8/17/2011

Principles of Animal Production

Basic Principles in Animal Production Lecture 2

1

Types of Animal

2

Products from Animal

3

Animal Breeds

4

Breeding of Animal

5

Housing

6

Management of Animal

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Herd Health Management

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Waste management

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Integration of animal

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Feeds & Feeding

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Farm Records Management 2

Body Temperature

Vital Sign for Animals

 Temperature – the degree of heat of a living body  Result of balance between heat produces by basal metabolism and muscular activity and the heat lost from the body  About 85% of heat loss through skin, the rest by lungs, digestive tract and urinary secretion  Thermo regulators center located in the brain

• Disease – “any abnormal structural or functional changes in the tissues of the body” • “Vital Sign” in animal physiology – temperature, respiration rates and pulse rate of the body

Species

Deg Fahrenheit

Cattle

100.4 to 103.1

Sheep

102.2 to 104.9

Goat

102.2 to 104.9

Swine

100.4 to 104.0

Horse

99.5 to 101.3

3

Respiration

Pulse Rate/ Heart Beat  Pulse – “the rhythmic, periodic thrust felt over an artery in time with the heart beat  Important factor in taking pulse – frequency, rhythm and quality  Frequency – counting number of heart beat occur per minute  Rhythm – series that follow regular interval  Quality – tension on the arterial wall indicating volume of blood flow

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Species

Heart Beat per minute

Cattle

40 to 70

Sheep

60 to 70

Goat

60 to 70

Swine

60 to 100

Horse

28 to 40

• Respiration – act of breathing or the act of taking in oxygen, using it in the tissues and giving off carbon dioxide • Respiration consist of (1) inspiration, or expansion of the chest or thorax and (2) expiration, or expulsion of air from lung • Factors associated are rate, depth, character, rhythm, sound, dyspnea

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Species

Respiratory Rate per minute

Beef Cattle

10 to 30

Dairy Cattle

18 to 28

Sheep

12 to 20

Goat

12 to 20

Swine

8 to 18

Horse

8 to 16 6

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Animal Parameters

Normal temperature of animals

Species

Animal

Normal Temperature °C

Animal

Normal Temperature °C

Cattle

38.5

Calf

Buffalo

38.2

Goat

39.5

Sheep

39.0

Camel*

34.5-41.0

Llama, alpaca

38.0

Horse

38.0

Donkey

38.2

Pig

39.0

Chicken

42.0

Piglet

39.8

Age at Puberty

Cattle

Cycle Type

Cycle Length Duration of Estrus

4-18 (12) mo, Polyestrous all usually first bred year ~15 mo

39.5

Best Time to Breed

21 days (18-24)

18 hr (10-24)

Insemination from midestrus until 6 hr after end of estrus

Sheep

7-12 (9) mo

Seasonally polyestrous, early fall to winter;

16 1/2 days (14-20)

24-48 hr

18-20 hr after onset of estrus

Goat

4-8 (5) mo

Seasonally polyestrous, early fall to late winter

18-21 days (19)

2-3 days

Daily during estrus

Pig

4-9 (7) mo

Polyestrous all year

21 days (16-24)

2-3 days

~24 hr after onset of estrus

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Type of Livestock

8

Products from Animal .

Type of Livestock

Family

Scientific Name

Beef Cattle

Bovine

Bos taurus/Bos indicus

Cattle

Category

Dairy

Bovine

Bos taurus/Bos indicus

Buffalo

Buffalo

Bovine

Bubalus bubalis

Goat

Sheep

Ovine

Ovis aries

Sheep

Capra aegagrus hircus

Poultry

Goat

Caprine

Pig/Hog/Swine Poultry

Procine

Sus domesticus

Aves

Gallus gallus domesticus

Pig

Products Beef , Leather, Gelatin & Milk Beef , Leather & Milk Chevon/Cabriato/Mutton, Leather & Milk Lamb/Hogget/Mutton, Wool, Leather & Milk Poultry Meat & Eggs Pork/Ham/Bacon, Lard, Bristle, Leather, Gelatin(bone)

Animal Feed

Feedstuffs

9

Feeds Availability

Breeds of Animal .

Animal

Beef Cattle Buffalo

Breeds

No

Source of Feeds

Animal

Kedah Kelantan, Brahman, Yellow Cattle, Angus, Simmental, Limousine, Hereford, Sahiwal

1

Crop grown specifically for feed, pasture & fodder, concentrate or grain crop eg. Tapioca, cassava, etc

Cattle, Sheep, Goat

Malaysian Buffalo (Swamp Buffalo), Murrah Buffalo, Australian Buffalo

2

Residues and by products of domestics agriculture production and local agro-industries eg. Rice bran, palm kernel cake, molasses, sugarcane tops, rice straw, sago waste, pineapple waste, etc

Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Poultry

3

By products from processing of imported raw material eg. Soya bean meal, wheat middling, brewer’s grain, etc

Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Poultry

4

By products of the livestock and fishery industry eg blood meal, meat meal, fish meal, poultry litter, intestines, etc

Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Poultry

5

Compound or formula feeds

Goat

Katjang, Jamnapari, Boer, British Alpine, Saenen, Toggenburg,

Sheep

Malin, Merino varieties, Barbados Blackbelly, Sante Ines

Poultry

Arbor Acre , Ross, Jungle Fowl, Malay Kampung Chicken

Pig Dairy Cattle

10

Landrace, Duroc, Cantonese, Saddleback Holstein-Friesien, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire 11

All

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8/17/2011

Animal Production and Human Nutrition

Principles of Animal Breeding No

 Animal protein contains essential amino acids required for the nutrition of man. The consumption of milk, egg, and meat in adequate quantities will ensure the intake of protein needs for body building and growth  Food consumption pattern per head daily among the rich and poor, urban and rural as well as among the difference races vary essentially due to differences in income, eating habits, belief and religious prohibitions.

Items

Parameters

1

Genetic Parameters

i. ii. iii.

Heritability Repeatability Genetic & Phenotypic correlations

2

Principles of selection

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Quantitative traits Genetic merit/breeding values Individual/Mass selection Family Selection Pedigree Selection

3

Mating System

i. ii.

Cross breeding In breeding

4

Mating method

i. ii. iii. iv.

Natural mating Artificial insemination Embryo transfer Synchronization

 Per capita consumption 13

14

Body Temperature

Purpose of Ventilation

 Regulation of body temperature

 A ventilation system for a poultry or livestock shelter accomplishes one or more of the following :-

   

Heat production and loss Effect of humidity Air movement The animal's surface

 provides desired amount of fresh air, without drafts, to all parts of the shelter;  maintains temperatures within desired limits;  maintains relative humidity within desired limits; and  maintains ammonia levels below specified levels (to assure worker safety).

 The objective in ventilation of an animal shelter is to maintain a healthy environment for animals and workers in the facility. 15

16

Biogas Plant

Housing for livestock

heat Biogas plants produce heat after cooling generator without any additional gas combustion.

Purpose Shelter from cold or hot weather .  conducive environment for growth and production  proper management of livestock  sufficient floor space

biological fertilizer Biologically digested biomass becomes ecologically clear fertilizer (biohumus) that increase crops up to 40-50%. waste products utilization Natural biological wastes like manure can not be used as a fertilizer at least for 3 years (it should be stored in lagoons). After waste recycling in ZORGTM biogas plant it is ready for usage without any additional treatment. fuel for vehicles After some treatment and CO2 removal biogas is pure methane that can be used as vehicle fuel 17

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What is bio-security ?

Good Herd Health Program 



Prevention of disease is essential to ensure profitability and success of the herd health program The 4 basic part to herd health program Nutrition  Deworming  Vaccination  Biosecurity 

Bio-security is a set of management practices that prevent infectious diseases from being carried into the herd A sound bio-security plan will help prevent the introduction and spread of diseases into the herd The goal of all bio-security programs is to break the diseases transmission cycle

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Integration in the poultry industry Integration within industry            

Integration outside industry

Feed millers Parent stock breeder Breeder Eggs Day-old-chick (DOC) Broiler Slaughter house Processing Plant Further Processing Retail outlet Fast Food Chain Restaurant

 Poultry in fish industry  Poultry in plantation  Poultry in cattle industry

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food from animal products • blood, especially in the form of blood sausage /blood pudding, plain, pancake & soup • broths and stocks are often created with animal fat, bone, and connective tissue • carmine also known as cochineal (food dye) • casein (found in milk and cheese) • dairy products (e.g., milk, cheese, yoghurt, etc.) • eggs • gelatin 23

• L-cysteine from human hair and pig bristles (used in the production of biscuits and bread) • lard • meat, including fish • rennet (commonly used in the production of cheese) • swiftlet's nest (made of saliva) • whey (found in cheese and added to many other products

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Non-food from animal products • blood and some blood substitutes (blood used for transfusions is always human in origin, though some blood substitutes are made from animal sources. Many diagnostic laboratory tests use animal or human sourced reagents) • bone, including antlers, ivory, tusks, bone char, bone meal, etc. • casein (used in plastics, clothing, cosmetics, adhesives and paint)

• lanolin • leather • tallow, may be used in food and soap • feathers • foreskin (used to treat burns victims) • fur

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Halal Slaughter For halal slaughter, there are 4 main components that are required, namely; (a) halal animal, (b) slaughtering requirements, (c) slaughtering man and (d) slaughtering equipments and tools.

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What is GAHP ? (Good Animal Husbandry Practices)

Flow-diagram showing the principles in a slaughtering process. The sub-processes are divided in “dirty” and “clean” operations

 Procedures to ensure animals are farmed to meet a certain quality and safety requirements  Procedures describe the methods, equipments, facilities and controls for all farmed animals

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Why is Animal Waste Management Important?

Benefits of GAHP

Animal waste from farms and livestock/poultry and dairy production operations can severely threaten water quality if not managed properly.

 To improve management practises  To avoid violative drug residues  To decrease production cost  To expand market for animal products  To trace animal products from production sources

In order to stay economically competitive, most commercial livestock and poultry operations have increased the number of animals. Often, more manure is generated than can be safely applied to the soil immediately surrounding that facility. Consequently, waste treatment technologies must be upgraded, and animal waste BMPs must be implemented and used more efficiently 31

Manure Treatment Goals and Potential Treatment Technologies

Waste Management of Livestock    

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Nitrogen Reduction

Manure Effects on Soil Organic Matter Manure Effects on Soil Erosion Organic Nitrogen Energy Benefits

Phosphorus Reduction

Odor Reduction

Energy Recovery

Adding Value to Manure

Gasification Combustion

Composting

Solids Separation Aerobic Treatment Vegetative Treatment Systems

Manure Additives Manure Additives Vegetative Treatment Systems

Aerobic Treatment Covers

Anaerobic Digestion

Vermicomposting

Anaerobic Digestion

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Record Keeping in Farm Management

 need to start record keeping practices to improve their current procedures  without a proper understanding of record keeping and its current and future implications, the farm operators will not go far

Vegetative Treatment Area

 need to control the farm operation’s financial well-being by keeping a good and accurate financial records

The general idea behind this technology is that the plants will take up the nutrients contained in the runoff and that natural factors will eliminate undesirable components such as pathogens. There are many different types of VTA’s, level, infiltration basins, sloped, sprinkler, dual and multiple systems, etc. 35

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Assignment Topic

Assignment Topic 1. List various type of feeds and feeding stuffs that are available in the Malaysian market. Discuss their usage and potentials Discuss challenges that may be encountered for commercialization Discuss what are available and would be the requirement

2. Malaysia intend to be 100% self sufficient in beef by the year 2010.  Why is the need for this ? Discuss its rational and possibilities  What are the challenges ?  How can they be overcome ?  where are the potential for this to happen ?

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Assignment Topic

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Assignment Topic

3. Malaysia is currently 100% self sufficient in pork production.

4. What are factors influencing the poultry industry in Malaysia ?  why it’s possible ? Discuss what are the factors that lead to this situation  challenges in the production capacity what will the future be for this industry

 can we sustain to be 100% self sufficiency ?  why is the industry growing so rapidly as compare to the other industry ?  what is the future of these industry ?

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Assignment Topic

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Assignment Topic

5. Milk production is only 5% self sufficiency. 6. Mutton & Lamb production only account for 25% of demand.

What are ways to increase the production of milk ? What are the challenges the industry faces in achieving the status ? How to remedy this situation ?  Why are we not producing enough even though it’s highly demanded ?

What are the factors contributing to these ? What are the possible avenue to remedy the situation ?  Why can’t we produce more mutton/lamb to meet market demand ?

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Domestic Animal Terminology

Assignment Topic

Animal

Young

Female

Male

Buffalo

calf

Cow, heifer

bull

steer

bovine

Beef, carabeef

Cattle

calf

Cow, heifer

bull

steer

bovine

beef, veal

Chicken

chick

hen, pullet

rooster, cockerel

capon

galline

chicken, poultry

Goat

kid

doe, nanny

Buck, billy

wethers

caprine

chevon, cabriato, mutton

Pig, Swine

Piglet

sow, gilt

boar

barrow/ stag

porcine

pork, ham, bacon (lard)

Sheep

lamb

ewe

ram

wethers

ovine

lamb, mutton, hoggett,

7. Egg production, 100% self sufficient but cost keep going up ? What are the factors contributing to these ? What are the possible avenue to remedy the situation ?  Why can’t we reduce the cost of production to meet market demand ?

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Castrated male Scientific Name

Meat /Fat

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THANK YOU

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