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The Dark and Bloody Genesis of Kentucky Volume 1

a historical timeline of Kentucky's Premodern Era up to October 16, 1793

compiled by Johnathan Masters-Gripshover of Ghent on

August 29, 2014

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The Dark and Bloody Genesis of Kentucky, Volume 1 Table of Contents Before 0. Page 3 – 9. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-1.html 0-1400. Page 10 – 21. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-2.html The 1400s (The 15th Century). Page 22 – 27. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-3.html The 1500s (The 16th Century). Page 28 – 48. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-4.html The 1600s (The 17th Century). Page 49 – 92. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-5.html The 1700s (The 18th Century).Part 1: 1700-1763. Pages 93 – 133. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-6.html 1700s. Part 2: 1763-1793. Page 134 – 174. http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-7.html Click Here For PDF on Google Drive to Download the most Up-to-Date Copy of ―Kentucky Genesis, Volume 1‖: Coming soon! Kentucky Genesis, Volume 2, The Modern Era (1793-2000)!; and Kentucky Genesis, Volume 3, The Postmodern Era (2000-2014)! Answers to Q # 62 – 184 for Gripshover Test: http://mastersforpresident.blogspot.com/2014/06/answers-to-gripshover-questions-62-184.html Answers to Q #27 – 109 for Hemp Lectures Series: http://thekentuckyrevolution.blogspot.com/2014/06/some-very-valuable-answers-to-75.html Answers, and Questions, for Q# 36 – 81 for First Peoples of Kentucky test: http://thekentuckyrevolution.blogspot.com/2014/05/answers-to-first-peoples-of-kentucky.html

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In the Beginning, there was something. Or perhaps there was nothing, since you can't actually get something from nothing. How can one make a cake without any ingredients, let alone, an entire Universe? That doesn't sound right. Stuff has probably always had to exist. Shit's always been here. Albeit, not the same shit, but shit nonetheless. A long time ago, in lands oceans away, there was no electricity, no iPods, no computers, no video games, no tobacco setters, no running water, no schools, no radios, no automobiles, no tools, no televisions, no technology whatsoever, and certainly no god. Stardust gathered around, and then exploded, and then all matter and life is created. Now, we're all here today, dancing stardust, with consciousness, in this thing together, whatever it's called, to survive and thrive, to care for each other, to love, to cherish, to hold, and to liberate, by any means necessary. * 5,000,000,000 years BP (Before Present). The Birth of the Sun. The sun forms within a cloud of gas in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy. A vast disk of gas and debris that swirls around this new star gives birth to planets, moons, and asteroids . Earth is the third planet out. 3,800,000,000 years BP. The Earth has cooled and an atmosphere develops. Microscopic living cells, but neither plants nor animals, begin to evolve and flourish in earth's many volcanic environments. 700,000,000 years BP. Primitive Animals Appear. These are mostly flatworms, jelly fish, and algae. By 570 million years before the present, large numbers of creatures with hard shells suddenly appear. “Due to the ongoing violence however, by 1776 there were fewer than 200 settlers in Kentucky.” 300,000,000 BCE. Brachiopod fossils are plentiful in Kentucky's subsurface, since this land mass was completely submerged under water during this time period.KENTUCKY! 200,000,000 years BP. The First Mammals Appear. The first mammals evolved from a class of reptiles that evolved mammalian traits, such as a segmented jaw and a series of bones that make up the inner ear. 65,000,000 years BP. Dinosaurs Become Extinct. An asteroid or comet slams into the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico (where the Mayans will eventually settle and establish themselves, and predict the end of the world in 2012). This world-wide cataclysm brings to an end the long age of the dinosaurs, and allows mammals to diversify and expand their ranges. 4 million years ago (BP). First apes to walk on two legs-Australopithecus. (Chris Harman: 2008). 1.5 million – 0.5 million years ago. Clearly human species, Homo erectus, tools of stone, wood and bone. Early 'old Stone Age'. 600,000 years BP. Homo Sapiens Evolve. Our earliest ancestors evolve in Africa from a line of creatures that descended from apes. “There's a tribe in Africa that has a very beautiful custom. When one of the members makes

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a mistake, the entire tribe surrounds him/her and for two days, they speak of the great things that member has done. It is their belief that humans are good at heart and that we all seek security, love, peace and happiness. However, in this pursuit, we sometimes make mistakes and when that happens, the tribe unites to reconnect that member with his/her real nature. This tribe's greeting is SAWUBONA, or I value you, I respect you, you are important to me. And the reply is SIKHONA or so I exist for you.” 400,000–30,000 years ago. Neanderthal humans in Europe and Middle East—signs of culture and probable use of language. (Harman, 2008). 170,000 years BP. Supernova 1987A Explodes. A star explodes in a dwarf galaxy known as the Large Magellanic Cloud that lies just beyond the Milky Way. The star, known in modern times as Sanduleak 69-202, is a blue supergiant 25 times more massive than the Sun. Such explosions distribute all the common elements such as Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium and Iron into interstellar space where they enrich clouds of Hydrogen and Helium that are about to form new stars. They also create the heavier elements (such as gold, silver, lead, and uranium) and distribute these as well. Their remnants generate the cosmic rays which lead to mutation and evolution in living cells. These supernovae, then, are key to the evolution of the Universe and to life itself. 150,000 years ago. First 'modern humans' (Homo sapiens sapiens), probably originated in Africa. Live by foraging (in small nomadic groups without classes, states or sexual oppression). Middle ―old Stone age‖. 50,000 years ago. A band of African humans break out of African, and they split into two groups: 1 head East towards China, and the other, West towards Europe. http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime-history/50000-years-beforepresent/ The Ginger Gene also developed 50,000 years ago. http://metro.co.uk/2013/09/19/ginger-genedeveloped-when-humans-left-africa-50000-years-ago-4057215/ The mutation that caused the ‗ginger gene‘, known as V60L allele, occurred 50,000 years ago. It lightened the skin and allowed people to get more vitamin D from weaker sunlight. However, it increased their vulnerability to melanomas – the deadliest form of skin cancer. The mutation remains common across Europe, even in those with no outward signs. Because it is recessive, the gene needs to be carried by both parents for it to cause ‗rufosity‘ in a child. 30,000 years ago. Modern humans arrive in Europe. Neanderthals are genocided. 14,000 year ago. Amerika is settled by modern humans. (Harman) 12,000 BCE or 14,014 years BP. Human beings first wander into Kentucky. The Paleo-Indian period begins (12,000-7500 B.C.), but from Siberia, over Bering Straits, into Alaska? Or boats from mainland Asia, and landing in South Amerika? Mastodons, only the North American variety had a coat of hair, which is one of the reasons it's so often confused with the Woolly Mammoth. European and Asian mastodons died out millions of years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch, but Mammut americanum persisted well into the Ice Age (around 10,000 B.C.), when it was hunted to death by early human settlers, who coveted its meat, its fur, and its five-foot-long horns—which doubtlessly were employed as ornaments or ground up into ―magical‖ powders. The recovery of soft tissues, with near-intact DNA, may yet enable the Mastodon to be ―resurrected‖ under the controversial scientific program known as de-extinction. No remains of Mastodons in South America have been found. Went extinct about 11,000 years ago,

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during the last Ice Age. No one knows for sure what precipitated their demise, though it was likely a combination of climate change, increased competition for their accustomed food sources, and (possibly) hunting by early human settlers, who knew that a single Mastodon could feed an entire tribe for a week! ―Big Bone Lick: The radiocarbon evidence indicates that mastodons and Clovis people overlapped in time; however, other than one fossil with a possible cut mark and Clovis artifacts that are physically associated with but dispersed within the bone-bearing deposits, there is no incontrovertible evidence that humans hunted Mammut americanum at the site.‖ 14,000 BP. PaleoIndians lived in the American Midwest, including Kentucky, even though no skeletal remains of Paleo-Indians have ever been found in Kentucky. Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherer Kentucky-Indians who hunted a wide range of animals, including the MEGAFAUNA megafauna, which became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age. Scholars believe that Paleo-Indians were specialized, highly mobile foragers who hunted late Pleistocene fauna such as BISON, MASTODONS, CARIBOU, and MAMMATHS. 12,000 BC. Paleo-Indian Era (Stone Age culture) the earliest human inhabitants of America who lived in caves and were Nomadic hunters of large game including the Great Mammoth and giant bison.KENTUCKY! 10,500BC-8,000BC. The first Native Americans appeared in Kentucky around 10,500 B.C. They were hunters and gatherers and lived in small nomadic groups. These Indians hunted large game and gathered seeds and other plant food for survival. This era lasted until 8,000 B.C. when the Archaic Period began. 8,000BC-1,000BC. During the Archaic Period, the Indians continued to hunt, but gathering became more important. Toward the end of this period the Archaic tribes began cultivating squash and started trading with other tribes. The Archaic era lasted until 1000 B.C. when the Woodland culture emerged. 10,000 years ago. First agricultural revolution; Domestication of plants and animals. Neolithic ('new Stone Age'). More advanced tools, use of pottery. Spread of village-living. First systematic war between groups. Still no division into classes or states. (Harman, 2008). 8,000BC. Cherokee Indians live in Kentucky's Appalachian mountains. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JgFMoZPfAc 7,500 BC. Kentucky’s Indian culture changed. Large game animals died out, and the Archaic Indians (7500-1500 B.C.) now depended on fishing and efficient gathering of wild foods as well as hunting and in which people built basic shelters, and made stone weapons and stone tools, begins. The white-tailed deer and the elk became the dominant game animals. 7,000 years ago. Plow begins to be used in Eurasia and Africa. Agriculture reaches NW Europe. 'Chieftainships' among some groups, but no classes or states. (Chris Harmon, 2008). 3,102, February 17/18 BCE. Krishna dies. ― He alone sees truly, who sees the Lord the same in every creature... seeing the same Lord everywhere, he does not harm himself or others.” “The Desbassyns brothers rose to success as Guadalupe’s foremost sugar barons.” 3000-1000BC. The Indian Knoll Archaeological Dig (Green River, Kentucky). Late Archaic

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Period. (3000-1000 B.C.) The Indian Knoll site is shaped like an ellipse and stretches approximately 450 feet long and 220 feet wide (approximately 2.5 acres). Indian Knoll is classified by archaeologists as a shell midden, meaning that the site is full of shell refuse. This shell, which was collected from the Green River, was discarded by Late Archaic (3,000-1,000 B.C.) hunter-gatherers who repeatedly revisited the site. In some places, the shell deposits reach over eight feet (2.4 meters) in depth. There is no evidence to suggest that Late Archaic people moved large amounts of earth and shell to create the Indian Knoll midden. Rather it represents the repeated discarding of shell, animal bone, plant foods, wood, and artifacts. Archaeological analysis on the Indian Knoll skeletons indicates that, on the whole, the Archaic hunter-gatherers of the Green River Valley were relatively healthy. Most adult teeth contained little or no enamel as a result of eating food that contains significant quantities of grit. This suggests that the residents of Indian Knoll ate plant remains, such as hickory nuts, that were processed using the many mortars and pestles found at the site. Use of these tools created substantial amounts of grit in the food they ate, which over many years led to the removal of the enamel. Mussels were an important part of the Late Archaic diet at Indian Knoll. Five thousand years ago, many different kinds of freshwater mussels lived in the shallow shoals and riffle areas of the Green River. The YUCHI lived on GREEN River. The Green River is a 384-mile-long (618km) tributary of the Ohio River that rises in Lincoln County in south-central Kentucky. Tributaries of the Green River include the Barren River, the Nolin River, the Pond River and the Rough River. A river rising in central Kentucky and flowing about 595 km (370 mi) generally northwest to the Ohio River near Evansville, Indiana. The river was named after Nathanael Greene, a general of the Native American Land Thieving George Washington-British War. There is still one Native American tribe living on the Green River: the Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky. In 1893 Governor John Y. Brown (1835–1904) recognized the Southern Cherokee Nation as an Indian tribe. The Green River is home to more than 150 fish species and more than 70 mussel species. This includes some of Kentucky's largest fish, and some of the world's rarest species of mussels. In 1971, the Green River was mentioned in the song ―Paradise‖ by John Prine. Mussels were a good, predictable, protein-rich source of food. They were abundant, easily gathered, and simple to prepare. Unlike many other foods, they could have harvested mussels in any season. Mussels also were a storable and portable food, once separated from their shells, and then smoked or dried. Ethnographic studies of modern shellfishers in other areas of the world suggest that men, women, and children all participated in shellfishing activities. Women and children would collect the shellfish in shallow waters at the river’s edge, while men would often dive for shellfish in deeper waters. One piece of evidence about this gendered division of labor is found on the skeletons from Indian Knoll. Male skeletons frequently have a bony growth on their ear bones that only develops from repeated exposure to cold water, suggesting that the men dove into deep areas to retrieve shellfish at the bottom of the river. The gathered shellfish were prepared in several different ways including steaming, roasting, and smoking to preserve the mussels for eating at a later time. Shellfish were probably also eaten raw right after collection. The leftover shells were sometimes used for creating pendants, cups, and beads, but more often the shells were piled into large trash piles (middens) that later became important archaeological sites, such as Indian Knoll. One of the most interesting archaeological finds at Indian Knoll was 23 dog burials. Archaic dogs were medium-sized and stood about 14-18 inches tall at the shoulder. Archeologists think they may have been long-haired and may have looked a little like their cousin, the wolf. Some of the dogs were buried in their own isolated graves, while other dogs were buried in graves with humans. Some dogs were buried with adults, while others were buried with children. Analysis on the dog bones indicates that the dogs ate a similar diet to humans, but we do not know if the humans fed the dogs or if the dogs scavenged scraps. We will probably never know

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everything about this prehistoric relationship between humans and dogs, but the archaeological evidence shows that dogs had a special place in the lives of Archaic people. They did not treat any other animal the way they treated dogs. They may have thought of dogs as just trainable beasts of burden that made hunting and movement from camp to camp easier. Or, they could have been pets, companions, and protectors. Apparently, even 5,000 years ago, dogs were ―a man’s best friend. 1,500 BCE. The People of the Woodland culture (1500 B.C.-900 A.D.) entered (or evolved in) Kentucky. They occupied the area for about 600 years. Efficient hunters and gatherers, the Woodland Indians also participated in an intricate trade network to obtain such things as copper from Lake Superior, obsidian from the Rocky Mountains, and conch shells from the Gulf of Mexico. They mined both Mammoth Cave and Salts Cave for gypsum and mirabilite, a salty seasoning. The Woodland people cultivated corn, sunflowers, giant ragweeds, and amaranth (pigweed), and they raised squash and gourds for containers rather than as a food source. The Woodland Indians buried their dead in conical and later flat or oval-shaped burial mounds, which were often 10 to 20 feet high (like Serpent Mound); this practice resulted in their being called the Mound Builders by 19th-century observers. The remains of two distinct Woodland groups, the Adena (early Woodland) and the Hopewell (middle Woodland), have been found in northcentral Kentucky. 1000BCE – 1650 CE. There was a continuous human presence in the area that became Louisville from at least 1,000 BCE until roughly 1650 CE, and the Beaver Wars which depopulated much of the region. Archeologists have identified several late and one early Archaic sites in Jefferson County's wetlands. One of the most extensive finds was at McNeeley Lake Cave; many others were found around the Louisville International Airport area. People of the Adena culture and the Hopewell tradition that followed it lived in the area, with hunting villages along Mill Creek and a large village near what became Zorn Avenue, on bluffs overlooking the Ohio River. Archeologists have found 30 Jefferson County sites associated with the Fort Ancient and Mississippian cultures, which were active from 1,000 AD until about 1650. The Louisville area was on the eastern border of the Mississippian culture, in which regional chiefdoms built villages and cities with extensive earthwork mounds. When European and English explorers and settlers began entering Kentucky in the mid-18th century, there were no permanent Native American settlements in the region. The country was used as hunting grounds by Shawnees from the north and Cherokees from the south. 563 BCE or 480 BCE. Buddha is born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal. ―Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment.‖ ―To keep the body in good health is a duty... otherwise we shall not be able to keep our mind strong and clear.‖ 551 BC. Confucius (551-479) is born. ―Life is simple.‖ ―Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.‖ ―Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.‖ ―Everything has beauty.‖ 400 BCE-600 CE. QUETZALCOATL Quetzalcoatl. /ˌkɛtsɑːlˈkoʊɑːtəl/ (Classical Nahuatl: Quetzalcohuātl [ketsaɬˈko.aːtɬ]) is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and means "feathered serpent". The worship of a feathered serpent is first documented in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BCE – 600 CE) of Mesoamerican chronology, and veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic (600–900 AD).

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399BC. Socrates dies. (/ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs [sɔːkrátɛːs]; 470/469 BC – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher, credited as the Founders of Western Philosophy. The heart to wisdom is to admit your ignorance. We will always know less than everything, and we can always learn new things. He who acts like he knows it all, is a pompous asshole, who only seeks to oppress you. 321 BCE. The Serpent Mound in Ohio is formed. The Serpent Mound is how the Adena culture buried their dead, near Peeples, Ohio. The Fort Ancient Culture is neither a fort, nor is it ancient, nor a culture. http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/08/07/rethinking-ohios-history-serpentmound-older-some-its-dirt-156268 300 BCE. Euclid. (/ˈjuːklɪd/; Greek: Εὐκλείδηρ Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), also known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the ―Father of Geometry‖. He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the Elements, Euclid deduced the principles of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory and rigor. ―Euclid‖ is the Anglicized version of the Greek name Εὐκλείδης, meaning ―Good Glory‖. 300 BCE. Guadeloupe was first settled by Arawak Indians from Venezuela about 300 B.C.E., who fished and developed agriculture on the island. Carib Indians, also from Venezuela, pushed out most of the Arawak in the eighth century. They also subsisted on agriculture and fishing. The Caribs renamed the island ―Karukera‖ or the ―Island of beautiful waters.‖ Guadeloupe is where Columbus first found the Pineapple (1493). 287 BCE. The Birth of Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀπσιμήδηρ; c. 287 BC– c. 212 BC) was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. 200 BCE - 500 CE. Modern Chillicothe was the center of the ancient Hopewell tradition, which flourished from 200 BCE until 500 CE. This Amerindian culture had trade routes extending to the Rocky Mountains. They built earthen mounds for ceremonial and burial purposes throughout the Scioto and Ohio River valleys. Later Native Americans who inhabited the area through the time of European contact included Shawnees. Present-day Chillicothe is the most recent of seven locations in Ohio that bore the name, because it was applied to the main town wherever the Chalakatha settled. CHALAKATHA! 100 BCE - 500 CE. ―Fort Ancient culture‖ developed independently and was descended from the Hopewell culture (100 BCE—500 CE), also a mound builder people. The groups of cultures collectively called Mound Builders were succeeding precontact societies in North America who constructed various styles of complex, massive earthworks: earthen mounds for burial, elite residential, and ceremonial purposes. These included the Pre-Columbian cultures of the Archaic period, Woodland period (Adena, Hopewell, Fort Ancient culture, and the Mississippian cultures. They emerged as cultures from roughly 3000 BCE to the 16th century CE, and lived in regions of the Great Lakes, the Ohio River valley, and the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries, extending into the Southeast of the present-day United States.

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0. [note: supposedly the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate ―killed‖ ―Jesus Christ‖ in Year 0, which is what our yearly calendar system is based upon, although no evidence backs the theory that a man named ―Jesus Christ‖ even ever existed. Jesus is Santa Claus for Adults. The scholarship is sorely lacking.]

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0. "A hundred castellanoes are as easily obtained for a woman as for a farm, and it is very general and there are plenty of dealers who go about looking for girls; those from nine to ten are now in demand." ~The Great White European Hero Christopher Columbus! Celebrated Annually by Amerikans, as well as officially sanctioned by the Amerikan Government! 9AD. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. The German barbarians defeat the Roman Empire at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, just a short distance from Ottmarsbocholt, North-Rhine-Palatinate, where the Gripshovers originated from. The German Barbarians would be responsible for the downfall of the Roman Empire. 37AD. Titus Flavius Josephus born, 5 years after the supposed 33AD death of the son of God (/dʒoʊˈsiːfəs/; 37 –c. 100), born Joseph ben Matityahu (Hebrew: ‫יייי יי יייייי‬, Yosef ben Matityahu), was a first-century Romano-Jewish scholar, historian and hagiographer, who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry. He initially fought against the Romans during the First Jewish–Roman War as head of Jewish forces in Galilee, until surrendering in 67 to Roman forces led by Vespasian after the sixweek siege of Jotapata. Josephus claims the Jewish Messianic prophecies that initiated the First Roman-Jewish War made reference to Vespasian becoming Emperor of Rome. In response Vespasian decided to keep Josephus as a hostage and interpreter. 69AD. After Vespasian became Emperor in 69, he granted Josephus his freedom, at which time Josephus assumed the emperor's family name of Flavius. Late in the first century, Josephus wrote his celebrated work, The Antiquities of the Jews, giving a history of his race from the earliest ages down to his own time. 90AD. The Birth of Claudius Ptolemy (/ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιορ Πηολεμαῖορ, Klaudios Ptolemaios, pronounced [kláwdios ptolɛmɛ́ːos]; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168) was a Greco-Egyptian writer of Alexandria, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship. There is no other reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168. Ptolemy claimed that the Earth was the center of the Universe, that the Earth did not circle around the Sun, and the Roman Catholic Church accepted those lies as truth, and threatened ex-communication, or sometimes death, for saying that God didn't make Man the center of the Universe, for 1,500 years afterwards. 93-94AD. The extant manuscripts of the writings of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus include references to Jesus and the origins of Christianity. Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, written around 93–94AD, 60 years after Jesus's supposed crucifixion, including two (2) references to the biblical Jesus Christ in Books 18 and 20 and a single (1) reference to John the Baptist in Book 18. The First Passage. Josephus also mentions James "the brother of Jesus the so-called

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Christ" and how James was put to death in AD 62 after accusation by Annas the High priest. Modern scholarship has largely acknowledged the authenticity of the reference in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the Antiquities to ―the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James,‖ and considers it as having the highest level of authenticity among the references of Josephus to Christianity. However, critics point out that Josephus wrote about a number of people who went by the name Jesus, Yeshua or Joshua, and also speculate that Josephus may have considered James a fraternal brother rather than a sibling. Almost all modern scholars consider the reference in Book 18, Chapter 5, 2 of the Antiquities to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist also to be authentic. ―And now Caesar, upon hearing the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judea, as procurator. But the king deprived Joseph of the high priesthood, and bestowed the succession to that dignity on the son of Ananus, who was also himself called Ananus... Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned.‖ The works of Josephus refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus, and in chapter 9 of Book 20, there is also a reference to Jesus, son of Damneus, who was a High Priest of Israel, but is distinct from the reference to ―Jesus called Christ‖ mentioned along with the identification of James. John Painter states that phrase ―who was called Christ‖ is used by Josephus in this passage ―by way of distinguishing him from others of the same name such as the high priest Jesus son of Damneus, or Jesus son of Gamaliel‖ both having been mentioned by Josephus in this context. The Second Passage. In the Antiquities of the Jews (Book 18, Chapter 5, 2) Josephus refers to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist by order of Herod Antipas, the ruler of Galilee and Perea. The context of this reference is the 36 AD defeat of Herod Antipas in his conflict with Aretas IV of Nabatea, which the Jews of the time attributed to misfortune brought about by Herod's unjust execution of John. ―Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man... Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion... Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before mentioned, and was there put to death.‖ The Third Passage. The Testimonium Flavianum. Scholarly opinion on the total or partial authenticity of the reference in Book 18, Chapter 3, 3 of the Antiquities, a passage that states that Jesus the Messiah was a wise teacher who was crucified by Roman Pontius Prefect Pilate, usually called the Testimonium Flavianum, varies. The general scholarly view is that while the Testimonium Flavianum is most likely not authentic in its entirety, it is broadly agreed upon that it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus, which was then subject to Christian interpolation or forgery by fourth-century apologist EUSEBIUS Eusebius or by others. Although the exact nature and extent of the Christian redaction remains unclear, there is broad consensus as to what the original text of the Testimonium by Josephus would have looked like. Here's the historical written ―smoking gun proof‖ that Jesus, the one called Christ, really and truly lived:

―Γίνεηαι δὲ καηὰ ηοῦηον ηὸν σπόνον Ἰηζοῦρ ζοθὸρ ἀνήπ, εἴγε ἄνδπα αὐηὸν

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λέγειν σπή: ἦν γὰπ παπαδόξων ἔπγων ποιηηήρ, διδάζκαλορ ἀνθπώπων ηῶν ἡδονῇ ηἀληθῆ δεσομένων, καὶ πολλοὺρ μὲν Ἰοςδαίοςρ, πολλοὺρ δὲ καὶ ηοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ ἐπηγάγεηο: ὁ σπιζηὸρ οὗηορ ἦν. καὶ αὐηὸν ἐνδείξει ηῶν ππώηων ἀνδπῶν παπ᾽ ἡμῖν ζηαςπῷ ἐπιηεηιμηκόηορ Πιλάηος οὐκ ἐπαύζανηο οἱ ηὸ ππῶηον ἀγαπήζανηερ: ἐθάνη γὰπ αὐηοῖρ ηπίηην ἔσων ἡμέπαν πάλιν ζῶν ηῶν θείων πποθηηῶν ηαῦηά ηε καὶ ἄλλα μςπία πεπὶ αὐηοῦ θαςμάζια εἰπηκόηων. εἰρ ἔηι ηε νῦν ηῶν Χπιζηιανῶν ἀπὸ ηοῦδε ὠνομαζμένον οὐκ ἐπέλιπε ηὸ θῦλον.‖ English translation: ―About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who performed surprising deeds and was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was the Messiah. And when, upon the accusation of the principal men among us, Roman Pontius Prefect Pilate had condemned him to a cross, those who had first come to love him did not cease. He appeared to them spending a third day restored to life, for the prophets of God had foretold these things and a thousand other marvels about him. And the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has still to this day not disappeared.‖ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18, Chapter 3, 3. The Testimonium Flavianum (meaning the testimony of Flavius Josephus) is the name given to the passage found in Book 18, Chapter 3, 3 of the Antiquities in which Josephus describes the condemnation and crucifixion of Jesus at the hands of the Roman authorities. The Testimonium is likely the most discussed passage in Josephus. The earliest secure reference to this passage is found in the writings of the fourth-century Christian apologist and historian Eusebius, who used Josephus' works extensively as a source for his own Historia Ecclesiastica. Writing no later than 324AD, Eusebius quotes the passage in essentially the same form as that preserved in extant manuscripts. It has therefore been suggested that part or all of the passage may have been Eusebius' own invention, in order to provide an outside Jewish authority for the life of Jesus, the one they called Christ. Some argue that the wording in the Testamonium differs from Josephus' usual writing style and that as a Jew, he would not have used a word like "Messiah". For attempts to explain the lack of earlier references, see Arguments for Authenticity. Of the three passages found in Josephus' Antiquities, this passage, the Testimonium Flavianum, if authentic, would offer the most direct support for the crucifixion of Jesus. The general scholarly view is that while the Testimonium Flavianum is most likely not authentic in its entirety, it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus, with a reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate, which was then forged. Like Earth being the center of the Universe, the Roman Catholic Church believed this lie too. 116AD. Tacitus writes about Jesus, the one called Christ, 80 years after his supposed death. The Roman historian and senator Tacitus referred to Christ, his execution by Pontius Pilate, and the existence of early Christians in Rome in his final work, Annals (written ca. AD 116), Book 15, Chapter 44. The context of the passage is the six-day Great Fire of Rome that burned much of the city in 64AD during the reign of Roman Emperor Nero. The passage is one of the earliest non-Christian references to the origins of Christianity, the execution of Christ described in the Canonical gospels, and the presence and persecution of Christians in 1st-century Rome. Scholars generally consider Tacitus's reference to

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the execution of Jesus by Pontius Pilate to be both authentic, and of historical value as an independent Roman source. Scholars view it as establishing three separate facts about Rome around AD 60: (i) that there were a sizable number of Christians in Rome at the time, (ii) that it was possible to distinguish between Christians and Jews in Rome, and (iii) that at the time pagans made a connection between Christianity in Rome and its origin in Roman Judea. These facts however are so narrowly established (see Other Roman Sources below) that they are subject to much scrutiny, including on seemingly minor details like reports of Pilate's rank or the spelling of key words or Tacitus' actual sources. 221AD. Thallus was one of the first Gentile historians to mention Christ. His writings have disappeared but we know of them from the writing of others, such as Julius Africanus (about AD 221) who quotes from Thallas. One of his quotes includes reference to the darkness that occurred at the crucifixion and suggests that a total eclipse was the cause. Julius points out in his writing the impossibility of this since the festival of Passover, when Jesus was crucified, occurs at full moon (eclipses only occur at a new moon). 324AD. Eusebius the Apologist, added this part to Josephus's words, to give Jesus, the man called Christ, historical validity outside Jewish oral traditions. Eusebius wrote the The Testimonium Flavianum nearly 300 years after the supposed death of Jesus. 325 AD. The First Council of Nicaea. Roman Emperor Constantine, ironically, declares Christianity to be the official religion of the Roman Empire, even though, Pontius Pilate is the one responsible for killing the popular myth amongst the pagans they perpetuate. 570 AD- 632AD, June 8. Muhammad lived, fucked hundreds, molested millions, and then died. Muhammad said some stuff to a guy who wrote it down too. 800s AD. Al-Farghani, an Arab geographer of 10 th century, showed the world that it was round, and not flat. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Kath%C4%ABr_alFargh%C4%81n%C4%AB “Columbus wrote to his royal sponsors that the inhabitants were 'such an affectionate and generous people and so tractable that there are no better people or land in the world. They love their neighbors as themselves and their speech is the sweetest and gentlest in the world, and they always speak with a smile'. ... “All over the age of 14 had to supply a certain amount of gold every three months. Those who did not were to be punished by having their hands cut off and left to bleed to death.” After trying to get slaves to Spain, where 200 died on the voyage over the Atlantic Ocean, Columbus then established the Encomienda System, which enabled appointed colonists to use the forced labor of Indians.” (Chris Harman). 900 AD. The Mississippian Period (900-1650 A.D.) in Kentucky begins. Mississippian Culture established. This was the last of the mound-building cultures of North America in Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States. American Indians domesticated a plethora of plants including the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), the gourd-like squash (Cucurbita pepo), the sunflower (Helianthus annuus), maize (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), cushaw squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma), and tobacco (Nicotiana species). In addition to cultigens, American Indians practiced SILVACULTURE Silva culture of nut-bearing trees

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such as black walnut, pecan, and the chestnut. Aside from the economic significance of these CULTIGENS cultigens and masts, they are literally helping to feed people around the world today. 900-1519AD. Worship of Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent. In the Post-Classic Period (900– 1519AD), the worship of the feathered serpent deity was based in the primary Mexican religious center of CHOLULA Cholula. It is in this period that the deity is known to have been named "Quetzalcoatl" by his HAHUA Nahua followers. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulcan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as ―feathered serpent‖ in different Mayan languages. 900AD-1100. The spread of the Iroquois League can be linked to the adoption of CORN corn [maize (Zea mays)] as a dietary staple among the Haudenosaunee, which also dates between 900 A.D. and 1100 A.D., Barbara Mann and Jerry Fields allege. 930AD. Iceland's Althing is founded. The Alþingi (anglicised as Althing or Althingi) is the national parliament (literally: "[the] all-thing", or general assembly) of Iceland. It is the oldest extant parliamentary institution in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at Þingvellir, the ―assembly fields‖ or ―Parliament Plains‖, situated approximately 45km east of what later became the country's capital, Reykjavík. This event marked the beginning of the Icelandic Commonwealth. Even after Iceland's union with Norway in 1262, the Althing still held its sessions at Þingvellir until 1799, when it was discontinued for 45 years. It was restored in 1844 and moved to Reykjavík, where it has resided ever since. The present parliament building, the Alþingishús, was built in 1881, of hewn Icelandic stone. The constitution of Iceland provides for six electoral constituencies with the possibility of an increase to seven. The constituency boundaries are fixed by legislation. Each constituency elects nine members. In addition, each party is allocated seats based on its proportion of the overall national vote in order that the number of members in parliament for each political party should be more or less proportional to its overall electoral support. A party must have won at least five per cent of the national vote in order to be eligible for these proportionally distributed seats. Political participation in Iceland is very high: usually over 80% of the electorate casts a ballot (81.4% in 2013). The current president of the Althing is Einar Kristinn Guðfinnsson. The Icelandic Alþingi was established in 930 AD which makes it the oldest running parliament in the world. In the beginning it was an outdoor assembly held on the plains of Þingvellir (45 km from Reykjavík, Iceland's capital). The Althing was a general assembly of the Icelandic Commonwealth, where the country‘s most powerful Leaders (goðar) met to decide on legislation and dispense justice. Then, all free men could attend the assemblies, which were usually the main social event of the year and drew large crowds of farmers and their families, parties involved in legal disputes, traders, craftsmen, storytellers and travellers. 970AD. Erik the Red’s Son, Erik the Red II, is born. His father, Erik the Red, founded the first European settlement of Greenland after being expelled from Iceland around A.D. 985 for killing a neighbor. (Erik the Red‘s father, himself, had been banished from Norway for committing manslaughter.) Eriksson, who is believed to have been born in Iceland around A.D. 970, spent his formative years in desolate Greenland. Around A.D. 1000, Eriksson sailed east to his ancestral homeland of Norway. There, King Olaf I Tryggvason converted him to Christianity and charged him with proselytizing the religion to the pagan settlers of Greenland. Eriksson converted his mother, who built Greenland‘s first Christian church, but not his outlaw father.

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1000 AD. The Woodland Period (1,000BC-1,000AD) ends. The Woodland Period includes the Adena culture (mounds, a burial complex and ceremonial system. The Adena lived in a variety of locations, including: Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts of Pennsylvania and New York.) and Hopewell cultures. American societies were more advanced in agricultural technology, and methods, than the Europeans. The Tomato and Potato, as well as Chocolate and Vanilla, are indigenous to America. 1000 AD. The Monongahela Culture. Beginning about 1000 AD, a period in Ohio Country Native American history known as ―Fort Ancient‖ (Adena and Shawnee), groups in the Middle Ohio Valley adopted an agrarian culture, with maize as their primary crop. These mound builders began settling in small, year-round settlements of no more than forty to fifty individuals. 1000AD. Iroquois people, who originally came with the other Native Americans, first settled in the northeastern part of North America around 1000AD. 1000AD. According to the sagas, at precisely A.D. 1000, Leif Eriksson, first son of the notorious Erik the Red, voyaged from Greenland for lands sighted to the west. He then landed on the shores of a beautiful place he named Vinland (Vine land). Later voyagers to Vinland met strange peoples, whom they called skraeling. Ever since these tales became widely known in the 19th century, scholars have debated their veracity while enthusiasts have proclaimed locations from Labrador to Florida as Leif’s Vinland. But in 1960, undeniable proof of Vikings in North America came to light at L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada. Several Norse Viking pieces and clear Icelandic- style house foundations gave proof positive that Vikings had indeed landed, and briefly settled, in North America 500 years before Columbus. More recent archaeological work has revealed over 300 years of sporadic contact between the Greenlandic Norse and various Indian, Inuit, and other Native American peoples, concentrated primarily in the Canadian Arctic. Vikings explored and settled areas of the North Atlantic, including the northeastern fringes of North America. The Norse colony in Greenland lasted for almost 500 years. Continental North American settlements were small and did not develop into permanent colonies. While voyages, for example to get timber, are likely to have occurred for some time, there is no evidence of enduring Norse settlements on mainland North America. Icelandic legends called sagas recounted Eriksson’s exploits in the New World around A.D. 1000. These Norse stories were spread by word of mouth before becoming recorded in the 12th and 13th centuries... ―salmon, and wild grapes so suitable for wine that Eriksson called the region Vinland (Wineland).‖ 1000-1300AD. The Iroquois moved northward up the Susquehanna river (from modern day MARYLAND Maryland) because of the global warm weather between 1000 and 1300 AD, just as the Inuit moved east and the Vikings moved west because of it. The Iroquois took their land from a smaller group of nomadic people we call the Woodland people. The Iroquois didn't call themselves "Iroquois", which is an Algonquin insult meaning ―BLACK SNAKES‖. They called themselves (their autonym) the HAUDENOSAUNEE ―Haudenosaunee‖, meaning ―people who live in longhouses.‖ Or they called themselves by the kind of Iroquois they were - the CAYUGAS Cayugas, MOHAWKS Mohawks, ONEIDA Oneida, SENECA Seneca, and the ONONDAGA. 1050-1635 AD. To their northeast, in present-day Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia were the peoples of the Monongahela Culture, who inhabited the MONONGAHELA

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Monongahela River Valley from 1050 to 1635. Monongahela — often referred to locally as the Mon /ˈmɒn/ — is a 130-mile-long (210 km) river on the Allegheny Plateau in north-central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. The Monongahela joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh. They were maize agriculturalists and lived in well laid out palisaded villages with central oval plazas, some of which consisted of as many as 50-100 structures. 1100AD. Lacrosse was played in 1100 AD among indigenous peoples in America. By the seventeenth century, it was well-established. It was documented by Jesuit missionary priests in the territory of present-day Canada. The game has undergone many modifications since that time. Lacrosse played a significant role in the community and religious life of tribes across the continent for many years. Early lacrosse was characterized by deep spiritual involvement, befitting the spirit of combat in which it was undertaken. Those who took part did so in the role of warriors, with the goal of bringing glory and honor to themselves and their tribes. The game was said to be played ―for the Creator‖ or was referred to as ―The Creator's Game.‖ 1102AD. Dekanawida and Hahyonhwatha began their campaign to unite 5 of the major Iroquoisspeaking tribes, which would take 40 years to persuade all five nations to ratify the constitution known as GAYANASHAGOWA Gayanashagowa, or THE GREAT BINDING LAW the Great Binding Law. 1142. August 22 or 31. A.D. THE IROQUOIS FEDERALISTS CONSTITUTION. Astronomers say an eclipse was visible in the area where the ceremony took place on August 31, 1142. On the same day, GAYANASHAGOWA Gayanashagowa (The Great Binding Law) is codified in a series of WAMPUM BELTS wampum belts (strings of white and black shells woven into belts) that are now held by the ONONDAGA Onondaga Nation. It defines the functions of the Great Iroquois Council and the way nations may resolve disputes and live in peace with each other. DEKANANWIDA Dekanawida designed his Great Binding Law with checks and balances that also ensured every man and woman had a say in tribal affairs. The powers of the War Chiefs balanced those of the Sachems (Civil Chiefs). The Clan Mothers chose Sachems and War Chiefs, and could replace them if they did not govern wisely. If the Clan Mothers failed to remove a bad Sachem or War Chief, either the women's or the men's council had the power to remove him and compel the Clan Mothers to select another man for the position. Every official, even the members of the Great Council, was subject to this law of removal. The Iroquois Constitution played a part in many aspects of people's lives. It established women's and men's councils. It forbade marriage between members of the same clan. It stated how a person could be adopted into a nation and how a person could give up his or her membership in a nation. It protected each nation's right to hold religious ceremonies. The Constitution also included sections on international affairs, outlining how and when war could be declared on foreign nations. It set out procedures by which peace could be made or war avoided. The Great Binding Law proved so efficient in maintaining peace that it served as a template for the men who drafted the American Constitution as well as diplomats meeting to devise a United Nations Charter after the Second World War. Mann and Fields cite Paula Underwood, a contemporary Iroquois oral historian, who estimated the League's founding date as A.D. 1090 by using family lineages as temporal benchmarks. Another traditional method to estimate the founding date is to count the number of people who have held the office of Tadadaho (speaker) of the Confederacy. A graphic record is available in the form of a cane that the eighteenth-century French observer Lafitau called the "Stick of Enlistment" and modern-day anthropologist William N. Fenton calls the "Condolence Cane." Mann and Fields used a figure of 145 Tadadahos (from Mohawk oral historian Jake Swamp), and then averaged the average tenure of other lifetime appointments, such

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as popes, European kings and queens, and U.S. Supreme court justices. Cautioning that different sociohistorical institutions are being compared, they figure into their sample 333 monarchs from eight European countries, 95 Supreme Court Justices, and 129 popes. Averaging the tenures of all three groups, Mann and Fields found an estimated date that compares roughly to the 1142 date indicated by the eclipse record, and the 1090 date calculated from family lineages by Underwood. Mann and Fields also make their case with archaeological evidence. The rise in interpersonal violence that predated the Iroquois League can be tied to a CANNIBAL cannibal cult and the existence of villages with palisades, both of which can be dated to the mid-twelfth century (1150s). Assertion of the 1142 founding date is bound to raise a ruckus among Iroquois experts who have long asserted in print that the Confederacy did not begin until a few years before contact with Europeans in the early 1500s, or even afterwards. In their paper, Barbara Mann and Jerry Fields dispute statements by Temple Anthropology Professor Elisabeth Tooker, whom they quote as placing the original date "in the period from A.D. 1400 to 1600 or shortly before." Mann and Fields believe that scholars who argue the later dates dismiss the Iroquois oral history as well as solar-eclipse of data. Since such scholars use only documentary sources with dates on them, and since such documents have been left to use only by nonIndians, the Native American perspective is screened out of history, they argue. "It is capricious, and most probably racial, of scholars to continue dismissing the [Iroquois] Keepers [oral historians] as incompetent witnesses on their own behalf," Mann and Fields argue in their paper.scholars who insist on proof of the Iroquois League's origins written in a European language engage in a circular argument, Mann argues. When such writing is the only allowable proof, dating the Iroquois League's origins earlier than the first substantial European contact becomes impossible. One must be satisfied with the European accounts that maintain that the League was a functioning, powerful political entity when the first Europeans made contact with its members early in the 1500s. "What I imply is that there is no `proof' of the League's origins `written' in a contemporary (i.e. Mid-sixteenth century) European language," Mann argues. "In fact, what written records exist point in exactly the opposite direction." Mann also offers another example of what she believes to be the European-centered and male-centered nature of existing history. Most accounts of the Iroquois League's origins stress the roles played by DEGANAWIDAH Deganawidah, who is called THE PEACEMAKER The Peacemaker in oral discourse among traditional Iroquois, and AIONWANTHA Aionwantha (or HIAWATHA Hiawatha), who joined him in a quest to quell the blood feud and establish peace. Mann believes that documentary history largely ignores the role of a third person, a woman, JINGOSASEH Jingosaseh, who insisted on gender balance in the Iroquois constitution. Mann's argument is outlined in another paper, The Beloved Daughters of Jingosaseh. under Haudenosaunee law, clan mothers choose candidates (who are male) as chiefs. The women also maintain ownership of the land and homes, and exercise a veto power over any council action that may result in war. The influence of Iroquois women surprised and inspired nineteenth-century feminists such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, according to research by modern feminist Sally Roesch Wagner. ―I am Dekanawidah and with the Five Nations' Confederate Lords I plant the Tree of Great Peace. I plant it in your territory, Adodarhoh, and the Onondaga Nation, in the territory of you who are Firekeepers. I name the tree the Tree of the Great Long Leaves. Under the shade of this Tree of the Great Peace we spread the soft white feathery down of the globe thistle as seats for you, Adodarhoh, and your cousin Lords. We place you upon those seats, spread soft with the feathery down of the globe thistle, there beneath the shade of the spreading branches of the Tree of Peace. There shall you sit and watch the Council Fire of the Confederacy of the Five Nations, and all the affairs of the Five Nations shall be transacted at this place before you, Adodarhoh, and your cousin Lords, by the Confederate Lords of the Five Nations. Roots

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have spread out from the Tree of the Great Peace, one to the north, one to the east, one to the south and one to the west. The name of these roots is The Great White Roots and their nature is Peace and Strength. If any man or any nation outside the Five Nations shall obey the laws of the Great Peace and make known their disposition to the Lords of the Confederacy, they may trace the Roots to the Tree and if their minds are clean and they are obedient and promise to obey the wishes of the Confederate Council, they shall be welcomed to take shelter beneath the Tree of the Long Leaves. We place at the top of the Tree of the Long Leaves an Eagle who is able to see afar. If he sees in the distance any evil approaching or any danger threatening he will at once warn the people of the Confederacy. ―To you Adodarhoh, the Onondaga cousin Lords, I and the other Confederate Lords have entrusted the caretaking and the watching of the Five Nations Council Fire. When there is any business to be transacted and the Confederate Council is not in session, a messenger shall be dispatched either to Adodarhoh, Hononwirehtonh or Skanawatih, Fire Keepers, or to their War Chiefs with a full statement of the case desired to be considered. Then shall Adodarhoh call his cousin (associate) Lords together and consider whether or not the case is of sufficient importance to demand the attention of the Confederate Council. If so, Adodarhoh shall dispatch messengers to summon all the Confederate Lords to assemble beneath the Tree of the Long Leaves.‖ http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/before-1600/the-constitution-of-the-iroquois-nations-around1500.php 1142. August 31, or 22. However, recent archaeological studies have suggested the accuracy of the account found in Oral Tradition, which argues that the federation was formed around August 31, 1142 based on a coinciding solar eclipse (see Fields and Mann, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, vol. 21, #2). The two spiritual leaders, AYONWENTAH Ayonwentah (generally called HIAWATHA Hiawatha due to the Longfellow poem) and "Deganawidah, The Great Peacemaker," brought a message of peace to squabbling tribes. The tribes who joined the League were the 1) Seneca, 2) Onondaga, 3) Oneida, 4) Cayuga, and 5) Mohawks. Once they ceased most infighting, they rapidly became one of the strongest forces in seventeenth and eighteenth century northeastern North America. According to legend, an evil Onondaga chieftain named Tadadaho was the last to be converted to the ways of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Ayonwentah, and became the spiritual leader of the Haudenosaunee. This event is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York. The title Tadadaho is still used for the league's spiritual leader, the fiftieth chief, who sits with the Onondaga in council, but is the only one of the fifty chosen by the entire Haudenosaunee people. The League engaged in a series of wars against the French and their Iroquoian-speaking Wyandot ("Huron") allies. They also put great pressure on the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast and what is now boreal Canadian Shield region of Canada and not infrequently fought the English colonies as well. During the seventeenth century, they are also credited with having conquered and/or absorbed the Neutral Indians and Erie Tribe to the west as a way of controlling the fur trade, even though other reasons are often given for these wars.Before 1600, the last total solar eclipse observable in upstate New York occurred on August 31, 1142. If Mann and Fields are correct, this was the date on which Tododaho accepted the alliance. The Haudenosaunee thus would have the second oldest continuously existing representative parliaments on earth. Only Iceland's Althing, founded in 930AD, is older. (Charles C. Mann). ―I looked up the August 1142 total solar eclipse at the NASA Eclipse Web Site, which lists the date as August 22 (not August 31), 1142. Perhaps the discrepancy depends on whether one is using the Gregorian or Julian calendar. Either way, the August 1142 eclipse almost certainly has to be one that is being referenced. ―The ratification council convened at a site that is now a football field in Victor, New York. The site is called GONANDAGA Gonandaga by the Seneca." ~Bruce E. Johansen, Dating the Iroquois Confederacy. Other purposed dates include June 28, 1451 and June 18, 1536. But the total solar eclipse

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of 1451 June 28 did not swing as close to Victor as the one on 1142 August 22 did. The path of 1536 June 18 eclipse didn't pass all that close to Victor either, and moreover, this was an annular eclipse, rather than a total eclipse of the sun. Could it have been an annular solar eclipse that convinced the Seneca to join up the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy at Gonandaga (Victor, NY)? If so, the formation of Haudenosaunee (Five Nations) might go all the way back to the annular eclipse of August 18, 909. The middle of the eclipse path (in red) on the below chart almost exactly crosses Victor, NY! Click here for more details. The total eclipse of December 10, 1349... this total solar eclipse passed right over Victor. Upon a closer reading of A Sign In The Sky, I came to realize that this particular eclipse came at the wrong season of the year and the wrong time of day.‖ In the words of the authors Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields,"We know this much: During a ratification council held at GANONDAGAN Ganondagan (near modern-day Victor, New York) the sky darkened in a total, or near total, eclipse. The time of day was afternoon, as Councils are held between noon and sunset. The time of year was either Second Hoeing (early July) or Green Corn (late August to early September). Thus, we must look for an eclipse path that would totally cover Ganondagan between July and September, in mid-afternoon."The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, one of the world's oldest democracies, according to research by Barbara Mann and Jerry Fields of Toledo University, Ohio. Using a combination of documentary sources, solar eclipse data, and Iroquois oral history, Mann and Fields assert that the Iroquois Confederacy's body of law was adopted by the Senecas (the last of the five nations to ratify it) August 31, 1142. The ratification council convened at a site that is now a football field in Victor, New York. The site is called Gonandaga by the Seneca. Barbara Mann, a doctoral student in American Studies at Toledo University of Ohio; Fields, an astronomer, is an expert in the history of solar eclipses. The Senecas' oral history mentions that the Senecas adopted the Iroquois Great Law of Peace shortly after a total eclipse of the sun. Barbara Mann and Jerry Fields are the first scholars to combine documentary history with oral accounts and precise solar data in an attempt to date the origin of the Iroquois League. Depending on how democracy is defined, their date of 1142 A.D. would rank the Iroquois Confederacy with the government of Iceland and the Swiss cantons as the oldest continuously functioning democracy on earth. All three precedents have been cited as forerunners of the United States system of representative democracy. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy functions today in Upstate New York; it even issues passports. The date that Mann and Fields assert for the founding of the Iroquois Confederacy is more than 300 years earlier than the current consensus of scholarship; many experts date the formation of the Confederacy to the year 1451, at the time of another solar eclipse. Barbara Mann and Jerry Fields contend that the 1451 eclipse was total, but that its shadow fell over Pennsylvania, well to the southwest of the ratifying council's location. According to Barbara Mann, the Seneca were the last of the five Iroquois nations to accept the Great Law of Peace. THE IROQUOIS FEDERALISTS CONSTITUTION. An alternate possible origin of the name Iroquois is reputed to come from a French version of a Huron (Wyandot) name—considered an insult—meaning "Black Snakes." The Iroquois Confederacy was established prior to major European contact, complete with a constitution known as the Gayanashagowa (or "Great Law of Peace") with the help of a memory device in the form of special beads called wampum that have inherent spiritual value (wampum has been inaccurately compared to money in other cultures). Anthropologists have traditionally speculated that this constitution was created between the middle 1400s and early 1600s. 1150AD. Cahokia, the City of the Sun, was the largest city in North America. Population: 20,000. Cahokia was the Pinnacle of Mississippian culture. Located at the Confluence of 3 Rivers. Cahokia (Collinsville, Illinois) was larger than London suburbs. 80 Indian Mounds still exist today. One large mound was the leader of Cahokia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xt-

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u9FBBnhc. 1,200AD. ―Indians were flourishing in central Kentucky, their towns numbering more than fifty. Village life centered around a plaza and meetinghouse in the village's midst. Around the pavilion they erected elm-bark wigwams that resembled shortened, less expansive versions of Iroquois longhouses. Town populations rarely exceeded 300, and often, towns were ringed by palisades. As towns grew and as game, furbearers, shellfish, wood, and fertile land dwindled, the ―Big Men‖ gave the call to move, usually about once every generation.‖ (Belue, pg. 3). 1200 AD. These small villages began to coalesce into larger settlements of up to 300 people. Settlements were rarely permanent, as the people commonly moved to a new location after one or two generations, when the natural resources surrounding the previous village were exhausted. 1200s AD. In the 1200s AD, the Cayugas (a kind of Iroquois) drove the Allegans away from the north end of Owasco Lake (now the town of Auburn), a trade town where two important trails crossed. 1240AD. The Delaware, Shawnee, Nanticoke All Move South. ―The Walam Olum, the migration legend of the Delaware, gives a clue about the time of the Shawnee migration to the south: ―When Little Fog was Chief, many of them [Delaware] went away with the Nanticoke and Shawnee to the land in the south.‖ The date of this occurance is estimated at about 1240 AD. 1300AD (after). Cofitachequi was typical of several Mississippian paramount chiefdoms in the American south at the time of de Soto: a large town at the center of the chiefdom, often containing large ceremonial mounds and temples, controlled a large number of smaller settlements with the influence of the center extending out many miles. The chiefdoms were often bordered by a large uninhabited area as a buffer zone between warring chiefdoms. The basis of the economy was maize agriculture. Cofitachequi was perhaps the easternmost of the Mississippian chiefdoms and one of the latest, founded after 1300 A.D The people of Cofitachequi are believed by most scholars to have spoken a Muskogean language; if correct, the chiefdom of Cofitachequi was the easternmost extent of this language family. However, the area of influence of Cofitachequi probably also included Siouan (Catawba) and Iroquoian (Cherokee) speakers. Although Cofitachequi's fame was widespread, its area of political control and influence is uncertain. Most likely, Cofitachequi politically controlled a cluster of towns around present-day Camden, an 80 to 100 mile (130–160km) stretch of the Wateree River and vicinity in South Carolina, and a similar portion of the Pee Dee River. More distant towns in the piedmont of North Carolina and the coastal plains of South Carolina may have paid tribute to Cofitachequi,but retained a measure of freedom. The scholar Charles Hudson listed more than 30 towns that might have been under the control of Cofitachequi, indicating a population of the chiefdom of several tens of thousands of people. The chiefdom of Cofitachequi may have been in decline when visited by de Soto in 1540 and Pardo in 1566, much of the decline occasioned by the brutal passage of de Soto and his army. De Soto found little maize in the town to feed his soldiers and saw evidence that an epidemic, possibly European in origin, had wiped out the population of several settlements. Nevertheless, the fame and some of the influence of Cofitachequi endured another 100 years until the time of Woodward's visit. Why Cofitachequi disappeared, replaced by smaller and simpler communities of Indians, is unknown although the ravages of European diseases was probably a factor. 1350AD. The Iroquois probably brought farming with them when they arrived in modern New

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York and Pennsylvania. Iroquois farmers grew corn and beans and squash, and also sunflowers and tobacco. Around 1350 AD, the warm weather ended, and the environment began a "Little Ice Age", with colder weather. The Iroquois started to fight a lot of wars around this time, and they started to build their villages on high ground and surround them with strong log walls. One of their main enemies was the Algonquin, who were trying to move further south where the weather would be warmer. 1390AD. At some point around the 1400s AD, the Iroquois formed a confederacy (con-FED-urah-see), which is a sort of club or organization. This was an agreement between the different groups of Iroquois - the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Cayuga, the Seneca, and the Onandagua - to get along and fight as allies against their enemies, instead of fighting each other. This agreement was recorded using wampum. “Captains, Mexicas, come here quickly! Come here with all arms, spears, and shields! Our Captains murdered! Our Warriors slain! Oh Mexica captains, our warriors have been annihilated!”

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Masters 22 The 1400s (The 15th Century)

1400AD-. From 1400 onwards, the formerly dispersed populations began to coalesce. Villages became much larger, with populations as high as 500. This was a time when warfare and intergroup strife increased, leading the tribes to consolidate their villages for better protection. The simple, soulful, native Kentuckians rummaging through the Bluegrass hills, frollicking through the fruited plains, streams, creeks, mountains, hills, valleys, farms, villages, were Mosopelea, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Shawnee, Yuchi, Lenape (Delaware), and to a lesser extant, the Miami, Wyandot, Mingo, Mohawk, and Illinois, and at least, these folks bled on Kentucky's dirt, which should account for citizenship, bleeding for your country, your nation, your homeland, moreso than just being born here, like all of these illegal white anchor babies. ―Most of the accepted histories indicate that there were no permanent Indian settlements in Kentucky during historic times. Yet stories abound of the presence of Indians, particularly Shawnee, in many regions of Kentucky. Stories of whites held in Indian captivitiy... [and] of Indian attacks on the new, and fortified, settlements of Harrodsburg and Boonesboro.‖ (Jerry E. Clark: 1993). There's 7 Shawneetowns on this one map I saw of early Amerika. Prior to European contact, Kentucky was inhabited by Algonquian (e.g., Delaware, Miami, Shawnee), Iroquoian (e.g., Cherokee, Yuchi, Haudenosaunee, Mingo, Wyandot), Muskogean (e.g., Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek), and Siouan (e.g., Saponi) speaking peoples. Here's a List I compiled of 35 Indian tribes native to Kentucky: 1-Chickasaw (Muskogean-speaking); 2) Shawnee (Algonquin-speaking); 3) Cherokee; 4) Yuchi aka Green River Indians (Iroquois-speaking); 5) Wyandot (Iroquois-speaking); 6) Mosopelea; 7) Mingo (Seneca; Iroquois); 8) Chippewa (1 of the Councils of 3 Fires); 9) Lenape aka Delaware (Algonquin); 10) Miami (Algonquin); 11) Yamacraw; 12) The Eel River Indians; 13) HAUDENOSAUNEE Haudenosaunee (The Democratic Iroquois Imperial Confederacy); 15) Kaskaskia Indians; 16) Kickapoo; 17) Ottawa (1 of the Councils of 3 Fires); 18) Piankeshaw (1 of the Councils of 3 Fires); 19) Potawatomi; 20) Wea; 21) Tutelo; 22) Illinois; 23) Lanapota; 24) Creek (Muskogeen-speaking); 25) Ojibwa; 26) HONNIASONTKERONONS Honniasontkeronons (La Salle, 1668); 27) OUTAGAME Outagame (Fox); 28) ISKOUSSOGOS Iskoussogos (the general Iroquoian name for western Algonquians); 29) TOUGUEHAS Touguenhas; 30) Mohawk (Iroquois); 31) Choctaw (Muskogean-speaking); 32) Saponi (Tutelo-speaking); 33) Souix (Tutelo-speaking); 34) The Ponka; 35) Crane. https://sites.google.com/site/owsleycountykentucky/american-indians https://www.youtube.com/user/freedomskool/playlists https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL09JAmkZ-2Ax7umJP9_5Ls_UbrdCEXCID 1200AD. The Saponi Nation of Ohio is a tribal group composed of descendants and heirs of the historic Saponi Nation. They are a sub-group of the Dakota from the time when Siouan ancestors lived in the Ohio River Valley area around 1200 A.D. Saponi is one of the eastern Siouan-language tribes, related to the Tutelo, Occaneechi, Monacan, Manahoac, and other eastern Siouan peoples. Its ancestral homeland was in North Carolina and Virginia. The tribe was long believed extinct, as its members migrated north to merge with other tribes. It disappeared from the historical record as a tribe by the end of the 18th century. Contemporary American Indian groups claiming descent from the historical Saponi are found in North Carolina, Ohio, and several other states. In addition, communities such as the Carmel Indiansof Carmel, Ohio; and a group in Magoffin County, Kentucky claim to be Native-American descendants of the Saponi. They also identify as MELUNGEON, a historic mixed-race group. This site is for those seeking to research Native American ancestry deriving from

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the Piedmont of Virginia and North Carolina. These are Siouan people, commonly referred to generically as the Saponi, Tutelo. Occoneechee, Eno, Cheraw. Many families connected to these bloodlines have carried the identification of ―Blackfoot.‖ Virginia and North Carolina, especially Southside Virginia, has thousands of the descendents of these people. Some of these people are in state recognized tribes but the vast majority of these people are not formally organized in tribes. Migration trails can be found in all of Appalachia—West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee; on into Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa. Some are even known to have settled in Alberta, Canada. There are historical records and family genealogies involving New York, while the historical records notes the main body, referred to at that point as Tutelo, being adopted into the Six Nations in Ontario. It is believed that many descendants survive Tutelo adoptees into some of those Six Nations. There are also migration patterns into South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas. According to archaeologists and others, the original Native population of the Ohio Country was wholly or mainly Siouan. Anthropologists generally agree to on a great Siouan occupation of the Ohio lands. At the beginning of historic time, the great Ohio Valley had been emptied by Iroquois invaders. The Siouan people were separated, going to the four directions. Some the Siouan tribes were driven toward the southeast and found refuge in Virginia and the Carolinas. They then emerged on the pages of history as the TUTELO Tutelo, the SAPONI Saponi, the MONACAN Monacan, the OCAANEECHI Occaneechi and others. 1200-1600AD. Home is where the heart is. The Ohio River Valley Sioux (related to the Dakota tribe) were located in what is now southeastern Ohio, including Gallia, Meigs, Vinton, Lawrence, Jackson, Pike, Highland and Ross counties. Kentucky Saponis would be around here somewheres. 1,400s AD. ―Fort Ancient's artisans were trading limestone-fired ceramics to Tennessee's Coosa villagers for conch shell gorgets inscribed with rattlesnakes and weeping eye motifs, and for marginella disk beads, pendants, and yaupon leaves to roast into caffeinated black drink.‖ (Belue, pg. 3). 1426AD. The Irquois Confederate Constitution is written. In an academic paper titled ―A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,‖ Barbara Mann estimates that the journey of DEANAWIDAH Deganawidah (The Peacemaker) and HIAWATHA Hiawatha in support of the Great Law had begun about a quarter-century earlier with the Mohawks, at the "eastern door" of the Confederacy, about 25 years earlier (than 1451). 1450-1600AD. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power"; the "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Long house") is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five tribes: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. The original five tribes united between 1450 and 1600 by two spiritual leaders, HIAWATHA Hiawatha and Deganawida DEGANAWIDA who sought to unite the tribes under a doctrine of peace. Haudenosaunee flag, representing the original five nations that were united by the Peacemaker. The tree symbol in the center represents an Eastern White Pine, the needles of which are clustered in groups of five. The flag is based on the ―Hiawatha Wampum Belt… created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace.‖ The combined leadership of the Nations is known as the Haudenosaunee. It should be noted that ―Haudenosaunee‖ is the term that the people use to refer to themselves. Haudenosaunee means ―People of the Long House.‖ The term is said to have been

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introduced by The Great Peacemaker at the time of the formation of the Confederacy. It implies that the Nations of the confederacy should live together as families in the same long house. Symbolically, the Seneca were the guardians of the western door of the ―tribal long house,‖ and the Mohawk were the guardians of the eastern door. 1451. June 28. AD. Solar Eclipse. The 1451 founding date was first proposed in 1948 by Paul A.W. Wallace, who gathered Iroquois oral history in his White Roots of Peace and other works. In her paper, Mann suggests that Wallace knew enough of the Senecas' oral history to realize that a solar eclipse was a key element to determining the founding date. Wallace also was fluent in German, the language in which he would need to read T.R. Oppolzer's Canon der Finsternisse, the best historical eclipse tables available at the time. The first pre-contact solar eclipse in Seneca country occurred June 28, 1451. Mann believes that Wallace did not dare risk an earlier date because of the academic politics of the late 1940s. ―As late as 1949,‖ writes Barbara Mann, ―white scholars were still trying to insist that Europeans . . . had invented wampum—a back-bone artifact of the League!‖ The argument that the Iroquois League was established substantially before contact with Europeans is supported by oral-history accounts. 1471, or 1476AD. The Illiterate Illegitimate Francisco Pizarro González is born. (/pɪˈzɑroʊ/; Spanish: [piˈθaro]; c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541), a Spanish conquistador who decimated the Incan Empire. Pizarro González (usually just ―Pizarro‖) was born in Trujillo, Spain, the illiterate illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, an infantry colonel, and Francisca González, a woman of poor means. Pizarro was also a distant cousin of Hernán Cortés, the Butcher of Mexico, the destroyer of Civilizations, such as Aztec, and Carribs, as Israel genocides Palestine today, July-August 2014. 1478. The Spanish Inquisition Begins. Thousands Killed. Spain was recently unified, one of the new modern nation-states, like France, England, and Portugal. Its population, mostly poor peasants, worked for the nobility, who were 2 percent of the population and owned 95 percent of the land. Spain had tied itself to the Catholic Church, expelled all the Jews, driven out the Moors. Like other states of the modern world, Spain sought gold, which was becoming the new mark of wealth, more useful than land because it could buy anything. The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (who will later finance Columbus's voyage to the Amerikas). It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition, and Portuguese Inquisition. The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam. 10-100 Million Native Americans: Some reports say there's 100 Million Native Americans on the North American continent at this time. Howard Zinn estimates it at 10 Million. 1491. December 31. AD. JACQUES Jacques Cartier CARTIER, the Founder of Canada, is Born. (Breton: Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrenceand the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named ―The Country of Canadas‖, after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec

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City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island) Jacques Cartier, (born 1491, Saint-Malo, Brittany, France— died Sept. 1, 1557, near Saint-Malo), French mariner, whose explorations of the Canadian coast and the St. Lawrence River (1534, 1535, 1541–42) laid the basis for later French claims to North America (see New France). Jacques Cartier also is credited with naming Canada, though he used the name—derived from the Huron-Iroquois kanata, meaning a village or settlement—to refer only to the area around what is now Quebec city.Jacques Cartier appears to have voyaged to the Americas, particularly Brazil, prior to his three major North American voyages. 1492AD. This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the Spanish Catholic Crown's royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain. Various motives have been proposed for the monarchs' decision to found the Inquisition such as increasing political authority, weakening opposition, suppressing conversos, profiting from confiscation of the property of convicted heretics, reducing social tensions, and protecting the kingdom from the danger of a fifth column. The body was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1834, during the reign of Isabella II, after a period of declining influence in the previous century. 1492, October 10-1498AD. Columbus begins the Premodern/Prehistory Age of Imperialism and Genocide by genociding millions of Haitian natives (Arawak, Taino, others), most especially the children. The Population on the island of Hispaniola was 3-10 million. Within 20 years of Spanish arrival, it was reduced to only 60,000. Within 50 years, not a single original native inhabitant could be found.Columbus was so impressed with the hard work of these gentle islanders, that he immediately seized their land for Spain and enslaved them to work in his brutal gold mines. Columbus's report to the Court in Madrid was extravagant. He insisted he had reached Asia (it was Cuba), and an island off the coast of China (Hispaniola). His descriptions were part fact, part fiction: “Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful... the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold... There are many spices, and great mines of gold and other metals...” “The Indians,‖ the great hero Christopher Columbus reported, "are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone...." He concluded his report by asking for a little help from their Majesties, and in return he would bring them from his next voyage "as much gold as they need ... and as many slaves as they ask." He was full of religious talk: "Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His way over apparent impossibilities.‖"Because of Columbus's exaggerated report and promises, his second expedition was given seventeen ships and more than twelve hundred men. The aim was clear: SLAVES and GOLD. They went from island to island in the Caribbean, taking Indians as captives. But as word spread of the Europeans' intent they found more and more empty villages. On Haiti, they found that the sailors left behind at Fort Navidad had been killed in a battle with the Indians, after they had roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and labor. Columbus, desperate to pay back dividends to those who had invested, had to make good his promise to fill the ships with gold. In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold around was bits of dust garnered from the streams. So they fled, were hunted down with dogs, and were killed.Trying to put together an army of resistance, the Arawaks faced

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Spaniards who had armor, muskets, swords, horses. When the Spaniards took prisoners they hanged them or burned them to death. Among the Arawaks, mass suicides began, with CASSAVA poison. Infants were killed to save them from the Spaniards. In two years, through murder, mutilation, or suicide, half of the 250,000 Indians (125,000) on Haiti were dead. Las Casas transcribed Columbus's journal and, in his fifties, began a multivolume History of the Indies. In it, he describes the Indians. They are agile, he says, and can swim long distances, especially the women. They are not completely peaceful, because they do battle from time to time with other tribes, but their casualties seem small, and they fight when they are individually moved to do so because of some grievance, not on the orders of captains or kings. The Women in Indian society were treated so well as to startle the Spaniards. Las Casas describes sex relations: Marriage laws are non-existent men and women alike choose their mates and leave them as they please, without offense, jealousy or anger. They multiply in great abundance; pregnant women work to the last minute and give birth almost painlessly; up the next day, they bathe in the river and are as clean and healthy as before giving birth. If they tire of their men, they give themselves abortions with herbs that force stillbirths, covering their shameful parts with leaves or cotton cloth; although on the whole, Indian men and women look upon total nakedness with as much casualness as we look upon a man's head or at his hands. Las Casas tells how the Spaniards ―grew more conceited every day‖ and after a while refused to walk any distance. They ―rode the backs of Indians if they were in a hurry‖ or were carried on hammocks by Indians running in relays. ―In this case they also had Indians carry large leaves to shade them from the sun and others to fan them with goose wings.‖ Total control led to total cruelty. The Spaniards ―thought nothing of knifing Indians by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades.‖ Las Casas tells how ―two of these so-called Christians met two Indian boys one day, each carrying a parrot; they took the parrots and for fun beheaded the boys.‖ Thus husbands and wives were together only once every eight or ten months, and when they met they were so exhausted and depressed on both sides... they ceased to procreate. As for the newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and famished, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation... in this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk... and in a short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile... was depopulated... My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write... 1493. Juan Ponce de Leon. The first known European explorer to set foot on what became the United States was Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de León. In 1493, the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to America. On his second trip to the New World, Columbus brought cannons and attack dogs. As a reward for his assistance in suppressing Indian revolts, Ponce de León was named governor of present-day Puerto Rico. After subjugating the Indians on Puerto Rico and amassing a fortune in gold and slaves, he was replaced as governor. Free to dedicate his attention to exploration, Ponce de León set out to find the fabled island of Bimini. He was driven to discover new lands, gold, slaves, and possibly the legendary Fountain of Youth. Many believed that those who drank from the fountain would be cured of all illnesses and their youthful appearance would be restored. Ponce de León sailed northwest from Puerto Rico until he reached Florida. He followed the coastline south, rounded the peninsula, and explored much of Florida’s west coast.The king of Spain honored Ponce de León with a knighthood and named him governor of Florida. 1495AD. In the year 1495, the Catholic kiddie-fucker-by-the-bushel genocidal maniac

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Christopher Columbus went on a great slave raid, rounding fifteen hundred (1500) Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred (500) best specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred (200) died en route. The rest arrived alive in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were "naked as the day they were born," they showed "no more embarrassment than animals." Columbus later wrote: "Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold." 1,496 AD. Future Spanish Conquistador Hernando De Soto DE SOTO is birthed in Spain. Later on, Hernon Cortes CORTES would wipe out the Aztecs (in Mexico), and many others, genociding assymmetrically heroically, with just a few hundred Spaniards on horseback (plus guns, germs, and steel, and a penchant for barbaric savagery), against 100s of 1000s of Aztec warriors, and others.

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Masters 28 The 1500s (the 16th Century)

1500s. When Jacques Cartier arrived in the early 1500's, the Iroquois occupied the St Lawrence river valley, and were the natives that he met at Stadacona and Hochelaga. When Champlain returned in 1608 the Algonquin had replace the Iroquois along the St Lawrence river. 1500 AD. Shockingly, Columbus supervised the selling of native girls into sexual slavery. Young girls of the ages 9 to 10 were the most desired by his men. In 1500, Columbus casually wrote about it in his log. In 1500 AD, Christopher Columber jotted in passing one day in his journal: ―A hundred castellanoes

are as easily obtained for a woman as for a farm, and it is very general and there are plenty of dealers who go about looking for girls; those from nine to ten are now in demand.‖ He forced these peaceful natives to work in his gold mines until they died of exhaustion. If an ―Indian‖ worker did not deliver his full quota of gold dust by Columbus' deadline, soldiers would cut off the man's hands, and tie them around his neck to send a message. Slavery was so intolerable for these sweet, gentle island people that at one point, 100 of them committed mass suicide. Catholic law forbade the enslavement of Christians, but Columbus solved this problem. He simply refused to baptize the native people of Hispaniola. On his second trip to the New World, Columbus brought cannons and attack dogs. If a native resisted slavery, he would cut off a nose or an ear. If slaves tried to escape, Columbus had them burned alive. Other times, he sent attack dogs to hunt them down, and the dogs would tear off the arms and legs of the screaming natives while they were still alive. If the Spaniards ran short of meat to feed the dogs, Arawak babies were killed for dog food. Columbus' acts of cruelty were so unspeakable and so legendary—even in his own day—that Governor Francisco De Bobadilla arrested Columbus and his two brothers, slapped them into chains, and shipped them off to Spain to answer for their crimes against the Arawaks. But the King and Queen of Spain, their treasury filling up with gold, pardoned Columbus, and let him go free.One of Columbus' men, Bartolome De Las Casas, was so mortified by Columbus' brutal atrocities against the native peoples, that he quit working for Columbus and became a Catholic priest. He described how the Spaniards under Columbus' command cut off the legs of children who ran from them, to test the sharpness of their blades. According to De Las Casas, the men made bets as to who, with one sweep of his sword, could cut a person in half. He says that Columbus' men poured people full of boiling soap. In a single day, De Las Casas was an eye witness as the Spanish soldiers dismembered, beheaded, or raped 3,000 (THREE THOUSAND) native peoples. ―Such inhumanities and barbarisms were committed in my sight as no age can parallel,‖ De Las Casas wrote. ―My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature that now I tremble as I write.‖ 1500 AD. Later, the Delaware migration legend says of their origins: ―when White Horn was chief, they were in the region of the Talega Mountains and there also were the Illinois, the Shawnee, and the Conoy.‖ The very next verse mentions a landlocked lake, suggesting that's the region occupied was the area from the Alleghenies or upper Ohio River to Lake Erie. The estimated time for this occupation is about 1500 AD.‖ 1500s. There were more indigenous fighting with the Spanish conquisadors than with the Aztecs on the final battle for TENOCHTITLAN Tenochtitlan. After being inspired by Cortez's burning of the Aztec Empire, Pizzaro goes after the INCAN Empire (Manchu Picchu): ―This time he landed at the coastal town of Tumbez with 106 foot soldiers and 62 horsemen. There he received news of a civil war in the great Inca Empire as two half brothers, ATAHUALPA in the north, and HUASCAR in the south, quarrelled over the inheritance of their father, the Great Inca Huana-Cupac. Pizarro was quick to make contact with representatives of ATAHUALPA, assuring him of his friendship, and received an

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invitation to meet him at the town of Cajamarca in the Andes. The journey inland and up into the mountains would have been virtually impossible for the Spanish contingent without Inca guides to direct them along a road which had well provisioned rest places at the end of each day's march.‖ At Cajamarca, the Spaniards stationed themselves within the walls of the town, most hiding with their guns and horses. ATAHUALPA left most of a huge Inca army behind and entered the town in ceremonial fashion with 5,000 or 6,000 men, in no way prepared for fighting. Pizarro's brother Hernando later recounted: ―He arrived in a litter, preceded by 3 or 4 hundred liveried Indians, who swept the dirt off the road and sang. Then came ATAHUALPA, surrounded by his leaders and chieftains, the most important of whom were carried on the shoulders of underlings.‖ ―A Dominican monk with the Spaniards began speaking to ATAHUALPA, trying to persuade him to convert to the Christian religion and pay tribute to the Spanish king—on the grounds that the pope had allocated this part of Latin America to Spain. The Inca is said to have replied: ―I will be no man's tributary... As to the pope of which you speak, he must be crazy to talk of giving away countries that do not belong to him. As for my faith, I will not change it. Your own god, you say, was put to death by the very men whom he created. But my god still lives in heaven and looks down on his children.‖ Atahualpa threw the Bible that had been handed to him on the ground. The Dominican monk said to illiterate PIZARRO, ―Do you not see that while we stand here wasting our breath or talking with this dog, the field is filling with Indians. Set on them at once. I absolve you‖. PIZARRO waved a white scarf, the hidden Spanish troops opened fired and, as the cavalry charged at them. There was nowhere for the Incas to flee. According to Spanish estimates, 2,000 Incas died. According to Incan accounts, 10,000. PIZARRO! ―ATAHUALPA was now a prisoner of the Spanish, forced to act as their front man while they took over the core of his empire. He assumed he could buy them off, given their strange obsession with gold, and collected a huge pile of it. He was sorely mistaken. Pizarro took the gold and executed the Inca after a mockery of a trial at which he was charged among other things with 'adultery and plurality of wives', 'idolatry' and 'exciting insurrection against the Spanish'. He was taken to the city square to be burnt at the stake, where he said he wanted to convert to Christianity—believing the Spanish would not burn a baptised Christian. He was right. After his Baptism, Pizarro ordered that Atahualpa should be strangled instead.‖ 1501AD. African Slaves in the New World. Spanish settlers bring slaves from Africa to Santo Domingo (now the capital of the Dominican Republic). 1501. The Spanish Inquisition intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501, ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave. 1505AD. Columbus was the first slave trader in the Americas. As the native slaves died off, they were replaced with black slaves. Columbus' son, Diego, became the first African slave trader in 1505, in Haiti. 1508AD. When he arrived on Hispaniola in 1508, De Las Casas says, ―there were 60,000 people living on this island, including the Indians; so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery, and the mines. Who in future generations will believe this? I myself writing it as a knowledgeable eyewitness can hardly believe it... ―What Columbus did to the Arawaks of the Bahamas, Cortes did to the Aztecs of Mexico, Pizarro to the Incas of Peru, and the English settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts to the Powhatans and the Pequots.The Aztec civilization of Mexico came out of the heritage of Mayan, Zapotec, and Toltec cultures. It built enormous constructions from stone tools and human labor, developed a writing system and a priesthood. It also engaged in (let us not overlook this) the ritual killing of thousands of people as

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sacrifices to the gods. 1509AD. November 10-1513. Francisco Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World with Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to Urabí. He sailed to Cartagena, and joined the fleet of Martín Fernández de Enciso, and, in 1513, accompanied Balboa to the Pacific. PIZARRO! 1516AD. Spanish historian Peter Martyr wrote: ―... a ship without compass, chart, or guide, but only following the trail of dead Indians who had been thrown from the ships could find its way from the Bahamas to Hispaniola.‖ Christopher Columbus derived most of his income from slavery, De Las Casas noted. 1519AD. Tenochtitlan (Aztec Mexico) had a population estimated at 150,000, making it one of the world's major cities. It boasted huge temples, palaces of rulers and nobles, an enormous daily market, and a dense artisan and warrior population. Long-distance and local trade, with both permanent and periodic markets, was already well established, and Tenochtitlan became a major hub. The Aztecs built on the achievements of prior civilizations, which were highly complex. 1519-1523AD. Pizarro is Mayor of Panama City. In 1514, Pizarro found a supporter in Pedrarias Dávila, the Governor of Castilla de Oro, and was rewarded for his role in the arrest of Balboa with the positions of Mayor and Magistrate in Panama City, serving from 1519 to 1523. 1520. May 20. AD. The massacre in the Main Temple of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was an episode in the Spanish conquest of Mexico which occurred on May 20, 1520. Hernando Cortez. The cruelty of the Aztecs, however, did not erase a certain innocence, and when a Spanish armada appeared at Vera Cruz, and a bearded white man came ashore, with strange beasts (horses), clad in iron, it was thought that he was the legendary Aztec man-god who had died three hundred years before, with the promise to return-the mysterious Quetzalcoatl. And so they welcomed him, with munificent hospitality. That was Hernando Cortes CORTEZ!, come from Spain with an expedition financed by merchants and landowners and blessed by the deputies of God, with one obsessive goal: to find gold. In the mind of Montezuma, the king of the Aztecs, there must have been a certain doubt about whether Cortes was indeed Quetzalcoatl, because he sent a hundred runners to Cortes, bearing enormous treasures, gold and silver wrought into objects of fantastic beauty, but at the same time begging him to go back. (The painter Durer a few years later described what he saw just arrived in Spain from that expedition-a sun of gold, a moon of silver, worth a fortune.) Cortes then began his march of death from town to town, using deception, turning Aztec against Aztec, killing with the kind of deliberateness that accompanies a strategy-to paralyze the will of the population by a sudden frightful deed. And so, in Cholulu, he invited the headmen of the Cholula nation to the square. And when they came, with thousands of unarmed retainers, Cortes's small army of Spaniards, posted around the square with cannon, armed with crossbows, mounted on horses, massacred them, down to the last man. Then they looted the city and moved on. When their cavalcade of murder was over, they were in Mexico City, Montezuma was dead, and the Aztec civilization, shattered, was in the hands of the Spaniards. All this is told in the Spaniards' own accounts. While Hernán Cortés was in Tenochtitlan, he heard about other Spaniards arriving on the coast – Pánfilo de Narváez had come from Cuba with orders to arrest him – and Cortés was forced to leave the city to fight them. During his absence, Moctezuma asked deputy governor Pedro de Alvarado for permission to celebrate Toxcatl (an Aztec festivity in honor of Tezcatlipoca, one of their main gods). But after the festivities had started, Alvarado interrupted the celebration, killing the most prominent people of

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the Aztec upper classes.The Spanish version of the incident says the conquistadors interrupted a human sacrifice in the Templo Mayor; the Aztec version says the Spaniards were enticed into action by the gold the Aztecs were wearing. This prompted an Aztec rebellion against the orders of Moctezuma. Here it is told how the Spaniards killed, they murdered the Mexicans who were celebrating the Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli in the place they called The Patio of the Gods. At this time, when everyone was enjoying the fiesta, when everyone was already dancing, when everyone was already singing, when song was linked to song and the songs roared like waves, in that precise moment the Spaniards determined to kill people. They came into the patio, armed for battle. They came to close the exits, the steps, the entrances [to the patio]: The Gate of the Eagle in the smallest palace, The Gate of the Canestalk and the Gate of the Snake of Mirrors. And when they had closed them, no one could get out anywhere. Once they had done this, they entered the Sacred Patio to kill people. They came on foot, carrying swords and wooden and metal shields. Immediately, they surrounded those who danced, then rushed to the place where the drums were played. They attacked the man who was drumming and cut off both his arms. Then they cut off his head [with such a force] that it flew off, falling far away. At that moment, they then attacked all the people, stabbing them, spearing them, wounding them with their swords. They struck some from behind, who fell instantly to the ground with their entrails hanging out [of their bodies]. They cut off the heads of some and smashed the heads of others into little pieces. They struck others in the shoulders and tore their arms from their bodies. They struck some in the thighs and some in the calves. They slashed others in the abdomen and their entrails fell to the earth. There were some who even ran in vain, but their bowels spilled as they ran; they seemed to get their feet entangled with their own entrails. Eager to flee, they found nowhere to go. Some tried to escape, but the Spaniards murdered them at the gates while they laughed. Others climbed the walls, but they could not save themselves. Others entered the communal house, where they were safe for a while. Others lay down among the victims and pretended to be dead. But if they stood up again they [the Spaniards] would see them and kill them. The blood of the warriors ran like water as they ran, forming pools, which widened, as the smell of blood and entrails fouled the air. And the Spaniards walked everywhere, searching the communal houses to kill those who were hiding. They ran everywhere, they searched every place. When [people] outside [the Sacred Patio learned of the massacre], shouting began, ―Captains, Mexicas, come here quickly! Come here with all arms, spears, and shields! Our captains have been murdered! Our warriors have been slain! Oh Mexica captains, [our warriors] have been annihilated!‖ Then a roar was heard, screams, people wailed, as they beat their palms against their lips. Quickly the captains assembled, as if planned in advance, and carried their spears and shields. Then the battle began. [The Mexicas] attacked them with arrows and even javelins, including small javelins used for hunting birds. They furiously hurled their javelins [at the Spaniards]. It was as if a layer of yellow canes spread over the Spaniards.‖ —Visión de los Vencidos. The Aztecs were genocided, and their books, language, history, culture destroyed by Cortez, a Spanish conquistador. The Aztecs were the last major civilization to control central Mexico before their defeat by the Spaniards. 1521AD. Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon was unable to mount a second expedition until 1521, when an attempt was made to colonize Florida. However, the natives no longer passively accepted Spanish domination, and Ponce de León was mortally wounded during an Indian attack. He discovered neither great wealth nor the Fountain of Youth, and failed to establish a permanent settlement in Florida. 1521. Christmas Day. AD. Haitian Slaves Revolt. Precisely 220 years to the day before Simon

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Girty would be born, in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, the first recorded slave revolt in the Americas occurred. A group of African, likely WOLOF Wolof, slaves came together with native Indians led by the Taíno cacique Enriquillo to assert their independence. Beyond being the first slave revolt in the Americas, it was also one of the most important moments in Colonial American history because it was the first known instance when Africans and Indians united against their Spanish overlords in the Americas. 1522AD. The Haitian (and Dominican Republican) Slave Revolt of 1522. The Caribbean Slaves rebel on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which now comprises Haiti and the Dominican Republic. 1524AD. The French king commissioned Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano VERRAZANO! to search for a passageway through Amerika, to the Pacific Ocean. Verrazano spotted the coast of South Carolina, and sailed north as far as Nova Scotia, but found no such water route or valuable treasure. As the French colonized New France, the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada; Detroit, Green Bay, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, Mobile, Biloxi, Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States; and Port-au-Prince, CapHaïtien (founded as Cap-Français) in Haiti, Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís (founded as Saint Louis) in Brazil. Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I, King of France. In 1524, Francis sent Italian-born Giovanni da Verrazano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean. Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland, thus promoting French interests. 1524AD. Two Times Pizarro's attempt to Conquer the Incas Failed. Reports of Peru's riches and Cortés's success in Mexico tantalized Pizarro, and he undertook two expeditions to conquer the Incan Empire in 1524 and in 1526. Both failed as a result of native hostilities, bad weather, and lack of provisions. Pedro de los Ríos, the Governor of Panama, made an effort to recall Pizarro, but the conquistador resisted and remained in the south. PIZARRO! 1,524 AD. November 14. Hernando De Soto the Butcher, aka a Child of the Sun, teams up with Pizzaro the Butcher in conquering/genociding Nicauragua, just as Ronald Reagan will do in the same country, as well as Guatemala, and her native Mayans, and El Salvador, over 4 centuries later! 1525 AD. The Fort Ancient people (the Adena, and Shawnee). Most likely their society, like the Mississippian culture to the south, was severely disrupted by waves of epidemics from new infectious diseases carried by the very first Spanish explorers in the 16th century. After 1525 at Madisonville, the type site, the village's house sizes became smaller and fewer, with evidence showing they became ―a less horticulture-centered, sedentary way of life‖. The Shawnee traditionally considered the Lenape (or Delaware) of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, as their ―grandfathers.‖ The Algonquian nations of present-day Canada regarded the Shawnee as their southernmost branch. Along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were mostly located in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas. Algonquian languages have words similar to the archaic shawano (now: shaawanwa) meaning ―south‖. However, the stem shaawa-does not mean ―south‖ in Shawnee, but ―moderate, warm (of weather)‖. In one Shawnee tale, Shaawaki is the deity of the south. A list of Famous Shawnee I compiled: 1) Cornstalk (assassinated); 2) Blue Jacket; 3) Black

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Hoof; 4) Blackfish; 5) Tecumseh-Panther-in-the-Sky; 6) Tenskwatawa-Prophet, 7) Puckshinwah, Tecumseh's father; 8) Moluntha (assassinated); 1526AD. The first enslaved Africans arrived in what is now the United States as part of the SAN MIGUEL DE GUALDAPE San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina), founded by Spanish explorer LUCAS VAZQUEZ de AYLLON Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón in 1526. On October 18, 1526, Ayllón died and the colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted, and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. Many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, and the colony was abandoned, leaving the escaped enslaved Africans behind in what is now South Carolina. The two longest lasting legacies of Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon in is that this colony was the first instance of enslaved Africans in the United States, and San Miguel de Guadalpe was also the first documented slave rebellion on North American soil. 1526. Two Times Pizarro's attempt to Conquer the Incas Failed. Reports of Peru's riches and Cortés's success in Mexico tantalized Pizarro, and he undertook two expeditions to conquer the Incan Empire in 1524 and in 1526. Both failed as a result of native hostilities, bad weather, and lack of provisions. Pedro de los Ríos, the Governor of Panama, made an effort to recall Pizarro, but the conquistador resisted and remained in the south. PIZARRO!!! 1526. Mid-July. Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon. San Miguel de Guadalupe. ―History records the first slave revolt in 1526 at de Ayllon's settlement San Miguel de Guadalupe somewhere in the vicinity of Winyah Bay and the Pedee River.‖ (most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina). Jamestown would be established 1609, 83 years later. There are several versions of just exactly who and how many colonists accompanied de Ayllon. Some report there were 500 men, women and children, and 100 slaves while others report between 500 and 600 colonists, and while the extent of the revolt has not been recorded it is known that of the Spaniards and slaves with de Ayllon only 150 returned, and there indeed was a slave revolt.‖ A Spanish colonizer Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, founded, in the summer of 1526, a community whose probable location was at or near the mouth of the Pedee River in what is now South Carolina. The settlement consisted of about five hundred Spaniards and one hundred Negro slaves. founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón in 1526. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony. 1526. Trouble soon beset it. Illness caused numerous deaths, carrying off in October, Ayllon himself. Internal dissension arose, and the Indians grew increasingly suspicious and hostile. Finally, probably in November, several of the slaves rebelled and fled to the Indians. The next month what was left of the adventurers, some one hundred and fifty souls, returned to Haiti, leaving the rebel Negroes with their Indian friends. some remained behind to mix with the native tribes, perhaps captured, perhaps by choice. to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De'Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, and the colony was abandoned, leaving the escaped slaves behind on North American soil. When there was a crisis over leadership, the colony fell into disarray. In the midst of this crisis, a slave revolt further ripped the settlement apart. With the colony in shambles, many of the African slaves fled to live among the nearby native people. According to De Soto, these refugees must have lived among the Cofitachiqui and taught them the craftwork of the Europeans. 1526. It was to last only three months of winter before being abandoned in early 1527. 1526. Mid-July. By mid-July 1526, Ayllón was ready to establish a colony with 600 settlers and 100 horses. He lost one of his three ships at a river he named the Jordan, probably the Santee.

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1526. September 29. AD. Ayllon and Co. landed in Winyah Bay, near present day Georgetown, South Carolina, on September 29 (the Feast of Archangels), and Francisco de Chicora abandoned him here. 1526. October 8. AD. The San Miguel de Gualdape Colony. They then proceeded '40 or 45 leagues', partly overland and partly by boat, visiting the king of Duahe KING OF DUAHE! en route as related by Peter Martyr, and finally arrived at another river, the Gualdape, where they built San Miguel de Gualdape on October 8. The location of this colony has been disputed over a wide area, since it is never related in which direction from the Jordan (Santee) they travelled. Some have asserted that he went north to the Chesapeake; Francisco Fernández de Écija, chief pilot of Spaniards searching the Chesapeake Bay for English activities in 1609, claimed that Ayllón in 1526 had landed on the James somewhere near Jamestown. Ecija also claimed the natives at the Santee had told him Daxe (Duahe) was a town 4 days to the north. Swanton, on the other hand, suggested Ayllón may have gone '45 leagues' to the southwest, that the Gualdape was in fact the Savannah River in Georgia, and that his interactions there had been with the Guale tribe. More recent scholars concur that it was probably at or near present-day Georgia's Sapelo Island and consider attempts to locate the San Miguel settlement (Tierra de Ayllón) any farther to the north to be unsubstantiated conjecture. This colony was a failure and Ayllón himself died, purportedly in the arms of a Dominican friar. Ayllón's roughhewn town withstood only about a total of three months, enduring a severe winter, scarcity of supplies, hunger, disease, and troubles with the local natives. 1526, a large expedition left the Spanish settlement of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispanola, and landed in coastal South Carolina along the Pee Dee River. Within a short time, however, the few Spaniards not felled by disease and infighting, sailed back to Santo Domingo leaving the enslaved Africans they had brought with them. These had no problem living, and eventually blending in, with the Native Americans. Inspired by these stories, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón led 600 people to establish a colony that would exploit the supposed riches of Datha. At Winyah Bay, one of his ships were wrecked and Chicora and other Indians escaped from the Spanish. Ayllon established a settlement near Sapelo Sound in present day Georgia, but he died and the colony was abandoned after three months, the 150 survivors returning to the Caribbean. Ayllón's colony was probably the source of items of European manufacture later discovered by De Soto DE SOTO in Cofitachequi. 1527AD. Spring. Francis Gomez returned the 150 survivors to Hispaniola on two of the vessels, one of which sank, leaving only one ship of the three to return. The first group of African's were brought by Ayllón to erect the settlement. The employment of African slaves in the 1526 colony is the first instance of African slave labor used by Spaniards on the North American continent. Upon political disputes within the settlers, there was an uprising among the slaves, who fled to the interior and presumably settled with the native people of North America. This incident is the first documented slave rebellion in North America. 1528 April - 1530AD. PIZARRO Pizarro reached northern Peru and found the natives rich with precious metals. Pizarro's mother dropped him off at a Catholic Church. This discovery gave Pizarro the motivation to plan a third expedition to conquer Peru, and he returned to Panama to make arrangements, but the Governor refused to grant permission for the project. Illiterate Pizarro returned to Spain to appeal directly to King Charles I. His plea was successful, and he received not only a license for the proposed expedition but considerable authority over any lands conquered during the venture. He was joined by family and friends, and the expedition left Panama in 1530. In Peru, that

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other Spanish conquistador Pizarro, used the same tactics, and for the same reasons- the frenzy in the early capitalist states of Europe for gold, for slaves, for products of the soil, to pay the bondholders and stockholders of the expeditions, to finance the monarchical bureaucracies rising in Western Europe, to spur the growth of the new money economy rising out of feudalism, to participate in what Karl Marx would later call ―the primitive accumulation of capital.‖ These were the violent beginnings of an intricate system of technology, business, politics, and culture that would dominate the world for the next five centuries. In the North American English colonies, the pattern was set early, as Columbus had set it in the islands of the Bahamas. 1,532AD. November 16. The Battle of Cajamarca. Explorer Francisco PIZARRO, an illiterate soldier and religious imperialist, made Hernando DE SOTO second in command on Pizarro‘s expedition to explore, massacre, rape, pillage, and conquer Peru in 1532. Pizarro, with 168 Spaniard‘s, and the Imperial Army of the Incas in the highlands of Peru, and had massacred 7,000 Incans. Not a single Spaniard‘s life was lost in the process. When hostile natives along the coast threatened the expedition, PIZARRO Pizarro moved inland and founded the first Spanish settlement in PERU Peru, San Miguel de Piura, SAN MIGUEL DE PIURA. Inca Atahualpa refused to tolerate a Spanish presence in his lands, but was captured by Pizarro during the Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532. The Battle of Cajamarca was the ambush and capture of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by Francisco Pizarro and a small Spanish force on November 16, 1532. The Spanish killed thousands of Atahualpa's counsellors, commanders and unarmed attendants in the great plaza of Cajamarca, and caused his armed host outside the town to flee. The seizure of Atahualpa marked the opening stage of the conquest of the pre-Columbian Inca civilisation of Peru … Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco II and a nephew of Atahualpa, dictated the only Inca eyewitness accounts of the events leading up to the battle which have been generally discounted by historians because they are racist white supremacist apologists. According to Titu Cusi, Atahualpa had received Pizarro and de Soto on November 15, offering them cups containing ceremonial chicha; Pizarro was given a gold cup while de Soto was offered a silver cup. Pizarro was reportedly insulted, telling the ruler that de Soto was of equal rank and both should have been given gold cups, at which point both men poured their chicha out on the ground without drinking any. The Spaniards then gave ATAHUALPA Atahualpa a letter (or book) which they said was quilca (image-writing) of God and the Spanish king. Offended by the spilling of the chicha, Atahualpa threw the ―letter or whatever it was‖ on the ground, telling them to leave. On November 16, Atahualpa arrived at Cajamarca ―not with weapons to fight or armour to defend themselves,‖ although they did carry tumis (ceremonial knives to kill llamas) and some carried ayllus (possibly bolas). The Spanish approached, and told Atahualpa that Virococha had ordered them to tell the Inca who they were. Atahualpa listened then gave one (possibly de Valverde) a gold cup of chicha which was not drunk and given no attention at all. Furious, Atahualpa stood and yelled ―Since you pay no importance to me, I wish nothing to do with you‖, at which the Spanish attacked. Titu Cusi's only mention of a Bible being presented, and then tossed to the ground is restricted to the day before the battle, an omission that has been explained as due either to its relative insignificance to the Inca or to confusion between the events of the two days. 1,533AD. While exploring the country's highlands in 1533, DE SOTO de Soto came upon a road leading to Cuzco, the capital of Peru‘s Incan Imperial Empire. De Soto played a fundamental role in organizing the conquest of Peru, and engaged in a successful battle to capture Cuzco. Best buddies Pizzaro and De Soto exterminated the Incan Empire, keeping Manchu Picchu, an intricate stairway wrapping themselves all around the Andes Mountains in South America, all for themselves.

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1533. July 26. AD. Pizarro Executes ATAHUALPA Atahualpa, the Incan Imperial Monarque. A ransom for the Emperor's release was demanded and Atahualpa filled a room with gold, but Pizarro charged him with various crimes and executed Atahualpa on 26 July 1533, much to the opposition of his associates who thought the conquistador was overstepping his authority. The same year, Pizarro entered the Incan capital of Cuzco, and the conquest of Peru was complete. 1534. April 20. AD. Jacques Cartier Sails to America. When King Francis I of France decided in 1534 to send an expedition to explore the northern lands in the hope of discovering gold, spices, and a passage to Asia, Jacques Cartier received the commission. He sailed from Saint-Malo on April 20, 1534, with two ships and 61 men. Reaching North America a few weeks later, Jacques Jacques Cartier traveled along the west coast of Newfoundland, discovered Prince Edward Island, and explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence as far as Anticosti Island. Having seized two Indians at the Gaspé Peninsula, he sailed back to France.His report piqued the curiosity of Francis I sufficiently for him to send Jacques Cartier back the following year, with three ships and 110 men, to explore further. Guided by the two Indians he had brought back, he sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as Quebec and established a base near an Iroquois village. 1534. AD. The Crown’s (Spanish King Charles 1) division of Peru was vague, and the wealthy city of Cuzco fell under Almagro‘s jurisdiction, but the powerful Pizarro and his brothers held it. Almagro went north and participated in the conquest of Quito, but the north was not as rich and Almagro seethed at what he saw as Pizarro schemes to cut him out of the New World loot. He met with Pizarro, and it was decided in 1534 that Almagro would take a large force south into presentday Chile, following rumors of vast wealth. His issues with Pizarro were left unsettled, however. Chile: The rumors turned out to be false. First the conquistadors had to cross the mighty Andes: the harsh crossing took the lives of several Spaniards and countless African slaves and native allies. Once they arrived, they found Chile to be a harsh land, full of tough-as-nails MAPUCHE Mapuche natives who fought Diego de Almagro and his men on several occasions. After two years of exploring and finding no rich empires like the Aztecs or Incas, Almagro‘s men prevailed upon him to return to Peru, and claim Cuzco as his own. 1535. September. AD. Jacques Cartier proceeded with a small party as far as the island of Montreal, where navigation was barred by rapids. He was warmly welcomed by the resident Iroquois, but he spent only a few hours among them before returning to winter at his base. He had, however, learned from the Indians that two rivers led farther west to lands where gold, silver, copper, and spices abounded. The severity of the winter came as a terrible shock; no Europeans since the Vikings had wintered that far north on the American continent, and a mild winter was expected because Quebec lay at a lower latitude than Paris. Scurvy claimed 25 of Jacques Cartier’s men. To make matters worse, the explorers earned the enmity of the Iroquois. 1535AD. A decade later, French navigator Jacque Jacques Cartier led the first European expedition into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. During his second voyage in 1535, Jacques Cartier traveled as far as present-day Montreal, wintering at the site of Quebec. The Huron Indians were friendly, but when disease broke out among them, Jacques Cartier isolated his men who then developed scurvy. 1535. January. AD. In January 1535, Francisco Pizarro founded the city of LIMA Lima, a project he considered his greatest achievement. Quarrels between Pizarro and his longtime comrade-in-

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arms Diego Almagro culminated in the Battle of Las Salinas. 1536AD. DE SOTO. Hernando de Soto returned to Spain a wealthy man. His share of the Incan Empire's fortune amounted to no less than 18,000 ounces of gold. 1536AD. May. Thus, in May, as soon as the river was free of ice, they treacherously seized some of the Iroquois chiefs and sailed for France. Jacques Cartier, the Frenchman whose the Founder of Canada, was able to report only that great riches lay farther in the interior and that a great river, said to be 800 leagues (about 2,000 miles [3,200 km]) long, possibly led to Asia. 1537AD. Return to Peru and Civil War: Almagro returned to Peru in 1537 to find Manco Inca in open revolt and the forces of Pizarro on the defensive in the highlands and in the city of Lima on the coast. Almagro's force was weary and tattered but still formidable, and he was able to drive Manco off. He saw the Inca's revolt as an opportunity to seize Cuzco for himself and quickly engaged the Spaniards loyal to Pizarro. 1538AD. He had the upper hand at first, but Francisco Pizarro sent another force of loyal Spaniards up from Lima in early 1538 and they soundly defeated Diego de Almagro and his men at the battle of Las Salinas in April. Charles I was the Spanish King that issued these conquisadors into the ―New World‖. 1538. April 6. AD. On the morning of April 6, 1538 (not April 26, as some historians have written), the two forces engaged. Almagro's smaller army, weakened by desertion and abandoned by the Inca supporter Paullu, succumbed after two hours of fighting. Only 50 or so Spaniards died during the battle, but reprisals afterward claimed many more. Orgóñez was wounded and executed on the field. The Pizarrists captured Almagro, tried him for treason, and executed him. Although minor in terms of its military importance and the number of casualties, the Battle of Las Salinas was a chief factor in Charles I's decision to send a viceroy to Peru to take power from the conquistadores and establish order in the colony. 1538. Fought near the city of Cuzco in 1538, the Battle of Las Salinas pitted Spaniard against Spaniard, as the forces of Diego de Almagro and those of the Pizarro brothers fought to dominate Peru. Francisco Pizarro and Almagro had formed a partnership to undertake the conquest of Peru. Following the capture and execution of the Inca ruler Atahualpa and the Spanish occupation of the Inca capital at Cuzco, however, Pizarro claimed much of the territory for himself (see Incas). A disgruntled Almagro led a fruitless expedition into the deserts of northern Chile, returning in 1537 to find Cuzco under siege in Manco Inca's Great Rebellion. Almagro relieved the siege but arrested Gonzalo Pizarro and Hernando Pizarro, who opposed his occupation of Cuzco. Meanwhile, Francisco Pizarro was in Lima on the coast. As a result of his negotiations with the Pizarro faction, Almagro freed the Pizarro brothers. The two sides, however, were unable to resolve their contention. Seeking revenge, Hernando Pizarro led an army of 700 Spaniards from Lima to Cuzco. Almagro rejected his Inca ally Paullu's suggestion that they ambush Pizarro's force in a narrow mountain valley. Reluctant to make war on his fellow Spaniards, Almagro decided instead to defend Cuzco. With Almagro incapacitated by syphilis, Rodrigo Orgóñez led the Almagro army. He chose a site a few miles south of Cuzco near some salt leaches (salinas) to fight the Pizarrists. 1538AD. PIZARRO. Pizarro took Atahualpa's wife for himself, and bore himself Juan and Francisco, using her as an cum dumpster/incubator for his illiterate progeny. Atahualpa's wife, 10year-old Cuxirimay Ocllo, was with the army and stayed with Atahualpa while he was imprisoned.

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Following Atahualpa's execution she was taken to Cuzco, and took the name Dona Angelina. By 1538 she was Pizarro's mistress, bearing him two sons, Juan and Francisco. 1538. July 8. AD. Diego de Almagro Executed. Diego de Almagro fled to safety in Cuzco, but men loyal to the Pizarro brothers pursued and captured him within the city limits. Almagro was sentenced to be executed, a move which stunned most of the Spanish in Peru, as he had been elevated to nobleman status by King Charles I some years before. He was garrotted http://www.thefreedictionary.com/garrotted on July 8, 1538 and his body was put on public display for a time. Pizarro would burn the eyes of Incan chiefs, or cut off noses, and ears, to get their gold. Pizarro was brutal, without any humanity. Diego de Almagro was brutal too, but not as brutal as the Pizarros. De Almagro was a part of Francisco Pizarro's extermination, and submission of the Incan Empire in the 1520s and 1530s; sent to capture the Incan city of Quito, Almagro found it razed by its defenders, and he sycophantically re-founded it as San Francisco de Quito.† († He pulled a similar trick with Trujillo, naming it after Francisco Pizarro‘s birthplace.) Almagro actually had the lesser Pizarros — Gonzalo and Hernando — prisoner for a while, but he bartered them away to Francisco for a hill of beans (that is, a promise not to attack), and the Pizarros took their city back by routing Almagro at the Battle of Las Salinas. The sentence of death against as august a personage as the appointed ruler of Nueva Toledo shocked many, and it was carried out against Almagro‘s own entreaties for an appeal to the crown. 1,539. July 28. DE SOTO. With 100 slaves and 600 mighty strong conquistadors, Hernando De Soto begins his journey into the southeastern portion of pre-United States of America. In late May 1539, de Soto landed on the west coast of Florida with 600 troops, servants, and staff, 200 horses, and a pack of bloodhounds. From there, the army set about subduing the natives, seizing any valuables they stumbled upon, and preparing the region for eventual Spanish colonization. Traveling through Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, across the Appalachians, Kentucky, and Alabama, de Soto failed to find the gold and silver he desired, but he did seize a valuable collection of PEARLS! pearls at Cofitachequi, COFITACHEQUI! in present-day Georgia. Decisive conquest also eluded the Spaniards, as what would become the United States lacked the large, centralized civilizations of Mexico and Peru. 1540AD. Yupaha and the Lady of Cofitachiqui. While among the Apalachee Indians in Florida, a captured boy called Perico told him of a province named ―Yupaha‖ ruled by a woman and rich in gold. De Soto decided to strike out for Yupaha—which turned out to be an alternative name of Cofitachequi. In the Spring of 1540, de Soto and his army traveled north through central Georgia to the Oconee River town of Colfaqui in present day Greene County, Georgia, in the chiefdom of Ocute. The people of Calfaqui were aware of Cofitachequi but did not know its exact location. De Soto impressed 700 Indians from Colfaqui, and struck off eastward into a large uninhabited wilderness separating the chiefdoms of Ocute and Cofitachequi. He reached Coafitachequi only after two weeks of hard travel and near starvation. De Soto was met by a woman the chroniclers call the Lady of Cofitachequi who was carried from the town to the river's edge on a litter that was covered with a delicate white cloth. After spending several weeks in the village, the Spaniards took the ―Lady‖ as a captive and hostage and headed to the next chiefdom to the northwest, Joara. She eventually escaped. The Spaniards found no gold in Cofitachequi, nor anywhere in its vicinity. 1540. De Soto Kidnaps The Lady of Cofitachiqui, a gracious and friendly Indian's girl, niece of the chieftainess of Cofitachiqui, in a town of the MUSKOGEE! Muskogee Indians, on the Savannah

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River, in what is now Georgia. When De Soto visited this place in 1540, he was welcomed by the ―Lady of Cofitachiqui‖ on behalf of her aunt, and she presented him with a valuable string of pearls. This friendship was ill returned by De Soto DE SOTO, who carried her away as a hostage to protect his party from attacks of Indians under her influence. After two weeks of captivity the ―Lady‖ managed to escape in the mountainous region of northeast Georgia, and in leaving carried away a box of pearls De Soto had seized, much to the Spaniard's chagrin. 1540. DeSoto & Cofitachiqui. Matters of the Heart. As she approached the bank of the river, their eyes met for the first time. She, the Queen of Cofitachiqui, was borne on a royal vessel, seated upon pillows and accompanied in other canoes by her beloved men. He, a slave of Andre de Vasconcelos, was a follower of Hernando de Soto and the expedition to explore and exploit the natural resources of the American Southeast. The queen ―was a young girl of fine bearing...and she spoke to the governor quite gracefully and at her ease‖ (Bourne, 1904, p. 100). She placed pearls upon the neck of de Soto and said, ―With sincerest and purest goodwill, I tender you my person, my lands, my people, and make you these small gifts‖ (Jameson, 1907, p.172). Without a doubt, the Queen understood the import of de Soto's coming. When neighboring villagers refused to show him to her village, he had them burned alive. When a native warrior challenged de Soto in the traditional way to a manly duel of skill, de Soto set his dogs upon him and had him torn to pieces. However, as much as de Soto had attracted the Lady's attention...her eyes continued to fall upon the African slave. There is little doubt that this was not the first time that she had encountered an African, but this one was somehow different. Over the next couple of days, it was an attraction she could not resist. It was one of those chance encounters that is the stuff of which romance novels are made. On the third day, the Queen disappeared; de Soto sent his guards to find her but she was not to be found (Bourne, 1904, p. 110). Taking advantage of her absence, De Soto entered one of the ancient temple mounds that were scattered about the town of TALEMICO Talemico, the religious and political center of the people of Cofitachiqui (Georgia, or South Carolina). The temple mound was one hundred feet long and forty feet wide with massive doors. As he entered through the doors, he encountered paired rows of massive wooden statues with diamond-shaped heads bearing first batons, then broadswords, and then bows and arrows (Hudson, 1976, p. 111). Like the ancient pyramids of Egypt, these temple mounds contained statues of notable persons of antiquity and chests filled with the remains of the elders. Scattered about the temples were bundles of fur, breastplates, and weapons—tools for the next life—covered with pearls, colored leather, and ―something green like an emerald‖ (Bourne, p. 100). De Soto and his men plundered the ancient temple. Among the booty were items of a European make, ―Biscayan axes or iron and rosaries with their crosses‖ (Bourne, 1904, p. 100) De Soto and his men determined that these materials were the remnants of an earlier expedition led by Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon. He and his men had settled on the coast of the Carolinas near on the Peedee River in 1526. African slaves were members of Ayllon's colony; when there was a crisis over leadership, the colony fell into disarray. In this crisis, there was a slave revolt. When the colony crumbled, many of the African slaves fled to live among the nearby Native Americans (Wright, 1902, pp. 217-228). According to de Soto, the items found in the temple bore the marks of European craftsmanship; these refugees must have lived among the Cofitachiqui and taught them the ways of the Europeans (Bourne, p. 101). When the Queen of Cofitachiqui finally returned from her absence, de Soto seized her and questioned her as to where there was more wealth to be gained. She said that there were riches further inland. When de Soto and his men set about to find this land, they carried with them the ―woman chief of Cofitachiqui‖ (Bourne, 1904, p. 105). After seven days of travel, the party traversed lofty ridges and arrived at the ―province of Chalaque‖ near the Oconnaluftee river in western North Carolina (Jameson, 1907, p. 176). After staying a few days in Xualla, the party set out for Guaxule where ―there were more indications that there were gold mines‖ (Bourne, p. 104). As they were on their journey, the Lady of Cofitachiqui ―left

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the road, with the excuse of going in the thicket, where, deceiving them, she so concealed herself that for all their search she could not be found. De Soto, frustrated in his quest to find her, moved on to Guaxule‖ (Jameson, 1907, p. 176). It seems that the Lady had arranged a rendezvous with others in de Soto's party. These included an ―Indian slave boy from Cuba,‖ a ―slave belonging to Don Carlos, a Berber, well versed in Spanish,' and ―Gomez, a negro belonging to Vasco Goncalvez who spoke good Spanish‖ (Bourne, 1904, p. 104). A short time later, Alimamos, a horseman of de Soto who "got lost," somehow wandered upon the refugee slaves. He ―labored with the slaves to make leave of their evil designs‖ but only two of the refugees returned to de Soto. When Alimamos ALIMAMOS arrived back at the camp with the refugees who had decided to return, ―the Governor wished to hang them‖ (Jameson, p. 177). However, the horseman also made another report. He stated that ―The Cacica remained in Xualla, with a slave of Andre de Vasconcelas, who would not come with him (Alimamos), and that it was very sure that they lived together as man and wife, and were to go together to Cutafichiqui‖ (Jameson, p. 177). In an effort that would be repeated countless times over the next three hundred years, refugee slaves who fled from their masters to the sanctuary of neighboring Native Americans were thus given shelter and protection. Equally as important to our collective history, the ―queen of Cofitichiqui‖ and the ―slave of Andre de Vasconcelas‖ returned to their ―village of the dogwoods‖ on the banks of the Savannah River. It would be in Silver Bluff, South Carolina where they would begin their life together as ―Aframerindians‖ (Porter, 1933, p. 321). Cofitachequi was a paramount chiefdom founded about 1300 AD and encountered by the Hernando de Soto expedition in South Carolina in April 1540. Cofitachequi was later visited by Juan Pardo during his two expeditions (1566-1568) and by Henry Woodward in 1670. Cofitachequi ceased to exist as a political entity prior to 1701. The town and ceremonial center of Cofitachequi was located near the present-day city of Camden, South Carolina. Cofitachequi ruled a large number of towns in an area of several thousand square miles in the northeastern part of South Carolina. It was the easternmost extension of the Mississippian culture that extended over much of the southern part of the future United States. Cofitachequi may have come to the attention of the Spanish as early as 1521 when two Spanish slave ships explored the South Carolina coast. At present day Winyah Bay, near the city of Georgetown, they captured about sixty Indians who said they were subjects of a ruler called Datha or Duhare. Datha may have been the ruler of Cofitachequi, some 90 miles inland from Georgetown. One of the captives, called Francisco Chicora, learned Spanish and visited Spain. He described Datha to Peter Martyr as ―white‖, tall, carried on the shoulders of his subjects, and ruling a large area of towns featuring earthen mounds upon which religious ceremonies were held. Large quantities of pearls and jewels, Chicora said, could be found at Xapira, a town or chiefdom near Datha. 1540AD. In 1540, another Spanish explorer, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, began a trek through what is now the southwestern United States in search of the fabled treasures of the Seven Cities of Cibola. The expedition consisted of several hundred Spaniards, some African slaves, and about a thousand Indian allies. They discovered the Grand Canyon and the adobe pueblos of the Zuñi in New Mexico, which were later determined to be the source of the Cibola legend. Coronado pushed as far north as the plains of Kansas where vast herds of buffalo roamed, but he never found gold, silver, or other riches, and returned to Mexico City. Although his journeys familiarized the Spanish with the Pueblo people and the geography of the American southwest, Coronado was considered a failure because he did not bring back the fabled riches of Cibola. During the same period that Coronado ventured through the Southwest, Hernando de Soto landed in Florida and explored the southeastern portion of the present-day United States. 1,540. Hernando De Soto's 6 hundred conquistadores brought war and disease with them to the

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Eastern United States natives https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPmpzTN5CDQ. The first strains of disease arrived ―after 1539, brought from infected stragglers fleeing Hernando de Soto's fifty-month, four-thousand-mile death march, which took him from Tampa Bay to the Father of Waters, almost to the Ohio's mouth, and back to the Mississippi's fall into the Gulf, de Soto's Spanish knights raping, torturing, enslaving, and killing countless Indians along the way, de Soto's swelling (and escaping) swine herd infecting deer and turkey and forests with zoonotic issues of anthrax, brucellosis, trichinosis, and tuberculosis.‖ (Belue, pg. 9). 1,540AD. The Chickasaw also controlled western Tennessee and Kentucky (the Kentucky Chickasaw Lands is the western most region in Kentucky) west of the divide between the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers including the Chickasaw Bluffs which overlook the Mississippi River at Memphis. Of the two, the Choctaw were by far the larger by a factor of four to five times, but the Chickasaw were still sizeable, numbering as many as 15,000 before their contact with Europeans in 1540. 1,540AD. Tuskaloosa (Tuskalusa, Tastaluca, Tuskaluza) (died 1540) was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. State of Alabama. His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies (the Choctaw and Creek peoples) who later emerged in the region. The modern city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama is named for him. Tuskaloosa is notable for leading the Battle of Mabila at his fortified village against the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto. After being taken hostage by the Spanish as they passed through his territory, Tuskaloosa organized a surprise attack on his captors at Mabila, but was ultimately defeated. Contemporary records describe the paramount chief as being very tall and well built, with some of the chroniclers saying Tuaskaloosa stood a foot and a half taller than the Spaniards. His name, derived from the western Muskogean language elements taska and losa, means "Black Warrior". ―[Tuskaloosa]'s appearance was full of dignity he was tall of person, muscular, lean, and symmetrical. He was the suzerain of many territories, and of numerous people, being equally feared by his vassals and the neighbouring nations.‖ —Gentleman of Elvas. 1540AD. A party of Cherokee warriors successfully defended the northwestern border of the Cherokee country against the advances of Hernando DeSoto and his Spanish soldiers. The Spanish were forced to retreat to the north side of the Ohio River at present-day Fort Massac, Illinois. 1540. ―The Village of Chalaque on the Savannah River near present-day Augusta, Georgia. In 1540, De Soto's party visited this community where he found a group of hunters and gatherers. Most historians have identified these people as Cherokee, but the Muskogee term ―Chilokee‖ means ―the people of a different speech‖ and may have been applied to non-Cherokee people as well. Chalaque might also suggest a form of Chillicothe, a division of the Shawnee, and supports the tradition of a southeastern origin for this division.‖ 1540s. Later attempts in the 1540s by Jacques Cartier to establish a colony in North America failed, and France was soon engulfed in a religious civil war that pitted Catholics against Huguenots—as French Protestants were called. Faced with severe persecution, French Huguenots moved to the New World and established villages in South Carolina and Florida. 1540. The Cherokee were the first people to come in contact with Europeans. The earliest known contact with Europeans occurred in 1540, when a party of Cherokee warriors successfully defended their northwestern border against the advances of Hernando DeSoto and his Spanish soldiers. They forced the Spanish to retreat from Kentucky to the north side of the Ohio River at present-day Fort Massac, Illinois. 1,540. October 18. AD. The Battle of Mabila. De Soto vs. Tuskaloosa. Hernando de Soto and his slaves and warriors expedition arrived at Mabila, Alabama, which was a heavily fortified village situated on a plain. The native American village had a wooden palisade encircling it, with bastions every so often for archers to shoot their longbows. Upon arriving at Mabila, the Spaniards knew

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something was amiss. The population of the town was almost exclusively male, young warriors and men of status. There were several women, but no children. The Spaniards also noticed the palisade had been recently strengthened, and that all trees, bushes and even weeds, had been cleared from outside the settlement for the length of a crossbow shot. Outside the palisade, in the field an older warrior had been seen haranguing younger warriors, and leading them in mock skirmishes and military exercises. When the Spaniards reached the town of Mabila, ruled by one of Tuskaloosa's vassals, the Chief asked de Soto to allow him to remain there. When de Soto refused, Tuskaloosa warned him to leave the town, then withdrew to another room, and refused to talk further. A lesser chief was asked to intercede, but he would not. One of the Spaniards, according to Elvas, ―seized him by the cloak of marten-skins that he had on, drew it off over his head, and left it in his hands; whereupon, the Indians all beginning to rise, he gave him a stroke with a cutlass, that laid open his back, when they, with loud yells, came out of the houses, discharging their bows.‖ The Spaniards barely escaped from the well-fortified town. The Indians closed the gates and ―beating their drums, they raised flags, with great shouting.‖ De Soto determined to attack the town, and in the battle that followed, Elvas records: ―The Indians fought with so great spirit that they, many times, drove our people back out of the town. The struggle lasted so long that many Christians, weary and very thirsty, went to drink at a pond near by, tinged with the blood of the killed, and returned to the combat.‖ Hernando De Soto had his men set fire to the town, then by Elvas's account, ―breaking in upon the Indians and beating them down, they fled out of the place, the cavalry and infantry driving them back through the gates, where losing the hope of escape, they fought valiantly; and the Christians getting among them with cutlasses, they found themselves met on all sides by their strokes, when many, dashing headlong into the flaming houses, were smothered, and, heaped one upon another, burned to death. They who perished there were in all two thousand five hundred, a few more or less: of the Christians there fell two hundred... Of the living, one hundred and fifty (150) Christians had received seven hundred wounds...‖ Elvas noted later that four hundred hogs died in the conflagration. The exact count of the dead is not known, but Spanish accounts at the time put the number of Indian dead at between 2,500 and 3,000. This range would make the battle one of the bloodiest in recorded North American history. All the Indians were killed, along with 20 -200 of de Soto's men. Several hundred Spaniards were wounded. In addition, the Indian conscripts they had come to depend on to bear their supplies had all fled with baggage. Later on... still healing the wounds from their victory over the Mobile in southern Alabama, the Spanish were discouraged by the ferocity of the battle and their failure to find gold. Rumors of mutiny had forced De Soto to turn northward to find winter quarters rather than risk wholesale desertions if he proceeded to the supply ships waiting on the coast. As one-sided as their victory had been, the Spanish were no longer viewed as invincible by the region's tribes, and the reception they received from the Chickasaw at a river crossing in northern Alabama was a shower of arrows from warriors on the other side. The Spanish finally forced their way across and, after capturing several hostages, demanded that the Chickasaw supply them with food. The Chickasaw minko reluctantly agreed, and with snow already on the ground, the Spanish established their winter camp. An uneasy truce prevailed throughout the winter with neither side entirely trusting the other. The Chickasaw supplied the Spanish with corn but were still trying to find a way way to rid themselves of their ―guests‖. To this end, they asked the Spanish to help them crush a revolt by a tributary tribe to the west, the Chakchiuma. Hernando De Soto agreed to send 30 horsemen and 80 infantry but, realizing the danger of dividing his army, put the remainder on alert. The Spanish-Chickasaw expedition found the Chakchiuma town abandoned, and suspecting a trap, the Spanish returned to their camp. The remainder of the winter passed quietly with the Spanish becoming increasingly complacent. De Soto offered some roast pork to visiting Chickasaw (his army kept a large herd of pigs as emergency rations), and they loved it. Since the Chickasaw were

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sharing their food with De Soto, they saw nothing wrong with appropriating a few of the Spanish pigs. Three "hog thieves" were caught, and De Soto dealt with them in the usual high-handed manner of the conquistador. Two executed by a crossbow firing squad, and the third was sent to his chief minus his hands. Spanish soldiers also plundered one of the nearby Chickasaw towns. Expecting that the Spanish would leave soon, the minko chose to ignore the abuse, but as the time for departure approached in March, De Soto made one demand too many … Now Hernando De Soto demanded of the Chickasaw, 200 of their Chickasaw women to serve as tamemes (bearers) and "other purposes." The Chickasaw minko said that he would "have to think about this" but that De Soto would receive his answer in the near future. His answer was in keeping with the Chickasaw's later reputation as a people who "don't take guff" with a talent of ―going for the jugular‖ with the sudden and unexpected. 1541AD. In 1541, the Yuchi tribe was documented by the Hernando de Soto DE SOTO as a powerful tribe living in what is now central Tennessee. They were recorded at that time as Uchi, and also associated with the Chisca tribe. European colonial records from the 17th century note the Yuchi. YUCHI. Yuchi is commonly interpreted to mean ―over there sit/live‖ or ―situated yonder.‖ Their autonym, or name for themselves, is COYAHA Coyaha or Tsoyaha TSOYAHA, meaning ―Children of the Sun.‖ The Shawnee call them Tahokale, and the Cherokee call them Aniyutsi. The origin of the Yuchi has long been a mystery. The Yuchi language does not closely resemble any other Native American language. 1541. AD. Francisco Pizarro would redeem his want of clemency towards his former partner in his own blood: in 1541, Almagro‘s son, Diego de Almagro II or el Mozo, murdered Pizarro in an attempted coup d‘etat. (Almagro the Younger, too, would be executed for his trouble.) Although he was an important conquistador who spent most of his time at points further north, Almagro is best remembered today not in Peru but in Chile — for his abortive and disappointing expedition made him that land‘s first European ―discoverer‖. 1,541. March 8. AD. De Soto's Spaniards received a defiant answer from the Chickasaws. The Spanish had slaughtered over a thousand Indians at the Battle of Mabila somewhere in southern Alabama during the previous autumn. In an uneasy truce, the Chickasaws brought supplies and let the Spaniards remain at their camp until spring 1541. As Hernando de Soto prepared to leave, he demanded 200 Chickasaw female slaves to carry the troops’ supplies. Chickasaw warriors made a surprise night attack on the Spanish encampment bringing along live coals in clay pots to set it afire. The result was chaos, and De Soto himself was almost killed when his saddle came loose after mounting a horse to defend the camp. The Chickasaw withdrew and when the smoke cleared in the morning, the Spanish had lost 12 men, 57 horses, and 400 of their precious pigs.... ―Chickasaw warriors staged a surprise night attack, burning the entire camp, killing 50 horses, 400 hogs and destroying the Spaniard’s weaponry, saddles and clothing and food stores. At least a dozen Spanish soldiers died and many more were wounded.‖ Even worse, almost all of their clothing and weapons had been destroyed, and the expedition was within a hair's breadth of being wiped out. Under constant attack, they gathered what remained and retreated cold, desperate, and almost entirely naked to an abandoned Chickasaw village where they hastily built a forge to repair their weapons and saddles. The Spanish reassembled on a hill some distance away and spent weeks recovering, camping in defensive formations under the open air in grass sleeping bags, due to lack of clothing. The Chickasaws had sent a strong message to their European enemies: do not return to our land. It was over 150 years until the Chickasaws received another European exploration party. Once this

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was done, the conquistadors left the Chickasaw homeland by the shortest route available. 1,541. June 17. AD. Hernando De Soto becomes the first white genicidal slaughtering superhero butcher of native Americans, to reach the Mississippi River. 1541. June 26. AD. Pizarro's former friend, Diego Almagro, was captured and executed, and, on 26 June 1541, Diego Almagro's embittered son killed Pizarro in Lima. The conqueror of Peru was laid to rest in the Lima Cathedral.When historians compare Pizarro's and Cortés's conquests of Peru and Mexico, they usually give the palm to Pizarro because he led fewer men, faced larger armies, and was far from Spanish outposts in the Caribbean which could have supplied men, arms, and provisions. In Lima, Peru on 26 June 1541 ―a group of twenty heavily armed supporters of Diego Almagro II stormed Pizarro's palace, assassinated him, and then forced the terrified city council to appoint young Almagro as the new governor of Peru‖, according to Burkholder and Johnson. ―Most of Pizarro's guests fled, but a few fought the intruders, numbered variously between seven and 25. While Pizarro struggled to buckle on his breastplate, his defenders, including his half-brother Alcántara, were killed. For his part Pizarro killed two attackers and ran through a third. While trying to pull out his sword, he was stabbed in the throat, then fell to the floor where he was stabbed many times.‖ Pizarro (who now was maybe as old as 70 years, and at least 62), collapsed on the floor, alone, painted a cross in his own blood and cried for Jesus Christ. He died moments after. Diego de Almagro the younger was caught, and executed the following year after losing the battle of Chupas. 1541. August 23. AD. Jacques Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap-Rouge (Quebec City) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and first nations attacks. ―War in Europe prevented Francis I from sending another expedition until 1541. This time, to secure French title against the counterclaims of Spain, he commissioned a nobleman, Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, to establish a colony in the lands discovered by Jacques Cartier, who was appointed Roberval‘s subaltern. Jacques Cartier sailed first, arriving at Quebec on August 23; Roberval was delayed until the following year. Jacques Cartier again visited Montreal, but as before he remained only a few hours and failed to go even the few miles necessary to get beyond the rapids. The subsequent maps based on the knowledge he provided fail to indicate that he had reached a large island at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers.‖ 1,542. May 21. AD. Hernando De Soto dies of a lil' fever DE SOTO in Arkansas, or Louisiana, and his body was dumped into the Mississippi River. De Soto introduced horses and armor to North America - along with smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and typhoid. 1542AD. Legacy of Diego de Almagro: The unexpected execution of Almagro had far-reaching consequences for the Pizarro brothers. It turned many against them in the New World as well as Spain. The civil wars did not end: in 1542 Almagro’s son Diego de Almagro the Younger, then 22, led a revolt which resulted in the murder of Francisco Pizarro. Almagro the younger was quickly caught and executed, ending Almagro’s direct line. Today Almagro is remembered chiefly in Chile, where he is considered an important pioneer even though he left no real lasting legacy there other than having explored some of it. It would be Pedro de Valdivia, one of Pizarro’s lieutenants, who would conquer and settle Chile.

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1543AD. Nicolaus Copernicus dies. (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik (help·info); German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center. The publication of this model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution, and making an important contibu... 1550s. The first use of the term ―Maroons‖ being used in the American Hemisphere was by the Spanish in Jamaica. The Spanish brought swine and African slaves to Jamaica and began to export swine products from the island. By the mid 16th century, 80,000 swine were killed annually on Ashanti, who came to be known as ―Maroons‖ a word probably derived from the Spanish word, mareno, meaning porker.‖ (Harcourt-Smith, p. 22) The Spanish lost control of the Maroons on Jamaica. They became virtually free men. ―Their occupation bred in them an almost fanatical love of liberty, and martial powers of a singular kind. They came to know every twisting forest track every pool where the water was sweet, every fern-hung cave whence secret rivers gushed... Above all; they knew every glade where the wild pig rooted.‖ (Harcourt-Smith, p. 22). 1550AD. SUSQUEHANNOCK. Since the Susquehannock was good friends with the Huron from times long before contact, it is possible they migrated to the Susquehanna Valley from the north. The earliest village sites identified as Susquehannock were located on the upper Susquehanna River and date from about 1550, but they probably had occupied the region for at least 400 years before this. 1557AD. The word ―Cherokee‖ comes from the 1557 Portuguese narrative of DeSoto's expedition, which was then written as Chalaque. It is derived from the Choctaw word, choluk, which means ―cave‖. Mohawk call the Cherokee ―oyata‘ge‘ronoñ‖, which means people who live in caves or in the cave country. In Catawba, the Cherokee are called MANTERAN Mañterañ, which translates as the people who come out of the ground. Kentucky KENTUCKY! is the land of caves, home to the longest cave in the world, and home of the Cherokee, and their salt and crystal mines. The Cherokee mined minerals, disposed of their dead, conducted ceremonies, and explored the unknown, as indicated by the footprints, pictographs, petroglyphs, mud glyphs, stone tools, and sculptures they left behind. Wherever the Cherokee found a dry cave in Kentucky with a reasonably accessible opening, they entered and explored it systematically. Kentucky has been in Cherokee territory for centuries, representing the northern quarter of the Cherokee Nation since time immemorial, ad nauseum, eternity, infinite. The boundaries of the ancient premodern Cherokee nation extended to the Ohio River in the north, the Cumberland River in the west, and the Great Kanawha River in the east. 1557. Kentucky caves are full of evidence of Cherokee people, from salt and crystal mines to exploration and habitation. As the Cherokee explored and settled in KENTUCKY! Kentucky, they came across the entrances of great caves, some of which were filled with mineral resources that extended many miles underground. They ventured into caves in search of protection from the elements, to mine minerals, to dispose of their dead, to conduct ceremonies, and to explore the unknown, as indicated by the footprints, pictographs, petroglyphs, mud glyphs, stone tools, and sculptures they left behind. Wherever the Cherokee found a dry cave in Kentucky with a reasonably accessible opening, they entered and explored it systematically. Before European colonization, Kentucky was a significant part of the Cherokee country, representing the northern quarter of the Cherokee Nation since time immemorial. Its boundaries extended to the Ohio River in the north, the Cumberland River in the west, and the Great Kanawha River in the east. By the

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end of the American Revolution, the northern boundary of the Cherokee country was moved southward to encompass the land below the Cumberland River. Eventually, some 38,000 square miles of Cherokee land in Kentucky was ceded to Great Britain and the United States. 1560. In the 1560s, the French settlers built a fort and colony on the St. John’s River in Florida. The presence of the fort threatened Spain‘s search for treasure, and the French Protestants were a dual affront to the Spanish Catholic nation. 1562AD. Britain Joins Slave Trade. John Hawkins, the first Briton to take part in the slave trade, makes a huge profit hauling human cargo from Africa to Hispaniola. 1562. A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island, South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort, but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France. 1564AD. Fort Caroline established in present-day Jacksonville, Florida in 1564, lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine. 1565AD. August 28. On the Feast Day of St. Augustine, a Spanish army overpowered the Huguenots, and renamed the town St. Augustine. 1566-1568AD. Juan Pardo with a force of 125 Spaniards visited Cofitachequi (which he also called CANOSI Canosi) on two expeditions between 1566 and 1568. 1570AD. Or 1580-1600. Iroquois oral tradition, as recorded in the Jesuit Relations, speaks of a draining war between the Mohawk Iroquois and an alliance of the Susquehannock and Algonquin sometime between 1580 and 1600. This was perhaps in response to the formation of the League of the Iroquois. NABoI puts this at about 1570. From wikipedia, like most of this document is. 1570AD. Although they inflicted a major defeat on the Mohawk shortly before 1600, wars with the Iroquois had by 1570 forced the Susquehannock south into the lower Susquehanna Valley. Hardened by years of constant warfare, they overwhelmed the Algonquin tribes along the shores of Chesapeake Bay and began extending their control southward. 1572. June 24. The Spanish entered Vilcabamba to find it deserted and the Sapa Inca gone. The city had been entirely destroyed, and the Inca Empire, or what was left of it, officially ceased to exist. 1572. Inca resistance against Pizarro's Kingdom didn't end under the murder of Tupac Amura. The Incas were doomed for similar reasons as the Aztecs in Mexico. They had copper, but not iron, and llamas rather than the much stronger horses and mules. A Bronze Age civilization, however refined, could not withstand an Iron Age one, however crude. The horses were, as Hemmings put it, 'the tanks of the conquest'. It was only when Indians further south in Chile acquired the use of horses that the advance of the conquerers suffered serious setbacks. … ―In the valley of Lima only 2,000 out of a population of 25,000 survived into the 1540s. The indigenous population of the empire fell by between a half and three-quarters. (Chris Harman, page 171). 1581AD. Slaves in Florida. Spanish residents in St. Augustine, the first permanent settlement in Florida, import African slaves.

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1583AD. The Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island in Dare County, present-day North Carolina, United States, was a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement. The enterprise was financed and organized originally by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who drowned in 1583 during an aborted attempt to colonize St. John's, Newfoundland. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's half brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother's charter from Queen Elizabeth I and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville, Raleigh's distant cousin.The final group of colonists disappeared during the AngloSpanish War, three years after the last shipment of supplies from England. Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname ―the Lost Colony‖. To this day there has been no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists. The earliest Melungeon ancestors were white northern Europeans, Bantu Africans and North American Indians. Among the northern Europeans, the Melungeon ancestors include English, Scot, Irish, Welsh, Dutch, and German parents. North American Indian ancestors include people from the tribes of Powhatan, Mattaponi, Monie, Nansemond, Rappahanock, Pamunkey, Chickahominie, Cherokee (Buffalo Ridge) and Choctaw. 1584AD. ―In 1584, Ralph Dane, commander-in-chief of Sir Walter Raleigh's colony at Roanoke, made reference to a town of about 700 fighting men, 130 miles from Roanoke, called Chawanock. This town also appears on John White's map of 1586. Captain John Smith, who arrived in the New World in 1607, referred to the Chawanocks as living in Virginia, where they continued in dwindling numbers for some time. That the Chawanocks were Shawnee is questionable, but the North Carolina location is only 400 miles from De Soto's Chalaque. ―Chawanock‖ is very similar to ―Sawanwake,‖ a plural name for Shawnee, and also brings to mind the Shawnee tradition that there were originally 6 divisions, the most powerful of which, the Shawano, became EXTINCT.‖ According to historian William S. Powell, the name apparently had its start in 1585 when the English ship Tiger, on the way to the Roanoke Island settlements, nearly wrecked ―on a breach called the Cape of Feare.‖ John White, governor of the Roanoke colony, had a similar experience in 1587 and repeated the name. http://www.myreporter.com/2009/05/call-it-cape-fear/ 1585AD. British Redcoat Grenville Torches Indian Village Over Theft of Small Silver Cup. In 1585, before there was any permanent English settlement in Virginia, Richard Grenville landed there with seven ships. The Indians he met were hospitable, but when one of them stole a small silver cup, Grenville sacked and burned the whole Indian village. Jamestown itself was set up inside the territory of an Indian confederacy, led by Chief Powhatan. Powhatan watched the Englishspeaking British Redcoat Occupiers settle on his people's land, but did not attack, maintained a posture of coolness. 1590AD. The five tribes of the Iroquois designed quite an elaborate political system. This included a bicameral (two-house) legislature, much like the British Parliament and modern U.S. Congress. The representatives, or SACHEMS, from the SENECAand MOHAWK tribes met in one house and those of the ONEIDA and CAYUGA met in the other. The ONONDAGA sachems broke ties and had the power to veto decisions made by the others. There was an unwritten constitution that described these proceedings at least as early as 1590. Such a complex political arrangement was unknown in Europe at that time.

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1598AD. A French attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time. 1599AD. A sixteen-person trading post was established in Tadoussac (in present-day Quebec), of which only five Frenchmen survived the first winter.

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1600s. In the early 17th century (1600s), the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power, with a total population of about 12,000 people. 1600. The 101 Year French-Iroquois Beaver Wars (1600-1701) begins in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade, and trade between European markets, and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. The FrenchIroquois rivalry is legendary; comparable to UofL v. UK, or Hatfield v. McCoy, or Israel vs. Palestine, American State Empire Terrorism vs. Poor People's Terrorism, etc. The French were into Genocide, just like Israel is doing to Palestine right now. Over 2,000 dead, mostly civilians, and hundreds of children, mostly babies. America started in the blood of Millions of dead Indians, so what's two thousand more, to her governement, and her people? If 1 million dead in Iraq doesn't make ya whence, I guess 2,000 won't do it fur ya either. They wanted their Beaver (who doesn't?), but so did the Iroquois, and the Iroquois lived here, but the French did not. They were the occupying invaders. Absent of property laws, natives could even claim their ancestral homelands as their own, without a claim. Combined, some communal, some private. We're all in this thing together, whatever it is. ~Kurt Vonnegut. The French also didn't have land, and wanted complete and total domination of this continent, hemisphere, Earth, so... Yuchi, Mosopelea, Chickasaw, Delaware, Wyandot, Cherokee, Creek, and Shawnee Indians lived in Kentucky, and maybe Iroquois too, and others. The Traditional story was that the Iroquios were so ferocious and terrifying, that all native Kentuckians, picked up their houses, and moved out of their homeland for good. Without occupation. Just because. Hey man. It's the fuck'n Iroquois man! The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant MOHAWK Mohawk, against the French and French-backed Algonquin tribes. As the Iroquois swept westward, the Ohio Country was virtually emptied of Native people as refugees fled westward to escape the marauding warriors. Much of this region was later repopulated by Native peoples nominally subjected to the Six Nations. The Beaver Wars—also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars— encompass a series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners... The Beaver Wars were brutal, and are considered one of the bloodiest series of conflicts in the history of North America. As the Iroquois succeeded in the war and enlarged their territory, they realigned the tribal geography of North America, and destroyed several large tribal confederacies—including the 1) The Huron Republic; 2) Neutral Republic; 3) Erie; 4) Susquehannock; 5) Shawnee Nation, and; 6) Pétun (―tobacco‖ in old French) aka Tobacco Republic aka TINONTATI Tionontati http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petun—and pushed some eastern tribes west of the Mississippi River, or southward into the Carolinas. Both Algonquian and Iroquoian societies were greatly disrupted by these wars. The conflict subsided with the loss by the Iroquois of their Dutch allies in the New Netherland colony, and with a growing French objective to gain the Iroquois as an ally against English encroachment. After the Iroquois became trading partners with the English, their alliance was a crucial component of the later English expansion. They used the Iroquois conquests as a claim to the old Northwest Territory. Editors of the American Heritage Book of Indians (AMBoI) note that some anthropologists and historians have suggested that the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy destroyed and drove out the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, based on analysis of political and economic conditions at the time. The Beaver Wars. The Shawnee warred in the Ohio Valley during the first part of the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois, most likely, or perhaps, the Erie Nation or/and the Neutral Nation.

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1600s AD. Kentucky was uncharted wilderness, a Garden of Eden, plush with large game, small game, berries for gathering, fertile land for planting, plenty of flowing waters, creeks, streams, trees for lumber, and lots of native Americans, living in small bands of decentralized tribes, organized by gender, some male-dominated, others female, all by family, some war tribes, no worker councils, scattered all throughout Kentucky. The Iroquois and the Iroquoian-speaking Huron hunting expeditions would spend months in Kentucky. 1600s. By the latter part of the 1600s, bands of Shawnees were making their way toward Pennsylvania from at least 3 general locations: 1) South Carolina; 2) the Cumberland region, and; 3) Illinois. The date the first band of entered Pennsylvania is uncertain. It is known that the inhabitants of at least one village abandoned South Carolina in 1677 or 1678, and migrated north. There is no direct evidence of Shawnee settlement in Pennsylvania, however, until 1692. 1600s. The Saponi people returned in mass into southeastern Ohio in the early 1600's. The English and Christian surnames that they had taken on begin to appear in Gallia, Jackson, Lawrence, Pike, Ross and Highland counties.Our present day Saponi community encompasses only a fractional portion of our ancestral territory and is located primarily in Gallia, Jackson and Lawrence counties in Ohio.The Siouan Saponi, one of the oldest groups of indigenous people in the Ohio River Valley, have upheld the proud heritage of their people and have struggled defiantly to preserve their Indian community. 1600s. In the early 1600s, the supply of beavers in the East was dwindling, and Iroquois trade with the Dutch and English was diminishing. The Iroquois looked to western lands around the Great Lakes, where beavers still flourished. In that region the French were allied with the Huron in the fur trade, while Jesuit priests established missions and worked to Christianize the Huron. 1600-1700 POPULATION BOOM; The Ohio River Valley Sioux became so large in population that their settlements spread to the eastern slopes of the Allegheny Mountains, in what is now Virginia and West Virginia. During this time, the Tutelo/Saponi and other tribes related to the Sioux made first contact with European colonists. Because of attacks by the Iroquois from the north, Siouian tribes were forced to move to North Carolina. 1601AD. When the French returned in 1601, the St. Lawrence Valley had already been the site of generations of blood-feud-style warfare, as indeed characterized the relations of the Iroquois with virtually all neighboring peoples. When Samuel de Champlain landed at Tadoussac on the St. Lawrence, the Montagnais, Algonquin, and Huron almost immediately recruited him and his small company of French adventurers to assist in attacking their Iroquois enemies upriver. The Iroquois lands comprised an ethnic island, surrounded on all sides, but the south, by Algonquianspeaking nations, all traditional enemies—including the Shawnee to the west in the Ohio Country. Their rivals also included the Iroquoian-speaking Huron and Neutral Nation Confederacies, who lived on the southern shore of Lake Huron and the western shore of Lake Ontario, respectively, and the Susquehannocks to their south but all of which while sometimes allies were also sometimes enemies, so were not part of the Iroquois Confederation, despite shared linguistic heritages. 1603AD. Before 1603, French conquistador Samuel de Champlain had formed an offensive alliance AGAINST the Iroquois, and a precedent was set: the French would not trade firearms to the Iroquois. He had a commercial rationale: the northern Natives provided the French with valuable furs and the

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Iroquois, based in present-day New York, interfered with that trade. 1603AD. ―Indications of Shawnee locations in the Northeast are more numerous. In 1603, the Satanas or Shawanoes lived on the banks of the lakes in western New York, south of Lake Erie. When Captain John Smith (Pocahontas) first arrived in Virginia, the Iroquois were fighting a fierce war against the allied Mohicans, residing on Long Island, and Shawanoes on the Susquehanna River.‖ (Jerry E. Clark). 1603. British Redcoat King Henry IV brought an end to the French wars of religion. Magically. And religion never caused a point of contention in the world amongst peoples ever again. 1604. Saint Croix Island in Acadia was the site of a short-lived French colony, much plagued by illness, perhaps scurvy. The following year, the settlement was moved to Port Royal. 1607AD. After the English arrived on the present site of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, there was continuous contact with Cherokee from Kentucky as English traders strengthened their alliances, and worked their way into the Appalachian Mountains. KENTUCKY! 1608AD. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, France’s first sustained settlement in the New World. When Champlain returned in 1608 the Algonquin had replace the Iroquois along the St Lawrence river. The region became known as New France and the city was used as a base from which Champlain and other Frenchmen explored the area. Champlain used the friendships he forged with the Indians to start a profitable fur trading business. The French established a lucrative economic network with the Huron and Algonquin Indians, which soon developed into a military alliance against the English-speaking Anglo-Saxon British Redcoat settlers in the South. 1608AD. The first European contact with the Susquehannock was in 1608 when Captain John Smith (from Jamestown) was exploring the northern end of Chesapeake Bay. This encounter was friendly enough, but Smith was wary because of their reputation and awed by their size. His later reports described them as giants. The Powhatan also knew the Susquehannock (whom they called CANNIBALS cannibals) from painful experience, and when the English first settled Virginia, the Powhatan had placed their villages well-inland to protect them from Susquehannock war parties who ranged the coastline by canoes. 1608-1626AD. Most Iroquois tribes ally with the Dutch Fur Traders over the French. In 1608, French explorer Samuel de Champlain sided with the Huron people living along the St. Lawrence River against the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (―The Five Nations‖, aka The Iroquois Confederacy) living in what is now upper and western New York state. The result was a lasting enmity by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy towards the French, which caused them to side with the Dutch Fur Traders coming up the Hudson River in about 1626. THE DUTCH The Dutch offered better prices than the French and traded firearms, hatchets, and knives to the Iroquois in exchange for furs. 1609AD. Many Iroquois Die of a Measles Outbreak. The first deaths occurred among the Iroquois from MEASLES that they caught from the Dutch traders. 1609AD. This settlement was identical with the ―Mowhemenchouch‖ or ―Massinacack‖ found by

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Newport's expedition from Jamestown in 1609. The English, settled on their border at the falls of the James (Richmond), of course were constantly encroaching upon them, and they rapidly wasted away. The English, the Powhatans, and the Iroquois all waged war against them. Mention has just been made of the Shawnees, that tribe that was such a scourge to our early settlers. Of the Algonkian stock, they originated along the Savannah River, in Georgia, and southward from the Ashley River, in South Carolina. 1609AD. The first deliberate battle in 1609 was fought at Samuel de Champlain's initiative. Champlain, the Founder of Quebec, wrote, ―I had come with no other intention than to make WAR!!!‖. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01-2pNCZiNk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Y81gQZhbYc In the company of his Huron and Algonkin allies, Samuel de Champlain and his forces fought a pitched battle with the MOHAWK Mohawk on the shores of Lake Champlain. Samuel de Champlain singlehandedly killed three Iroquois chiefs with an ARQUEBUS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus despite the war chiefs having worn ―arrowproof body armor made of PLAITED STICKS‖. 1609AD. ―In 1609, Samuel de Champlain, the founder of Quebec, joined some of his allies in a skirmish against their Mohawk enemies on the shores of Lake Champlain, near where Fort Ticonderoga in New York stands today. It was a small affair as battles go: The Indians lined up, shouting insults and invoking their war medicine. Protected by shields and body armor fashioned from wood and leather, they made ready to do battle with spears and arrows. Champlain and his French comrades stepped forward with their muskets, shot down several Mohawk Chiefs, and put the rest to flight. The fight was over in a matter of minutes, but its repercussions reverberated across northeastern America for years.‖ (Calloway, pg. 8-9). 1609. Henry Hudson explored Delaware Bay and the Hudson River in 1609 for the Dutch East India Company. 1609AD. When Jacques Cartier arrived in the early 1500's, the Iroquois occupied the St Lawrence river valley and were the natives that he met at Stadacona and Hochelaga. When Champlain returned in 1608 the Algonquin had replace the Iroquois along the St Lawrence river. 1610s 1610s. Spain, hands down, was the most dominant power in Europe. 1610AD. When the British Redcoats were going through their ―starving time‖ in the winter of 1610, some of them ran off to join the Indians, where they would at least be fed. When the summer came, the governor of the colony sent a messenger to ask Powhatan to return the runaways, whereupon POWHATAN! Powhatan, according to the English account, replied with ―noe other than prowde and disdaynefull Answers.‖ Some soldiers were therefore sent out ―to take Revenge.‖ They fell upon an Indian settlement, killed fifteen or sixteen Indians, burned the houses, cut down the corn growing around the village, took the queen of the tribe and her children into boats, then ended up throwing the children overboard ―and shoteinge owit their Braynes in the water.‖ The queen was later taken off, and stabbed to death. Twelve years later, the Indians, alarmed as the English-speaking British Redcoats settle.

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1610AD. One reason the Powhatan were not completely opposed to English settlement at first was that they provided additional protection, but the Susquehannock still attacked the Potomac (Powhatan) villages in northern Virginia during 1610. Drawn by the potential profits from furs, other Europeans came to Amerika during the early 1600s. 1610AD. Samuel de Champlain and his arquebus-wielding French companions helped the Algonquin and the Huron defeat a large Iroquois raiding party.

1610-1614. In 1610-1614, with eyes long aware of French fur sales, the Dutch established a series impermanent (seasonal) trading posts on the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, one on Castle Island at the edge of Iroquois territory near present day Albany, giving the Iroquois direct access to European markets. Their trading efforts and eventual colonies in New Jersey and Delaware soon also gave the DELAWARE Delaware Nation and Susquehannock Democratic Republic trade with the DUTCH Dutch, which for their own reasons were reluctant to trade firearms to the Delaware. 1610-1614. Virginia. Powhatan War. 1611AD. From the French settlement at Quebec on the St. Lawrence River, Étienne Brulé visited the Huron villages on Georgian Bay in 1611. 1614 AD. Europeans reported encountering Shawnee over a widespread geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing some ―Sawwanew‖ located just east of the Delaware River. Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada and the Illinois Country. A Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred BARK-COVERED houses, similar in construction to Iroquois longhouses. Each village usually had a meeting house or council house, perhaps sixty to ninety feet long, where public deliberations took place, unlike at Occupy Louisville. 1614AD. The 1614 founding of Fort Nassau and its 1624 replacement by Fort Orange (both at Albany) removed the Iroquois' need to rely on the French and their allied tribes nor on traveling through the lands of the more southern Susquehannock or more coastally positioned Delaware Nations (whom the Shawnee considered their ―Grandfathers‖, or ―Uncles‖) to trade with the Dutch— all of whom had functioned as middlemen in the trading of goods, in particular firearms, which the Dutch were happy to supply whereas the French only reluctantly supplied them to non-Huron tribes. The new post offered valuable tools that the Iroquois could receive in exchange for animal pelts. This began the Iroquois' large-scale hunting for furs. At this time, conflict began to grow quickly between the Iroquois and the Canadian Indian peoples supported by the French. The Iroquois inhabited the region of present-day New York south of Lake Ontario, and west of the Hudson River. 1614. Dutch and Swedish navigator maps as early as 1614 place a nation called the ―Sawwanew‖ on the east bank of the Delaware River (but the Delaware River was at that date known as ―South‖ River and Sawwanew may have been a general term applied to any Indians residing on that river). 1614. The Dutch had established a trading post on the Hudson River and wer e trading with the Delaware on the lower Delaware River and Delaware Bay. 1614AD. 1614 Violent confrontation between hundreds of English and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River, Virginia. 1615AD. The first French contact with the NIPISSING Nipissing was in 1615. Ignoring Huron

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stories of Nipissing sorcery, Samuel de Champlain visited their village while enroute to the Huron villages on Georgian Bay. At the time, the Nipissing occupied one of the most important beaver producing areas in Canada and also had trading connections to the Ojibwe and Cree to the north and west. These reasons were more than enough to have made the Nipissing an invaluable trading partner for the French, but their location on the portage between the Ottawa Valley and Lake Huron meant that virtually all of the French fur trade from the western Great Lakes passed through the Nipissing homeland. The Nipissing and Susquehannock can be used to further understand the ―Iroquois‖ dominance of the 1600s. 1615AD. In 1615, Samuel de Champlain joined a Huron raiding party and took part in a siege on an Iroquois town, probably among the Onondaga, south of Lake Ontario in present-day New York State. The attack ultimately failed, and Samuel de Champlain was injured. 1615AD. BRULE Brulé explored the area south of the Huron homeland. Crossing the Niagara River, he reached the Susquehannock villages on the upper Susquehanna River, where he discovered the Susquehannock were more than willing to ally themselves with the French and Huron in their war against the Iroquois League. Friendly relations with the Susquehannock were particularily valuable to the French, not only for purposes of trade, but because they trapped the Iroquois between two powerful enemies. Unfortunately, the new alliance alarmed DUTCH Dutch traders on the Hudson River, and they actively supported the MOHAWK Mohawk in 1615 against the Susquehannock. Although they were relatively few in number, and isolated by their inland location, the Susquehannock managed to become an important trading partner with all of the competing European powers—an achievement unmatched by any other tribe. 1616AD. As many as 8,000 Gens de Petun (Tobacco People) exited before contact in 1616. 1617AD. The Delaware, or Lenape, another nation of Indians occupying this region of the country, were once the formidable enemies of the Iroquois. The Delaware were conquered by the Iroquois in 1617, and since then had been submissive in their dealings with the Iroquois Confederacy. 1618 AD. Chief Openchancanough is born. http://www.mytrees.com/ancestry/Virginia/Born1560/Op/Openchancanough-family/Chief-Openchancanough-ro004047-4282.html http://www.myheritage.com/research?action=query&formId=1&formMode=0&qname=Name+fnmo.2 +fnmsvos.1+fnmsmi.1+ln.Openchancanough+lnmo.3+lnmsdm.1+lnmsmf3.1+lnmsrs.1 According to one European legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief Opechancanough, ruler of the POWHATAN Powhatan Confederacy 1618–1644, to settle in the Shenandoah Valley. The party was led by his son, Shee-wa-a-nee. http://home.comcast.net/~wdegidio/Sizemore/Shawnee.htm Opechancanough liked the country

so much that he sent his son Sheewa-a-nee with a large party to colonize the valley. Sheewa-a-nee drove Sherando back to his home in the Great Lakes, and descendants of Sheewanee's party, according to this account, became the Shawnee. http://firstsettlersshenandoahvalley.com/history.html 1618-1620AD. European conquest of interior Angola began when Portugal attacked the Mbundu kingdom of Ndongo in the modern Malange district of Angola in a military campaign lasting from 1618-1620. At the time, England and its American colonies had no direct trade in African slaves.

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Nevertheless, during Portugal's war on Ndongo, Africans began appearing in British Virginia aboard Dutch and English privateers, which specialized in robbing Portuguese merchant-slavers leaving the Angolan port of Luanda. 1619AD. The very first black ancestors of Melungeons appeared in tidewater Virginia, not in the 18th century, but in 1619. Melungeons are not the offspring of white southern plantation owners and helpless black slaves. Most of the African ancestors of Melungeons were never chattel slaves. They were frequently black men freed from indentured servitude just like many white servants of the 17th century. Less often, African ancestors of the Melungeons either purchased their freedom from slavery or were freed upon the deaths of their masters. The black patriarchs of the Melungeons were commonly free African-American men who married white women in Virginia and other southern colonies, often before 1700. Paul Heinegg in his revealing book, ―Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware‖ provides strong evidence that less than one percent of all free Africans were born of white slave-owners. Understanding the status of the African-American ancestors of Melungeons and the era, in which they came to America, is critical to understanding their history and the origin of the name ―Melungeon‖. Now we have the DNA study, which tends to support Heinegg's work, since it identifies African ancestry in the male lines and European in the female. There is almost no American Indian genetic connection. Why does anyone even fuss about this? If there were Africans in Melungeon family trees generations ago, and the families are now ―white,‖ who cares? People do. We are not in Brazil where ―race‖ is constructed differently. We are still harnessed to HYPODESCENT hypodescent (the one drop rule) of ―race.‖ We still live in a highly racist society, and Melungeons live in conservative Appalachian areas. Genetic evidence shows that the families historically called Melungeons are the offspring of sub-Saharan African men and white women of northern or central European origin. ―Tri-racial isolate‖ groups of theSoutheastern United States; historically, Melungeons were associated with the Tri-racialdescribes populations thought to be of mixed European, African and Native American ancestry. Cumberland Gap area of central Appalachia, which includes portions of East Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and eastern Kentucky. 1619AD. The first slaves arrive in British White Angle Saxon Protestant colonial America, and thus begins the most vicious and brutal and barbaric Atlantic slave trade, and bondage in all human history, the subjugation of Africans, for the benefit of slave masters, to build the White House, and the rest of Amerika. Goodbye Uncle Tom: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCtCEKzmMsQ. The first 19 or so Africans arrived ashore near the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, brought by Dutch traders who had seized them from a captured Spanish slave ship. The Spanish usually baptized slaves in Africa before embarking them. As English law considered baptized Christians exempt from slavery, these Africans were treated as indentured servants who joined about 1,000 English indentured servants already in the colony. They were freed after a prescribed period, and given the use of land and supplies by their former masters. The historian Ira Berlin noted that what he called the ―charter generation‖ was sometimes made up of mixed-race men who... 1620s 1620AD. There were zero European whites in Kentucky in 1620AD. 1620s. ―Indian warriors needed guns to compete against armed enemies, and they needed beaver pelts to buy guns. As French missionaries and traders pushed west into Indian country, Ottawa and Huron traders from the Great Lakes paddled their canoes down to Montreal and Quebec, eager to trade

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pelts for guns and metal weapons that, literally, gave them an edge over their enemies. The Mohawks, who together with the Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas, made up the League of the Iroquois stretching the length of upstate New York, had to look elsewhere for guns and ammunition. In the 1620s, they pushed aside the Mahicans so they could trade directly with the Dutch on the Hudson River, near what became Albany, New York.‖ (Calloway, pg. 9). 1620s. From the 1620s, in southern British colonies like Virginia, white northern Europeans intermarried with Indians. They also intermarried with Africans who began entering the American colonies as early as 1619. Melungeons originate from these red (?), white and black peoples in this period of American history. 1620s-1630s AD. The Monongahela Culture disappeared some time during the 1620s or 1630s before having significant direct contact with Europeans. Most of the Monongahela were killed by, or assimilated into, either the Iroquois or the Delaware tribes during warfare, as these powerful tribes competed to control area hunting grounds for the fur trade. 1621AD. The Iroquois nominally gave the English much of the disputed territory north of the Ohio in the Nanfan Treaty in 1701, although this transfer was not recognised by the French, who were the strongest actual presence there at the time. In that treaty, the Iroquois leadership claimed to have conquered this ―Beaver Hunting Ground‖ 80 years previously, or in ca. 1621. 1622-1632. Virginia. The Powhatan Wars, battles and bloodbaths in Virginia between colonists and American Native Indians. 1622. March 22. AD. Jamestown Massacre. Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed 347 English men, women and children throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the English population of the Jamestown colony, in an effort to push the English out of Virginia. 1624-1628AD. Also handicapped by their inland location, the Iroquois first had to contend with the powerful Mahican confederacy in order to trade with the Dutch, and it took four-years of war (1624-28) before the Mohawk emerged as the pre-eminent trading partner of the Dutch in the Hudson Valley. The Susquehannock, however, had an easier time against the numerous—but peaceful and disorganized— Delaware tribes who traded with the Dutch along the lower Delaware. 1625AD. Meanwhile, to the south in Virginia, the English colonists in 1625 had defeated the Powhatan, the only Algonquin confederacy strong enough to have challenged the Susquehannock. It took another war (1644-46) for the English to completely crush the Powhatan and take control of eastern Virginia, so they had little time to concern themselves about the Susquehannock. Unchallenged, the Susquehannock extended their dominion south from the Susquehanna to the Potomac River and claimed the area in between as hunting territory. They did not ask the tribes who lived there. 1626-1630AD. Beginning in 1626, the Susquehannock attacked the Delaware and by 1630 had forced many of them either south into Delaware or across the river into New Jersey. The Dutch accepted the outcome, but when they began to trade with the Susquehannock, they were pleased to discover the Susquehannock (skilled hunters and trappers) had more (and better) furs than the Delaware.

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1627-1628AD. Juan de Torres led 10 Spanish soldiers and 60 Indian allies to Cofitachequi on two expeditions in 1627-1628. He was ―well entertained by the Chief who is highly respected by the rest of the chiefs, who all obey him and acknowledge vassalage to him.‖ 1628AD. To remain, the PATUXENT Patuxent and CONOY Conoy (Piscataway) PISCATAWAY on the western shore of the Chesapeake were forced to ally with the English in Virginia by 1628. This alliance was never tested, since the Susquehannock SUSQUEHANNOCK usually left the residents alone as long as they did not challenge their right to hunt when and where they pleased. 1628AD. In 1628, the Mohawk (Iroquois) defeated the Mahican, and established a monopoly of trade with the Dutch at Fort Orange (later Albany, New York), New Netherland. In the same era, the Susquehannocks, also well armed by the fur trade with Dutch traders, effectively reduced the Delaware's strength, and won a protracted declared war with the Province of Maryland. 1629 AD. British colonists in Virginia establish a trade network with Cherokee living in the Appalachian Mountains. 1630s 1630s. By the 1630s, the Iroquois had become fully armed with European weaponry through their trade with the Dutch.The Iroquois, particularly the Mohawk, had come to rely on the trade for the purchase of firearms and other highly valued and much coveted European goods for their livelihood and survival. They used their growing expertise with the ARQUEBUS arquebus to good effect in their continuing wars with the Algonquin, Huron, and other traditional enemies. The French, meanwhile, outlawed the trading of firearms to their native allies, though they occasionally gave arquebuses as gifts to individuals who converted to Christianity. Although the Iroquois first attacked their traditional enemies (the Algonquins, Mahicans, MONTAGNAIS Montagnais, and Hurons), the alliance of these tribes with the French quickly brought the Iroquois into fierce and bloody conflict directly with the European colonists. 1630s. After a series of epidemics swept the area during the 1630s, only 3,000 Tionontati (Petun), in nine villages, had survived by 1640. 1630s-40s. During the 1630s and 40s, alliances were formed between the Nipissing, Ottawa, Tionontati, Huron, and Neutrals to seize territory from the Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Fox, and Sauk who apparently were the original resident tribes on the lower Michigan peninsula to the west. The attacks by the warriors of these alliances, forced the Michigan tribes to surrender territory, and relocate farther west. 1631AD. The British Redcoats in Virginia soon grew interested in fur trade with the Susquehannock, and William Claiborne established a trading post on Kent Island in upper Chesapeake Bay in 1631. The Susquehannock by this time were able to trade with the French in Canada (through the Huron), the Dutch on Delaware Bay, and the English-speaking British Redcoats in Virginia. 1632AD. Captain Henry Fleet mentioned a town called ―Shaunetowa‖ at the head of navigation of the Potomac River.

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1632AD. The fur trade provided the Nipissing with steel weapons and, after 1632, their first firearms for ―hunting.‖ Despite their small population, these made the Nipissing formidable to the much-larger neighboring tribes. The numerous lakes and small streams of the Nipissing homeland had a lot of beaver, but the huge demand by the French for fur quickly used up what was available. This forced the Nipissing and other French trading partners to look elsewhere for new hunting territory which, of course, belonged to other tribes, many of whom were inclined to resist unauthorized poaching. 1633AD. Smallpox Plague Epidemic Pandemic on Iroquios Villages. The Iroquois competed with their Native neighbors for domination of the Dutch and French fur trade. Catastrophic smallpox plagues, beginning in 1633, escalated this rivalry. Firearms also gave the Iroquois a superior weapon system with which to wage war against their traditional rivals, the French-allied Huron. The Iroquois fought the Huron and soon displaced them as the dominant Native power of the colonial frontier. 1634AD. Following decimation by infectious diseaseafter 1634, when immigration of children from England, France and Holland (Dutch) increased and brought contact, both the Wendat WENDAT and Petun PETUN societies were in a weakened state. 1634AD. The friendly trade relationship with the English became increasingly strained after the settlement of Maryland by British Redcoat English Catholics began in 1634. For obvious reasons, the Conoy and Patuxent welcomed the new colonists, and a Jesuit mission was opened that year at their village at Piscataway. The reaction of the Susquehannock was not nearly as friendly, especially when settlements began to move steadily up the western side of Chesapeake Bay from Fort St. George on the St. Mary's River. A mutual desire to trade kept the English and Susquehannock from open warfare for a while, but steady encroachment eventually led to a series of incidents and confrontations, including wars with the Conoy and Wicomese. 1634-37AD. The first to get hit with smallpox was New England during 1634, and by 1636-37, smallpox had spread to the St. Lawrence River, and then up the Ottawa River to the Nipissing. Jesuit missionaries visited in 1640, but soon moved on to the Huron villages allowing the Nipissing, for the moment, to remain devoted to their traditional "sorcery." 1635AD. As early as 1635, the Iroquois and Huron came into conflict as war parties met and fought, and villages on both sides were raided and burned. The conflict mounted as the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy spread out, and invaded Huron lands to the north and west. Huron Jesuit towns and villages were attacked and burned, and those not killed, were taken captive.

1637AD. The French Jesuit missionary JEAN DE BREBEUF Jean de Brébeuf saw Iroquois tribesmen play Lacrosse during 1637 in present-day New York. He was the first European to write about the game. He called it la crosse (―the stick‖). Some say the name originated from the French term for field hockey, le jeu de la crosse. Others suggest that it was named after the crosier, a staff carried by bishops that bears a similarity to the sticks used in the sport. 1637AD. May 26. The Mystic River Massacre. The Pequot War of 1637 in Connecticut. In the

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Pequot War, the British Redcoat colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in presentday Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700. The Moravian missionary John Heckewelder associated the Pequots, who were involved in a bloody war with the Massachusetts colonists in 1637—the Pequot War— with the Piqua division of the Shawnee. 1637. Pequot War. 700 innocents are slain, at night. All women, children, and the old, and sickly. The warriors were out hunting for them. The British English Anglo-Saxon Protestant Redcoat-loving Whites celebrate with the First Thanksgiving ever, which they still celebrate today! 1638AD. The Iroquois Imperial Confederate War Against The Wenro. With the decline of beaver as a vital natural resource for trade relations, the Iroquois began to conquer their smaller neighbors. They attacked the Wenro in 1638 and took all of their territory. Survivors fled to the Hurons for refuge. The Wenro had served as a buffer between the Iroquois, and the Neutral tribe and Erie allies. These two tribes were considerably larger and more powerful than the Iroquois. With expansion to the west blocked, the Iroquois turned their attention to the north. The Dutch also encouraged the Iroquois in this strategy. At that time, the Dutch were the Iroquois' primary European trading partners, with their goods passing through Dutch trading posts down the Hudson River, and from there sent back to Europe. As the Iroquois' sources of furs declined, so did the income of the trading posts.The rivalry among the French, Dutch, and English for control of the fur trade in North America encouraged intertribal warfare among the Indians. 1638AD. By the time the Swedes made their first settlements on the Delaware River in 1638, the Delaware were entirely subject to the Susquehannock, and needed permission from the MINQUA ―Minqua‖ to sign any treaties. 1638AD. The Susquehannock hardly noticed the brief interruption of trade with the English. In 1638, Peter Minuit MINUIT, a former Dutch governor of New Amsterdam who had a new job, brought the Swedes to the lower Delaware River (claimed by the Dutch). Minuit purchased land from the Delaware, and built Ft. Christina for trade, and to block Dutch access to the Delaware Valley. It should be noted that the Delaware needed permission to sell, and two ―Mingua‖ representatives attended the signing of their treaty with the Swedes. 1640s 1640s. Trading with all four European powers during the 1640s required that the Susquehannock produce a lot of fur. They were skilled hunters and trappers, but the huge demand kept them so busy hunting they had little time left to continue their war of conquest against the Delaware and Chesapeake Algonquin tribes. In west, however, it may have been different. One can only wonder where and how the Susquehannock got so much fur, and it is likely that, as the Susquehannock exhausted the beaver in central and western Pennsylvania, they were forced to look beyond their territory for more. Some was obtained from trade with the ERIE Erie and Shawnee SHAWNEE, but the remainder probably came at the expense of encroachment and warfare with unknown tribes in the Ohio Valley. 1640AD. The expansion of hunting for trade with Europe accelerated the decline of the beaver population. By 1640 the animal had largely disappeared from the Hudson Valley. Historian-editors of American Heritage Magazine have argued that the growing scarcity of the beaver in the lands controlled by the Iroquois in the middle 17th-century accelerated the wars. The center of the fur trade shifted northward to the colder regions of present-day southern Ontario, an area controlled by the NEUTRALS Neutrals

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as well as by the HURONS Hurons—the close trading partners of the French. The Iroquois, displaced in the fur trade by other nations in the region, and threatened by disease and with a declining population, began an aggressive campaign to expand their area of control. 1640AD. With these more sophisticated weapons, the Five Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) nearly exterminated the Huron, and all of other Native Americans living immediately to their west in the Ohio country in the Beaver Wars. Historians consider the Beaver Wars to have been one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of North America. 1640AD. THE DUTCH SELL GUNS TO THE IROQUOIS. At first Europeans had been reluctant to trade firearms to natives and restricted the number and amount of ammunition. This restriction dissolved as the competition increased. When English traders from Boston attempted to lure the Mohawk from the Dutch by selling firearms, the Dutch countered by providing them in unlimited amounts. Suddenly much-better armed than the Huron and their allies, the Iroquois began a major offensive, and the level of violence in the Beaver Wars escalated dramatically. In the arms race that followed, no tribe had a more advantageous position than the Susquehannock. By playing on the fears of the rival European traders, they had access to whatever weapons in any amount they wished. To say they were wellarmed would be an understatement. One of the Susquehannock villages even had a cannon to defend itself, and so far as is known, they were the only Native Americans ever to use this type of heavy armament. For as far into the past as can be determined, the Susquehannock were friends of theHURON Huron, and enemies of the Iroquois. Susquehannock alliances and trade also extended to the ERIE Erie and Neutrals NEUTRALS, with the result that the Iroquois were surrounded by hostile tribes. Having exhausted the beaver in their homeland, the Iroquois were running out of the fur they needed to trade for Dutch firearms. Otherwise, with European epidemics decimating their villages, it was only a matter of time before they were annihilated. Their enemies, of course, were well-aware of this problem and refused permission for Iroquois hunters to pass through their territories. Faced with a blockade, the Iroquois were forced into a war where they needed to either conquer or be destroyed. 1640. The epidemics struck with frightening regularity throughout the 1640s to which Nipissing shamans, despite their reputation, had no answer. This continuing tragedy, however, provided an opportunity for the French priests to make their first converts among the Huron and Nipissing. Unfortunately, French medical knowledge was limited, and Christianity conferred no special immunity to disease. The Nipissing steadily lost population, but the Huron who were concentrated in their large fortified villages were especially vulnerable. After epidemics decimated their population during the 1640s, the Huron lost their ability to resist the Iroquois who were expanding northward to take hunting territory needed for their trade with the Dutch. French firearms initially had helped the French trading partners stem the tide, but in 1640 the Dutch had begun providing large quantities of firearms and ammunition to the Iroquois. With this, the Beaver Wars suddenly became very deadly. Better armed than the French themselves, the Mohawk attacked the Algonkin and Montagnais along the upper St. Lawrence River. The Montagnais were soon forced to retreat east towards Quebec, and the Algonkin were driven from the south end of the Ottawa Valley. 1640AD (after). The Iroquois, now armed with Dutch guns, concentrated their attacks on the Huron after 1640. 1640-1645. While the trade with the English slowed between 1640 and 1645, the Swedes more than made up the difference. The Susquehannock were also able to continue trade with Dutch by using the portages between the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers to New Amsterdam.

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1641AD. In 1641, the Mohawks traveled to Trois-Rivières in New France to propose peace with the French and their allied tribes. They asked the French to set up a trading post in Iroquoia. Governor Montmagny rejected this proposal. 1641-1645. The Huron Genocide by the Iroquois (Seneca and Mohawk, predominantly). Between 1641 and 1645 the Mohawk and Seneca engaged in systematic genocide against the Huron. The early Iroquois campaigns were more than simply the mourning war system, as they resulted in the wholesale slaughter of entire Huron villages. The few Huron not killed were adopted into Iroquois villages. 1642AD. The French built a new trading post at Montreal in 1642, but Iroquois war parties moved into the Ottawa Valley, cutting access from the west. By 1642, the British English Redcoat governor of Maryland had declared the Susquehannock were enemies of the colony to be shot on sight. 1642AD. Galileo Galilei dies. (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), often known mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the ―father of modern observational astronomy‖, the ―father of modern physics‖, the ―father of science‖, and ―the Father of Modern Science‖. 1643. The Dutch-Indian War of 1643 along the Hudson River. 1643AD-1649. The 1643 Iroquois (Mohawk and Seneca) War on the Hurons (Wendat). The Iroquois League comprised five nations located between Lake Erie and the northern edge of Lake Ontario: the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk. The Iroquois desired to displace the Mohegan Nations as trade partners with the Dutch and to displace the Huron as trade partners with Quebec. As the volume of Mohegan furs declined, the Dutch turned to the Mohawk for pelts. The Mohawk extended their beaver trapping into Huron territory, leading to increasingly violent battles for trade. Seeking to displace their traditional rivals as the trading partner to the Europeans, the Iroquois Nations, led by the Mohawk and Seneca, went to war with the Hurons in 1643. The Mohawk went to war against the Huron to supplant them as the main French trade partner. 1644-1646. Virginia. Powhatan War. 1644AD. Trade Stops. Attempts at peace in 1644 failed, and Susquehannock trade with the English temporarily sputtered to a halt. 1645AD. Peace w/ Iroquois and French. For a Brief Moment. 1645 AD. In the early 1640s, the war began in earnest with Iroquois attacks on frontier Huron villages along the St. Lawrence River; their intent was disruption of the trade with the French. In 1645 the French called the tribes together to negotiate a treaty to end the conflict. Two Iroquois leaders, Deganaweida and Koiseaton, traveled to New France to take part in the negotiations. The French agreed to most of the Iroquois demands, granting them trading rights in New France. The next summer a fleet of eighty canoes carrying a large harvest of furs traveled through Iroquois territory to be sold in New France. When the Iroquois arrived, the French refused to purchase the furs, and told the Iroquois to sell them to the Huron, who would act as a middleman. Outraged, the Iroquois resumed the war. The

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French decided to become directly involved in the conflict. The Huron and the Iroquois had similar access to manpower, each tribe having an estimated 25,000–30,000 members. 1645AD. A Peace Treaty. The Susquehannock ended their hostilities with British Colony Maryland, and signed a treaty ceding their claims in Maryland between the Choptank and Patuxent Rivers. 1645AD. The French had clung to their precarious truce signed with the Mohawk in 1645. By 1645 the French were forced to ask for peace, but the treaty they signed that year with the Mohawk did not extend to their native allies. After a brief period of peace, fighting resumed between the Iroquois and the French trading partners. While the French stood by maintaining a nervous neutrality, the Mohawk and Oneida decimated the southern bands of the Algonkin. A hasty alliance forged out of necessity between the Nipissing, Montagnais, and Algonkin had little effect. Meanwhile, the western Iroquois (Cayuga, Onondaga, and Seneca) had concentrated their attacks on the Huron Confederacy. 1645AD. The Iroquois had succeeded in isolating the Hurons from the Algonkin, Montagnais, and French in the east. There was a two-year lull in the fighting following a truce that year, but in 1647 the Iroquois launched massive attacks into the Huron homeland and destroyed the ARENDARONON Arendaronon villages. Sensing that the situation was becoming serious, Susquehannock warriors fought as Huron allies, while their ambassadors sent to the Iroquois council flatly demanded a halt to the war. 1646. October 18. AD. Jesuits were captured and killed by the Mohawks. In 1646, Jesuit missionaries at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons went as envoys to the Mohawk lands to protect the fragile peace of the time. Mohawk attitudes toward the peace soured while the Jesuits were traveling, and their warriors attacked the party en route. The missionaries were taken to the village of Ossernenon (near present-day Auriesville, New York), where the moderate Turtle and Wolf clans recommended setting the priests free. Angered, members of the Bear clan killed Jean de Lalande and Isaac Jogues on October 18, 1646. The Catholic Church has commemorated the two French priests as among the eight North American Martyrs. 1647-1648AD. To gain the upper hand, in 1647 the Huron and Susquehannock formed an alliance to counter Iroquois aggression. Together their warriors greatly outnumbered those of the Iroquois. The Huron tried to break the Iroquois Confederacy by negotiating separate peaces with the Onondaga and the Cayuga. When the other tribes intercepted their messengers, they put an end to the negotiations. During the summer of 1647 there were several small skirmishes between the tribes. In 1648 a more significant battle occurred when the two Algonquin tribes attempted to pass a fur convoy through an Iroquois blockade. Their attempt succeeded and they inflicted high casualties on the Iroquois. During the following years, the Iroquois strengthened their confederacy to work more closely and create an effective central leadership. 1648AD. ―The Ohio Valley may have been the center for the main body of Shawnee into the early seventeenth century. But by mid-century it is apparent that they were spread over a wide area from present-day Ohio to the Cumberland River and quite possibly even as far west as the Mississippi River. As early as 1648, there were Shawnee residing with the MASCOUTINs! Mascoutins in Illinois.‖ ~Jerry Clark.

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1648-49AD. ―The 1648-49, Iroquois war parties shattered the once-powerful and prosperous confederacy of the Wendat or Huron people who lived in the Georgian Bay region of Lake Huron. They killed French missionaries, destroyed Huron villages, killed hundreds of people, and adopted hundreds more. Survivors fled in all directions; some moved eventually to northwestern Ohio, where they became known as Wyandots. Iroquois raiding parties struck into New England, the Susquehanna Valley, and the Ohio country. Many peoples fled from Ohio to the western Great Lakes to escape the onslaught. Outgunned and outnumbered, the Shawnee scattered.‖ (Calloway, pg. 10). 1648-1649AD. In a second campaign between 1648 and 1649, the Iroquois razed numerous Huron villages and French missionary towns, killing and capturing hundreds of Huron. They occupied their territory and effectively destroyed them as a political and economic entity. Many Huron simply retreated into Canada to settle around Quebec while others joined the ERIE Erie and Neutral NEUTRAL Republic. Other fragments of nations defeated by the Iroquois combined to form the WYANDOT Wyandot Nation. For some inexplicable reason the Huron refused further offers of help from the Susquehannock, and were overrun by the Iroquois during the winter of 1648-49. 1649AD. In 1649 during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois used recently purchased Dutch guns to attack the Huron, who were allied with the French. These attacks, primarily against the Huron towns of TAENHATENTARON Taenhatentaron (St. Ignace SAINT IGNACE) and St. Louis SAINT LOUIS in Michigan, were the final battles that effectively destroyed the Huron Confederacy. 1649AD. With their enemies in the east subdued, the Mohawk joined with the western Iroquois to finish off the Huron. Huronia was overrun during 1649, and the Tionontati, who were Huron allies, suffered a similar fate that winter. The western Iroquois then turned on the Neutrals, leaving the Mohawk to deal with the remaining Algonkin and Nipissing. 1649AD. The Petun Tobacco People were attacked, destroyed and dispersed by the Iroquois, raiding from their base in present-day New York in 1649. The remnants joined with some refugee Huron to become the Huron-Petun Nation, who were later known as the WYANDOT Wyandot. French traders called these First Nations people the Pétun (tobacco), for their industrious cultivation of that plant. Pétun as a word for tobacco became obsolete; it was derived from the early French-Brazilian trade, and comes from the Guarani language. In the Iroquoian Mohawk language, the name for tobacco is ―O-ye-aug-wa‖. French colonial traders in the Ohio Valley transliterated the name as Guyandotte, their spelling of how it sounded in their language. Later European-American settlers in the valley adopted this name. They named the Guyandotte River in south-western West Virginia for the Wendat people, who had migrated to the area during the Beaver Wars. Later the Wendat were forced to move west to Ohio, and finally most removed to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma. Two tribes are federally recognized in the United States: the Wyandotte Nation and the Wyandot Nation of Kansas. 1649. March. AD. The Iroquois Imperial Army Conquers The Huron Republic. In March 1649, a force of 1,000 SENECA Seneca and Mohawk MOHAWK, two tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, descended on a group of Huron towns east of Georgian Bay near present-day Toronto, Canada. The attackers burned outlying settlements and overwhelmed the towns of Saint Ignace and Saint Louis, killing or capturing their defenders and burning the towns. The Iroquois were repulsed at the town of Sainte Marie by Huron warriors and some French soldiers stationed at the town. However, the Iroquois retreated with supplies and prisoners. The Huron who survived fled. By the end of March, 15 Huron towns were empty as a result of the fighting. This Iroquois invasion destroyed

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the Huron Nation. Huron survivors fled into the wilderness, and scattered westward, taking refuge with tribes along the shores of Lakes Huron and Erie. Many Huron asked for adoption into the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, and became part of the Mohawk, Seneca, and Onondaga peoples, as per Iroquois tradition. It was customary among the Iroquois to adopt children and young men and women into the tribes to make up for Iroquois losses in warfare. With the destruction of the Huron Nation, the Iroquois turned to other tribes in the Great Lakes region. 1649. December. AD. The Iroquois Invade, Murder, Pillage, Break, and Destroy the Tobacco People. After the Hurons, the First to fall were the TOBACCO Tobacco people, who were crushed by a force of MOHAWK Mohawk and Seneca SENECA in December 1649. 1650s 1650. Of these, about 1,000 Huron and TIONONTATI! Tionontati (Petun) managed to escape the Iroquois in 1650 and reach temporary safety on Mackinac Island (Upper Michigan). The remainder of the Tionontati were either killed, or captured and later adopted into the Iroquois. The mixed HuronTionontati group that escaped became known afterwards as the Wyandot. 1650AD. Edward Bland, an explorer who accompanied Abraham Wood's expedition in 1650, wrote that in OPECHANCANOUGH Opechancanough's day, there had been a falling-out between the CHAWAN Chawan chief, and the Weroance of the Powhatan POWHATAN (also a relative of Opechancanough's family). The latter (Weroance of the Powhatan) had murdered the former (a Chawan Chief). 1,650. The first recorded Imperial British crown explorations of the mountains were those of Abraham ―Abram‖ Wood, which began around 1650. Later, Abraham Wood sent exploring parties into the mountains. 1650AD. The Iroquois Imperial Confederate War Against The PETUN, wipe the Petun off the map, conquering them, their lands, resources, women, children, men, and force those few Petun survivors to become Iroquois. 1650AD. The Iroquois would complete the process during the 1650s and force Nipissing across Lake Michigan into Wisconsin. While the Nipissing certainly prospered from their trade with the French, they suffered as well. Competition for fur quickly disrupted what had been, for the most part, a relatively peaceful region. Disturbed that most of the French trade had shifted west to the Great Lakes, the Algonkin living in the Ottawa River Valley began to collect tolls for passage through their territory and occasionally robbed Nipissing trading parties enroute to Quebec and Montreal. Even worse were the epidemics which followed the fur trade west, and since they were located on the main trade route, the Nipissing missed very few of these. 1650AD. During 1650 a large Mohawk war party moved into the upper Ottawa Valley. Besides the Algonkin, it also attacked and massacred many of the Nipissing. During the next three years of war and death, the Nipissing held their ground against the Iroquois juggernaut, but by 1653 the survivors were forced to abandon their homeland and flee west to the Ottawa and Saulteur Ojibwe near Sault Ste. Marie. Already dominating trade with the Dutch along the Hudson River in New York, the Iroquois had similar ambitions for a similar status with the French on the St. Lawrence, and to accomplish this, they were determined to drive any potential rivals as far west as possible away from the French trading posts. Iroquois attacks near Sault. Ste. Marie in 1653 and 1655 forced the Ottawa to leave and move

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south near Green Bay, Wisconsin. 1650AD. The French encouraged the native fur traders to come to Montreal, but Iroquois war parties roaming along the length of the Ottawa River made this very dangerous. Few dared, but after the Ottawa and Wyandot found a refuge on the south shore of Lake Superior, they were willing to try. Having maintained their trading ties with the Cree to the north, they had a lot of fur and a taste for European goods. Supported by the Ojibwe and Nipissing, they formed large canoe flotillas which forced their way past the Iroquois blockade on the Ottawa River and reached Montreal. This activity brought renewed Iroquois attacks to the northern Great Lakes, but the shores of Lake Superior stretched Iroquois military power just a little too far. 1650AD. The Tionontati met a similar fate a year later, and as the Iroquois absorbed 1000s of captured warriors into their ranks, the Susquehannock were in grave danger. In 1650 the western Iroquois (Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga) attacked the Neutrals, and the Susquehannock entered the war against the Iroquois. Whatever help they could have given the Neutrals was cut short when the Mohawk attacked the Susquehannock villages in 1651. With the Susquehannock unable, and the Erie unwilling to help, the Neutrals were quickly defeated. The Mohawk, however, found the well-armed Susquehannock a dangerous and stubborn foe. 1650s. During historic times, the Miami were known to have migrated south and eastwards from Wisconsin from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century, by which time they had settled on the upper Wabash River in what is now northwestern Ohio. The migration was likely a result of their being invaded during the protracted Beaver Wars by the more powerful Iroquois, who traveled far in strong organized groups (war parties) from their territory in central and western New York for better hunting during the peak of the eastern beaver fur trader days. MIAMI: Early Miami people are considered to belong to the Fischer Tradition of Mississippian culture. Mississippian societies were characterized by maize-based agriculture, chiefdom-level social organization, extensive regional trade networks, hierarchical settlement patterns, and other factors. The historical Miami engaged in hunting, as did other Mississippian peoples. 1650s AD. In the early 1650s, the Iroquois began to attack the French. Some of the Iroquois Nations, notably the Oneida and Onondaga, had peaceful relations with the French, but were under control of the Mohawk. The latter were the strongest nation in the Confederacy and were hostile to the French presence. After a failed peace treaty negotiated by Chief Canaqueese, Iroquois war parties moved north into New France along Lake Champlain, and the Richelieu River. They attacked, and blockaded Montreal. Typically a raid on an isolated farm or settlement consisted of a war party moving swiftly, and silently through the woods, swooping down suddenly and without warning. In many cases, prisoners, especially women and children, were brought back to the Iroquois homelands, and were adopted into the nations. 1650-1651 AD. The Iroquois break, and destroy the Neutral Republic (Niagara Peninsula) in 1650, and force the Neutral Nation to become Iroquois. By the end of 1651, the Iroquois had completely driven the tribe from traditional territory, killing or assimilating thousands. At the time, the Neutrals inhabited a territory ranging from the present-day Niagara Peninsula, westward to the Grand River valley. 1651-1652AD. From 1651 to 1652, the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannocks, located to the south in present-day Pennsylvania, without sustained success.

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1652AD. English ―Peace‖ Land Cession Treaty with Susquehannock Republic. Not able to fight two wars at the same time, the Susquehannock in 1652 signed a treaty with Maryland ceding MUCH of the lower Susquehanna Valley to secure peace and trade with English. 1652AD. The Dutch and French traders and, after 1652, the British fueled demand. The warfare and social disruption contributed to the decimation of Native American populations, but the major factor were fatalities from infectious diseases for which they had no immunity. 1653AD. The Onondaga Nation (1 of 5 Nations in the Iroquois Confederacy) extended a peace invitation to New France. 1653. The Iroquois then made peace with the French in November 1653, compelling them to surrender all of their Huron refugees. During the Beaver Wars, they were said to have defeated, and assimilated the Huron (1649), Petun (1650), the Neutral Nation (1651), Erie Tribe (1657), and Susquehannock (1680)... Huron, and their allies: Petun, Erie, and Susquehannock. [The Lenape or Delaware... the Anishinaabe peoples of the boreal Canadian Shield region, and not infrequently fought the English colonies as well.] ―Mourning Wars‖ are an integral part of Iroquois culture. This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large-scale attacks against neighboring tribes in order to avenge or replace the massive number of deaths resulting from battles or smallpox epidemics. 1654. Virginian Colonel Abram Wood surveyed Kentucky, probably crossing New River valley, in the midst of the 100 Year French-Iroquois Beaver War. KENTUCKY! 1654AD. Smallpox hit their villages during 1654, but this affected the Mohawk as much as the Susquehannock, and slowed the fighting on both sides. 1654-1656AD. The Iroquois-Erie Indians War. 1654. The Iroquois wiped out, murder most, assimilate some, of The Erie Indians. The Erie were destroyed by the Iroquois in 1654 over competition for the fur trade. The war between the Erie and the Iroquois lasted for two years. The Erie people suffered the same fate as the other tribes when a force of 1,800 Iroquois attacked an Erie town near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1654. Although the town fell, the Erie regrouped and fought the Iroquois for two years until they too were conquered. By 1656 the Iroquois had almost completely destroyed the Erie confederacy, whose members refused to flee to the west. The Erie territory was located on the southeastern shore of Lake Erie and was estimated to have 12,000 members in 1650. Greatly outnumbered by the tribes they had subdued, the Iroquois had been able to achieve their victories through the use of firearms purchased from the Dutch DUTCH. 1655-1740. When the English took Jamaica from Spain in 1655, they inherited the problem of the Maroons. Until 1740, the Maroons were involved in slave revolts against the British. Just like the Maroons in North America, the Jamaican Maroons raided the Jamaican plantation houses by night whenever they had need of supplies, or whenever British encroachments upon their hunting grounds grew unbearable. The Maroons of Jamaica formed the first Free Negro society in the New World. 1655. May. AD. Martin Chartier, a glovemaker, is born in France. Peter Chartier was born Pierre Chartier, and was the son of Martin Chartier (1655-1718), a glovemaker born in St-Jean-deMontierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France. 1655. Martin Chartier. Birth: 1655 in St-Jeande-Montierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; Baptism: 1 JUN 1655 St-Jean-deMontierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; Death: 1718 in Dekanoagah, Indian village

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around current Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA. Martin Chartier and Robert Cavellier de La Salle sailed together in the same ship. Martin Chartier was a woodrunner and trader. Martin Chartier was the founder of the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Martin Chartier is the ―Greatest French explorer on his own in North America‖, a distinction to be shared with his half-breed son, Pierre. Martin Chartier, one of the old French Indian traders, had his trading post and lived for many years adjoining the farm afterwards owned by James Patterson, the Indian trader, and also the Susquehanna Indian town, three miles below the Columbia. The Penns gave Chartier a large tract o f land on Turkey Hill, in Lancaster County. 1655. September-1656. AD. For the Susquehannock, the major blow came in September, 1655 when the Dutch seized the Swedish colonies. Without their primary supplier, the Susquehannock were forced to ask the Mohawk for peace. Equally exhausted, the Mohawk agreed in 1656. The war dragged on until 1656 with the Mohawk (at great cost to themselves) slowly pushing the Susquehannock down the eastern branch of the Susquehanna River.The Susquehannock were suddenly alone. The French were powerless after Iroquois victories over the Huron and Neutrals, and the Erie soon had their own war of survival against the western Iroquois (1653-56). Hard pressed by the Mohawk, the Susquehannock tried to strengthen their ties to the Dutch in 1651 by selling them some land on the Delaware River, but the Dutch remained neutral. The Swedes continued to supply them with anything they wanted, but the Susquehannock had become involved in fighting with Virginia Puritans that had settled in northern Maryland in 1649. 1656AD. Vandernock's map of 1656 locates a village of ―Sauwanoos‖ SAUWANOOS between the upper Schuylkill SCHUYLKILL and the Delaware. 1,656AD. By 1656, the Imperial Iroquois marauders conquered and assimilated their Iroquian-speaking rivals except the Susquehannock, and had started to clear the Algonquin tribes from the Ohio Valley, and lower Michigan. Most of these enemies ended up as refugees in Wisconsin, but some of the Shawnee apparently were able to hold on for a few years as Susquehannock allies. 1656. Peace... a second, equally fragile, peace with the western Iroquois during 1656. At the time, there were fewer than 300 French in all of North America, so their reluctance to intervene while the Iroquois were destroying their trading partners and allies is somewhat understandable. Aware of their danger, the French carefully avoided any travel to the western Great Lakes which might offend the Iroquois, but they still wanted to trade for fur and did not wish to become subservient to the League to do so. 1656-1658AD. A Smallpox Epidemic. An expedition of Jesuits, led by Simon Le Moyne, established Sainte Marie de Ganentaa in 1656 in their territory. The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658 as hostilities resumed, possibly because of the sudden death of 500 native people from an epidemic of smallpox, a European infectious disease to which they had no immunity. American natives were not fans of biological warfare. 1657AD. The The Democratic Iroquois Imperial Confederates War on The Erie Republic, and wipe the Erie Republic, as well as their Nation, off the face of the planet. 1658AD. Meanwhile, the French peace with the Iroquois had collapsed in 1658 following the murder of a Jesuit priest acting as a French ambassador.

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1658-1663AD. The Iroquois-Susquehannock War. The Mohawk and their Oneida allies never fought the Susquehannock again, but peace with them did not extend to the rest of the Iroquois League. From 1658 to 1663, the Iroquois were at war with the Susquehannock and their Lenape and Province of Maryland allies. After finishing with the Erie, the western Iroquois turned their attention to their only remaining Iroquian-speaking enemy. Besides the fact the Susquehannock had aided the NEUTRALS Neutrals, there was continuing aggravation since the Susquehannock had given refuge to small groups of Neutrals and Erie that had eluded them. This simmered and finally erupted into open warfare in 1658. Badly outnumbered, the Susquehannock drew their Shawnee trading partners into the fighting and enlisted the support of their tributary Algonquin and Siouan tribes (Delaware, Nanticoke, Conoy, Saponi, and Tutelo). The Iroquois first attacked the Susquehannock's allies: dispersing the Shawnee and scattering them to Illinois, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Then they struck the LENAPE (Delaware) throughout the Delaware Valley during the 1660s, and effectively took them out of the war. 1658-1675. The Iroquois War Against The Susquehannock. In 1658 the western Iroquois (Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga) attacked the Susquehannock in what would be the final chapter of many years of warfare between them. It took the Iroquois until 1675 to defeat the Susquehannock, but the Shawnee lacked firearms and were forced to move. Rather than retreat enmass to Wisconsin, they dispersed into four groups. 1659AD. The Iroquois-Neutral Tribe War. In 1659, the Neutral tribe was broken when the Iroquois destroyed two large towns north of Lake Erie. Those who escaped abandoned their villages and scattered. The 1660s (300 years before the Hippies) 1660s. ―After the English defeated the Dutch on the Hudson River, near what became Albany, New York. After the English defeated the Dutch and took possession of New York in the 1660s, the Mohawks dealt with the British. Indian hunters killed beaver in unprecedented numbers for European markets that seemed insatiable. Beaver were less plentiful in Iroquois country than in the northern forests of their rivals, and as they depleted their own supplies of beaver, the Iroquois feared they would fall behind in the arms race.‖ (Calloway, pg. 9-10). 1660 AD. The Iroquois are at the Zenith of their Imperial Power, Wealth, and Might. With the tribes to the north and west destroyed, the Iroquois turned their attention southward to the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock. 1660 AD. Peter Chartier's mother, Sewatha Straight Tail (1660-1759), daughter of Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa of the Pekowi Shawnee, was born. 1660. Shawnee have always lived in the Ohio Valley, so even if temporarily removed, the Shawnee loved their Dark and Bloody homeland. 1660. May. AD. Dollard des Ormeaux, died in May 1660, while resisting an Iroquois raiding force at the Long Sault, the confluence of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa Rivers. According to legend, he succeeded in saving Montreal by his actions.

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1660. They began forming identifiable separate mixed communities when the first anti-African laws started restricting some of their freedoms by 1660. Until recently, not much has been known about the Melungeons' African ancestors. New evidence now indicates that the black ancestors of Melungeons were peoples of Kimbundu and Kikongo-speaking Angola and historic Kongo along Africa's lower west coast. The nation of Mbundu in Angola yielded more black ancestors for Melungeons than any other African people. MBUNDU! By the 1660s, the five Iroquois ceased fighting among themselves. They also easily coordinated military and economic plans among all five nations. In so doing, they increased their power and achieved a level of government more advanced than those of the surrounding tribes' decentralized forms of operating. Although Indian raids were not constant, they terrified the inhabitants of New France. Initially, the colonists felt helpless to prevent them. Some of the heroes of French-Canadian folk memory are of individuals who stood up to such attacks. The Beaver Wars continued as the Iroquois moved farther west and north, pushing into the Ohio Valley in the 1660s. People of the Ottawa, Illinois, Miami, and Potawatomi tribes in the upper Ohio Valley fled north as Iroquois warriors raided their villages. Farther south, Shawnee bands were driven west to the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. The Iroquois now dominated tribes and territory from the Ottawa River in Canada south to the Cumberland River in Kentucky, and from Lake Erie to the east. The Iroquois, however, did not gain a monopoly of the fur trade in the western Great Lakes region, and the region east of the Mississippi River. Tribes in those areas, supported by the French, began fighting back, launching attacks and invading Iroquois lands. In the south the Iroquois lost major battles to the Susquehannock and the Lenni Lenape (Delaware). 1661AD. The Nipissing had also relocated farther west with the Amikwa Ojibwe on the northern shore of Lake Superior. Meanwhile, the Ottawa and Wyandot (Huron) had found their way to Chequamegon Bay on the south shore. 1661. The Susquehannock had become allied with the English in the Maryland colony in 1661. The English had grown fearful of the Iroquois, and hoped an alliance with Susquehannock would help block the northern tribes' advance on the English colonies. 1661. For the Susquehannock, the worst blow was a smallpox epidemic in 1661 that devastated their population to a point from which it never recovered. Still they managed to hold on. A treaty signed with Maryland ended the lingering hostility with the English. The agreement provided firearms and ammunition, since the Maryland colonists were well-aware of the value of the Susquehannock as a buffer against the Dutch-allied Iroquois. 1661-1662AD. The Jesuit Relations of 1661-1662 tell of Shawnee located some 1,000 miles west of the Iroquois along a beautiful river, probably the Ohio. ~Jerry E. Clark. 1662AD. In 1662 the Nipissing got a taste of sweet revenge, when they combined with Ojibwe and Ottawa warriors to annihilate a large Mohawk-Oneida war party just west of Sault Ste. Marie. Despite this setback, the Iroquois still dominated the area to the east, and Nipissing, Ojibwe, and Ottawa fur traders still had to fight their way to Montreal. 1662AD. Jermone JEROME Lalement LALEMENT, a French Jesuit, indicated that the Shawnee

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were already trading with the Spanish in Florida. SHAWNEE!!! 1662AD. According to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which British-Occupied Virginia incorporated into law in 1662, children were assigned the social status of their mother, regardless of their father's ethnicity or citizenship. This meant that the children of African slave mothers were born into slavery. But it also meant that the children of white women, even if fathered by enslaved African men, were born free. The free descendants of such unions formed many of the oldest free families of color. Estes and her fellow researchers theorize that the various Melungeon lines may have sprung from the unions of black and white indentured servants living in Virginia in the mid-1600s, before slavery. They conclude that as laws were put in place to penalize the mixing of races, the various family groups could only intermarry with each other, even migrating together from Virginia through the Carolinas before settling primarily in the mountains of East Tennessee. Claims of Portuguese ancestry likely were a ruse they used in order to remain free and retain other privileges that came with being considered white. Here's Daniel Boone pretending he's not a Tory Loyalist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eHqAnxyY7Y . 1662-1663AD. Iroquois War Against Ottawa and Abenaki. By 1663, however, the Iroquois had lost their weapons superiority. This and another smallpox epidemic weakened the Iroquois Confederacy as it attempted to expand hegemony over the Ottawa in 1662, and the Abenaki in 1663. 1663AD. The Iroquois launched unsuccessful campaigns against the Susquehannock and Delaware in 1663, but were repulsed by the Suquehannock's European-style fort. 1663AD. With English help, the Susquehannock were able to turn back a major Iroquois invasion in 1663. In 1663, a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the Susquehannock main fort. The Iroquois were at war with the SOKOKI Sokoki tribe of the upper Connecticut River. Smallpox struck again; and through the effects of disease, famine and war, the Iroquois were threatened by extermination. 1663-1674AD. The Iroquois-Susquehannock War. In 1663 the Iroquois sent an army of 800 warriors into the Susquehannock territory. They repulsed the army, but the invasion prompted the colony of Maryland to declare war on the Iroquois. By supplying Susquehannock forts with artillery, the English in Maryland changed the balance of power away from the Iroquois. The Susquehannock took the upper hand, and began to invade Iroquois territory, where they caused significant damage. This warfare continued intermittently for 11 years. 1664AD. Nipissing's trade convoy in 1664 was ambushed twice in the Ottawa Valley by Iroquois war parties. 1664. The English took New York from the Dutch, and shortly afterwards formed their own alliance with the Iroquois. Maryland, however, did not feel entirely assured by this, and in 1666 renewed its treaty with the Susquehannock. Coinciding with another outbreak of smallpox in 1667, the Iroquois made peace with the French and their native allies and this allowed them to concentrate on their war with the Susquehannock. 1664AD. About 1664, the Five Nations became trading partners with the British, who conquered the New Netherlands (renamed New York) from the Dutch. The Five Nations enlarged their territory by right of conquest. The number of tribes paying tribute to them realigned the tribal map of eastern North America. Several large confederacies were destroyed or relocated, including the Huron,

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Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock and Shawnee. 1664AD. A French colony establishes itself in Haiti. A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola, where France established the colony of Saint-Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664. Nicknamed the ―Pearl of the Antilles‖, Saint-Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean before a 1791 slave revolt, which began the Haitian Revolution, led to freedom for the colony's slaves in 1794 and, a decade later, complete independence for the country, which renamed itself Haiti. France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island, which is now the Dominican Republic. 1664-1667. In 1664, an Oneida party struck at allies of the Susquehannock on Chesapeake Bay. The French decided they were not getting anywhere appeasing the Iroquois, and brought a regiment of French soldiers to Canada. Their subsequent attacks on the villages in the Iroquois homeland finally brought a lasting peace which was signed in 1667. Having learned from experience, the French also got the Iroquois to extend the peace to include French trading partners and allies. During the next thirteen years, the French resumed travel to the western Great Lakes eventually laying claim to the entire region and the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys to the south. For the Nipissing, this meant they could return (after almost 20 years) with a certain amount of security to their old homes near Lake Nipissing. Strangely enough, while men had been at war, THE BEAVER the beaver had been at peace, and the area had recovered to become once again the best fur-producing area in North America. The Nipissing came home gradually and in small groups, to which the French responded with trading posts and missionaries. This time, however, the priests met with more success and made numerous conversions. 1665AD. Three (3) of the Five (5) Nations of the Imperial Iroquois made peace with the French. 1665AD. Iroquois campaigns against the French in Canada were similarly rebuffed. The arrival of a regiment under the MARQUIS de TRACY Marquis de Tracy prompted the four western tribes to sue for peace in 1665. 1665AD. When the early French traders came into this are a in the 1670s, the Shawnee had a principal village on the Cumberland River, near the present site of Nashville, which had been occupied as early as 1665. SHAWNEE! 1665. December 13. AD. Marquis De Tracy made peace with these tribes, but he excluded the Mohawk from the treaty of 13 December 1665, as punishment for their tardy arrival at the conference. 1666. The Canadian Governor sent the Carignan regiment under Marquis de Tracy to confront the Mohawk and the Oneida. The Mohawk avoided battle, but the French burned their villages and crops. 1666. May - 1666. October. The Mohawk sent a peace delegation to Quebec in May 1666, which de Tracy then accepted, although this did not prevent him from marching against the Mohawk in October 1666. Finding the country deserted, he burned a few villages and their crops and returned to Quebec. 1666AD. A group of Seneca captured some Shawnee near the Mississippi River probably south of the Ohio. If the Iroquois extended their hostilities for such great distances it is possible that their encounters with the Shawnee could have been in the Cumberland region or the lower Ohio Valley.

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1667. 17 Year Peace. The remaining two Iroquois Nations signed a peace treaty with the French and agreed to allow their missionaries to visit their villages. This treaty lasted for 17 years. 1667AD. MARTIN Martin Chartier CHARTIER arrived in Quebec with father, brother and sister. 1667-1680AD. Martin Chartier, a glovemaker, arrived in Quebec with his brother and sister and his father René in 1667. He accompanied Louis Jolliet on his 1674 journey to the Illinois Territory and La Salle on his 1679-1680 journey to Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. He assisted in the construction of Fort Miami and Fort Crèvecoeur where, on 16 April 1680 he and six other men mutinied, looted and burned the fort, and fled. 1668AD. Martin Chartier meets a Shawnee boy turned over to the priests at Montreal who becomes his constant companion WOLF (Wolf, his future brother-in-law). 1669-1670AD. Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur De La Salle goes to Detriot and Lake Erie. MARTIN Martin CHARTIER Chartier was with LA SALLE La Salle during his first trip of 1669-1670 to Detroit and Lake Erie. 1669AD. Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur De La Salle set out to explore the Great Lakes region of North America. 1669AD. The Seneca warned Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur De La Salle in 1669 of the ferocity of th Shawnee, and Galinee, La Salle's chronicler, said that the Shawnee lived about a month's journey from the source of the Ohio River. ~Clark. 1669AD. MARTIN Martin Chartier CHARTIER rode along with LOUIS Louis JOLIET Joliet's first expedition with his brother Pierre. The French claimed La Salle had reached the Ohio country in 1669. 1669. Fall. AD. With the support of Maryland, the Susquehannock fought on in an increasing bitter struggle, but by the fall of 1669, they were down to only 300 warriors and were forced to ask the Iroquois for peace. The Iroquois response to their offer was to torture and kill the Susquehannock ambassador who brought it. 1669. The account of the first European to visit the area, the French explorer, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1669, is disputed and not supported by facts. La Salle travelled along the St. Lawrence River to Lake Ontario, then to Lake Erie. The two priests travelling with his party departed the group at that point and the written documention of the expedition apparently ceased. Reports of what occurred differ, including abandonment of the journey due to illness, or travelling onward but not to the Ohio River. La Salle did not claim to discover the Ohio River on that voyage nor travel to the falls (of the Ohio). The discovery of the Louisville area in 1669 is perhaps better assigned to myth or legend than an actuality. Subsequently he explored areas of the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys from the Gulf of Mexico up to modern-day Canada, claiming much of this land for France. The 1670s 1670s AD. Beginning in the 1670s, the French began to explore and settle the Ohio and Illinois Country from the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. There they discovered the Algonquin tribes of that region were locked in warfare with the Iroquois. The French established the post of Tassinong to trade with the western tribes. The Iroquois destroyed Tassinong. 1670. AD. In 1670, an Englishman, Henry Woodward, journeyed inland from Charlestown, South

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Carolina to Cofitachequi. He called the chief "the emperor" and said the town counted 1,000 bowmen. 1670-1672. The "emperor" of Cofitachequi visited Charleston in 1670 and 1672. Sometime after that, Cofitachequi was abandoned. 1670. AD. ―Up to 1670, the Monacan (Siouan) tribes had been but little disturbed by the whites, although there is evidence that the wars waged against them by the Iroquois were keeping them constantly shifting about. Their country had not been penetrated, except by a few traders who kept no journals, and only the names of the tribes living on the frontiers of Virginia were known to the whites. Chief among these were the Monacan proper having their village a short distance above (the present) Richmond.‖ 1670 AD. Sometime before 1670, a group of Shawnee migrated to the Savannah River area. The English based in Charles Town, South Carolina were contacted by these Shawnee in 1674. They forged a long-lasting alliance. The Savannah River Shawnee were known to the Carolina English as ―Savannah Indians‖. Around the same time, other Shawnee groups migrated to Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and other regions south and east of the Ohio country. The historian Alan Gallay speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by the Beaver Wars....The Shawnee became known for their widespread settlements from modern Illinois and New York to Georgia. Among their known villages were Eskippakithiki in Kentucky, Sonnionto (also known as Lower Shawneetown, aka Shannoah) in Ohio on the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, Chalakagay near what is now Sylacauga, Alabama, Chalahgawtha at the site of present-day Chillicothe, Ohio, Old Shawneetown, Illinois, and Suwanee, Georgia. Their language became a LINGUA FRANCA for trade among numerous tribes. They became leaders among the tribes, initiating and sustaining pan-Indian resistance to European and Euro-American expansion. 1670 AD. The Shawnee River in Kentucky. When the French began to explore the Ohio Valley in the 1670s, they first met the Shawnee on the Cumberland River, although they were told at the time the Shawnee had lived on the Ohio River. Two of these moved south towards the Cherokee in eastern Tennessee. Although relations between them had not always been friendly, the Cherokee were already beginning to have their own problems with the Iroquois and allowed one group of Shawnee (Chillicothe and Kispoko) to settle in the Cumberland Basin as a buffer against the Chickasaw (traditional Cherokee enemies). 1670. In June 1732, the Shawnee sent a letter to Governor Gordon of Pennsylvania in which they stated that about five years before, the 5 Nations of the Iroquois had ordered the Shawnee to return to Ohio, where they had come from. This can be interpreted to mean that around 1670 the Shawnee had lived on the Cumberland River, and on the Ohio between the mouths of the Muskingum and the Wabash. 1670. Most of the maps dating from 1670 call what is today the Cumberland River the ―Riviere des Chaouanons.‖ In fact it was identified as the Shawnee River until nearly the end of the 1700s. 1670 AD. The Jesuit Relations of 1670 states that some of the French were driven out of Illinois and fled southeast, taking refuge with the Shawnee Indians at Eskippakithiki in George Rogers Clark County in central KENTUCKY (Woodring). 1671AD. The explorers Batts and Fallam in 1671 reported that the Shawnee were contesting control of the Shenandoah Valley with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (―Five Nations‖) in that

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year, and were losing. 1671AD. In 1671, Abraham Wood commissioned Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam, professional explorers, to search the western lands for such a passage. One discovery that they made was the New River which led to their claim to the whole Ohio valley. Batts and Fallam marked four trees as they crossed the mountains to identify their claim. One for the King of England, one for the governor of Virginia, one for Abraham Wood and one for themselves. 1671AD. In addition the ―Salt‖ Indians situated on the Kanawha River a little above present-day Charleston, West Virginia, as described by Fallows in 1671, are believed to have been Shawnee. This band may have been migrating south from the Ohio Valley when they established a temporary village and made a supply of salt. 1671. September 1. AD. The Batts-Fallam expedition reached the New River Valley (formerly known as Woods River, since Abram Wood was credited with its founding in 1654) in 1671. Redcoat Virginia Major General Abraham Wood sent out Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam in 1671 to discover something of the west for the British King Charles, and for trade... Thomas Batte and Robert Fallom's records are used in negotiations to bolster England's claim to ―the Louisiana Purchase‖ for the end of the 1754-1763 French and Indian War. Major General Abraham Wood, an Englishman interested in developing the western fur trade, had been directed by the British Imperial Governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, to mount the expedition. The leader of the mission, Captain Thomas Batts, was accompanied by an Indian guide, an indentured servant, Thomas Wood, and Robert Fallam, who kept a journal of the trip. The group left Fort Henry along the Appomattox River near presentday Petersburg, Virginia, on September 1. Within two weeks, it had reached Swope's Knob in what is now Monroe County in southeastern West Virginia. Batts and Fallam's discovery of the New River a day later was significant because they were the first Europeans to lay claim to a westward flowing river. The expedition continued along the New River for 3 days until it reached Peters Falls near the Virginia-West Virginia border. The French claimed the famous explorer La Salle had reached the Ohio country in 1669, two years before Batts and Fallam discovered the New River. The dispute brewed for nearly 100 years until the British defeated the French in the French and Indian War and established control over present-day West Virginia. 1672AD. The Iroquoian tribe, the powerful Cherokee nation, succeeded the Siouians in the control of their former territory in Southwest Virginia. The Cherokees, although of Iroquoian stock, were hostile to the northern Iroquois and to the great Southern Iroquois tribe, the Tuskaroras, who lived along the Neuse River in North Carolina. The original territory of the Cherokees included ―all of North Carolina and Virginia west of the Blue Ridge, as far north at least, according to their tradition, as the Peaks of Otter near the headwaters of the James River, together with the upper portion of South Carolina and the mountain section of Georgia and Tennessee‖. The Cherokee were driven from the greater portion of their holdings, around 1672, by the northern Iroquois, and settled upon the Savannah River and in the territory south of the Tennessee River. The Cherokees apparently permitted the remnants of the Siouians to live undisturbed in Southwest Virginia, but the Siouians constantly attacked by the northern Iroquois, kept on moving their villages. 1672AD. Martin Chartier rode along on Louis Joliet's second expedition with his brother Pierre Chartier. 1673AD. Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet exploring the Mississippi River in 1673.

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1673. Abraham ―Abram‖ Wood sent Gabriel Arthur and James Needham to the Overhill Cherokee of modern Tennessee for the imperialist greed of the British Imperial Crown and Redcoats. The purpose was to try to make direct contact with the Cherokee for trade, so as to bypass the OCANEECHEE Ocaneechee ―middlemen‖ traders. The expedition did reach the Overhill Cherokee area, and James Needham was killed on their return trip. Gabriel Arthur was almost killed, but was rescued by being adopted by a Cherokee chief. For his own safety, Arthur was then sent with one of the chief's raiding parties. For about a year, he traveled with the CHEROKEE Cherokee, throughout the Appalachians. He was probably the first European to visit modern West Virginia and cross the Cumberland Gap. 1673. Jesuit Missionary Jacques Marquette mentioned Shawnee-Spanish trade in 1673, and that Spanish trade beads were found among the Shawnee who settled near Fort Saint Louis agreed to abandon the Spanish trade. 1673. ―When the French Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette traveled down the Mississippi River in 1673, he passed the mouth of the WABASH-OHIO Wabash-Ohio River. His Indian guides told him that its waters flowed from the east, ―where dwell the people called Chaouanons [Shawnees] in so great numbers that in one district there are as many as 23 villages, and fifteen in another (38 total Shawnee villages), quite near one another.‖ French maps in the late seventeenth century located the Chaouanons on the Ohio and Cunberland Rivers, and some label the Cumberland as the ―Riviere des Chaouanons.‖ From their Ohio and Cumberland Valley villages, the Shawnees appear to have traveled widely. They participated in far-reaching exchange networks that funneled European goods through Indian country, and some likely traded directly with the Spaniards in Florida. Illinois Indians told Marquette that Shawnees came to their villages ―laden with glass beads.‖ (Calloway, pg. 7). Trailer for The Black Robe (1991): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVfMsZMiSzY 1673AD. In 1673, Major General Abraham Wood sent two men, James Needham and Gabriel Arthur, to the Cherokees' Overhills capital of Chota for the purpose of establishing trade. Needham's letter book gives a description of CHOTA Chota: ―This towne is seated on ye river side having ye clifts [sic] of ye river on ye one side, being very high for its defense, the other three sides trees of two feet in diameter, pitched on end, twelve feet high and on ye tops scarfolds [sic] placed with parrapits [sic] to defend the walls and offend theire [sic] enemies which men stand on to fight. Many nations of Indians inhabitt [sic] downe this river which runs west upon ye salts which they are at war withe [sic] and to that end keepe [sic] one hundred and fifty cannoes under ye command of their forte [sic]. The least of these will carry twenty men, and made Sharpe at both ends like a wherry [sic] for swiftness. This forte is four sqoare [sic] 300 paces over and ye houses setting in streets.‖ 1673. May. AD. ―Father Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit priest, and Joliet had left from French-held Lake Michigan in May 1673, with five men aboard two birch bark canoes. Their task was to explore the Mississippi River.‖ … ―The French explorers discovered the mine after they paddled past the nearby junction of the Mississippi and the ―Ouabouskigou,‖ which Marquette described as the river that flowed ―from the lands of the East.‖ The Ouabouskigou is the Ohio River, Robertson said. ―But about fifteen miles upriver at Wickliffe, close to where the Ohio and Mississippi join, another historical marker on US Highway 51 says that the Frenchmen ―stopped on this bank in 1673, according to The Jesuit Relations.‖ Indeed, Jacques Marquette wrote that

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the explorers encountered Native Americans evidently determined to fight. He admitted he was mistaken. ―They were as frightened as we were,‖ Jacques Marquette explained, ―and what we took for a signal for a battle was an invitation that they gave us to draw near, that they might give us food. We therefore landed, and entered their Cabins, where they offered us meat from wild cattle [buffalo] and bear's...‖ (Berry Craig). http://books.google.com/books?id=XKR9w4I2SOsC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=jesuit+relations+ke ntucky&source=bl&ots=NR-EvTq8Pg&sig=ytFIPS3BCqvC2Z8NHtpzRbAnZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WnP1U9WiBIGVyATTl4DADQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCA# v=onepage&q=jesuit%20relations%20kentucky&f=false Somewhat wary because of Hernando De Soto's encounter with the Chickasaw was well-known in Europe, Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet merely noted their location at the bluffs near Memphis, Tennessee. Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette and French fur trader Louis Joliet paddled the Mississippi down to the mouth of the Arkansas River. There they turned back, fearful of the Spanish in the region, unaware that they were only ten days away from the Gulf of Mexico. They also lost most of their notes. 1673. May 17. AD. Arthur ARTHUR Gabriel GABRIEL was a young Englishman, just nineteen year of age, when he was brought to America by Abraham Wood to Fort Henry as an indentured servant. Arthur Gabriel was described as uneducated but highly intelligent. Major General Abraham Wood promoted an expedition by James Needham and Gabriel Arthur to establish direct trade relations between the Colony of Virginia and the Cherokees. This meant breaking the control of the Occaneechi Indians who had been serving as middlemen between the English colony and the Cherokees. Its second purpose was to discover a possible passageway by water to the southwest. The plan sounded good to Abraham Wood who soon started them on a trip to the west; the group consisted of James Needham, Gabriel Arthur, and a few Indians as porters and guides. They were soon stopped; however, by the Occaneechi Indians who had their Fort on an island in the Roanoke River and controlled the trade through their territory. On May 17, 1673, James Needham and Arthur Gabriel, along with eight (8) Indians and four (4) horses, were sent out again. Somewhere along their trail to the west they met a party of TOMAHITAN Tomahitan Indians, (Cherokee) who helped them secure passage through the Occaneechi territory. An agreement was made in which James Needham and a group of hired Occaneechi Indians were to return to the east, and secure a load of goods which would be traded to Cherokee trappers for their beaver furs, then to carry the furs back to Fort Henry. 1673. James Needham went back to Virginia to procure trade goods, leaving Gabriel Arthur behind to learn the Cherokee language. Leaving Arthur to learn the language, Needham returned to General Wood's and on his way out again was killed by an Occoneechee, Indian John, whom he had hired as a porter, a little beyond the Yadkin River in North Carolina. ―So died,‖ wrote General Wood, "this heroick Englishman, whose fame shall never die if my pen were able to eternize it, which had adventured where never any Englishman had dared to atempt before him, and with him died one hundred forty four pounds starling of my adventure. I wish I could have saved his life with ten times the value." On the return trip, Needham NEEDHAM was killed after an argument with his Occaneechi guide, ―Indian John.‖ Indian John then encouraged the Cherokees at Chota to kill Arthur Gabriel but the Cherokee Chief prevented it. In their second attempt, they made it across the Blue Ridge Mountains and the headwaters of the New River. They then entered the valley of the Tennessee River. After securing a treaty with the Cherokee, James Needham returned to Fort Henry to report and prepare for the 3 rd Expedition. Arthur was left with the Cherokee to learn their language and customs. Upon Needham's return to the village he was murdered by his guide, an Occaneechi Indian. Ponka Tribe. Arthur Gabriel was to stay at the fort and learn the customs and language of the Indians. The Cherokee king, AMATOYA Amatoya Moytoy MOYTOY, liked Arthur Gabriel and gave

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him the freedom to both teach the Indians many things as well as to learn the ways of' the Indians. He soon found a pretty young Indian maiden named NIKITI Nikiti and was allowed to marry her, as well as to become a member of the Cherokee tribe. Some of the Indians disliked Gabriel and one day when the King was away from the fort some of the braves tied Arthur Gabriel to a stake and was about to set fire to the wood piled around him. It appeared that they would succeed when King AMATOYA MOYTOY returned just as the Indian was applying the flame to the wood so he raised his gun and shot the Indian, killing him instantly. Before long Arthur Was dressing like the Indians and even painted himself and joined a war party to the north, not far from the Ohio River where they met a group of Shawnee warriors. Arthur Gabriel was wounded and taken prisoner and led to the Shawnee Camp in Ohio. When they scraped the paint and ashes from him, they discovered that he was a white man. The chief soon became a friend to Arthur Gabriel and invited him to become a member of their tribe. When they learned that Arthur Gabriel had married one of the Cherokee in Tennessee, he released him to return to his family. Arthur Gabriel, disguised as a Cherokee, accompanied the chief of Chota on raids of Spanish settlements in Florida, Indian communities on the east coast, and Shawnee towns on the Ohio River. 1673AD. The fort where Arthur Gabriel lived was called CHOTA Chota by the Indians. Soon after Arthur Gabriel was left with the Cherokee in Tennessee, King AMATOYA MOYTOY planned a long trip which was to punish the Spaniards who lived in north-west Florida. Some time previously a party of 20 Cherokee visited the Spanish fort with a view of establishing a trade with them. They were taken prisoner and 10 of them were killed. Two of them escaped later and brought news of the treachery of the Spanish. It is said the a number of Shawnee Indians accompanied them on this trip. They started South and skirted the western ends of the Appalachian Mountains and the Blue Ridge. Before long they came upon a settlement of white people who had long white beards and whiskers and who wore clothing and all lived in wooden houses. Eight days into this trip they came upon a settlement of Negroes also living in wooden houses. ―Here they hastened to the Negro town where they had the advantage to meet with a lone Negro. After him ran one of the Tomahittans with a dart in his hand, made with a piece of the blade of James Needham's sword, and threw it after the Negro, struck him through between his shoulders so he fell down dead. They took from him some toys, which hung in his ears, and bracelets about his neck, and so returned as expeditiously as they could to their own homes.‖ A day or two later they came to a road which they called a vehicle road. They soon came to the Spanish fort which was made of brick and all buildings within high brick walls... Here they lay hidden in ambush for eight days. Finally a lone Spaniard came along the road and was shot dead. In his pockets they found two small gold coins and a short length of gold chain all of which they gave to Arthur Gabriel. Each day they heard the huge bell that the dwellers rang. ―...stay but drew off and the next morning layed an ambush in a convenient place near the cart path before mentioned and there lay almost seven days to steal for their sustenance. The 7th day a Spaniard in a genteel habit, accoutered with gun, sword, and pistol. One of the Tomahittans, spying him at a distance, crept up to the path side and shot him to death. In his pocket were two pieces of gold and a small gold chain, which the Tomahittans gave to Gabriel, but he unfortunately lost it in his venturing as you shall hear by the sequel.‖ They soon gave up their siege of the Spanish town and started back home, going west to the Mississippi River and following it north to their homes on the Tennessee River and the Scioto in Ohio. They rested but a short time before another party was commanded out again and Gabriel Arthur was commanded out again, and this was to Port Royal. Here he refused to go, saying those were Englishmen and he would not fight against his own nation. He had rather be killed. King AMATOYA MOYTOY told him they intended no harm to the Englishmen, for he had promised Needham at his first coming to him that he would never do violence against any

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English more but their business was to cut off a town of Indians which lived near the English. I but said Gabriel, what if any English be at that town, a trading? King AMATOYA MOYTOY swore by THE FIRE which they adore as their god they would not hurt them. So they marched away over the mountains and came upon the head of Port Royal river in six days. Sometime later Gabriel was asked to accompany a group of warriors who were planning an attack on an Indian settlement at Fort Royal. He refused to go with them, because,he said that there would be Englishmen there and that he would rather die himself than to kill another Englishman. Finally they agreed to spare any Englishmen that they might find there, so Arthur Gabriel agreed to go with them.Sure enough, the first house that they came to was that of a single Englishmen who feared for his life. Arthur Gabriel told him to run for his life. The man then asked Arthur Gabriel which direction be should run, as they were surrounded by fierce looking Indians. Arthur Gabriel told him to run in any direction that he wished and that the Indians would not harm him. The Indians then opened a gap in their ranks and allowed him to escape. They later found the enemy and killed a great number of them. In fourteen (14) days they were back to their fort on the Tennessee River. When summer came, King AMATOYA MOYTOY decided to take a trip to visit his old friends, the MONETON Moneton Indians in western Virginia. The Indian name was said to mean "Mon" for water and "ton" for "great". A party of some sixty (60) braves with King AMATOYA and Arthur Gabriel started by going north to the Ohio River, then up the Ohio to the mouth of Big Sandy River. Here they left the river and traveled into what is now West Virginia. They came to a river which flowed to the east which they followed to the Great Kanawha near present St. Albans. It was what we now call Coal River. 1674AD. Martin Chartier lived with the Shawnee in Illinois on the Wabash River. 1674AD. Three maps were published in 1674, all of which place the ―Chaouanons‖ near the mouth of the Ohio River. Jacques Marquette locates several Shawnee villages east of the mouth of the Ohio, but does not extend the Ohio far enough east so that the relationship of these villages to the river can be determined. Both Randin and Joliet place the Shawnee south of the Ohio River, the former on the Mississippi and the latter in the vicinity of a tributary, probably the Cumberland, which flows north to the Ohio near its mouth. Based on the accounts of La Salle, the maps of Franquelin in 1684 and 1688 contain much more detail. The information on the Kentucky-Tennessee area undoubtedly came from the Shawnee who had settled at Starved Rock by 1683. 1674. In 1674, the English in Maryland changed their Indian Policy, and negotiated peace with the Iroquois. They terminated their alliance with the Susquehannock. 1674AD. ―One of the latest accounts that may refer to the Shawnee on the Ohio River in the seventeenth century comes from Gabriel Arthur, who as a captive of the Cherokee in 1674 traveled some three days from the Great Kanawha River to strike a blow against a powerful nation to the west, believed to have been the Shawnee. This may have been a group pushing north and east from the Cumberland land region.‖ (Clark, pg. 11). In 1674, Arthur Grabriel was captured by the Shawnee who discovered that under his coating of clay and ashes he was a white man. Surprisingly, the Shawnee did not kill Arthur but allowed him to return to Chota. 1674. June. AD. In June of 1674, Chief King Amatoya Moytoy escorted Gabriel Arthur back to Virginia. Gabriel Arthur's name when first found described him as a young Englishman, 19 years of age, with little or no education, however highly intelligent. In Virginia, he met and became the partner of James Needham and both were intent on entering the fur trade business. They soon met with Major General Abraham Wood and became involved in his plans for opening up the west to exploration and settlement and to cash in on the trade for beaver furs from the Cherokee Indians in the Tennessee area. British Redcoat General Abraham Wood was also interested in finding a water route across the continent.

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1675AD. Martin Chartier marries SEWATHA Sewatha, a Shawnee Princess. 1675AD. The Iroquois Confederacy defeat the Susquehannock, ending the 17 Year Iroquois and Susquehannock War, and expanding the Iroquois Confederacy in population, culture, land, resources, and power. 1675. It took the Iroquois until 1675 to defeat the Susquehannock. Driven from Pennsylvania, the survivors settled on the upper Potomac River at the invitation of the Maryland's governor. There was no refuge for the Susquehannock. The location may have been acceptable to a royal governor, but it was deeply resented by the local colonists. After several depredations (probably Iroquois), a 1,000 man army (actually an armed mob) assembled under Colonel John Washington (great-grandfather of George). In direct defiance of the orders of British Redcoat Virginia's governor, Colonel John Washington's militia besieged the Susquehannock in an old fort on the Potomac which they had occupied to defend themselves against the Iroquois. Eventually the Susquehannock were able to assure the colonists they were peaceful, and even offered six of their sachems as hostages as proof. Satisfied, the English took the hostages and left, but on the way home, they learned of other attacks in the area and Colonel John Washington killed the hostages. The Susquehannock abandoned the fort, but launched a series of retaliatory raids on the Virginia and Maryland frontier. Most of the blame for these raids fell on the Virginians' Pamunkey and Occaneechee allies and led to their near annihilation by the colonists during Bacon's Rebellion the following year. Afterwards, the Susquehannock moved north but were attacked by Maryland militia near Columbia, Maryland where many were killed. Some managed to reach safety with the Meherrin in North Carolina, but the remaining Susquehannock had little choice but to surrender to the Iroquois in 1676. Under the circumstances, they were treated well. Under the terms of the peace agreed to, the Susquehannock were settled among the MOHAWK Mohawk and Oneida ONEIDA, became members of the Iroquois ―Covenant Chain,‖ and their dominion over the Delaware and other former allies was also surrendered to the Democratic Imperial Iroquois League. During the years following, several Susquehannock rose to leadership as Iroquois war chiefs. 1675-1677 AD. In 1675, the militias of British Redcoat Virginia and Maryland captured and executed the chiefs of the Susquehannock, whose growing power they feared. The Iroquois made quick work of the rest of the nation. They drove the warriors from traditional territory, and absorbed the survivors in 1677. During the course of this conflict, in 1670 the Iroquois also drove the Siouanspeaking Mannahoac MANNAHOAC! tribe out of the northern Virginia Piedmont region. The Iroquois claimed the land by right of conquest as a hunting ground. The English Redcoats acknowledged this claim in 1674 and again in 1684. They acquired the land from the Iroquois by a 1722 treaty. 1675-1678AD. Metacomet's War. Aka King Philip's War, sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day British New England and English-speaking colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–78. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, known to the English as ―King Philip‖. The British Redcoats put the Wampanoag leader's head on a pike in the middle of town, for 24 years, so that all who entered their town would see the skull of King Metacomet, on a pike, in the middle of town. The Wampanoags were the natives who helped the Puritans raise crops, and survive that first harsh Winter, and Metacomet's War is how the British corporations paid the Wampanoags back. 1676AD. On a 1676 map of New Netherlands by Roggeveen the ―Sauno‖ had a village near the mouth

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of the Schuylkill. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. However, at times Blacks joined whites in exploiting the indigenous peoples. For example, Bacon‘s Rebellion, the uprising of Black and white poor in 1676 in Virginia and Maryland, was actually sparked by the planters refusal to allow them to expand into Native American lands. And the Buffalo Soldiers, Black US cavalrymen who patrolled the far West after the Civil War, many of partial Native American ancestry, at various times protected or fought against the indigenous peoples as their white commanders directed. 1676. August 12. AD. British Redcoat Major Benjamin Church emerged as the Puritan hero of the war; it was his company of Puritan rangers and Native American allies that finally hunted down and killed King Chief Metacomet (―Philip‖) on August 12, 1676. 1676-1776. Most black slaves were imported into Virginia in the 100 year period between 1676 and 1776, though they were present as early as 1619. Slaves began to outnumber the white indentured servant workforce in the late 1600s. The majority were brought into the colony from Africa and the Caribbean. In particular, the African regions of the Bight of Biafra (modern Nigeria), Senegambia (modern Senegal and Gambia), West Central Africa (modern Angola and Congo), and the Gold Coast (modern Ghana) were hotspots for Virginia slave traders. Smaller numbers came from the Windward Coast (modern Ivory Coast), Sierra Leone, Bight of Benin (modern Togo and Benin), and Southeast Africa (modern Madagascar and Mozambique) according to surviving shipping registers. There was a strong Muslim presence in Senegambia during the period of the slave trade. Many Tidewater Virginia slaves must have been influenced by Islam before their arrival in America. Slaves were usually renamed once they arrived in English-speaking colonies. They were given English Christian names to replace names from their native languages (some of which were Muslim names like Mohammad). The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database Internet site contains references to 35,000 slave voyages, including over 67,000 Africans aboard slave ships, using first name, age, gender, origin, and place of embarkation. The database documents the slave trade between Africa, Europe, Brazil, the Caribbean, and what is now the United States. They settled in Virginia one year before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. They sparked a major conflict between the Engllish Crown and American colonies one hundred and fifty years before the American Revolution. They lived free in the South nearly two hundred and forty years before the American Civil War.. Yet the African ancestors of the American Melungeons have remained elusive ghosts for the past four centuries; the missing characters in the developing saga of America's largest mixed community. Now finally, though stridently denied by some descendants and misunderstood by others, the African fathers and mothers of Melungia are beginning to emerge from the dim pages of the past to take their rightful places of honor in American history. One misconception over Melungeon origins comes from confusion over the status of these AfricanAmericans who, along with whites and Indians, gave birth to this mixed community. Modern scholars mistakenly assume that the African heritage of Melungeons derives from the offspring of white plantation owners and black female chattel slaves in the years 1780 to 1820. Wrong on two counts. In fact: 1. The very first black ancestors of Melungeons appeared in tidewater Virginia, not in the 18th century, but in 1619. 2. Not one single Melungeon family can be traced to a white plantation owner and his black female slave. The vast majority of the African ancestors of Melungia were freeborn for more than three hundred years. 1677AD. Covenant Chain is formed. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_Chain . 1677. By 1677, the Iroquois formed an alliance with the Royal British Redcoats through an agreement known as the

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Covenant Chain. Together, they battled the French, who were allied with the Huron, another Iroquoian people but a historic foe of the Confederacy. 1677AD. The Shawnee began to move from this region, in 1677, owing to dissatisfaction over their treatment by the whites, and continued their migration for more than 20 years, the main body first settling on the Delaware River at the mouth of the Lehigh River, Pennsylvania, then, after allying themselves with the French, passing to the north bank of the Ohio River, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, extending from the Alleghany River down to the Scioto River. 1677-1701AD. However, there had been a steady outmigration from South Carolina long before the trouble with the Catawba began. In 1677 or 1678, a group approximately seventy families left Carolina and made their way north, settling near the Conestoga Indians on the Susquehanna River by 1701. It is perhaps this group which settled for some time in the vicinity of Winchester, Virginia; Shenandoah County, Virginia; and Oldtown, Maryland, all of which date from this period. 1678. April. The war continued in northern New England (primarily in Maine at the New England and Acadia border) until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678. The war was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth-century Puritan New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in American history. In the space of little more than a year, twelve of the region's towns were destroyed and many more damaged, the colony's economy was all but ruined, and its population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Native American warriors... 1679AD. Martin Chartier goes with Rene-Robert-La-Salle to build Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River (with Wolf). 1679-1680. Winter. AD. In the winter of 1679-80, according to Margry's, Rene's son, Martin MARTIN Chartier CHARTIER was among La Salle's companions when they built Fort Crevecoeur somewhere along the Illinois River (2000 miles from Montreal). 1680s 1680s. 1680-1685. Basing his estimate on the time required to deaden and completely remove by burning the great oaks, hickories, sycamores, gums, and maples from such an area, Willard Jillson, noted Kentucky historian and naturalist, set the founding of the village at 1680 to 1685. Such an early date is possible in that Shawnee groups escaping the Iroquois down the Great Warriors Path would have passed through this area. (Clark, 1993). 1680 AD. Then, in 1680, the Iroquois retaliated with an all-out war against French-allied bands along the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. However, after some initial victories, the Iroquois were driven back. In the north, the Chippewa took Iroquois lands north of Lake Ontario, and the Miami moved back towards their lands in Indiana. 1680. Susquehannock defeated. 1680. The Pueblo Rebellion. In 1680, a native leader named Popé organized a massive rebellion that included more than 17,000 Indians from many villages across hundreds of miles. The Indians drove the Spanish out of New Mexico, killing missionaries, burning churches, and destroying relics of Christianity. It took the Spanish military fourteen years to reestablish control over the region. Except

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for a few sporadic Indian raids, the mission system continued to grow and prosper throughout Florida, Texas and California. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%C3%A9 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/470012/Pope 1680AD. By 1680, the principal locations of the Shawnee were in the Cumberland Valley and along the Savannah River in South Carolina. They had migrated either to the mouth of the Ohio and up the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers or over the Great Warriors Path southward across Kentucky. Some had gone north into the territories of the Miami and Illinois Indians in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. 1680. ―The Shawnee appearance in South Carolina was fortunate for the new colony. The Westo Indians were raiding colonists in the more remote areas. WESTO! Unable to handle the Westos by themselves, the struggling colonists engaged the Shawnee, who by 1680 had a considerable group in the area, to attack the Westos and bring them to Charles Town for the slave trade. By fighting the Westos the Shawnee acted as a buffer for the colonists and gained an important trade outlet for themselves, which included among other things, among other things, the sale of slaves. (Clark, 1993). 1680. Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle conquers the Mississippi River, and declares all land adjacent to the Mississippi River as land for the French Imperial crown. Napoleon will sell this ―Louisiana Purchase‖ to Thomas Jefferson in 1803. 1680. ―Shawnees had built homes along the Savannah (some speculate it was from the Savannah basin that the earliest Shawnees came), where they resided until 1715; the Yamasee Wars drove them to the river's end, where they pushed out the Westos and served as slave catchers for Englishmen who swapped guns for humans. Shawnees traded at St. Augustine, bartering deerskins for cloth, yaupon leaves, egret and crane feathers, BLUE and WHITE duffels, for miquelet muskets and powder and lead to war against Catawbas.‖ (Belue, pg. 11). 1680AD. At its maximum in 1680, the Imperial Iroquois Empire extended west from the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through Kentucky to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; then north following the Illinois River to the south end of Lake Michigan; east across all of lower Michigan, southern Ontario and adjacent parts of southwestern Quebec; and finally south through northern New England west of the Connecticut River through the Hudson and upper Delaware Valleys across Pennsylvania back to the Chesapeake. With two exceptions—the Mingo occupation of the upper Ohio Valley and the Caughnawaga migration to the upper St. Lawrence—the Iroquois did not, for the most part, physically occupy this vast area but remained in their upstate New York villages. 1680-1685. Eskippakithiki is Established. Willard Jillson, noted Kentucky historian and naturalist, set the founding of the village at 1680 to 1685. (Clark, Jerry). One report said it was an Irishman that set up a trading post there, though, he may have just partaken in the civilization that had already existed before he got there. 1681 AD. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle negotiated a treaty with the Miami and Illinois tribes. The same year France lifted the ban on the sale of firearms to the native tribes. Colonists quickly armed the Algonquin tribes, evening the odds between the Iroquois and their enemies. 1682. AD. La Salle's The Belle. Frenchman Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, set up trading posts down the Mississippi River. Reaching the mouth of the river, he claimed the entire river basin for King Louis XIV (the 14 th aka ―the King Louis who got to keep his head‖). La Salle had reached the Illinois country, establishing trading posts along the way. From the mouth of the Illinois River, he began a journey of more than a thousand miles, following the Mississippi River to its

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mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. There he laid claim, in the name of Louis XIV, king of France, to roughly one-third of the territory of today‘s continental United States. In light of such monumental successes and the hope of conquering more territory—including the Spanish silver mines in northern Mexico—the king was persuaded to back La Salle’s grandiose plan, providing ships, supplies, and personnel to carry out his vision. The king’s largesse, however, had limits. Whereas La Salle saw a need for four ships, the monarch agreed to provide only two: the small frigate Belle and the escorting warship Joly. With the settlement complete, La Salle loaded THE BELLE the Belle in readiness for making a sea search for the Mississippi. He placed on board items that would be needed if he should find his river and fulfill his plan to move the settlement there. He then embarked on a mysterious journey westward, leaving the Belle in an insecure anchorage in the charge of the ship's mate, Tessier, who was often in a drunken state. In La Salle‘s absence, misfortune plagued The Belle. Already the ship’s complement of 27 men had been reduced by the death of the Captain and five (5) members of his crew who were caught away from the ship and murdered by the vengeful Karankawa KARANKAWA! Six (6) others, including the most experienced sailors who gone ashore in the ship‘s lifeboat for water, either drowned in the bay while returning to the ship at night or were slain by Indians. Loss of the lifeboat proved crucial. Without water, the remaining crew suffered severe hydration—all except Tessier, who took charge of the store of sacramental wine. At last anchor was weighed to seek a more favorable location, but too late. A fierce northernly wind arose, and the unskilled and enfeebled crew was unable to work the rigging. In desperation, they dropped the bow anchor, but it failed to hold. As the ship was driven southward across the bay, the anchor dragged until the ship plunged stern first into the reef of barrier sand known today as Matagorda Peninsula. Still some distance from shore, the crew was unable to free the ship. Lacking the lifeboat, two men attempted to reach the shore with a poorly constructed raft. The raft came apart; one man swam ashore, but the other drowned. At last a more solid raft was built, and the crew was able to set up camp on the beach and ferry supplies from the wreck until the ship began to settle into the bottom and the cargo became submerged. For three months The Belle’s castaways remained isolated on the peninsular strip of sand, lacking the leadership of a resolute captain and a boat for crossing the bay. For sustenance, they supplemented provisions saved from the ship by fishing, gathering oysters, and shooting ducks. At last, however, they began to feel the pinch of hunger and set out to look for the means of escape. By good fortune, a canoe that had escaped the French on the far side of Pass Cavallo turned up at the water‘s edge. Thus, the castaways were finally able to cross the bay to reach the settlement. Of all those whom La Salle had left on board the Belle—including the original crew of 27 and several men he had placed there in irons—only half a dozen (6) survived: the mate Tessier, the Abbé Chefdeville, the useless Marquis de Sablonnière, a soldier, a young lad, and a servant girl from Saint-Jean-d’-Angély. Meanwhile, La Salle himself, with a few followers, had marched eastward, hoping to reach the post on the Illinois River. When nearing the country of the ―Cenis,‖ or Hasinai, in eastern Texas, La Salle was brutally murdered by his own men. 1682 AD. Martin Chartier's Mutiny. In a letter of 1682, La Salle stated that Martin Chartier ―was one of these who incited the others to do as they did.‖ MUTINY!!! In 1682, La Salle completed Fort Saint Louis on the Illinois River at Starved Rock; and the Illiniwek, who had earlier abandoned this location because of Iroquois raids, returned. The Shawnee, including one group called by that name and others called by La Salle the Chaskepe, Ouabano, and Cisca (names of the various Shawnee villages or bands), also settled the area near the fort. This involved a considerable movement to the Illinois River from the lower Cumberland region in Tennessee and Kentucky. But less than ten years (b4 1692) later this large group had moved eastward to Maryland and Pennsylvania.

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1682. ―An archaeological site near Starved Rock on the Illinois River was occupied in historical times by a group of Shawnee, who with other Indians, joined La Salle after he constructed Fort Saint Louis at this location in 1682. This site contained material very similar to Fort Ancient material, and may be attributable to the Shawnee, though some anthropologists have identified the Fort Ancient-like material as Miami or Illinois.‖ (Jerry E. Clark, 1993: pg. 8). 1682. La Salle reassembled a party for another major expedition. In 1682 he departed Fort Crevecoeur with a group of Frenchmen and Indians and canoed down the Mississippi River. He named the Mississippi basin La Louisiane in honor of Louis XIV (14 th) and claimed it for France. At what later became the site of Memphis, Tennessee, La Salle built the small Fort Prudhomme. 1682. February and April. AD. Actual contact came in February, 1682 during the expedition of Robert La Salle and Henri Tonti. Stopping at the Chickasaw Bluffs because Rene-Robert De La Salle was ill, and the expedition armorer, Pierre Prudehomme, wandered off into the woods and became lost. While searching for him, the French built a small fort (Fort Prudehomme) as a supply base for their push south. They also encountered two Chickasaw, who were given presents and asked to help. Prudehomme was finally found almost starved 9-10 days later, and after recovering his strength, La Salle left for the Gulf in March. On his return that April, La Salle chose to stop at the Quapaw villages (Chickasaw enemies) on the opposite side of the river. 1682. April 9. AD. At the mouth of the Mississippi River near modern Venice, Louisiana, ReneRobert De La Salle buried an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory for France. 1683AD. In 1683, on his return voyage, La Salle established Fort Saint Louis of Illinois, at Starved Rock on the Illinois River, to replace Fort Crevecoeur. He appointed Tonti to command the fort while La Salle traveled to France for supplies. 1683AD. There were almost 3,000 of this western group of Shawnee living in the vicinity of the French trading post at Fort St. Louis on the upper Illinois River. Allied with the Miami and Illinois, the Shawnee Imperial Confederacy continued their war against/with the Iroquois Imperial Confederacy. 1683AD. ―In 1683, several hundred Shawnees arrived at Fort St. Louis, a post Robert Cavelier de La Salle had built at Starved Rock on the Illinois River. Others migrated to the Southeast and took up residence on the Savannah River in Georgia.‖ Calloway, pg. 10. 1683AD. ―In 1683, the inhabitants of Cisca and other Shawnee joined the French at Fort Saint Louis on the Illinois River. On this same map, the village of ―Meguatchaiki‖ is situated on the north bank of the Skipakicipi River, probably a village of the Mequachake division. The Skipakicipi River is undoubtedly the Green River, named, perhaps, after the Kispogogi division, but the identity of the Misseoucipi is not clear. It is probably the Red or the Licking River.‖ ―Historian John R. Swanton suggests that the Shawnee may have been attracted to the Cumberland region partly by the Spanish post in Saint Augustine, Florida, which they visited in order to trade. This explanation would certainly account for the settlement in the Savannah River valley of South Carolina. Shawnee knowledge of and expeditions to the Spanish trading posts may have come quite early.‖ ~Jerry E. Clark.

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1683AD. With the renewal of hostilities, the local militia of New France was stiffened after 1683 by a small force of regular French navy troops, the Compagnies Franches de la Marine. The latter were to constitute the longest-serving unit of French regular troops in New France. Over the years, the men identified with the colony. The officer corps became completely Canadian. Essentially, these forces can be considered as Canada's first standing professional armed force. Officers' commissions, both in the militia and in the Compagnie Franches, became coveted amongst the upper class of the colony. The militia together with members of the Compagnie Franches, dressed for woodland travel similarly to their Algonquin Indian allies, and grew to specialize in the swift and mobile brand of warfare termed la petite guerre. It was characterized by long expeditions through the forests and quick raids on enemy encampments —the same kind of warfare practiced by the Iroquois and other Natives. 1683. Although treated with respect, the Susquehannock were not free. In 1683 William Penn attempted to sign a treaty with them only to learn that the Susquehannock (like the Delaware) first needed Iroquois approval to sign. Subsequent dealings by the Pennsylvania government concentrated on the Iroquois and ignored the subservient tribes. 1683-1684. From 1683-84, Martin and his brother Pierre Chartier were fur trading associates, and they had a settlement in Fort St Louis, although they had no trading permit. 1683 - Martin Chartier found trading with the Shawnee at Fort St Louis with his brother P ierre. 1684 AD. The Seneca attacked the Miami, because they had allowed some of these hostile Shawnee to settle near their villages in northwest Indiana. 1684AD. On the map of 1684, the main river emptying into the Mississippi from the east is the Casquinampogama (Tennessee), and it has several tributaries including the Wabash and Ohio rivers. The westernmost river to flow into the Tennesse is the Misseoucipi (not to be confused with the Mississippi) and the next is labeled ―Skipaki-cipi, ou la Riviere Bleue.‖ Between these rivers is the Shawnee village of Cisca, with a path leading to Saint Petro on the coast of Florida and a legend that translates: ―Path by which the Shawnee trade with the Spanish.‖ 1684AD. Algonquian tribes beat Iroquois. 1684. However, the Mosopelea identification is based on a 1684 map by Franquelin, who at La Salle's request showed 8 Mosopelean villages located in this region, while Marquette and Joliet had found the Mosopelea well below the Ohio River on the Mississippi. Archaeologist James B. Griffin believes that the Madisonville site is probably Shawnee. Erminie Voegelin disagrees and places the center of the Shawnee well to the east, in New York and eastern Pennsylvania, but most other anthropologists feel that the weight of linguistic, ethnohistorical, archaeologicals feel that physical evidence indicates that the Shawnee were indeed the descendents of the Fort Ancient populations.‖ (Clark, pg. 7). 1684AD. In 1684, the Iroquois justified an attack on the Miami on the grounds that the latter had invited the Shawnee into the country for the purpose of making war on the Iroquois. 1684 AD. In 1684, the Iroquois attempted and failed to take the Illinois Indians' town of Fort St. Louis on the Illinois River. This defeat marked the end of the Beaver Wars and the Iroquois' military

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operations to gain a monopoly of the fur trade. The powerful Iroquois Confederacy remained intact, but the devastation of the wars weakened most of the tribes to the west, making them vulnerable to later white expansion westward. The wars also forged the Indian-European alliances that would continue through the French and Indian War (1754–63), and the American Revolution (1775–83). The area of Kentucky was inhabited by Native Americans in prehistoric times, and French explorers in the Modern Era. 1684, the Iroquois invaded Virginia and Illinois territory again and unsuccessfully attacked French outposts in the latter. Trying to reduce warfare in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, later that year the Virginia Colony agreed in a conference at Albany to recognize the Iroquois' right to use the North-South path, known as the Great Warpath, running east of the Blue Ridge, provided they did not intrude on the English settlements east of the fall line. 1684AD. Martin Chartier was living in Lachine, Quebec in 1684. 1684. July 24. Rene-Robert-La-Salle departed France and returned to America with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi River. They had four (4) ships and 300 colonists. The expedition was plagued by pirates, hostile Indians, and poor navigation. One ship was lost to pirates in the West Indies, a second sank in the inlets of Matagorda Bay, and a third ran aground there. They founded Fort Saint Louis, on Garcitas Creek in Victoria County, Texas. La Salle led a group eastward on foot on three occasions to try to locate the mouth of the Mississippi. 1685-1692. From 1685 to 1692, Martin Chartier made the incredible trip from Montreal to Lak e Michigan, then from there to the Cumberland River in Kentucky, then to the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, then across the Alleghenies and along the Susquehanna River to Maryland where for a time he ran his own trading post. 1685AD. Martin Chartier was living with Shawnee in Illinois territory in 1685. 1685AD. Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685, but was gone by 1688. France lost New France to the British through six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War). 1685. There are also indications that the Shawnee had a village near the Creek Indians in Alabama before 1685.

1686 AD. When one of La Salle's ships—La Belle—had sunk during a storm in 1686 off the coast of what is now Texas in 1686, she took a would-be colony's worth of goods to the seafloor. On a cold winter day in 1687?, the small French ship Belle ran aground on the Texas coast, the victim of a run of bad luck and a howling north wind. The Belle was the last of four ships of the expedition led by Robert Cavelier, Sieur De La Salle. Sieur De La Salle had come to establish a colony near the mouth of the Mississippi River with multiple aims that included providing a warm-water port to serve the fur trade and a base for invading Mexico. France and Spain were then at war, and La Salle, with the backing of his King, intended to challenge Spain's domination of the Gulf of Mexico. 1687. Rene-Robert-Cavelier-De-La-Salle returned to America with four ships and 300 colonists.

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He missed the mouth of the Mississippi by over 400 miles, and landed near present-day Corpus Christi, Texas. Shipwrecks, smallpox and hostile natives nearly destroyed the colony. As 36 survivors struggled north to reach established French trading posts, La Salle was murdered by his own men. 1687AD. In 1687, Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville, Governor of New France from 1685 to 1689, set out for Fort Frontenac with a well-organized force. They met with 50 hereditary sachems from the Onondaga council fire, who came under a flag of truce. Denonville recaptured the fort for New France and seized, chained, and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles, France, to be used as galley slaves. 1687AD. Frenchman Martin Chartier gets arrested in Montreal. http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_71.html 1687AD. January. Rene-RobertCavelier-De-La-Salle, with 17 men, left the fort for the last time in an attempt to reach Canada. 1687. March 19. Rene-Robert-Cavelier-Sieur-De-La-Salle was ambushed, and assassinated by Pierre Duhaut, one of four attacking him, "six leagues" from the westernmost village of the Hasinai Tejas Indians, probably in the vicinity of present day Navasota in Grimes County.1687. March 19. La Salle Killed By His Own Men. During a final search for the Mississippi River, some of La Salle's remaining 36 men mutinied, near the site of present Navasota, Texas. On March 19, 1687, La Salle was slain by Pierre Duhaut during an ambush while talking to Duhaut's decoy, Jean L'Archevêque. They were "six leagues" from the westernmost village of the Hasinai (Tejas) Indians. Duhaut was killed to avenge La Salle. 1687. March 19. At last realizing that the bay he was on lay west of the Mississippi, he made two easterly marches, to the Hasinai, or Tejas, Indians, hoping to find the river and proceed to his Fort St. Louis of the Illinois. On the second of these he was slain in an ambush by a disenchanted follower, Pierre Duhaut, six leagues from one of the Hasinai villages, on March 19, 1687. The bloodletting, already begun in a hunting camp, claimed the lives of seven others. 1687AD. June. Frenchman Pierre de Troyes commanded a company under Governor Denonville for his attack against the Seneca. This attack resulted in the destruction of Ganondagan, the Seneca's largest village. 1687. September. AD. In September 1687, the French used 3,000 militia and regulars to attack the Iroquois in a punitive raid on their territory. They proceeded down the Richelieu River, and marched through Iroquois territory, but did not find many warriors. They burned their villages and stored crops, destroying an estimated 1.2 million bushels of corn. Many Iroquois died from starvation during the following winter. 1687, Denonville set out with a well-organized force to Fort Frontenac, where they met with the 50 hereditary SACHEMS of the Iroquois Confederacy from their Onondaga council fire. These 50 chiefs constituted the entire decision-making strata of the Iroquois. They had been lulled into meeting under a flag of truce. Denonville seized, chained, and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles, France, to be used as galley slaves. He then ravaged the land of the Seneca. Before he returned to New France, he travelled down the shore of Lake Ontario and created Fort Denonville at the site where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario. This site was previously used by La Salle for a FORT named Fort Conti from 1678 to 1679, and was later used for Fort Niagara, which still exists to this day. 1688-1689. The colony lasted only until 1688, when Karankawa-speaking Native Americans killed the 20 remaining adults and took five children as captives. Tonti sent out search missions in 1689 when he learned of the settlers' fate, but failed to find survivors

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1688-1697. At the same time along the St. Lawrence, there was growing confrontation between the French and British. Two wars resulted: the King William's War (1688-97) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). The first 1st Intercolonial War, fought in North Amerika, the British King William's War, coincides w/ the ―War of the Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg Nine Years' War‖ in Europe, begins. During King William's War (1689?–1697), the French created raiding parties with native allies attack English colonial settlements, as the English had used the Iroquois against the French. During King William's War (North American part of the War of the Grand Alliance), the Iroquois were allied with the English. 1689AD. Frenchman Martin Chartier found fur trade on the Cumberland River in Tennessee. 1689 AD. During a raid into the Illinois Country in 1689, the Iroquois captured numerous prisoners, and destroyed a sizable MIAMI settlement. The Miami asked for aid from others in the ANISHINAABEG Confederacy, and a large force gathered to track down the Iroquois. Using their new firearms, the Confederacy laid an ambush near modern South Bend, Indiana. They attacked, and destroyed most of the Iroquois army. Although a large part of the region was left depopulated, the Iroquois were unable to establish a permanent presence. Their own tribe lacked the manpower to colonize the large area. After their setbacks and the local tribes' gaining firearms, the Iroquois' brief control over the region was lost. Many of the former inhabitants of the territory began to return. 1689. The Illinois-Shawnee War of 1689 begins. Despite the common threat posed by the Iroquois at the time, the crowded conditions near the French trading posts in Illinois eventually provoked a violent confrontation between the Shawnee Imperial Confederacy and Illinois Imperial Confederacy in 1689. The Shawnee soon left the area to join their relatives in Tennessee, but forever afterwards, they had a strong dislike for the Illinois, and often returned to raid their villages. 1689. January – April 22. Those remaining at La Salle's fort in Texas were attacked by Indians. Six of the seventeen who had left the settlement site with La Salle (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xn8h7lsDjE) continued to Canada and, eventually, France. Among them were La Salle's brother, Abbé Jean Cavelier, Anastase Douay, and Henri Joutel, each of whom later wrote of the expedition. Six other Frenchmen, including two deserters who had reappeared, remained among the East Texas Indians.A few survivors were rescued by the Alonso de Leon expedition, which reached the ruins of the fort on April 22, 1689. One or two others joined Indian tribes and lived out their lives as savages. 1689. August 4. AD. The destruction of the Seneca land infuriated the Iroquois Confederacy. This, coupled with the dishonourable loss of their sachems, demanded they set out to terrorize New France as never before. The French's Denonville's regulars were dissolved, and dispersed to towns across the land, attempting to protect New France's homes and families. Forts were abandoned. The Iroquois destroyed farmsteads, and whole families were slaughtered or captured. On August 4, 1689, Lachine, a small town adjacent to Montreal, was burned to the ground. Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors had been harassing Montreal defences for many months prior. Denonville was finally exhausted, and defeated. The 1690s! 1690s. Some Shawnees move to Pennsylvania. They establish a large village on the Delaware River in the 1690s, and built other villages along the Susquehanna. 1690. AD. Peter Chartier, a Shawnee-half

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breed, is born. WACANACKSHINA. Wacanackshina is his Shawnee name. Peter Chartier's father is the famous Martin Chartier, who mutinied La Salle, and Peter's mother is SEWATHA STRAIGHT TAIL Sewatha Straight Tail (1660-1759), daughter of STRAIGHT TAIL MEAURROWAY OPESSA Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa of the PEKOWI Pekowi Shawnee. PETER

CHARTIER: Son of the French-Canadian trader Martin CHARTIER and his Shawnee wife. Peter, brought up among the Shawnees, married a Shawnee wife, and engaged in the trading business at Shawnee settlements in Lancaster County, at Paxtang, at the mouth of Shawnee (Yellow Breeches) Creek across the river from present Harrisburg, and on the Conodoguinet near the site of Carlisle. Peter Chartier later went south among the Creek Indians where he was known by the colonies in the south as "Peter Shirty". The father of Tecumseh PUCKSHINWAH and the Shawnee Prophet TENSKWATAWA was a member of his band. The name was Pierre Chartier and his father, who had traveled with La Salle from Canada before deserting, was Martin Chartier. Martin had married two Shawnee ladies. “I am currently writing a novel based on the lives of the father and son, the research for which was gathered for my Ph.D. dissertation in the Department of Anthropology at Indiana University.” ~somebody on some random message board. Peter was born on the Cumberland River in northern Tennessee where his father ran a trading post for a short time. Peter's Shawnee name was Wacanackshina which means "White One Who Reclines". http://books.google.com/books?id=sNYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=peter+chartier+s hawnee&source=bl&ots=xOXrtEsXIS&sig=Zt0n5rLgPcPH5gRZ5DHTlnPNXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xzfyU7_WMIyAygTCxIGABQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCA#v =onepage&q=peter%20chartier%20shawnee&f=false http://boards.ancestry.com/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=469&p=topics.ethnic.natam.indiancaptives 1690. Martin Chartier stopped in a Shawnee village in eastern Tennessee. 1690AD. Chartier came to the Province prior to 1690, and is sometimes referred to as 'the French glover of Philadelphia.' His trading post was on the Susquehanna, near the present city of Columbia. 1690. The Iroquois Fur Wars, is just a continuance of the nearly 100 year Beaver Wars that engrossed most of the eastern portion of the United States, most especially around the Great Lakes region, during the 1600s. Kentucky felt reverberations of the Beaver Wars, and probably, similar hostilities existed in Kentucky, between the Iroquois, Shawnee, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Yuchi, Lenape, and other native Americans whose also native to Kentucky, for control of land, resources, rivers, creeks, ponds, streams, trees, plains, etc. 1690. Doherty lived with the Kentucky Cherokee in 1690. ―"As early as the year 1690," says Abbott, " a trader from Virginia named Doherty crossed the mountains into what is now Kentucky, where he resided with the Indians. He visited the friendly Cherokee nation within the present bounds of Georgia and resided with them for several years." https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028846074/cu31924028846074_djvu.txt 1690-1692 AD. Some of the most notable of the French-sponsored raids in 1690 were the Schenectady massacre in the Province of New York; Salmon Falls, New Hampshire; and

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Falmouth Neck (present-day Portland, Maine). The French and their allies killed settlers in the raids and carried some back to Canada. Settlers in New England raised money to redeem their captives, but some were adopted into the Native tribes. The French government generally did not intervene when the Natives kept the captives. Throughout the 1690s the French and their allies also continued to raid deep into Iroquois, destroying Mohawk villages in 1692, and later raiding Seneca, Oneida, and Onondaga villages. The English and Iroquois banded together for operations aimed at New France, but these were largely ineffectual. 1691 AD. The most successful incursion resulted in the 1691 Battle of La Prairie. 1691. Martin Chartier reunited on the Potomac River with old acquaintances from Fort S t Louis (LeTorts, Basillons, Godin, and Dubois). Martin Chartier, a trader at the mouth of the Susquehanna. 1691-1694. The representatives of Albany and Esopus had urged upon the New York General Assembly that communications and peace be made with the Indians to the west, with the view of increasing the fur and peltry business. Led by Arant Vielle, representatives spent fifteen months in Shawnee country, undoubtedly in the Cumberland region; and in 1694, the party returned with about 700 Shawnee. This large group established the village of Pechoquealin on the Delaware River where today we find the town of Shawnee-on-Delaware. 1692AD. Martin Chartier living with the Shawnee on the Potomac in Maryland; next in Balt imore County, Maryland, was jailed in Ste Marie & Ann Arundel Counties as a French spy but escaped. 1692. Martin Chartier was a French outlaw who sought and found refuge among the Shawnee, with whom he married and raised a family. A son, Peter Chartier became a chief among them, a hunter wise in the trading ways of whites, who led them west to escape the encroachment of civilization. Martin Chartier's only crime was that he had gone among the Shawnees that owed him some beaver without the permission of the colonial authorities, and when he came back, the Governor put him in prison, and in irons, where he continued for several months; but at last got loose, made his escape, and ever since hath used the woods. He told it this way before the Maryland Provincial Council in 1692, at which time he resided t here with his Shawnee wife. 1692 AD. HERO [MADELEINE DE VERCHERES] Madeleine de Verchères, who in 1692 at age 14, led the defense of her family farm against Iroquois attack. Viewing the Iroquois as pawns of the Dutch and English, their traditional Protestant enemies, the super-ultra-devout-faithful Catholic French refused to make peace with the Natives. 1692. There is no direct evidence of Shawnee settlement in Pennsylvania, however, until 1692. 1692. In 1692, Martin Chartier led a group of these Indians north to Maryland, settling at a place known as Old Town. Several years later, they moved to the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, an area then under the o fficial dominion of the Iroquois Indians. They then asked a local trib e, the Conestoga, to take them under their protection. 1693AD. Martin Chartier traveled with Shawnee leaving Virginia to go to Ohio. 1693. Martin Chartier married a Shawnee wife in Maryland in 1693. 1693. The Total Population of Chickasaw in America at this time is 10,000. The depopulation of the region's native populations by epidemics left by the Hernando De Soto expedition reduced the

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Chickasaw, but because of their small, scattered villages, the Chickasaw appear to have suffered less than their neighbors. In 1693 the French (Tonti) estimated the total population of the Chickasaw at 10,000. Iberville's later report in 1702 (based on figures provided by the Chickasaw) gave 580 cabins and 2,000 warriors, also which is about 10,000. 1693 AD. Martin Chartier went east, and married a Shawnee woman in either Illinois or Maryland in 1693. Peter Chartier's mother was Sewatha Straight Tail (1660-1759), daughter of Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa of the Pekowi Shawnee. 1693. In 1693 twenty Cherokee chiefs visited Charles Town to complain to Governor Thomas Smith of attacks by the Catawba, Congaree, and Shawnee, who made slave raids upon them.‖ (Jerry E. Clark, 1993). 1694. After making peace with the Iroquois in 1694, the Shawnee in eastern Pennsylvania joined the Covenant Chain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_Chain 1694AD. Kakowatchiky Shawnee chief Chief as early as 1709, significant leader in 1694. 1694. KAKOWATCHIKY - A Shawnee chief of the Pequea division. It is possible that it was he who led the Shawnees from the Illinois country to the upper Delaware in 1694. ―Shawnee relations with other Indian groups were reflective of patterns in Shawnee society. Their dependency and conservatism served as guidelines in defining their reaction to the peoples with whom they came in contact. It is therefore not surprising that their ties with the Creek, Cherokee, and Delaware were long lasting. The reciprocating relationship developed with these tribes was combined with a mutual respect for tribal autonomy. The hostile nature of the Shawnee's relationship to the Chickasaw, Catawba, and Iroquois can be understood in the same manner. Contacts with these groups were not established on the basis on mutual need, and neither the Chickasaw nor the Iroquois respected the autonomy and independence of the Shawnee. These patterns undoubtedly determined the relationships with other tribes as well, even where contacts were brief.‖ (Jerry Clark, pg. 70). 1695AD. Martin Chartier, the white leader of some Shawnee Indians, in the year of 1695, migrated to the Ohio River from Virginia. This tribe arrived on the great East-West Trail at Alliquippa's Gap, by the Warriors' Trail. 1695-1712. There is good evidence to support the belief that the Saluda Indians, situated on the Saluda River in central South Carolina, were also Shawnee. The Saluda occupied this area from approximately 1695 to 1712, when they moved to the Conestoga River in Pennsylvania. 1697. Peter Chartier. Before 1697. Moved with Opessa Band to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1697AD. The Treaty of Ryswick ends British King William's War, with France, but it doesn't provide peace for the native Americans. The Ryswick Treaty is signed at the end of King William's War. Territories remain the same as before the War. Because France claimed dominion over the Iroquois, the French offensive against the American Indians was not halted by the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick that brought peace between France and England, and ended overt English participation in the conflict. The rivalry between France and England in America was left unresolved by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697.

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Around 1697, Martin Chartier (with 7 year old Peter) moved with his family to Pequea Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1698AD. The Shawnee were described as a restless people, who were constantly engaged in war with some of their neighbors. The tribe originated in the South, near the Suwaney River in Florida. Around 1698, they first appeared in Pennsylvania, at Montour‘s Island, six miles below Pittsburgh. Some advanced to Conestoga and others settled on the head waters of the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers. 1698. October. AD. Denonville's tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac, FRONTENAC! who replaced Denonville as governor for the next nine years (1689–1698). Frontenac had been arranging a new plan of attack to mollify the effects of the Iroquois in North America, and realized the true danger the imprisonment of the sachems created. He located the 13 surviving leaders, and they returned with him to New France in October 1698. Finally in 1698, the Iroquois began to see the English as becoming a greater threat than the French. The English had begun colonizing Pennsylvania in 1681. The continued colonial growth there began to encroach on the southern border of the Iroquois territory. The French policy began to change towards the Iroquois. After nearly 50 years of warfare, they began to believe that it would be impossible to ever destroy them. They decided that befriending the Iroquois would be the easiest way to ensure their monopoly on the northern fur trade and help stop English expansion. As soon as the English heard of the treaty they immediately set about to prevent it from being agreed to. It would result in the loss of Albany's monopoly on the fur trade with the Iroquois and, without their protection, the northern flank of the English colonies would be open to French attack. Despite English interference, the Treaty was agreed to. 1699 AD. ―During their stay in the Cumberland region the Shawnee came under the influence of British traders from South Carolina, and in 1699, led by these traders, made an attack on a group of CAHOKIA Cahokia Indians on the Mississippi River fifteen miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. It was very possibly this British alliance that caused the Cherokee and Chickasaw to expel the Shawnee from the Cumberland in 1714.‖ ~Jerry E. Clark. By the end of the 17th Century, the whites had got the natives to war on their biggest Civilization: Cahokia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia 1699 AD. The name ―Taogria‖ appears on at least one map as a village on the Cumberland River quite near seven Shawnee villages. In 1699, Gravier, a Jesuit explorer, encountered a party of Taogria on the Mississippi River above Memphis, Tennessee, and identified them as belonging to the Loup Nation. Swanton believes they were Yuchi. However, they spoke the Chaouanon tongue and may have been Shawnee. Other maps of the period locate Taogria villages along the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, usually near Shawnee villages. Galinee, La Salle's chronicler, may have provided a clue to the identity of the Taogria when he reported that in 1669 the Seneca warned him of a bad and treacherous people on the Ohio called the Toagenha. The Iroquois referred to the Shawnee as the Ontwaganha, and it is probable that Toagenha is a corruption of this term. The similarity of the names Toagenha and Taogria suggests a possible link.

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1700AD. The Half-King of the Catawba Tribe is Born. Little is known of TANACHARISON Tanacharison's early life. He probably was born into the CATAWBA Catawba tribe about 1700 near what is now Buffalo, New York. As a child, he was taken captive by the French and later adopted into the Seneca tribe, one of the 5 Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. Tanacharison said the French boiled and ate his father. His early years were spent on the southeastern shore of Lake Erie in what is now western New York State. Tanacharison was merely a village leader, whose actual authority extended no further than his own village. In this view, the title ―HALF KING‖ was probably a British invention, and his subsequent lofty historical role as a Six Nations ―regent‖ or ―viceroy‖ in the Ohio Country was the product of later generations of scholars. 1700. The Shawnees total population in all of America was around 2,500 folks. 1700s. ―Substantial numbers of Shawnees appeared in South Carolina by 1680, and the South Carolinians welcomed them as a buffer to protect their settlements against local Westo and other Indians. The Shawnees displaced the Westos and raided them for captives whom they sold as slaves to the Carolinians for guns. They also fought against the Catawbas and clashed with other slavetrading nations like the Chickasaws. Shawnees also settled in western Virginia, where they occupied several villages before 1700.‖ Calloway, pg. 10. 1700s. Beginning in the early part of the 1700s, the Shawnee in South Carolina were engaged in almost constant warfare with the Catawba Indians located on the Catawba River, which divides the two Carolinas. These two tribes continued their hostilities until nearly the time of the Revolution. Because of their losses at the hands of the Catawba, the Shawnee were eventually forced to abandoned their country on the Savannah River. 1700. Martin Chartier is living on Conestoga Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1700. After 1700, some remnants of the Native American tribes began returning to the Northwest Territory in spite of the Five Nations savage butchery (see also Mingo). 1700s. Both historical and archaeological evidence exists documenting several Yuchi towns of the 18th century. Among these was Chestowee in southeastern Tennessee. In Kentucky, too, by the Green River. ―While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, all pitted the Kingdom of Great Britain, its colonies, and Native American allies on one side, against France, its colonies, and Native American allies on the other. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, both Britain and France claimed ownership of the Ohio Country, in competition with the Five Nations‖. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDsEjjreqGY 1700AD. November. Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of King Louis XIV of France, accepts the Spanish throne in November 1700, after the death of King Charles 2. This starts a World War. British Redcoat's Mother's War (Queen Anne) (1701-13). Completely outnumbered by the growing number of British colonists to the south, the French needed every native ally they could find to defend Canada against invasion during these conflicts. Second in a series of wars between Britain and France for control of North America. It was the American phase of the War of the Spanish Succession. American colonial settlements along the New York and New England borders with Canada were raided by French forces and their Indian allies. It broke out a new at the acceptance of the Spanish throne by a grandson of King Louis XIV of France in November, 1700.

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The language spoken by the Siouian tribes was Tutelo, and a part of the people called the Tutelo, while others call themselves by other names, including Saponi. 1701AD. The Muskogean speaking inhabitants of COFITACHEQUI Cofitachequi were probably absorbed by the Siouan (Tutelo-speaking) people who were inhabiting the area in 1701AD when John Lawson visited. The area of Cofitachequi was inhabited only by small settlements of CONGAREE Congaree Indians. 1701AD. The Great Peace of Montreal signed by thirty-nine (39) Indian chiefs and the French. In the treaty, the Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees to return east. With the Dutch long removed from North America, and the English becoming as powerful as the French, the Iroquois came to see that they held the balance of power between the two European adversaries. The Iroquois used that position to their benefit for decades to come. Their society began to quickly change as the tribes began to focus on building up a strong nation, improving their farming technology, and educating their population. 1701AD. Montreal, French-occupied Canada. The Iroquois sign treaties in Albany and Montreal, with blue-eyed Devils, ending the nearly 100 years of Beaver Wars in North America. Once The Great Peace of Montreal was achieved between the French and Iroquois, the Iroquois returned to their westward conquest in their continued attempt to take control of all the land between the Algonquins and the French. As a result of Iroquois expansion and war with the ANISHINAABEG Anishinaabeg Confederacy (see also, Council of Three Fires), eastern Nations such as the Lakota were pushed eastward. 1701. The Great Peace of Montreal was signed in 1701 in Montreal by 39 Indian chiefs and the French. In the treaty, the Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees from the Great Lakes to return east. The Shawnee eventually regained control of the Ohio Country and the lower Allegheny River. The Miami tribe returned to take control of modern Indiana and north-west Ohio. The Pottawatomie went to Michigan, and the Illinois tribe to Illinois.When the Lakota was pushed eastward by the Iroquois, that's when they adopted the horse culture and nomadic lifestyle for which they later became well known. Other refugees flooded the Great Lakes area, resulting in a conflict with existing nations in the region. In the Ohio Country the Shawnee and Miami tribes were the dominant tribes. The Iroquois quickly overran Shawnee holdings in central Ohio forcing them to flee into Miami territory. The Miami were a powerful tribe and brought together a confederacy of their neighboring allies, including the Pottawatomie and the Illini confederation who inhabited modern Michigan and Illinois. With the Dutch long removed from North America, the English had become just as powerful as the French. The Iroquois came to see that they held the balance of power between the two European powers and they used that position to their benefit for the decades to come. Their society began to quickly change as the tribes began to focus on building up a strong nation, improving their farming technology, and educating their population. The majority of the fighting was between the Anishininaabeg Confederacy and the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois improved on their warfare as they continued to attack even farther from their home. War parties often traveled by canoes at night. They would sink their canoes, and fill them with rocks to hold them on the river bottom. After going through the woods to a target, at the appointed time, they would quickly burst from the wood to cause the greatest panic among their enemy. After the attack, the Iroquois could return quickly to their boats and leave before any significant resistance could be put together. The lack of firearms caused the Algonquin tribes the greatest disadvantage. Despite their larger numbers, they were not centralized enough to mount a united defense and were unable to

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withstand the Iroquois. Several tribes ultimately moved west beyond the Mississippi River, leaving much of the Ohio Valley, southern Michigan, and southern Ontario depopulated. Several large Anishinaabe military forces, numbering in the thousands, remained to the north of Lakes Huron and Superior. They later were decisive in rolling back the Iroquois advance. From west of the Mississippi, displaced groups continued to arm war parties and attempt to retake their homelands. After the 1701 peace treaty with the French, the Iroquois remained mostly neutral. During 1702-1713 Queen Anne's War (North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession), they were involved in planned attacks against the French. The peace was lasting, and it would not be until the 1720s that the Iroquois territory would again be threatened by white paleface Europeans. 1701AD. Both the Conestoga and the Shawnee appeared before William Penn, and received formal permission for this arrangement. Martin Chartier set up a trading house in the area. “A major cause of the wars was the desire of each country to take control of the interior territories of North America, as well as the region around Hudson Bay; both were deemed essential to domination of the fur trade. Whenever the European countries went to war, military conflict also occurred in North America in their colonies, although the dates of the conflicts did not necessarily exactly coincide with those of the larger conflicts.” 1701. July 19. Albany, New York. The Iroquois concluded the Nanfan Treaty, deeding the English a large tract north of the Ohio River. The Iroquois nominally gave the English much of the disputed territory north of the Ohio in the NANFAN Nanfan Treaty, although this transfer was not recognised by the French, who were the strongest actual presence there at the time. In that treaty, the Iroquois leadership claimed to have conquered this ―Beaver Hunting Ground‖ 80 years previously, or in ca. 1621. France did not recognize the validity of the treaty, as it had some actual presence in the territory at that time and the English virtually none. Meanwhile, the Iroquois were negotiating peace with the French; together they signed theGreat Peace of Montreal that same year. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground, more commonly known as the Nanfan Treaty, was an agreement made between the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York, on behalf of the The Crown. The treaty was conducted in Albany, New York, on July 19, 1701, and amended by both parties on September 14, 1726. The Five Nations (which became the 'Six Nations' after 1720) granted "after mature deliberation out of a deep sense of the many Royal favours extended to us by the present great Monarch of England King William the Third" the title to a vast area of land, covering significant portions of the present-day Midwestern United States and southern Ontario that they had claimed as a hunting ground, as far west as 'Quadoge' (now Chicago), by right of conquest during the later Beaver Wars of the 17th century. As the vast majority of the Beaver Hunting Grounds described in the Nanfan Treaty were also claimed by New France or its Algonquian Indian allies, the French did not recognize the treaty (it did recognize Iroquois suzerainty to the British crown in the 1713Treaty of Utrecht) and the English made no real attempt to settle these parts for the time being. In the amended agreement 25 years later, the strip of land 60 miles wide adjoining Lakes Erie and Ontario, starting at Sandusky Creek, was reserved for continued Six Nations occupation and use, with the permission of its owner under the 1701 agreement, the King of Great Britain. A copy of the treaty, containing the totem images of more than a dozen Iroquois chiefs, is part of the collections of the British National Archives. 1702AD. The Cherokees and Creeks side with the French during Queen Anne's War.

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1702AD. May. Imperialist British Redcoat Queen Anne's War begins, and it coincides, as well as a consequence of, with the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). The fundamental issues included the rivalry between France and England in America, a conflict that had been left unresolved by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. It broke out anew at the acceptance of the Spanish throne by a grandson of King Louis XIV of France (Philip, Duke of Anjou) in November, 1700. This made real the threat of Bourbon domination in Europe as well as in the America's, through the combination of French and Spanish power. William III of England, along with the Dutch Netherlands, and several German states, put their weight behind the claims of the Holy Roman Emperor, a member of the rival Hapsburg family, to the Spanish throne. King Louis XIV (14th) of France wished to place his eldest son on the throne who was a grandson of King Philip IV of Spain. However, England and the Netherlands did not want France and Spain to be unified in this way. Upon his deathbed, Spanish King Charles II named Philip, Duke of Anjou, as his heir. Philip also happened to be Louis XIV‘s grandson. Worried about France‘s growing strength, and its ability to control Spanish possessions in the Netherlands, England, the Dutch, and key German states in the Holy Roman Empire joined together to oppose the French. Their goal was to take the throne away from the Bourbon family along with gaining control of certain Spanish held locations in the Netherlands and Italy. Thus, the War of Spanish Succession began in 1702. Two months after Queen Anne ascended to the British throne after the death of William III, the three allied powers (Dutch, English, Holy Roman Empire of German Nations) jointly declare war on France and Spain in May 1702. Just as with King William's War before it, border raids and fighting occurred between the French and English in North America. 1703AD. Florida. Northeast American seashore. At the start of Queen Anne's war in America, British colonials in South Carolina unsuccessfully attacked St. Augustine, Florida, at that time controlled by France's ally Spain. The greatest concentration of fighting was in New England and Acadia. Many New England settlements were ravaged from time to time by Indians allied with the French. In 1703, Wells and Saco in Maine were attacked. QUEEN ANNES WAR. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWf6AYqxhpY British King William III died in 1702 and was succeeded by Queen Anne. She was his sister-in-law and daughter of James II, from whom William had taken the throne. Queen Anne's War consumed Queen Anne for most of her reign. In America, Queen Anne's War consisted mainly of French privateering in the Atlantic and French and Indian raids on the frontier between England and France. 1704. February 29. Massachusetts. Massacre at Deerfield. AD. The most notable of these raids occurred at Deerfield, Massachusetts on February 29, 1704. French and Native American forces raided the British Redcoat Imperial city of Deerfield, killing 56, including 9 women and 25 children. They captured 109, marching them north to Canada. The next year French and Indians from Canada descended on Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing about 50 inhabitants and taking more than 100 as captives. Later Haverhill, Massachusetts, was also attacked. Queen Anne's War is over who gets to be the King of Spain. England wants one King. France wants another. Spain picked France's grandson, which was an alliance that scared the shit out of the rest of the European nations, which is why they ganged up on the newly formed two-state French-Spanish Axis. During the Days of Yore, the days when white incestual autocratic fascist totalitarian Monarchies ruled Europe, the selection of Monarch over who would rule Spain (ruled by the Catholic Church at the time; Spain, also, 95% peasantry), when Spain's childless King Charles II died, and picked King Louis 14th's grandson to succeed him, this event angered and spurred the English Monarch to use her subjects, and to wage war on France and Spain's subjects. Queen Anne's War (aka War of Spanish Sucession), was a

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pitched fought battle between the France and Spain axis (House of Bourbon) vs. England, the Catholic Church (Holy Roman Empire), the Dutch Netherlands, and several German states allies (House of Hapsburg) mostly in Europe. When France and England warred in Europe, the war fever in American peacetime becomes palatable. This is why the massacre on Deerfield happened. 1706AD. By 1706 the Iroquois had relented somewhat and allowed 300 Susquehannock to return to the Susquehanna Valley in Pennsylvania. No longer a powerful people, they became known as the Conestoga (from the name of their village). CONESTOGA! The Iroquois kept a watchful eye on them and used their homeland as a kind of supervised reservation for the displaced Algonquin and Siouan tribes (Delaware, Munsee, Nanticoke, Conoy, Tutelo, Saponi, Mahican, Shawnee, and New England Algonquin) who were allowed to settle there as members of the ― British Redcoat Covenant Chain.‖ Quaker missionaries arrived and made many conversions among the Susquehannock. As Conestoga became a Christian village, the more traditional Susquehannock left - either returning to the Oneida in New York, or moving west to Ohio to join the Mingo. 1707AD. A band of Shawnee ―had emigrated to Apalachiola to establish Ephippeck Town‖ (Belue, pg. 11). 1707 AD. The Catawba warred against the Shawnee (Savannah?) until they kicked them out permanently in 1707. The Iroquois ordered the Shawnee and Delaware to stop but were ignored. From Shawnee tradition the quarrel with the Chickasaw would seem to be of older date. After the reunion of the Shawnee in the north, they secured the alliance of the Delawares, and the two tribes turned against the Cherokee until the latter were compelled to ask for peace, when the old friendship was renewed. 1707AD. Peter Chartier living on Pequea Creek, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1707. 1707AD. Final expulsion from South Carolina after defeat by the Catawba, most of the Savannah Shawnee went to Pennsylvania, others to Tennessee, and still others would eventually join the Creek Confederacy; Cumberland Shawnee began trading with the French, and allowed Charleville to establish a trading post near present Nashville, TN. 1707AD. Some Shawnee moved from the Savannah River to Pennsylvania in 1707, to escape increasing hostilites with Caroline; another band followed after the Yamassee War. Still more arrived from Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and the Carolinas in the 1700s. 1707. A southern Indian taken captive to Virginia drew a map on which he placed a villa ge called Ephippeck (Eskippeck) on the Apalachicola River, in the panhandle of Florida. This could be a Shawnee settlement from the group identified with the Skipakicipi River in Kentucky, and possibly the group that later returned to build Eskippakithiki in Clark County, Kentucky. This tends to support an account of the Shawnee Black Hoof that in his childhood he lived near the sea in Florida. Puckshinwah, and Black Hoof would be born here (Eskippakithiki). Possibly Tecumseh too. 1709. Kakowatchiky, a Shawnee Chief, a significant leader in 1694. 1709. Chief of the Shawnees at the Pechoquealin towns above the Delaware Water Gap as early as 1709. KAKOWATCHIKY! 1710. Peter Schuyler, mayor of Albany, arranged for three Mohawk chiefs and a Mahican chief

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(known incorrectly as the Four Mohawk Kings) to travel to London in 1710 to meet with Queen Anne in an effort to seal an alliance with the British. Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter John Verelst. The portraits are believed to be the earliest surviving oil portraits of Aboriginal peoples taken from life. 1710 AD. ―A delegation of Iroquois chiefs—they were Mohawks, Keepers of the Confederation's Eastern Door, arrayed in English apparel that did not detract from their shaved heads and faces tattooed with ebony dots and triangles and lines—appeared before Queen Anne, beseeching Her Majesty to protect her Indians. She, in turn, beseeched them to clasp hands with her in defending Iroquoia. Hers was a true test of diplomacy, it having been six years since the Deerfield slayings. 3 years after Anne sent the troops, the Treaty of Urtecht ended the war, making the Iroquois her subjects.‖ (Belue, pg. 11). 1710. The British capture of Port Royal (1710) resulted in French-held Acadia's becoming the British province of Nova Scotia. 1710. The British government, having at last decided to aid the colonies, sent a small fleet under Colonel Nicholson, which was joined by an armament from Boston, and a third attack was made. This was successful. Port Royal surrendered, and was named Annapolis in honor of the English queen, while Acadia was henceforth called Nova Scotia. A beginning of English success was thus made, and the bold scheme of oonquering Canada was now conceived. Sir Hovendon Walker arrived at Boston with a fleet and an army, and these were augmented by the colonists at the bugle call of Governor Dudley of Massachusetts, until the fleet consisted of nine war vessels, sixty transports, and many smaller craft, bearing in all twelve thousand men. Nothing like it had ever before been seen in American waters. 1710. Port Royal, the capital of Acadia, was captured by British colonial forces in 1710 and later renamed Annapolis Royal... the New York and New England borders with Canada were raided by French forces together with their Indian allies during this phase of the French British, and Indian Wars. 1710AD. Peter Chartier married his first cousin, Shawnee Princess Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa (1695-1737), about 1710. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chartier 1711. To capture both Quebec and Montreal, a massive attack by land and sea on French-held Canada was planned in 1711 by the British Redcoats. Troops were sent from England to help. The effort was abandoned after accidents in the St. Lawrence River, caused heavy losses of ships and men. 1711AD. British Redcoat Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia offered sanctuary to the Tutelo and related tribes, who were still being attacked by the Iroquois. The sanctuary was located at Fort Christanna, Virginia. So the people returned to Virginia. 1711. August. In August, 1711, a 12,000 strong White Anglo-Saxon British Redcoat Massachusetts regiment moved northward, and at the same time a land force of twenty-three hundred men under Colonel Nicholson started for Montreal by way of Lake Champlain. 1711 Autumn - 1715 February. The Tuscarora War. North Carolina. The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora Native Americans. The Europeans enlisted the Yamasee

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and Cherokee as Indian allies against the Tuscarora, who had amassed several allies themselves. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina. Defeated, the Tuscarora signed a treaty with colonial officials in 1718 and settled on a reserved tract of land in what became Bertie County. The first successful and permanent settlement of North Carolina by Europeans began in earnest in 1653. The Tuscarora lived in peace with the European settlers who arrived in North Carolina for over 50 years at a time when nearly every other colony in America was actively involved in some form of conflict with the American Indians. However, the settlers increasingly encroached on Tuscarora land, raided villages to take slaves, and introduced epidemic diseases. 1712. The Tuscaroras (―the Hemp Gatherers‖) were admitted to the tribal union, and henceforth the confederacy of the Iroquois has been known as the Six Nations. At the time the first European traders and settlers appeared in the region around the fork of the Ohio, the primary occupants of the land were the confederation of the Five Nations, called the Iroquois. The other Indian nations in Ohio Country were the Delaware and the Shawnee. The Five Nations were comprised of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas and the Senecas. After their defeat, most of the Tuscarora migrated north to New York where they joined their Iroquoian cousins, the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. After the Tuscarora War, most of them survived, and those surviving Tuscarora left North Carolina, and migrated north to Pennsylvania and New York, over a period of 90 years. They aligned with the Iroquois in New York, because of their ancestral linguistic and cultural connections. 1712AD. Pale Croucher is born. The first child by Peter Chartier and his cousin, Shawnee Princess Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa, Pale Croucher, is born, in Conestoga. His father established a trading post in Conestoga. They had three children: Francois "Pale Croucher" (b. 1712), René "Pale Stalker" (b. 1720), and Anna (b. 1730). 1713AD. Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia sought to protect the various Siouan people by inviting them to settle in 1713 around Fort Christanna in Brunswick County, Virginia. From the western history's point of view these groups were consolidated as the ―Saponi Nation‖. During this period the various groups migrated back and forth and across the Virginia-Carolina Piedmont Area seeking safe refuge as English settlements overwhelmed the Piedmont area. The Eastern Siouan tribes as well as the other Native people were pressured to cede their lands and move west. A band went North and was ultimately absorbed by the Six Nations. Another group went Southeast and became associated with the ―Five Civilized Tribes‖. A third group stayed in the Piedmont area while a fourth group went South and joined the Catawba Nation. Our group returned to the Ohio River Valley, the ancestral homeland of the Siouan people. Many people still believe that American Indians in Kentucky lived in cave or tipis. At the time Kentucky was declared a state, American Indians were actually living in log cabins, multi-story wooden homes, and brick houses. 1713. Under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the British Imperialist Redcoats acquired Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay region from France, and Queen Anne's War ends. 1713AD. The Treaty of Urtecht is signed, which makes the Iroquois, Queen Anne's subjects (read: slaves), and it ends British Redcoat Monarch Queen Anne's War (1701-1713). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/TreatyofUtrecht1713QuebecHistory.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/859832/treaties-of-Utrecht French and Indian Wars. 1713. The war concluded with the Peace of Utrecht (1713), in which the warring

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states recognised the French candidate as King Philip V of Spain in exchange for territorial and economic concessions ….Under the Peace of Utrecht, Philip was recognised as King Philip V of Spain, but renounced his place in the French line of succession, thereby precluding the union of the French and Spanish crowns (although there was some sense in France that this renunciation was illegal). He retained the Spanish overseas empire, but ceded the Southern Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to Austria; Sicily, and parts of the Milanese to Savoy; and Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain. Moreover, he granted the British the exclusive right to non-Spanish slave trading in Spanish America for thirty years, the so-called Asiento. With regard to the political organisation of their kingdoms, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, following the centralising approach of the Bourbons in France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the Crown of Aragon; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles, and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, separate from the rest of the Spanish realm. SAPONI. The tribe began to move north to Pennsylvania and New York under pressure from white settlers coming into Virginia.The Saponi people are originally of Siouan stock (speaking a dialect of the Sioux language), and lived in on the east coast in the Virginia/North Carolina Piedmont area. 1714AD. Governor Spotswood built ―Trading Fort Christanna‖ in agreement to a Treaty, here the sons and daughters of the Chiefs were held for insurance (hostage) against hostility. This is where the Saponi people learned to read, write and accepted Christian names. Eventually the fort was abandoned by the Europeans, and inhabited only by the Saponi people. Later, the six mile diameter reservation was abolished colonists. Forced off their own land, the Saponi received permission in 1733 to move on the Tuscarora reservation. 1714. The Sack of Chestowee at Mouse Creek. History clearly records, that many of the Yuchi residing in East Tennessee were evicted/exterminated by the Cherokee under the armament and direction of Eleazer Wiggan and Alexander Long (traders from South Carolina) just as the Historic Period took hold of East Tennessee. At Chestowee (Mouse Creek) the heavily armed Cherokee stormed the walls in 1714. The surviving YUCHI old men, women and children gathered in the communal house, and committed mass suicide, rather than be taken captive. At least one woman and five children survived, and were taken as slaves back to South Carolina where they told their story to officials. Mr. Long and Mr. Wiggan were arrested, tried and convicted of inciting Indian war, for which the were stripped of their trading licenses—temporarily. 1714. The Cherokee Sack Chestowee in the Southeast. Instigated by two fur traders from South Carolina, the Cherokee attacked and destroyed CHESTOWEE Chestowee. The Cherokee were prepared to carry their attacks further to Yuchi settlements on the Savannah River, but the colonial government of South Carolina did not condone the attacks. The Cherokee held back. The Cherokee destruction of Chestowee marked their emergence as a major power in the Southeast. 1714 AD. Soon after the coming of Charleville, in 1714, the Shawnee finally abandoned the Cumberland Valley, being pursued to the last moment by the Chickasaw. 1714AD. During their stay in the Cumberland region the Shawnee came under the influence of British traders from South Carolina and in 1699, led by these traders, made an attack on a group of Cahokia Indians on the Mississippi River fifteen miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. It was very possibly this British alliance that caused the Cherokee and Chickasaw to expel the Shawnee from the Cumberland in 1714. ―Some of the Shawnee escaped into the Creek country of Alabama, but most began working their way north to the

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Ohio and eventually to Pennsylvania.‖ ~Jerry E. Clark. 1715AD. Blacks Become ―Property‖ With Rise of the Tobacco Economy. Since there was not a clear distinction between slavery and servitude at the time, ―biracial camaraderie‖ often resulted in children. The idea that blacks were property did not harden until around 1715 with the rise of the tobacco economy, by which time there was a small but growing population of free families of color. 1715. February 11. The Tuscarora War in North Carolina ends. The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora Native Americans (The Hemp People). The Europeans enlisted the Yamasee and Cherokee as Indian allies against the Tuscarora, who had amassed several allies themselves. 1715AD. The Yamasee War in 1715 (British South Carolina + native Allies vs. Spanish Florida + native Allies) found at least some of the Shawnee involved in opposition to the Carolina government. The struggle was basically a quarrel between the British South Carolina colony and the Spanish colony in Florida, but most of the actual fighting was done by the various Indian tribes aligned with the respective colonies. As a result of the war, at least one band of Shawnee fled to the Chattahoochee River, which separates Georgia from Alabama, and settled near the present city of Fort Gaines, Georgia. 1715AD. In the eighteenth century, Shawnees had settlements on the Tallapoosa River in Alabama, where they lived alongside the Creek Indians. One group took refuge there following the Yamassee War in South Carolina in 1715, and others gravitated to the area, establishing a long-standing connection between Shawnees and Creeks. Shawnees from Ohio continued to raid, trade, and visit with south Indians throughout the century (Calloway, pg. 10). 1715. South Carolina. Many Cherokee were employed as runaway slave catchers. It was the Cherokee who came to be the most cultivated of Native Indian tribes by the South Carolina colonial government in the early 18th Century. William S. Willis, in an article, "Divide and Rule: Red, white, and Black in the Southeast", provides evidence which strongly supports the theory of Melungeon origin: i.e. they were a mixture of Negro, Indian and White people. In his well-documented scholarly paper, Willis shows that in the early 18th Century, the colonial governors and other whites in South Carolina consciously sought to make the Indians and Negroes hate and fear each other. The reason was simple. Whites obviously felt outnumbered and physically threatened by a coalition of Indians and Negro slaves in the colony. Runaway slaves were finding refuge with the Indians. To protect the whites from an attack from a combined group Indians and runaway slaves, a policy of dividing the two groups was established by 1715. Many Cherokee were employed as runaway slave catchers. It was the Cherokee who came to be the most cultivated of Native Indian tribes by the South Carolina colonial government in the early 18th Century. 1715AD. Cherokee and Chickasaw joined to defeat the Cumberland Shawnee. Some of the Shawnee joined the Creek Indians, while others moved north, and dispersed, all throughout Kentucky. 1715AD. In a council held at Philadelphia in 1715 with the Shawnee and Delawares, the former ―who live at a great distance,‖ asked the friendship of the Pennsylvania government. These are evidently the same who about this time were driven from their home on Cumberland River.

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1716AD. Cherokee strengthen their alliance with the British. 1717. This date is engraved in a sandstone rockshelter in eastern Kentucky (Wolfe County). 1717. Perhaps the earliest evidence of an English trader with Cherokee in Kentucky is in Wolfe County, where a date of 1717 occurs with traditional symbols of Anitsisqua, the Cherokee Bird Clan, incised on a sandstone outcrop overlooking Panther Branch. Cherokee claims to Kentucky were seriously challenged when the Tuscarawas joined the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian speaking peoples that included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas in 1722. 1717AD. The Cumberland River Shawnees from Kentucky and Tennessee enjoyed good relations with William Penn, who, as governor of Pennsylvania, tried to ensure fair dealings with the Indians in trade and land transactions. But things were never the same after Penn died in 1717, and as relations with English traders and settlers deteriorated, Shawnees began to move west across the Allegheny Mountains. (Calloway, pg. 12). 1718. In 1718 Peter CHARTIER moved to Dekanoagah, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and obtained title to 300 acres on the Yellow Breeches Creek near the Susquehanna River where his father died in April of that year. 1718AD. Martin Chartier Death: 1718 in Dekanoagah (Indian village around current Lancaster County), Pennsylvania, USA. 1718. April 18. Note: Administration of estate granted 18 April, 1718 to James Logan of Philadelphia. PC 1718 - living in Dekanoagah, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and obtained title to 300 acres on the Susquehanna River where his father had died. 1718. Martin Chartier died 1718, noted Indian trader and interpreter in early Pennsylvania and Maryland, Frenchmen from Canada who resided at Fort St. Louis of the Sieur De La Salle in present Illinois, 1684-1690, a leader thence of the Shawnee Indians to Maryland, 1692, and to Susquehanna River at Pequea Creek, now Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1697, agent in William Penn's Treaties with the Indians of the Susquehanna, settled here in later years at the site of Washington Borough on a 300 acre tract granted to him by Penn, father by his Shawnee wife of Peter Chartier, the Indian trader and interpreter. 1718. Martin Chartier died in 1718, master of a huge trading house and plantation on the Susquehanna River. He might have had several children, but only one son, Peter Chartier, handled the estate. Martin Chartier died at Dekanoagah in 1718. Martin Chartiere married an Indian squaw. When the Shawanese came from the South and settled at Pequea Creek, he moved there, and made his permanent residence among them. Martin Chartier spoke the Delaware language fluently, and acquired great influence with these Indians. The chief Logan was anxious to be upon good terms with him, and took special pains to cultivate his friendship. The loan commissioners, who were the Penns' agents for the sale of their lands, gave him a large tract, extending from the mouth of Conestoga Cre ek several miles up the Susquehanna. He built his trading-post, and finally settled upon the farm afterwards owned by the Stehmans, at or near where they built a saw-mill in Washington borough. Martin Chartier died at this place in 1708?. A message announcing his death was sent to Logan, who at tended his funeral. He left all his property to his only son, Peter Chartiere, who married a Shawanese squaw. Colonialist scholars tell us that it was not particularly uncommon at that time to find a white man disaffected with his own society living with an Indian tribe. What was rare, however, was to find a white man leading an Indian tribe, and this is precisely what both Martin Chartier and his son Peter did. The Shawnees that Martin Chartier met on the Mississippi River had been drawn there by the great

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French explorer, LaSalle. Martin Chartier died in 1718....." Martin Chartier died in April, 1718. James Logan was at his funeral, which shows that he was hel d in high esteem by the Penns." 1718-1754. ESKIPPAKITHIKI. From 1718 to 1754, early Scottish traders, referred to the Piqua, a band of Shawnee who lived at Eskippakithiki, as Picts, and their village as Little Pict Town. Eskippakithiki was then ―the metropolis of Kentucky, of Shawnee-French-Canadian-Iroquoian Kentucky, when all Kentuckians paid homage to King Louis, the Grand Monarque of France, serenely oblivious, in the distractions of his pleasure-seeking court, of the huddle of dusky savages who, in the deep forests of the New World, were achieving life and security under the psychologic influence of his potent name‖ (Lucian Beckner 1932: 365). Puckshinwah (Puckishinwah, Puckeshinwah, Pukshinwa) and Black Hoof were both born here. Maybe Tecumseh too. 1718. Peter Chartier, living in Dekanoagah, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, obtained title to 300 acres on the Susquehanna River where his father had died. ―........His son, Peter Chartier, after living a few years at his father's place, removed to the neighborhood of New Cumberland, where he had a trading post. He left Cumberland Valley, and located below Pittsburgh. He was all his life an Indian trader, and finally went to reside with the Indians, and took sides with them again the English. He left descendants who reside, I believe, in Washington county, Penn.‖ 1720s 1720s. The French claimed most of Kentucky, established trading posts with help of local Indian tribes. 1720AD. On Moll's map of 1720 we find this region marked as occupied by the Cherokee, while ―Savannah Old Settlement‖ is placed at the mouth of the Cumberland River, indicating that the removal of the Shawnee had then been completed. 1720AD. Jean L'Archevêque, Pierre Duhaut's decoy, was killed in 1720 by Indians during the Villasur expedition—coincidentally in an ambush beside a river. 1720. Pale Stalker is born. He is the son of Peter Chartier, and his Shawnee mother. 1721AD. December 8. Cumberland County, VA, USA. Cherokee Chief Red Bird (Cardinal?) is born. Red Bird (1721-1796) Also known as Dotsuwa, he inscribed traditional Cherokee symbols on the walls of rosckshelters in Spurlock, Kentucky. He is the namesake of the Red Bird River and several towns in Kentucky. He was murdered in Clay County, Kentucky by two men from Tennessee, Edward Miller and John Livingston, an incident of National significance. Aaron Chief Red Bird Brock, Cherokee. Nickname: "Totsuwha / do-tsu-wa Ꮩ Ꮷ Ꮹ", "to-chu-wo-r ᏙᏧ ᏬR", "c-u-tsa-wah CᎤᏣᏩ", "Chief Red Bird‖. B. 1721. December 8. Cumberland County, VA, USA. Died 1820? in Clay, Webster, Kentucky. 1721. Red Bird (1721-1796) Also known as Dotsuwa, he inscribed traditional Cherokee symbols on the walls of rockshelters in Spurlock, Kentucky. He is the namesake of the Red Bird River and several towns in Kentucky. He was murdered in Clay County, Kentucky by two men from Tennessee, Edward Miller and John Livingston, an incident of National significance. Aaron Chief Red Bird Brock, Cherokee. Nickname: "Totsuwha / do-tsu-wa Ꮩ Ꮷ Ꮹ", "to-chu-wo-r ᏙᏧ ᏬR", "c-u-tsa-wah CᎤᏣᏩ", "Chief Red Bird‖. B. 1721. December 8. Cumberland County, VA, USA. Died 1820? in Clay, Webster, Kentucky. ―Red Bird was killed by some hunters below the

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mouth of Big Creek and thrown into a hole of water. I do not know whether my father helped bury him or not. I have heard my father talk about Red Bird but I do not remember anything definitely now. There was no justification for the murder of Red Bird. The hunters quarreled with him about furs and killed him out of greed. He had an Indian with him, called Jack, who escaped.‖ (Dickey 1898b). 1721AD. Future Shawnee War Chieftain Black Hoof is born in Eskippakithiki, Clark County, Kentucky. The Algonquin Shawnee can claim Kentucky as their motherland. So can the Mosopeleas and Honniasontkeronons. And 20+ other native American tribes. 1721AD. The French convinced 250 Nipissing at Ile aux Tourtes, and about 100 Algonkin from St. Anne de Boit de Ille missions in the upper Ottawa Valley to settle with 300 Christian Mohawk living at the Sulpician mission village of Lake of Two Mountains (Lac des Deaux Montagnes) just west of Montreal. Considering the past animosities between these peoples, this must have been ―one heck of a sales job.‖ The most amazing thing is that it worked out fairly well, although the Nipissing and Algonkin insisted on calling the combined village Oka (pickerel), while the Mohawk stayed with their own name, Kanesatake or ―sandy place.‖ As part of the mission community at Oka, the Nipissing became part of the alliance known as Seven Nations of Canada (Seven Fires of Caughnawaga). Its membership included the: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of the Two Mountains (Iroquois, Algonkin, and Nipissing), St. Francois (Sokoki, Pennacook, and New England Algonquin), Bécancour (Eastern Abenaki), Oswegatchie (Onondaga and Oneida), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk). The name of this alliance is not familiar to most Americans, but the Seven Nations of Canada were the primary French native allies used against the British Redcoats. 1722-1750. ―Mount Pleasant‖ was noted as being on the Savannah River in present-day Effingham County, Georgia, from about 1722 to about 1750. It was first a Yuchi town. To take advantage of trade, the British established a trading post and small military garrison there, which they called Mount Pleasant. 1722AD. The Treaty of Albany. The Iroquois attacks on the British Redcoats stopped at the signing of the Treaty of 1722. The Treaty of Albany is made between the Haudenosaunee and Great Britain. The Haudenosaunee are joined by the Tuscarora and they expand by alliance and conquest to control an area from southern Canada, southward. 1722. Cherokee claims to Kentucky were seriously challenged when the Tuscarawas joined the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian speaking peoples that included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas in 1722. Sponsored by the Oneida, they were accepted in 1722 as the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois. After the American Revolution, in which they and the Oneida allied with the colonists, the Tuscarora shared reservation land with the Oneida before gaining their own. They were accepted as the sixth nation. Their chief said that Tuscarora remaining in the South after 1722 were no longer members of the tribe. The Tuscarora Nation of New York is federally recognized. 1722. The Tuscarora's (The Hemp People) join the Iroquois Confederacy, making it 6 Nations. 1723. 5 Nations Becomes 6. "Six Nations" after the admission of the Tuscarora in 1723. 1724AD. Padouka (Paduca): the early name of several tribes dwelling in the great interior basin of the United States, S. W. of the Missouri River; they are considered by modern writers as mainly belonging to the Shoshonean family, and include the Shoshones (or Snake Indians), Utes, Comanches, and others. In 1724, Bourgmont visited one of these tribes, apparently the Comanches, on the Upper Kansas

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River; see account of his expedition in Margry’s Découv. et établ., t. vi., pp. 386-449. Later in the eighteenth century, they ceased to be known under the name Padouka; it is probable that, to escape their enemies, they migrated northward, and broke up into various bands bearing the names of subdivisions of the Padouka nation. The north branch of the Platte River has also borne the name of Paducas Fork; and a town in Kentucky is called Paducah. The family appellation Paduca is, among modem writers, used mainly by R. G. Latham (cited by Powell in U.S. Bur. Ethnol. Rep., 1885-86, p. 108), who thus designates a number of tribes belonging not only to the Shoshonean family but to others — See Coues‘s Lewis and Clark Expedition, pp. 60, 478. 1725. The Kentucky Saponi. European encroachment, disease, war and disenfranchisement forced the SAPONI Saponi people west to their prior home on the New River of "then" Botetourt/Grayson county Virginia and Wilkes county North Carolina. By the late 1700s, many Saponi were again forced from their homes. Migration into Tennessee and Kentucky, and then into Indiana, took place in 25 years. 1725AD. A band of about thirty Shawnee was still on the Savannah River in 1725, and it has been suggested that they may have been the Hathawekela who were reported in Pennsylvania in 1731. 1725AD. Shawnee establish Logstown. Located directly on the right bank of the Ohio River, the original village was settled by Shawnees, possibly as early as 1725, on low-lying land on the north bank of the Ohio, less than a mile north of present-day Ambridge in Beaver County, Pennsylvania. In the rich soil by the riverside, the Shawnees cultivated maize. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logstown 1726. September 14. In the amended agreement 25 years later of the English-Iroquois Nanfan Treaty, the strip of land 60 miles wide adjoining Lakes Erie and Ontario, starting at Sandusky Creek, was reserved for continued Six Nations occupation and use, with the permission of its owner under the 1701 agreement, the King of Great Britain. A copy of the treaty, containing the totem images of more than a dozen Iroquois chiefs, is part of the collections of the British National Archives. 1728AD. A band of Shawnee moved west and settled near the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers. Adena - The Adena people differed from the Archaic because they organized villages, developed more extensive gardens, wore jewelry, and played games. The most lasting record of their culture are ceremonial burial mounds. Many of these mounds still exist, the most notable being in Moundsville and South Charleston. 1728. About 1728, KAKOWATCHIKY moved with his band to the Shawnee Flats on the North Branch of the Susquehanna (just below the present town of Plymouth), the general area being known then as Wyoming. 1729AD. The Shawnee were serving as guides into northern Kentucky for the French military who considered Kentucky part of New France. At this time, the Cherokee were busy fighting the Choctaw, Creek, and Yamasee to the south for their British allies. 1729. Shawnee lead a French expedition to Big Bone Lick. KENTUCKY! 1729-1739AD. The Establishment of Shannoah. SHANNOAH. The ―first‖ major Shawnee village west of Pennsylvania on the Ohio River was Lower Shawnee Town (Shannoah), situated at the mouth

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of the Scioto River across from present-day Portsmouth, Ohio (a lower portion was also established on the Kentucky side). Its advantageous location on both the Ohio River and the Great Warriors Path made it a favorite rendezvous for the Shawnee, and an important center for French and English fur traders. It was apparently established between 1729 and 1739. 1730s 1730AD. As a gesture of thanks, Sir Alexander Cuming took principal Cherokee Chiefs to England with him in 1730 including Attakullakulla, Clogoittah, Kollannah, Onancona, Oukah Ulah, Skalilosken Ketagustah, and Tathtowe. Although this visit strengthened allegiance with the British, the Cherokee population in Kentucky and elsewhere was cut in half by smallpox just eight years later making it difficult to defend their northern borders. To make matters worse, the Creek and Choctaw had allied themselves with the French. 1730. Anna Chartier is born. Peter Chartier's Shawnee wife births a daughter for him named Anna. 1730AD. As a gesture of thanks, Sir Alexander Cuming took principal Cherokee Chiefs to England with him in 1730 including Attakullakulla, Clogoittah, Kollannah, Onancona, Oukah Ulah, Skalilosken Ketagustah, and Tathtowe. Although this visit strengthened allegiance with the British, the Cherokee population in Kentucky and elsewhere was cut in half by smallpox just eight years later making it difficult to defend their northern borders. To make matters worse, the Creek and Choctaw had allied themselves with the French. 1730. The Lulbegrud Creek Shawnee. An interpretation is that a band of the Shawnee from Carolina broke away in 1730, and formed a village on Lulbegrud Creek, Kentucky. (Clark, 1993). 1730. A man named Adair visited the Cherokee village settlements in Kentucky. ―In 1730, an-other enterprising trader from South Carolina, named Adair, made an extensive tour through the villages of the Cherokees and also visited the tribes to the South and West of them.‖ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028846074/cu31924028846074_djvu.txt 1730. The Shawnee stopped for some time at various points in Kentucky, and perhaps also at Shawneetown, but finally, about the year 1730, they collected along the north bank of the Ohio River, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, extending from the Allegheny down to Logstown, and Lowertown was probably built about this time. The land thus occupied was claimed by the Wyandot, who granted permission to the Shawnee to settle upon it, and many years afterwar d threatened to dispossess them if they continued hostilities against the United States. They probably wandered for some time in Kentucky. 1730. As Pennsylvania Shawnee began to migrate west around 1730, some may have moved beyond the boundary of Pennsylvania into Ohio. 1731. A band of about thirty Shawnee was still on the Savannah River in 1725, and it has been suggested that they may have been the Hathawekela who were reported in Pennsylvania in 1731. 1732. ―When the Pennsylvania authorities heard that Shawnees had visited the French governor

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in Montreal, they feared the French were trying to win them over. The governor of Pennsylvania requested a meeting in Philadelphia with Shawnee delegates in the fall of 1732 and asked them why they had moved and what they were up to communicating with the French. He reminded them of the alliance they had entered into with the English in Pennsylvania and asked them to return. The Shawnees replied that ―the place where they are now Settled Suits them much better than to live nearer,‖ and ―that they can live much better there than they possibly can anywhere on Sasquehannah.‖ (Calloway, pg. 12). 1732AD. In 1732, of seven hundred warriors in the British State of Pennsylvania, 350 were Shawnee. They had several villages within the limits of the present counties of Allegheny and Beaver. 1732. Peter Chartier witnessed a letter from Neucheconner & other Shawnee Chiefs to the Governor of Pennsylvania, and attended Council Philadelphia with others. NEUCHECONNER! 1732. June. The Shawnee sent a letter to British Governor Gordon of Pennsylvania in which they stated that about five years before, the 5 Nations of the Iroquois had ordered the Shawnee to return to Ohio, where they had come from. This can be interpreted to mean that around 1670 the Shawnee had lived on the Cumberland River, and on the Ohio between the mouths of the Muskingum and the Wabash. 1733AD. British Governor Spotswood built ―Trading Fort Christanna‖ in agreement to a Treaty, here the sons and daughters of the Chiefs were held for insurance (hostage) against hostility. This is where the Saponi people learned to read, write and accepted Christian names. Eventually the fort was abandoned by the Europeans, and inhabited only by the Saponi people. Later, the six mile diameter reservation was abolished colonists. Forced off their own land, the Saponi received permission in 1733 to move on the Tuscarora reservation. 1733AD. At Fort Gaines, Georgia, a band of Shawnee were joined by a band of Yuchi, who accompanied them to the Tallapoosa River in 1733. A band of about thirty Shawnee was still on the Savannah River in 1733. 1734. After murdering a Mingo chief, one band of Shawnee fled westward. Where they went is uncertain, but it is probable that they fled down the Ohio as far as the Scioto River, where a town was established in 1734. The Shawnee were breaking away, not only from the influence of the English, but also from the authority of the Iroquois. 1734AD. Peter Chartier founded Chartier's Town in Alleghany County, Pennsylvania. 1736. A 1736 map of Paxtang Manor by surveyor Edward Smout shows Chartier's home in what is today Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 1736. The French-Canadian Census of 1736 had listed Eskippakithiki as ―Chaouanons, towards Carolina, two hundred men‖, and 200 men implies heads of households, so there would have been about 800 to 1000 Native Americans, men, women, children, with souls, and heartbeats. 1737. The Delaware and Shawnee lost their lands in eastern Pennsylvania, both tribes removed to western Pennsylvania, and later Ohio, though one Shawnee band went South into West Virginia

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and Kentucky Appalachia!!! 1737AD. Peter Chartier became a PEKOWI Pekowi Chief in Pennsylvania. 1738. Peter Chartiersigned petition to Pennsylvania. By the late 1730s, pressure from colonial expansion produced repeated conflicts. Shawnee communities were affected by the fur trade in which furs were often traded to European traders for rum or brandy, leading to serious social problems related to alcohol abuse. Several Shawnee communities in the Province of Pennsylvania, led by the half-French trader Peter Chartier, opposed the sale of alcohol in their communities and a conflict with Governor Patrick Gordon arose. 1738AD. Smallpox infects American Indians living in the Appalachian Mountains. Although this visit strengthened allegiance with the British, the Cherokee population in Kentucky and elsewhere was cut in half by smallpox making it difficult to defend their northern borders. To make matters worse, the Creek and Choctaw had allied themselves with the French. 1739AD. The British-Shawnee Treaty of 1739. After much negotiation, a delegation of twenty-one Shawnees came to Philadelphia in 1739, agreed to a treaty that reaffirmed their original treaty with William Penn in 1701, and promised not to join any nation that was hostile to Great Britain. Pennsylvania continued to ask for assurances of Shawnee loyalty and Shawnee diplomats continued to give them, but the Shawnees were moving out from under Pennsylvania's influence, and continued to talk with the French. (Calloway, pg. 13). 1739. A French Canadian explorer and soldier, Charles-Le-Moyne, also second Baron DeLongueil, discovered the site. 1739. Captain/Baron Charles-Le-Moyne-De-Longueuil explores Kentucky. The French claimed most of land, established trading posts with help of local Indian tribes. 1739. Shawnee lead a second expedition to Big Bone Lick. 1739. Charles-(III)-le-Moyne-de-Longueuil-Baron-deLongueuil-(II). More than two hundred years ago — in 1729 to be exact — an intrepid French Canadian soldier and explorer, then commanding at Fort Niagara, Captain Charles-le-Moyne-deLongueil, descended the Ohio River from the eastern Great Lakes and discovered Big Bone Lick in Northern Kentucky. BIG BONE LICK. ―Big Bone Lick: The radiocarbon evidence indicates that mastodons and Clovis people overlapped in time; however, other than one fossil with a possible cut mark and Clovis artifacts that are physically associated with but dispersed within the bone-bearing deposits, there is no incontrovertible evidence that humans hunted Mammut americanum at the site.‖ His was the military entourage that accompanied and protected the famous French engineer, M. Chaussegros de Lery,² whose compass surveys at this time gave basis for the first reconnaissance charting of the meandering course of the Ohio River. Though records do not so state, we may assume without fear of error that he was taken to this locality by the Indian guides who accompanied him, for this lick [Big Bone Lick] in southwestern Boone County was widely known among the aboriginal tribes that inhabited the Ohio Valley. While commanding a French-Canadian military expedition against the Chickasaw Native Americans in the Mississippi River Valley, Captain Charles de Longueuil discovers the region of Big Bone Lick. BIG BONE LICK. The title Baron de Longueuil is the only currently (as of today, August 17, 2014) extant French colonial title that is recognized by Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada. The title was granted originally by King Louis XIV (14 th) of France to a Norman military officer, Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, and its continuing recognition since the cession of Canada to Britain is based on the Treaty of Paris (1763), which reserved to those of French descent all rights which they had enjoyed before the cession. The title descends to the

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heirs general of the first grantee, and as such survives today in the person of Dr. Michael Grant, the 12th Baron de Longueuil, a cognatic descendant of Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, the 1st Baron Charles Le Moyne, the 3 rd Baron de Longueuil, while commanding a French Canadian military expedition out of Canada against the Chickasaw Indians in the Mississippi River Valley ( who were hostile to the French and interfering with the communications between the French occupied Louisiana and Canada), is credited with the ―discovery‖ of Big Bone Lick by a white European. 1739. Captain Charles (II) le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil (1656-1729) discovers Kentucky, finally, after humans have been living here for 13,739 years. In 1739, the Indians listed in Kentucky were Cherokee, Chickasaw, Mosopelea, Shawnee and Yuchi (Harrison). Tecumseh asked about the disappearance of the Pequot, the Narragansett, and the Pocanet Choctaw Indians, which points out the many factions of Indians that used to exist, but no longer did (Turner). According to some early maps, the Yuchi had a town in Kentucky, on a River which appears to be identical with Green River. Other Indians who can claim Kentucky as their homeland are the Delaware, the Lanapota, the Creek and the Mingo (Harrison). 1740s 1740. Cherokee and Creek ally together during the War of Jenkins's Ear. 1741. December 25. Simon Girty, a mick, is born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania. Native Americans killed Simon Girty's biological father; or maybe he died in a duel, several years later. Maidened Simon Girty, aka KATEPACOMEN, was the son of an Irish packhorse driver employed in the fur trade immigrant who settled in Eastern Pennsylvania. Simon Girty was also his father's name, but he never did anything with it, and Mary Newton was his mother's name, even though she only kept half of it., Simon Girty's mother made their home at Chambers Mills, on the east side of the Susquehanna, above Harrisburg, now Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Here Simon Girty, their second son (Thomas was the first), was born. ―Now there was about this time, Katepacomen, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a Messiah, a doer of wonderful works; a teacher of such men as received the truth with pleasure. Katepacomen drew over to him both many of the Shawnee, and many of the Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots, Miamis, Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis. Katepacomen was (the) Great Warrior Chief sent from the Sun; and when Boone, at the suggestion of the principal British redcoat authorities amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Katepacomens, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.‖ (Book XVIII, Chapter iii, Section 3). https://www.google.com/search?q=simon+girty&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=J7H 6U5DrGMmRyASjo4HgCQ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667 1742AD. The 65 Year French Royalist Blanchet Plantation Occupation of Guadeloupe begins with 890 African and native Carib slaves. 1742AD. KAKOWATCHIKY. CONRAD WEISER and COUNT ZINZENDORF visited him in 1742.

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1742. December 22. AD. Charles Blanchet I of Caen (1696-1742) ―marries Renee Vinant Duchesne in Port-Louis, Guadeloupe‖ at 47 years of age. 1742. The Iroquois-Saponi Peace Treaty was signed. In 1742, Saponi Chief Mahenip MAHENIP was in court for ―slashing and burning‖ the forest, a tradition our people have proudly kept for centuries. 1743. Kakowatchiky Moves to Logstown. Although explorers navigated the Ohio during the seventeenth century, there was no settlement in the future Beaver County until about 1743. Kakowatchiky, a Shawnee chief, moved with his band from the Susquehanna Valley, to Logstown. Here with the cooperation of the Ohio Mingoes they built a village, which during the next ten years became the most important center for the fur trade of the Pennsylvania traders. 1744AD. The 1744 British-Haudenosaunee Treaty of Lancaster is made between the Iroquois and Great Britain, the honkey motherland. 1744. March. AD. War was formally declared between France and Britain, again, March 1744. King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745. 1744. May 23. AD. King George's War in Amerika begins. News of war declarations reached the French fortress at Louisbourg first, on May 3, 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities. Concerned about their overland supply lines to Quebec, they first raided the British fishing port of Canso on May 23, and then organized an attack on Annapolis Royal, then the capital of Nova Scotia. However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their Mi'kmaq and Maliseet allies in conjunction with Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, decided to attack on their own in early July. MI'KMAQ! MALISEET! Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging Fort Anne. Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days. Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which had received supplies, and reinforcements from Massachusetts.

1744. About 1744 KAKOWATCHIKY moved with his band to Logstown on the Ohio, where CONRAD WEISER met him in 1748. In 1744, Kakowatchiky, the eastern Shawnee ―king,‖ abandoned his town at Wyoming and joined his kinfolk at Logg's Town, adding to the already populous Shawnee towns in the Ohio Country. Earlier, increasing numbers of Iroqouis had begun to settle new villages along the lower Cuyahoga River. This migration continued through the mid-1740s; in 1743, the French at nearby Detriot estimated that nearly six hundred Iroquois, mostly Senecas and Onondagas, were settled on the Cuyahoga.‖ (McConnell, Michael N.). “He himself was an Indian of God's creation and he was satisfied with his condition had no

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wish to be a European, above all he was a subject of the Iroquois, it did not behoove him to take up new Things without their Advice or Example. If the Iroquois chose to become Europeans, and learned to pray like them; he would have nothing to say against it. He liked the Indian Way of Life. God had been very kind to him even in his old Age and would continue to look well after him. God was better pleased with the Indians, than with the Europeans. It was wonderful how much he helped them.” ~Kakowatchiky. 1744. Pierre (Peter) Chartier left British Pennsylvania with about 400 Pekowi & Kishpokotha to join the French of Ohio, and moved southwest to the mouth of the Scioto River, establishing Lower Shawnee Town with sons 1744-1748. King George's War (1744-48) and 1744. Doublehead is born. Chief Doublehead, the son of Chief Great Eagle and Woman Ani Wadi, was born Birth 1744 in what is now Stearns, McCreary County, Kentucky. Doublehead was murdered 9 Aug 1807 at Hiwasee River, Cherokee, Washington, Tennessee, United States. He was known as Taltsu‘ska‘, Dsu-gwe-la-Delaware-gi and as Chuqualatague. His wives included Nannie Drumgoole, Kateeyeah Wilson, and Creat Prieber. Doublehead purposely cultivated his image as a bloodthirsty savage. Though the taking of scalps was not common among the Cherokees, he quickly made it his trademark. Even more grisly was his habit of cannibalizing his enemies' bodies. After a successful raid he would cut a piece of flesh from one of his victims, and often with blood running down his chin, eat it as a sign of the conquered's impotence. Afterwards, he would demand that his warriors, as a symbolic blood oath, do the same. Years later, when in Philadelphia meeting with President George Washington, an inquisitive reporter asked Doublehead's opinion of the white race. Without even giving the matter a moment's thought, the chief replied: "Too salty." Chief Doublehead married first to Nannie Drumgoole and married second to Katteyeah Wilson who was born about 1770. He married a third time to Creat Prieber or Priber around 1757 in Stearns, KY. Creat Prieber was the daughter of Christian Prieber and Clogoittah. She was born in Tellico Plains, TN, and died about 1790 in Stearns, McCreary County, Kentucky. The following lists include the wives and children of Chief Doublehead known; there are others reported, but this author has not proved them yet. Proven corrections would be welcome but should be accompanied with valid documentation. Children of CHIEF DOUBLEHEAD and KATEEYEAH WILSON are: 1- Tahleysuscoh Tassel DOUBLEHEAD, was b. ca 1798; d. August 1807; 2- Alcy DOUBLEHEAD, was b. ca 1800; d. Aft. 1838; m. Giles McNulty; b. ca 1790; 3Susannah DOUBLEHEAD, was b. ca 1805; d. aft 1838; m. George Chisholm; b. ca 1805; 4- Sister DOUBLEHEAD, was b. 1807. 1744AD. 1744, May 23 or 24. Charles Blanchet 1 (1696-1742) (Charles I) dies Petit Canel, Guadeloupe at 49 years of age.The beginnings of the Blanchet Plantation Occupation of Guadeloupe (1742-1817). 1744. Peter Chartier left the British of Pennsylvania with about 400 Pekowi & Kishpoko to join the French of Ohio and moved southwest to the mouth of the Sc ioto River, establishing Lower Shawnee Town with sons. 1744. The Lancaster Treaty. From June 25 to July 4, 1744, negotiations brought forth a treaty that gave His Majesty George II of the Great British Empire, the large swath of land in between the Tidewaters and the Mississippi River (North America). 1744. ―At the Treaty of Lancaster,

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Pennsylvania, in 1744, the Iroquois ceded land between the Susquehanna River and the Allegheny Mountains, as well as their remaining claims to land within the boundaries of Virginia and Maryland. Virginia's colonial charter placed it's western boundary at the Pacific. In the colonists' eyes, the Iroquois had relinquished their claims to the Ohio country and it was open for trade and settlement. Speculators formed the Ohio Company of Virgina to sell lands at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers.‖ (Calloway, pg. 23). 1744, September 3 or 30. AD. Charles Pierre Blanchet II born on Petit Canal, Guadeloupe, 4 months after his father dies, on September 3, 1744. The Blanchet Plantation Occupation of Guadeloupe. 1745 AD. For 3 days, the Miami, Shawnee, and Cherokee warred, in modern day Bellevue, Kentucky (Harrison). 1745. April. AD. ―The Council‖ granted the two hundred thousand acres in two equal portions: one hundred thousand acres went to a man named Patton (Colonel James Patton), and, the other one hundred thousand acres went to John Robinson, the Council President. 1745. Charles Hanna, in The Wilderness Trail, states that he believes Eskippakithiki was not established until 1745, when he thinks Peter Chartier stopped there for two years after fleeing from Pennsylvania. But there is good evidence to support an earlier origin. There were some 3,500 acres of land cleared by the Shawnee in the vicinity of Indian Old Fields, as Eskippakithiki is now called. 1745. Peter Chartier moved on to near Winchester KY with his 400 Pekowi & Kishpokotha Shawnee. KISHPOKOTHA! PEKOWI! 1745. AD. 400 Shawnees migrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Illinois. 1745. April. In April 1745, Peter Chartier and about 400 Shawnees took refuge in Lower Shawneetown after defying British Royal Governor Patrick Gordon in a conflict over the sale of rum to the Shawnees. Peter Chartier opposed the sale of alcohol in Native American communities, and threatened to destroy any shipments of rum that he found. He persuaded members of the Pekowi Shawnee to leave Pennsylvania and migrate south. After staying in Lower Shawneetown for a few weeks they proceeded into Kentucky to ―found‖ the community of Eskippakithiki. ―In 1745, Peter Chartier's Shawnees, now deeply under French influence, robbed James Dunning and Peter Tostee, British Redcoat Pennsylvania traders.‖ 1745. November 28. The French with their Indian allies raided and destroyed the village of Saratoga, New York, killing and capturing more than one hundred of its inhabitants. All of the British settlements north of Albany were accordingly abandoned. 1745AD. In 1745, British colonial forces captured Fortress Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks. In retaliation, the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia launched the Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) against the British settlements on the border of Acadia in Maine. 1746AD. France launched a major expedition to recover Louisbourg in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the Duc d'Anville, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective. DUC d'ANVILLE! The war was also fought on the frontiers between the northern British colonies and New France. Skirmishing and raiding on the northernmost communities of Massachusetts prompted Governor William Shirley to order the construction of a chain of frontier

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outposts stretching all the way to its border with New York. 1746AD. Peter Chartier moved to the French Lick area of Tennessee (later became Nashville). 1746AD. Peter Chartier moved his band, some three or four hundred strong, to the Wabash, leaving Chartier's Old Town as a landmark on the Traders Path to the Forks of the Ohio. Some of his Shawnees returned to Pennsylvania in 1748 and sponsored by Scaroyady (their Iroquois overseer), asked to be accepted again as friends. When the French occupied the Ohio country a few years later, the pro-British Iroquois left, and the Shawnees joined the French, who built them a new town at Logstown. Then, when the French retreated in 1758, the Shawnees also had to leave. After Pontiac's War, they agreed in 1765 to return to their former home, and some of them returned to Logstown, but in 1772, just before Dunmore's War, this last group left Pennsylvania. (Wallace, Paula W.). 1746. The Southern Shawnee band made peace with the Cherokee, and settled in the Cumberland Basin. 1746. July. AD. In July 1746, an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembled in northern New York for a retaliatory attack against Canada. British regulars expected to participate never arrived, and the attack was called off. A large (1,000+ man) French and Indian force mustered to raid in the upper Hudson River valley in 1746 instead raided in the Hoosac River valley, including an attack on Fort Massachusetts (at present-day North Adams, Massachusetts), made in revenge for the slaying of an Indian leader in an earlier skirmish. 1747. Peter Chartier moved to the Coosa River, Alabama area. 1747AD. Philip Philips was taken by some French-allied native Americans, and lived with them ever since. He still visited his Mother in English territory next to British Colonel Johnson. 1747. A sizable band of Shawnee from the Ohio River established a village or villages along the upper reaches of the Coosa River, midway between the Upper Creeks and the Cherokee. This band was led by Peter Chartier, a French trader whose father had married a Shawnee woman. 1748. A village, Chalakagay, was established near the present site of Sylacauga in Talladega County near the Abihka Indians. These Shawnee were joined by others from the north, and several villages were established in the Abihka country. 1748. Indian allies of the French attacked Schenectady, New York. 1748AD. Peter Chartier allegedly seen with some of his band in Illinois and Detroit. 1748. Also this site was the focal point for treaty making. In 1748 large delegations of Delawares, Shawnee, Iroquois and Wyandot assembled at Logstown to receive presents which Conrad Weiser hauled over the mountains with his packhorse train. The ensuing treaties were designed to strengthen the Indian alliance with the British in the struggle with the French as these two great powers vied for the control of the strategic Ohio Valley. 1748. Virginian explorers recognized the potential of the Ohio region for colonization and moved to

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capitalize on it, as well as to block French expansion into the territory. In 1748, Thomas Lee and brothers Lawrence and Augustine Washington organized the Ohio Company to represent the prospecting and trading interests of Virginian investors. The Ohio Company, formally known as the Ohio Company of Virginia, was a land speculation company organized for the settlement by Virginians of the Ohio Country (approximately the present state of Ohio) and to trade with the Native Americans. The Company had a land grant from Britain and a treaty with Indians, but France also claimed the area, and the conflict helped provoke the outbreak of the French and Indian War. In addition to the mandate and investment of Virginia Royal Governor Robert Dinwiddie, other original members included John Hanbury, Colonel Thomas Cresap, George Mercer, John Mercer, and ―all of His Majesty‘s Colony of Virginia.‖ 1748AD. The Cherokees and Chickasaws fight against the French. 1748. The Shawnee on the Ohio were estimated to number 162 warriors, or about 600 souls (including wife and children of the warriors). A few years later they were joined by their kindred from the Susquehanna, and the two bands were united for the first time in history. There is no evidence that the western band, as a body, ever crossed to the east side of the mountains. The nature of the country and the fear of the Oatawba would seem to have forbidden such a movement, aside from the fact that their eastern brethren were already beginning to feel the pressure of advancing civilization. The most natural line of migration was the direct route to the upper Ohio, where they had the protection of the Wyandot and Miami, and were within easy reach of the French. 1748. Although Oka was struck by smallpox in 1748, the Nipissing and Algonkin warriors living there remained loyal to the French cause helping destroy Braddock's army in 1755 at Fort Duquesne and fighting at Lake George in northern New York during 1758. This last campaign earning them another experience with smallpox. 1748. Thomas Lee and Robert Dinwiddie, surveyor general for the southern colonies (and future Royal Governor of Virginia), penned into being a competing speculative venture: The Pendennis Ohio Land Speculator's Club Company (aka ―The Ohio Land Company‖). 1748. At the Treaty of Lancaster in 1748, the British urged the League to restore the Ohio tribes to the British Covenant Chain as a barrier against the French, and the Iroquois created a system of ―half kings‖— Iroquois authorized to represent the Shawnee and Delaware in League councils. The new arrangement satisfied the Ohio tribes, and when a French expedition tried to expel British traders and mark the Ohio boundary with lead plates in 1749, the Mingo demanded to know by what right the French were claiming Iroquois land. 1748AD. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends British Redcoat King George 1's War. 1748, and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues. 1749. ―Captain Pierre Joseph Celeron de Blainville, former commandant at Detriot, led an expedition from Montreal through the upper Ohio Valley, a show of force intended to impress the Indians with French power. En route, he buried lead plates claiming the region for Louis XV. The locals were not impressed: An old Shawnee chief Kakowatchiky, who was bedridden and blind, apparently said, ―Shoot him.‖ The Shawnees did not shoot Celeron, but they were clearly not intimidated.‖ (Calloway, pg. 24). Peter Chartier, in 1749, met up with Pierre Joseph Celeron De Blainville at the Forks of the Ohio

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(Pittsburgh). http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Indian_Wars?rec=527 The Mingo were not pleased with this breach of contract. 1749AD. In that same year, George Mercer petitioned King George for land in the Ohio country, and in 1749, the British Crown granted the Company 500,000 acres in the Ohio Valley between the Ka nawha River and the Monongahela. The grant was in two parts: the first 200,000 acres were promised, and the following 300,000 acres were to be granted if the Ohio Company successfully settled one hundred families within seven years. Furthermore, the Ohio Company was required to construct a fort and provide a garrison to protect the settlement at their own expense. But the land grant was rent and tax free for ten years to facilitate settlement. 1749AD. The Girtys move to Sherman's Creek. There were four of the Girty sons—Thomas, Simon, James and George. Then later, there was a half brother, John Turner. In 1749 the family removed to Sherman's Creek, in Perry County, along with a number of other settlers, to engage in farming. But the Indians regarded this as an unauthorized encroachment upon their lands, and they protested to the government. Evidently this protest was accounted well-grounded, for the authorities forcibly expelled the settlers and burned the houses they had built. 1749. Pierre Joseph de Celeron de Bienville leads his famous Lead Plate Expedition, where Celeron went around planting lead plates at major intersections of Rivers, in order to solidify's France's claim to Iroquois, Shawnee, Mosopelea, Wyandot, Yuchi, Cherokee, Chickasaw, etc. lands. The Mingo demanded to know by what right the French were claiming Iroquois land. Pierre Joseph Celeron's expedition goes out of Canada, down the Ohio River, but does not make it as far as Big Bone Lick, turning around at the mouth of the Big Miami River. 1750s 1750. Thomas Walker, a Loyal Land Company investor, and an agent of the British crown, explores Kentucky through Cumberland Gap, and around Southeastern Kentucky. In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker with five companions, made a famous exploration through the Cumberland Gap and into eastern Kentucky. The Loyal Land Company settled people in southwest Virginia, but not Kentucky. Thomas Walker renamed the Shawnee River, the ―Cumberland‖ River, named in honor of one of England's greatest butchers of Irish peoples. The Duke of Cumberland was even more genocidal to the native Irish than Saint Patrick, or the Plug Uglies, but most Kentuckians do not know that, and do not care. Thomas Walker. Chris Gist. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxXUlwlHROI 1750AD. At the onset of the French and Indian War in 1750, Cherokee, Delaware, Shawnee, and Wyandot leaders seeking inter-tribal peace traveled back and forth through Kentucky on the Great Warrior Road in route to council meetings with representatives of the Six Nations. While the Cherokee were granted permission from the Six Nations to return to their land north of the Cumberland River, it was a political exchange for their partisan position against the French and all villages sympathetic to French traders. As part of the peace agreement, Shawnee families began to spend winters with the Cherokee, and warriors began to spend time with the Shawnee. 1750AD. Pine Mountain Range that later became identified as Letcher County. This Portion of the ―Dark and Bloody‖ ground was a natural haven for rare species of plants and animals and indigenous ecosystems found no other place on earth. Rare beauty and diverse splendor abounded

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around every rock and crevice. Black Bear, deer, elk, and buffalo, roamed wild and free throughout these eastern woodlands. These Buffalo trails became known as the Warrior‘s Pathway, which led to the best hunting grounds and trout fishing in the region. Three of the state’s major rivers-the Cumberland, the North Fork of the Kentucky, and the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy- all have headwaters in the county. Scout and surveyor for George Washington, Christopher Gist, first entered Kentucky in 1750. Early historians say that Captain Christopher Gist crossed Pine Mountain by way of Pound Gap, camped near the present town of Pound and again on Indian Creek. On Indian Creek, he was supposed to have camped three days with Indians whose tribal name was Crane CRANE. Gist, first mapped out the region and identified the natural doorway of Pound Gap and paved the way westward for other adventurers like Daniel Boone who followed. 1750. ―In 1750, a force of Frenchmen and Indians from the north attacked a Shawnee village, killing a warrior and taking three captives. The Shawnees pursued the raiders and captured five Frenchmen and several Indians. Instead of bowing to French pressure, the Shawnees sent a message to the governor of Pennsylvania declaring they would ―not suffer ourselves to be insulted any more.‖ They a sked the English to support them in striking the French and show ―that you don't speak for nothing.‖ (Calloway, pg. 24-25). 1750. September–1752. March. AD. ―The company dispatched Christopher Gist on two journeys to survey lands as far down as the falls of the Ohio (Louisville). The Indians knew what he was up to. They asked him where their land was supposed to be, since ―the French claimed all the Land on one Side the River Ohio & the English on the other Side.‖ (Calloway, pg. 23-24). 1750 or 1751. Simon Girty's father, ―Simon Girty‖, an Irish immigrant and an Indian Trader, was killed in a duel in 1750. Or maybe Simon Girty's father was killed in 1751 in a drunken frolic by an Indian called ―The Fish‖ in Chamber Mills, over a land dispute. There's conflicting reports of the slaying of Simon Girty's biological father. Either way, Simon Girty's father, Simon 1.0, was murdered, and that left the 3 boys, James, George, and Simon, orphaned bastards, living with a widow. 1750AD. The community known as Shannoah (Lower Shawneetown) on the Ohio River reached a population of around 1,200 by 1750. Some independent Iroquois bands from various tribes also migrated westward, where they became known in Ohio as the Mingo. These three tribes—the Shawnee, the Delaware, and the Mingo— became closely associated with one another, despite the differences in their languages. The first two were Algonquian speaking, and the third Iroquoian. 1750AD. The Wyandot and Shawnee to travel to the Cherokee country on the Great Warrior Road and a number of Shawnee families spend the winter with the Cherokee. 1750-51. Shannoah. ―Migrating served several purposes for the Shawnees. It was a way to escape the influence of the Iroquois, who, when dealing with the British, claimed to speak for and dominate the Shawnees, Delawares, and other tribes on the basis of having ―conquered‖ them in the seventeenth century. It was also a way to move away from the abuses of rum traders who got Indians drunk and swindled them out of their furs. Shawnee leaders protested, and on occasion even staved in kegs of rum in their villages, but Pennsylvania failed to pass legislation with any teeth.‖ … Shawnees moved so often and dispersed so widely that they sometimes seemed like a people without a homeland of their own. By the second half of the eighteenth century (1700s), however, although some Shawnee bands remained in Virginia, Alabama, and Kentucky, the Ohio Valley was once again the core of Shawnee life

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and culture. Shawnee migrants established a major village on the Ohio, near the mouth of the Scioto River. It became known as Lower Shawnee Town. Surveyor Christopher Gist, who was in the Ohio Valley in 1750-51, described it as a community of 300 men, indicating a total population of about 1,200 (unless by ―men‖ he meant warriors, in which case 1,500 would be a more likely figure). The town comprised 140 houses on both sides of the Ohio River. In the center of the town stood a bark-covered council house about ninety feet long. 1750-1795. ―The Shawnee, who struggled with the Kentucky settlers more than any other tribe, probably numbered no more than three or four thousand (3,000 or 4,000) by 1750‖(Harrison 10). ―The Shawnee probably numbered fewer than 4,000 individuals when the white settlement of Kentucky began‖... where they remained a threat ―until 1795‖ (Harrison and Klotter, pg. 11). 1750AD. There are zero documented ―white‖ skinned people living in Kentucky. 1751AD. A delegation of about sixty (60) Cherokee attends a council at Lower Shawnee Town, which is well attended by representatives of the Delaware, Haudenosaunee, and Wyandotte. The Cherokee delegates make peace with the Wyandot, and request permission from the Haudenosaunee to hunt in the land north of the Cumberland, and 1,400 of their warriors are given protection in Lower Shawnee Town within the next two months. 1751AD. British colonist Christopher Gist, George Washington's right hand man, explored areas along the Ohio River. 1751. Explorer Christopher Gist in 1751 reported a considerable settlement of about 300 men living in some forty houses on the Kentucky side of the Ohio (in Shannoah aka Lower Shawnee Town (at the confluence on the Scioto and Ohio, with a small portion on the Kentucky side), and one hundred houses on the north side. 1751. Christopher Gist, George Washington's head stooge, explores the Ohio River. 1752. Treaty of Logstown is made between the Delaware, Shawnee and Great Britain. 1752. The organizers signed a treaty of friendship and permission at Logstown with the main tribes in the region in 1752 . A rival group of land speculators from British Virginia, the Loyal Company of Virginia, was organized about the same time, and included influential Virginians such as Thomas Walker and Peter Jefferson (father of Thomas Jefferson) of British Virginia. Tutelo is the language of the Souix. The last fluent speaker died in the 1990's, and few Tutelos remember anything of the old language today. However, some Tutelo people are trying to revive their ancestral language for cultural purposes. The Saponi language has been extinct much longer, but it is thought to have been a dialect of Tutelo, both from the similarity in vocabulary and from historical accounts indicating that people from the two tribes could understand each other without an interpreter. The main difference is that the Saponi dialect appears to have borrowed a number of vocabulary words from southern Algonquian languages like Powhatan and a few from African languages (the Saponi Indians were known for sheltering African slaves). 1752. Eskippakithiki is a Shawnee word meaning ―blue lick place‖. The village was favorably located near present-day Winchester on a hill above Lulbegrud Creek. The site was, as the name implies, near a salt lick, which attracted large numbers of deer. It was also situated along the Great Warriors Path, the major trail leading from villages in Ohio to the Cumberland River and on to the South. Besides Beckner's interpretation, there are many other theories about the origin of this

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village, but there was apparently no white contact there until 1752. ESKIPPAKITHIKI. ―Some of the Shawnee bands may not have moved farther away than what is today the eastern part of Kentucky. Kentucky historian Lucien Beckner suggests that the village of Eskippakithiki, in Clark County, Kentucky, may have been originally settled by a party of those fleeing from the Cumberland River. This may have been the group situated on the Apalachicola River in 1707 who moved north settling first at present-day Nashville and driven from there to Eskippakithiki by 1718. According to Beckner, it was originally built by a group belonging to the Piqua division, and he believes this to be the village listed in the 1736 French census as containing some two hundred men. It is almost certain that Eskippakithiki was the home of Black Hoof, aka Cathecassa. 1752. John Finley was invited by the Shawnee to build a house at Eskippakithiki, but he was forced to flee in 1753 when some French Indians attacked a group of Virginia traders at the village. The village was abandoned in 1754 after the fall of Fort Necessity, and the inhabitants apparently joined the Shawnee in Ohio, though some may have joined the Cherokee in eastern Tennessee. 1752. Peter Chartier returns to Kentucky. 1752. JOHN PATON found Shawnee Chief Kakowatchiky bedridden at Logstown in 1752. KAKOWATCHIKY. Kakowatchiky, a respected elder chief of the Shawnee, explained to the Moravian missionaries of Pennsylvania that the Shawnee ―believed in God, who had created both the Indian and the white man. But... after what he had seen of white men on the frontier, he preferred Indians ways and beliefs; for... the white man prayed with words while the Indian prayed in his heart.‖ 1752AD. George Rogers Clark, white terrorist, and brother of William Clark, of ―Lewis and Clark‖, is born. 1752AD. In 1752 Christopher Gist’s Journals recorded that ―the Shawnees have a large cornfield where the corn stands ungathered.‖ This cornfield site in due course of time became part of Hopewell Township. Its present site embraces the location of the former Jones and Laughlin Tube Mill. 1752AD. Eel River. Indiana. Little Turtle, a future Miami war chieftain, was born in 1752 in a village along the Eel River near what is Ft. Wayne. Accounts spell his name in different waysMichikinikwa and Mishekunnoghwuah are two versions. Little Turtle's father was a Miami MIAMI but his mother was MAHICAN Mahican. According to the custom of the time, Little Turtle considered was considered a Mahican, but his leadership ability prompted the Miami to make him a chief. Little Turtle, or Michikinikwa (in Miami-Illinois) (1752-July 14, 1812), was a chief of the Miami people, and one of the most famous Native American military leaders of his time. He led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars, also called Little Turtle's War. In 1791, they defeated General St. Clair, who lost 600 men, the most decisive loss by the US against Native American forces ever. In historic records, his name was spelled in a variety of ways, including Michikinikwa, Meshekunnoghquoh, Michikinakoua, Michikiniqua, Me-She-Kin-No, Meshecunnaquan and Mischecanocquah. MICHIKINAKOUA! 1752AD. Charles Le Moyne the 3 rd, Baron de Longueuil the 2 nd, briefly served as Governor of New France following the death of Governor Jonquiere.

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1752. June. AD. a Battle. The French, Ojibwe, and Ottawa attack British trading post and a Miami village. In desperation, the French decided to use force, but the Detroit tribes were friendly with Ohio and Kentucky tribes, and they were reluctant to attack them. In June, 1752 the Mtis, Charles Langlade, recruited a war party of 250 Ojibwe and Ottawa from Michilimackinac which destroyed the Miami village and British trading post at Piqua, Ohio. Stunned, their allies quickly rejoined the alliance, and the French followed their success with an attempt to block British access to Ohio with a line of new forts across western Pennsylvania. The Shawnee and Delaware had no wish to be controlled by the French, and asked the Iroquois League to stop this. The Iroquois turned to the British, and in 1752 signed the Logstown Treaty confirming their land cessions in 1744, and giving the British permission to build a blockhouse at the forks of the Ohio (Pittsburgh). The French destroyed this before it was even completed and proceeded to build Fort Duquesne at the same location. British Virginia sent British Major George Washington to demand the French abandon their forts and stop building new ones. His first visit in 1753 met with a polite refusal from the French commander, but his second expedition in 1754 resulted in a fight with French soldiers and started the French and Indian War (1754-63). 1753AD. A flood destroys Shannoah, driving Shannoah's inhabitants across the Scioto to the higher ground on which Portsmouth was afterwards built. 1753. George Washington, in 1753, met Tanacharison, the Half-King of the Six Nations, at Logstown, a settlement along the Ohio River only a few miles west of the fork. The Mingos were an independent group in the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and were mostly made up of SENECAS Senecas and Cayugas CAYUGAS. The name ―Mingo‖ derives from the Delaware Indian ―mingwe‖, meaning treacherous. The Mingos (such as Plucky, aka Plucky-me-no-tee; Talgahyeetah, aka Johnny Logan of Yellow Creek) were noted for having a bad reputation, and were sometimes referred to as Blue Mingos or Black Mingos for their misdeeds. The people who became known as Mingos migrated to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century, part of a movement of various Native American tribes to a region that had been sparsely populated for decades but controlled as a hunting ground by the Iroquois.These independant Iroquois bands were found scattered throughout Western Pennsylvania and Ohio.In 1753, well-known town destroyer and white terrorist George Washington found SHINGAS Shingas, the war chief and ceremonial King of the Delaware, near McKee‘s Rocks. 1753AD. December. British Redcoat Virginia Colonial Lieutenant Colonel George Washington was sent by British Redcoat Imperialist Governor Dinwiddie to travel from Williamsburg to Fort LeBeouf in the Ohio Territory (near Waterford, in northwest Pennsylvania, a territory claimed by several of the British colonies, including Virginia) as an emissary in December of 1753, to deliver a letter. SaintPierre politely informed British George Washington that he was there pursuant to orders, and Washington's letter should have been addressed to his commanding officer in Canada. Washington returned to Williamsburg, and informed British Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave. Dinwiddie ordered George Washington to begin raising a militia regiment to hold the Forks of the Ohio, a site Washington had identified as a fine location for a fortress. The governor also issued a captain's commission to Ohio Company employee William Trent, with instructions to raise a small force and immediately begin construction of a fortification on the Ohio. 1753AD. A delegation of Cherokee leaders goes to Lower Shawnee Town SHANNOAH to council

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for inter-tribal peace. PEACE 1753 — 1755. Mary Newton, Simon Girty's mother, married John Turner, who had been a boarder in the family. John Turner took his crew, his new family back to the Sherman's Creek Valley in 1755, and here all fell into the hands of Indians when the latter captured and destroyed Fort Granville there on the Juniata. 1753. January 28. AD. John Findley/Finley at Eskippikithiki, a well-known French trading town with the native Shawnee. Daniel Boone's buddy, John Findley/Finley, visited Eskippakithiki, the last established Shawnee village to maintain in their Kentucky homeland, in 1752. John Finley would be the one who escorts Danny Boone to Kentucky (1769), and showed him the vast flatlands, near where Eskippakithiki used to be established. John Findley/Finley lived in Eskippakithiki, and was a trader, a business man, there. John Findley claims that he was attacked by a party of 70 Christian Conewago and Ottawa Indians, a white French Canadian, and a white renegade Dutchman named Philip Philips, all from the St. Lawrence River, upon a scalping hunting expedition against the Southern Indians, on January 28, 1753, along the Warrior's Path, twenty five miles south of Eskippakithiki, near the head of Station Camp Creek in Captain James Estill County (Beckner). The 7 Pennsylvanian white traders rolling with John Findley/Finley's crew, consisted of James Lowry, David Hendricks, Alexander McGinty, Jabez Evans, Jacob Evans, William Powell, Thomas Hyde, and their Cherokee servant. The white Pennsylvania traders traded shots with the 70 Christian Indians, and the 70 Christian Indians (along with Philip Philips), who took the white Pennsylvanians prisoner, escorted them to Canada, and shipped some of them off to France, as prisoners of war. John Findley fled, and the next time a white person went to Eskippathiki, it was burnt down to the ground. So these 70 Christian Indians, the Iroquois, with Dutchman Philip Philips, and a white Canadian, could be the party responsible for the destruction of Eskippathiki, or this story was made up by John Findley, to cover up his crimes of murdering an entire village of people, stealing their stuff, and then showing Daniel Boone the flat spot for him to get the whites to set-up shop with their oneroom cabins. Or maybe something else happened. Some other scorched earth policy of terrorism by some other white genocidal Anglo-Saxon Christian Protestant fascist totalitarian piece of shit Nazis. 1753AD. The Shawnee on the Scioto River in the Ohio country sent messengers to those still in the Shenandoah Valley to leave British Virginia and cross the Alleghenies to join them, which they did the following year. 1753-1754. South Carolina. The Pride, a Shawnee war chief, had been captured in South Carolina during a raid against the Catawba. After he died in a BRITISH prison, his grieving relatives retaliated in 1754 with raids against the North Carolina frontier. THE PRIDE! http://westernreservepublicmedia.org/onestate/shawnee.htm http://books.google.com/books?id=7GlBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA427&lpg=PA427&dq=Nererahhe&sour ce=bl&ots=n7QDMpLmH&sig=zrl_i8JF0q3JHlkEB2SmT86BgWc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WvXwU7nHEILyQTKzoD4DA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nererahhe&f=false 1753. April 10. British Redcoat Major William Trent writes the letter that first mentions the word ―Kentucky‖ regarding the attack on John Findley (Finley?). British Major William Trent wrote to British Governor Henry Hamilton, the hair buyer: ―I have received a letter just now from Mr. Croghan wherein he acquaints me that fifty odd Ottowas, Conewagoes, one Dutchman and one of the Six

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Nations that was their Captain met with some of our people at a place called

KENTUCKY, on this side Allegheny river, about one hundred and fifty (150) miles from the lower Shawanese town. They took eight (8) prisoners, five (5) belonging to Mr. Croghan and me, and the others to Lowry. They took three or four hundred (300 or 400) pounds worth of goods from us. One (1) of them made his escape after he had been a prisoner three days. Three of John Findley's men are killed by the Little Pict Town and no account of himself. They robbed Michael Teaff's people near the Lakes; there was one FRENCHMAN in Company. The Owendats secured his People and five horse load of skin. Mr. Croghan is coming thro' the woods with some Indians and whites and the rest of the white men and the Indians are coming up the river in a body, though 'tis a qu estion whether they escape, as three hundred Ottawas were expected at the lower Town every day and another party of French and Indians coming down the river.‖ … ―The Indians are in such confusion that there is no knowing who to trust. I expect they will all join the French, except the Delawares, as they expect no assistance from the English. The Low Dutchman's name that was with the party that robbed our people is Philip Philips. His mother lives near Colonel Johnson. Philip Philips was taken by some French Indians about six years ago, and has lived ever since with them. He intends some time this summer to go and see his mother. If your Honors pleases to acquaint the Governor of New York with it, he may possibly get him secured by keeping it secret, and acquainting Colonel Johnson with it, and ordering him to apprehend him. If the Dutchman once comes to understand it, they will contrive to send him word to keep out of the way. I intend leaving directly for Allegheny with provisions for our People that are coming through the woods and up the river.‖ 1754AD. Prior to 1754, the Shawnee had a headquarters at Shawnee Springs at modern-day Cross Junction, Virginia near Winchester. The father of the later chief Cornstalk held his court there. Several other Shawnee villages were located in the Shenandoah Valley: at Moorefield, West Virginia, on the North River, and on the Potomac at Cumberland, Maryland. 1754 to 1759. Peter Chartier and his Shawnee warriors were very active in opposition to the British in the French-Indian War. 1754. Peter Chartier and his Shawnee warriors was at the murder of Captain Jumonville and responsible for the French victory over the complete domination and capitulation of British Redcoat Assassin George Washington at Fort Necessity. George Washington would be known for killing deserters, owning 100s of slaves, and genociding the Iroquois, and many others, in the future. Redcoat George Washington sent out Captain Hog with 75 men to pursue French troops who had threatened to destroy his house and property. However, shortly after Hog left, Washington called together some young Indians and told them that the French had come to kill Tanacharison, and the Indians also left to pursue the French. That evening, Washington received a message from Tanacharison, who said he had found the French encampment. Washington decided to attack himself and brought 40 soldiers with him towards Tanacharison's camp. That morning, they met with Tanacharison's 12 Indian warriors, and Washington and Tanacharison agreed to attack the encampment. Washington ambushed the French, killing 10 to 12, wounding 2 and capturing 21. Among the dead was Jumonville; the exact manner of his death is uncertain, but by several accounts Tanacharison executed Jumonville in cold blood, crushing his head with a tomahawk and washing his hands in Jumonville's brains. One account, reported by an Indian to Contrecœur, claimed that Jumonville was killed by Half King while the summons was being read. 1754AD. During the French and Indian War, between 1754 and 1763, blockades cut off salt shipments from the West Indies. Salt springs and licks in Kentucky became an important resource to the

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colonists. Shawnee made salt at Big Bone Lick in Boone County and Blue Licks in Nicholas County in the north. The Cherokee made salt and buried their dead along Goose Creek near the mouth of Collin’s Creek in Clay County. The abundance of salt in Kentucky, north and south did not escape the eyes of the Europeans and later became an issue of national security. 1754. March 12. John Scott, a ―free Negro‖ of Berkely County, South Carolina filed an affidavit notifying authorities in Orange County, North Carolina that: ―Joseph Deevit, William Deevit, and Zachariah Martin entered by force the house of his daughter, Amy Hawley, and carried her off by force with her six children, and he thinks they are taking them north to sell as slaves.‖ These three cases among many illustrate how that by 1750, free blacks, mulattos and mixed Melungeons lived in constant danger of illegal abduction and loss of liberty during the long night of American slavery. A single drop of African blood could land a free Melungeon in court, fighting false charges that he or she was a runaway slave. Travel abroad was even riskier than remaining in their vulnerable communities. Melungeons quickly learned to move in large groups from county to county to escape opportunistic man-stealers. 1754. ―Eskippakithiki, the Shawnee settlement in Clark County, was abandoned in 1754. This was the most famous of the Kentucky Indian settlements and, except for a small settlement near Limestone, Kentucky, across from the Scioto River, the only one whose exact location is known.‖ Native Americans didn't have the energy and capacity to only use Kentucky as hunting grounds. Native Kentuckians lived where they walked. The native Americans didn't attack European White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Imperializing colonialists from other states, and then swiftly, went back to their homelands, out in Montana. Also, the Shawnees didn't attack those who didn't attack them first. It makes no sense that in a state with plethora of prehistoric village sites would have been avoided by the historic Shawnee. ―The Shawnee were nomadic at least part of the year, when they moved their small family settlements in pursuit of game. They considered the land free to be used by any Indian group who had need of it. In the summer they settled in rather large villages, where they raised crops of corn, beans, and squash. Smaller family bands moved regularly in the winter, and established rather impermanent settlements as they hunted deer, bison, and other meat- and hide-producing animals. Though Kentucky was a favored hunting area for the Shawnee, the lack of permanent year-round villages may have given the false impression that the region was not occupied by Shawnee.‖ (Jerry Clark). 1754. May. The 1754 Albany Conference. Throughout the summer of 1754 the Shawnee, Delaware and Mingo stood ready to join the British against the French, but this changed in the fall when it was learned the Iroquois had ceded Ohio to the British during the ―Albany Conference‖ in May 1754. The Ohio tribes not only lost confidence in the Iroquois but decided the British were also enemies who wanted to take their land. However, they stopped well-short of allying with the French, and refused to help them supply or defend their forts. The French were finally forced to assemble a force of 300 French Canadians and 600 allies from the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes tribes to defend Fort Duquesne against the British, but this would include only four (4) Shawnee tribes, and no Delaware tribes. 1754. It is not far from here {somewhere in the vicinity of Winyah Bay and the Pedee River.} that in 1754 there were reported to be 50 families a 'mixt crew' that were listed as ―not Indians‖.

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Whoever these people were there is very strong evidence they were the people who would later be called Redbones, Lumbees, Melungeons etc. It is *not* speculation, but indeed fact, that the families named in the court records in 1874 as Melungeons were living on this land in 1754. 1754AD. There may have been several of these slaves left behind, there may have been a dozen or they might just as likely been the majority of them left to live among these South Carolina tribes in which case many of these Native tribes would be carrying the DNA of these early settlers for two hundred years before they mixed with the Portuguese Adventurers found living on Drowning Creek in 1754. 1754. February. AD. British Redcoat Dinwiddie issued these instructions on his own authority, without even asking for funding from the Virginia House of Burgesses until after the fact.Trent's company arrived on site in February 1754, and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison and the Mingos. In response, the Canadians sent a force of about 500 men, Canadian, French, and Indians under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur (rumors reaching Trent's men put its size at 1,000). 1754. April 16. AD. They arrived at the forks; the next day, British Redcoat William Trent's force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent's absence, agreed to leave the site. The Canadians tore down the British works, and began construction of the fort they called Fort Duquesne. 1755. July 9. Battle of the Wilderness aka Battle of Monongahela. On July 9 a force of about 1300 British soldiers under the command of General Edward Braddock had been decisively defeated by French troops and Shawnees SHAWNEES! at the Battle of the Monongahela, which encouraged further violence against settlers in the region. The Battle of the Monongahela, also known as the Battle of the Wilderness, took place on 9 July 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War, at Braddock's Field in what is now Braddock, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16km) east of Pittsburgh. A British force under General Edward Braddock, moving to take Fort Duquesne, was defeated by a force ofFrench and Canadian troops under Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu with its Native American allies. The defeat marked the end of the Braddock expedition, by which the British had hoped to capture Fort Duquesne and gain control of the strategic Ohio Country. Braddock was mortally wounded in the battle and died during the retreat near present day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The remainder of the column retreated south-eastwards and the fort, and region, remained in French hands until its capture in 1758. Finally, after three hours of intense combat, Braddock was shot in the lung by Thomas Fausett and effective resistance collapsed. He fell from his horse, badly wounded, and was carried back to safety by his men. As a result of Braddock's wounding, and without an order being given, the British began to withdraw. They did so largely with order, until they reached the Monongahela River, when they were set upon by the Indian warriors. The Indians attacked with hatchets and scalping knives, after which panic spread among the British troops and they began to break ranks and run, believing they were about to be massacred. British Redcoat Colonel Washington, although he had no official position in the chain of command, was able to impose and maintain some order, and formed a rear guard, which allowed the remnants of the force to disengage. By sunset, the surviving British forces were fleeing back down the road they had built, carrying their wounded. Behind them on the road, bodies were piled high. The Indians did not pursue the fleeing redcoats, but instead set about scalping and looting the corpses of the wounded and dead, and drinking two hundred gallons of captured rum. Of the approximately 1,300 men Braddock led into battle, 456 were killed outright and 422 were wounded. Commissioned officers were prime

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targets and suffered greatly: out of 86 officers, 26 were killed and 37 wounded. Of the 50 or so women that accompanied the British column as maids and cooks, only 4 returned with the British; about half were taken as captives. The French and Canadians reported very few casualties. Braddock died of his wounds on July 13, four days after the battle, and was buried on the road near Fort Necessity. British Colonel Thomas Dunbar, with the reserves and rear supply units, took command when the survivors reached his position. Realizing there was no further likelihood of his force proceeding to capture Fort Duquesne, he decided to retreat. He ordered the destruction of supplies and cannon before withdrawing, burning about 150 wagons on the spot. His forces retreated back toward British Philadelphia. The French did not pursue, realizing that they did not have sufficient resources for an organized pursuit. 1755. July 30. Mary Ingles, First White Woman in Kentucky, Kidnapped by Shawnee. A group of Shawnee (then allies of the French) entered the sparsely populated camp virtually unimpeded and killed at least five people and wounded at least one person and burned the settlement. Among the victims were Colonel James Patton, a neighbor (Caspar Barger), and two people in Mary Draper Ingles' family: her mother (Elenor Draper), and the baby of her sister-in-law (Bettie Robertson Draper), who (the baby) was killed by dashing its head against the wall of a cabin. Other children in the settlement may have been killed in a similar way. Colonel William Preston (Colonel Patton's nephew) and John Draper (Bettie Draper's husband, Mary's brother) were not at the settlement at the time of the attack, as they were working on the field, and survived. William Ingles (Mary's husband) was attacked and nearly killed but managed to flee into the forest. One of the victims, Barger, was described as an old man and was decapitated by the Indians; they delivered his head in a bag to a neighbor, explaining that an acquaintance had arrived to visit. Five (or possibly six) settlers were captured and taken back to Kentucky as captives to live among the tribe, including Mary Draper Ingles and her two sons, Thomas (4) and George (2). Mary escaped at Big Bone, Kentucky, without her children, and made a journey of more than eight hundred miles (1300 km) across the Appalachian Mountains back to Draper's Meadow.Some sources state that Mary was pregnant when captured and gave birth to her daughter in captivity, and that she abandoned her baby when she decided to escape. The Shawnees killed British Colonel James Patton. Mary Ingles and her two young sons were among several captives taken by Shawnee warriors after the Draper's Meadow Massacre during the French and Indian War. They were taken to Lower Shawneetown (Shannoah) at the Ohio and Scioto Rivers. Mary Ingles escaped with another woman, who was either Dutch or German, and after two and a half months, making a trek of 500–600 miles through the frontier, crossing numerous rivers and creeks, and over the Appalachian Mountains, Ingles returned home. The Shawnee (Miami and Delaware; ―Shawnee‖ means ―Southerner‖) are thought to be possible successors to Fort Ancient. Mary Ingles, the first white person in Kentucky, was abducted by the Shawnee (Harrison and Klotter, pg. 10). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper's_Meadow_massacre The original 7,500 acre (30km²) tract that became known as Draper's Meadow was awarded sometime before 1737 by Governor Robert Dinwiddie to Colonel James Patton, an Irish sea captain turned land speculator. This land was bordered by Tom's Creek on the north, Stroubles Creek on the south and the Mississippi watershed (modern-day U.S. Route 460) on the east; it approached the New River on the west. The settlement was situated near the present day campus of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. At the time of the attack, the area had been populated by a group of around twenty settlers who were a mix of migrants from Pennsylvania of English and Germanic origin. A marker commemorating the massacre is located near the Duck Pond on the Virginia Tech campus. Rising tensions between the natives and western settlers were exacerbated by fighting in the French and Indian War and the encroachment on tribal hunting grounds. Recent victories by the

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French over the British, although north of Virginia, had left much of the frontier unprotected. In the summer of 1755 several settlements had been ravaged by the Indians. 1755. Charles le Moyne (1687–1755) the 3rd , and 2 nd French imperially-titled Baron de Longueuil, the first white man who famously discovered Big Bone Lick, was assassinated during the French and Indian War. 1755. Peter Chartier left this region for the cumberland River in 1755. 1755. Mary Draper Ingles (1732 – February 1815), also known in records as Mary Inglis or Mary English, was an American pioneer and early settler of western Virginia. In summer 1755 she and her two young sons were among several captives taken by Shawnee after the Draper's Meadow Massacre during the French and Indian War. They were taken to Lower Shawneetown at the Ohio and Scioto rivers. Ingles escaped with another woman after two and a half months, making a trek of 500–600 miles through the frontier, crossing numerous rivers and creeks, and over the Appalachian Mountain to return home. The Indians and their captives traveled for a month to Lower Shawneetown, located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. The Shawnee killed James Cull and Henry Leonard during the ritual of running the gauntlet. Mary was separated from her sons, who were adopted by Shawnee families. Some sources suggest that Mary gave birth to a daughter while in captivity although there is evidence to the contrary. As a prisoner, Mary sewed shirts using cloth traded to the Indians by French traders, and was paid in goods for her work. 1755. Although Oka OKA was struck by smallpox in 1748, the Nipissing and Algonkin warriors living there remained loyal to the French cause helping destroy Braddock's army in 1755 at Fort Duquesne and fighting at Lake George in northern New York during 1758.. this last campaign earning them another experience with smallpox. 1755AD. The Cherokee take a partisan position against the French at the request of the Haudenosaunee and establish a village at the mouth of the Kentucky River, a strategic location in attacks against French traders and Americans that are sympathetic to the French. 1755. October 19. Mary Ingles was taken to the Big Bone salt lick to make salt for the Indians by boiling brine. While working at Big Bone Lick, in late October 1755, Mary persuaded another captive woman, referred to as the ―old Dutch woman‖ but who may have been German, to escape with her. The next day (probably 19 October) they set off, retracing the route that the Indians had taken after they were taken captive. They wore moccasins and carried only a tomahawk and a knife (both of which were eventually lost), and two blankets. As they were leaving the camp, they met three French traders from Detroit who were harvesting walnuts. Mary traded her old dull tomahawk for a new one. They went north, following the Ohio River as it curves to the east (see map). Expecting pursuit, they tried to hurry at first. As it turned out, the Shawnee made only a brief search, assuming that the two women had been carried off by wild animals. The Shawnee told this account to Mary‘s son Thomas Ingles when he met some of them many years later after the Battle of Point Pleasant (1774). After four or five days the women reached the junction of the Ohio with the Licking River, near the present-day location of Cincinnati. There they found an abandoned cabin, which contained a supply of corn, and an old horse stood in the back yard. They took the horse to carry the corn, but he was lost in the river when they tried to take him across what was probably Dutchman‘s Ripple. They followed the Ohio, Kanawha, and New Rivers, crossing the Licking, Big Sandy, Little Sandy Rivers, Twelvepole

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Creek, the Guyandotte and Coal Rivers, Paint Creek, and theBluestone River. During their journey, they crossed at least 145 creeks and rivers—remarkable as neither woman could swim. On at least one occasion they ―tied logs together with a grape-vine [and] made a raft‖ to cross a major river. They may have traveled as much as five to six hundred miles, averaging between eleven and twenty-one miles a day. Once the corn ran out, they subsisted on black walnuts, wild grapes, pawpaws, Sassafras leaves, blackberries and frogs but, as the weather grew cold, they were forced to eat dead animals that they found along the way. On several occasions they saw Indians hunting, and each time managed to avoid being seen. At some point during the journey, the old Dutch woman became ―very disheartened and discouraged‖ and tried to kill Mary. (Letitia Preston Floyd's account states that the two women drew lots to decide "which of them was to be eaten by the other.") Mary managed to ―keep her in a good humor‖, and soon afterward they reached the mouth of the Kanawha River. 1755. By the time Simon Girty was fourteen (14) his family had moved to Sherman's Creek in eastern Pennsylvania. During the French and Indian War, the Girtys, fearful of attack, sought refuge in Fort Granville. In 1755, a combined army of French soldiers and their native allies captured the fort, taking several British colonists captive including Simon Girty. He was first taken to Kittanning, a town belonging to the Delaware natives, but he eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca natives who took him to the Ohio Country. There, he was adopted into the Seneca tribe. Girty seemed to enjoy his new surroundings, spending his late teens learning the language and customs of the Senecas. 1755. July. British Redcoat General Edward Braddock met disaster when his 2,200-man army was ambushed just before reaching Fort Duquesne. Half the command was killed (including Braddock himself) and when the news reached the colonies, disbelief was followed by a violent anger towards all Native Americans. Although the Shawnee and Delaware had not participated in the battle, they chose a very poor moment to send a peaceful diplomatic delegation to Philadelphia to protest the Iroquois cession of Ohio. Pennsylvania hanged them, and the Shawnee and Delaware went to war against the British, not for the French, but for themselves. In 1755 war parties struck the frontiers in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in a wave of death and destruction that killed 2,500 colonists during the next two years. 1755. November 26. But, shortly after they reached the New River, the old Dutch woman made a second attempt on Mary‘s life, probably on 26 November. 1755AD. The Shawnees were estimated to number 300 warriors, or about 1,300 souls (including families). 1756AD. British Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched ―Major Andrew Lewis and about 340 men, including several score Cherokee warriors, against the Shawnee‖ (Harrison 17). Also in 1756, the Cumberland Shawnee was attacked by the Chickasaw, so many removed to Ohio. 1756AD. At the time of their arrivals in Alabama, Peter Chartier's Shawnee group numbered 450, but when they were driven from the vicinity of Nashville by the Chickasaw in 1756, their number totaled only about 270; a portion of the group stayed in Alabama. 1,756 AD. The Burning of John Turner at the Stake. Aftermath, Turner's stepsons are split up amongst the native Americans. Thomas Girty, the eldest son, is nearly immediately rescued. The other 3 brothers, James, George, and Simon were distributed, and adopted by different factions of native

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American tribes. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Iroquois League, and trained as an interpreter. During the French and Indian War, Simon, his three brothers, his half-brother, his mother and his step-father were taken by French-led Shawnee and Delaware forces who captured Fort Granville. Following the capture of the entire Girty family by Indians during the French & Indian War in America, his stepfather, John Turner, was burned at the stake before Simon's eyes in 1756 at the Delaware village of Kittanning. All were brought over the mountains to Kittanning. The Indians recognized John Turner as one who had injured their race, so in retaliation they sacrificed him at the stake. Gordon's ―History of Pennsylvania‖ says they tied him to a blackened post, made a great fire, danced around him, heated gun barrels red hot and run them through his body, and after three hours of such torture scalped him alive. Then a native American revolutionary held up to him a boy who gave him the finishing stroke with a tomahawk. A month later, English militia under the command of William Armstrong attacked Kittanning, and Thomas Girty, the eldest of the Girty brothers was liberated. Thomas had been a captive for only 40 days. The rest of the family remained in Indian hands and was separated and given to different tribes. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Democratic Iroquois League Confederacy, and trained as an interpreter. 1756-1764. Simon Girty spent the next eight (8) years living with a western Seneca tribe in the Ohio Country, near Lake Erie's east shore, during the bulk of the French, British, and Indian war. Simon Girty had become fully assimilated with the Seneca and preferred their way of life. He proved adept at learning different native languages and dialects, and became skilled as an orator. This facility, together with his ability to quickly memorize speeches, would serve him well in his later work as an interpreter and guide first for the American colonists and as an agent for the British Indian Department, and as an independent rogue anti-Imperialist pro-Indian renegade cowboy. 1757AD. There were still Shawnee in the ABIHKA Abihka country in 1757. 1758. Peter Chartier in Ohio. He was last seen in a village on the Wabash River. http://archaeologica.boardbot.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=3289 1758. Lower Shawnee Town was a key center in dealings with other tribes and with Europeans before it was abandoned in 1758, at which point most of the inhabitants established the town of Chillicothe farther up the Scioto. Other Shawnee bands settled on lands in Ohio set aside for them by the Wyandots, just as Shawnees had previously settled on lands provided by Creeks and Delawares.‖ (Calloway, pg. 14). ―Like their neighbors, the Shawnee inhabited semipermanent villages, moved with the seasons, and practiced a mixed economy. Women planted corn, beans, and squash in the spring and harvested the crops in the fall. They held Bread Dances in the spring and fall, to ask and give thanks for a bountiful harvest and hunting season. For several days in August they marked the first harvest with a Green Corn Ceremony, probably adopted from the Creeks. Women supplemented the diet by gathering herbs, roots, berries, and various wild plants and nuts. After the crops were gathered in, families dispersed to hunt. They often crossed the Ohio River for extended hunting trips, sometimes two or three months long, in Kentucky. The men hunted deer, elk, bears, turkeys, and buffalo. In the winter, when the animals' pelts were thickest, they hunted for the fur trade. During late winter and early spring, people reassembled in the villages, tapped the sap from maple trees, and boiled

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it into sugar. The men assisted in clearing the fields for planting, and the annual cycle began again.‖ … ―Shawnee social structure was loose and flexible, revolving around kinship and bands. It was a society that could accommodate movement, separation, and reassembling without falling apart. Likewise, Shawnee dwellings were easily dismantled and rebuilt, as suited a people who moved regularly. Family wigwams were constructed of wooden poles covered with sheets of bark. Thomas Wildcat Alford, a nineteenth-century Shawnee, said a dexterous Shawnee woman could build one ―easily and quickly‖. The council houses built in the larger towns for political and ceremonial functions were much more substantial. Shaker missionaries described one they visited in 1807 as an ―immense building,‖ 150 feet long and 34 feet wide, raised on rows of large hewed posts and with four doors.‖ Calloway, pg. 15. 1758. Although OKA Oka was struck by smallpox in 1748, the Nipissing and Algonkin warriors living there remained loyal to the French cause helping destroy Braddock's army in 1755 at Fort Duquesne and fighting at Lake George in northern New York during 1758... this last campaign earning them another experience with smallpox. 1758. Shannoah is abandoned. The Indians living there moved to the upper Scioto and the Little Miami rivers. When Shannoah was abandoned in 1758, the majority of its inhabitants moved up the Scioto and reestablished their village on the plains four miles below the present city of Circleville. This became known as Chillicothe, one of five villages of that name in Ohio. Two other Chillicothe villages were located further downriver, one at the city in Ross County which still bears that name and another one the north fork of Paint Creek, also in Ross County, Ohio. 1758AD. The Cherokee are considered a viable threat to the Shawnee living on the Ohio River and they move their town northward to a location on the Scioto River. Shawnee leaders ask the British to build a fort at Lower Shawnee Town to protect them from the Cherokee. Twelve (12) Cherokee warriors are murdered and scalped for bounty by Euroamericans and the Cherokees retaliate by killing upwards of thirty settlers. 1758. Peter Chartier is in Ohio in 1758. 1758AD. After taking part in the first phase of the French and Indian War (also known as "Braddock's War") as allies of the French, the Shawnee switched sides in 1758. They made formal peace with the British colonies at the Treaty of Easton, which recognized the Allegheny Ridge (the Eastern Divide) as their mutual border. 1758. New Jersey Legislature forms 1st Indian reservation. 1758-1763. The 5 Year English-Shawnee Peace. This peace lasted only until Pontiac's War erupted. 1758. General John Forbes captures a major French outpost in the Ohio Country: Fort Duquesne. 1758. As a further indication of the early Ohio connection, in 1758 when Chief Paxinosa was asked where he and his family were going when they left Pennsylvania, he replied: ―To my land at the Ohio, where I was born.‖ 1758. December 2. The Munsee under sachem and head war chief known as Chief Hopocan and

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as Captain Pipe raided the middle and western part of Pennsylvania into Ohio and the Erie territory. The scalp price for these chiefs was $350 and Chief Shingas the Terrible's scalp was worth $500. The Shawnee followed under Kakowatchiky to Ohio and sided with no one and the Pa. Shawnee sided with the British under Chief Paxinosa. Thus was the end of the Iroquois Great Peace among the Nations of Brothers. ―Originally, the old trail probably remained on the first terrace continuing along the Ohio River, but after Chief Kakowatchiky settled his Shawnee Clan at the new Logstown, built on the second terrace about 1744, the trail was probably re-routed up the bank. The Moravian missionary, Christian Frederick Post, wrote on December 2, 1758, while traveling from Sawkunk, the Indian village at Beaver, to the Forks of the Ohio: ―I, with my companion, Ketiuscund's son, came to Logstown situated on a hill. On the east end is a great piece of low land, where the Old Logstown used to stand. In the new Logstown, the French have built about 30 houses for the Indians. They have a large cornfield on the south side where the corn stands ungathered.‖ It should be remembered that the ―French Logstown‖ was probably built over the ruins of Kakowatchiky's Logstown after it was burned in 1754 by Scarayady, an Oneida Indian loyal to the English. http://www.ohiorivertrail.org/attachments/206_History%20of%20Great%20Trail_Gary%20Winterburn. pdf 1758-1761. The Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761). The Cherokee uprising in present-day Tennessee, Virginia and the Carolinas. 1759. Their French allies having yielded to the British, the Senecas signed a peace agreement with the English in 1759, and agreed to return all captives. The natives returned Simon Girty to his mother in Pittsburgh, and he spent the next several years as a struggling farmer. The next decade of his life was spent living among the Seneca of northwestern Pennsylvania. By then, Simon Girty had come to love the Indian way of life, and, at one point, served as bodyguard to Seneca Indian Chief Guyasuta. http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/19991229girty4.asp http://www.thefullwiki.org/Simon_Girty He also served as an interpreter for traders seeking furs from the Delaware natives in western Pennsylvania. 1760s 1760AD. Sequoyah, also known as George Gist, is born. 1760AD. 760 British prisoners exchanged, but about half opted to remain with the Shawnee and Delaware. 1760AD. There are zero white paleface imperialist European Anglo-Saxon settlers in Kentucky. 1760s. By 1760, however, it became obvious the French had lost the war. In August of that year, the Seven Nations signed a peace with the British which assured the French loss of their claims in North America. 1760-1799. The settlements along the Tallapoosa appear to have been somewhat permanent. A number of references list Shawnee villages in this vicinity from 1760 to 1799. 1762. Cherokee Chiefs Ostenaco and Cunne Shote (Standing Turkey) meet with King George in Great Britian.

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1762. The Treaty at Lancaster is quickly betrayed by British by building Fort Pitt and a garrison of 200 men. 1762. August. Thomas Hutchins, in his August 1762 Journal entry among the Natives at Fort "Mineamie", reports: "The 20th, The above Indians met, and the Ouiatanon Chief spoke in behalf of his and the Kickaupoo Nations as follows: '"Brother, We are very thankful to Sir William Johnson for sending you to enquire into the State of the Indians. We assure you we are Rendered very miserable at Present on Account of a Severe Sickness that has seiz'd almost all our People, many of which have died lately, and many more likely to Die." Later, Hutchins writes "The 30th, Set out for the Lower Shawneese Town' and arriv'd 8th of September in the afternoon. I could not have a meeting with the Shawneese untill the 12th, as their People were Sick and Dying every day." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/amherst/lord_jeff.html 1763. By 1763 there were only 20 members (all Christians) of this last identifiable group of the Susquehannock. They were totally peaceful, but atrocities committed by others during the Pontiac Uprising of that year outraged the white settlers in the vicinity who just wanted to kill Indians - any Indians - in revenge. Feeling this way they could have grabbed a rifle and taken to the woods to find the hostiles, but there was an easier target closer at hand. As feelings rose, fourteen Conestoga were arrested and placed in the jail at Lancaster for their own protection. A mob formed (known as the Paxton boys). They proceeded to the village at Conestoga, killed the six Susquehanna they found there, and burned the houses. Then they went to the jail, broke in, took the last fourteen Susquehannock the world would ever see ...and beat them to death! 1763. The Treaty of Paris is negotiated between the Cherokee and Great Britain, proclaiming that no person can create a treaty or buy land with American Indians without their permission. Following the latter conflict, France retained control of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Marie-Galante, St. Barthélemy, and its portion of St. Martin; all remain part of France today. Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante and other nearby islands) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France, while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007. 1754 – 1763. The Seven Years War (French and Indian War) due to disputes over land is won by Great Britain. France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. The Spanish give up east and west Florida to the English in return for Cuba. Following its defeat in the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War in Europe), France relinquished control of the area of Kentucky to the British crown. 1763. Feburary 10. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France gave up all mineral resource and land claims to Kentucky. In exchange for their help during the war, the British victors proclaimed that Kentucky was to be recognized as Indian Territory, and no person could make a treaty with the Cherokee or buy land from them without their permission. While the treaty of 1763 allowed the Cherokee to retain all of their land in Kentucky, their possession was short-lived. 1763. France cedes all of their North American land, including Kentucky, to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, ending the French and Indian War. The Proclamation Line of 1763 is declared by the British Royal Crown. 1763. The 1st Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War. During the American Revolution, four of the now Six Nations of the Iroquois League sided with the British. The Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora fought against colonists in the Battle of Oriskany, aided the British in the Battle of Wyoming in Pennsylvania, and at Saratoga, the Cherry Valley, and raids throughout the Mohawk

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Valley in New York, as well as in numerous other actions on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763) 1763. Later that year, the Crown issued the Proclamation of 1763, legally confirming the 1758 border as the limits of British colonization, with the land beyond reserved for Native Americans. 1763AD. Through the efforts of Sir William Johnson after 1763, the Seven Nations of Canada merged with the Iroquois League to form a single alliance in support of the British interest. The enormous power of this coalition allowed the British to crush the Pontiac Uprising in the Great Lakes that and afterwards put the Nipissing at Oka on the British side during the American Revolution (177583). The size of the Oka reserve shrank following the war through lands sales to accommodate the resettlement in Upper Canada of British Loyalists who had been forced to leave the newly-formed United States. 1763. April 19. AD. Teedyuscung. Teedyuscung, Chief of the Lenape (Delaware) was a casualty of the peace that brought about the end of the French and Indian War in Pennsylvania. The colonists agreed to pull back from settlements in the Ohio country in exchange for peace east of the Appalachians. The Iroquois refused to grant a permanent home for Teedyuscung and his people in the Wyoming Valley. The promised investigation into the Walking Purchase was passed from the colonial government in Philadelphia to the British government in London where it was eventually dropped. Teedyuscung was left unsupported and unprotected. On April 19, 1763 his cabin and the village of Wyolutimunk was burned to the ground by arsonists. Teedyuscung was asleep in his cabin at the time and perished in the blaze. The residents of Wyolutimunk fled and settlers from the Susquehanna Company of Connecticut soon took their place. Teedyuscung's dream of a Lenape home in the Wyoming Valley ended with his death. 1763. May. Gershom Hicks, taken captive in May 1763 by the Shawnee and Delaware people reported that the smallpox epidemic was well underway, among the natives, since spring of 1763. 1763. Pontiac's Rebellion resulted in the capturing of six or nine forts west of the Appalachians; Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo besieged Fort Pitt ultimately killing 600 settlers; smallpox epidemic may have been intentionally introduced; Waldman writes, in reference to a siege of Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) by Chief Pontiac's forces during the summer of 1763: ―Captain Simeon Ecuyer had bought time by sending smallpox-infected blankets and handkerchiefs to the Indians surrounding the fort -- an early example of biological warfare -- which started an epidemic among them. Amherst himself had encouraged this tactic in a letter to Ecuyer.‖ [p. 108]. Carl Waldman's Atlas of the North American Indian [NY: Facts on File, 1985]. http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/amherst/lord_jeff.html According to historian David Dixon, ―Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with genocidal fanaticism.‖ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac's_War. 1763. June 29. A week after the siege began, Bouquet was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt when he received a letter from Amherst making the following proposal: ―Could it not be contrived to Send the Small Pox among those Disaffected Tribes of Indians? We must, on this occasion, Use Every Stratagem in our power to Reduce them.‖ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt. 1763. July 13. Bouquet agreed, writing back to Amherst on July 13, 1763: "I will try to inocculate the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the

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disease myself." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt. 1763. July 16. Amherst responded favorably on July 16, 1763: "You will Do well to try to Innoculate the Indians by means of Blanketts, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execreble Race." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt. 1763 AD. Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated the Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo in a two-day battle at Bushy Run. 1763-1766. Pontiac's Rebellion. The British still faced competition from numerous Native American tribes, including in the Great Lakes region: the Ottawa, Ojibwa, Pottawatomi, and Huron; in the eastern Illinois Country: the Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Mascouten, and Piankashaw; and in the Ohio Country: the Delaware (Lenape), Shawnee, Mingo, and Wyandot. The tribes were angered by British colonials moving to settle in their territories. They attacked during Pontiac's Rebellion of 1763–66, when the Natives succeeded in burning several British forts. They killed and drove many settlers out of the Northwest Territory. Britain had to send troops to reinforce Fort Pitt and finally defeated the Natives in the Battle of Bushy Run. The war came to a close with nothing resolved. 1763AD. Britain officially closed the Northwest Territories to colonial settlement by the Proclamation of 1763, in an effort to create peace with the tribes west of the Appalachian Mountains. 1763. August 30. AD. In the process, the Shawnee got their final revenge on the Catawba for their expulsion from South Carolina in 1707 when they killed Haiglar, or ―King Hagler‖, or Nopkehee, the last important Catawba chief—an event generally regarded as the end of Catawba power. The Iroquois ordered the Shawnee and Delaware to stop but were ignored. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hagler http://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/09/06/meeting-with-king-hagler-and-the-catawba-nation-1756/ 1763. December 14. At daybreak on December 14, 1763, a vigilante group made up of Scots-Irish frontiersmen, the Paxton Boys, attacked the local Conestoga, a Susquehannock tribe who had lived since the 1690s on land donated by William Penn to their ancestors. Many Conestoga were Christian, and they had lived peacefully with their European neighbors for decades. They lived by bartering handicrafts, hunting, and from subsistence food given them by the Pennsylvania government. Because of a snowstorm, most of the Conestogas had been unable to reach home the previous evening and spent the night with neighbors. Those at the camp were scalped, or otherwise mutilated, and their huts were set on fired. Most of the camp burned down. Although there had been no Indian attacks in the area, the Paxton Boys claimed that the Conestoga secretly provided aid and intelligence to the hostiles. On December 14, 1763, more than fifty Paxton Boys marched on Conestoga homes near Conestoga Town (now Millersville), murdered six, and burned their cabins. The colonial government held an inquest and determined that the killings were murder. The new governor John Penn offered a reward for capture of the Paxton Boys. 1763. December 27. AD. John Penn placed the remaining sixteen Conestoga in protective custody in Lancaster but the Paxton Boys broke in on December 27, 1763. They killed and scalped six adults and eight children. The government of British Pennsylvania offered a new reward after this second attack, this time $600, for the capture of anyone involved. The attackers were never identified. I saw a number of people running down street towards the gaol, which enticed me and other lads to

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follow them. At about sixty or eighty yards from the gaol, we met from twenty-five to thirty men, well mounted on horses, and with rifles, tomahawks, and scalping knives, equipped for murder. I ran into the prison yard, and there, O what a horrid sight presented itself to my view!- Near the back door of the prison, lay an old Indian and his squaw (wife), particularly well known and esteemed by the people of the town, on account of his placid and friendly conduct. His name was Will Sock; across him and his squaw lay two children, of about the age of three years, whose heads were split with the tomahawk, and their scalps all taken off. Towards the middle of the gaol yard, along the west side of the wall, lay a stout Indian, whom I particularly noticed to have been shot in the breast, his legs were chopped with the tomahawk, his hands cut off, and finally a rifle ball discharged in his mouth; so that his head was blown to atoms, and the brains were splashed against, and yet hanging to the wall, for three or four feet around. This man‘s hands and feet had also been chopped off with a tomahawk. In this manner lay the whole of them, men, women and children, spread about the prison yard: shot-scalped-hacked-and cut to pieces. - William Henry of Lancaster. The Rev. Elder, who was not directly implicated in either attack, wrote to Governor Penn, on January 27, 1764: The storm which had been so long gathering, has, at length, exploded. Had Government removed the Indians, which had been frequently, but without effect, urged, this painful catastrophe might have been avoided. What could I do with men heated to madness? All that I could do was done. I expostulated; but life and reason were set at defiance. Yet the men in private life are virtuous and respectable; not cruel, but mild and merciful. The time will arrive when each palliating circumstance will be weighed. This deed, magnified into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered as one of those ebullitions of wrath, caused by momentary excitement, to which human infirmity is subjected. 1764-1774. Shawnee Village in Johnson County, Kentucky (Eastern Kentucky). There may have been a settlement in eastern Kentucky in the period after the French and Indian War. Jillson places a Shawnee village at the confluence of Big Mud Lick and Little Mud Lick creeks in northern Johnson County from 1764 to 1774. This is the village from which Jenny Wiley is supposed to have made her escape. There are other references to the Shawnee in the vicinity of Big Sandy River as well. 1764AD. After a peace treaty with Colonel Henry Bouquet in 1764, those of the Shawnee on the Scioto and Muskingum who signed the treaty migrated westward and established two villages on the Little Miami and Mad rivers. The town that became known as ―Old Chillicothe‖ was built on the Little Miami River, three miles north of the present city of Xenia, Ohio. This village became famous as the place where Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton were held captive. About twelve miles north of it stood the town of Piqua on the north bank of Mad River. Most biographers believe that Piqua was the birthplace of Tecumseh. 1764. April 14. AD. Hicks escaped and arrived to Fort Pitt on April 14, 1764 and reported to the 42nd Regiment Captain, William Grant, ―that the Small pox has been very general & raging amongst the Indians since last spring and that 30 or 40 Mingoes, as many Delawares and some Shawneese Died all of the Small pox since that time, that it still continues amongst them.‖ Although he didn‘t know of this, the head of British forces in North America – Amherst – advised his subordinates to deal with the rebellion by all means available to them, and that included passing smallpox infected blankets to the Indians, as well as executing Indian prisoners. This was a new policy, without precedent among Europeans in America, one caused by desperation and, according to historian Fred Anderson, ―genocidal fantasies‖. (Anderson, Crucible of War, p. 543). 1764. All three (3) Girty brothers (James, George, and Simon) were brought back from the woods

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when the French had been expelled from virtually all of the Americas, North and South (except Guadeloupe, Haiti, and a few other little islands), and English domination had become assured. Simon Girty returned from life among the Senecas in 1764, at which time he was fluent in eleven (11) native American languages. 1765AD. First reported in 1765, the village of the Eel River Indians was located six miles above the confluence of the Eel and Wabash rivers in present Cass County, Indiana. The Eel River Indians were named for a tributary of the Wabash River in Indiana. They, along with the Wea and Piankashaw, were an Algonquian people and a subgroup of the Miami. No longer an identifiable tribe, their descendants may presently be among the Miami Nation of Oklahoma. 1767AD. Frontiersman Daniel Boone, John Findley traveled into Kentucky across Cumberland Gap. 1768. March. AD. Tecumseh is born. A speech by Tecumseh (not at his birth): ―Houses are built for you to hold councils in; the Indians hold theirs in the open air. I am a Shawnee. My forefathers were warriors. Their son is a warrior. From them I only take my existence. From my tribe I take nothing. I have made myself what I am. And I would that I could make the red people as great as the conceptions of my own mind, when I think of the Great Spirit that rules over us all. I would not then come to Governor Harrison to ask him to tear up the treaty.‖ [Tecumseh referred to the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, which gave the United States parts of the Northwest Territory. He had refused to attend the Greenville peace council.] ―But I would say to him, ―Brother, you have the liberty to return to your own country.‖ You wish to prevent the Indians from doing as we wish them, to unite and let them consider their lands as the common property of the whole. You take the tribes aside and advise them not to come into this measure. … You want by your distinctions of Indian tribes, in allotting to each a particular, to make them war with each other. You never see an Indian endeavor to make the white people do this. You are continually driving the red people, when at last you will drive them into the great lake [Lake Michigan], where they can neither stand nor work. Since my residence at Tippecanoe, we have endeavored to level distinctions, to destroy village chiefs, by whom all mischiefs were done. It is they who sell the land to the Americans. Brother, this land that was sold, and the goods that were given for it, was only done by a few. … In the future we are prepared to punish those who propose to sell land to the Americans. If you continue to purchase them, it will make war among the different tribes, and at last I do not know what will be the consequences among the white people. The way, the only way to stop this evil, is for the red men to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was at first, and should be now—for it was never divided, but belongs to us all. No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers … Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? How can we have confidence in the white people? When Jesus Christ came upon the earth, you killed him, and nailed him to the cross. You thought he was dead, and you were mistaken. You have the Shakers among you, and you laugh and make light of their worship. Everything I have told you is the truth. The Great Spirit has inspired me.‖ ~Tecumseh. 1768AD. The British superintendent of Indian Affairs convinced the Cherokee to cede their holdings in British Virginia to prevent conflicts with encroaching colonists.

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1768AD. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is negotiated between the Haudenosaunee and Great Britain. 1769AD. Virginia longhunter and explorer Joseph Martin made the first of several forays into the region. Acting as an agent for Dr. Thomas Walker, to whom Martin was connected through family relationships, Martin began an expedition to Powell's Valley in early 1769 in return for a promised 21,000-acre (8,500 ha) land grant from Walker and the Loyal Land Company. Martin and his men built the earliest westernmost frontier fort at present-day Rose Hill, Virginia, a fort dubbed Martin's Station. Later that year Indians chased off Martin and his men, who returned to Albemarle County. Martin returned six years later to rebuild the fort, and a few months later became an agent for Richard Henderson's Transylvania Company. 1769. Chief Dick and Cherokee warriors are met by Long Hunters while hunting along Skagg‘s Creek near the Rockcastle River. KENTUCKY! 1769-1771. Boone Explores Kentucky. In 1769, British colonist Daniel Boone created a trail from North Carolina to Tennessee. He spent the next two years exploring Kentucky. 1769. Of the many who plied their fur trade at Logstown, John Gibson may be claimed to be the first settler in Hopewell Township. In 1769 at the opening of the British Pennsylvania Land Office, an entry was made of 300 acres of land to include the old Indian cornfield opposite Logstown for the use of John Gibson who having drawn at a lottery the earliest number. 1770s 1770. Rockcastle County, Kentucky. Another British redcoat expedition, led by James Knox in 1770, met with a band of Cherokee on the Rockcastle River. James Knox and his men recognized their leader as Dicks (pronounced Dix) who frequented the lead mines on the Holston River. Realizing James Knox's party was in need of food, Dix suggested they cross Brushy Ridge and hunt for game in his river valley, known today as Dix River in Rockcastle County, Kentucky. He ended the conversation with Knox's party by saying, ―kill it, and go home‖ (Collins 1847). 1770AD. The Cherokees claim Kentucky their territory, which includes land claimed by other tribes in the Treaty of Paris Revision. The British-American Redcoats introduce the spinning wheel and looms to the Cherokee. 1770. William Wells is born. (c. 1770 – 15 August 1812), Also known as Apekonit (―Carrot top‖), was the son-in-law of Chief Little Turtle of the Miami. He fought for the Miami in the Northwest Indian War … Wells was born at Jacob's Creek, Pennsylvania, the youngest son of Samuel Wells, a captain in the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War. 1770AD. 650 Kispoko and Piqua Shawnee left Ohio and headed to settle in Spanish Missouri; Michael Cresap and a group of vigilantes attacked a Shawnee trading party near Wheeling, killing a Chief. 1770. York is born. York (1770 – unknown) was an African slave best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. As William Clark's slave, he performed hard manual labor without pay, but participated as a full member of the expedition. After the expedition's return, Clark had

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difficulty compelling York to resume his former status, and York later escaped. 1770. October 18. AD. British representatives insisted on the negotiation of a new treaty on October 18, 1770, which moved the northeastern boundary of Cherokee country from the New River of West Virginia to the land within the extreme western corner of Kentucky, today known as Pike County. 1771AD. Gibson settled upon the land, built a house, cleared and fenced 30 acres of land. There were no white neighbors nearer than Fort Pitt. At the opening of the American Revolution, Gibson abandoned his home to accept a commission of colonel of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. Flowing through Gibson‘s land was a stream which came to be known as Logstown Run. It meandered through a narrow valley (now Franklin Avenue) which was banked on both sides by steep hills of virgin forest. Before reaching the Ohio River the steep hills took a precipitous drop to form a level expanse of ground. This was to be the future site of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation. 1772AD. Cherokee fight for their land on Station Camp Creek. 1772. February. While initial contact with the Cherokee was peaceful, increasing numbers of Europeans strained relations and fighting broke out in February 1772 on Station Camp Creek (Collins 1847). With the increase in European encounters, the Cherokee had trouble maintaining control over Kentucky, especially in the land north of the Cumberland River valley. 1772AD. Two years later, Great Britain requested yet another treaty to purchase all of the land between the Ohio and Kentucky rivers from the Cherokee. KENTUCKY! 1773. In 1773, Captain Thomas Bullitt led the first exploring party into Jefferson County, surveying land on behalf of Virginians who had been awarded land grants for service in the French and Indian War. 1773. October 10. AD. Clinch Mountains, Virginia. James Boone, Daniel Boone's son, is tortured, and murdered by Kentucky Indians. During Daniel's first attempt to reach Kentucky (near Cumberland Gap)... Daniel Boone's first attempt. A group of Shawnee warned Daniel Boone to leave Kentucky, and when Boone failed to comply, the Shawnee killed James Boone. Land speculators wanted the land to have no ―lice‖ on it, so they could just come in for the taking. The Shawnees lived in permanent villages during the warmer months, but the Shawnee moved more frequently in the winter months, hunting deer and bison, and other game, as fulltime nomads typically do. The Shawnees were only halftime nomads. Nomads in the Winter, and Village Communists in the Summer. The historical marker is located off highway 58E, RR Exit 684, Lee County, Virginia. The marker reads as follows: ―This marks the burial place of a party of white settlers who were surprised in camp and slain by Indians at day break on October 10, 1773. Those killed were James Boone, son of Daniel Boone, Henry Russell, son of Captain William Russell, Robert and Richard Mendenhale . . . brothers . . . and another unnamed white man. Two [members of the party] escaped. Isaac Crabtree, a white man, and Adam, a Negro, slave of William Russell. Daniel Boone and William Russell buried their sons, and the others at the scene of the tragedy, and gave up temporarily the first effort to settle Kentucky.‖ Daniel Boone was leading a party of settlers, including his own family, into Kentucky. They were scheduled to meet up with another group of settlers, the Captain William Russell party, at a specified location. Daniel Boone (of course) decided they needed more supplies so he sent James back to meet the Russell party, verify their location, and collect more

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supplies. Two Mendenhall boys went with him. James Boone made it back to Captain Russell and planned to ride along with them to meet with his family and th e rest of their group. But it appears that Captain William Russell sent James Boone and his group along with his own son, Henry Russell, on ahead to tell Daniel Boone that they were coming. Somehow the boys must have gotten lost because they ended up camping for th e night on Wallen's Ridge in Virginia. As it turned out, they were only about 3 miles from where Daniel Boone's main party was camped. During the night they were attacked by a Shawnee group which was led by ―Big Jim,‖ an Indian familiar to Daniel Boone and to his children, his having visited at their home in North Carolina. James Boone and the others were horribly tortured and later killed, all except for one young black slave who hid in a canebrake at the edge of a nearby creek, and a boy by the name of Isaac Crabtree who had joined them on the trail. When word arrived at Boone's camp that his beloved son and his companions had been murdered, Daniel Boone packed to go to the site of the massacre and to attempt to track the persons who had performed the awful deed. He tracked them for some distance bu t they escaped him. Before Daniel Boone left the camp, Rebecca gave him two of her handmade linen sheets to wrap the two boys in for burial. The boys were buried in the same grave on the area of Powell's Valley where they were slain. 1773. October 10. AD. Virginia. The first recorded Indian massacre on the waters of Powell's (Powell) River was recorded on October 10, 1773. (Powell's or Powell River runs the length of Lee County in Virginia, then flows through Claiborne County in Tennessee, and empties into Norris Lake close to Flat Hollow.) This atrocity included the killing of Captain William Russell and Daniel Boone's sons, the Drake boy, the Mendenhall brothers, and a Negro slave of Russell's. The massacre occurred near the head of Wallen's Creek, in present day Lee County in Virginia. Apparently the route the party followed from Russell's place in Castlewood was the trail the early Long Hunters used known as the ―Hunter's Trail.‖ The trail crossed the Clinch River at Hunter's Ford, now the village of Dungannon, through Hunter's Valley, Rye Cove, and across Powell Mountain at Kane's Gap onto the head of Wallen's Creek. Boone, while returning from Kentucky in the spring of 1773, met William Russell, then a resident of Castlewood on the Clinch River. Russell was so enthused concerning the settlement of Kentucky that he agreed to join Boone in the venture. The McAfee party, while returning home from Kentucky, met Boone about the 12th of August and made preparations to migrate to that country. The Bryan party, who resided sixty miles eastward of Boone's home on the Yadkin, agreed to join Boone's company in Powell Valley in Virginia on a scheduled day and pass the most dangerous part of the journey together. Boone returned home, sold his farm, household goods, produce and farming gear, everything that was too burdensome to carry. As agreed, the Bryan party, numbering 40, overtook the front line. Several had joined the reinforcement in the areas of Fort Chisel and Holston Valley. Among these men were Michael Stoner, William Bush, and Edmund Jennings. The group had passed Clinch Mountain, Powell's Mountain, and Wallen's Ridge, barely entering Powell's Valley. Near the western base of Wallen's ridge, where Powell River flows along a valley, Boone and his party went into camp and awaited the arrival of the rear party. James Boone, son of Daniel, and two brothers, John and Richard Mendenhall, from Guilford County, North Carolina, had been dispatched from the main company, probably at Wolf Hills, now Abingdon. The goal was to travel across country to Captain Russell's at Castlewood for the dual purpose of alerting him of the advance of Boone's Kentucky personnel and obtaining a quantity of flour, which was immediately supplied. Captain Russell sent forward his oldest son Henry, a young man of 17, two Negroes named Charles and Adam, Isaac Crabtree, and a youth named Drake, with several horses loaded with farming tools. Also included were numerous provisions, other helpful articles, and a few books. A small drove of cattle was additionally sent under their charge. Captain Russell remained behind and then joined Captain David Gass to move forward and overtake the others. Captain Russell had ambitions of opening a plantation in

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Kentucky during the autumn and winter, put out a crop in the spring, and return for his family. Had these plans materialized, William Russell might possibly have been one of the most distinguished primitive settlers of Kentucky. Time had passed and it was now the 9th of October. Young Boone and Russell never dreamed of the danger that was awaiting them. They were a mere three miles behind the front company where they camped on the northern bank of Wallen's Creek, a southern tributary of Powell's River. Unknown to the lagging group was a party of shrewd Indians who had that day detected them at a substantial distance. Young Boone and his companions, while seated around their blazing fire, heard the howling of wolves, or perhaps a successful imitation on the part of the Indians. The Mendenhalls, certainly not used to such frontier sounds, showed some appearance of fear while Crabtree, an experienced backwoodsman, laughed vigorously at their panic and playfully told them that they would soon be hearing the bawling of the buffalo in Kentucky. The group, lost in a moment of slumber, all unconscious of danger, was attacked about daybreak the next morning. The Indians, who had successfully creeped close to camp, ultimately fired upon their unsuspecting victims, killing some and wounding others. The description of this brutal attack depicted a heart-rending scene. Young Russell was shot through both hips and was unable to escape. The Indians ran up to him with their knives drawn. Russell, in total defense of himself, seized the blades with his bare hands, and consequently had them badly distorted. He was lastly tortured in a most brutal fashion. Young Boone was also shot through his hips, breaking both. He recognized among the Indians, Big Jim, a Shawnee warrior who had frequently shared the warmth of his father's house. His features were that he could be recognized instantly. James Boone pleaded with Big Jim to spare his life, but to no avail. The Indians pulled out his toe and fingernails. The pain finally became too agonizing that young Jim Boone pleaded with Big Jim to take his life. Young Russell was suffering similar tortures. After much anguish, both injured were severely stabbed and possibly tomahawked to death. The Mendenhall brothers and young Drake were among the slain. The Negro, Adam, luckily escaped unhurt, hid himself in some driftwood on the creek bank, and was a spectator to the excruciating scene in the camp. Crabtree was wounded, escaped and reached the settlement, while Adam, losing his way, was eleven days finding his way to the frontier inhabitants. The Indians hauled off the old Negro, Charles, and made him prisoner. They also stole away with the horses and all the valuable items. The Indians, at a distance of about 40 miles from the scene, began arguing over the ownership of the Negro. The leader of the party settled the argument by tomahawking the poor hostage. In the advance camp a young man had been caught stealing from his commander, and had been so ridiculed by the camp personnel that he decided to abandon the party and return to the settlements. His departure was made on the 10th of October, and while on his way stole some deerskins from Daniel Boone. Reaching the ford at Wallen's Creek, shortly after the Indians had left the massacre site, the young man came upon the location of the slaughter. Dropping his skins he instantly hurried back to the main camp where he arrived with the sorrowful news. The main camp was devastated at hearing the report. Squire Boone, Daniel Boone's father, led a party back to bury the unfortunates, and recover any property the Indians might have left. Daniel Boone and the other men remained at the main camp in case of an attack from the main party, for they had no way of knowing the strength of the Indians. Quickly, for safety reasons, they fabricated a rude fortification. Squire Boone's burial party reached the trampled camp and found Captain's Russell and Gass had already arrived. Young Russell and young Boone were slaughtered almost beyond recognition. Mrs. Daniel Boone had sent for a sheet and young Boone and Russell were wrapped in the same covering and buried together; the other slain were also decently buried. The Indians had scattered the cattle while all articles of importance were taken. Squire Boone and his burial party, along with Captains Russell and Gass, returned to the main camp where a general council was held. Daniel Boone wished to continue the

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journey, but most of the men were too disheartened to carry on. The majority of the group thought that Indian repetition would be on their agenda and so agreed to abandon the project and return home. Sensing that the Indians had been a small regiment, the white adventurers began retracing their own footsteps. Some returned to their farming settlements in Virginia and Carolina. Meanwhile, Boone accepted the invitation of Captain Gass to take his temporary quarters in a cabin on his farm, about seven or eight miles below Captain Russell's at Castlewood, a little south of Clinch River. Daniel Boone lived on the Clinch from this time until 1775 when he led his second and successful party to Kentucky and founded Boonesborough. While living at Castlewood, a son named William was born to Daniel and Rebecca Boone. The baby died in infancy and was buried in the Moore's Fort graveyard. Captain Gass was born in Pennsylvania about 1729. He moved from Albermarle Co., Va., to Castlewood in 1769. He made eleven trips from Castlewood to Boonesborough before settling there permanently in December 1777. He died in Madison Co., Ky., in 1805 or 1807. The rest of the families returned North Carolina. 1774AD. The Chickasaw refused the Henderson Land Company access to the mouth of Occochapo Creek (present day Bear Creek). KENTUCKY! 1774AD. James Harrod (of Harrodsburg/Harrod's Town/Lexington/First White Settlement in Kentucky) murdered a Shawnee chief, for no apparent reason. Just because he was shooting at the same white-tailed deer as him. He also choked a Shawnee to death, just for the sadistic pleasure of it. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ix0AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=Kekewepellethe&source=bl&ots=dc4n8yIR07&sig=zu1O EQHjGxR4mbz6mYBODNwxJBk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzUvrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false 1774. April 30. AD. The First Battle of the American Revolution, The Yellow Creek Massacre happens, creating Johnny Logan, the Mingo Mohawk Warrior Chieftain. The Yellow Creek Masscre was a brutal killing of several Mingo Indians by Virginia frontiersmen on April 30, 1774. The atrocity occurred across from the mouth of the Yellow Creek on the upper Ohio River in the Ohio Country, near the current site of the Mountaineer Casino, Racetrack and Resort and Steubenville, the home of the rapists whose putting KyAnonymous in jail for 25 years. It was the single most important incident contributing to the outbreak of Lord Dunmore's War (May-October 1774). It was carried out by a group led by Jacob Greathouse and Daniel Greathouse. The perpetrators were never brought to justice. Johnny Logan, Talgahyeetah, the Mingo Mohawk warrior Chieftain, loved the whites, and was made fun of by the other Mohawks' for his uncle tom foolery. Once all of Johnny Logan's family was wiped out, who mourns for Logan? Nobody. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Creek_Massacre 1774. June 16. AD. Harrod's Town, the first white establishment west of the Appalachian mountains, is established. Named after James Harrod, who led a team of area surveyors, Harrodstown is established as the first permanent settlement in the Kentucky region. Native Americans force the settlers to withdraw, but they return the following year. 1774. James Harrod began constructing Fort Harrod in Kentucky. However, battles with the native American tribes established in the area forced these new settlers to retreat. They returned the following year, as Daniel Boone built the Wilderness Road and established Fort Boonesborough at the site near Boonesborough, Kentucky. The Native Americans allocated a tract of land between the Ohio River and the Cumberland River for the Transylvania Land Company.

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1774. June 22. The British Parliament passes the Quebec Act, which annexes the Northwest Territories to the province of Quebec. Some colonials, wanting to move to ―new lands,‖ described this as one of the Intolerable Acts that contributed to the American Revolution. It was ―Intolerable‖ to the British colonists NOT to steal native American land. Intolerable. 1774. October 10. The First Pitched Battle of Militia in the American Revolution, The Battle of Point Pleasant, part of Lord Dunmore's War. British Redcoat Daniel Boone was commissioned a British Redcoat Captain in charge of 3 forts in Southwest Virginia underneath British Redcoat Lord Dunmore. Cornstalk was the lead war chief, and was at the peace negotiations after he lost. Simon Girty helped Lord Dunmore in Lord Dunmore's War as a scout and interpreter. 1774. ―The Shawnees earned a reputation as fierce warriors, among Indians and whites alike. Colonel Charles Stuart, who fought against them at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, reckoned the Shawnee were ―the most bloody and terrible‖ of all Indians, ―holding all other men as well as Indians as whites, in contempt as warriors, in comparison with themselves.‖ They evidently boasted they had killed ten times more white people than any other tribe. They were ―a wellformed, active, and ingenious people,‖ said Stuart; ―assuming and imperious in the presence of others not of their own nation, and sometimes very cruel.‖ … ―They were ―great Talkers, and their Language is very melodious and strong, well adapted to beautify and embellish the flowerings of natural eloquence.‖ (Calloway, pg. 18). ―The men wear shirts, match-coats, breech-clouts, leggings and mockesons, called by them mockeetha. Their ornaments are silver plates about their arms, above and below their elbows. Nose jewels are common. They paint their faces, and cut the rim of their ears, so as to stretch them very large. Their head is dressed in the best mode, with a black silk handkerchief about it; or else the head is all shaved only the crown, which left for the scalp. The hair in it has a swan's plume, or some trinket of silver tied in it. The women wear short shifts over their shroud, which serves for a petticoat. Some times a calico bed-gown. Their hair is parted and tied behind. They paint only in spots in common on their cheeks. Their ears are never cut, but some have ten silver rings in them. One squaa will have near five hundred silver broaches stuck in her shift, stroud, and leggings. Men and women are very proud, but men seem to exceed this vice.‖ (Calloway, pg. 19-20). 1774. The Treaty of Camp Charlotte is negotiated between the Delaware, Mingo, Shawnee, and Great Britain (Virginia) after British Lord Dunmore's War. 1775. March 14 - 17. AD. The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals between British-Americans and Cherokee Chiefs is signed. Whites ―buy‖ 20 million acres of Kentucky land. 1775. Treaty of Sycamore Shoals is negotiated between the Cherokee and the Transylvania Company, at the onset of the American Revolution. Cattle, pigs, and domesticated bees are introduced to the Cherokee. Entrepreneur and colonial judge Richard Henderson, his agent Daniel Boone, and other private citizens met with Cherokee Chiefs along the Watauga River on March 17, 1775. Richard Henderson and Daniel Boone negotiated the cession of all of the land in between the Kentucky, Ohio, and Cumberland rivers to the privately owned Transylvania Company, in direct violation of the Royal Proclamation of 1763, assuming the Cherokee tribes they invited ―owned‖ all of that land. Richard Henderson, a North Carolina judge representing the Transylvania Company, meets with three Cherokee Chiefs to purchase all the land lying between the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland Rivers—about 17 to 20 million acres. It becomes known as the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals or The Henderson Purchase. The purchase is later declared invalid, but the land acquisition is not reversed. The Transylvania track

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of land is created in which the Cherokee allegedly ceded all land south of the Ohio River to Daniel Boone and Richard Henderson. 1775. March 14 – 17. Richard Henderson, Daniel Boone, and several associates met at Sycamore Shoals with Cherokee leaders Attakullakulla, Oconastota, Willanawaw, Doublehead and Dragging Canoe, the latter of whom sought unsuccessfully to reject Henderson's purchase of tribal lands outside the Donelson line, and departed the conference vowing to turn the lands ―dark and bloody‖ if settlers attempted to settle upon them. ATTAKULLAKULLA! OCONASTOTA! WILLANAWAW! DOUBLEHEAD! DRAGGING CANOE! The rest of the negotiations went fairly smoothly, however, and the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals was signed on March 17, 1775. At the same conference, the Watauga and Nolichucky settlers negotiated similar purchases for their lands. The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, sometimes called the "Transylvania Purchase" (after Henderson's Transylvania Company, which had raised money for the endeavor), basically consisted of two parts. The first, known as the ―Path Grant Deed‖, regarded the Transylvania Company's purchase of lands in Southwest Virginia (including parts of what is now West Virginia) and northeastern Tennessee. The second part, known as the ―Great Big Ole Grant,‖ acknowledged the Transylvania Company's purchase of some 20,000,000 acres (81,000 km2) of land between the Kentucky River and Cumberland River, which included a large portion of modern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. The Transylvania Company paid for the land with 10,000 pounds sterling of trade goods. After the treaty was signed, Boone proceeded northward to blaze the Wilderness Road, connecting the Transylvania Purchase lands with the Holston settlements. At the conclusion of the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals of 1775, Dragging Canoe spoke against the sale of Cherokee land. He rose and said ―Whole Indian nations have melted away like snowballs in the sun before the white man's advance. They leave scarcely a name of our people except those wrongly recorded by their destroyers. Where are the Delawares? They have been reduced to a mere shadow of their former greatness. We had hoped that the white men would not be willing to travel beyond the mountains. Now that hope is gone. They have passed the mountains, and have settled upon Cherokee land. They wish to have that action sanctioned by treaty. When that is gained, the same encroaching spirit will lead them upon other land of the Cherokees. New cessions will be asked. Finally the whole country, which the Cherokees and their fathers have so long occupied, will be demanded, and the remnant of ANI-YUNWIYA Ani-Yunwiya, ―THE REAL PEOPLE‖, once so great and formidable, will be compelled to seek refuge in some distant wilderness. There they will be permitted to stay only a short while, until they again behold the advancing banners of the same greedy host. Not being able to point out any further retreat for the miserable Cherokees, the extinction of the whole race will be proclaimed. Should we not therefore run all risks, and incur all consequences, rather than submit to further loss of our country? Such treaties may be alright for men who are too old to hunt or fight. As for me, I have my young warriors about me. We will have our lands. A-WANINSKI, I have spoken.‖ Dragging Canoe's mighty speech had such a strong influence on the chiefs that they closed the Treaty Council without more talk. Yet, the white men prepared another huge feast with rum and were able to persuade the Cherokee Chiefs to sit in another Treaty Council for further discussion of land sale. The land being sought was the primary hunting lands of the Cherokee. Attakullakulla, Dragging Canoe's father, spoke in favor of selling the land, as did Raven, who was jealous of Dragging Canoe's growing power among the young warriors. The deed was signed. Richard Henderson, being very bold, now that his plan was succeeding and they had bought such a huge portion of land, sought to secure a safe path to the new lands. Saying ―he did not want to walk over the land of my brothers‖, he asked to ―buy a road‖ through Cherokee lands. This last insult was more than Dragging Canoe could tolerate. He became very angry and rising from his seat and stomping the ground he spoke saying ―We have given you this, why do you ask for more? You have bought a fair land. When you have this you have all. There is no more game left between the Watauga and the Cumberland. There is a cloud hanging over it.

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You will find its settlement DARK and BLOODY.‖ For the next 17 years Dragging Canoe did his best to make the white settlement of these lands ―Dark and Bloody‖. He attacked the settlers at every opportunity. He became known as ―The Dragon‖ because of his fierce fighting and relentless persuit of destroying all white settlements on what he considered THE REAL PEOPLE'S land. Not much is written about his history, yet he was by far the most ferocious opponent the settlers faced. 1775AD. Boonesborough established. 1775. Late Spring. The total number of white settlers was probably no more than 150, including two women at Boonesborough. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49). 1775. Joseph Martin returned six years later (from 1769) to rebuild Martin's Station, and a few months later became an agent for Richard Henderson's Transylvania Company. 1775AD. Simon Girty, the frontiersman, the white savage, helped General James Wood in 1775 in negotiations with the Shawnee natives, the Seneca natives, the Delaware natives, and the Wyandot natives. 1776AD. Due to the ongoing violence however, by 1776 there were fewer than 200 settlers in Kentucky. 1776. British Virginia declared the Transylvania Land Company illegal and created the county of Kentucky in Virginia from the land involved. Richard Henderson's Transylvania Purchase forced British Virginia's hand, and they created Kentucky County, in order to incorporate the newly ―purchased‖ lands, and even though they declared the purchase ―illegal‖, the purchase was never undone. 1776AD. John Hinkston was forced to abandon his northerly exposed fort on the banks of the Licking River near present-day Cynthiana. KENTUCKY! The Native American Land Theiving George Washington-British War for Independence breaks out. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Simon Girty sided with the imperialist revolutionaries (the Americans). Shawnee and Cherokee war parties roamed through Kentucky killing settlers; Shawnee/Cherokee war party captured Daniel Boone's daughter and two friends, rescued after three days, reprisals followed. 1776AD. Cherokee, Delaware, Iroquois, Mingo, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot meet together in grand council with the British to fight against American colonists. Cherokees along with Wyandots, Mingos, and a group of Shawnees raided the area of Wheeling, West Virginia. Cherokee are urged by American Indian agents to maintain a peaceful posture. The Delaware Chief Coquetakeghton, White Eyes, is a congressional representative, and encourages the Cherokee to make peace with the settlers. COQUETAKEGHTON! 1776-1795. The Cherokee–American wars were a series of back-and-forth raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and several full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest from 1776 to 1795 between the Cherokee (Ani-Yunwiya, Tsalagi) and the Americans on the frontier. TSALAGI! ANI-YUNWIYA! Most of the events took place in the Upper South. While their fight stretched across the entire period, there were times, sometimes ranging over several months, of little or no action. The

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Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe, whom some historians call ―the Savage Napoleon‖, and his warriors and other Cherokee fought alongside and in conjunction with Indians from a number of other tribes both in the Old Southwest and in the Old Northwest, most often Muscogee (Muskokulke) in the former and the Shawnee (Saawanwa) in the latter. MUSKOKULKE! SAAWANWA! During the Revolution, they also fought alongside British troops, Loyalist militia, and the King‘s Carolina Rangers. Open warfare broke out in the summer of 1776 along the frontier of the Watauga, Holston, Nolichucky, and Doe rivers in East Tennessee, as well as the colonies (later states) of the Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It later spread to those along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky. The wars of the Cherokee and the Americans divide into two phases. 1776. December 25-29. Mingo Chief Plucky, of Plucky's Town (modern day Delaware, Ohio), assassinated, 35 years after Simon Girty is born. Pluckee-mee-no-tee is Plucky's full name. Meanwhile, George Washington the terrorist is crossing the Delaware River. In December 1776, Pluggy led a band of thirty (30) warriors up the Ohio and Licking Rivers attacking Harrod's Town on Christmas morning and, later that day, ambushed a 10-man party under John Todd and John Gabriel Jones. The men had been marching down the valley towards the Ohio River, where Jones and George Rogers Clark had stored 500 pounds of gunpowder, when they were attacked killing Jones and another man in the fusillade and capturing another four men in the final charge. The remaining four were able to escape, the story later being told by one of the survivors, pioneer and hunter David Cooper, in the 1987 book The Kentuckians by Janice Holt Giles. Several days later, Chief Plucky arrived at McClelland's Station, a settlement of thirty families located in present-day downtown Georgetown and defended by twenty settlers including frontiersman Robert Todd, Robert Ford, Robert Patterson, Edward Worthington, Charles White and founder John B. McClelland. On 29 December, Chief Plucky led between forty and fifty warriors against the fort and retreated after several hours of fighting leaving a number of men dead including Charles White and John McClelland. During the retreat, Chief Plucky himself was shot and killed by four of the fort's defenders in retribution for the death of McClelland. He was later buried by members of his tribe on a bluff overhanging the nearby spring, and, for a number of years afterwards, a popular legend claimed that the echo heard in the area was the death cry of Chief Plucky. 1776-1783. During the American Revolution, and afterwards, the Shawnee established camps in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee from which they raided encroaching settlers. 1777AD. Daniel Boone was wounded in an Indian raid on Fort Boone, and was carried to safety by Simon Kenton. 1777AD. Cherokees, Mingos, Shawnees, and Wyandots raid the Wheeling, WV area. 1777. September. Simon Girty is charged with treason by the Americans. Simon Girty did not like the structure of military life and frequently clashed with his superiors. In September 1777, Girty was arrested, and charged with treason for supposedly helping plan the seizure of Fort Pitt (modern day Pittsburgh). The conspirators reportedly hoped to massacre the fort's residents and then turn it over to the British. U.S. authorities eventually acquitted Girty, but his desire to help the U.S. had evaporated. 1777. October 10. Cornstalk Assassinated. ―The renowned Shawanoe chieftain and warlord at Point Pleasant, Cornstalk, his son Elinipsico, and two other warriors, Red Hawk and Petalla, were

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bayoneted under a flag of truce during a parley at Fort Randolph, Virginia.‖ (Belue). Cornstalk, the Commander-in-Chief of the Shawnee, is assassinated by Virginians under Patrick Henry's authority. ―When I was a young man and went to war, I thought that might be the last time, and I would return no more. Now I am here among you; you may kill me if you please; I can die but once; and it is all one to me, now or another time.‖ This declaration concluded every sentence of his speech. Cornstalk was assassinated one hour after our council. Even though Chief Cornstalk went to Fort Randolf (Point Pleasant) to warn that the Shawnee were going over to the British but ungrateful soldiers murdered Cornstalk; Cornstalk replaced by the more militant Blackfish; Ft. Henry (Wheeling) attacked by 400 Shawnee who burned the settlement; 1777. November 10?.Blackfish and Half King, and 300 Shawnee attacked Fort Randolf (West Virginia). Patrick Henry, the man who replaced Lord Dunmore's dictatorship of Virginia, the man who owned numerous slaves on large plantations, and a land speculator himself, feigned outrage at the attacks (as Tennessee Governor John Sevier will pretend to do with the murder of Chief Red Bird later on), but did little to nothing to bring the murderers to justice. Named for King Louis XVI (16 th) of France in appreciation for his assistance during the Revolutionary War, Louisville was founded by George Rogers Clark in 1778. 1778AD. Daniel Boone was captured by the Shawnee Indians along with other men who were making salt. He was adopted into the tribe as the son of the War Chief Black Fish. He escaped after nearly 5 months in captivity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUVXF6jepLo . 1778AD. American General George Rogers Clark and 178 men captured the British forts on the Ohio River. 1778. February 7. The Capture, and Escape, of Daniel Boone by the Shawnee. After Boone had killed a buffalo, he saw several Shawnee warriors closing in on him. The warriors were part of a larger war party led by Chief Blackfish.Their objective was to avenge the death of Chief Cornstalk who had been a moderate in his dealings with the encroaching Americans. Inconceivable to the Shawnee, Cornstalk—of all people—had been killed by the Americans. The Shawnee had been camped at Hinkston Creek. The four warriors were scouting the area and were on their way back to the camp. They had found Daniel Boone's salt makers at the Blue Salt Licks. Their plan was to kill the salt makers - until they found, and captured, Daniel Boone. Later, Daniel Boone said he was unable to flee the warriors because he was in his mid-40s, and could not run away fast enough. As Boone told the story at his trial, he devised a ―stratagem‖ to save his men and the fort. He told Chief Blackfish he would convince his men to surrender as prisoners of war. More importantly, he told Blackfish he would negotiate the surrender of the fort in the spring. Daniel Boone did indeed talk his men into surrendering. No shots were fired. One of Boone's men - Ansel Goodman - later said: We were ordered by Colonel Boone to stack our guns and surrender, and we did so. (Quoted in The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence, pg. 281). When the hunting party failed to return to the fort, scouts found tracks in the snow that told the story. All the men had been captured by the Shawnee - without a fight. It was this evidence - the lack of any resistance - that ultimately made the inhabitants of Boonesborough suspicious. Why - Boone's fellow officers wondered - had the men failed to resist capture? To Captain Richard Callaway and others, the lack of a struggle indicated some kind of treachery. Amidst all the questions that were raised by the fort leaders, Rebecca Boone left Boonesborough. She returned to her family in Carolina.The Shawnee took the Americans to their camp at Chillicothe. The captives were forced

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to run the gauntlet. They were extremely upset with the terrible conditions that existed in the camp. They were hungry. They became bitter. They believed they could have defended themselves against the Shawnee.The captives were well aware that Boone had loyalist relatives. Everyone knew that Rebecca's family had been the most prominent of all the Tory (loyalists) families to migrate to Kentucky. Everyone knew that in 1774 Daniel himself had accepted a captain's commission from the British-appointed governor. The captives began to wonder: Whose side was Daniel Boone really on? To make matters worse, once the Shawnee brought their captives to the British settlement Fort Detroit, captives heard Boone talk to the British Lt. Governor. Daniel Boone was overheard hinting to Lt. Governor Henry Hamilton that the Americans inside Boonesborough were in bad shape, and were ready to abandon the American cause. One of the captives, Andy Johnson, escaped. When he returned to Boonesborough, he confirmed the worst suspicions of the fort's leaders. Andy Johnson reported that Daniel Boone was a Tory, and had surrendered his men to the British. Johnson also reported something else: Daniel Boone had taken an oath of allegiance to the British while Boone and his men were at Detroit. Daniel Boone, who had become very fond of Chief Blackfish, was adopted by Blackfish. Because Boone wore a heavy pack and walked slowly, the Shawnee thought he resembled a Turtle. Boone was given the Shawnee name ―Sheltowee‖ which means ―Big Turtle‖. Knowing that the British and the Shawnee were preparing to attack Boonesborough, Daniel escaped and returned to the fort. There he told the men about the upcoming attack. 1778AD. Simon Girty participates in General Hand's ―squaw campaign‖ of 1778, and is disgusted with fighting for the American Continental Army afterwards. Simon Girty saw, while on the squaw campaign, Americans were murdering innocent natives, old, women, children, willy-nilly. 1778. March 28. AD. Simon Girty leaves Fort Pitt, and offers his services to the British military in Detroit. James Girty, brother of Simon, was then with the Shawnees on the Scioto, having been sent from Fort Pitt by the American authorities on a futile peace embassy. He had been raised among the Shawnees, was a natural savage, and at once joined his brother and the other tories. For 16 years Captain Andrew McKee, Mathew Elliott, and the Girtys, were the merciless scourges of the border. They were the instigators and leaders of many Indian raids, continuing their hostility until long after the close of the ―Revolutionary War‖. On Monk Estill. “Few owners cared about their chattel's history, and often anonymity blurred identity: Cato, Moses, London, Pompey, Caesar, Jack—common names given to slaves whose place in Kentucky history is barely a footnote.” (Belue, pg. 181). 1778. April 4. CARRIED AWAY IN THE NIGHT. On April 10, 1778, the following advertisement was placed in the North Carolina Gazette by Johnson Driggers, a desperate Melungeon father seeking his abducted children. ―On Saturday night, April the 4th, broke into the house of the subscriber at the head of Green's Creek, where I had some small property under the care of Ann Driggers, a free Negro woman, two men in disguise, with marks on their faces and clubs in their hands, beat and wounded her terribly and carried away four of her children, three girls and a boy, the biggest of said girls got off in the dark and made her escape, one of the girls name is Becca, and other is Charita, the boy is named Shadrack... ―This early newspaper notice describes a common nightmare inflicted on free blacks and mixed Melungeons in the 18th and 19th centuries. The lucrative American slave market prompted man-stealers to prey on African and mixed African communities. Anyone with the slightest amount of African blood might be kidnapped in the

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middle of the night regardless of their free status.‖ (Even 11%!?!). 1778AD. Delaware Chief Coquetakeghton, aka White Eyes, is commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the American rebels army, but is tragically murdered while serving as a guide. 1778. May 12. AD. They set out from Redstone, today's Brownsville, Pennsylvania, taking along 80 civilians who hoped to claim fertile farmland and start a new settlement in Kentucky. 1778. Colonel George Rogers Clark, the alcoholic, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8Dnh62BdW4 made the first white-anglo-saxon settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville in 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. He was conducting a campaign against the British and native Americans in areas north of the Ohio River, then called the Illinois Country. Clark organized a group of 150 soldiers, known as the Illinois Regiment, after heavy recruiting in Virginia and Pennsylvania. 1778. May 27. AD. George Rogers Clark finds Louisville next to the Waterfalls of the Ohio River. 1778. Lousville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI (16th) of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. They arrived at the Falls of the Ohio on May 27. It was a location Clark thought ideal for a communication post. The settlers helped Clark conceal the true reason for his presence in the area. The regiment helped the civilians establish a settlement on what came to be called Corn Island, clearing land and building cabins and a springhouse. GR Clark set up his base of operations near the Falls, on the now submerged Corn Island, close by the foot of Twelfth Street on May 27, 1778. With his hardy band of men, Clark helped to gain the area that was to become the nation's Midwest for the American cause. In quick succession, three forts were constructed here to house Clark's troops and their... ―By April they called it ―Louisville‖, in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose government and soldiers aided colonists in the Revolutionary War. Today, George Rogers Clark is recognized as the great white founder of Louisville, and many landmarks are named after him. FORT ON SHORE. During its earliest history, the colony of Louisville and the surrounding areas suffered from Indian attacks, as Native Americans tried to push out the encroaching colonists. As the Revolutionary War was still being waged, all early residents lived within forts, as suggested by the earliest government of Kentucky County, Virginia. The initial fort, at the northern tip of today's 12th street, was called Fort-on-Shore.‖ 1778AD. June 24. George Rogers Clark took his soldiers and left to begin their military campaign. 1778. July. AD. George Rogers Clark and his men crossed the Ohio River from Kentucky and took control of Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and Cahokia in British territory (Indiana, the land of Indians). The occupation was accomplished without firing a shot because most of the Canadian and American Indian inhabitants were unwilling to take up arms on behalf of the British Empire. To counter Clark's advance, Henry Hamilton, the hair-buyer, the British lieutenant governor at Fort Detroit, reoccupied Vincennes with a small force. 1778. September. AD. The Shawnee appeared outside Fort Boonesborough. Chief Blackfish called for SHELTOWEE ―Sheltowee,‖ his son (Daniel Boone). Daniel Boone's actions immediately thereafter convinced some of his fellow officers that he was guilty of treason. Also, in 1778, September, Richard Calloway brought Daniel Boone up on charges of treason, for being a British

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agent. 1778. AD. Shawnee Indians attacked Fort Boonesborough, seige lasted 13 days. 1778. ―Euchee Town‖ (also called Uche Town), a large settlement on the Chattahoochee River, was documented from the middle to late 18th century. It was located near Euchee (or Uche) Creek about ten miles downriver from the Muscogee Creek settlement of Coweta Old Town. The naturalist William Bartram visited Euchee Town in 1778, and in his letters called it the largest and most compact Indian town he had ever encountered, with large, well-built houses. Benjamin Hawkins also visited the town and described the Yuchi as ―more orderly and industrious‖ than the other tribes of the Creek Confederacy. However, the Yuchi began to move on, some into Florida, and during t he Creek War of 1813–1814 many joined the Red Sticks party. Euchee Town decayed and the tribe became one of the poorest of the Creek communities, at the same time gaining a bad reputation. The archaeological site of the town, designated a National Historic Landmark, is within the boundaries of present-day Fort Benning, Georgia. The Federal Government considers the Yuchi part of the Creek Indians. The Yuchi were known to have widely scattered villages that ranged from Florida to Illinois, and from the Carolina coast to the Mississippi River. Legend has it that the tribe split in half over politics, and the fate of remaining half is not known. This actually seems to have happened several times over the past as portions of the tribe were absorbed into the Shawnee, Lenape, Cherokee and Creek peoples, as well as into the dominant culture. We do know that for at least 6 or 8 centuries much of what is now Tennessee was occupied by a tribe with cultural characteristics that like the Mouse Creek site had significant elements of the Yuchean cultural footprint. The Yuchi villages were very often intermingled with those of the neighboring tribes. It was widely theorized that the Yuchi in their widely scattered villages throughout the Southeastern United States, represented the original inhabitants prior to the influx of the Muskhogean, Iroquoian, and Algonkian Peoples. The Yuchi themselves avow that only the Algonkian (Lenape) were already here when they came— and call them the ―Old Ones‖ still. It is certain that the Yuchi were among the Mound-building People, and therefore among the oldest recognizable permanent residents of the Southeast United States. They held a pivotal role in this rather sophisticated society as priests, leaders and traders in what was a very metropolitan culture. 1779. AD. The nephew of White Eyes serves as an Indian agent for the American Army and leads Cherokee Chief Crow and a party of eleven Cherokee men and two women, to the Delaware capital located at present-day Coshocton, Ohio. 1779AD. William ―Carrot Top‖ Wells' family moved to Kentucky when William was a small child, and his mother died soon after. Wells' father was killed in an Indian raid on Beargrass Creek at what became Louisville, and the young boy was sent to live with a family friend. KENTUCKY! 1779AD. Washington's Genocide of the Iroquois aka The Sullivan Campaign. George Washington, the genocidal terrorist, ordered the Sullivan Campaign, led by Colonel Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan, against the Iroquois nations to ―not merely overrun, but destroy,‖ the British-Indian alliance. They burned many Iroquois villages and stores throughout western New York; refugees moved north to Canada. By the end of the war, few houses and barns in the valley had survived the warfare. George Washington wiped the Iroquois out, for good. 1779. As the British concentrated on the southern United States in 1779, General George Washington took action against the Six Nations. He instructed General John Sullivan to attack and destroy Six Nations villages in upper New York. Leading about 5,000 troops, Sullivan defeated the Six Nations forces in the Battle of Newtown, then destroyed over 40 Six Nations villages and all their stored crops in the fall of 1779.

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Because of the social disruption and crop losses, most of the Six Nations men, women, and children died of starvation that winter. Many Six Nations families retreated to Fort Niagara and other parts of Canada, where they spent a cold and hungry winter. Their power in the present-day United States territory was lessened, and their claim to the Northwest Territories was challenged. 1779. February. GR Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise winter expedition, which he's most famous for, and retook the town, capturing Hamilton in the process. Virginia capitalized on Clark's success by establishing the region as Illinois County, Virginia. Clark burns down Vincennes. Hilarious video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSepZ6xkbvA 1779AD. 300 mounted Kentucky Volunteers crossed into Ohio, and burned Old Chilicothe and killed Bal; Kispoko and Piqua had returned to Ohio, but soon left for Spanish Louisiana; Large groups of Shawnee had left Ohio in, and settled in southeast Missouri. 1779AD. The familiar Siege of Boonesborough was history, and the Battle of Blue Licks still three years in the future. That fall, Isaac Ruddle, Simon Kenton, John Hinkston, ex-soldiers and other frontiersmen rebuilt John Hinkston's fort which became known as Ruddle’s Station. Ruddles was also known as ―Fort Liberty‖. Five miles to the South East was the site of John Martin’s smaller Station on Stoner Creek. 1779. Fall. In the Fall of 1779, Natives allied with the British attacked a company of men under Col. David Rogers and Captain Robert Benham near Cincinnati; only a handful of soldiers survived the attack. Benham later served as Packhorse Master under generals Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne during the wars of the... 1779. October 1. AD. Simon Girty and Alexander McKee, another Scots-Irish Loyalist, with the aid of a large force of Native Americans, attacked and killed American forces in present-day Kentucky, who were returning from an expedition to New Orleans. The ambush occurred near Dayton, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio. Only a handful of the Americans survived, among them Colonel John Campbell and Captain Robert Benham. 1779AD. The first real surge of settlers came after Clark's campaign of 1778-79 seemed to promise greater security for the Kentucky stations. So many persons left Fort Pitt that officers there feared it's depopulation. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49). 1780s 1780AD. Frankfort was named after a Jewish frontiersman settler martyr, Stephen Frank, who was killed by an 1780 Ameri-Indian raid when he was boating on the Kentucky River (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 103). James Wilkinson named Frankfort because he owned the land Stephen Frank, the salt licker, died on. And the Kentucky River. James Wilkinson wanted Kentucky to join the Spanish Empire, which would have had Kentuckians speaking a Spanish tongue. “SIMON GIRTY—for many years the scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and the bugaboo of children. ~Daniel Boone. 1780. Spring. John Floyd wrote from the Falls of the Ohio that ―near 300 large boats have arrived this

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spring at the Falls with families.‖ He estimated that the stations on or near Beargrass Creek contained at least 600 men. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49). During 1780, three hundred families immigrated to the area, Louisville's first fire department was established, and the first street plan of Louisville was laid out by Willian Pope. 1780s. The battle of Kings Mountain is fought by Cherokee Chief Doublehead and King David Benge. The Virginia county of Kentucky is subdivided in to three counties—Jefferson, Lincoln, and Fayette. 1780. The Population in Kentucky is 45,000. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States 1780AD. It was as Governor of Virginia that Thomas Jefferson signed the first town charter of Louisville in 1780. The Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose soldiers were then aiding Americans in the Revolutionary War. Early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. 1780. May 1. Louisville is Established. In 1780, the Virginia General Assembly and thenGovernor Thomas Jefferson approved the town charter of Louisville on May 1. Clark recruited early Kentucky pioneer James John Floyd, who was placed on the town's board of trustees and given the authority to plan and lay out the town. Jefferson County, named after Thomas Jefferson, was formed at this time as one of three original Kentucky counties from the old Kentucky County, Virginia. Louisville was the county seat. ―Whereas, Sundry Inhabitants of the County of Kentucky have at great expense and hazard settled themselves upon certain lands at the falls of Ohio said to be the property of John Connolly and have laid off a considerable part thereof into half-acre lots for a town, and having settled thereon have preferred petitions to this general assembly to establish the said town. Be it therefore enacted that one thousand acres of land being the forfeited property of the said John Connolly adjoining to the lands of John Campbell and Taylor be and the same is hereby vested i n John Todd, Jr., Stephen Trigg, George Slaughter, John Floyd, William Pope, George Meriwether, Andrew Hines, James Sullivan, and Marsham Brashears Gent Trustees to be by them or any four of them laid off into lots of an half-acre each, with convenient streets and public lots, which shall be and the same is hereby established a town by the name of Louisville. And be it further enacted, that after the said lands shall be laid off into lots and streets, the said trustees or any four of them shall proceed to sell the said lots, or so many as they shall judge expedient, at public auction for the best price that can be had the time and place of sale being previously advertised two months, at the court house of the adjacent counties, the purchasers respectively to hold their said lots subject to the condition of buildlng on each a dwelling house sixteen feet by twenty at least with a brick or stone chimney to be finished within two years from the day of sale. And the said trustees or any four of them shall and they are hereby empowered to convey the said lots to the purchasers thereof in fee simple, subject to the condition aforesaid, on payment of the money arising from such sale to the said trustees for the uses hereafter mentioned, that is to say: If the money arising from such sale shall amount to $30.00 per acre, the whole shall be paid by said trustees into the treasury of this Commonwealth, and the overplus if any, shall be lodged with the Court of the County of Jefferson, to enable them to defray the expenses of erecting the public buildings of the said county. Provided that the owners of lota already drawn shall be entitled to

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the preference therein upon paying to the said trustees the sum of $30.00 for such half-acre lot and shall be thereafter subject to the same obligations of selling as other lot holders within the said town. And be it farther enacted that the said trustees or the major part of them shall have power from time to time to settle and determine all disputes concerning the bounds of the said lots and to settle such Rules and Orders for the regular building thereon as to them shall see best and most convenient. And in the case of death or removal from the County of any of the said trustees the remaining trustees shall supply such vacancies by electing of others from time to time, who shall be vested with the same powers as those already mentioned. And be it farther enacted, that the purchasers of the lots in the said town, so soon as they shall have saved the same according to their respective deeds of conveyance shall have and enjoy all the Rights Privileges and Immunities which they freeholders and Inhabitants of other towns in this state not incorporated by charter have hold and enjoy. And be it farther enacted that if the purchaser of any lot shall fail to build thereon within the time before limited the said trustees or a major part of them may thereupon enter into such lot and may either sell the same again and apply the money towards repairing the streets or in any other way for the benefit of the said town or appropriate such lot to public uses for the benefit of the Inhabitants of the said town. Provided that nothing herein contained shall extend to affect or injure the title of lands claimed by John Campbell Gentleman or those persons whose lots have been laid off on his lands but that their titles be and rernain suspended until the said John Campbell shall be relieved from his captivity.‖ A true copy, May 1780 Th. Jefferson (signed) http://web.archive.org/web/20031009071015/http://www.cathedralheritage.org/concisehistory/charter.html 1780. The Population of Louisville is 30. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hx48AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=kentucky+population +1780&source=bl&ots=xmAiQEanTS&sig=OYtGgO1FJXIo82Glr8Pk5aZkLeg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=99 D6U5DAHI6ryAT4hoCAAQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=kentucky%20population%20178 0&f=false 1780. George Rogers Clark attacks Shawnee villages on Mad River taking only seven prisoners. George Rogers Clark burned Chillicothe, a Shawnee town, down, again; crops, homes, and all. Most inhabitants of ―Old‖ Chillicothe (Shawnee) could speak 3 or 4 languages. Daniel Boone was with George Rogers Clark in a scorched earth terroristic campaign against the Shawnee Indians north of the Ohio River. Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio and is located in southern Ohio along theScioto River. The town's name comes from the Shawnee Chala·ka·tha, named after one of the five major divisions of the Shawnee people, as it was the chief settlement of that tribal division. The Shawnee and their ancestors inhabited the territory for thousands of years prior to European contact. CHALAKATHA! 1780. June. A mixed force of British and Indians, including Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot and others, from Detroit invaded Kentucky with cannons, capturing two fortified settlements and carrying away hundreds of prisoners.

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1780. June. ―The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country, against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.‖ ~Daniel Boone. 1780. August. Clark led a retaliatory force that won a victory at the Shawnee village of Peckuwe, at what is now called George Rogers Clark Park near Springfield, Ohio. The next year Clark was promoted to brigadier general by Governor Thomas Jefferson, and was given command of all the militia in the Kentucky and Illinois counties. He prepared again to lead an expedition against Detroit. 1780. Chillicothe, Piqua, and Springfield, Ohio. These villages were destroyed in 1780 by an expedition from Kentucky, under the command of George Rogers Clark. The residents then retired to a fifth Chillicothe, on the Great Miami River. It was against these villages in western Ohio that much of the activity of the Kentucky militia was focused. From the period of Revolution, the Shawnee in this area opposed white settlement and established an alliance of western tribes to resist it actively. 1780. AD. George R. Clark's campaign. ―There were orders for every man to go. When we got there, mouth of Licking, we got just six quarts of corn. Might parch, pound, bake, or do as we pleased with it, but that was what we were to get. Some old men that couldn't eat it parched cut down saplins to get a square stump to make a hominy block of. They then spread their blankets over the stumps and pounded their corn on it.‖ … ―At now Cincinnati [was] no cabin at all. Just saplins cut down. A little place stockaded in, saplins ten feet long set on end. The boats were there. Had to leave a guard over them, and some sick, till we returned. Went up to old Chillicothe on the Little Miami. Never saw such a nettle patch in my life as we saw in a bottom on the way. Afterwards came to another bottom where the Indians had had a sugar camp. Beautiful grove of sugar trees. Appearances as if the Indians had been making sugar there. Not just then though. The Indians had left the town. The tories at Boone's Station furnished a man with provision and horses and sent him on to the town to let them know we were coming. We passed his horse, or found it, at the mouth of Licking.‖ ―When we came to Old Chillicothe, the Indians had burnt it down, all to some two or three cabins that were full of fur and of deer skins. All the rest they had burned up, except their council house, which had seven head of horses in it. Plenty of corn roasting ears. We let it be there till we came back. Every man then that had a sword or big knife had to work. All were engaged. Some standing sentry, others at work round the big corn field. Had to cross a little prairie before we came to the second town—Pickaway (Piqua) on Mad River—little better than ¼ mile from town. I was pioneer to cut a road for the cannon that day.‖ (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 29-31). 1780. June 21-22. Martin's and Ruddle's Station captured by Simon Girty, Blue Jacket, Bird, and others. Working its way without opposition along the Licking River, the vanguard of Bird's force reached Ruddle's Station, surrounding it on the night of June 21. Bird himself arrived the next day with the main body of his force, and cannon fire quickly breached the wooden walls of the station. Isaac Ruddle insisted on having the people under his protection treated as British captives, under the protection of the small British contingent. The Indians ignored this, and rushed into the fort to plunder and pillage. According to Bird ―they rushed in, tore the poor children from their mothers' breasts, killed and wounded many.‖ After the Indians had divided the prisoners and loot to their satisfaction, they wanted to continue on to the next station. Bird successfully got them to agree that prisoners taken in the future would be turned over to them at British discretion. Martin's Station, not far from Ruddle's

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was similarly surprised, and surrendered. The Indians honored the bargain with Bird, and the prisoners were given over to the British soldiers. While the Indians next wanted to attack Lexington, the largest settlement in the area, Bird ordered the expedition to end, citing depletion of provisions and reduced waterflow on the Licking River for the transport of the field cannons. Ruddle's and Martin's Forts. Coming in the summer of 1780 with an army of more than a thousand British regulars, Canadian volunteers, Indians and Tories, and bringing the first cannon ever used against the log forts of the wilderness, he captured 470 men, women and children, loaded them down with the plunder from their own cabin homes, and drove them on foot from Central Kentucky to Detroit, a distance of 600 miles. 1780. June 27. AD. Westervelt Family Massacre. Seventeen (17) Dutch settlers killed and two (2) taken captive out of a caravan of 41. The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station, Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky. The victims were all scalped and sold to the British for a bounty. 1780, October 6. AD. Neddy Boone killed by Kentucky Redskin Injun Indian natives. Daniel and Neddy Boone were returning from a trip to the Blue Licks to make salt and to do a little hunting. They stopped along a stream in Bourbon County to rest and let their horses drink. Edward (―Neddy‖) sat down by the stream near an old Buckeye tree and was cracking nuts, while Daniel went off into the woods in pursuit of game. Indians lurking nearby shot and killed Edward, but Daniel managed to escape. He ran all the way on foot to Boone Station where they were all living at the time with about fifteen other families near present-day Athens. The next morning Daniel and a party of men in the area went in search of Edward‘s killers. They did not find the Indians, but found and buried Edward near that old Buckeye tree. Ned’s daughter Sarah in a letter to Draper said her father had been horribly cut by the Indian‘s knives. Today in that very spot stands an old Buckeye tree. The creek was afterward named Boone Creek in honor of Edward‘s death there … Killed by Indians in Bourbon Co, KY, while with brother Daniel, near present-day community of Little Rock. Edward was buried beneath an old Buckeye Tree where he was shot. The address of the grave today is 870 See Road, ½ mile north of the junction of KY Hwy. 537 & See Road. ―I went in company with my brother to the Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of Indians. They shot him, and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three miles, but I killed the dog and escaped. The winter soon came on and was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.‖ ~Daniel Boone. 1780. October 7. AD. At the decisive Battle of Kings Mountain, October 7, 1780, there were Cherokee warriors from Kentucky fighting on both sides (Tanner, 1978). John Sevier, John Crockett, and Isaac Shelby fought in this in the Carolinas. Late 1780 – March 1781. In response to the threat of British attacks, particularly Bird's invasion of Kentucky, a larger fort called Fort Nelson was built north of today's Main Street between Seventh and Eighth streets, covering nearly an acre in Louisville, Kentucky. The GB￡15,000 contract was given to Richard Chenoweth, with construction beginning in late 1780 and completed by March 1781. The fort, thought to be capable of resisting cannon fire, was considered the strongest in the west after Fort Pitt. Due to decreasing need for strong forts after the Revolutionary War, it was in decline by the end of the decade 1780. Winter. AD. The winter soon came on, and was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams. The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky. The enemy had

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destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This necessary article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly on the flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable; however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from the fertile soil. 1780. December 25. AD. Then Governor Thomas Jefferson of Virginia penned a long letter of instructions to George Rogers Clark authorizing a giant campaign to drive the British from Detroit the next year. Men and horses along with four tons of cannon powder, camp kettles, rations, tents, medicine, and clothing together with cannon and artillery were to be floated down the Ohio from Fort Pitt on 100 barges. But the men needed to fight the campaign could never be raised. Plans for Detroit were abandoned. He would float down the Ohio with what men he had—some 400, in hopes of raising more men from Kentucky so that ―something clever‖ might yet be done. 1781AD. Cherokee and Shawnee warriors force Euroamericans out of their homesteads along the Cumberland River area. 1781. ―Peter Kennedy. A band of Indians came into Hardin County, Kentucky, and after committing numerous depredations and killing some women and children, were pursued by the whites. During the pursuit a portion of the Indians, who were on stolen horses, took a southerly direction so as to strike the Ohio about where Brandenburg is now situation; while the other party, who were on foot, attempted to cross the Ohio at the mouth of Salt River. The whites pursued each party, the larger portion following the trail of the horses—the smaller, the foot party. Among the latter was the hero of this sketch, Peter Kennedy.‖ http://books.google.com/books?id=Ix0AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=Kekewepellethe&source=bl&ots=dc4n8yIR07&sig=zu1O EQHjGxR4mbz6mYBODNwxJBk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzUvrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false 1781. August. Although Washington transferred a small group of regulars to assist Clark, the detachment was disastrously defeated in August 1781 before they could meet up with Clark, ending the campaign. 1781. August 8. Clark waited several days near Wheeling for additional men being raised by Col. Archibald Lochry. Finally assuming that Lochry's recruitment efforts had been unsuccessful and finding his own men deserting, Clark started down river for the falls. The timing was a fateful accident of history. On August 8th 1781 Lochry arrived with over 80 men. They had only missed Clark by 12 hours. That narrow failure to make the connection would prove fatal. Lochry reluctantly followed Clark. 1781. August 24. Lochry's group landed on the North shore of the Ohio to cook breakfast and feed their horses. Scouts immediately informed Brant who was just down river waiting. The Indians rushed forward and attacked from the advantage of the high wooded banks. Lochry's men made only a slight resistance before Lochry ordered a surrender. It was a total defeat, not a single man of Lochry's party escaped. In all, 101 men were killed or captured with Lochry's Defeat - 37 killed, 64 taken. A few days later Brant was joined by 100 white men (―Butler's Rangers‖) commanded by Captain Andrew Thompson and 300 Indians under the direction of Captain Alexander McKee.

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1781AD. The last white fort built was Fort Nelson in 1781, near today's intersection of Seventh and Main, in Louisville, Kentucky. With the end of the Revolutionary War, settlers tentatively moved out of the protective stockade, and the rough young town began to rise. (Photo: Fort Nelson). Louisville, which had been named for King Louis XVI of France in gratitude for French aid in the Revolution, grew very slowly at first. It suffered through occasional floods, malarial-type infections, and the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812. Not until 1828 (with a population of nearly 10,000) did Louisville get around to its official incorporation as a city. From its inception, the town knew social stratifications: working class and shopkeepers living "downtown," while the more affluent settled along the Beargrass Creek to the east in plantations and estates. To this day, Louisville and Jefferson's County's complex street pattern on the east side gives testimony to the importance of this smaller stream on the city's geography and history. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kyjeffer/history/concisehistoryoflouisville2.htm 1781. September. AD. John Floyd's Defeat. 1781 making him responsible for the defense of the settlers in the county.The area was regularly being raided by Indians and dozens of settlers had been killed. John Floyd wrote two letters to Thomas Jefferson pleading for support. During a rescue attempt for survivors of a raid in today's present day Shelby County, Kentucky, John Floyd led 27 men there, and was ambushed by Indians. Several of his men were killed, but Floyd managed to escape barely with a couple of his men, and this became known as John Floyd's Defeat. In September 1781, John Floyd led a party of 27 men to rescue survivors from a raid on Squire Boone‘s Station in modern Shelby County. His men walked into an ambush and over half of them were killed. John Floyd‘s horse was shot out from under him, but he jumped on another mount and got away. ―John Floyd‘s Defeat,‖ as the fight came to be known, was a major setback for the Beargrass settlements. 1781. September 13-14. John Floyd's Defeat in Louisville, Kentucky. Long Run Massacre. Friday morning... was a small party that rode out of Linn's Station under Colonel John Floyd early Friday morning September 14th 1781. The party only numbered twenty-seven (27) men, all mounted. East of Linn's Station the men divided into three columns. Colonel Floyd commanded the center column, which marched in the road. Captain Peter A'Sturgis commanded the right, and Lt. Thomas Ravenscraft commanded the left column. In this position they quickly marched east along the wagon road. They were heading for Painted Stone with all possible speed fully expecting to find it under siege. Unfortunately scouts were not sent ahead... out of the twenty-seven men who rode out from Linn's Station that morning, only ten escaped from the defeat. Seventeen (17) were either killed or captured on the spot. Capt. A'Sturgis died somewhere between Floyd's Fork and Linn's as they retreated. Again the Beargrass Stations were shocked by the new horror story told by the survivors of Floyd's defeat as they came in that morning. Colonel Floyd immediately sat down and dashed off the following dispatch to George Rogers Clark at the Falls: Friday 14th 1/2 past 10 O Clock Dear General, I have this minute returned from a little excursion against the Enemy & my party 27 in number are all dispersed & cut to pieces except 9 who came off the field with Cap A'Sturgis mortally wounded and one other slightly wounded. I don't yet know who are killed. M Ravenscraft was taken prisoner. A party was defeated yesterday near the same place & many Women and Children wounded. I want Satisfaction. Do send me 100 men which number with what I can raise will do. The Militia has no good

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powder. Do send some I am Jn Floyd I can't write guess at the rest The day after Floyd's Defeat, a force of 300 men from the Falls and Beargrass made a long rapid march in the hot weather to rescue the families of Squire Boone and the Widow Hinton at Painted Stone. It was a humiliating defeat for Colonel John Floyd, but not totally without some benefit. Despite their surprise, Floyd's men had succeeded in inflicting several casualties on their Indian attackers. After Floyd had been driven off, Joseph Brant and Alexander McKee vigorously proposed that the Indians follow up their success by taking Squire Boone's Station on their way back or at least, as McKee said: "endeavor to draw them out, destroy their cattle, and otherwise distress them." But the Hurons were so discouraged by the loss of their chief that they wanted only to return North of Ohio as soon as possible. With the Hurons, all the Indians turned homeward. Floyd's defeat thus saved the few inhabitants of Painted Stone from almost certain death or captivity. A day earlier, settlers at Painted Stone Station, established by Squire Boone, had learned that the fort was about to be raided by a large Indian war party under the command of British Captain Alexander McKee. Most chose to abandon that station for the better manned ones near Beargrass Creek, and had left the injured Boone and one other family behind. Some settlers hesitated for two days before moving toward Linn's Station. Following the loss of part of their military guard, the party was ambushed at thirteenmile tree, 8 miles (13km) from Linn's Station. At least seven settlers were killed; Indian losses are unknown. The survivors fled and reached Linn's Station by nightfall. The Long Run Massacre was one of the largest and certainly one of the bloodiest massacres in Kentucky history. A fairly complete list of the victims can be pieced together. There were no more than 15 killed. Tragic as this was, most accounts grossly exaggerate the number of victims. For example, the Kentucky Highway Marker along U.S.60 near Long Run perpetuates in bronze for the passing motorist that the Indians ―killed over 60 pioneers.‖ During a rescue attempt for survivors of a raid in today's present day Shelby County, Kentucky Floyd lead 27 men there and he was ambushed by Indians. Several of his men were killed, but Floyd managed to escape barely with a couple of his men, and this became known as Floyd's Defeat. Thirty-two (32) settlers killed by 50 Miami people while trying to move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers were killed attempting to bury the initial victims. The Long Run Massacre occurred on 13 September 1781 at the intersection of Floyd's Fork creek with Long Run Creek, along the Falls Trace, a trail in what is now eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky. Despite historical markers and at least one published report indicating that at least 60 people were killed and only a few escaped, only about 15 settlers were actually killed, followed by 17 soldiers under Colonel John Floyd who were attacked the following day when they went to bury their remains. During the second engagement, however, a Wyandot chief present was killed, which led to the dispersal of the Indian forces and the end of McKee's raid. Reenactments are held annually at Floyd's Ford Park which is at the site of the massacre. 1781. October 19. Battle of Trenton. Military campaigns during the American Revolution officially ended on October 19th 1781, at the Battle of Trenton, which was just a little more than a month after the Long Run Massacre and Floyd's Defeat. White hostilities against native Americans on their own soil still continued. 1782AD. William ―Carrot Top‖ Wells was taken captive by Miami while on a hunting trip. Wells

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was 12 years old. Wells was adopted by a chief named GAVIAHATE Gaviahate (―Porcupine‖), and raised in the village of Kenapakomoko, on the Eel River in northern Indiana. His Miami name was ―APEKONIT‖ ―Apekonit‖ (carrot), perhaps in reference to his red hair. He seems to have adapted to Miami life quite well, and accompanied war parties- sometimes as the decoy. 1782. March 8. Ohio. The Gnadenhutten Massacre. Also known as the Moravian massacre, as the wholesale slaughter of 96 Christian Lenape (Delaware) natives by colonial American militia from Pennsylvania on March 8, 1782 at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhutten, Ohio. 1782. March 19—March 22. AD. Estill's Defeat, and William Irvine's groin shot. On March 19, 1782, an event occurred that was to cost Captain James Estill his life, and would forever immortalize his name. 1782. ―William Irvine got his dick shot off‖. That's a lie. The truth is Colonel William Irvine, while at Captain James Estill's Defeat, aka Battle of Little Mountain, took ―a bullet and two buck shot entering his body a little above the left groin.‖ (Collins, pg. 531). An empty Indian raft, a sure sign that the Indians were in the area, was seen floating down the Kentucky River past Boonesborough. The alarm was sent to all of the surrounding stations including Captain James Estill‘s Station. Captain James Estill immediately rounded up twenty-five (25) men from the nearby stations, and set out to find the Indians. Nearly all of the available men accompanied the search party, and hardly any were left to defend the station. The following morning twenty-five (25) marauding warriors suddenly appeared at Captain James Estill‘s Station. A young girl and a slave named Monk were captured during the surprise attack. To the horror of the helpless women in the station, the Indians immediately killed and scalped the girl. Monk, in an effort to save the nearly defenseless women and children, told the braves that there was a strong force of men inside the station. Evidently the ruse worked and the Indians beat a hasty retreat. Two young boys were dispatched to find the search party and inform them of the raid. Captain James Estill‘s party had gone to the Kentucky River in what is now Captain James Estill County to look for Indian tracks on the sandy banks of the river. The boys finally caught up with the group on the twenty-first near the mouth of Drowning Creek and gave them the bad news.The trackers soon uncovered the trail left by the Wyandots and the pursuit began. The Indians were fleeing in the direction of what is now Montgomery County. Captain James Estill‘s group caught up with them on March 22, 1782, at the Little Round Mountain near present day Mt. Sterling. 1782. March 22. The Battle of Little Mountain, also known as Captain James Estill's Defeat, was fought on March 22, 1782, near Mount Sterling in what is now Montgomery County, Kentucky. One of the bloodiest engagements of the Kentucky frontier, the battle has long been the subject of controversy resulting from the actions of one of Captain James Estill's officers, William Miller, who ordered a retreat leaving the rest of Captain James Estill's command to be overwhelmed by the attacking Wyandots. They came upon three Indians that had stopped on Hinkston Creek to skin a buffalo. The surprised buffalo skinners bolted to the other side of the creek to join the main body of Indians. Heavy gunfire commenced immediately as both sides sought cover behind trees. At the onset of the fight each of the warring groups had about twenty-five members. However, a Lieutenant named Miller, under the pretense of flanking the Indians from the rear, fled the scene with six men leaving the Americans at a disadvantage in the fight. The thickly wooded terrain also favored the Indian mode of warfare.The battle probably was a short one and covered an area of only a few acres. After Miller and his group fled, the Wyandots could detect from the slack firing that their opponents were undermanned. To take advantage of the weakness they rushed across the creek and engaged Captain James Estill‘s force in hand-to- hand combat with knives and tomahawks. At least seven and perhaps nine of Captain James Estill’s men were killed in the charge. Captain Captain James Estill, who was recuperating from a broken arm from a previous battle, was again wounded during the charge.

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Captain James Estill became engaged in a knife fight with an Indian much larger than himself. When his weak arm gave way, his adversary was able to plunge a knife into Captain James Estill‘s chest rendering a mortal wound to his heart. Joseph Proctor was watching the unequal struggle but was unable to get a clear shot at the Indian until after Captain James Estill fell. Proctor immediately killed the Wyandot but never publicly acknowledged it because of his religious beliefs that prohibited killing. Proctor would only say that he never heard of that big Indian doing any more mischief. William Irvine, for whom our county seat is named, also was wounded in the battle. Irvine was shot in the groin and a Wyandot warrior, seeing his weakened condition, moved in for the kill. Irvine repeatedly bluffed the Indian with an unloaded rifle. Joseph Proctor, who could not reach his fallen comrade, advised him to mount the horse belonging to the slain James, and ride to safety. After several attempts the badly wounded Irvine was able to get on the horse and ride to a designated spot where Proctor could help him. At great risk to his own personal safety, Joseph Proctor found Irvine and escorted him to Bryan’s Station some twenty miles distant. Irvine eventually recovered and lived nearly forty more years.A group of fifty men returned to the battle site to bury the dead and were overcome with the carnage they witnessed. Only a handful of Captain James Estill‘s men survived the battle with the Wyandots. The Indians won the skirmish but, according to Wyandot legend, none survived to return to their village. 1782. March 22. Estill's Defeat. ―The first fire they knocked a chief down and the Indians all run. He jabbered some things and they all set in and fought to their deaths. Killed nearly half and half.‖ (Harry G. Enoch :58). 1782. March 22. Helped bury the dead in [Captain James] Estill's defeat, but you couldn't tell one from another, the wolves and ravens had eaten them so. One man killed two Indians at the crossing of Hinkston Creek. Couldn't tell who they were, only as those who had been in the battle could tell us.‖ (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 24). 1782. May. ―Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782, a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they, being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat, with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave commander himself being numbered among the dead.‖ 1782. June 11. AD. Butcher William Crawford burned at the Stake. Girty was present, was jolly, and laughing, merrily, during the ritual torture, and execution of William Crawford by the Lenape (Delaware) war chief Captain Pipe, http://www.thefullwiki.org/Captain_Pipe in retaliation against the Gnadenhutten massacre. William Irvine was the man who convinced Crawford to come out of retirement, for ―one last savage barbaric hoorah‖, which turned into the failed Sandusky River campaign that ended his life. Sometimes one can win with a bigger and better military, or, because of the other side's incompetence. 1782. AD. ―Individual Cherokee political alliances had become extremely complex. Some traveled to St. Louis, Missouri, to seek protection from the Spanish government, while others moved north and joined the Shawnee on the Scioto River where they received supplies and council from the British military. At the same time, representatives of the Wyandot, Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi traveled to the Cumberland River valley to council with the Cherokee about joining them in an all out war against the United States‖ (Tanner 1978). 1782. August 10th. ―The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated, with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our

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affairs became more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.‖ 1782. August 15th. ―Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty. These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington. Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison, which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege, and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.‖ 1782. August 19. AD. Israel Boone dies. Simon Girty was shooting at Daniel Boone and the ―revolutionary‖ Kentuckians, at the Battle of Blue Licks, where 1/13 of Kentucky's militia was slaughtered in under fifteen minutes (Harrison), including Israel Boone, Daniel Boone's son. 1782. Battle of Blue Licks. More than 600 Shawnee and British soldiers under Major Caldwell attack Bryan‘s Station. Shawnees kill James Estill in battle at Big Mountain, Mount Sterling, Kentucky after having been pursued from Fort Boonesborough. Chickamauga Cherokee warriors are living with the Shawnee on the Scioto River in Ohio. They travel to Detroit for supplies and council with the British military. Twenty representatives of the Chippewa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Wyandot travel to the Cumberland River valley to council with the Chicamagua Cherokee about joining them in a war against the United States. Chiefs of the Chicamauga Cherokee and Chickasaw from Kentucky and Shawnee and Delaware from Ohio, travel to St. Louis to council with the Spanish governor to seek protection. 1782. September 1. AD. Burnt Station Massacre. Attack on Kincheloe Station. A large Negro male slave lived with the whites at Kincheloe Station aka ―Burnt Station‖, since Fort Kincheloe burnt down completely. 13 died. 30 were taken prisoner. 1782. August. In August 1782, another British-Indian force defeated the Kentucky militia at the Battle of Blue Licks. Although Clark had not been present at the battle, as senior military officer, he was severely criticized in the Virginia Council for the disaster. In response, Clark led another expedition into the Ohio country, destroying several Indian towns along the Great Miami River in the last major expedition of the war. 1782. George Rogers Clark, the great Indian genocider of the Northwest, and his 2nd Campaign into the Great Northwest. After the white Kentuckians were butcherd by the red Kentuckians at the Battle of Blue Licks, George Rogers Clark goes on an expedition to Ohio. ―Had to cross the Big Miami before we got to the town. Then it was on the west or southwest side. Caught, or killed rather, three Indians in the Prairie. Next day two more. Benjamin Logan was sent to a frenchman's store [Peter Loramie's trading post]. Took all that was there and burnt it up. Clark put [John] Sovereign on a stump and kept the Indians talking while he sent the horse along under the bank up the river and around on

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their rear and caught and killed three, and the next day the other two—making five—the same way. Michael Cassidy, a little Irishman, was in my mess. Got a horse somehow and was along when the three were killed. Came back with his fingers all bloody, was showing me. Had cut off their fingers and noses and ear bobs to get their trinkets. Indians always scalped when they could get a chance. Had a whole full of trinkets that he got. It is the nits, the Indian lice, put on a body's hair that live again. They suppose they have come out of the garments they have boiled and washed so much and therefore are hard to kill, but it is the nits on the hair breeding.‖ (Harry G. Enoch: pg. 29). 1782. August. ―As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio—who was ever our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his countrymen—understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages, which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory, had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory to our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe—burnt them all to ashes, entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread a scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom were accidentally killed by our own army. This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved, their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.‖ ~Daniel Boone. 1782. October. AD. ―In October following, a party made an incursion into that district called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children, terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage, perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off, while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared, and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel, without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness.‖ 1783. Daniel Brodhead opened Louisville's firstgeneral store in 1783. He became the first to move out of Louisville's early forts. James John Floyd became the first Judge in 1783 but was killed later that year. Daniel Boone and the Mound Builders: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8pkvRspGT0 . 1783. AD. The Treaty of Paris is signed, officiall ending the American Revolution. American Indians were not consulted and did not recognize the English's cession of their land to the United States. A northern confederacy of Cherokee, Creek, Delaware, Miami, Shawnee, and Wyandot are supplied and encouraged by England. Chicamagua Cherokee warriors from the Cumberland River valley join the Mingo and Wyandot in a large Indian community on the Mad River, near present-day Zanesville, Ohio. Kentucky is formed into one district with a court opened at Harrodsburg.

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1783. For many years the Iroquois maintained their autonomy, battling the French who were allied with the Huron and the Algonquin, enemy of the Iroquois. Generally siding with the British, a schism developed during the Native American Land Theiving George Washington-British War when the Oneida and Tuscarora supported the Americans. After the American victory, Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left and settled in Canada on land given them by the British. Many of the Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora stayed in New York, settling on reservations where they continue to live, and many Oneida moved to a reservation in Wisconsin. Although separated geographically, the Iroquois culture and traditions are preserved in these locations. The Iroquois Nation or Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) was a powerful and unique gathering of Native American tribes that lived prior to the arrival of Europeans in the area around New York State. In many ways, the Constitution that bound them together, THE GREAT BINDING LAW, The Great Binding Law, was a precursor to the American Constitution. It was received by the spiritual leader, Deganawida (The Great Peacemaker), assisted by the Mohawk leader, HIAWATHA Hiawatha, five tribes came together. These were the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca. Later, the Tuscarora joined, and this group of six tribes united together under one law and a common council. 1783. By the end of the American Revolution, the northern boundary of the Cherokee country was moved southward to encompass the land below the Cumberland River. The Final Cession. At the Final Cession, some 38,000 square miles of Cherokee land in Kentucky had been extorted in what some call the Trail of Broken Treaties between the English and United States. 1783. AD. John Floyd was killed in an Indian ambush in 1783 in what is now southern Jefferson County, Kentucky (Louisville). His remains probably lie in the Breckinridge Cemetery in St. Matthews. It is so named, for shortly after his death, his widow, Jane Buchanan Floyd, married Alexander Breckinridge. 1783. AD. Subsequently, many Cherokee warriors from Kentucky joined the northern confederacy of the Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot, and Miami who continued to be supplied and encouraged by England to defeat the newly formed country. For the next thirteen years, they waged war upon the settlements in their land. 1783AD. September 3. The 2 nd Treaty of Paris. The American Revolution ends. The Cherokee were not consulted, and many did not recognize England's cession of Clay County to the United States. Following the treaty, Daniel Boone personally wanted the Wilderness Road to cut through the Cherokee's sacred ceremonial and burial ground on Goose Creek because he knew the economic importance of salt. While Daniel Boone was never given a contract to extend the Wilderness Road to Goose Creek, he was employed as a Deputy Surveyor of Lincoln County (today known as Clay County) to survey 50,000 acres of Cherokee land for Phillip Moore, James Moore, and John Donaldson. In 1784, with the assistance of William Brooks, Septimis Davis, and Edmund Callaway, Daniel Boone began surveying one mile from the mouth of Sextons Creek. As the surveys increased, so did the conflict between the Europeans and Cherokee (White 1932). 1783. With the end of the war, the Treaty of Paris (1783) with Great Britain gave the United States independence and control of the Northwest Territories, at least on paper. The Six Nations' allies were forced to cede most of their land in New York state to the United States, and many Six Nations families moved on to land reserves in old Quebec Province (now southern Ontario).

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1784. AD. The surge of immigration into Kentuck subsided, but resumed in 1784. Virginia paid its soldiers with military land warrants, with the amount of land awarded depending upon a soldier's rank and length of service. The population of Kentucky in 1784 may have doubled, the first year Kentucky farmers raised surplus crops. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 48). 1784. March. Kentucky. Joseph Hanks sold his property via a mortgage, and moved his wife, 8 children, and young granddaughter Nancy to Kentucky. The family lived on land along Pottinger's Creek, in a settlement called Rolling Fork in Nelson County, Kentucky, until patriarch Joseph's death in 1793. Nancy Hanks would eventually go on to birth Abraham Lincoln. 1784. Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix is signed, officially disbanding the League of the Iroquois. Alexander McGillivray, a classically educated mixed-blood Creek, makes a treaty with the Spanish, which provides them with arms. He and his warriors periodically attack American frontier settlements on the Cumberland River. MCGILLIVRAY! 1784AD. The first courthouse in Louisville was completed in 1784 as a 16 by 20-foot (6.1 m) log cabin. By this time, Louisville contained 63 clapboard finished houses, 37 partly finished, 22 uncovered houses, and over 100 log cabins. 1784-1792. From 1784 through 1792, a series of conventions were held to discuss the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. 1780s and early 1790s, the town was not growing as fast as Lexington in central Kentucky. Factors were the threat of Indian attacks (ended in 1794 by theBattle of Fallen Timbers), a complicated dispute over land ownership between John Campbell and the town's trustees (resolved in 1785), and Spanish policies restricting trade down the Mississippi to New Orleans. By 1800, the population of Louisville was 359 compared to Lexington's 1,759. 1785. January. AD. The Treaty of Fort McIntosh. Generals George Roger Clark and Richard Butler and Parsons negotiate a treaty with the Shawnee at Fort McIntosh located at the mouth of the Great Miami. ―At the Treaty of Fort McIntosh, United States commissioners demanded large cessions of land from the Wyandots, Ojibwas, Delawares, and Ottawas. When the Indians objected that the King of England had no right to transfers their lands to the United States, the Americans reminded them they were a defeated people. The delegates made their marks on the treaty dictated to them. Of the Indian tribes north of the Ohio River who had fought against the Americans during the Revolution, only the Shawnees refused to make peace.‖ (Calloway, pg. 78). 1785. Shippingport, incorporated in 1785, was a vital part of early Louisville, allowing goods to be transported through the Falls of the Ohio. 1785. May. KEKEWEPELLETHE Kekewepellethe, Captain Johnny, was interpreted by Simon Girty. 1785. May. ―With Simon Girty interpreting, Kekewepellethe, also known as Captain Johnny, told the Americans, ―You are drawing so close to us that we can almost hear the noise of your axes felling our Trees and settling our Country. According to the lines settled by our forefathers, the Ohio is the boundary, but you are encroaching on the grounds given to us by the Great Spirit.‖ (Calloway, pg. 78). Monluntha negotiated the peace treaty at Fort Finny, after Kekewepellethe's performance.

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1785. May 31. To make matters worse, a group of Tennessee colonists illegally created the State of Franklin with John Sevier as their Governor. Major Hugh Henry, Sevier, and other representatives of the self-declared state met with Cherokee Chiefs to negotiate the Treaty of Dumplin Creek, which promised to redefine and extend the Cherokee boundary line. Because the United States government did not recognize the State of Franklin (1785-1788), the Treaty of Dumplin Creek was deemed illegal. Sevier and his Franklinites engendered a spirit of distrust between all subsequent treaty-makers and the Cherokee, which led to many bloody conflicts and, ultimately, genocide, ethnocide, and ecocide in Kentucky. 1785. November 28. Treaty of Hopewell, South Carolina. The first official treaty between the United States and Cherokee Nation was negotiated at Hopewell, South Carolina, on November 28, 1785. The Hopewell Treaty included the cession of all land in Kentucky north of the Cumberland River and west of the Little South Fork, including Clay County. Although many Cherokee leaders signed the treaty, representatives from Kentucky did not, which led to a war between the new American settlers and the Cherokee living in the Cumberland River valley. They fiercely resented the intrusion of immigrants and were determined upon their expulsion or extermination. 1785. The Treaty of Hopewell is negotiated between the Cherokee and the United States in which a boundary is allotted to the Cherokees for their hunting grounds along the Cumberland River to the ford where the Kentucky road crosses the river, and to Campbell's line, near Cumberland Gap. Present-day Pineville, Kentucky was on the Cherokee Boundary Line. Cherokee War Chief Robert Benge begins his infamous attacks. Treaty of Hopewell. The westernmost part of Kentucky, west of the Tennessee River, was recognized as The Chickasaw Lands by the 1786 Treaty of Hopewell, and remained so until they sold it to the U.S. in 1818, albeit under coercion. Shawnee War Chief Kekewepellethe was also known as Captain Johnny. 1786. Cherokee, Mingo, and Shawnee were killing European colonists in Kentucky. ―Resentment flared high, and the attitude taken by the Shawnee after the treaty of Fort Finney gave the Kentuckians an excuse to strike at that tribe. During the summer of 1786, therefore, determined plans were made for expeditions against the Shawnee, and by fall the Kentucky militia was ready to strike. On September 14, General George Rogers Clark, having assembled officers and troops and Clarksville, across the Ohio from Louisville, issued orders to Colonel Benjamin Logan to proceed against the Shawnee for having broken the Treaty of Fort Finney. Logan suddenly descended upon the Shawnee towns on the Great Miami early in October, burned seven of them, killed ten chiefs, and did much damage to the crops and cattle. And as if this unjust attack were not enough, the Shawnee were made victims of a disgraceful incident that took place on the expedition—the murder of Melanthy, friendly Shawnee chieftain, under a flag of true. 1786. January 31. Treaty of Fort Finney between New Amerika, and Shawnee. 1786. January. 150 Shawnee men and 80 women finally came to meet the American commissioners at Fort Finney. In 1765, Shawnees had arrived at Fort Pitt beating drums and singing the song of peace to reach an accommodation with the British. In 1786, Shawnees arrived at Fort Finney in the same way. The oldest chief, Moluntha, a Mekoche civil chief, led the procession, beating a small drum and singing, followed by two young warriors each carrying the stem of a pipe, painted and decorated with eagle feathers and wampum, and by other dancing warriors, all ―painted and dressed in the most elegant manner,‖ reported commissioner Richard Butler. The Shawnee men entered the council house by the west door, the women by the east door, and the dancing warriors waved the

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eagle feathers over the commissioners. In return for Shawnee compliance, the British argued for ―hostages‖... more Shawnees for them to keep prisoner, for ―just in case‖ purposes. ―The treaty signed by Shawnee Chief Kekewepellethe (Captain Johnny) and the other Shawnee chiefs... was more like a dictated peace treaty than the result of negotiations between two soverign powers. It called for three hostages; the Shawnees acknowledged the United States to be ―the sole and absolute sovereigns‖ of all the territory ceded to it by Great Britain; the United States granted peace to the Shawnee Nation and received the Indians into its friendship and protection and ―alloted‖ lands to them within specified boundaries. Indian criminals against whites were to be delivered up for punishment, and whites illegally settling on the Indians' lands forfeited their government's protection.‖ http://books.google.com/books?id=DH07ZMdSl0kC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=Kekewepellethe&sou rce=bl&ots=eqEDVUCnQT&sig=9ilNcdMQDY4lqdTsDGZ-oD3vMFs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzUvrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false ―The treaty at the mouth of the Great Miami did no more to assure peace than had that at Fort McIntosh. The Shawnees had been intimidated into agreeing to its terms and felt justified in repudiating the treaty. Attacks and reprisals continued to mark the relations between the Shawnees and the Kentucky frontiersmen.‖ (Prucha). ―At this grand council, Kekewepellethe, the head Captain of the Shawnees, did make a most insolent speech, and at the end threw down a black or war belt. He said in effect, curtly and fiercely, that they would not give hostages, as required, for the return of all the white flesh in their hands; that it was not their custom; that they were Shawnee and when they said a thing they stood to it, and as for dividing their lands, God gave them the lands; they did not understand measuring out lands, as it was all theirs. As for the goods for their women and children, the whites might keep them or give them to other tribes, as they would have none of them.‖ (McKnight). Kekewepellethe then arose and spoke as follows: ―Brothers, the thirteen fires—we feel sorry that a mistake has caused you to be displeased at us this morning. You must have misunderstood us. We told you yesterday that three of our men were to go off immediately to collect your flesh and blood. We had also appointed persons to remain with you till this is performed; they are here, and shall stay with you. Brethren, our people are sensible of the truths you have told them.‖ ―Kekewepellethe addressed the commissioners in angry tones, and laid down a black string. Colonel Butler replied, giving the Indians their choice of peace or war, telling them shortly that neither the black string nor any other given in such a manner would be received from them. Butler then took up their black string, and contemptuously dashed it upon the table; he threw down a black and white string; and the commissioners left the council. In the afternoon, the Shawanese sent a message to the commissioners, requesting their presence in the council. Upon their attendance, Kekewepellethe expressed regret that there should http://books.google.com/books?id=R0kVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Kekewepellethe &source=bl&ots=z7CDoc7NtI&sig=zvvdwHCEJVxCjXH0ewXQDhsqJ1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzUvrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false have been a misunderstanding, and, at the conclusion of his humble remarks, presented a white string, and asked for peace. The commissioners responded in appropriate terms, and laid down a whites string, signifying their willingness to grant peace. Colonel Butler adds: ―The council then broke up. It was worthy of observation to see the different degrees of agitation which appeared in the young Indians; at the delivery of Kekewepellethe's speech, they appeared raised and ready for war; on the speech I spoke, they appeared rather distressed and chagrined by the contrast of the speeches, and convinced of the futility of their arguments.‖ --[Olden Time]. (Green, Thomas Marshall). ―Brethren...,‖ Kekewepellethe said, ―you have every thing in your power—you are great, and we see you own all the country; we therefore hope, as you have everything in your power, that you will take pity on our women and children... and we agree to all you have proposed, and hope, in future, we shall both enjoy peace, and be secure.‖

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1786AD. General George Rogers Clark https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itVP1VDebNM negotiates a treaty with the Delaware and Shawnee at the mouth of the Great Miami River, in which the United States are acknowledged as the sole and absolute sovereigns of all the territory ceded by the treaty with Great Britain in 1783. Clark launches his third expedition against the Shawnee and dispatches Colonel Benjamin Logan with approximately 500 men who travel from Maysville, Kentucky to the Mad River. They burn eight large Shawnee towns, destroy fields of corn, kill twenty warriors and a Chief, and take seventy to eighty prisoners. A group of Chicamagua Cherokee from the Cumberland River valley attends a grand council meeting in a Wyandot town, south of present-day Detroit, Michigan. The council concludes with the establishment of the northern Indian confederacy. 1786. August 18. Abraham Linkhorn was assassinated by Shawnee in Louisville, Kentucky. Abraham is Abraham Lincoln's grandfather. Tom Lincoln, Honest Abe's father, just watched his father Linkhorn get shot by the Shawnee, on his 4,400 acre tract of land, and just sat and watched, and shit his pants, while his older brother Mordecai Lincoln ran into the house, and got his father's gun, and saved Tom, and himself, and others, and the day. Abe Linkhorn was a settler on the Redman's lands. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxPab6ohiHQ 1786. August 29. AD. Shay's Rebellion, in central and western Massachusetts, begins. This leads to the abandonment of the Articles of Confederation, and a Constitutional Convention is called, and the US Constitution as we know and love it today, is penned. 1786. October. Moluntha, the Commander-in-Chief, is assassinated by Hugh McGary, one of Benjamin Logan's soldiers. Benjamin Logan raises Moluntha's son as his own. Before being butchered by the English-speaking White-Anglo-Saxon- Protestant-Kentuckian-Americans, Moluntha had an American flag raised over his house. 1786. November. AD. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluntha ―At Monluntha's village, the old chief met them carrying a copy of the Fort Finney treaty, while his people hoisted an American flag. Nonhelma, who consistently worked for peace despite the murder of her brother, Cornstalk, was there. The Kentuckians were rounding up their prisoners when Hugh McGary pushed his way forward to Moluntha and asked him if he had been at Blue Licks. Not understanding, the old man apparently nodded, and smiled. Hugh McGary immediately buried his hatchet into Moluntha's skull, and then the Kentuckians burned down Monluntha's village.‖ (Calloway, pg. 84) 1786. November 15. ―Melanthy,‖ Colonel Harmar wrote on November 15, 1786, ―would not fly, but displayed the thirteen stripes, and held out the articles of the Miami Treaty, but all in vain; he was shot down by one of the party, although he was their prisoner.‖ Alexander McKee reported that the Indians signed because they feared the Americans would burn their villages if they did not. The aggressive attitude and forceful address of the commissioners and the rigid terms of this and other treaties between 1784 and 1786 have justifiably given rise to their being called ―dictated treaties‖.‖ (Downes, Randolph C.). 1787. Nothing happened. All year. Nothing. 1788AD. A British agent puts Kentucky's population at 62,000. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 48).

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1788. A Mohawk courier sent from New York by Thayendanegea, the Mohawk spokesman Joseph Brant, warns the Cherokee that a war with America is likely to begin in the spring. Thirteen Cherokees from the Cumberland River valley go to Fort Knox on the Wabash River, near Vincennes, Indiana, to seek traders that will come with them to the Cumberland territory. Shawnee and Chicamagua Cherokee warriors capture a riverboat on the Ohio River. John Filson is killed by the Shawnee while surveying the area around Cincinnati, which he had 1/3 interest. 1788. October 1. John Filson, Kentucky's first historian, is murdered by the Shawnee. While on a surveying expedition near the Great Miami River, he disappeared, October 1, 1788, when the party was attacked by hostile Shawnees, and his body was never found. 1788. Robert Benge successfully defeated John Sevier during his attack on the Cherokee village of Ustali on the Hiwassee River in North Carolina. It was during this battle that Thomas Christian coined the term ―nits make lice‖ as he brutally murdered a Cherokee child. It was an incident that Benge never forgot (Summers 1903). Benge repeatedly attacked the families of Sevier's militiamen, including the Livingston homestead near Moccasin Gap, Virginia (King 1976). Paul Livingston and his brother Henry Livingston, sons of Sarah and William Todd Livingston, were officers in the Holsten Militia and thus considered enemies of the Cherokee. 1789. AD. Virgina ―Jenny‖ Sellards-Wiley (born Jean ―Jenny‖ Sellards in 1760 in British Pennsylvania– 1831) was a legendary pioneer woman who was taken captive by native Americans in 1789. Wiley endured the slaying of her brother and children and escaped after 11 months of captivity. Jenny Wiley State Resort Park in Prestonsburg, Kentucky is named in her honor. A Shawnee Chief kidnapped Virginia Sellards Wiley, the 2nd white person in Kentucky, and claimed her as his wife (Harrison 10). 1789AD. Johnson's Defeat. ―Some twenty-nine or thirty men went over the Ohio River under Colonel Robert Johnson after some Indians that had been over here—about Georgetown—stealing horses. The Indians had gotten over the river and Johnson followed. Captain Samuel Grant, his brother Moses Grant and one Huston got killed. About three hundred of thirty of us under Colonels Robert Patterson and William Russell went to bury the dead. Jacob Stucker was our pilot. He was generally the pilot till he got married. His wife then opposed his being pilot anymore, and his brother David took his place. David got killed in St. Clair's Campaign. We found two Indians and an Indian-white man. The Indians never left any more Indians on the ground than there were whites killed. The two Indians were beside a log with chunks of soil and sod thrown over them. The white man had a sort of stone wall around him. We examined the place, stripped him and found him a white man.‖ (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 86). 1789. July 17. Jefferson County's last Indian massacre occurred on July 17, 1789, when the family of Richard Chenoweth, builder of Louisville's Fort Nelson, was attacked. Three of Chenoweth's children and two soldiers guarding them were killed at the family home on Chenoweth Run about a mile west of Floyds Fork. Mrs. Chenoweth was scalped and left for dead by her attackers, but managed to crawl to the springhouse where she was found early the next morning by a rescue party. Historians say she lived to a ripe old age and covered her hairless scalp with a dainty cap.

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1789. October 1. Virginia Sellards Wiley. Thomas set out for a trading post with a horse heavy laden with ginseng to barter for domestic necessaries. That afternoon, Jenny Wiley's brother-in-law, John Borders, heard owl-call signals in the woods that made him suspect Native Americans were in the area and planning an attack. He warned his sister-in-law to pack up her children and leave the cabin, but Jenny wanted to finish some household chores before leaving. A group of eleven Native Americans, composed of two Cherokees, three Shawnees, three Wyandots, and three Delawares stormed the cabin. Jenny and her brother heard the Native Americans coming and tried to barricade the door, and also attempted to fight them off. They killed her younger brother of about fifteen years of age and her children, with the exception of her youngest child of about fifteen months. Jenny, who was expecting her fifth child, and the surviving child were then taken captive. There was some dispute amongst her captors about whether or not to kill her and her baby as they were slowing the party down, but they kept her and her baby alive until the baby became ill. At that point the captors killed the child while Jenny slept. She gave birth shortly thereafter, but that child was also murdered from scalping. The test was to put the baby on a piece of wood and send it down the river; if it cried, they would scalp it. If it did not cry, it'd live. 1790s 1790AD. US Census reports 73,077 people in Kentucky. 11,830 Blacks were slaves, and 114 were free. WEB Du Bois insists Kentucky's first Constitution allowed these free Blacks the right to vote. A modern study concludes that 51.6% of the whites in 1790 were of English descent, 9% Irish, 6.7% Welsh, 4.9% German, 1.6% French, 1.2% Dutch, and 0.2% Swedish. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49). 1790s. ―Oliver Spencer, a white captive who lived with the Shawnees in the early 1790s, described the dress of Shawnee women as consisting of a calico shirt extending about six inches below the waist, a skirt or petticoat reaching just below the knee, a pair of leggings, and moccasins. Women of all ages wore basically the same outfit but whereas older women donned plain and simple clothes, young and middle-aged women favored finery. ―Young belles‖ had ―the tops of their moccasins curiously wrought with beads, ribbons, and porcupine quills; the borders of their leggings and the bottom and edges of their strouds [a kind of cloth manufactured in England] tastily bound with ribbons, edged with beads of various colors; and frequently on their moccasins and leggings small tufts of deer's hair, dyed red and confined in small pieces of tin, rattling as they walked.‖ (Calloway, pg. 20). 1790s. Little Turtle's War. Miami Chief Little Turtle led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars, also called Little Turtle's War. 1790. June 30. AD. An attack near Morgan's Station happens. 1790. The Morgans seem to have been deserted or left to the care of the Wade brothers. When they harvested their corn that fall, they found that the buffaloes, who would not eat corn, had rolled much of it down by wallowing in the ground made soft by tillage. The bears, however, liked the sweet grain, and had commenced to harvest it when the Wades came to the rescue. 1790-1794. Simon Girty fought, and was a major instigator, in the 1790-1794 General Native American Land Theiving George Washington-British War.

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1790. The Population of Louisville is 200 European settlers. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hx48AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=kentucky+population +1780&source=bl&ots=xmAiQEanTS&sig=OYtGgO1FJXIo82Glr8Pk5aZkLeg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=99 D6U5DAHI6ryAT4hoCAAQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=kentucky%20population%20178 0&f=false 1790AD. Harmar's Defeat. 1790. Little Turtle participated in the defeat of American General Josiah Harmar in a battle along the Miami River in 1790. 1790s. By the late 18th century, a Maroon revolt was put down and many of them were transported to Nova Scotia and to Sierra Leone. But outside of this revolt, the Maroons usually aided the British in putting down other Slave revolts from 1745 until 1865. 1790. George Washington’s Indian War and the passage of the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, which prohibits the sale of Indian land without Federal approval. Vast sections of the eastern Cherokee land passed from their control after that time. Shawnee attacks become frequent in northern Kentucky, especially around Maysville, and Kenton‘s Station. The people of Kentucky petition Congress to fight Indians in whatever way they see fit. A Kentucky board of War is appointed. King David Benge moves south from Big Hill in Madison County to Fogertown in Clay County, Kentucky. 1790AD. VIRGINIA. In 1790, counties with more than 10,000 slaves were Amelia and Caroline. Counties with more than 7,500 slaves were Culpeper and Hanover. Counties with more than 5,000 slaves were: Albemarle, Amherst, Brunswick, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Essex, Fauquier, Gloucester, Halifax, Henrico, King and Queen, King William, Norfolk, Southampton, Spotsylvania, and Sussex. However, the original tidewater colonies like Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and the Carolinas knew otherwise. Virginia grandfathers from the colonial era could remember the Negro ancestors of the Melungeons even though the issue of black and white marriage had never scandalized them as it did their grandchildren. For the Stoney Creek church, the possibility of sexual attraction between the children of white members and the children of Melungeon members represented a danger. When Stoney Creek's Melungeons members began to move away into Kyle's Ford, Tennessee, the white church members of Virginia breathed a sigh of relief. From time to time, these Melungeons would return to visit Stoney Creek, a 40-mile trip that required a one-night stopover. Sister "Sookie" came under suspicion from other white church members for allegedly "harboring them Melungeons" overnight. 1790AD. The first white church is built in Louisville. 1790. December. George Washington declares a Genocidal Holy War to be fought against the natives in Ohio Country. Although most American history books do not include this war, it was the first to be declared by Congress in 1790. It has been referred to as President George Washington's Indian War— the struggle for the old northwest. In December of 1790, Kentucky settlers petitioned Congress to fight the Cherokee in whatever way they saw fit. 1791. The Revolution drove other Shawnee to take refuge with the Creeks, and in 1791, they had four villages in the Montgomery area along the Tallapoosa, and upper Alabama rivers. Following the Creek War of 1814, the Shawnee gradually abandoned the state.

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1791. The Kentucky Board of War authorizes the destruction of Indian towns and food resources by burning their homes and crops. The Treaty of Holston places the boundary between citizens of the United States and the Cherokee Nation from the top of Cumberland Mountain to the Cumberland River where the Kentucky Road crosses it, then down the Cumberland River to a point from which a south west line will strike the ridge which divides the waters of Cumberland River. The Treaty of Holston calls for their advancement through farm tools and technical advice. James Kilpatric was killed by a party of Cherokee on Poor Valley Creek, about 17 miles from Hawkins Courthouse and 3 miles from the main Kentucky Road. Michikinqua, Little Turtle, War Chief of the Miami Nation, lead the northern Indian confederation against General Arthur St. Clair resulting in the worst defeat ever suffered by the United States Army at the hands of American Indians. More than 600 Kentuckians, including 16 officers, were killed, including General Richard Butler, and about 300 Kentuckians were wounded. 1791. James Wilkinson (famous for being a spy for the Spanish crown, aka the Spanish Conspiracy) murders William Well's wife and children. Wells was located and visited by his brothers around 1788 or 1789. He visited Louisville but remained with the Miami, perhaps because he had married a Wea woman and had a child. His wife and daughter were later captured in a raid by General James Wilkinson in 1791, and presumed dead. 1791. Nicknamed the ―Pearl of the Antilles‖, Saint-Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean before a 1791 slave revolt, which began the Haitian Revolution. George Washington loved to wear beautiful flowing powder wigs, with white flowing locks. His “wooden teeth” myth was actually created to cover up how George Washington waited until one of his thousands of slaves died, and then he'd take their teeth, and put those into his mouth. 1791AD. In 1791, Little Turtle defeated General St. Clair, who lost 600 men, the most decisive loss by the US against Native American forces ever. General Arthur St. Clair at St. Mary's Ohio. In that battle the Americans outnumbered the Indians 2000 to 1500 but 593 Americans were killed compared to 150 Indians. After finding out that James Wilkinson, founder, and namer, of Frankfort, Kentucky, had murdered his wife, children, his whole family, William Wells organized a 300-man "suicide squad" that fought with distinction against the U.S. Army at St. Clair's Defeat in northern Ohio, having been responsible for directly attacking and destroying the artillery squadron. Wells attracted the attention of war chief Little Turtle. He eventually married Little Turtle's daughter Wanagapeth ("Sweet Breeze"), with whom he had four children. He served the tribe as a scout during his new father-in-law's wars with the United States. WANAGAPETH! 1791. The Kentucky State Historical Society of Frankfort, KY, the Filson Club of Louisville, KY, and the Wisconsin State Historical Society of Madison, WI co-operated in the research which was sponsored by the L‘Anguille Valley group. There are on the site of this old Indian village at least two or three known INDIAN BURIAL GROUNDS; But whatever may be said of the NINE INDIANS who were killed in the battle, the Amerikan? soldiers were not buried in any one of them. Instead the soldiers were buried at a charming & easily identifiable spot near the point where the ―Old Kaintuck Trail‖ climbed out of the bottom of the Eel River [known to the early French as L‘Anguille] & entered the very heart of this old Indian town [most of which was on the terrace-rim overlooking the bottoms]. This trail which crossed the Wabash River at Cass Station ford----just E. of Cedar, or Country Club, Island in the Eel River near Kidd‘s Island] was an unusually wide one, and is understood to have been a

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sort of prehistoric ―Dixie Highway.‖ In 1791, it contained the hoof-prints of many Indian ponies. 1791. They subsequently moved to the Eel's mouth, where Kentucky militiamen attacked them in 1791. Their settlement destroyed, the tribe relocated along present Sugar Creek in Boone County, Indiana. 1791. March 2. John Wade was killed within two or three hundred yards of the Beaver Ford, which was about a mile below where Ile's Mill stood on Licking in the middle of the last century. The Sunday after, a man named Reynolds was killed near Morgan's, being shot by a bullet from the gun which John Wade had carried when he was killed. 1791. May 23. George Washington organized a Board of War, had folks appointed, and on May 23, 1791, the American War Board authorized the destruction of Cherokee towns and food resources by burning homes and crops (Collins 1847). 1791. July 2. Treaty of Holston. In an attempt to make peace with the Cherokee, and redefine the new boundary lines in Kentucky, the United States negotiated the Treaty of Holston on July 2, 1791. It restated that the Cherokee land in Kentucky would be restricted to the area east of the Little South Fork and south of the Cumberland River. This time, the treaty was signed by Kentucky-born Cherokee Taltsuska (Doublehead), his brother, Gvnagadoga (Standing Turkey), and Doublehead's sister's son, Ganodisgi (John Watts Jr.), and witnessed by Thomas Kennedy, representative of Kentucky in the Territory of the United States South of the Ohio River. Unfortunately, the boundary line remained unclear and disputed by Cherokee not present at the treaty signing, and the fighting continued. 1791. August 8. Located near the mouth of MUD BRANCH CREEK [was Mud Creek], near the S.E. CORNER of the Metehineque, an Indian Reserve, between [south of] the Adamsboro-Hoover county road and [north of] the Logansport-Butler Branch of the Pennsylvania railroad. [the next line unreadable]. In S.W. CLAY Township, CASS County, INDIANA; south of the old Miami Indian WARDANCE-RING & north of the CEREMONIAL-DANCE-RING, near the heart of the site of a threemile-long Indian village known to history as Kenapeequomakonga, Kikiah, Kenapeco-maqua Town, Eel River Town, L’Anguille, Snakefish Town, The Snakelike Fish, Eel Town and ―ye olde village,‖ or Olde Towne. Buried the NIGHT of August 8, 1791, two United States Soldiers, Mounted Kentuck District, Virginia Volunteers, members of James Wilkinson‘s July-August, 1791, expedition, Soldiers who had been killed late that afternoon in a battle with Eel River Wea or Miami Indians, after having charged across Eel River [from the south] to attack this Indian town.Private John Bartlett is thought to have lived near the Great Crossing vicinity of what today is (1940) SCOTT County, KY. 1791, August 26. Robert Benge's first attack occurred on August 26, 1791, which resulted in the capture and death of Mrs. Livingston, the daughter of Elijah and Nancy Ferris, who were also killed. 1791AD. November 4. St. Clair's force was camped near the present-day location of Fort Recovery, Ohio, near the headwaters of the Wabash River. An Indian force consisting of around 1,000 warriors, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, waited in the woods while the men stacked their weapons and paraded to their morning meals. The natives then struck quickly and surprising the Americans, soon overran their ground. Little Turtle directed the first attack at the militia, who fled across a stream without their weapons. The regulars immediately broke their musket stacks, formed battle lines and fired a volley into the Indians, forcing them back. Little Turtle responded by flanking the regulars and closing in on them. Meanwhile, St. Clair's artillery was stationed on a nearby bluff and was wheeling

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into position when the gun crews were killed by Indian marksmen, and the survivors were forced to spike their guns. Colonel William Darke ordered his battalion to fix bayonets and charge the main Indian position. Little Turtle's forces gave way and retreated to the woods, only to encircle Darke's battalion and destroy it. The bayonet charge was tried numerous times with similar results and the U.S. forces eventually collapsed into disorder. St. Clair had three horses shot out from under him as he tried in vain to rally his men. After three hours of fighting, St. Clair called together the remaining officers and faced with total annihilation, decided to attempt one last bayonet charge to get through the Indian line and escape. Supplies and wounded were left in camp. As before, Little Turtle's Army allowed the bayonets to pass through, but this time the men ran for Fort Jefferson. They were pursued by Indians for about three miles before the latter broke off pursuit and returned to loot the camp. Exact numbers of wounded are not known, but it has been reported that execution fires burned for several days afterward. The casualty rate was the highest percentage ever suffered by a United States Army unit and included St. Clair's second in command. Of the 52 officers engaged, 39 were killed and 7 wounded; around 88% of all officers became casualties. After two hours St. Clair ordered a retreat, which quickly turned into a rout. "It was, in fact, a flight," St. Clair described a few days later in a letter to the Secretary of War. The American casualty rate, among the soldiers, was 97.4 percent, including 632 of 920 killed (69%) and 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered, for a total of 832 Americans killed. Approximately one-quarter of the entire U.S. Army had been wiped out. Only 24 of the 920 officers and men engaged came out of it unscathed. Indian casualties were about 61, with at least 21 killed. The number of U.S. soldiers killed during this engagement was more than three times the number the Sioux would kill 85 years later at Custer's last stand at the Battle of Little Big Horn. The next day the remnants of the force arrived at the nearest U.S. outpost, Fort Jefferson, and from there returned to Fort Washington 1791AD. December 6. ―8 of us—Jerry Wilson, Austin Webb, Benjamin Allen Sr., Benjamin Allen Jr., Frank Wyatt—started out on a hunt. I was gone three weeks and got home Christmas Eve. Thought to lay in a supply of meat enough to last for next summer. Father and I had two nags. He took me along to bring in a load of meat. Would think nothing of packing 200 pounds of meat. Would skin the buffalo, cut off all the good meat and sow it up in the hides. Had no bone then. Buffalo was mighty course meat. Good deal like corn bread. Had it for bread. Then Bear was fat, and we had it for meat.‖ ―First night we camped at about where Mt. Sterling now is. Not a stick amiss there then. Next morning we took breakfast at Morgan's Station and fed our horses on frosted corn. Nobody living there then. They had gathered some corn and put it in their out house. They, to whom it belonged, were not there. [The one] out house. I saw no other there. Next season they went out and stockaded in. A beautiful place.‖ … ―Next morning I asked my father to go home. I wanted to see my mamma. He said after we had roasted some of the turkey we had killed that morning, if neither came in yet, he would go. The Indians ate that turkey. I didn't get a bite of it. I forget what was done with it. It was stuck up on spits and while it was roasting, I saw some of what we called Conolloway ducks down in the fork of the creek. I was fond of shooting them and went down and shot, but didn't kill any. I came back and sat down my gun by a stump close by my father's. He was sitting by the fire watching the Turkey on the sticks. I looked up and saw these dirty, black looking, naked Indians up in the cane were our horses were.‖ ―Said I, ―Father! Indians! Indians!‖ and ran. Said he, ―Get your gun.‖ But I had started when I spoke, and he caught up both his gun and mine and came running along with me before him. My gun was empty. He then told me to run ahead. The Indians were then, when I saw them, within about thirty steps. Raised the yell like wolves howling. We crossed Salt Lick in about seventy yards from the camp and went out on the other bank. When we got there, going out, all

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three Indians fired. There were four. One kept reserve I expect. Two shot him him, shot him right through. The other missed him. My father wasn't quite to the top of the bank when he fell.‖ ―I had run about a fourth of a mile on after they fired, so those said who came out later to bury my father and tracked me. I stopped and looked back, wondering why they were so quiet, and there was one in about ten steps of me. He had his tomahawk in his left hand and reached out his right and beckoned to me. I reached my right hand out, and he came up and took me by the hand. There was one ten or fifteen steps behind him. Both shooks hands, appeared to be very friendly. The first one then took me by one arm and this second by the other. They took off my hat. Saw I had red hair and patted me on the head.‖ ―They now run with me back down to the bank where my father was. I didn't know my father was killed till I went back. He wasn't dead yet. They struck him two in the side of the head, near the ear, while I stood on the bank there looking down. The one that did it had silver bobs in his ear. The little Indian—the one that first caught me, looked like he might have been 21, younger or older—stood behind me while I was there and gave a grunt inquisitive. The one with ear bobs below shook his head with the gutteral sound, ―Ah,‖ in reply to the others' interrogative as many as three times. I didn't understand my danger or what this meant till I saw the same process afterwards with Watson.‖ ―I was only sixteen then. Never cried any, not knowing what might be my fate next. They tied me then immediately with buffalo tugs and took me back over to the camp. The first sign I had, this, that I wasn't to be tomahawked. The two that had me went with me over to the camp, and two staid to finish my father. Didn't see them scalp him. But saw the scalp afterwards stretched on a hickory hoop at the camp. They soon caught up with the horses and put on our saddles, gathered up everything and went off over Salt Lick again, 5 or 6 miles from there, and on to Licking, just below Greenbriar trace leading from Kentucky to Greenbriar (West Virginia). When we were about to start, there at the camp, the first thing I knew of it, one fetched me whack, a lick with a stick, and said, ―Whoo,‖ motioning for me to go forward.‖ … ―Shawnees were the darkest of any of the Indian tribes.‖ (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 36-38). 1792AD. Battle of Blue Licks. ―Colonel Benjamin Logan was three days behind at the Battle of Blue Licks. The Indians lost a great many. Counted and made up the number of white men to equal their loss in killed by killing the prisoners. Counted three missing and their scalps.‖ 1792AD. Cherokee participate with the Shawnee in the council of the northern Indian confederacy on the Maumee River in northwestern Ohio. Michikinqua, Little Turtle, War Chief of the Miami Nation, leads the northern Indiana confederation in battle against 100 Kentuckians. The Creek attacks on the Cumberland River resume and the Cherokee defend their land near the Flat Rock on the Cumberland Mountain. Captain Henley was attacked and defeated on the Cumberland Road was taken a prisoner and moved to Will's Town in the Cherokee Nation. 1792. Dragging Canoe dies. After the death of Dragging Canoe in 1792 the hostility in what would become Harlan County did not end. Chickamauga warrior, (or ―mad man‖, according towho you ask) Bob Benge, continued to attack settlers in the area until his death in 1794. And thus this ends the documented Cherokee history in what would become Harlan County. After 1796 the Cumberland Gap was widened to accommodate larger horse drawn vehicles of the day and thus the wild lands of Kentucky experienced a population boom. After this time period the Native American history undoubtedly begins a new era, the era of mixed relations with the settlers. We do know by Census and Tax records that the majority of our First Families of the Ridgetop Shawnee migrated to the area of

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modern day Harlan and Clay Counties between 1800 and 1820. 1792AD. James Harrod, the namesake of Harrod's Town, the first successful white western English-speaking ―colony‖ in America, walks out into Kentucky's woods, and never returns. 1792. June 1. AD. Kentucky becomes a state. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the United States, and Indian genocider Isaac Shelby was named the first Governor. Slavery is legalized. 1792AD. ―A Rendezvous‖. The mouth of Licking, where Covington now is, was the rendezvous of the Kentucky militia, commanded by Colonel Hardin and Major Hall, which suffered so terribly in Harmar's Defeat in September 1790. General Charles Scott's expedition against the Eel River Indians in 1792, rendezvoused at the mouth of the Kentucky River. The troops returned by way of Covington, and along the Dry Ridge Road, to central Kentucky.‖ (Collins and Collins). 1793. January 21.AD. King Louis 16 th is beheaded by guillotine at Revolution Square in Paris, France. Louisville, Kentucky doesn't change her name, wanting to celebrate a French imperialist monarch from iniquity, forever. 1793AD. The first white hotel in Louisvile is built. 1793AD. Some of the Shawnee Tribe's ancestors received a Spanish land grant at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. SHAWNEE! 1793AD. Euroamericans on the Kentucky Road are attacked by Cherokee Creeks, and Shawnee warriors including Robert Benge, Doublehead, Pumpkin Boy, Major Ridge, James Vann, and John Watts in retaliation for the murder of their chiefs. The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Fort Knox because it guarantees the Indians the right to keep their land. About thirty-five Shawnee and Cherokee Indians attack Morgan’s Station, seven miles east of Mt. Sterling, Kentucky. Cherokee Chiefs call out their warriors Robert Benge, Doublehead, and John Watts, invited Creeks and Shawnees to join them. More than Cherokee and Creek warriors head up the Mississippi River toward the Ohio and Wabash rivers to join forces with the northern Indian confederacy. The Chickasaw and Kentuckians fight the northern Indian confederacy in battle, which includes militant Cherokee. 1793. March 21. AD. In Laurel County, Thomas Ross was killed by Indians near the Laurel River, just seven months after the first post-office was established in Danville, Kentucky. On that morning the post, as the carrier was called then, loaded his gun and started out saying he intended to kill an Indian that day. It seems a Mr. Graham was traveling through the wilderness on that fateful morning, and he came upon the mail-carrier's horse in a stream. He grabbed hold of the horse's bridle and when he looked up, he saw that Thomas Ross was cut into many pieces, and stuck on the bushes all around. He took the mail back to Danville. Mrs. Sarah Graham told this story to Rev. John Dabney Shane in 1844. 1793. April. 19 women and children were captured while men worked in the fields. One woman hid in the spring house and gave the alarm, 12 of the prisoners were massacred. Morgan Station

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occupies the site of the last organized Indian raid in Kentucky. The ATTACK on MORGAN's Station. ―There are two remarkable features of this littleknown battle. Most significant is the claim by Lewis Collins and other historians that the great Shawnee warrior Tecumseh was in this Indian party which was returning home following the attack on Morgan's Station. (Enoch, 1997). Several detailed but conflicting accounts of the Paint Creek incident are found in the Simon Kenton Papers of the Draper Manuscripts. Although the truth may never be known for certain, it is quite possible that the young Tecumseh was at the Paint Creek battle and, therefore, a participant in the raid on Morgan's Station.‖ (Enoch, 1997). ―The other noteworthy participant in this incident was one of the Indian wounded named John Ward, who died a few days after the battle. Ward was a white man. He had been captured by the Shawnee from his Virginia home in 1758, when he was three years old. He was raised by Indians and fully adopted their way of life. Ward, known as White Wolf, married a Shawnee woman and had 3 children. He was one of the leaders of the band returning from Morgan's Station. One of Kenton's men, Captain James Ward, was the brother of John Ward! It is not known who fired the shot that took John's life. To add to this peculiar coincidence, the two Ward brothers had unknowingly opposed one another nearly a year before. The circumstances were similar—Kenton and his men had a skirmish with a party of Indians they had been pursuing. On that occasion John Ward's family had been present. James Ward had drawn a bead on one of the Shawnee but held back upon seeing it was a woman. He later learned she was his niece, John Ward's daughter.‖ (Henry G. Enoch: 1997). 1793 Indian raid on Morgan's Station in which a band of about thirty-five Shawnee and Cherokee Indians descended upon this small fort in a surprise attack that ended with two people killed and 19. 1793AD. Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, gave the Missouri Shawnee a 25 mile square land grant near Cape Girardeau. Shawnee unwilling to accept the Greenville treaty joined them. 1793. Nancy's grandmother, also named Nancy but generally called Ann, decided to return to her homeland, old Farnham parish in Virginia. At that time, Nancy went to live with her mother, now Lucy Hanks Sparrow, having married Henry Sparrow in Harrodsburg, Kentucky two or three years earlier. Nancy Hanks Lincoln (future mother of Abraham the President) was born to Lucy Ha nks in what was at that time part of Hampshire County, Virginia. Today, the same location is in Antioch in Mineral County, West Virginia. Years after her birth, Abraham Lincoln's law partner William Herndon reported that Lincoln told him his maternal grandfather was "a well-bred Virginia farmer or planter.‖ According to William E. Barton in the "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and Michael Burkhimer in "100 Essential Lincoln Books", Nancy was most likely born illegitimate due to the fact that Hanks' family created stories in order to lead Abraham to believe he was a legitimate member of the Sparrow family. It is believed that Nancy Hanks Lincoln's grandparents were Ann and Joseph Hanks, and that they raised her from infancy until her grandfather died when she was about 9 years old. At the time of Nancy's birth, Joseph and his wife and children were all living on 108 acres near Patterson Creek in then-Hampshire County, Virginia. Abraham Lincoln. Indeed, anyone who looks at photographs of Abraham Lincoln is no doubt struck by his distinctive Semitic features: the thick, coarse black hair, the dark skin, dark eyes, prominent nose, and equally prominent cheekbones. Abraham Lincoln's paternal cousin Mordecai Lincoln, a photo is a history of Jonesborough, Tennesse book. Mordecai has many of Abraham Lincoln's features, which suggests his father may have been Melungeon. ‖My parents were both born in Virginia, of undistinguished families-second families,

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perhaps I should say…If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be said, I am, in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion with coarse black hair, and grey eyes — no other marks or brands recollected. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln.‖ Abraham Lincoln’s mother, Nancy Hanks (who is buried in Hoosier soil), has long been said to have been a member of the Melungeon community of Appalachian Tennessee and Kentucky. He inherited a dark complexion, coarse, black hair, and grey eyes all of which is consistent with the physical features of the Melungeons. Abraham also inherited color blindness and once told his mother that he could not see things like other people. As Poet Walt Whitman wrote, ―I see very plainly Abraham Lincoln’s dark brown face, with the deep cut lines, the eyes always to me, with a deep latent sadness in the expression. …None of the artists or pictures have caught the deep though subtle and indirect expression of this man‘s face.‖ Honest Abe, Father Abraham, The Great Emancipator, The Railsplitter, is related to The King of Rock-N-Roll, Elvis Presley. Yes, arguably the two most famous Melungeons are kin Elvis Presley. Melungeon people in the hills of southwestern Virginia. But many historians believe that Elvis Presley was a Melungeon who did indeed have Amerind blood—Cherokee to be exact. The King‘s great-great-greatgrandmother was Morning Dove White, a Cherokee Indian from Tennessee. That seems to be the bridge to Presley’s Melungeon heritage (if u discount the DNA evidence). 1793AD. When a new army under Mad Anthony Wayne moved against the Miamis and their allies in 1793, Little Turtle felt it was time to talk peace not war. 1793AD. At Vincennes, Indiana, in 1793, William Wells met with his eldest brother, Samuel, a survivor of St. Clair's Defeat two year before. The two travelled to Fort Nelson, where they met with General Rufus Putnam. William Wells warned Putnam that the British had been inciting Native American tribes to violence against the United States and negotiated a release of prisoners as a goodwill gesture. General Putnam wanted to organize a grand council of tribal chiefs to discuss peace terms, but the Native Americans, still undefeated by the Americans, rejected his offer. 1793. July 17. The second attack occurred on July 17, 1793, when Robert Benge captured a woman enslaved by Paul Livingston. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Benge 1793. October 16. 37-year old Marie Antoinette is beheaded by guillotine at Revolution Square in Paris, France, by the French Revolutionaries, ending the Prehistory Era, and ushering in the Modern Era, devoid of Kings, Queens, incestual monarchies, and with plenty of democracy, individual rights and freedoms, and constitutional governments.

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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1793/4. IT's OVER! The World Revolution Lecture Series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEgqUVBUEus&list=UUMBVh_kMBHPsfbo5eG722Ug 1794. Too much. Genesis 2. Northeast: Fox, Huron, Mahican, Martha's Vineyard Indians, Mohawk, Objibwe, Shawnee and Shinnecock Southeast: Atsina, Cherokee, Chesapeake, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Pensacola and Seminole A Melungeon (during the formative period from about 1700 to 1860) was someone who was free but thought not to be pure White in the area where the word was used - northern North Carolina, southern and western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, southern Ohio, western Louisiana, the eastern edge of Texas, the panhandle of Florida, and northern Alabama. The person might actually be White, but of a darker strain like a Greek or Portuguese. The person might be mixed White and Black, White and Indian or all three. The White might be northern European or Mediterranean or both. A few people may have been of other races, such as South Asian (Tzigane, Asian Indian, etc.). After becoming a Melungeon by coming to live in one of these areas, these persons tended to intermarry and produce a more uniform mixed population. People who were definitely considered to be Black or Indian or were members of a Black or Indian group probably would not be counted as Melungeon unless they joined or married into a Melungeon group. There are many members of Black and Indian communities who have a lot of Melungeon ancestry and even with Melungeon names, and some are gradually coming to think of themselves as Melungeons. Today, most Melungeons have quite a little of both northern European and Mediterranean white, some Black and at least a trace of American Indian. But anyone who traces back to someone considered Melungeon before the Civil War is definitely Melungeon, and that is many thousands and a very diverse group.

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“There is basically two interpretations regarding the early historical locations of the Shawnee. The first views the Shawnee as situated in the Northest as a single tribe until the Iroquois confederacy forced them down the Ohio River and drove them to the southern branches of the Ohio by the second half of the seventeenth century (1600s). From here they split into rather autonomous divisions. The second interpretation has them drifting southward prior to European settlement along the eastern piedmont through Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. From Georgia, some Shawnee groups went west toward the Mississippi River. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, they began moving back to the north, uniting finally in the Ohio Valley as a single group.” (Jerry E. Clark, 1993: 9). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev5-6lWWUzQ Bibliography: http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/spanish-and-french-exploration/ http://www.davemcgary.com/native-americans-heritage.htm http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/Indians.html http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockfamily/KYs-Native-Past-byKTankersley.html

Bert Anson, The Miami Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970). "Eel River Indians," Vertical File, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Grant Foreman, The Last Trek of the Indians(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946). Muriel H. Wright, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951).

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―Before 1750, in Kentucky, nothing happened‖. ~Wikipedia. 2014. August 31. Compiled by Johnathan Daniel Masters-Gripshover. Youtube.com/freedomskool. https://www.youtube.com/user/freedomskool/playlists Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx random facts: Mosopelea Indians. This tribe may have lived within the boundaries of Kentucky for a brief time, perhaps at the mouth of the Cumberland River, when they were on their way from Ohio to the lower Mississippi. The Cherokee claimed some land in southeastern Kentucky and traces of culture of Cherokee type are said to be found in archeological remains along the upper course of the Cumberland. The westernmost end of Kentucky was claimed by the Chickasaw, and at a very early period they had a settlement on the lower course of Tennessee River, either in Kentucky or Tennessee. For 18,000 years the Native American culture existed over this huge continent of the Americas including southeast Kentucky and Wayne County. And from their existence came the most advanced civilization to ever take on the meaning of life itself. From the most accurate calendar system in the world to the highly advanced study of the stars and nature, the Native culture the Cherokee gave unto human beings a shining star for wisdom. Many Chickamauga Cherokee and Kentucky Cumberland River Shawnee inhabited Wayne/Pulaski/McCreary Counties as permanent dwellers in south central Kentucky, building upon themselves a social sophisticated society that marvel scholars today. And in the middle of their existence roamed other tribal hunters and gatherers who came from many different lands as far as Canada to the tip of South America, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. They interchanged cultural bonds, traded in extensive commerce, and lived a life of deep respect between their discrete Indian Nations.From the Totelo Sioux to the southern River Shawnee and Chickamauga Cherokee, the greatest of all Indian Nations placed their historical mark in south central southeastern Kentucky counties at the sacred lands of Wayne, McCreary, Clinton, Pulaski, and more. And at all its mighty sacred geological wonders of the Cumberland Plateau. The Plateau that runs all the way from Moorehead to London Kentucky in the north to south central southeastern Kentucky in the south, to all the way to Chattanooga Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. A mark to forever be remembered in Native

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American history as the Land of Lightning, the Land of the Thunderbolt.The area of south central Kentucky and northern Tennessee and the lands surrounding it became the center of the universe for many Chickamauga Cherokee and southern River Shawnee and most holy sacred grounds to many other Indian Nations east of the Mississippi River, especially to the River Shawnee and Chickamauga Cherokee Nations who became its guardians and protectors.The painted and crafted Lightning Bolt was worn by these Chickamaga protectors and guardians of the sacred mirror, crescent moon, double sun, and paradise Bear mountains. The area of south central southeastern Kentucky was also the LAND OF THE HUMMINGBIRD.The Cumberland River was called Ta-Eache, meaning the River of the Blue Flute by the ruling Chickamaugans whereas the southern River Shawnee called it the River of the Shawandasse. Burnside Ky became a huge Chickamauga Cherokee commerce center. This commerce center was called Salachi by the Chickamaugans, later Fort Somerset was built by the invading settlers which became a disgrace to the whites. And Wayne County Ky at ―Doubleheads Cave‖ (Hines Cave) near present day Mill Springs in Wayne County became the most used diplomatic center for the Chickamauga Cherokee northern provincial capital. Chickamauga Cherokee and southern River Shawnee performed ceremonial bonding there. This was an area dominated, controlled, and ruled by the Chickamaugans on which the southern Cumberland River Shawnee and Chickasaws allied their support.The honored burial chambers at Doubleheads Cave in southeast Kentucky were the resting places of a great people, the Chickamauga Cherokee! The three Great falls area of McCreary County became the most holy of sacred grounds: Ywahoo Falls, Cumberland Falls, and Eagle Falls. All was the Land of the Thunder-Bolt People, the Cherokee, THE THUNDER PEOPLE of the northern territorial nation of Chickamaugans, and on the other side of the Cumberland River the mighty territory of the southern River Shawandasse. Both Shawnee and Chickamauga Cherokee lived on both sides of the Cumberland River yet both understood this territorial marker between the two mighty nations. The Ky Cumberland River was the traditional northern marker of the mighty Cherokee Nation. This was the Cherokee in the north.Out of the Cumberland Plateau (Ky-Tenn) including the counties of southern and eastern Ky walked the most mighty of Chiefs, War Women, and medicine people of the Cherokee and Shawnee Nations. Of the Cherokee walked Moytoy, War Chief Doublehead, War Chief Gilala (who fought with the Miami with Tecumseh, War Chief Dragging Canoe, Warrior Middlestriker, War Chief Peter Troxell, Beloved Woman Cornblossom, War Woman Standing Fern, William ―Little Loud Wolf‖ Troxell, and many more. Other mighty famous leaders also walked and visited the area such as Chiefs Black Fish, Blue Jacket, Walking Bear, Broken Stick, and Tecumseh of the Shawnee, Pontiac of the Ottawa, and Mad Dog and ―The Mortar‖ of the Creeks, to name a few.After the Ywahoo Falls massacre of 1810 (see the story of the Cherokee Children Massacre below) this resistance movement would ally friendship with the northern Miami in the Tecumseh Wars and send a force of Chickamauga Cherokee under Ky Chickamaga leader GILALA Gilala of the Ky Cumberland River area to aid Tecumseh while in the meantime an underground railroad is formed out of Alabama and Georgia.Southern Cherokee at Scuffletown & Henderson, Kentucky. It was no accident that Chief James Martin established the Southern Cherokee Nation in Scuffletown/Henderson, Kentucky. There are four very logical reasons why the Southern Cherokee Nation is now located in Henderson, Kentucky: Firstly, According to maps made prior to the European invasion most of Kentucky was traditional Cherokee territory. Secondly, The Southern Cherokee had relatives living in Scuffletown and on the banks of the Green River and Ohio River. Our third Chief of the Southern Cherokee Nation is Thomas ―Silver Fox‖ Scott. Remember, Scuffletown got its start in 1800 when Jonathan Thomas Stott-(Scott) -(Fox) a Full Blood Shawnee married Mary Polly Cooper a full blood Cherokee. They had two sons Jonathan Stott and Thomas Scott during the Cherokee removal their father was shot and died in Shawneetown Illinois in 1838. Thirdly, Chief James Martin must have learned the tobacco business in Oklahoma from his Cousin, General Stand Watie. Stand Watie raised tobacco on his farm and owned a successful tobacco

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factory. Local whites complained and he was eventually driven out of business by the Federal Government. Scuffle Town and Henderson were the hub of the tobacco Industry until England imposed high tariffs on imported tobacco after World War I. Fourthly and most importantly, Past Kentucky Governor John Y. Brown was a former Colonel in the service of the Confederate Cavalry during the Civil War and a resident of Henderson, Kentucky. It is reasonable to assume that he not only knew Confederate Cavalry General Stand Watie on a professional basis, but was sympathetic to the plight of the Southern Cherokee. On December 1893 the Southern Cherokee Nation was Welcomed to Kentucky in Scuffle Town, Kentucky and recognized as an Indian tribe by Governor John Y. Brown. The Southern Cherokee are still living on the Green River today. GALLATIN COUNTY ; 1. Mounds near the mouth of the Kentucky River. Mentioned by Rafinesque but not definitely located. 2. Two mounds near the Ohio River just east of Warsaw. Described and figured by Bennett Young. CARROLL COUNTY 1. An ancient fort ¼ mile from the bank of the Ohio River. Mentioned by Rafinesque but not located. 2. A campsite near mineral spring just outside the city of Carrollton. Surface artifacts and flint spalls still numerous. Visited by W. D. Funkhouser. 3. Fort on the Ohio River 2½ miles from the mouth of the Kentucky River. Mentioned by Collins. BOONE COUNTY 1. Fort on Sinking River. Mentioned by Rafinesque, but not definitely located. 2. Graves under the town of Petersburg. Mentioned by Collins but not described. CLAY COUNTY 1. Many mounds and graves near Manchester. Mentioned by Rafinesque but not definitely located. 2. A burial ground near Salt Lick. Mentioned by Rafinesque. JEFFERSON COUNTY 1. Burial ground six miles from Louisville on the Bardstown Pike. Described by Bennett Young. 2. Artifacts found in the city of Louisville at the corner of 31st St. and Portland Canal. Described by Bennett Young. 3. Cache of artifacts found in the city of Louisville opposite Sand Island. Mentioned by Rafinesque and described by Bennett Young. 4. Cache of artifacts found in the city of Louisville at High and 26th Sts. Described by Bennett Young. MEADE COUNTY 1. Several caves near Brandenburg in which bones have been found. Mentioned by Rafinesque. For example, US 27 was known as the Great Tellico Road and US 25 was known as the Warriors road,

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as was significant portions of US 421. Much of Daniel Boone‘s Wilderness Road was actually an American Indian trail used for seasonal migration and trade. American Indians used a wide variety of therapeutic plants, many of which have been synthesized and are key ingredients in modern western medicine. The Sioux. George E. Hyde, in Indians of the Woodlands, believes Kentucky is the Sioux original homeland, from whence periodically groups migrated toward cardinal directional points (x, 61). Ponka Tribe: Original Homeland – present day Kentucky, Indiana, and Nebraska. Traditionally the Ponca share common social and cultural characteristics with the Omaha, Osage, Kaw and Quapaw peoples. They once lived in the area of northern Kentucky and southern Indiana along the Ohio River, then migrated west into what is today known as Nebraska. The original Shawnee home land was in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. But the Shawnees were far-ranging people. Shawnee villages were located as far north as New York state and as far south as Georgia. Native Americans from the Shawnee and Mingo nations. The Shawnee and Mingo were two of the original tribes that encountered Lewis and Clark as they made their way through the wilderness. "The Ohio River was the heart of our homeland," Shawnee Chief Hawk Pope told Scholastic News Online. "If we had taken offense at Lewis and Clark coming through here, they would never have made it. Our homeland was on both sides of the Ohio River from its beginning to its end, and nothing came down the Ohio in that time period that we didn't want to. The Cherokees are original residents of the American southeast region, particularly Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. … Wyandot Names. The names of the ancient clans of the Wyandot tribe are as follows: Big Turtle.Little Turtle.Mud Turtle.Wolf.Bear.Beaver.Deer.Porcupine.Striped Turtle.Highland Turtle, or Prairie Turtle.Snake.Hawk. OLD. Long before the Cumberland Shawnee were affected by either British and French influence, they had established trading ties induced some of the bands who had early settled in the Cumberland region to migrate to South Carolina, where they became known as the Savannah Indians. It is not certain exactly when the Shawnee first appeared in the Carolina region. They undoubtedly entered through the Cumberland Gap along the much used and well-known Great Warriors Path, which led from the Ohio River, south through Kentucky, through Cherokee country along the backside of the Carolinas, across Georgia, and eventually into Florida. The earliest known villages of the Shawnee in Carolina were along the headwaters of the streams and rivers flowing to the Atlantic. (pg. 18). ―Linguistically, the Shawnee are identifiable with the group of Central Algonquian speakers, including the Miami, Kickapoo, Illiniwek, and Sauk and Fox, among others. In early historic times, as their name implies they were the southernmost of this group. The original home of the entire Algonquian stock lay somewhere in the eastern subarctic region of Canada. The hunting and fishing practices of the Algonquian-speaking groups have led scholars to believe that the early Algonquians probably lived in the vicinity of Lake Winnipeg. It is thought that the Shawnee were one of the earliest groups to move south from this area. However, the precise route taken, the length of time spent in the migration, and even the approximate time of departure are unknown. Thus it is difficult to separate fact from fiction when dealing with tribal legend and tradition.‖ (Clark, Jerry, pg. 5). ―Some Central Algonquians, particularly the Sauk and Fox, have preserved a tradition of migrating from the Atlantic down the Saint Lawrence to the Great Lakes. So perhaps they moved east first and then came back west and south. The Sauk and Fox also maintain, and linguistic evidence

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supports this, that the Shawnee belong to the same stock as themselves.‖ (Clark, pg. 6). ―The Kickapoo, located in the Great Lakes region, and the Shawnee also were related, and the two tribes share a legend about their separation. The split, it is said, was caused by a hunters' quarrel over the division of some roasted bear paws. The only difference as the tale is told by the two tribes is that each lays the blame for the incident on the other. Major Morrell Marston, a commander of a frontier post in the 1820s, tells of a Shawnee chief who describes the same incident, except that it was Sauk and not the Kickapoo from which the Shawnee separated.‖ … ―This earliest location in the Great Lakes region is supported by the anthropologist Ermninie W. Voegelin. Basing her analysis largely upon burial practices, she concludes that before the arrival of the Europeans the various Shawnee divisions were located in the northeastern part of the Great Lakes region, for their strongest cultural affiliations are with the Huron, Seneca, Winnebago (Ho-Chunk), Ojibwa, Delaware, and Nanticoke. From here the Shawnee apparently continued in a southwesterly direction, for the Ohio Valley yields the strongest archaeological evidence of late prehistoric Shawnee occupation.‖ (Clark, pg. 6). FORT ANCIENT. ―In the Ohio Valley, the ―Fort Ancient‖ is the latest prehistoric archaeological culture. Named for the Fort Ancient earthworks in Warren County, Ohio (later discovered to belong to an earlier archaeological culture), the Fort Ancient people were related to the Mississippian peoples who constructed the large mounds at Cahokia, near Saint Louis, Missouri. The Fort Ancient people, however, lived in smaller villages and raised corn in the river bottoms of southern Ohio and Indiana and in northern Kentucky. Although they buried their dead in small mounds within the village, the Fort Ancient people did not construct large temple mounds such as those found in the Mississippian culture to the west.‖ … ―Historians have not agreed upon the ethnic identity of Fort Ancient peoples, and more evidence is needed before any conclusive statement can be made. But what evidence there is seems to point in part to Algonquian speakers. Madisonville, one of the largest Fort Ancient sites, located on the Little Miami River near its mouth on the Ohio River approximately at the site of the present city of Cincinnati, contained European trade goods. It has been identified both as as Shawnee and a Mosopelea village. Daniel Boone killed Pompey, the Black Shawnee. Daniel Boone meets the Black Shawnee Pompey after he is taken prisoner by the Shawnee and adopted as the son of Chief. Blackfish. Shawnee Pompey was an ex-slave from Virginia who was taken as a child from his master, now a full member of the Shawnee nation; he was used as translator between the Shawnee, the British, and the Americans. John Mack Faragher doesn�t write much about Boones interaction with Shawnee Pompey other than his occasional need as a translator while he was their prisoner, but an interesting exchange between Boone and his new adopted father, Chief Blackfish, about his demeaning workload finds Boone complaining to his adopted father that Dad doesn�t really love him because he has him doing the work of a � N WORD.� Chief Blackfish apparently was convinced enough by the complaint that he removed all offensive chores from Daniel Boone�s Shawnee duties. I wonder if Pompey was the translator for that complaint. Daniel Boone was noted as Killing Pompey with a long range shot. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBKxJSXQfaE ―They were culturally and linguistically related to other Algonquian-speaking peoples like the Delawares, Miamis, Kickapoos, Illinois, and Sauks and Foxes, although not necessarily allied with them. In intertribal diplomacy, Shawnees addressed the Delawares as grandfathers, the Wyandots and Iroquois as uncles or elder brothers, and other tribes as younger brothers.‖ (Calloway, pg. 4 -5). ―The Chillicothe and Thawekila divisions took care of political concerns affecting the whole

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tribe and generally supplied tribal political leaders; the Mekoches were concerned with health and medicine and provided healers and counselors; the Pekowis were responsible for matters of religion and ritual; and the Kispokos generally took the lead in preparing and training for war and supplying war chiefs. These divisions seem to have functioned as semiautonomous political units, each with its own Chief. They occupied particular towns (often named after the division), possessed their own sacred bundles, and sometimes conducted their own foreign polices with other tribes. In addition to the 5 divisions, Shawnee society was composed of clans. According to information provided by the Shawnee Prophet in the nineteenth century, there were originally as many as thirty-four clans, but only a dozen remained by his day: the Snake, Turtle, Raccoon, Turkey, Hawk, Deer, Bear, Wolf, Panther, Elk, Buffalo, and Tree clans. Shawnees inherited their divisional and clan membership from their fathers.‖ (Calloway, pg. 5-6). ―With George Miranda, Peter Chartier drew up a petition for a ban on all liquor trade between the English traders and the Shawnees and the entire village pledged to smash any existing kegs, and spill the rum, and to remain dry for a period of four years. The names of ninety-eight Shawnees are attached to this contract, which was submitted to the Pennsylvania authorities. It does not appear to have been carried out, however. Peter Chartier, apparently disgusted at the way the white traders took advantage of the Shawnees, led them away from the English trading posts. When the Shawnees returned, Peter Chartier was not with them.‖ Peter Chartier was last seen in a village on the Wabash River. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Iroquois League, and trained as an interpreter. ―SIMON GIRTY—for many years the scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and the bugaboo of children." ~Daniel Boone.