Name:______________________________________________

STUDY GUIDE

Date:___________________

OPENING OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 4 I. ______________________________________________________________________________ A. First major battle of the Civil War B. What two factors spurred Lincoln to commit his army to battle, even though he knew that they had not been properly trained and may not be yet ready? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ C. Who was the top commander in the Union army at the beginning of the conflict? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why was this person unable to be Lincoln’s field commander in the coming conflict? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________ D. Who had been Lincoln’s first choice for field command of the Union army? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did this person decline the offer of command from Lincoln? ________________________________________________________________________ E. Who did Lincoln ultimately choose for field command of the Union army? ___________________________________________________________________________ F. Confederate Forces 1. Where was the strength of the Confederate forces centered? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. Who was in command of these Confederate forces? ____________________________________________________________________ c. What was the size of this force? ____________________________________________________________________ d. These forces ultimately took up position along what waterway? ____________________________________________________________________ 2. A second Confederate force had also been assembled where? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. Who was in command of these Confederate forces? ____________________________________________________________________

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c. What Union commander was sent to hold off these troops so that the Union army could move against the main body of the Confederate forces? ____________________________________________________________________ d. Because of the failure of the Union commander, though, this force was able to move to reinforce the main body of the Confederate forces. How where these troops moved into position? ____________________________________________________________________ e. With these reinforcements, what size of Confederate force was now assembled? ____________________________________________________________________ G. Where was the Confederate commander having a leisurely breakfast when the Union forces commenced their operations? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. After this person’s home was destroyed in the opening operations of the Civil War, to where did he move for the remainder of the war? ________________________________________________________________________ H. The Confederate positions were faltering until the arrival of additional troops under the command of whom? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. He helped steady the Confederate lines, and what quotation—used to rally his own forces—is attributed to a fellow Confederate commander describing the actions of this general? ________________________________________________________________________ I.

Which force ultimately prevailed and held the field of battle at the end of the day? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe how the opposing troops withdrew from battle. ________________________________________________________________________

J. What Confederate generals distinguished themselves during the battle? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ II. UNION REORGANIZATION AND STRATEGY A. What general was selected to replace the Union field commander after his failure in the first major battle of the Civil War? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. At the time of his appointment, this general had held what military command? ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Where had this general been battling the Confederacy at the time of his appointment? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. By what other nicknames was this general known? a. ____________________________________________________________________

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b. ____________________________________________________________________ B. Union Strategy 1. Who was the senior general in the Union responsible for devising the overall strategy? ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What were the two main elements of his strategy? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. What did he call his plan? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What did the newspapers and public ultimately call the plan? ________________________________________________________________________ 5. What potential political obstacles did this plan create for Lincoln? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. What logistical problems where there in implementing the plan? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Who was the secretary of the navy who was tasked with overcoming these problems? ________________________________________________________________________ III. FOREIGN DIPLOMACY A. Who was the American minister to Great Britain during the Civil War? ___________________________________________________________________________ B. Who were the Confederate ministers sent to Britain and France? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. What was the goal of their mission? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. To what foreign port did the ministers go to after running the blockade before setting out on their transatlantic voyage? ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Upon what ship did the two ministers depart for their transatlantic voyage? ________________________________________________________________________ C. What Union vessel intercepted this ship? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who was in command of the Union vessel? ________________________________________________________________________

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3. What happened to the two Confederate ministers as a result? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What was the reaction of Great Britain? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. Why was the British reaction rather ironic? ____________________________________________________________________ D. Who was the American secretary of state who dealt with the potential crisis? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What three main points did he bring up in the note he sent to the British government concerning the incident? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________ E. Which of the two Confederates became the minister to Britain? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What controversial piece of legislation had this person written and introducing while serving as a United States senator? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. How did this past affect his mission to Britain? Why? ____________________________________________________________________ F. Which of the two Confederates became the minister to France? 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who was the leader of France during the Civil War? a. ____________________________________________________________________ b. How was this French leader characterized by the textbook? ____________________________________________________________________