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Chapter Test A Chapter: Nuclear Chemistry In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. In nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a a. transmutation. b. roentgen. c. nuclide. d. nucleon. ______ 2. What is the force of attraction among the particles in a nucleus that overcomes electrostatic repulsion and holds the nucleus together? a. electrostatic force b. strong nuclear force c. electromagnetic force d. nuclear binding force ______ 3. Which of the following does not occur when separated nucleons come together to form a nucleus? a. the release of energy b. less stability of the nucleus than of the separate nucleons c. more stability of the nucleus than of the separate nucleons d. a mass defect ______ 4. Stable nuclei have a. high nuclear binding energy. b. low nuclear binding energy. c. a tendency to undergo fission. d. a tendency to undergo fusion. ______ 5. Which of the following has the most stable nucleus? a. U b. Fe c. He d. B ______ 6. Nuclides that have a high binding energy per nucleon are more a. likely to explode. b. ionizable. c. stable. d. electron rich.

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Chapter Test A, continued ______ 7. Elements that have the greatest binding energies per nucleon have atomic masses that are a. low. b. intermediate. c. high and even numbers. d. high and odd numbers. ______ 8. The mass defect represents the amount of mass converted into energy and released when protons and neutrons form a(n) a. nucleus. b. atom. c. element. d. ion. ______ 9. How does the mass of an 168 O atom compare with the mass of the original eight protons and eight neutrons that formed it? a. The mass of the 168 O atom is slightly less. b. The mass of the 168 O atom is slightly more. c. The mass of the 168 O atom is double. d. The masses are the same. ______10. The amount of energy required to break a nucleus into nucleons is the a. nuclear critical mass. b. half-life. c. nuclear binding energy. d. mass defect. ______11. Which represents the number of nucleons in completed nuclear energy levels. a. shell numbers b. shell energies c. magic numbers d. magic energies ______12. Of the following number of nucleons in a nuclide, which is most likely to be unstable? a. 8 b. 15 c. 20 d. 28 ______13. A transmutation is a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of a. electrons. b. protons. c. neutrons. d. atoms. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

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Chapter Test A, continued ______14. All nuclear reactions affect the a. number of electrons. b. number of protons. c. number of neutrons. d. nucleus. ______15. In beta emission, an electron is emitted from a(n) a. proton. b. nucleus. c. neutron. d. ion. ______16. Alpha particles are made up of a. one proton and one electron. b. one proton and one neutron. c. two protons and two electrons. d. two protons and two neutrons. ______ 17. During positron emission, a. the atomic number decreases by two, and the mass number remains the same. b. the atomic number increases by one, and the mass number increases by one. c. the atomic number decreases by one, and the mass number increases by one. d. the atomic number decreases by one, and the mass number remains the same. ______18. Which type of radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper? a. alpha b. beta c. gamma d. delta ______19. In alpha emission, a. the atomic number decreases by one, and the mass number decreases by four. b. the atomic number decreases by one, and the mass number decreases by two. c. the atomic number decreases by two, and the mass number decreases by four. d. the atomic number decreases by two, and the mass number decreases by two.

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Chapter Test A, continued ______20. The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction is called the a. neutrino mass. b. critical mass. c. reaction mass. d. control mass. ______21. Carbon-14 is useful a. in radiometric dating. b. as a radiation tracer. c. to treat cancer. d. in film badges. ______22. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5715 years. If a sample of carbon-14 has an original mass of 10 g, the amount remaining at the end of 11 430 years will be a. 2.5 g. b. 5 g. c. 10 g. d. 50 g. ______23. The equation 146 C 3 147 N  10 e represents the decay of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14. This decay is an example of a. beta emission. b. electron capture. c. positron emission. d. alpha decay. 0 40 ______24. The equation 40 19 K  1e 3 18 Ar  γ represents an example of a. beta emission. b. electron capture. c. positron emission. d. alpha decay.

______25. Nuclides produced by the decay of heavier nuclides are a. moderator nuclides. b. parent nuclides. c. fusion nuclides. d. daughter nuclides.

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Print RESOURCE PAGE TEACHER 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

anode electrode potential electroplating standard hydrogen electrode cathode cathode anode False False True zinc Cu2  2e 3 Cu zinc, copper copper, zinc toward the cathode The salt bridge allows the passage of ions yet isolates the half-cells so that charge does not build up on the electrodes and stop the reaction prematurely. Al 3 Al3  3e   MnO 3 Mn2 4H2O 4  8H  5e 3.16 V If E0 is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. voltaic or electrochemical

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

29.

21 Nuclear Chemistry, 30.

pp. 193–201 TEST A 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25.

c b b b a c b b d c a a d

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24.

b a c a c b d d a b a b

32.

TEST B 1. 3. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10.

d c b c half-life fusion transmutation

31.

2. b 4. a 6. d

33. 34. 35. 36.

radioactive decay transuranium elements gamma rays roentgen rems c d b a beta decay electron capture alpha decay positron emission 4 2He 1 0n 0 1 2 1H Artificial radioactive nuclides are not found naturally on Earth. They are made by artificial transmutation, which involves bombarding stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles. A sheet of paper can block alpha particles because they are so heavy. Lead or glass must be used to shield against beta particles. Gamma rays can penetrate most materials; lead and concrete must be used to block them. In fission, a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of lower mass. A nuclear reactor is a device that uses controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides. In nuclear fusion, low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. Nuclear fusion releases even more energy per gram of fuel than nuclear fission. In our sun and other stars, four hydrogen nuclei combine at extremely high temperature and pressure to form a helium nucleus, with a loss of mass and release of energy. In a chain reaction, the particle that starts the reaction is reproduced later and can start the process again. Shielding, control rods, moderator, fuel, coolant 4.3542  1011 J 0.137 001 amu 1.3670  1012 J/nucleon

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Print RESOURCE PAGE TEACHER 37. 0.98 g 38. 19.12 days

—

34. —

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CH — 3

—

22 Organic Chemistry, pp. 202–211 TEST A 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25.

d a b b d c c b b a d b c

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24.

d a b b d b c a a b b a

35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

42.

43.

TEST B 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

b 2. c d 4. a b 6. e g 8. c a 10. h b 12. f carbonates and oxides catenation saturated hydrocarbons heptane structural, or constitutional, isomers four increase CnH2n transfunctional group addition substitution 3-ethyl-3-methylheptane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane 2,4-hexadiene 2-butyne 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 1-bromo-1-fluoroethane CH3 — CH2 — CH3

44.

45.

46.

HC— — C — CH2— CH2— CH3 structural isomers geometric isomers condensation reaction substitution reaction addition reaction Both a structural formula and a molecular formula indicate the number and types of atoms present in a molecule, but a structural formula also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms. Groups attached to singly bonded carbon atoms are not held to one side of the molecule because single bonds allow free rotation within a molecule. As the number of carbon atoms in alkanes increases, so do their boiling points. In a distillation tower, the products with lower boiling points condense at the top, where it is cooler. The larger fractions with higher boiling points condense and are removed near the bottom of the tower. Sunlight breaks down CFC-12 and releases free chlorine atoms that react with ozone to form ClO and O2. The ClO combines with atomic oxygen to produce more chlorine atoms. These then react with more ozone molecules. Ozone molecules are consumed in these reactions. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain. In ketones, the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain. No, because addition reactions can occur only with unsaturated molecules. Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon.

23 Biological Chemistry,

pp. 212–220

TEST A 1. 3. 5. 7.

b c d d

2. 4. 6. 8.

a b c b

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Answer Key