Laughing gas: N2O Water gas: H2 + CO Coal gas: Mixture of many hydrocarbons Tear gas: Chloropicrin, CN, CR, CS, Pepper-spray etc. Acid rain: Oxides of Sulfur or Nitrogen + Water = HNO3 + H2SO4 Gobar gas (bio gas): CH4 + CO + H2 + CO2 + SO2 Bhopal Gas Tragedy : Methyl Isocynate
Atomic Structure Proton:
Charge (+ve) Mass Element
Neutron: Mass Electron: Charge (-ve)
Isotopes:
C-14 is radioactive Half-life = 5730 years Used in radioactive dating (carbon dating) Undergoes Beta decay
C-12 C-13 C-14 N-14
Atomic Number (p) 6 6 6 7 Isotopes
Isotopes of Hydrogen 1) Protium 2) Deuterium 3) Tritium
Mass Number (p+n) 12 13 14 14 Isobars
Neutron Number (n) 6 7 8 7 Isotones
Atomic number Mass number α radioactivity -2 -4 β radioactivity +1 0 γ radioactivity 0 0
H2O
D 2O
T2O
Light Water Heavy Water Tritiated Water Heavy water is used in nuclear reactors as moderator and coolant. India is the largest producer of Heavy Water in the world. Metals lose electrons Non-metals either gain electrons, or exist as noble gases Every atom has tendency to fill its outermost orbit with 8 electrons Metalloids are between metals and non-metals. Examples: Si and Ge Property pH Physical nature
Acid Less than 7.0. Taste sour. depends on concentration of Strength H+ ions Phenolphthalein remains colorless Other Electrolytes, conduct Properties electricity Acids free hydrogen ions (H+) Dissociation when mixed with water. Made of Oxides of non-metals Examples Acetic acid, Sulfuric acid Acids change litmus paper Litmus test red.
pH + pOH = 14 Acids + Base = Salt + Water
Base Greater than 7.0 Bases feel slippery. Taste bitter. depends on concentration of OHMakes it pink Electrolytes, conduct electricity Bases free hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed with water. Oxides of metals Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonia Bases change litmus paper blue.
Oxydation: Loss of electrons Reduction: Gain of electrons
