Land Resource Inventory of Dindur Tanda Micro-watershed Gadag Taluk, Gadag District, Karnataka for Watershed Planning (AESR 6.4)

UAS DHARWAD

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad ICAR - National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Bangalore Watershed Development Department, Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore

CONTENTS Chapter

Page

Chapter

Page

Contributors

i

4.1.9. Available Manganese

17

How to read and use the atlas

iii

4.1.10. Available Iron

17

Physical, Cultural and Scientific symbols used

iv

4.1.11. Available Zinc

17

1.Introduction

1-2

2.General Description of the Micro-watershed

3-7

5.1.Soil Depth

18

2.1.Location and Extent

3

5.2. Soil type

19

2.2.Climate

4

5.3. Surface Soil Texture

20

2.3.Geology

5

5.4. Soil Gravelliness

21

2.4.Satellite Image

6

5.5. Slope

22

2.5.Cadastral map

7

5.6. Soil Erosion

23

2.6.Location of wells

8

5.7. Land Capability Classification

24

3.Survey Methodology

9

5.8. Soil & Water Conservation Plan

25

4.The Soils

10-17

6.Land Suitability for Major Crops

10-12

6.1.Land Suitability for Amla

26

4.1.1.Soil Reaction

13

6.2.Land Suitability for Cashew

27

4.1.2.Salinity

14

6.3.Land Suitability for custard apple

28

4.1.3.Organic Carbon

15

6.4.Land Suitability for guava

29

4.1.4.Available Nitrogen

15

6.5.Land Suitability for jamun

30

4.1.5.Available Phosphorous

15

6.6.Land Suitability for lime

31

4.1.6. Available Potassium

15

6.7.Land Suitability for musambi

32

4.1.7. Available Sulphur

16

6.8.Land Suitability for sapota

33

4.1.8. Available Copper

17

6.9.Land Suitability for Mango

34

6.10.Land Suitability for tamarind

35

4.1.Soil Map Unit Description

5.Soil Survey Interpretations

18-25

26-54

CONTENTS

Chapter

Page

6.11.Land Suitability for Chickpea

36

6.12.Land suitability for Cotton

37

6.13.Land suitability for Chilli

38

6.14.Land suitability for Cowpea

39

6.15.Land suitability for Greengram

40

6.16.Land suitability for Groundnut

41

6.17.Land suitability for Maize

42

6.18.Land suitability for Pearl millet

43

6.19.Land suitability for Pigeonpea

44

6.20.Land suitability for Sesamum

45

6.21.Land suitability for Sorghum

46

6.22.Land suitability for Sunflower

47

7.Proposed Crop Plan (Table)

48-51

8.Economic Land Evaluation (Table)

52-53

9.Conclusion

54

Chapter

Page

Contributors Dr. P. L. Patil Nodal Officer, Sujala-III Project Dept. of Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry UAS, Dharwad

Dr. B.S. Janagoudar Director of Research UAS, Dharwad

Dr. D.P. Biradar Vice Chancellor UAS, Dharwad

Report Preparation Dr. P.L. Patil

Ms. Jahnavi R. Katti

Dr. G.S. Dasog Dr. P.L. Patil

Field Work Mr. Ramesh Jatti

Dr. V.B. Kuligod

Mr. Prakash Shikra Shetti

Dr. S.S. Gundlur Sh. K.I. Kurugod

Mr. C.H. Hittalamani Mr. T.S. Desai Mr. J.V Gadiyappagoudra Mr. Umesh D. Amminabhavi Mr. Ramangouda Timmanagoudra Mr. Rajesab Kurahatti

Dr. P.L. Patil Dr. G. S. Dasog

GIS Work Mrs. Geethanjali H. M. Mr. Shabeer A. Y. Sh. Lingaraj S

Sh. Ramachandraiah H C Dr. P.L. Patil Dr. G. S. Dasog

Laboratory Analysis Ms. Jahnavi R. Katti Mr. Chetan M. Navale Ms. Ashabi Nadaf

Ms. Jyoti Patil Ms. Deepa Pawadashetti

i

Soil Correlation Dr. K.V. Niranjan

Socio-economic Analysis Dr. G. N. Kulkarni

Mr. Praveenkumar Hebbali

Dr. Sujith Sandur Soil & Water Conservation Dr. C. B. Meti

Mr. Krishna Nadager Mr. Andappa Gadigeri Watershed Development Department, GoK, Bangalore

Sh. H.G.Shivananda Murthy, IFS Commissioner, WDD

Sh. Jayanarasimha Raj, IFS Executive Director, WDD Dr. A. Natarajan NRM Consultant, Sujala-III Project

ii

How to read and use the Atlas The Land Resource Inventory of Dindur Tanda micro-

The user, depending on his/her requirement, can refer this

watershed (Gadag taluk, Gadag district) for Watershed Planning (AESR

atlas first by identifying his/her field and survey number on the village soil

6.4) was undertaken to provide comprehensive site-specific cadastral

map and by referring the soil legend which is provided in tabular form

level information useful for farm level planning and integrated

after the soil map for details pertaining to his/her area of interest.

development of the area under Sujala – III, Karnataka Watershed Development Project- II.

The atlas explains in simple terms the different kinds of soils present in the watershed, their potentials and problems through a series

This atlas contains the basic information on kinds of soils,

of thematic maps that help to develop site-specific plans as well as the

their geographic distribution, characteristics and classification. The soil

need to conserve and manage this increasingly threatened natural

map and soil based thematic maps derived from soils data on soil depth,

resource through sustainable land use management. The Land Resource

soil gravelliness, slope, land suitability for various crops and land use

Atlas contains database collected at land parcel/ survey number level on

maps are presented on 1:7920 scale. The maps of soil fertility status (soil

soils, climate, water, vegetation, crops and cropping patterns, socio-

reaction, organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium,

economic conditions, marketing facilities etc. helps in identifying soil and

available sulphur, available calcium,

available copper, available

water conservation measures required, suitability for crops and other

manganese, available zinc, available iron, available boron and salinity) are

uses and finally for preparing a viable and sustainable land use options for

prepared from the grid samples of surface soils from the watershed on

each and every land parcel.

1:7920 scale.

For easy map reading and understanding of the information

The atlas contains 46 maps and tables that illustrate the soil resources

of

the watershed and the need for their sustainable

contained in different maps, the physical, cultural and scientific symbols used in the maps are illustrated in the form of colors, graphics and tables.

management.

iii

Physical, Cultural and Scientific symbols used in the Atlas Each map in the atlas sheet is complemented with the physical, cultural and scientific symbols to facilitate easy map reading. Inset map Inset provided in each map conveys its strategic location i.e. Taluk, Subwatershed and Micro-watershed.

Legends and symbols Two legends accompany each map, a map reference, which depicts geographic features and a thematic legend which portrays spatial information. Picking up the symbol and colour of a particular enables one to go to the legends to obtain the required information.

Map colours Different shades of colours are used as an aid to distinguish the different classes of soils, crop suitability and other maps. Map key There are many thematic types to be differentiated on the map solely based on colour. Therefore soils and suitability types and their limitations are distinguished by colours with a combination of alpha-numeric characters.

Map title Map title conveys the relevance of thematic information presented along with a graphical scale, geographical location and watershed details in text form.

Soil Units The soil map may be read at different levels. The most detailed level is that of the soil phase. Soil phases are distinguished within soil series mainly based on differences in surface of soil texture, slope, gravelliness , erosion ,etc. Land Management Units (LMU) Grouping of similar soil areas based on their soil-site characteristics into management units that respond similarly for a given level of management are designated as land management units

Soil and plot boundaries Soil units shown on the map are represented by both the color and a numeral. The soil boundaries are superimposed on land parcel with revenue survey number boundaries to visualize its spatial extent.

iv

LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY OF DINDUR TANDA MICRO-WATERSHED FOR PLANNING GADAG TALUK , GADAG DISTRICT A pilot study by UAS-Dharwad INTRODUCTION Land is a scarce resource and basic unit for any material production. It can support the needs of the growing population, provided they use land in a rational and judicious manner. But what is happening in many areas of the state is a cause for concern to anyone involved in the management of land resources at the grassroots level. In India the area available for agriculture is about 51 per cent of the total geographical area and more than 60 per cent of the people are still relying on agriculture for their livelihood. This limited land area is under severe stress due to increasing population pressure and competing demands of various land uses. Due to this, every year there is a significant diversion of farm lands and water resources for nonagricultural purposes. Apart from this, due to lack of interest for farming among the farmers in many areas, large tracts of cultivable lands are turning into fallows and this trend is continuing at an alarming rate. The watershed management programs are aimed at designing suitable soil and water conservation measures, productivity enhancement of existing crops, crop diversification with horticultural species, greening the wastelands with forestry species of multiple uses and improving the livelihood opportunities for the landless. The objectives can be met to a great extent when an appropriate Natural Resources Management (NRM) plan is prepared and implemented. It is essential to have site-specific Land Resources Inventory (LRI) indicating the potentials and constraints for developing such a site-specific plan. LRI can be obtained by carrying out detailed characterization and mapping of all the existing land resources like soils, climate, water, minerals and rocks, vegetation, crops, land use pattern, socio-economic conditions, infrastructure, marketing facilities and various schemes and developmental works of the government. From the data collected at farm level, the specific problems and potentials of the area can be identified and highlighted, conservation measures required for the area can be planned on a scientific footing, suitability of the area

for various uses can be worked out and finally viable and sustainable land use options suitable for each and every land holding can be prescribed to the farmer and other land users of the area. The district of Gadag lies in Northern zone of Karnataka, it is grouped under northern dry zone of Karnataka (Agroclimatic zone – 3). The district covers an expanse of 4656 sq km of land and lies between 140 56’ and 150 53’ North latitude and 750 17’ and 760 02’ east longitude. The district is bounded by six districts namely Dharwad on west, Belgaum on the north-west, Bagalkot on the north, Koppal on the east, Bellary on the south-east and Haveri on the south-west. It covers a geographical area of 4656 km2 out of which 3886 km2 is net sown area and 326 km2 of forest. The geology of the district consists of Dharwars and Peninsular gneiss. The major agricultural area is under rainfed farming dominated by crops like cotton, sorghum and pulses with very little horticultural crops. As a pilot study, UAS- Dharwad, Dharwad carried out the generation of LRI for the Dindur Tanda micro-watershed, Dindur subwatershed in Gadag taluk, Gadag district. It was selected for data base generation under batch V of Sujala III 3 project. Dindur Tanda microwater shed (code–4D4A2D1h ) is a part of Dindur sub-watershed (3089.24 ha) covering an area of 452.48 ha and spread across Nabapur, , Kabalayakatti , Attikatti and Dindur villages.

To be continued….

1

The major landforms identified in the micro-watershed are uplands and low lands. The database was generated by using cadastral map of the village as a base along with high resolution satellite imagery (IRS LISS IV and Cartosat-1). The objectives of the land resource survey, carried out in the Dindur Tanda micro watershed covering an area of 452.48 ha during February-March 2015 are indicated below.

•

Detailed characterization of the land resources, soil, water, land use, cropping pattern and other resources available at parcel level in the village.

• • • • • •

Delineation of homogenous areas based on soil-site characteristics into management units. Collection and interpretation of climatic and agronomical data for crop planning. Identification of problems and potentials of the area and strategies for their management. Assessment of the suitability of land resources for various crops and other uses. Establishment of village level digital land resources database in a GIS framework. Enabling the watershed and other line departments to prepare an action plan for the integrated development of the

watershed.

2

LOCATION AND EXTENT Dindur Tanda micro-watershed (Dindur sub-watershed, Gadag taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 150 18’ – 150 17’ North latitudes and 750 38’ – 750 40’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 452.48 ha, bounded by Nabhapur village on the north, Kabalayakatti village on the West, Attikatti village on the south and Dindur village on the east.

Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.4: Moderately to gently sloping North Sahyadris and western Karnataka plateau. Hot dry subhumid ESR with shallow and medium loamy and clayey black soils (deep clayey black soils as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 150-180 days.

Agro-climatic Zone 3: Northern Dry Zone Extends over entire Koppal, Vijayapur, and Bellary district and five taluks of Belgaum, six of Bagalkot, two of Raichur, one of Dharwad and Davanagere, four of Gadag. The total geographical area of the zone is about 4.78 M ha. Most of the zone is at an elevation of 450-800 m MSL, but some area is between 800 and 900m. Average annual rainfalll of the zone ranges is from 464.5 to 785.7 mm. The soils are medium and deep black clay in major areas, sand loams in remaining areas. The main cropping season is Rabi. Maize, bajra, Groundnut, Cotton, Wheat, Sugarcane, and Tobacco are the important crops of the zone.

3

Climate

Gadag Rural Hobli, Gadag Taluk

250

200 Rainfall PE

150

100 mm 50

0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual Rainfall : 539.8 mm. in the Gadag rural Hobli, Gadag taluk,Gadag district 4

Geology

GEOLOGY - KARNATAKA STATE Karnataka forms part of the Peninsular Shield, which is an ancient stable block of the earth’s crust. The shield is composed of geologically ancient rocks of diverse origin. These rocks have undergone various degrees of metamorphism and crushing. Overlying these ancient rocks are Proterozoic, lete Creteceous to Palaeocene, Palaeocene to Recent, and Recent sediments. In the stratigraphic succession of rocks in Karnataka the Archaean group is the oldest, followed by

Proterozoic, Mesozoic Cainozoic formations.

and

GEOLOGY – GADAG DISTRICT The district is mainly underlain by gneisses, granites and schists. These hard rocks do not have any primary porosity however, weathering, fracturing, joints and tectonic features likes folds and faults have secondary porosity and permeability. Pink granite is more susceptible for weathering than gray granite. So, pink granite is good aquifer than gray granite. The wells taping schistose formation is poor yielding compared to granite and gneiss formations. The main source of recharge is precipitation. In general ground water available in the weathered zone under phreatic condition and under confined to semi-confined conditions in the jointed and fractured formation. In granite gneisses the yield of the wells reported are in the range of 4-100 m3/day in dug wells, and in dug cum bore wells it ranges between 28.8-42.3 m3 withstanding pumping of 4-5 hr/day and the specific capacity ranges between 35.0-240.5 m3/day/m. The bore wells drilled for domestic and irrigation purposes with depth range of 40- 70 m and reported yield of bore wells less than 1 lps to 7.6 lps. The promising zone is 30-60mbgl.

6

5

6

7

8

SURVEY METHODOLOGY Sequence of activities in generation of LRI • Traversing the watershed using cadastral maps and imagery as base • Identifying landforms, geology, land use and other features • Selecting fields representing land units • Opening profiles to 2 m depth • Studying soil and site characteristics • Grouping similar areas based on their soil-site characteristics into land management units • Preparation of crop, soil and water conservation plan • Socio-economic evaluation The required site and soil characteristics are described and recorded on a standard proforma by following the protocols and guidelines given in the soil survey manual and field guide. Soil samples are collected from representative pedons for laboratory characterization. Surface soil samples are collected at 250m grid interval from covering most of the management units for macro and micro-nutrient analysis. Further, processing of data at chemical lab and GIS lab are carried out to generate various thematic maps for each of the study area.

9

10

Mapping unit description of Dindur Tanda Micro-watershed in Gadag taluk, Gadag district Sl.

Soil map

No.

units

1.

KLKhE3g3R2

2.

DDRhC3g3R3

3.

DDRfD3g3R3

4.

DDRhD2g3R3

5.

KLKhC2g3

6.

BDThC3g3

7.

NBPfE3g3

8.

DRThB2g2

9.

SRJhC2g2

10.

NBPhC2g2

Description Kabalayakatti tanda, very shallow (10-25 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, strongly sloping, severely eroded, extremely gravelly and rocky Dhindura tanda, very shallow (10-25 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, gently sloping, severely eroded, extremely gravelly and very rocky Dhindura tanda, very shallow (10-25 cm), well drained, clay loam texture, moderately sloping, severely eroded, extremely gravelly and very rocky Dhindura tanda, very shallow (10-25 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, moderately sloping, moderately eroded, extremely gravelly and very rocky Kabalayakatti tanda, very shallow (10-25 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, gently sloping, moderately eroded and extremely gravelly Beldadi tanda, moderately shallow (50-75 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, gently sloping, severely eroded and extremely gravelly Nabhapur, shallow (25-50 cm), well drained, clay loam texture, strongly sloping, severely eroded and extremely gravelly

Dhindura tanda, moderately deep (75-100 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, very gently sloping, moderately eroded and very gravelly Sirunja, shallow (25-50 cm), moderately well drained, sandy clay loam texture, gently sloping, moderately eroded and very gravelly Nabhapur, shallow (25-50 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, gently sloping, moderately eroded and very gravelly

Area in ha

Percentage

120

26.59

57

12.62

50

11.01

48

10.72

27

6.02

20

4.52

20

4.42

19

4.3

18

3.87

16

3.45

To be continued….

11

11.

KLKhD3g3R2

12.

DRTfB2g2

13.

NBPhB2g2

14.

MPTfB2g2

15.

NBPfC2g3

16.

MLPfB2

17.

Others

Kabalayakatti, very shallow (10-25 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, moderately sloping, severely eroded, extremely gravelly and rocky Dhindura tanda, moderately deep (75-100 cm), well drained, clay loam texture, very gently sloping, moderately eroded and very gravelly Nabhapur, shallow (25-50 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, very gently sloping, moderately eroded and very gravelly Mahalingpur tanda, deep (100-150 cm), moderately well drained, sandy clay loam texture, very gently sloping, moderately eroded and very gravelly Nabhapur, shallow (25-50 cm), well drained, clay loam texture, gently sloping, moderately eroded and extremely gravelly Mahalingpur, deep (100-150 cm), well drained, sandy clay loam texture, very gently sloping and moderately eroded

Total

15

3.33

11

2.39

7

1.58

6

1.28

6

1.27

2

0.46

10

2.18

452.48

100

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

Proposed Crop Plan for Dindur Tanda Micro-watershed, Taluk: Gadag, District: Gadag based on soil-site horticultural crop suitability Assessment

Sl.no

Mapping unit

Name of the village

1

BDThC3g3

2 3

Survey No.

Highly Suitable (S1)

Kabalayakatti

4,

-

DDRfd3g2R3

Kabalayakatti

4, 5, 6

DDRhC3g3R3

Kabalayakatti

6 -

4

DDRhD2g3R3

Kabalayakatti

5, 6

5

DRTfB2g2

Dhindura

17, 27

6

DRThB2g2

Dhindura

14, 13, 28, 17

7

KLKhC2g3

Dhindura

11, 10, 9, 8, 13

8

KLKhD3g3R2

Kabalayakatti

4,

-

9

10

KLKhe3g3R2

MLPfB2

Kabalayakatti

Dhindura

Horticultural Crops Moderately Marginally Suitable Suitable (S2) (S3) Amla, Cashew, Custard apple, Guava, Lime, Musambi, Sapota

-

Amla

-

-

Cashew, Custard apple, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

-

-

Jamun, Mango, Tamarind

Amla, Cashew, Custard apple, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

-

-

Amla, Cashew, Custard apple, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

-

Amla, Cashew, Custard apple, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

4, 5

16

Not Suitable (NS)

To be continued….

48

11

MPTfB2g2

Dhindura

16

Amla, Custard apple

12

NBPfC2g3

Dhindura

15

13

NBPfE3g3

Kabalayakatti

5, 6 -

14

NBPhB2g2

Dhindura

6, 7, 8

15

NBPhC2g2

Dhindura

12, 15

16

SRJhC2g2

Dhindura

6, 7, 8, 13, 28, 29

-

Cashew, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

-

-

-

-

Amla, Custard apple

Cashew, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

Amla, Custard apple

Cashew, Guava, Jamun, Lime, Mango, Musambi, Sapota, Tamarind

To be continued….

49

Proposed Crop Plan for Dindur Tanda Micro-watershed, Taluk: Gadag, District: Gadag based on soil-site field crop suitability Assessment Field Crops suitability Sl.no

Mapping unit

Name of the village

Survey No.

1

BDThC3g3

Kabalayakatti

4,

2 3

DDRfd3g2R3 DDRhC3g3R3

Kabalayakatti Kabalayakatti

4, 5, 6 6

Highly Suitable (S1)

Moderately Suitable (S2)

Marginally Suitable (S3)

-

Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearl millet, Pigeonpea, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower

-

4

DDRhD2g3R3

Kabalayakatti

5, 6

5

DRTfB2g2

Dhindura

17, 27

6

DRThB2g2

Dhindura

14, 13, 28, 17

-

Groundnut, Maize, -

Pearl millet, Sorghum, Sunflower

7 8

KLKhC2g3 KLKhD3g3R2

Dhindura Kabalayakatti

11, 10, 9, 8, 13 4, -

9

KLKhe3g3R2

Kabalayakatti

4, 5

10

MLPfB2

Dhindura

16

-

-

Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Pigeonpea, Sesamum

-

-

-

-

Not Suitable (NS)

-

Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearl millet, Pigeonpea, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower

-

Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearl millet, Pigeonpea, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Greengram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearlmillet, Pigeonpea, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower To be continued….

50

11

MPTfB2g2

Dhindura

16

12

NBPfC2g3

Dhindura

15

13

NBPfE3g3

Kabalayakatti

5, 6

-

-

14

NBPhB2g2

Dhindura

6, 7, 8

15

NBPhC2g2

Dhindura

12, 15

16

SRJhC2g2

Dhindura

6, 7, 8, 13, 28, 29

-

Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearl millet, Pigeonpea, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower

-

-

-

Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearl millet, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower Chickpea, Chilli, Cotton, Cowpea, Green gram, Groundnut, Maize, Pearl millet, Sorghum, Sesamum, Sunflower

-

Pigeonpea,

Pigeonpea,

51 To be continued….

Economic Land Evaluation Land is used for agriculture

for growing trees, horticultural and

Gross returns = Yield (Quintals/hectare ) x Price(Rs/Quintal)

plantation crops. The soil/land potential is measured in terms of physical yield and

Net Returns = Gross Returns – Operational cost.

net income. In each micro watershed, survey number and associated soil phases are

Benefit Cost Ratio = Net return/Total cost

listed. The entire population is grouped based on soil type. Thirty per cent of

Economic suitability classes:

number of farm households in each soil group is taken and summed up to arrive at

Once each land use-land area combination has been assigned an economic

sample size. Simple random sampling is followed to select 30 per cent of farmers in

value by the land evaluation, the question arises as to its ‘suitability’, that is, the

each soil phase. The sample farmers were post classified in to Marginal and Small

degree to which it satisfies the land user. The FAO framework defines two suitability

(0.00 to ≤ 5.00 acres), Medium (>5.00 to ≤ 25 acres) and Large (> 25 acres). The

orders: ‘S’ (suitable if Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) >1) and ‘N’ (not suitable if BCR< 1),

steps involved in estimation of soil/land potential involve the estimation of total

which are divided into five economic suitability classes: ‘S1’ (highly suitable if BCR

cost of cultivation, the yield/gross returns and net income per hectare. The cost of

>3 ), ‘S2’ (suitable if BCR >2 and < 3), ‘S3’ (marginally suitable if BCR >1 and < 2),

inputs such as seed, manure and fertilizers, plant-protection chemicals, payment

‘N1’ (not suitable for economic reasons but physically suitable), and ‘N2’ (not

towards human and bullock labour and interest on working capital are included

suitable for physical reasons).

under operational costs. In the case of perennial crops, the cost of establishment

The limit between ‘S3’ and ‘N1’ must be at least at the point of financial

was estimated by using actual physical requirements and prevailing market prices.

feasibility (i.e., net returns, NPV, or IRR >0, BCR > 1). The other limits depend on

Establishment cost includes maintenance cost up to bearing period. The value of

social factors such as farm size, family size, alternative employment or investment

main product and by-product from the crop enterprise at the market rates were the

possibilities, and wealth expectations; these need to be specified for the LUT.

gross returns of the crop. Net returns were worked out by deducting establishment and maintenance cost from gross returns. Operational Cost = cost of seeds, fertilizers, Pesticides, Cost of human and bullock labour, cost of machinery, cost of irrigation water and interest on working capital.

52

Economic Evaluation of different land use types in Dindur Tanda Micro-watershed Size group Soil Unit (Phases) Marginal Farmer(>0 to <2.47)

Small Farmer(>2.47 to <4.94)

Greengram

Greengram

Sorghum

Groundnut -

DdrfB2g2

DrtfB2g2R1

Maize

Maize

Groundnut

Sorghum

Greengram

Maize

Maize

Sorghum

Groundnut

Cotton

Maize

Greengram

Greengram

Sunflower

Sorghum

Groundnut

-

-

Groundnut

DrtmB2g2

Semi Medium Farmer(>4.94 to <9.88)

Onion

Greengram

Maize

Sorghum

Greengram Sorghum Greengram

JlgfB2g2 Sorghum

-

-

Cotton

-

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CONCLUSION



The soil depth varied from very shallow (10-25 cm) to deep (100-150 cm). The maximum area of 320 ha (71 %) is under very shallow depth followed by shallow depth (15 %). Nearly, 7 percent of the micro-watershed area is under moderately deep followed by moderately shallow (5 %) and deep (1 %).



It is observed that the watershed is extremely gravelly (70 %) in nature, followed by gravelly in 126 ha and non gravelly in 2 ha area and erosion prone



The gradient of land varies from very gently sloping (10 %) to strongly sloping (31 %) with gently sloping in 144 ha and moderately sloping in 113 ha area of the micro-watershed.



Higher percentage of micro-watershed area is under gently sloping and strongly sloping constituting 31 percent of the area each. The soils are found to be moderate (35 %) to severely eroded (63 %), thus affecting the top soil, which in turn affects the soil health and fertility



The maximum area of the micro-watershed is having red colour with area of 419 ha accounting for 93 percent area of the total micro-watershed area followed by black colour in the area 23 ha (5 %).



Soils of the watershed are found to be having predominately sandy clay loam texture (348 ha) in large area constituting 77 percent area followed by clay loamy texture in 21 percent of area (94 ha).

54