഞ്ചര഻ക്കഽക

MAKE OFF

Run away – ഓട഻‍ന്പഺകഽക

MAKE OUT

Be able to see or hear something – മനസ഻ലഺക്കഽക Invent a story – കഥ‍കമനയഽക

MAKE UP PASS AWAY

Die – മര഻ക്കഽക

PUT OFF

Go past without stopping – ന഻ര്‍ത്തഺകത‍ കടന്നഽ‍ന്പഺകഽക Give a message to someone – സന്ന്ദശം‍ സകമഺറഽക Communicate, convey a message – ധര഻പ്പ഻ക്കഽക Put someone in prison – ജയ഻ല഻ല്‍‍ അടയ്ക്ക്കഽക Save for the future – പണം‍ സംരക്ഷ്഻ക്കഽക Postpone – മഺറ്റ഻‍വയ്ക്ക്കഽക

PUT ON

To wear – ധര഻ക്കഽക

PASS BY PASS ON PUT ACROSS PUT AWAY PUT BY

PUT OUT PUT UP WITH

Extinguish a fire –‍ത഼‍അണയ്ക്ക്കഽക Tolerate – സഹ഻ക്കഽക

RUN AFTER

Chase, pursue – പ഻ദ്നഽടരഽക

RUN AWAY

Escape from people chasing you – ഒള഻ന്ചഺടഽക Start a journey – യഺപ്ത‍ആരംഭ്഻ക്കഽക‍ Start a company – പഽതഽ‍സംരംഭ്ം‍

SET OFF SET UP

party to him I'm going to LIE DOWN for a few minutes Their auntie LOOKED AFTER them when their mother died. Old people often LOOK BACK on over their lives I've been LOOKING FOR you I'm LOOKING FORWARD TO meet you. I'll LOOK IN on my way home. We'll LOOK INTO the problem and come back to you LOOK OUT; you're going to fall I LOOKED THROUGH the article. The police MADE AFTER the stolen car We MADE FOR home when it started raining. They MADE OFF when they heard the police siren Can you MAKE OUT what she's saying? They MADE UP an excuse for being late Rama’s uncle PASSED AWAY yesterday I was just PASSING BY when I saw the accident. I'll PASS the message ON when she gets here He found it difficult to PUT ACROSS what he wanted to say The judge PUT him AWAY for ten years for robbery I try to PUT some money BY every month The concert's been PUT OFF until next month I PUT my coat ON before we went out He PUT OUT his cigarette before entering the building I can't PUT UP WITH my friend’s behavior The police RAN AFTER the guy who'd stolen it He RAN AWAY from his attackers We SET OFF for work at 7.30 They SET UP a IT company

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PHRASAL VERBS (With Malayalam Meaning) TAKE AFTER TAKE AWAY

തഽടങ്ങഽക Look like – സഺമയം‍ന്തഺന്നഽക Remove – ന഼ക്കഽക

TAKE DOWN

Write – എഴഽതഽക

TAKE IN

Deceive – വഞ്ച഻ക്കഽക

TAKE OFF

Remove – ന഼ക്കഽക

TAKE ON

Undertake Work – ഏകറ്റടഽക്കഽക

TAKE OVER TAKE TO TURN AWAY TURN DOWN TURN INTO TURN ON/ OFF TURN OUT

Assume Resposibility from someone ഉത്തരവഺദ഻തേം‍ഏകറ്റടഽക്കഽക‍ Make a habit of something – ശ഼ലങ്ങള്‍‍ ആരംഭ്഻ക്കഽക Not allow someone to enter a place – ന഻ന്ഷധ഻ക്കഽക Reject an offer, invitation – ന഻രഺകര഻ക്കഽക Become – ആയ഻‍ത഼രഽക Switch On/Off – സേ഻ച്‍ഓണ്‍‍/‍ഓഫ്‍ Assemble –ഒരഽമ഻ചു‍കാടഽക

TURN UP

Arrive/ Appear – എത്ത഻‍ന്േരഽക

WAKE UP

Stop sleeping – ഉണരഽക

WALK AWAY WASH AWAY WASH OUT

Win easily – അനഺയഺസ‍വ഻ജയം‍ ന്നടഽക When floods or waves completely remove a structure - ഒഴഽക഻ന്പ്പഺവഽക Rain so heavily that an event has to be cancelled – ശക്തമഺയ‍മഴ‍കഺരണം‍ പര഻പഺട഻‍റദ്ദഺക്കഽക

He TAKES AFTER his mother The police TOOK the protestors AWAY The police TOOK DOWN his answers She TOOK me IN with her story until someone told me the truth It was hot, so I TOOK my jacket OFF She TOOK ON the task of indexing the book. She TOOK OVER responsibility for the project last month He's TAKEN TO wear helmet while driving. The doorman TURNED him AWAY from the nightclub They offered her the job, but she TURNED it DOWN Tadpoles TURN INTO frogs Thousands TURNED OUT for the demonstration She didn't TURN UP for class today I WOKE UP at half past six this morning She WALKED AWAY WITH the first The stall on the beach was WASHED AWAY in the storm The rain WASHED OUT the championship final

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