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Protection for Exporters Power and Discrimination in Transatlantic Trade Relations, 1930–2010 Andreas Dür ISBN: 978-0-8014-4823-2 | 264 pages | £24.95 cloth

“Protection for Exporters is a must-read for anyone interested in the politics of trade policy in a highly interdependent world. This book goes beyond existing accounts of U.S. trade policy and develops an original argument backed by a comprehensive empirical evaluation. Andreas Dür shows how trade policy liberalization since 1945 has been driven by fears of discrimination in foreign markets and the need for governments to protect exporters.“ —Cédric Dupont, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva The liberalization of transatlantic trade relations since the Great Depression is one of the key developments in the global political economy of the last hundred years. This period has seen the negotiated reduction of both tariffs and nontariff barriers among developed countries, which allowed for the rapid expansion of trade flows, a driving force of economic globalization. In Protection for Exporters, Andreas Dür provides a novel explanation for this phenomenon that stresses the role of societal interests in shaping trade politics. He argues that exporters lobby more in reaction to losses of foreign market access than in pursuit of opportunities, thus providing a rationale for periods of acceleration and slowdown in the pace of liberalization. Dür also presents hypotheses about the form in which protection for exporters is provided (preferential or nonpreferential) and the balance of concessions that is exchanged in trade negotiations. Protection for Exporters includes case studies of major developments in international trade relations, such as the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in the 1930s, the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in the 1940s, the Kennedy Round in the 1960s, the debate over Fortress Europe in the 1980s, and U.S.European competition over access to emerging markets in the early 2000s. Dür’s rigorous argument and systematic empirical analyses not only explain transatlantic trade relations but also allow for a better understanding of the dynamics of international economic relations. Andreas Dür is Professor of International Politics at the University of Salzburg.

www.cornellpress.cornell.edu SUNG BIRDS Music, Nature, and Poetry in the of Later Middle “All those interested in the politics EU and U.S.Ages trade policy and negotiations will want to keep up Ewith the work of Andreas Dür. He has new and interesting things to LIZABETH EVA LEACH

368 say pages, withthis 71 illustrations and musical examples | £29.50 cloth about much-studied subject.”

—John S. Odell, Professor and Director, School of International Relations, University of Southern California

“Sung Birds is highly original and genuinely opens up a new way of reading (or hearing) much late-medieval vernacular lyric. It is representative of relatively new, potentially very exciting, “Protection forthat Exporters is anoutinnovative and solid contribution to the literature directions in medieval musicology involve reaching to other disciplines and placing the interstate trade relations. provocatively the by-now axiomatic study of music inon a much broad theoretical and culturalBy context. Elizabeth Eva challenging Leach covers a lot of ground and makes some complex of arguments, pulling together a wide action range ofand material in a the conditions under understandings the possibility for collective showing way that is easy to follow.”

which exporters, too, would mobilize, Andreas Dür offers a refreshing new explanation —Sylvia Huot, University of Cambridge for shifts in international trade policies.” —Nitsan Chorev, Brown Is birdsong music? The most frequent answer to thisUniversity question in the Middle Ages was resoundingly “no.” In Sung Birds, Elizabeth Eva Leach traces postmedieval uses of birdsong within Western musical culture. She first explains why such melodious sound was not music for medieval thinkers andProtection then goes on for to consider the ontology of music, theargues significance comparisons between against singers and birds, and the “In Exporters, Andreas Dür thatofexporter lobbying relationship between art and nature as enacted by the musical performance of late-medieval poetry.

foreign discrimination provides an important motivation for reciprocal trade liberalization onabout bothsong, sides of the and Atlantic. His results interesting not into onlythe present. She Leach explores medieval arguments language, rationality whose basic will termsbe survive undiminished considers not only that have their singers songs or speech of birds butpreferential also those thattrading representareas other and natural, nonmusical, tolyrics political scientists but voice also the to economists who study sounds such as human cries or the barks of dogs. The dangerous sweetness of birdsong was invoked in discussions of musical ethics, which, global cooperation.” because of the potential slippage between irrational beast and less rational woman in comparisons with rational human masculinity, Pahre, Director, European Professor depict women’s—Robert singing as less than fully human. Leach’s argument Union comes fullCenter, circle with and the advent of sound of recording. This technological revolution-like itsPolitical medieval equivalent, the invention of the music book-once again made the relationship between music and nature an Science at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign acute preoccupation of Western culture.

ELIZABETH EVA LEACH is Senior Lecturer in Music, Royal Holloway, University of London.

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