BLGY: MM-IX

5 ka-ØnXn ]men-¡m³  B´c ka-Øn-Xn-¡mbn D]m-]-Nbþ]mgvhkvXp¡sf ]pdw-X-ÅemWv hnkÀP\w. D]m-]-Nb{]hÀ¯-\- ^e-ambn ico-c-I-e-I-fn ]e-hn[ ]mgvhkvXp¡fpw D-m-Ip-¶p. ss\t{Sm-P-\nI amen-\y-§Ä, CO2 , Pew, eh-W-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv Ch-bn {][m-\-s¸-«-h. Ch ico-c-¯n-e-Snªv IqSp-¶Xv B´-c-k-a-ØnXn XI-cm-\n-S-bm-Ipw. AXn-\m Cu lm\n-I-c-amb hkvXp-¡sf thÀ¯n-cn¨v bYm-k-abw Hmtcm PohnbptSbpw hnkÀP-\m-h-b-h§ - Ä ]pdw-X-Åp-¶p.

hnkÀP-\w a\p-jy-\n a\p-jy\nse {][m\ hnkÀPyhkvXp bqdnb F¶- ]-ZmÀY-hpw AXv ]pd-´-Åp-¶Xv Hcp tPmUn hr¡-IÄ hgn-bpam-Wv. D]m]Nb ^e-ambn cq]-s¸-Sp-¶ Atam-Wnb Icfn sh¨v CO2pw Pehpambn- IqSn-t¨À¶v bqdnb Bbn amdp-¶p. NH3+ CO2+H2O bqdnb Ic-fn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ bqdnb ho-pw cà-¯n-te¡v am-äs¸-Sp¶p. bqdnbbpw aäp tZmjI-c-amb ]ZmÀY-§fpw IeÀ¶ càw hr¡-I-fn-se-¯p-¶p.

hr¡-I-fpsS (a) Øm\wþDZ-cm-i-b-¯n \s«-Ãnsâ Ccp-h-i-¯p-apÅ amwk-t]-in-\n-c-I-fpsS Acn-In-Â. (b) BIr-Xnþ]bÀa-Wn-bpsS BIr-Xn(c) hen-¸wþ 11cm \of-hpw, 5cm hoXn-bpw, 3cm I\hpw (d) [Àawþ bqdnb, eh-W-§Ä, hnäm-an-\p-IÄ, tZmjI-c-amb aäp ]ZmÀY-§Ä F¶n-h-sb cà-¯n \n¶pw Acn-¨pamän aq{X-cq]-¯n ]pd´Åp-¶p.

hr¡bpsS B´cLS\-

`mKw 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

hr¡m[-a\n hr¡mknc tImÀ«Ivkv saUpà s]Âhnkv aq{X-hmln

{]tX-I-X-IÄ / [Àaw Aip² càw hr¡-I-fn-se-¯n¡p-¶p ip² càw hr¡-I-fn- \n¶v sIm-v t]mIp¶p kq£va Acn-¸-IÄ / s\t{^m-Wp-IÄ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ _mly`mKw s\t{^m-Wp-IfpsS \o- Ipg-ep-IÄ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ B´c`mKw Acn-¸-I-fn \n¶v aq{Xw Hgp-In-sb-¯p¶ `mKw hr¡-bn \n¶pw aq{Xs¯ aq{X-k-©n-bn F¯n-¡p¶ IpgÂ

Hmtcm hr¡-bp-sSbpw DÄh-i¯v ImW-s¸-Sp¶ kq£va Acn-¸-IfmWv s\t{^m-Wp-IÄ (GXm-v 12 e£-t¯mfwþH-cäw Xpd¶Xpw atä-bäw AS-ª-Xp-amb \o-p-Np-cp- Ipg-em-WXv).

s\t{^m-Wnsâ LS\`mKw 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

{]tX-I-X-IÄ

t_mam³kv Im]vkyqÄ Cc«`n¯n-bpÅ I¸pt]mepÅ Bh-c-W-w A^-dâv shk t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfnte¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ hr¡m-[-a-\n-bpsS imJ t¥ma-dp-ekv A^-dâv shk cà-tem-an-I-Ifmbn amdnb `mKw C^-dâv shk t¥ma-dp-e-knse cà-tem-an-I-IÄ tNÀ¶v cq]-s¸-Sp¶ Ipg hr¡m-\-fnI t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfns\bpw tiJ-c-W-\mfnsbbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ Ipg _mly-\-fnIm temanIPmew hr¡m-\-fnIbv¡v Npäpw ImW-s¸-Sp¶ cà-tem-an-I-IÄ tiJ-c-W-\mfn aq{Xw tiJ-cn¨v s]Âhn-kn-te¡v F¯n-¡p¶p

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Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-§Ä

Aant\m BknUv

¥qt¡mkv

aew

(tImi-¯nÂ)

(IpS-enÂ)

A[n-I-ap-ÅXv

PohÂ{]h¯\-§sf klm-bn-¡p-¶p,

]pXnb amwky-§fpsSbpw F³ssk-ap-IfpsSbpw kwtÇ-j-W-w ]mgvhkvXpþ Atam-Wnb

]mgvhkvXpþ CO2+H2O

DuÀtPm-Xv]m-Z-\-w

D]m-]-Nb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Zl-\w

(Ic-fnÂ)

bqdn-bm-ssk-¡nÄ

Bhiy LS-I-§Ä BhiyanÃm¯ ]ZmÀ°§Ä

(lrZbw)

à càw

(hr¡-bnse s\t{^m-WnÂ)

kq£va Acn-¡Â

þap-Jy-hn-kÀP-\m-hbhw

Pew

hr¡-I-fn aq{Xw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv 3 L«-§f- n-eq-sS-bm-Wvþ

(Step-1) kq£va Acn-¡Â hymkw IqSnb A^-dâv shk t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfnte¡v càw hln-¨p sIm-v hcp-¶p. F¶m t\À¯ C^-dâv - n-epÅ Cu hyXymkw cà-¯nsâ Hgp-¡n shk BWv t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfn\v ]pd-t¯¡v càw -sIm-pt]mIp-¶-Xv. hen-¸¯ aÀ±ap-m-¡p-¶p. CXp Imc-W-ambn t¥ma-dp-eknte¡v hcp¶ amen-\y-§-f-S-§nb càw t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfnse -kq£va kpjn-c¯n-eqsS Acn-¡s- ¸-Sp-¶p. Cu {Zmh-Is¯ t¥ma-dp-emÀ ^nÂt{Säv F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. (kq£va kpjn-c-§Ä Pe-t¯bpw cà-¯nse hfsc sNdnb IWn-I-I-tfbpw am{Xta IS-¯n-hn-Sp-Ib - p-Åq. amwkyhpw Nph¶ càmWp-¡fpw kpjn-c-§sf¡mÄ hen¸w IqSn-bX - n-\m ^nÂt{S-änte¡v Ahsb IS-¯n- hn-Sp¶nÃ).

(Step-2) ]p\-cm-Kn-cWhpw {khn-¡epw 127ml t¥ma-dp-emÀ ^nÂt{S-äv 1 an-\p«nep-m-Ip¶p. F¶m Ch-bn-epÅ Pehpw ¥qt¡mkpw aäp ]e LS-I-§fpw ico-c¯n\v Bh-iy-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv. ^nÂt{S-äv \ofw IqSnb hr¡m-\-fn-Ib - n-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Cu -h-kvXp-¡sf _mly-\-fnIm temanIPme¯nte¡v ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXn-s\m¸w Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ Nne ]ZmÀ°-§Ä _mly-\-fnIm temanIPme¯n \n¶v hr¡m-\f- n-I-bn-te¡v {khn¡s¸-Sp-¶p. GI-tZiw ^nÂt{S-änsâ 126mlþDw ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw _m¡n `mKw tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn-tem«v IS¡p¶p.

(Step-3) Pe-¯nsâ BKn-cWw t¥ma-dp-emÀ ^nÂt{SänÂ\n¶v A[n-I-apÅ Pew tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn-Â sh¨v BKn-cWw sNbvXv aq{X-ambn amdp-¶p.  lotam-t¥m_-nsâ hnL-S-\-^-e-am-bp--m-Ip¶ bqtdmt{Imw F¶ hÀW-I-amWv aq{X-¯n\v Cfw aª-\ndw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv.

aq{Xw ]pd-´-Åp¶ hn[w tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn-Â \n¶pw aq{Xw hr¡-bpsS s]Âhn-kn-se-¯p-¶p. AhnsS \n¶pw aq{X-hm-ln-bn-eqsS aq{Xk©n-bn-¯n-se¯n tiJ-cn-¡s- ¸-Sp-¶p. aq{Xk©n- \nd-bp-t¼mÄ aq{X-\mfn-bn-eqsS ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp-¶p.

hr¡ tcmK-§Ä tcmKw hr¡-bnse IÃv

-tcm-K-e-£Ww ASn-h-b-än thZ-\, aq{X-X-S-Êw, Xe-I-d-¡w, OÀ±n.

s\ss{^-änkv (hr¡ho¡w) bpdo-anb

Ie-§n-bXpw ISpw-\n-d-t¯m-SpIqSnbXpamb aq{Xw, ]pdwthZ\bpw ]\n-bpw, apJ¯pw IW-¦menepw \oÀho-¡w. hnfÀ¨, ico-c-`mcw Ipd-bp-I, Xe-I-d-¡w, izmkX-S-Êw, hb-dn-f¡w XpS-§n-b-h. bqdn-bbpw aäp hnkÀPy-h-kvXp¡fpw Acn-¨p-am-ä-s¸-SmsX cà-¯n Xs¶ \ne-\n¡p-¶p.

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ImcWw

ap³I-cp-XÂþ]-cn-lmcw

ImÕyw HmIvk-teäv, ImÕyw t^mkv-t^äv F¶nh Xcn-Ifmbn aq{X-hm-ln-bnepw hr¡-Ifnepw ASn-ªp-Iq-Sp-¶p.

 Znhkhpw 2þ3 l shÅw IpSn-¡p-I.  IrXy-amb CS-th-f-I-fn icoc-¯n-ep--m-Ip¶ A-Wp_m[ aq{Xw Hgn-¡p-I. / hnj-_m[.  aq{X¸pcbpw Npäp]mSpw ipNn-bmbn kq£n-¡p-I. hr¡-IÄ {]hÀ¯\cln-X-am-hp-I.

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hr¡mXI-cm-dp-IÄ¡v ]cn-lmcw hr¡-IÄ {]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-amb DS³ Xs¶ NnInÕ tXtS---Xm-Wv.

A. lotamUbm-en-kn-kv k¦oÀW-amb b{´-kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v cà-¯nse amen-\y-§Ä Acn-¨p-amän càw ip²o-I-cn-¡p¶ {]{In-bbm-Wn-Xv. c-v hr¡-Ifpw {]hÀ¯\cln-X-am-Ip¶ Ah-Ø-bnemWv Ubm-en-kn-kv \S-¯p-¶Xv.

? Ubm-en-kn-kv sN¿p-¶-sX-§s\ (Step-1) kuI-cy-{]-[-amb [a-\n-I-fn \n¶pw hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡fpsS Af-hp-Iq-Snb

càw tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p. càw I«-]n-Sn¡mXncn-¡m-\mbn sl¸m-cn³ F¶ cmk-hkvXp tNÀ¡p¶p. (Step-2) Ubm-en-kn-kv ^vfqbnUv \nd¨ Sm¦n\pÅnse \o- sktÃms^bn³ Ipg-en-eqsS càs¯ ]Xps¡ IS-¯n-hn-Sp¶p. skÃp-temkv Ipg- hfsc sNdnb IWnI-I-tfbpw Pe-t¯bpw ^vfqbnUnte¡v Un^yq-j³ sN¿p-¶p. (Step-3) ip²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« càw tcmKn-bpsS knc-bn-te¡v IS-¯n-hn-Sp-¶p.

B. hr¡ amän-sh-¡Â Hcn-¡epw NnIn-Õn¨p t`Z-am-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Xc-¯n c-p hr¡-Ifpw {]hÀ¯-\cln-X-am-Ip-¶ Ah-Ø-bn-emWv hr¡-IÄ amän hbvt¡-n hcp-¶-Xv.

km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw $ ]qÀ® Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cns¡ A]-I-S-¯ntem atäm s]«v ac-W-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-¶bmfpsStbm ]qÀ® Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-b HcmfpsStbm hr¡-IÄ amän-sh-¡m-hp¶-XmWv. $ GXp KW-¯nÂs]« ZmXm-hm-bmepw, ZmXm-hn-sâbpw kzoIÀ¯m-hn-sâbpw cà-{Kq-¸pIÄ ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. $ ZmXm-hn \n¶pw {]hÀ¯\-\n-c-X-amb Hcp hr¡-bm-Wv kzoIÀ¯m-hn-tebv¡v amänhbv¡p-¶-Xv. kzoIÀ¯m-hnsâ icocw Cu hr¡sb ]qÀ®-ambpw kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta hr¡ amänhbv¡Â hnPb-I-c-am-Ip-¶p-Åq.

 hr¡ Zm\w sN¿q... Poh³ ]¦phbv¡q... Hcp hr¡ am{Xw D]tbmKn¨v Hcp hyàn¡v Pohn-¡m-\m-Ipw (AXn\v A¸w hen¸w IqSp-sa¶v am{Xw). Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb HcmÄ AbmfpsS Hcp hr¡ Zm\w sNbvXm asäm-cmÄ¡v AXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v Pohn-¡m-\m-Ipw. AXn-\m hr¡ Zm\-¯n-eqsS asäm-cm-fp-ambn PohnXw ]¦phbv¡m-\m-Ipw.

ico-c-¯nse aäp hnkÀP-\m-h-b-h-§Ä IcÄ, izmk-tImiw, Xz¡v F¶n-hbpw hnkÀP\¯n\v klm-bn-¡p¶p. A-h-b-h-w IcÄ izmk-tImiw Xz¡v

hnkÀPy-§Ä ico-c-¯n cq]-s¸-Sp-¶tXm ]pd¯p \n¶v F¯p-¶tXm Bb hnjh-kvXp-¡Ä CO2 A[nI Pew, eh-W-§-Ä

hnkÀP\ coXn hnjh-kvXp-¡-sf \nÀhocy-am¡p¶p. t\cn«v ]pd´Åp-¶nÃ. CO2 tiJ-cn¨v \ocmhntbmsSm¸w ]pd´Åp¶p. hnbÀ¸n-eqsS ]pd´Å-p¶p.

hnkÀP-\w aäp P´p-¡-fn hnkÀPyh-kvXp-¡fpw hnkÀP-\m-h-bh-§fpsS k¦oÀWX Pohn-I-fnse PohÂ{]-hÀ¯\ \nc-¡-\p-k-cn¨pw Pohn-¡p¶ Npäp-]m-S-\p-k-cn¨pw ({][m\-ambpw Pe-e-`yX) hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¶p. P´p Aao_

hnkÀPyhkvXp Atam-Wnb, A[nI Pew

hnkÀP-\m-h-b-hw hnkÀÖ\ coXn þþ

a®nc

bqdnb, s\{^o-Un-bAtam-Wnb, Pew

jUv]-Zw

bqdnIv BknUv

aÕyw Xhf

kt¦m-N-t^\-§Ä ]pd-´-Åp-¶p. ico-c- A-d-bn \n¶pw hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡Ä thÀXn-cn¨v ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-¯n-epÅ kpjn-cw- hgn ]pd-´Åp¶p.

Atam-Wn-b

amÂ]o-Pnb³ \fn-I-IÄ hr¡

ico-c-{Z-h-¯n \n¶v amen-\y-§sf thÀXn-cn¨v A¶-]-Y-¯n F¯n-¡p-¶p. AhnsS \n¶v ]pd-´-Åp¶p. -hr¡-I-fn-eqsS t\cn«v Pe-¯n-te¡v hnkÀPn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

bqdnb

hr¡-

hr¡-I-Ä amen\yw Acn¨v amän aq{X-cq-]-¯n ]pd-´-Åp¶p.

hr¡-

hr¡-I-Ä amen\yw Acn¨v amän Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-§-tfm-sSm¸w ]pd-´-Åp¶p.

]£n-IÄ, bqdnIv BknUv Dc-K-§Ä

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kt¦m-N-t^\w

s\{^o-Un-b-

amÂ]o-Pnb³ \fn-I-IÄ

hr¡

hr¡

hr¡

hr¡

hnkÀP-\w kky-§-fn kky-§-fn P´p-¡-sf-t¸mse Hcp {]tXyI hnkÀP-\-hy-hØ \ne-hn CÃ. kky-§-fn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ hnkÀPy§-fpsS Afhpw P´p-¡sf At]-£n¨v hfsc Ipd-hmWv. P´p-¡-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼mÄ kky-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-\n-cX Ipdhm-b-XmWv CXn\v Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-ambn ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

hnkÀPy hkvXp

hnkÀÖ\ coXn

O2 ({]Im-i-kw-tÇ-jW - -¯nsâ Dt]m¸-¶a- mbp-mIp¶Xv) CO2, Pew - ¯ - nsâ (tImiiz-k\

^e-am-bp--m-Ip¶Xv)

]pÂhÀKkky-§-fnÂ

sÌmam-ä- hgn (Ce-I-fpsS Xmsgbpw Cfw ImWvU§-fnepw ImW-s¸-Sp¶ kpjn-c§ - Ä)

Pew

sslUm-t¯m-Up-IÄ hgn (Ce-I-fpsS A{K-¯n ImW-s¸-Sp¶ kpjn-c§ - Ä)

aäp Nne hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡Ä

Im-WvU-¯nsâ a[y-¯n-epÅ {]mbwsN¶ sskew Ipg-ep-Ifn \nt£-]n-¡Â ({ItaW ImX Bbn amdp¶p)

Ce sImgnbÂ

(sImgn-bm-dm-Ip-t¼mÄ kky-§Ä Bh-iy-amb LS-I-§sf Xncn-s¨-Sp-¯v hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡Ä \nt£-]n-¡p¶p)

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