Quarter 3 Module 5. Hatchery Tanks
Hatchery is the first phase of fish propagation. It supports our national aquaculture industry by ensuring a continuous supply of fish seeds needed by fish farmers. This module will provide the necessary information, skills and attitudes in putting up a hatchery facility. It also covers the knowledge and skills in layouting, evaluating a site for fish tank, and constructing fish tanks. Content Standards
Performance Standards
1. The learner demonstrates
1. The learner independently draws
understanding of the underlying
the layout plan of hatchery tanks.
concepts in drawing
2. The learner independently
the layout plan of hatchery tanks.
evaluates
2. The learner demonstrates
suitable site for hatchery tanks.
understanding of the underlying
3. The learner independently
concepts in evaluating
constructs hatchery tanks.
suitable site for hatchery tanks. 3. The learner demonstrates understanding of the underlying concepts in constructing hatchery tanks.
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Quarter 3 Lesson 1. Design a Tank for Culturing Fish
Introduction The lesson deals with designing and layouting of tanks. This includes the area and depth of a tank, site selection, number and size of compartments, the materials to be used, and life support units for the tank system.
Specific Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. select the area and depth of tanks which conforms to the available site and determine the species of fish to be cultured based on specifications. 2. determine the number and size of compartments based on the area of the land. 3. determine the materials to be used based on available capital. 4. emphasize the essentials for life support on tank design. 5. stipulate other life supports in the layout and plan.
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Quarter 3 Pre-assessment Multiple Choice: Read and answer the following items carefully. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. The size of fish tanks varies from __________. a. 100 m3 to 300 m3 b. 100 m3 to 350 m3 c. 100 m3 to 400 m3 d. 100 m3 to 450 m3 2. How many sides does an octagonal tank have? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 3. What does scaling mean? a. The ratio of the height and width of the fish tank area. b. The ratio of the width and depth of the fish tank area. c. The ratio of the height and length of the proposed area. d. The ratio of the distance on the map or drawing and distance of the ground. 4. It is the name of the map in the marginal information. a. Scale b. Legend c. Sheet Number d. Sheet Name or Title 5. This should be placed at the lower right hand corner of the map. a. Scale b. Legend c. Sheet Number d. Sheet Name or Title 108
Quarter 3 6. What is a fish hatchery? a. It is a facility intended for rearing wild fishes. b. It is a facility intended for propagation of fish. c. It is a facility intended for the harvesting of fish. d. It is a facility intended for rearing marketable size fish. 7. It is a concrete rectangular or square tank and usually 1 meter in depth. a. Rotifer tank b. Sand filter tank c. Microalgal tank d. Larval rearing tank. 8. The following are common shapes of fish tanks except _______. a. circular b. square c. hexagonal d. heptagonal 9. This should be placed at the center below the map. a. Scale b. Legend c. Edition note d. Sheet Number 10. It is a tank usually constructed or located outside the hatchery area. a. Rotifer tank b. Sand filter tank c. Micro algal tank d. Larval rearing tank
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Quarter 3
Different Shapes and Sizes of Hatchery Tanks
Ø = 3.4 m
Figure 1. Circular tank
Figure 2.
Rectangular tank
9 m2
Figure 3. Square tank
Figure 4. Octagonal tank
There are several shapes of tanks that may be used. The most common shapes are the rectangular, square, and circular tanks. The volume of water they carry may range from 100m3 to 400m3. Different compartments are also included in the layout depending on the fish species to be cultured and on the
aquaculturist’s prescription on the layout, and design of the
hatchery tank.
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Quarter 3 SCALING Scale is the ratio of the distance on the map or drawing and distance on the ground. It is widely used by engineers and architects. Formula: Scale: Map or Drawing Distance (m) Ground Distance (m)
Example of a scale is 1:10m, 1:100m, 1:1000m, etc.
Problem Solving
To determine the ratio of drawing with the following ground measurements of 125m long and 80m wide is to do the ratio and proportion formula, thus;
1m (map)
=
1000m (ground)
X map 125m (ground)
1000m X = (1m) (125) X = 125 m2 1000m X = 0.125m or 12.5cm
Or do the division and multiplication process, thus
a. 1
x
125 m
x
125 m = 0.125 m or 12.5 cm
1000 0.001
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Quarter 3 b. 1
x 125 m = 1000
125 m = 0.125 m or 12.5 cm 1000
Marginal Information of the Map 1. Sheet Name or Title. This means the name of the map. This should be placed on top of the map. 2. Sheet Number. This should be placed on the upper right – hand corner of the map. 3. Scale. This should be placed at the center, below the map. 4. Legend. This should be placed on the lower right – hand corner of the map. 5. Edition Note. This should be placed on the lower left – hand corner of the map.
Hatchery Tank Design The
production
of
fish
involves
aquaculture
technique”s
techniques.These are being done on different phases of the tank, such as the hatchery, nursery, and the final phase which is the grow-out tank. Hatchery is a facility for the production of fish eggs, larvae, and /or fish fry. In practical terms, a hatchery is a structure that houses tanks and equipment for egg cultivation and rearing of larvae. It has a life-support system for fish eggs and larvae. The hatchery tanks should be designed for easy operation and safety to consider future expansion, such as spaces for extra tanks and facilities for water, air supply, electricity, etc.
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Quarter 3 The various units should be assembled in a way that does not compromise the
expansion of future structures. The larval rearing and
weaning units, for instance, are normally designed as one side; the other sides should be kept free and tanks aisles and pipelines should be positioned in such a way as to be easily expanded.
Figure 5. Circular Tanks
Figure 6. Rectangular Tanks
Pump
Larval / Fry tank
Sand filter
Larval / Fry tank
Rotifer tanks
Microalgal Tanks
Figure 7. Basic Layout for a Small- scale Hatchery
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Quarter 3 Tanks for Culturing Fish Fish tanks may either be concrete, fiber glass, plastic or canvass structures that may be rectangular, square, hexagonal, octagonal or circular. Tanks for grow-out are typically 4-10 m in diameter and 1-3 m deep.
Figure 8. Drain Hole
Figure 9. Outlet hole
Figure 10. Drainage canal
The drain hole fitted with 3 in PVC pipe is situated at the rear end of the tank (Figure 9). The tank floor should slightly slope (5° - 15°) towards the drain hole for easy draining, cleaning, and maintenance.
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Quarter 3 The outlet hole (Figure 9) drains water from the tank and the drainage canal (Figure 10) drains water from the tank site.
Figure 11. Hexagonal fish tanks
Figure12. Cross section of a circular or hexagonal fish tank
For circular and hexagonal tanks, the drain hole should be in the middle of the tank (Fig. 12). The tank bottom slightly slopes (5° - 15°) towards the center where the drain outlet is constructed.
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Quarter 3 The description of hatchery production systems is divided into two main components:
the production units, where true production activities take place and this includes hatching, larval, and natural food tanks. Algal/Rotifer Tank. It can be square
(3
x
3
x
1
m),
rectangular (3.5 x 2 x 1 m) or circular
(4
m
diameter)
in
shape. It may be made of canvas or concrete for mass production of algae or rotifer. Figure 13. Algal Tank Larval
rearing
tank
may
be
circular (2 – 3 m in diameter, rectangular or square usually 1 meter depth. They range from 6 – 10 m3 capacity. They may be made of concrete or canvas. Tanks of smaller volumes are preferred for
easy
management.
Larval
rearing tanks should be placed near a shade to protect the larvae from the glare and heat of direct sunlight and to deter growth of
Figure 14.Larval rearing tanks
diatoms that contribute to poor water quality.
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Quarter 3
Brine
Shrimp
Hatching
tank. It is a cylindro-conical plexiglass,
transparent
conical
glass,
fiber
or
plastic carbouy
Figure 15. Containers for hatching Artemia cysts Spawning
Tank
is
intended to produce the eggs. A circular tank which has a capacity of 150 tons, should have a dimenmsion of 10 m diameter and a depth of 2.6 m.
Figure 16. Circular Spawning Tanks
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Quarter 3 The life-support units, which includes water filter, water pumps, aerators and blowers. Filter Tank. A set up with layers of different filter media. The filter medium is generally composed of layers of fine sand, coarse sand, gravel or coarse stones interpersed with charcoal, and shell.
Water is pumped in at the top
of the tank and flows through various substrates and flows out at the bottom.
Figure 17. Elevated seawater with cut-out diagram of gravity sand filter tank.
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Quarter 3 Gravity sand filter is a wooden, fiberglass or concrete sand filter box (1 x 1 x 1 m) is positioned above the seawater storage tank. Filtered seawater directly flows into the storage tank by gravity.
Seawater Storage Tank. A seawater tank with a capacity of at least 50% of the voulme of culture tank is recommended. Storage tank should be elevated so that filtered seawater can be distributed to all tanks by gravity flow.
Figure 18. An elevated Seawater storage tank.
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Quarter 3
1. Find the equivalent unit (in cm) using the given scale.
Actual Length
Scale
Length ( in cm)
a. 5 m
1:100
___________
b. 3.5 m
1:200
___________
c. 20.75 m
1.500
___________
d. 1.5 m
1:750
___________
e. 4.0 m
1:1000
___________
2. Plot the following using your own scale: a. 4m
3.5 m b.
2.5 m
c. 4m
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Quarter 3
Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Why is a hatchery facility drawn to scale? 2. Why do the following factors need to be considered in making the layout plan of a hatchery facility? a. Species of fish to be cultured b. Size of the tanks c. Shape of the tanks d. Financial capacity of the owner
Directions: Given the following data below and the knowledge you gained in this lesson, design your own hatchery facility. I.
Materials: -tracing paper -pencil -ruler - eraser
II.
Specific Instructions 1. Using a tracing paper, ruler, pencil and your own scale, illustrate the floor plan of your hatchery facility. 2. Your hatchery facility must have the following units: 121
Quarter 3
Production
Number of
Dimension per
Units
Units
unit
Larval rearing tank
6
4m x 2m
Rotifer tank
6
3m in diameter
Microalgal tank
6
4m x 2m
Sand filter tank
1
4m x 2m
Service Units Pumping station
2
Storage room
1
4m x 2m
Open work area
1
10m x 10m
Water
1
5 tons capacity
1
6m x 3m
reservoir/tank Laboratory room
3. Your template must also include the following marginal information: a. Name b. Template number c. Title d. Total land area (in m²) of the facility e. Legend f. Scale
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Quarter 3
Post-assessment
Multiple Choice: Read carefully and answer the following items. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. The size of fish tanks varies from __________. a. 100 m3 to 300 m3 b. 100 m3 to 350 m3 c. 100 m3 to 400 m3 d. 100 m3 to 450 m3 2. How many sides does an octagonal tank have? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 3. What does scaling mean? a. The ratio of the height and width of the fish tank area. b. The ratio of the width and depth of the fish tank area. c. The ratio of the height and length of the proposed area. d. The ratio of the distance on the map or drawing and distance of the ground. 4. It is the name of the map in the marginal information. a. Scale b. Legend c. Sheet Number d. Sheet Name or Title 5. This should be placed at the lower right hand corner of the map. a. Scale b. Legend c. Sheet Number 123
Quarter 3 d. Sheet Name or Title 6. What is a fish hatchery? a. It is a facility intended for rearing wild fishes. b. It is a facility intended for propagation of fish. c. It is a facility intended for the harvesting of fish. d. It is a facility intended for rearing marketable size fish. 7. It is a concrete rectangular or square tank and usually 1 meter in depth. a. Rotifer tank b. Sand filter tank c. Microalgal tank d. Larval rearing tank. 8. The following are common shapes of fish tanks except _______. a. circular b. square c. hexagonal d. heptagonal 9. This should be placed at the center below the map. a. Scale b. Legend c. Edition note d. Sheet Number 10. It is a tank usually constructed or located outside the hatchery area. a. Rotifer tank b. Sand filter tank c. Micro algal tank d. Larval rearing tank
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Quarter 3
Glossary Fish tank. A fish or water holding structures, usually above ground, typically with a high water turnover rate Fry. A term to describe a fish at the post - larval stage. All stages from hatching to fingerling stage can potentially be termed as fry Hatchery. Place for artificial breeding, hatching and rearing through the early life stages of fish. Generally, in fish culture, hatchery and nursery are closely associated Hexagon. A polygon having six equal sides Larva. The outcome of a newly hatched egg of fish and other animals Layout. The design or arrangement of something : the way something is laid out Octagon. A polygon having eight equal sides Rotifer. A group of microscopic aquatic animals belonging to a distinct class of the phylum Rotifera. They are characterized by a corona at the anterior end, which bears tufts of cilia used for feeding and locomotion Wean. To accustom (as a young child or animal) to take food otherwise than by nursing
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Quarter 3 Resources Manual on Hatchery Production of Seabass and gilthead seabream Vol.2 http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y6018e/y6018e02.htm#TopOfPage Retrieval Date: July 2, 2014 (3:30 PM)
Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education. Public Technical Vocational High School. Competency- based learning material. Third Year: Aquaculture NC II.
Toledo, C. 2009. AQUA203: Aquaculture Engineering. Lecture Manual. Pangasinan State University, Binmaley Campus.
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Quarter 3 Lesson 2. Site Evaluation for Fish Hatchery
Introduction This lesson will provide you knowledge and skills in evaluating suitable site for fish tanks, assessing water quality parameters and additional information with regard to fish tanks.
Specific Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to. 1. analyze water samples using a water parameter kit. 2. determine water quantity. Pre-Assessment I. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Choose the letter of your answer. Write your answer in your test notebook. 1. What is the ideal pH for the growth of the fish? a. 0 – 6.4 b. 6.5 – 9.0 c. 9.1 – 12.0 d. 12.1 – 14.0 2. Which these heavy metals is not harmful to the fish? a. Zinc b. Lead c. Mercury d. Chloride 127
Quarter 3 3. What is the most important consideration in selecting an ideal site for hatchery facility? a. Accessibility b. Availability of manpower c. Security of power supply d. Availability of good quality water 4. What instrument is used to measure the availability of water in the site? a. pH meter b. refractometer c. thermometer d. flow rate mete 5. What is the ideal pH level of brackishwater with 12 -16 ppt of salinity? a. 6.5 – 6.9 b. 7.0 – 8.5 c. 8.6 – 9.0 d. 9.1 – 14.0
II. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE Directions: Analyze the following statements below. In your test notebook, write; A – if statement a is true and statement b is false B – if statement a is false and statement b is true C – if both statements are true D – if both statements are false 1.
a. Water temperature is important because it affects the rate of biological and chemical process of the fish. b. Water temperature is affected by season, weather and ground water influx. 128
Quarter 3 2. a. If the temperature is within the optimal range for a prolonged period, the organisms are stressed and may die. b. For fish, the reproductive stage (including spawning and embryo development) is the most temperature-sensitive period. 3. a. Solutions with more H+ than OH- ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be alkaline. b. Solutions with more OH- than H+ ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be acidic. 4. a. The ideal pH range for the growth of the fish is from 6.5 to 9.0. b. The pH is a useful indicator of the chemical balance in water 5. a. Water is just a secondary consideration in selecting a suitable site for hatchery facility construction. b. Hatchery site should preferably be near cities and industrial centers.
Site Selection
Availability of good quality water. The hatchery and nursery facility should be located where there is ample supply of good water. Water quality is thus a critical factor in site selection. Hatchery site should be preferably be far from cities and industrial centers or other activities which may pollute the water. Water supply needs careful analysis during site selection taking into consideration the physical, chemical and biological characteristics and extent to which these may vary daily and seasonally.
129
Quarter 3 Special care is needed in hatcheries that are situated in or near areas where the use of pesticides, herbecides and fertilizers intensively. Ideally, freshwater should be obtained from underground sources. Brackish water, 12-16 ppt salinity should have a pH range of 7.0 to 8.5 and contain a minimum dissolved oxygen level of 5 ppm. High levels of heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) should be avoided.
Water Quality Parameters Water Temperature Water temperature is important because it affects the rates of biological and chemical processes. Temperature is measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit. The health of aquatic organisms from microbes to fish depends on temperature. If temperature is outside the optimal range for a prolonged period, organisms are stressed and can die. For fish, the reproductive stage (including spawning and embryo development) is the most temperaturesensitive period.
The temperature of water also affects the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) it can hold ( i.e., water’s ability to contain dissolved oxygen decreases as water temperature rises), the form of ammonia, the rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of organisms to pollution.
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Quarter 3 Water temperature is affected by season, weather, and groundwater influx.
Figure 19. Thermometer
Hydrogen Ion (pH) Concentration
pH describes the acidity or alkalinity of water and represents the balance between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
The value of pH is expressed in a scale ranging from 1 to 14. Solutions with more H+ than OH- ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be acidic. Solutions with pH values higher than 7 have more OH- than H+ ions and are said to be basic or alkaline. If the pH value is 7, the solution is said to be neutral (an equal number of H+ and OH- ions) and is neither acidic nor basic/alkaline.
It is important to note that the pH scale is logarithmic. This means that each step on the scale represents a tenfold change in the H + concentration. For example, water with a pH of 5 has ten times the number of H + ions than water with pH of 6 and is ten times more acidic.
131
Quarter 3
Figure 20. pH meter
Water with a pH of less than 6.5 or greater than 9.0 is harmful to aquatic life. Most fish prefer water with a pH range between 6.5 and 9.0. The pH is also a useful indicator of the chemical balance in water. A high or low pH will adversely affect certain chemicals or nutrients in the water required.
Determining Water Quantity Water supply is the most important factor in tank culture of fish. The quantity of water needed is based on the following: 1. source of water supply 2. size of the tank 3. number of tanks in operation 4. stocking density A flow rate meter is used in order to determine the availability of water coming from the water source.
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Quarter 3 Other Requirements for a Hatchery Site
A sufficient supplies of good quality water.
A secure electric power supply, not subject to
power failures. An
onsite generator set is essential.
All-weather road access for incoming and outgoing materials.
Access to food supplies for larvae.
High level of technical and managerial skills.
Access to professional biological assistance from government or other agencies.
Have its own indoor/outdoor nursery facilities be close to other nurseries for its easy transfer of larvae until to the grow out hatchery.
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Quarter 3
Flow Chart Directions: Illustrate the factors that have to be considered in selecting a suitable site for hatchery facility using the flow chart below. Add possible details for each factor. TOPIC: SITE SELECTION FOR HATCHERY FACILITY
134
Quarter 3
Answer the following questions below. 1. Why is it important to choose an appropriate location of a hatchery facility? 2. How does a strategic location of a hatchery facility affect production? 3. Go to the nearest hatchery facility in your community. Describe the location of the facility.
Now that you have gained the required knowledge to assess a site for a hatchery facility, try to do the activity below.
I.
Materials -digital camera/cellphone camera -notebook -ballpen
II.
Specific Instructions
1. Assess a particular place in your locality for its suitability in terms of a hatchery facility. 2. Take pictures of the site.
135
Quarter 3 3. Record your observations in terms of its; a. Water quality from the source b. Flood hazard c. Accessibility d. Power supply e. Socio-economic consideration 4. Follow the suggested format below. Assessment Sheet Location of the Site: _________________________________________________ (Barangay)
(Municipality)
(Province)
Area of the Site ( in m2): _______________ General Assessment and Recommendations:
a. Water quality from the source Assessment:_______________________________________________ Recommendations: _________________________________________ b. Flood hazard Assessment:_______________________________________________ Recommendations: _________________________________________ c. Accessibility Assessment:_______________________________________________ Recommendations: _________________________________________ d. Power supply Assessment:_______________________________________________ Recommendations: _________________________________________ e. Socio-economic consideration Assessment:_______________________________________________ Recommendations: _________________________________________
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Quarter 3 Post-assessment
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Choose the letter of your answer. Write your answer in your test notebook. 1. What is the ideal pH for the growth of fish? a. 0 – 6.4 b. 6.5 – 9.0 c. 9.1 – 12.0 d. 12.1 – 14.0 2. Below are some of the heavy metals considered harmful to fish except; a. Zinc b. Lead c. Mercury d. Chloride 3. Which of the following is the foremost factor to be considered in selecting an ideal site for hatchery facility? a. Accessibility b. Availability of man power c. Security to power supply d. Availability of good quality water 4. What instrument measures the availability of water coming from the water source? a. pH meter b. refractometer c. thermometer d. flow rate meter
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Quarter 3 5. What is the ideal pH level of a brackish water with 12 -16 ppt salinity? a. 6.5 – 6.9 b. 7.0 – 8.5 c. 8.6 – 9.0 d. 9.1 – 14.0
II. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE Directions: Analyze the following statements below. In your test notebook, write; A – if statement a is true and statement b is false B – if statement a is false and statement b is true C – if both statements are true D – if both statements are false 1. a. Water temperature is important because it affects the rate of biological and chemical process of the fish. b. Water temperature is affected by season, weather and ground water influx. 2. a. If the temperature is within the optimal range for a prolonged period, the organisms are stressed and may die. b. For fish, the reproductive stage (including spawning and embryo development) is the most temperature-sensitive period. 3.
a. Solutions with more H+ than OH- ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be alkaline. b. Solutions with more OH- than H+ ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be acidic.
4. a. The ideal pH range for the growth of the fish is from 6.5 – 9.0. b. The pH is a useful indicator of the chemical balance in water 138
Quarter 3 5. a. Water is just a secondary consideration in selecting a suitable site for hatchery facility construction. b. Hatchery site should preferably be near cities and industrial centers.
Glossary
Ammonia. (NH3) Gaseous combination of nitrogen and hydrogen, naturally produced during organic matter decomposition Embryo. early stage of animal development before hatching Influx. inflow of the water into a river, lake, or sea Inland. situated in the interior of the country rather than on the coast Macro-invertebrates. large animals with no backbone
Resources
Aqua Farm News, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. Technoguide on the Production of Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT). Freshwater Aquaculture Center CLSU, Nueva Ecija.
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Quarter 3 Lesson 3. Construct Fish Tank
Introduction The good quality of the constructed fish tank is dependent on how it is constructed. Does it follows what is specified in the layout plan? Does the site meet the requirements of the chosen hatchery tank? The resources for the construction of fish tank must be adequately prepared such as: -
gravel
- PVC pipes and elbows
-
sand
- steel
-
hollow block
- Sahara cement
-
cement
- PVC solvent cement
-
faucet
- GI wire
-
shovel
- crow bar
-
construction pail
- wooden box
Specific Objectives At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. prepare the construction resources adequately. 2. implement the layouts of facilities based on specifications. 3. install the life support system and equipment appropriately.
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Quarter 3 Pre-Assessment Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write them in your test notebook. 1. Which of the following is NOT a typical type of a hatchery tank? a. plastic tank b. concrete tank c. fiber glass tank d. polyethylene tank 2. You will need five trucks of sand for the construction of hatchery tanks. How much will 5 trucks cost if one truck is Php 1,500.00? a. Php 2,500.00 b. Php 3,500.00 c. Php 6,500.00 d. Php 7,500.00 3. Which of the following reduces the presence of ammonia in hatchery tanks? a. biofilter b. egg collector c. recirculation system d. water treatment system 4. What is the usual size range of a spawning tank? a. 1 – 15 m3 b. 2 – 20 m3 c. 4 – 20 m3 d. 5 – 40 m3
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Quarter 3 5. How many kilograms of breeders can be stock per cubic meter (m3) of conditioning tank/facility? a. 15 kg/m3 b. 20 kg/m3 c. 25 kg/m3 d. 30 kg/m3 6. Which tank is intended for culture of natural food such as phytoplankton? a. rotifer tank b. sand filter tank c. microalgal tank d. larval rearing tank 7. How many feet are in 1 meter? a. 1.5 ft b. 2.5 ft c. 3.0 ft d. 3.28 ft 8. It is a type of water outlet where in the inner tube is shorter than the external one. a. drain outlet b. sink outlet c. main outlet d. telescope outlet 9. What is the aggregate area of a 4m x 2m x 1m fish tank in square feet? a. 107.78 ft2 b. 117.58 ft2 c. 127.58 ft2 d. 137.58 ft2
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Quarter 3 10. What is the area of a 4” x 8” x 16” concrete hollow block in square feet? a. 0.578 ft2 b. 0.678 ft2 c. 0.778 ft2 d. 0.878 ft2
Construction Resources for Concrete Tanks The following resources for the construction of fish tank must be adequately prepared such as: - gravel
- sand
- steel
- bars
- cement
- faucet
-
GI wire
- shovel
-
crow bar
- construction pail
-
hallow blocks
-
wooden box
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Quarter 3
The following construction materials should be placed properly near the proposed site to allow free movement of workers.
Figure 21. Corrugated
Figure 22. sand
Figure 23. gravel
steel bars
Figure 24. pipe wrench
Figure 27. cement
Figure 25. GI Wire
Figure 26. PVC pipe
Figure 28. hollow block
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Quarter 3 The following are the steps in making a computation of the cost of materials for a concrete tank: I. Title: Computing Needed Materials for Constructing Tanks II. Resources:
calculator
ball pen
paper
III. Procedures: Example: If you are to construct a tank 5 meters long, 1.5 meters wide and 1 meter high. How many hollow blocks are needed to finish the job? Step 1. Convert meter into ft 1 m = 100 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 inches 1m =
1 ft
×
12 inch
1 inch
× 100 cm = 3.28 ft
2.54 cm
1m
Step 2. Find the aggregate area: Area (lengths)
=LxW
L=5.0 m W=1.0 m
= 5.0 m (3.28 ft/m) × 1.0 m (3.28 ft/m) = 16.40 ft × 3.28 ft = 53.79 ft2 x 2 Total area of L1 and L2 = 53.79 ft2 x 2 = 107.58 ft2 145
Quarter 3 Area (widths)
= 1.5 m (3.28 ft/m) × 1.0 m (3.28 ft/m) = 4.92 ft × 3.28 ft = 16.14 ft2
Total area of W1 and W2 = 16.14 ft2 x 2 =32.28 ft2 Total area of wall = 107.58 ft2 + 32.28 ft2 =139.86 ft2 or 13.0 m2 Step 3. Compute the no. of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB’s) needed. Area of 1 CHB (4” x 8” x 16”) = 0.66 ft x 1.33 ft = 0.878 ft2 No. of CHB = 140 ft2 x 1 pc / 0.879 ft2 = 159.45 pcs. or 160
146
Quarter 3 The following tables show the concrete proportioning process of mixing cement: Table 1. QUANTITY FOR 1 m3. CONCRETE USING 94 LBS CEMENT Class Proportion Cement Sand Gravel AA
1:2:3
10.50
0.42
0.84
A
1:2:4
7.84
0.44
0.88
B
1:2.5:5
6.48
0.44
0.88
C
1:3:6
5.48
0.44
0.88
D
1:3.5:7
5.00
0.45
0.90
USING 88 LBS CEMENT A
1:2:4
8.20
0.44
0.88
B
1:2.5
6.80
0.46
0.88
C
1:3:6
5.80
0.47
0.89
D
1:3.5:7
5.32
0.48
0.90
Table 2. CHB LAID PER BAG CEMENT
Table 3. VOLUME OF CEMENT PER CHB
4”x 8” x 16” 55 to 60 Pieces 6”x 8” x 16” 30 to 36 Pieces
4”x 8” x 16” 0.001 m3
8”x 8” x 16” 25 to 30 Pieces
6”x 8” x 16” 0.003 m3 8”x 8” x 16” 0.004 m3
Table 4. CHB FINISH/m2 Type of Finishing Cement
Sand
Bag
Sand
Tooled Finish
0.125
0.0107
Plaster Finish
0.250
0.0213
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Quarter 3 Table 5. Requirements for the Mortar Kinds
Mix
Plain Cement Floor Finish
1:2
Cement
Sand
0.33 bag/m2
0.00018 m3/m2
Cement Plaster Finish 38 Thnk. One
1:2
0.11 bag/m2
0.006 m3/m2
Face Peeble Wash Out Floor Finish
1:2
0.43 bag/m2
0.024 m3/m2
Laying Of 6” CHB
1:2
0.63 bag/m2
0.37 m3/m2
“4” Fill All Holes and Joints
1:2
0.36 bag/m2
0.019 m3/m2
Plaster Perlite
1:2
0.22 bag/m2
Grouted Riprap
1:3
4 bag/m2
0.12 m3/m2 0.324 m3/m2
Table 6. CHB- REINFORCEMENT Spacing of Vertical Length of Bars (m) Bars in Meter
per block
per m2
0.4
0.25
3.0
0.6
0.17
2.1
0.8
0.12
1.5
Every 2 Layers
0.22
2.7
3
0.15
1.9
4
0.13
1.7
5
0.11
1.4
Horizontal Bars
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Quarter 3 Step 4. Compute the amount of cement, sand and gravel needed for the flooring using class A /94-lbs cement (Refer to Table 1) V = 4 in x 5 m x 1.5 m V = 0.10 m x 5 m x 1.5 m V = 0.75 m3 Cement = 0.75 m3 x 7.84 = 5.88 bags Sand = 0.75 m3 x 0.44= 0.33 m3 Gravel= 0.75 m3 x 0.88 = 0.66 m3 Step 5. Compute for the amount of cement needed for laying the CHB (Refer to Table 2) 1 bag of cement = One ft3 Say, 1 bag = 55 pcs. Number of bags = 160 pcs x 1 bag/ 55 pcs = 2.91 or 3 bags Step 6. Compute for the amount of cement and sand for mortar (Refer to Table 5) Fill all holes and joints Formula for the computation of Perimeter P = 2 (length + width) = 2 (5 m + 1.5 m) 149
Quarter 3 = 2 (6.5 m) = 13 meter A = 13 m x 1 m = 13 m2 Amount of cement: = 13 m2 x 0.36 bags/m2 = 4.68 bags Amount of sand: = 13 m2 x 0.019m3/m2 = 0.247 m3 Step 7. Compute for the amount of cement and sand for CHB plaster finish using the following formula: (Refer to Table 4) Square Meter = cement= ¼ bag, sand= 0.0213 m3 = 13.00 m2 x ¼ bags / 1 m2 = 3.25 bags In and Out of Wall Total Cement = 3.25 bags x 2 = 6.5 bags Sand = 13 m2 x0.0213 m3/m2 = 0.28 m3 x 2
150
Quarter 3 In and out of wall = 0.28 m3 = o.56 m3 Step 8. Compute for the amount of cement for plain cement floor finish (Refer to Table 5) Floor Area = 7.5m2 Mix 1:2 Cement= 0.33 B/m2, Sand= 0.00018 m3/ m2 Cement = 0.33 bags/ m2 = 0.33 bags / m2 x 7.5 m2 = 2.48 bags Sand = 0.00018 m3 / m2 x 7.5m2 = 0.0135 m3 Step 9. Compute for the needed number of steel bars (Refer to Table 6) Using 20-ft standard length or 6.096 m Horizontal Bars (every 2 layers): Area = 13 m2 No. of bars
= 13.0 m2 x 2.7 m / m2 = 35.1 meters x 1 bar / 6.096 m = 5.75 bar
Vertical Bars (0.4 spacing): Area = 13 m2 No. of Bars =13.0 m2 x 3 m / m2 = 39 m x 1 bar / 6.096 m = 6.4 bars 151
Quarter 3 Flooring: Area = 7.5 m2 No. of Bars = 7.5 m2 x 3 m / m2 = 22.5 m = 22.5 m x 1 bar/ 6.096 m = 3.7 bars Total amount of Bars= 5.75 + 6.4 + 3.7 = 15.85pcs or 16 pcs. Bill of Materials and Cost Estimates Unit Cost Total
Materials
Quantity
1. Gravel
1 Elf Load
1, 400.00 1, 400.00
2. Sand
1 Elf Load
1, 000.00 1, 000.00
3. CHB 4” x 8” x 16”
160 pcs
5.50
880.00
4. Portland Cement
23 bags
182.00
4,186.00
5. Steel Bar(10mm.)
16 pcs.
175.00
2,800.00
6. Sahara Cement
9 bags
30.00
270.00
7. PVC ¾”
5 pcs.
100.00
500.00
8. PVC Elbow ¾”
6 pcs.
15.00
90.00
9. PVC 4”
1 pc.
220.00
220.00
(Php)
(Php)
10. PVC Solvent Cement 1 small can 35.00
35.00
11. Faucet
1 pc.
130.00
130.00
12. G.I. Wire # 16
1 kg.
65.00
65.00
13. Hose 5 mm
10 m
8.00
80.00
Grand Total :
Php. 11,656.00
Note: *For every bag of cement for Plaster Finish, 1 bag of Sahara cement is added for
water proofing purpose
*The cost of the materials is subject to change based on the prevailing price at a certain period. 152
Quarter 3 When constructing a circular tanks, the drain hole should be at the middle part of the tank. The flooring must therefore be constructed with a slight slope towards the center. The slope is from 5 degrees to 15 degrees which is very useful when the tank is drained for cleaning and maintenance purposes. On the other hand, the floor slope of some rectangular-shaped concrete tanks is towards the rear end where the water outlet is constructed. Program of Work Project: Proposed Rectangular Concrete Tank (8m x 2m x 1m) Project Cost: Php 25,000.00 SCOPE OF WORK
Percentage
Estimated Cost (Php)
I. Excavation
15 %
3,750.00
II. Carpentry
10 %
2,500.00
III. Masonry
60 %
15,000.00
IV. Plumbing
10 %
2,500.00
V. Electrical
5%
1,250.00
100%
25,000.00
TOTAL
Water Outlet Construction The water outlet is usually constructed at the rear end of the tank. The drain outlet ( see Figure 9 p.99) must be fitted with 4 in PVC pipe to prevent the drain hole ( see Figure 8 p.99) from enlarging due to constant flow of water. This is where the water from the tank flows out to the drainage canal. The drainage canal ( see Figure 10) is 0.5 m wide and 0.3 m deep. The drain hole of round tanks like hexagonal or 6-sided tanks, octagonal or 8 sided tanks and circular tanks, (see Figure 11 p.100) must be 153
Quarter 3 constructed at the middle of the tank. The tank floor must have a moderate slope towards the center. The construction of outlet may vary in types with or without particle traps. Particle trap can be installed for outlet cleaning or for the water to be reused. The most common outlets are of two types: 1. Sink outlet. Horizontal grid outlets are common in smaller tanks. The outlet is a sink with a grid as described below.
Figure 29. Outlet of Circular Tanks must be at the middle The grid should be made of acid-proof material. The holes should always be larger than the biggest feed pellets used. This will allow the water to flow through the holes, i.e. speed through them is greater than the average current in the tank. The outlet from the sink is placed eccentrically into it which will create a vortex in the sink to keep it clean 2. Telescope outlet. The telescope outlet with inner level control is shown in Figure 13. The inner tube of the tank is a shorter pipe than the external one, with a slightly wider tube at the top which can be moved up and down to control the level of water in the tank.
154
Quarter 3
Figure 30. View of Telescope Outlet
Water Inlet Construction In a concrete rectangular tank, the inlet is usually a vertical pipe with a faucet fitted into it connected to the tank.
Figure 31. Installation of water pipes
155
Quarter 3 For a large circular tank, there are three ways of fitting the inlet pipe. 1. Vertical pipe with rounded holes gives weight to the bottom of the circular tank. 2. Horizontal pipe with rounded holes makes the fitting of the inlet pipe durable. The length is 1/3 of the diameter of the tank. 3. Install the combined vertical and horizontal inlet properly. The length of the horizontal inlet is ¼ of the radius of the tank.
Installation of Life Support System The life support system helps in providing oxygen which is important in the continues existing of the fish being cultured in a tank Install a 1-2 hp blower in a secure area, that is not exposed to direct sunlight and rain. Layout and install a PVC pipeline from the blower to the tank. Connect an airstone and a sinker at the end of a plastic tube making sure that the airstone and sinker is submerged into the water.
Figure 32. Air blower
Figure 33. Pipe lines are installed to the blower with plastic tube and air stone.
156
Quarter 3
Figure 34. Fitting the plastic tube to the PVC pipe line
Figure 35. Fitting the sinker stone to the hose
Photos credited to Eliseo T. Caseres
Regardless of shape and size, the spawning tanks should fulfil the following conditions:
easy control of the fish population;
easy accessibility to the tank bottom for daily cleaning;
simple and quick cleaning routine;
easy replacement of the screened outlet;
simple outlet construction for accessibility and service;
minimum stress for fish at harvest;
optimal swimming behaviour of fish;
absence of transport problems in case of prefabricated tanks;
optimal use of available covered area inside the building, which calls for square or rectangular, rather than round tanks;
simple design of support systems (water supply/drainage, air supply, power supply, and lights).
According to their shape, number and available space, tanks can be arranged in groups or in rows. In any case, staff should have easy access to at least 75% of their perimeter. The space between rows or groups should be wide enough (0.8 to 1.5 m) to permit the use of trolleys for working routines. 157
Quarter 3 Lights Light intensity should be maintained in the range of 500-1 000 lux at the water surface by means of a halogen lamp placed over each tank. Lamps should be controlled by a timer/dimmer switch giving a twilight effect when lights are turned on and off. Emergency lights that do not disturb fish could also be installed. Large windows should be avoided to prevent direct sunlight falling on the tanks. Aeration system Air supply is assured by a few coarse diffusers placed on the tank bottom and should be regulated to keep eggs suspended in the water mass. Plastic needle valves for aquarium or metal clamps (much more expensive) can be used to regulate air flow. Conditioning facilities In many hatcheries indoor facilities are also used for conditioning breeders to delay or advance their natural sexual maturation cycle and spawning season. In that case, the conditioning/spawning areas become permanent facilities that occupy a dedicated part of the hatchery because of the long residence period needed. For practical purposes, such conditioning tanks are usually of the same design and material of the spawning tanks. Breeders are usually kept at a density of up to 15 kg/m3. The area is also subdivided into several zones, isolated from each other, where different light/temperature regimes can be adopted. This requires independent systems for light and water temperature regulation. The heating system is often coupled with a cooling system, usually a heat pump, to provide out of season winter conditions.
158
Quarter 3 Live Food Unit This unit is dedicated to the production of microalgae, rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia sp.) in large quantities, to be used as live feed for fish larvae. The unit has separate sub-units for:
phytoplankton and rotifer pure strains and small volume cultures,
phytoplankton and rotifer bag cultures,
rotifer mass culture and enrichment,
Artemia nauplii mass production and enrichment,
laboratory tests.
Each sub-unit is housed in a room of variable size with tiled floor and walls and is provided with air conditioning, treated seawater supply, freshwater supply, air distribution system, working lights, safe plugs, and a drain system. Adaptations to the needs of each sub-unit are specified below. The first three sub-units should be contiguous to simplify working routines, since they represent three different steps of the same production process. They should be placed close to the larval rearing unit to reduce transport distance. The laboratory services the entire unit, plus the other hatchery compartments. There should be, however, a pathology laboratory in a separate room, to prevent possible spread of diseases. Program of Activities 1.
Clearing the proposed area for tank construction
2.
Preparing the construction materials
3.
Storing/ positioning the construction materials to a place convenient for the construction worker
159
Quarter 3 4.
Laying out by erecting pegs, tying strings, and putting up marks for the dimension of the tank to be constructed
5.
Excavating of the tank area to a depth based on specifications.
6.
Preparing the mixture for footing, 1:2.5:5 ( cement- sand- gravel)
7.
Preparing the horizontal and vertical bars based on the dimension of the tank to be constructed.
8.
Preparing a class A mixture for the mortar which is 1:2:4.
9.
Piling the hollow blocks (CHB 4”x 8” x 16”) layer by layer until the required height is reached.
10. Cementing the tank floor with class A mixture. 11. Plaster finishing. The walls of the tank (in and out) to a mixture of 1:2. Add one bag of Sahara cement per mixture
160
Quarter 3
Directions: From the program of activities being discussed, illustrate the possible activities using the format below. You may add boxes of events if needed. Add details in the branching lines Event 1:
Event 2:
Topic: Hatchery Facility Construction
Event 4:
Event 3:
161
Quarter 3
Directions: Group the class with 3 – 4 members per group. Present a video clip (from internet or recorded) about hatchery facility construction. Note the points from the video for a class discussion.
Directions. Given the following information below, estimate the needed materials in constructing a fish tank.
A. Tank Dimension Length = 4.0 meters Width = 1.5 meters B. Concrete Hallow Blocks (CHB) to be used C. Thickness of Flooring is 5 inches D. Cement to be used Class B/88 lbs
162
4” x 8” x 16”
Quarter 3
Post-Assessment
Multiple Choice: Read and understand each item below. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of the following is NOT a typical type of a hatchery tank? a. plastic tank b. concrete tank c. fiber glass tank d. polyethylene tank 2. It refers to a rectangular, square, hexagonal, octagonal or circular in shape and a concrete structure used as aquaculture facility. a. fish tank b. plastic tank c. canvass tank d. fiber glass tank 3. Which of the following supplies dissolved oxygen into the tank? a. aerator b. drain hole c. water inlet d. water pump 4. Fish hatcheries are important in aquaculture industry because ______. a. they prevent flooding in the area b. they serve as water reservoir c. they serve as an artificial hatching area of fish d. they serve as storage area of feeds and other equipment 6. The following are the commonly used materials in the construction of a fish tank except for; a. GI wire b. PVC pipe 163
Quarter 3 c. air stone d. corrugated steel bars 6. It is a tank intended for culture of natural food such as phytoplankton. a. rotifer tank b. sand filter tank c. microalgal tank d. larval rearing tank 7. How many feet are there in 1 meter? a. 1.5 ft b. 2.5 ft c. 3.0 ft d. 3.28 ft 8. It is a type of water outlet wherein inner tube is shorter than the external one. a. drain outlet b. sink outlet c. main outlet d. telescope outlet 9. What is the aggregate area of a 4m x 2m x 1m fish tank in square feet? e. 107.78 ft2 f. 117.58 ft2 g. 127.58 ft2 h. 137.58 ft2 10. What is the area of a 4” x 8” x 16” concrete hollow block in square feet? a. 0.578 ft2 b. 0.678 ft2 c. 0.778 ft2 d. 0.878 ft2
164
Quarter 3 Glossary
Aggregate. Formed by adding together two or more amounts Crow Bar. A metal bar that has a thin flat edge at one end and is used to open or lift things Eccentrically. Not following a perfectly circular path Grout. A material used for filling spaces or cracks between tiles Mortar. A mixture of cement and water used in masonry or plastering Plaster. A wet substance that hardens when it becomes dry and that is used to make smooth walls and ceilings Riprap. A layer of similar material on an embankment slope to prevent erosion Sahara cement. A durable hydraulic cement specifically formulated for preventing water seepage through concrete or masonry walls and floors Vortex. A mass of spinning air, liquid, etc., that pulls things into its center
165
Quarter 3
Resources
Gapasin, R., & Marte, C. (1990, May 1). Milkfish hatchery operations. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/172/aem17.pdf;jsessi onid=7C75D199125F593201BF81F4B69432AA.jvm1?sequence=1
Rosario, W., Nipales, C., & Roxas, E. (n.d.). Commercial Production of Milkfish Fry (Hatchery Operations). Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://aquatechnidocwestly.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/3/10636182/commercia l_production_of_milkfish_fry.pdf
Tilapia hatchery and Nursery management in earthen ponds in the bicol region. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://region5.bfar.da.gov.ph/PDF/tilapia hatchery.pdf
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