Basics of Chromosomes By Elif TÜRKDÖNMEZ and Mert METİN
What is chromosome? • Condensed form of genetic material appears at cell devision
Chromatid • One arm of the chromosome that connects with another at the point called centromers
Sister Chromatids • Chromatids that are identical called sister chromatids
Homologous Chromosomes Chromosomes that are similar but not identical called homologous chromosomes. One of these chromosomes is maternal while the other is paternal.
Histone • It is the protein which chromatin wrapped around
Chromosome number is constant • For individuals that are in the same species • Throughout all life • For any body cell
Ploidy • Having set or sets of chromosomes
Euploidy • Having balanced set or sets of chromosomes
Hapoloidy • Having only one set of chromosome
Diplody • Having two sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy • Having more than two sets of chromosomes
Aneuploidy • Having imbalanced set or sets of chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes • Chromosomes that is responsible for determination of gender of organism
Autosomal chromosomes • Chromosomes which don’t play any role at determining sex of organism.
Types of chromosome • Chromosomes are classified according to position of centromere.
General structure of an chromosome
Karyotyping • This is method for determining abnormalities on chromosome in terms of apperance and number of chromosomes.
How to karyotype? • Take your sample • Culture it • Take some part of culture • Stop them while they are in metaphase (In metaphase chromosomes are very tightly packed, it makes observation easier) • Use dye to faciliate observation • Investigate chromosomes under the microscope
• Packing of DNA is not uniformly tight even on the same chromosome, according to this information some parts of chromosome differ from other. Therefore chromosome can be devided to two main part: • Euchromatin • Heterochromatin
Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin • Eurochromatin is active part and not tightly packed. Because it is not loosely packaged, it let light to pass easily. Therefore under light microscope it is seen as white. • As opposite to euchromatin, heterochromatin tightly packed and inactive part. Under the microscope, it is seen as dark.
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