International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Coral Bleaching in West Sumatra Vany Helsa Anwar1),IndraJ unaidi Zakaria1), Indrawadi2) 1
2
University of Andalas,Depaetment of Biology, Padang West Sumatra University of BungHatta, Proklamator Diving Club, Padang West Sumatra * Corresponding author email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
One of the causes of coral bleaching caused by rising sea surface temperatures.The rise of sea surface temperature were occurred in the water of West Sumatra since February 2016.Research on coral bleaching in the water of West Sumatra have been conducted in March until May 2016. The percentage and genera of coral bleaching were taken at 16 locations. The percentage of coral bleaching in west Sumatra ranged between 60-80%, and there were found 13 genera (Acropora, Pocillopora, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Fungia, Porites, Merulina, Platygira, Psamocora, Pachyseris, Pavona, Montipora, Galaxea) of corals bleaching.Most of the bleached corals already dying and covered by algae. Keywords: Coral, Coral bleaching, Sea surface temperature, West Sumtra
INTRODUCTION Coral bleaching was a general event in coral reef ecosystem, coral bleaching caused by water pollution it make coral stress. But the mass coral bleaching event is not a general occur, the mass coral bleaching event caused by the surface temperature change suddenly (Marshall dan Baird, 2000). The mass coral bleaching were occur in 1998 in the tropic, in 2000 and in 2010 in indonesian water. the mass coral bleaching event will make the mass coral die. caused coral cannot life in high temperature. especially the coral species it was not tolerant for the high surface temperature(Suharsono, 2002). The high temperature causing stress in coral coloni. it was make zooxanthella out from the coral tissue. Zooxanthella were a unisellular alge that were coral simbion (Veron, 1995: Wesmancott et al., 2000: Ateweberhan and McClanahan, 2010). Coastal community need for sea resource especially coral reef ecosystem, the mass coral bleaching event was a negative cause for them. especially for fishery and tourism activity. In early 2016 the temperature surface was high in the indonesian water especially in western indonesian water. The high surface temperature causing the mass coral bleaching in the west sumatra, and this research aim for showed the coral bleaching pesentage and genera of coral bleaching
MATERIALS AND METHODS The coral bleaching research was conducted in 16 location, 6-7 meter depth in the west Sumatra. The location were Pulau Kasiak, Pulau Sironjong, Pulau Marak, Pulau Pagang, 95
International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Taman Nirwana, Sungai Pinang,
Pulau Bando, Pulau Aia, Pulau Pieh, Pulau Pandan,
Pulau Toran, Gosong Sambareh, Pulau Siburu, Pantai Jati, Pulau Pasumpahan dan Pulau Sikuai. The data was colected in March-May 2016 with survey method, timed swims. The research used some equipment like SCUBA, thermometer, mask, snorkel, fin, camera, underwater stationary, and coral identification books. The data was collected to assume the percentage of coral bleaching in the some location in the West Sumatra and observe some genera of coral it was bleaching. The results were analyzed descriptively and presented in tabular form.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result of the research in 16 location in West Sumatra showed percentage of coral bleaching is 60-80%. in 13 coral genera likes Acopora, Porites, Montipora, Merulina, Fungia, Platygyra, Montastrea, Goniastrea, Pocillopora, Galaxea, Psamocora, Pachyseris, Pavona. More data can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Coral bleaching genera Species
Location 1
2
3
4
Acropora
+
+
+
+
Porites
+
Montipora
+
Merulina
+
Fungia
+
6
+
+
+
+
+
9
10
11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Goniastrea
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Galaxea
+
+
+
+
+
Psamocora +
+
+
+
15
16
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
14
+
+
+ +
+
13
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
Pocillopora
12
+
+
Pavona
8
+
Montastrea
Pachyseris
7
+
+
Platygyra
5
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
1. Pulau Kasiak, 2. Pulau Sironjong, 3. Pulau Marak, 4. Pulau Pgang, 5. Taman Nirwana, 6. Sungai Pinang, 7. Pulau Bando, 8. Pulau Aia, 9. Pulau Pieh, 10. Pulau Pandan, 11. Pulau 96
International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Toran, 12. Gosong Sambareh, 13. Pulau Siburu, 14. Pantai Jati, 15. Pulau Pasumpahan, 16. Pulau Sikuai. The results showed that all corals were bleaching, the corals are categorized as tolerace to rising sea surface temperature such as Porites and the corals are categorized untolerance to rising sea surface temperature such as Pocillopora and Acropora (Al-Sofyan and Floos, 2013).
a.
b.
c. Figure 1. Sea surface temperature
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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Figure 1 shows the distribution of sea surface temperatures in February - May 2016, sea surface temperatures are increase. In the field survey the Sea surface temperature ranges are 31-33 ° C. This caused mass coral bleaching in the waters of West Sumatra, because the tolerance range for the coral is 28-30 ° C, the coral is still able to live on the temperature is 20 ° C and the limit of the range of coral tolerance is 36-40 ° C (Sukarno et al ., 1982; Nybakken and Bartness, 2005; Tanzil et al., 2009). But the increase temperature suddenly is causing stress on corals, and it is causing of coral bleaching. The temperature increase has caused mass coral bleaching in the waters of West Sumatra.
Figure 2. Mass Coral Bleaching in West Sumatra
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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia
CONCLUSION The result of the research that showed mass coral bleaching in the waters of West Sumatra, the percentage of coral bleaching is 60-80% in 13 genera of coral.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank the Diving Proklamator, TWP Pieh Team, Tabuik Diving Club for their support to got the data
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