Design Project 3 Leaving on a Jet Plane Group 10 Ankit Khare Eric Drewski Hyewon Kim Ryan Lamb October 4, 2007
Contents
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Predispositions 2.1 Constraints 2.2 Design Message 2.3 Prioritized Functional Requirements 2.4 Task Flow Diagram 3.0 Persona Type One: Business Traveler 3.1 Persona Type Two: Chinese Student Traveling Internationally 4.0 Usability Testing Scenarios and Tasks 4.1 Usability Testing Results 5.0 Design Rationale
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Appendix 1.0 Pre‐test Questionnaire 1.1 Post‐test Questionnaire 2.0 References
1.0 Introduction Our group’s vision for this project is to create an efficient personal navigational interface information system within the airport. This personal interface system will assist passengers in obtaining only the information that is relevant to them. The system will be supported by RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) within each passengers boarding pass. Each boarding pass is encrypted with a unique RFID tag so as to identify the passenger within the airport and allow them access to personal information at the information kiosks. The RFID tag allows airport officials to track and monitor passengers, which gives airport security an advantage in the case of an emergency situation. By tracking each passenger airport security can see what each passenger is doing and where they are located within the airport. In an emergency situation, the airport personal have an enhanced vision of what is happening with the airport and who might be injured and in need of medical assistance. The users’ experiences will be enhanced through the information kiosks located throughout the airport. The information kiosks provide relevant information on arrival and departure times as users walk pass the device. However, when a user walks in front of the kiosk the main interface will change and provide the relevant information to that user. This is accomplished through the unique coding within each RFID tag in the boarding pass. The information kiosk recognizes the user by scanning them as the walk forward and automatically displays their personal information. The user’s experience is further enhanced by the personal interface system: allowing them to see where their seat is located within the plane, what gate number the plane is arriving at, the status of the arrival and/or departure time, what the weather is currently outside and where they heading to, where their luggage is located, their hotel and/or restaurant reservations, and the current time. This peer information is relevant and useful for each passenger because it gives them the most important information to guide and assist them in an airport. When a user is finished they walk away from the kiosk and the personal interface switches back to the main interface.
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2.0 Predispositions •
The system will have to provide relevant information for the passengers. It must be up‐to‐date, with providing immediate details of flight arrivals and departures.
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The system must provide feedback to the user. Either a visual and/or auditory stimuli to continually let the user know if they are performing the function correctly.
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The users will want a touch‐interface instead of keyboard.
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Using a kiosk makes more sense than using a multi‐functional device (e.g., Palm Pilot) or a massive screen display system (e.g., New York Stock Exchange). Today, kiosks are located throughout airports and users are familiar with them.
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The system must be easy to use and navigate if users wish to proceed for further information. Further, no typing of information is allowed, since it would extend the learning curve and take up time for passengers.
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Users should not have to remember a security code to access the personal interface system or have to give personal information (e.g., fingerprint, face recognition, speech recognizer, etc.).
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The majority of people who fly happed to business and/or international travelers.
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Passengers will want to know where their luggage is located at all times.
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Passengers will want to know what the weather of where the heading to.
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The personal information system framework will be the same for everyone; however the information will be different for each user.
2.1 Constraints •
In developing personas our group came with constraints for four personas. First, the elderly could not use wearable/PDA devices, no small interface system with their information displayed, and no auditory signaling system.
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For the family (father and/or mother with children), no options on menus (requires a great deal of time to figure out each one), no keyboard, and quick access to first aid.
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For the single professional (male or female), the time in different time zones, security system for their luggage, and quick access to flight arrival and departure times and gate numbers.
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For the international traveler, multiple language capabilities (if the student does not speak English), a map system of the airport (to assist them in finding their gate number). Page 2
2.2 Design Message To create an efficient personal interface information system that will assist users in their experience at the airport.
2.3 Prioritized Functional Requirements •
Touch Interface
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Displays the weather
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Displays arrival and departure gates and times
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Displays time‐analog and date
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Displays seat assignment‐can increase size to see where seat is.
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Tab system to access different features.
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Scroll bar on right hand side.
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Use bright contrasting colors (e.g., blue, red, green, black)
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Font will be black and Time Roman Numeral
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The information will be displayed in squares and rectangles (e.g., I‐Phone)
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First Aid Tab‐will be displayed as Red Cross sign
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Help Tab‐users verbally ask a question
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Hotels & Restaurants Tab‐if user wants to check hotel and restaurant reservations
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Passenger enters into airport, checks baggage, proceeds through security, and reads information screen.
Flight Status: ON TIME
Flight Status: DELAYED
Flight Status: CANCELLED
Proceed to terminal.
Proceed to Smart Screen
Proceed to Smart Screen
Position body in front of monitor
Position body in front of monitor
Check for flight status: length of delay and reason
Check for flight status: length of delay and reason
Check weather conditions
Check rescheduled flight time
Check for new departure time
Use services tab to locate a hotel and taxi
Print new itinerary Print new itinerary and proceed accordingly.
Proceed accordingly. User may search for more information e.g. restaurant or bookstore locations.
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3.1 Persona Type One: Business Traveler Angela Schumann “In the busy world of global operations at IBM, I’m in need of traveling swiftly and smoothly from destination A to B. I need to be aware of any and all possible delays to my trip – may they be weather related or some other type of unforeseen emergency.” Angela Schumann is a twenty‐nine year old manger at IBM. She graduated from University of Washington in St. Louis with an undergrad in Business in 2000. She went directly to work for IBM in supply chain risk management in the winter of 2000. She went back to school for her MBA in 2004 at the University of Chicago. Her prestigious academics and work experience have landed her a
job in global operations as a manager overseeing ERP rollout through IBM’s international subsidiaries. Her job takes her all over the world, in and out of several airports. Background ‐ Age: 29 ‐ Ethnicity: Caucasian ‐ Occupation: Global Operations Manager ‐ Marital Status: Married ‐ Hobbies: spelunking, deep ocean diving, skiing, anything adventurous to clear her mind from day‐to‐day life ‐ Technology Expertise Level: Above average – Angela uses her Windows Mobile Pocket PC several of times each day. Goals ‐ Efficient movement in and out of airport ‐ Move from check‐in to arrivals area as quickly as possible ‐ Constant retrieval of flight information via her Blackberry and information screens around the airport ‐ Communication with other business executives that are traveling alongside is key
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3.2 Persona Type Two: Chinese Student Traveling Internationally Chang Li “This is the first time I am flying, I find airports really scary and feel overwhelmed by the information involved in flying. I wish there was a personal assistant that helped me throughout the trip” Chang Li is a Chinese student who wishes to come to the USA to pursue a master’s degree in mechanical engineering. This is the first time he is boarding a flight and also the first time in the US. He is a
clever and intelligent person (winner of the science Olympiad – 2001) but feels embarrassed to ask questions concerning flying especially at the airport. His English is not very fluent. Chang Li is Xenophobic in nature and tries to avoid people. Background ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Age: 22 Occupation: Student(Mechanical engineering) Location: Beijing, china Marital status: single Hobbies: Computer gaming, swimming Technology comfort level: intermediate user
Goals ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Easily navigate around the airport Assistance with check in process and boarding Help in confusing and embarrassing situations like searching restrooms, finding Chinese restaurants… Help with translation of complicated English words
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4.0 Usability Testing Scenarios and Tasks To see the pre‐test and post‐test questionnaires, please refer to Appendix 1. Scenario One You’ve just finished checking your luggage and passing through security when you realize that the status of your flight is “DELAYED.” You move to a smart screen for more information. You decide to wait for the flight and wish to know about the dining options that are available in the airport. Tasks for Scenario One ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Locate the new time of departure Check the current time Identify how delayed the flight is Locate the reason for the delay Locate the information about the weather Find out about the restaurants available in the airport
Scenario Two You have just landed at Chicago O’Hare on a connection to Beijing, and you are informed on the flight that severe weather has canceled all outgoing flights. Your rescheduled flight to Beijing is late tomorrow morning. You need to find a place to stay for the night. Tasks for Scenario Two ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Indentify the new scheduled time for the flight Find information regarding the location of your luggage Change the seats in your upcoming flight Check for complimentary stays provided by the airline Locate the nearest exit and way to the hotel
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4.1 Usability Testing Results ITERATION : 1 NAME: Carl Lamb SCENARIO ONE: He completed all tasks in just a few seconds. Only complaint was the use of the analog clock – questioned being able to tell am versus pm. One other comment he made during this scenario was possibly having the option of a print out with all the relevant information for your flight, itinerary, etc. SCENARIO TWO: Completed all tasks successfully. ITERATION: 2 NAME: Haris Mohammed SCENARIO ONE: He completed all of the tasks with no trouble except for locating restaurants. He thought that locating restaurants should be located in the “Locations” tab instead of the “Services” tab. He found that there was some ambiguity between Locations and Services. SCENARIO TWO: Completed all tasks successfully. ITERATION: 3 NAME: Joseph Ipa SCENARIO ONE: He got through this scenario just fine. However, in commenting about the task of finding restaurants, he also suggested being able to find the locations of payphones, bookstores, and other such places. SCENARIO TWO: He completed all of these tasks successfully, but mentioned being able to take a printout of the information gathered.
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5.0 Rationale The rationales (i.e. justifications) for the personal navigational interface information system (PNIIS) are explained below. Each rationale is supported by primary and secondary resources as to why each one is a necessary prioritized functional requirement. These resources provide detailed knowledge of the design to support the justifications for the final design and more specifically, the design philosophy. The explanation of each functions purpose and how and why it serves and enhances the user’s experiences captures the design’s assumptions, constraints and philosophy behind it. This system must represent multiple users’ viewpoints and enable the system to be built upon, while effectively maintain its core operating system. This will allow the final design to change as the environment (i.e., airport conditions) changes, yet still allow further construction and/or improvements upon the information architecture and information retrieval system. This will maintain the original framework and design philosophy. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): This system allows airport personal and security to monitor and track passengers within the airport vicinity at all times. In the case of an emergency, passengers can be quickly moved to safety and allow airport security to see if anybody is injured. This also provides useful information as to where everybody was located at the time of the incident and where passengers personal belonging (e.g., luggage) have been. The participants liked the idea and supported it for major emergencies, however, were somewhat concerned for their personal privacy. Main Interface: This main screen is the same as the arrival and departure screen, but it changes to a personal information screen when the user walks to it. The user is identified using the RFID tag attached to the boarding pass. The justification for this design was simplicity. This conveys a lot of information in a simple concise manner to the user. This information is personalized to the user and is dependent on the situation of the passenger. The participants in our research spoke positively of the main interface. The main interface conveys numerous flights arrival and departure times just as a modern airport. The user recognizes the device and what the interface displays, therefore eliminating an explanation for what the device is and the information it gives. Personal Interface: This screen displays the most important information to the passenger and allows them to seek further information by clicking on the tabs in the middle of the screen. The flight number, the destination, boarding time, gate number, flight duration, seat number, the carrier (e.g., Delta Airlines), the time, and the weather are displayed on the personal interface. The information is well laid out and understandable. This is most of the information presented to passengers on their boarding Page 9
pass and is the justification for why it is on the personal interface. The participants in our study had no problems with reading the information and understanding where to find specific information. Kiosk: Our group decided on kiosks because passengers recognize them and know what information they convey to them. They are fixed devices throughout an airport and present the information in an understandable format. Tabs: The tabbing system was chosen to give users the capability to search for more information about their location and their destination and make any necessary changes to their plans. Each tab is one word and contains one touch information blocks. The participants spoke highly of the tabbing system and the one touch interface system. Print Boarding Information: In our usability testing, all the participants asked if they could print off the information displayed on the personal information screen. So our group decided to include a one touch block to give passengers the opportunity to print their flight information. Weather Tab: The weather tab provides the weather of the present location and the destination of the passenger and a five day forecast. This information helps prepare passengers for their destination and if they need to make any immediate purchases at the convenient stores located throughout the airport. The participants liked the five day weather forecast and appreciated the visual weather displays for each day. Baggage Tab: This provides the passenger with the number of luggage they checked in and where they are located within the airport. The participants liked this feature because it assured them their luggage was with them throughout the entire flight and informed them as to what appropriate terminal to pick up their luggage. Itinerary Tab: This tab provides information regarding the flight and route users take to their destination. It provides the compensation passengers will receive if a flight is delayed or cancelled and a reward points block to inform them of how many frequent flier miles they have (if they have any with the carrier). Services Tab: This tab provides passengers the ability to locate specific services within the airport. The participants said it was a useful feature but may not use it that often.
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Tracking Tab: This tab provides passengers the ability to locate friends and/or family within the airport if they get lost or need to pick them up. The agent and medical personnel blocks assist the passengers if they are having any personal problems. Directions: This tab provides the location for the most important facilities or exits in case of an emergency situation. It also assists passengers if they are lost in the airport.
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Appendices 1.0 Pre‐test Questionnaire Results ITERATION: 1 LOCATION: Room 010 Graduate Lab Informatics Building NAME: Carl Lamb DATE: 10/01/2007
FACILITATOR: Ankit Khare
TIME: 9:30pm OBSERVERS: Ryan Lamb and Eric Drewski
1. What is your gender? Male 2. What is your age? 20 3. Are you a student at Indiana University? Yes 4. What is your intended major at Indiana University? General Studies 5. How would you describe your computer experience? a. None (I have never used a computer) b. Low (I use one or two software applications, e.g. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint) c. Medium (I know of more than three software applications, but do not have any programming skills) d. High (I have used more than five software applications and have some programming skills) 6. How often do you fly in a year? Never 7. Do you fly international or domestic? N/A Have you ever been in a situation that caused a delay of your flight for weather or similar reasons? No ITERATION: 2 LOCATION: Room 010 Graduate Lab Informatics Building NAME: Haris Mohammed DATE: 10/01/2007
FACILITATOR: Ankit Khare
TIME: 9:45pm OBSERVERS: Ryan Lamb and Eric Drewski
1. What is your gender? Male 2. What is your age? 23 3. Are you a student at Indiana University? Yes 4. What is your intended major at Indiana University? Economics/Telecommunications 5. How would you describe your computer experience?
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a. None (I have never used a computer) b. Low (I use one or two software applications, e.g. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint) c. Medium (I know of more than three software applications, but do not have any programming skills) d. High (I have used more than five software applications and have some programming skills) 6. How often do you fly in a year? Once 7. Do you fly international or domestic? Domestic Have you ever been in a situation that caused a delay of your flight for weather or similar reasons? Yes. There was a situation in Islamabad, Pakistan with elections that caused several delays in flights. ITERATION: 3 LOCATION: Parkview Apartments #302 NAME: Joseph Ipe DATE: 10/01/2007
FACILITATOR: Ankit Khare
TIME: 11:00pm OBSERVERS: Ankit Khare
1. What is your gender? Male 2. What is your age? 23 3. Are you a student at Indiana University? Yes 4. What is your intended major at Indiana University? Biology 5. How would you describe your computer experience? a. None (I have never used a computer) b. Low (I use one or two software applications, e.g. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint) c. Medium (I know of more than three software applications, but do not have any programming skills) d. High (I have used more than five software applications and have some programming skills) 6. How often do you fly in a year? Twice 7. Do you fly international or domestic? Domestic Have you ever been in a situation that caused a delay of your flight for weather or similar reasons? Never been stranded in an airport.
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1.2 Post‐test Questionnaire Results ITERATION: 1 NAME: Carl Lamb 1. What is your overall impression of the concept? Dissatisfied, Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, Satisfied 2. If you found the concept dissatisfying or satisfying, please tell us why. Very quick to find all information and all the info is located in one area 3. Generally speaking, was it easy to use? Yes 4. What was the most difficult function to use? Very straight forward, nothing difficult 5. What was the easiest function to use? Being able to get to numerous things by the touch of a button 6. Overall, was the interface comprehendible? Yes 7. Although we only showed you a mockup of the planned functionality of the application to be used in the airport, please tell us how useful you think this application would be on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being not useful at all, 5 being very useful. 4/5 8. Based on the experience with the application mockup, how willing would you be to use this application on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being not willing at all, 5 being very willing. 5/5 9. Based on your experience with the mockup, once you know how to use the application, do you think this application would save you time relative to how you currently search for information. Rate on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being never save time, 5 being save lots of time. 4/5. User also commented: if there were enough in the airport, I do believe it would save a lot of time. 10. What were the positive features of the mockup? Negative features? Being able to get all the information at once is a positive. Negative would be the possible wait to use the machine plus not being able to print out all the useful information. ITERATION: 2 NAME: Haris Mohammed 1. What is your overall impression of the concept? Dissatisfied, Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, Satisfied 2. If you found the concept dissatisfying or satisfying, please tell us why. Satisfying because it is pretty straight forward. Easy to use. 3. Generally speaking, was it easy to use? Yes
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4. What was the most difficult function to use? Nothing really except the minor issue regarding service/location thing 5. What was the easiest function to use? To recognize the flight delay time and the reason for the delay 6. Overall, was the interface comprehendible? Yes 7. Although we only showed you a mockup of the planned functionality of the application to be used in the airport, please tell us how useful you think this application would be on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being not useful at all, 5 being very useful. 4/5 8. Based on the experience with the application mockup, how willing would you be to use this application on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being not willing at all, 5 being very willing. 5/5 9. Based on your experience with the mockup, once you know how to use the application, do you think this application would save you time relative to how you currently search for information. Rate on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being never save time, 5 being save lots of time. 5/5 10. What were the positive features of the mockup? Negative features? Positives: very nice design, very easy to use. Negative features: nothing really. ITERATION: 3 NAME: Joseph Ipe 1. What is your overall impression of the concept? Satisfied 2. If you found the concept dissatisfying or satisfying, please tell us why. Looks good 3. Generally speaking, was it easy to use? Yes 4. What was the most difficult function to use? None 5. What was the easiest function to use? Seeing the flight data 6. Overall, was the interface comprehendible? Yes 7. Although we only showed you a mockup of the planned functionality of the application to be used in the airport, please tell us how useful you think this application would be on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being not useful at all, 5 being very useful. 5/5 8. Based on the experience with the application mockup, how willing would you be to use this application on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being not willing at all, 5 being very willing. 5/5 9. Based on your experience with the mockup, once you know how to use the application, do you think this application would save you time relative to how you currently search for information. Rate on a scale of 1 to 5 – 1 being never save time, 5 being save lots of time. 4/5 10. What were the positive features of the mockup? Negative features? Ease of use. Simplicity. Page 15
2.0 References Hooey, B.L. (2007). Requirements for a design capture tool to support NASA’s complex systems. International Workshop on Managing Knowledge for Space Missions. Pasadena, CA. Persaud, D. (2007). A how to guide for RFID implementation. Technology Evaluation Centers. Montreal, Quebec. http://www.intel.com/research/prohealth/index.htm#Aging%20in%20Place
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