Doctrinal Evolution of Mormon Marriage

Year 1827

Contemporaneous Events Marriage of Joseph Smith, Jr. & Emma Hale

(A)

1831 First known revelation on Polygamy, recorded 1861 (B)

1831 Revelation on Polygamy to Joseph Smith, Jr. as recited by W.W. Phelps to Brigham Young "Verily I say unto you that the wisdom of man in his fallen state, knoweth not the purposes and the privileges of my holy priesthood. but ye shall know when ye receive a fulness by reason of the anointing: For it is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites, that their posterity may become white, delightsome and Just, for even now their females are more virtuous than the gentiles.” (Italics and bolding added.) (B)

Subsequent Marriages/Sealings to Joseph Smith, Jr. (A)

1833 1835

(* denote prior/contemporaneous "living husband" in paranthesis)

Fanny Alger "Book of Commandments" revelations compiled into Doctrine & Covenants

D&C 101 (1835 edition, Pg. 251) "Inasmuch as this church of Christ has been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy: we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife; and one woman, but one husband" (C)

1836 April 3rd

Sealing power restored by Elijah at Kirtland Temple, first published in the Deseret News in 1852, & later added to the 1876 edition of the D&C (D)

1838 Lucinda Morgan Harris *

1841 April

Louisa Beaman

October

Zina Huntington Jacobs *

(Henry Jacobs)

December

Presendia Huntington Buell *

(Norman Buell)

1842 January February March April June

New Section 1 Page 1

(George W. Harris)

Agnes Coolbrith Sylvia Sessions Lyon * (Windsor Lyon) Mary Rollins Lightner * (Adam Lightner) Patty Bartlett Sessions * (David Sessions) Marinda Johnson Hyde * (Orson Hyde) Elizabeth Davis Durfee * (Jabez Durfee) Sarah Marietta Kingsley Cleveland * (John Cleveland) Eliza R. Snow

July

Delcena Johnson Sarah Ann Whitney Martha McBride Knight Sarah Ann Whitney

August October 1

Martha McBride Knight Church Members certify "doctrine" and practice of monogamy by Mormons according to D&C 101

(E)

The Times and Seasons Declarations - 1 October 1842 (E) “We the undersigned members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and residents of the city of Nauvoo, persons of families do hereby certify and declare that we know of no other rule or system of marriage than the one published from the Book of Doctrine and Covenants, and we give this certificate to show that Dr. J. C. Bennett's "secret wife system" is a creature of his own make as we know of no such society in this place nor never did.” - S. Bennett, George Miller, Alpheus Cutler, Reynolds Cahoon, Wilson Law, W. Woodruff, N.K. Whitney, Albert Pettey, Elias Higbee, John Taylor, E. Robinson, & Aaron Johnson “We the undersigned members of the ladies' relief society, and married females do certify and declare that we know of no system of marriage being practised (sic) in the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints save the one contained in the Book of Doctrine and Covenants, and we give this certificate to the public to show that J. C. Bennett's "secret wife system" is a disclosure of his own make.”

1843 February

Ruth Vose Sayers *

(Spring) March

Flora Ann Woodworth Emily Dow Partridge Eliza Maria Partridge Almera Johnson

April May 1st May 11

May 28th (Mid)

(Edward Sayers)

Lucy Walker Louisa Beaman Baptized/Re-baptized(?) Sarah Lawrence Maria Lawrence Joseph Smith, Jr. sealed to Emma [25th sealing] Helen Mar Kimball Hanna Ells

June

Elvira Cowles Holmes * Rhoda Richards

July 12th

"New & Everlasting Covenant" Revelation Recorded

September

Desdemona Fuller Olive Frost Melissa Lott

November

Nancy Winchester Fanny Young

(F)

(G)

(Jonathon Holmes)

- Emma Smith, Elizabeth Ann Whitney, Sarah M. Cleveland, Eliza R. Snow, Mary C. Miller, Lois Cutler, Thirza Cahoon, Ann Hunter, Jane Law, Sophia R. Marks, Polly Z. Johnson, Abigail Works, Catharine Pettey, Sarah Higbee, Phebe Woodruff, Leonora Taylor, Sarah Hillman, Rosannah Marks, & Angeline Robinson

Revelation on "New & Everlasting Covenant" Outlining the Doctrine of Polygamy Purportedly Recorded Jul. 12th by Joseph Smith, Jr. (H - headnote)

1844 D&C 109 (1844 edition, Pg. 438-439) "Inasmuch as this church of Christ has been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy: we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife; and one woman, but one husband" (I)

June 27th

Joseph Smith, Jr. Assassinated

July

New Edition of D&C printed - §101 renumbered §109

1849 1852 1856

1862

New Section 1 Page 2

Deseret Territory/Utah State Started

(J)

Polygamy openly practiced in Deseret/Utah Deseret News publishes vision of Elijah's return

(A) (D)

Republican Party selects the "abolishment of the 'twin relics of barbarism - polygamy and slavery'" as their national platform (K) Morrill Act of 1862 - first federal law on Polygamy

(K)

1874 After Morrill Act proves "virtually impossible to enforce" the Poland Act of 1874 is passed to give "federal courts more control over polygamy cases" (L)

1876 New Edition of D&C printed - prior §§101,109 removed while "new" §132 was added. Additionally, other sections were added for the first time, including the current §110 regarding the visitation of Elijah restoring the "sealing power" in the Kirtland Temple, the current version of the D&C largely based on this 1876 version (C)

D&C 132 (1876 edition) - prior §101/§109 removed "1. Verily, thus saith the Lord unto you my servant Joseph, that inasmuch as you have inquired of my hand to know and understand wherein I, the Lord, justified my servants Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, as also Moses, David and Solomon, my servants, as touching the principle and doctrine of their having many wives and concubines— . . . for all those who have this law revealed unto them must obey the same. 4. For behold, I reveal unto you a new and an everlasting covenant; and if ye abide not that covenant, then are ye damned; for no one can reject this covenant and be permitted to enter into my glory. . . .

61. And again, as pertaining to the law of the priesthood—if any man espouse a virgin, and desire to espouse another, and the first give her consent, and if he espouse the second, and they are virgins, and have vowed to no other man, then is he justified; he cannot commit adultery for they are given unto him; for he cannot commit adultery with that that belongeth unto him and to no one else. (M)

1878

Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. (8 Otto.) 145 (1878), George Reynolds, secretary to the First Presidency, chosen as defendant to challenge Constitutionality of Poland Act - Court rules marriage is "one man, one woman" (N)

1884 Jane Elizabeth Manning James, a faithful latter-day saint, makes her first request to receive her temple endowments and be sealed to her husband and seven children, but this request and all subsequent requests were denied based on her "race and color" (O)

1887 March 3rd

Edmunds-Tucker Act passed adding new measures to punish polygamy, dissolved the corporation of the Church, and directed the confiscation of church property based on the continued practice of polygamy (P)

1890 May

New Section 1 Page 3

Supreme Court declares Edmunds-Tucker Act constitutional and upholds provision for confiscation of church property (Q)

October

First Manifesto given by Wilford Woodruff

(R)

1900 Apostle Matthias F. Cowley performs 16 sealings PostManifesto through 1900 (S - fn. 42) 2nd Counselor Joseph F. Smith instructs Seymour B. Young to perform two plural marriages in Mexico

(T)

Joseph F. Smith becomes President

(S)

"Small number of new plural marriages performed during early years of his administration"

(S)

1901 October

Apostle Matthias F. Cowley performs 41 sealings between 1901-1903 (S - fn. 42)

1904 March

Reed Smoot Hearings - Joseph F. Smith testifies to not knowing of any Post-Manifesto marriages being performed (U)

April

Second Manifesto given by Joseph F. Smith

(S)

Apostles Cowley and Taylor continue to perform Plural marriage sealings and take new plural wives Post-Second Manifesto (S - fn. 49) President Joseph F. Smith authorizes further plural marriages for close friends

(T)

Apostle John W. Taylor Excommunicated

(V)

1911 March 28th

1923 November 26th Church incorporated as a "Corporate Sole" under the

name of "Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints" (W)

1978 Priesthood and Temple Ban lifted for Black Members (O)

1991 Marriage Equality fight begins in Hawaii

(X)

1993 Hawaii Supreme Court rules that prohibition of same-sex marriage violated Hawaii's Equal Rights Amendment; remands case to give state time to gather evidence to show a "compelling state interest" (X)

New Section 1 Page 4

1995

Proclamation on the Family "WE, THE FIRST PRESIDENCY and the Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, solemnly proclaim that marriage between a man and a woman is ordained of God and that the family is central to the Creator’s plan for the eternal destiny of His children"

February

LDS Church petitions to intervene in on-going Marriage Equality case, Baehr v. Lewin (X)

April

Intervention denied because LDS Church can't prove it has a stake in case, can't point to any "doctrine" for monogamy (X)

September

Gordon B. Hinckley introduces Proclamation on the Family

(Y)

1997 Petition to intervene accepted in continued Marriage Equality litigation based on Proclamation on the Family as "doctrine" (X)

April

2008 LDS Church organizes a "Proposition 8 Grassroots Program" to fight marriage equality in California

2015

(Z)

Members in "same-gender marriage" are defined as "apostates" requiring a "Mandatory Disciplinary Council"; Policies changed on Ordinances for "children of a parent living in a same-gender relationship" (AA)

2016 January

Russell M. Nelson, Pres. of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, declares the November Handbook changes to be a "revelation" given to President Monson (BB)

Citations A - "Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo", lds.org, gospel topics essay, available at https://www.lds.org/topics/plural-marriage-in-kirtland-and-nauvoo? lang=eng&old=true, see especially footnote 24: "Careful estimates [of the exact number of women sealed to Joseph Smith, Jr.] put the number between 30 and 40. Also see Hales, Joseph Smith’s Polygamy, 2:272–73.", available at http://josephsmithspolygamy.org/mormon_polygamy/; "Plural Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints", lds.org, gospel topics essays, "Between 1852 and 1890, Latter-day Saints openly practiced plural marriage. Most plural families lived in Utah." available at https://www.lds.org/topics/plural-marriage-in-the-church-of-jesus-christ-of-latter-day-saints?lang=eng&old=true; for a comprehensive list with individual biographies of the wives of Joseph Smith, Jr., see http://wivesofjosephsmith.org/ B - Letter from W.W. Phelps to Brigham Young, August 12, 1861, Young Collection, CHL, copy of holograph in possession of the auth or. Reproduced in Fred C. Collier, Unpublished Revelations of the Prophets and Presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter -day Saints, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City: Collier’s Publishing, 1981), part 10, verse 4, page 58 - "In 1861, thirty years after the revelation was reportedly dictated, W. W. Phelps wrote a letter to President Young sharing t he substance of the revelation"; see also Jerald and Sandra Tanner, Mormonism Like Watergate?: An Answer to Hugh Nibley (Salt Lake City: Modern Microfilm, 1974), 6–8, available at http://josephsmithspolygamy.org/history/polygamy-early-1830s/

C - Doctrine & Covenants, 1835 Edition, Section 101, Verse 4, Pg. 251, church sponsored Joseph Smith Papers, available at http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/doctrine-and-covenants-1835/259; for information on the various editions of the Doctrine & Covenants see "Doctrine and Covenants Editions", The Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 1992, Macmillan Publishing, available at http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Doctrine_and_Covenants_Editions - the Encyclopedia is a "comprehensive look at Church History, doctrine, scripture, and culture" complied by Daniel H. Ludlow in conjunction with a thirteen-member board of editors working with the BYU university "board of trustees and Elders Neal A. Maxwell and Dallin H. Oaks of the Quorum of the Twelve", Ensign, March 1992, available at https://www.lds.org/ensign/1992/03/news-of-the-

church/encyclopedia-of-mormonism-released?lang=eng&_r=1

New Section 1 Page 5

D - "Restoration of the Priesthood", lds.org, gospel topics, for example "Elijah brought the keys of the sealing power, which mak e it possible for families to be sealed together forever", available at https://www.lds.org/topics/restoration-of-the-gospel?lang=eng&old=truel; also see D&C 110, available at https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/110?lang=eng; for further detail on later publication see "Joseph Smith's Visions: His Style and his Record", FairMormon, 2013 FairMormon Conference, available at https://www.fairmormon.org/conference/august-2013/joseph-smiths-visions-his-style-and-hisrecord - "Thus, because neither Joseph nor Oliver talked about what had happened to them that unforgettable April 3, 1836 day, the Chu rch membership at the time had no idea that Jesus, Moses, Elias, and Elijah, had appeared to Joseph and Oliver and bestowed upon them the keys of h eaven. It was not until Joseph’s story was finally published serially in the Deseret News in Salt Lake City, Utah, in November of 1852, as part of the “History of J oseph Smith.”; also see Alford, "I Will Send You Elijah the Prophet", 2012, Religious Studies Center at Religious Education at BYU, available at https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/you-shall-have-my-word/i-will-

send-you-elijah-prophet - fn. 3: "The vision (in D&C 110) was recorded in Joseph Smith’s journal (by his scribe Warren Cowdery, Oliver’s older brother), and Joseph made reference to Elijah’s return in D&C 128:17. The vision itself was first printed on November 6, 1852 (in the Salt Lake City Deseret News). Joseph Smith and other Church leaders made references to Elijah’s return and mission after April 1836, but sec tion 110 did not appear in the Doctrine and Covenants until the 1876 edition" E - Times and Seasons, BYU Library, Vol. 3, November 1841-October 1842, Pgs. 939-940, available at http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9966 F - The Latter-Day Saint's Millenial Star, BYU Library, Vol. 21, No. 5, 29 January 1859, Pg. 75, available at http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/MStar/id/23631; Wright, "The Legal Successor in the Presidency of the Church", Ensign Publishing House, 1890s, Pg. 13, available at https://books.google.com/books?id=TyROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=louisa+beaman+baptismal+date, +history+of+the+church&source=bl&ots=sHjDT0FSFN&sig=FmufhopnDEipUEf_Fss1mI_7_iU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7 _aTaiITSAhWIRCYKHR6MBLkQ6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=louisa%20beaman%20baptismal%20date%2C%20history%20of%20the%20church&f=false G - Bergera, "The Earliest Eternal Sealings for Civilly Married Couples", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Volume 35, Fall 2002, Pgs. 41-66, "By the time of his sealing to Emma, Smith had married some twenty-five celestial wives" (Pg. 54), available at https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wpcontent/uploads/sbi/issues/V35N03.pdf; Bushman, "Rough Stone Rolling", Vintage Books, 2005, Pg. 494, "on a cold Sunday evening, May 28, 1843, in the upper room of Joseph's redbrick store, Joseph and Emma were 'sealed' for eternity by the power of the priesthood", available at https://books.google.com/books? id=Mz3tpz4eRBQC&pg=PA494&lpg=PA494&dq=emma%27s+sealing+to+joseph,+May+28,+1843&source=bl&ots=gbb ZrpTTh&sig=NvufOUZcZ5XzQ_P2YK6gaeYkHHE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1pdvpo4PSAhWK4iYKHUCDCjMQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=emma's%20sealing% 20to% 20joseph%2C%20May%2028%2C%201843&f=false H - Doctrine & Covenants, lds.org, scripture headnote, current Edition (first published in 1876), available at https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/132 I - Doctrine & Covenants, 1844 Edition, Section 109, Verse 4, Pgs. 438-439, church sponsored Joseph Smith Papers, available at http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/doctrine-and-covenants-1844/441 J - Leonard, "The Mormon Boundary Question in the 1849-1850 Statehood Debates", Journal of Mormon History, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1992, Pgs. 114-136, available at http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=mormonhistory K - Bernstein, "Friend or Foe: Mormon Women's Suffrage as a Pawn in the Polygamy Debate, 1856 -1896", 1999, available at https://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/collections/gender-legal-history/glh-summary.cfm?glhID=9978A09C-D689-3E1E-2B991D90DFC00A50 - "For many Americans the politics of slavery and polygamy were linked. While Northerners wished to eliminate both, Southerners opposed m easures to prohibit polygamy in the territories because they feared such measures would set a precedent to ban slavery. As a result, no anti -polygamy laws were passed before the Civil War. In 1862, the Morrill Act, the first federal law attacking polygamy, was passed. The Act prohibited plural marriage in the territ ories, disincorporated the Mormon Church, voided territorial laws that established or supported polygamy, and restricted the holdings of religious organization s in the territories to $50,000. Due to the Civil War, Utah's isolation, the difficulties of proving polygamy, and a three -year statute of limitations, the Act was virtually impossible to enforce."; also see "Laws Against Polygamy -1862 (Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act)", Probationary States, Andy, available at http://probationarystate.blogspot.com/2010/06/laws-againstpolygamy-1862-morrill-anit.html?m=1 - "In 1856, the Republican party selected as its national platform the abolishment of the "twin relics of barbarism - polygamy and slavery." This was the platform that Abraham Lincoln ran on, and it shows the concern of the politicians and the citizens of the countr y to this growing problem in Utah." L - The Poland Act of 1874, available at http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mountainmeadows/polandact.html; Bernstein, "Friend or Foe: Mormon Women's Suffrage as a Pawn in the Polygamy Debate, 1856-1896", 1999, available at https://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/collections/gender-legal-history/glhsummary.cfm?glhID=9978A09C-D689-3E1E-2B991D90DFC00A50 - "The 1874 Poland Act gave federal courts more control over polygamy cases." M - Doctrine & Covenants, Section 132, lds.org, scriptures, available at https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/132 N - Sekulow, "Witnessing Their Faith", Pg. 101, available at https://books.google.com/books?id=86628a9v-moC&pg=PA115&dq=Larson,+%22Government,+Politics, +and+Conflict,%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBGoVChMI5Kjg69myyAIVydOACh3z9gOb#v=onepage&q=George%20Reynolds%20for%20the%20test% 20case&f=false - "Brigham Young and the Mormon Church hierarchy decided to challenge the constitutionality of the anti -polygamy laws after the passage of the Poland Act of 1874. They chose George Reynolds for the test case. Reynolds was selected because his superiors 'trust[ed] hi m to stay loyal, [and because] he was young, handsome, and the husband of only two wives . Reynolds belied the stereotype of the grizzled patriarch who married ev er-younger women as he grew old and fat. Reynold's trial on the charge of bigamy in the territorial court was hampered by Mormon obfuscation. As Gordon not es, 'All the named witnesses experienced sudden gaps in their memory of George Reynolds and his reputation for having married more than one woman.' The p rosecution attained a conviction only after bringing in Reynold's 'very pregnant second wife, who had not been coached and openly admitted that she had marrie d him.' Reynolds appealed his conviction and the Supreme Court heard the case in 1878." O - "Race and the Priesthood", lds.org, gospel topics essay, available at https://www.lds.org/topics/race-and-the-priesthood?lang=eng&old=true#13; see "'I am Jane' tells story of pioneer", Deseret News, 17 June 2000, available at http://www.deseretnews.com/article/766596/I-Am-Jane-tells-story-of-pioneer.html - "I realize my race and color and can't expect my endowments as others who are white. . . And God promised Abraham that in his se ed all the nations of the earth should be blessed. As this is the fullness of all dispensations — is there no blessing for me?" — Letter from Jane Elizabeth Manning James to LDS Church President John Taylor; also see "Unafraid to Ask: Jane Elizabeth Manning James and Ordain Women", dovesandserpents.org, 30 May 2014, av ailable at http://www.dovesandserpents.org/wp/2014/05/unafraid-to-ask-jane-elizabeth-manning-james-and-ordain-women/ - "Beginning in 1884, Jane undertook a deferential, yet persistent, attempt via letters and meetings to persuade church leaders to grant her temple attendance reque sts. . . . In 1902 her requests were presented before the Quorum of the Twelve, but denied, although she was allowed to be sealed to the Joseph Smith family for eternity as a servant, an arrangement that was unacceptable to her. . . . In August 1903, Jane made one final attempt, hoping her request might be granted by new LDS President Joseph F. Smith. . . . , but her requests were yet again denied. Jane died shortly thereafter. 75 years later, after the 1978 LDS pries thood revelation that changed Mormon doctrine and allowed all worthy members of all races to receive their endowments, Jane received them via proxy in the Salt La ke City temple ."

New Section 1 Page 6

P - Holsinger, "Henry M. Teller and the Edmunds-Tucker Act", The Colorado Magazine, vol 48 no 1, Winter 1971, available at http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/Researchers/ColoradoMagazine_v48n1_Winter1971.pdf Q - Supreme Court Decision, "The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter -Day Saints v. United States", 136 U.S. 1 (1890) available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/136/1; also see Rothera, "The Tenacious "Twin Relic": Republicans, Polygamy, and The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States", Journal of Supreme Court History, March 2016, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsch.12091/full R - Official Declaration 1, Wilford Woodruff, lds.org, 6 October 1890, available at https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/od/1?lang=eng S - "The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage", lds.org, gospel topics essay; Second Manifesto, April 1904, President Joseph F. Smith, available at https://www.lds.org/topics/the-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage?lang=eng&old=true#47; Footnote 42 - "One of the most aggressive proponents of new plural marriages, Apostle Matthias F. Cowley, listed the plural marriages he performed in a small notebook. The book contains 3 marriages for 1898, 4 for 1899, 9 for 1900, 20 for 1901, 18 for 1902, and 3 for 1903."; Footnote 49 - "Beginning in October 1904, the First Presidency ended the practice of permitting sealings to be performed outside of temples. Nevertheless, Cowley and Taylor continued to perform plural marriage sealings outside temples, including several on their own behalf. Cowley married a plural wife in 1905, and Taylor married a plural wife in 1909. " T - Quinn, "Plural Marriages Given After the 1890 Manifesto", speech given August 1991, see, for example, "In 1900, second counse lor Joseph F. Smith instructed Seymour B. Young of the First Council of Seventy, to perform two plural marriages in Mexico. . . . As Church President, Josep h F. Smith did not want to know the specifics of new ceremonies, but he increased financial support for post Manifesto plural wives and children of apostles and mission presidents, and he gave advice for the hiding of plural wives so that they would not be subject to arrest. Joseph F. Smith probably authorized Apostles Claw son and Cowley to marry their plural wives after the second Manifesto of 1904, since he did authorize a close friend to perform one plural marriage as late as 190 6, and o.k.'d another one that occurred in 1907.", available at http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:e0bcqUxmBtQJ:mormonpolygamydocuments.org/wp content/uploads/2014/12/MF0009.doc+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari U - "Testimony of Important Witnesses at the Reed Smoot Hearings", Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Company, 1905, Pgs. 59 -215, available at https://archive.org/details/testimonyOfImportantWitnessesFromTheSmootHearing , for example, at Pg. 85 Joseph F. Smith said: "It has been the continuous and conscientious practice and rule of the church ever since the manifesto to observe that manifesto with regard to plural marria ges; and from that time till to-day there has never been, to my knowledge, a plural marriage performed in accordance with the understanding, instruction, connivance, c ounsel, or permission of the presiding authorities of the church, or of the church, in any shape or form; and I know whereof I speak, gentlemen, in relati on to that matter."; for context on Mormon culture during Post-Manifesto times, see this interview with Daymon Smith, "Correlation: An Uncorrelated History (Part 2 - Manifestos)", By Common Consent, 05 March 2010, available at https://bycommonconsent.com/2010/03/05/correlation-an-uncorrelated-history-part-2-manifestoes/ V - "Correlation: An Uncorrelated History (Part 4 - John W. Taylor, Excommunicated)", By Common Consent, 13 March 2010, available at https://bycommonconsent.com/2010/03/13/correlation-an-uncorrelated-history-part-4-john-w-taylor-excommunicated/; "Disciplining the Rebellious", Salt Lake Tribune, 13 May 1911, available at http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045396/1911-05-13/ed-1/seq-6/ W - Utah Division of Corporations and Commercial Code, utah.gov, available at https://secure.utah.gov/bes/details.html?entity=555534-0145; also see Waterman, "How the Corporatism Has Undermined and Subverted the Church of Jesus Christ", PureMormonism, 31 October 2010, available at http://puremormonism.blogspot.com/2010/10/how-corporatism-has-undermined-and.html; for the corporate structure of the Church's holdings, see Mithryn, "Structure of the Corporation of the President/Bishopric (Actual LDS "Church)", Exploring Mormonism, 2 June 2014, available a t https://exploringmormonism.com/structure-of-the-corporation-of-the-president-bishopric-actual-lds-church/ X - Compton, "From Amici to O'hana", detailing the legal fight in Hawaii and LDS church response, available at http://rationalfaiths.com/from-amici-to-ohana/; for a brief legal context on the Baehr case, see"1993: The Hawaii Case of Baehr v. Lewin", FindLaw, available at http://family.findlaw.com/marriage/1993-the-hawaiicase-of-baehr-v-lewin.html; for an in depth analysis see, Sant'Ambrogio et al., "Baehr v. Lewin and the Long Road to Marriage Equality", 33 U. Hawai'I L. Rev. 705, 2011, available at http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1523&context=facpubs Y - Proclamation on the Family, lds.org, "This proclamation was read by President Gordon B. Hinckley as part of his message at th e General Relief Society Meeting held September 23, 1995, in Salt Lake City, Utah", available here, https://www.lds.org/topics/family-proclamation?lang=eng&old=true; also see Greg Prince's interview with Chieko Okazaki for insight on the development of the Proclamation, Prince/Okazaki, "There is Always a Struggle : An interview with Chieko N. Okazaki", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol. 45, No. 1, Spring 2012: "in 1995 when 'The Family: A Proclamation to th e World' was written, the Relief Society presidency was asked to come to a meeting. We did, and they read this proclamation. It was all finished. The only que stion was whether they should present it at the priesthood meeting or at the Relief Society meeting. It didn’t matter to me where it was presented. What I wanted t o know was, 'How come we weren’t consulted?'", available at https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V45N01_CO.pdf Z - "Proposition 8 Grassroots Program", Training Slides, MormonLeaks.io, published online 23 March 2017, available at https://mormonleaks.io/wiki/documents/e/ed/Proposition_8_Grassroots_Program.pdf ; also see "The long crusade: How the Mormon Church continues to war against gay marriage", The Daily Dot, 23 March 2017, available at https://www.dailydot.com/irl/mormon-church-gay-marriage-prop-8/ - “I didn’t want to participate, but when you’re told by a prophet this is what you should do, it takes away choice a little bit,” McGuffin said. “It was an incredible organizational effort. I’ve never seen anything like it.” - Matthew McGuffin, called to be a "community outreach organizer" during Prop 8 AA - Church Handbook of Instruction, Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops, Sections on "When a Disciplinary Council is Mandato ry" and "Policies on Ordinances for Children of a Parent Living in a Same-Gender Relationship", 05 November 2015, available athttps://www.scribd.com/document/288692551/Changes-to-Mormon-handbook; see "LDS Church reaffirms doctrine of marriage, updates policies on families in same-sex marriages", Deseret News, 05 November 2015, available athttp://www.deseretnews.com/article/865640835/Church-updates-policies-on-families-insame-sex-marriages.html; see "New Mormon Policy makes apostates of married same-sex couples, bars children from rites", Salt Lake Tribune, 05 November 2015, available athttp://www.sltrib.com/home/3144035-155/new-mormon-policy-would-make-apostates?fullpage=1 ; see "Mormons Sharpen Stand Against Same-Sex Marriage", New York Times, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/07/us/mormons-gay-marriage.html; also see "New Policy on Gay Couples and Their Children Roils the Mormon Church", New York Times, 13 November 2015, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/14/us/mormons-set-to-quit-church-overpolicy-on-gay-couples-and-their-children.html BB - "President Nelson Encourages LDS Millennials to Be Morally Courageous", Russell M. Nelson, lds.org, 10 January 2016, availabl e at https://www.lds.org/church/news/president-nelson-encourages-lds-millennials-to-be-morally-courageous?lang=eng - "Filled with compassion for all, and especially for the children, we wrestled at length to understand the Lord’s will in this matter,” he said. “Ever mindful of God’s plan o f salvation and of His hope for eternal life for each of His children, we considered countless permutations and combinations of possible scenarios that could arise. We me t repeatedly in the temple in fasting and prayer and sought further direction and inspiration. And then, when the Lord inspired His prophet, President Thomas S. Monson, to declare the mind of the Lord and the will of the Lord, each of us during that sacred moment felt a spiritual confirmation. It was our privilege as Apostles to sustain what had been revealed

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Lord and the will of the Lord, each of us during that sacred moment felt a spiritual confirmation. It was our privilege as Apostles to sustain what had been revealed to President Monson. Revelation from the Lord to His servants is a sacred process . And so is your privilege of receiving personal revelation.”

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