COMPUTER AWARENESS SBI CLERK POCKET KNOWLEDGE BY EDUGEEKS.IN

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COMPUTER AWARENESS COMPUTER: An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals. Computer was invented by ―Charles Babbage‖ who is known as ―Father of Computer‖. Word ―COMPUTER‖ was first used in 1613            

First Programmable Computer: Z1 developed by Konrad Zuse in 1936 First electronic programmable computer: Colossus developed by Tommy Flowers in 1943 First digital computer: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) developed by John Vincent Atanasoff in 1937 First Stored Program Computer: EDSAC First Computer Company: Electronic Controls Company First PC Computer: 701 by IBM First Computer with RAM: Whirlwind Machine First Transient Computer: TX-O First Mini Computer: PDP-1 First Microprocessor: Intel 4004 First Laptop or Portable Computer: IBM 5100 First Apple Computer: Apple I

Generations of Computers   

First Generation (1940 to 1956) – Using Vacuum Tubes Second Generation (1956 to 1963) – Using Transistors Third Generation (1964 to 1971) – Using Integrated Circuits (Chips)

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Fourth Generation (1971 to present) – Using Microprocessors Fifth Generation (present and next) – Using Artificial Intelligence

First Generation First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used. In this generation, Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used. There were machine codes and electric wired board languages used.

The main features of First Generation are:  Vacuum tube technology  Unreliable  Supported Machine language only  Very costly  Generate lot of heat  Slow Input/Output device  Huge size  Need of A.C.  Non-portable  Consumed lot of electricity

Some computers of this generation were:     

ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

Some computers of this generation were:     

IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

Second Generation The period of second generation was 1959-1965. This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and highlevel programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.

Third Generation The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation, Remote processing, Timesharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used. High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.) were used during this generation. The main features of Third Generation are:

The main features of Second Generation are:         

Use of transistors Reliable as compared to First generation computers Smaller size as compared to First generation computers Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly A.C. needed Support machine and assembly languages

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IC used More reliable Smaller size Generate less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Still costly A.C. needed Consumed lesser electricity Support high-level language

Some computers of this generation were:   

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor)

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Fifth Generation

IBM-370/168 TDC-316

The period of Fifth Generation is 1980-till date.

Fourth Generation

In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.

The period of Fourth Generation was 1971-1980. The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science which interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings.

In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.

AI includes:

All the higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net, etc., are used in this generation.

All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation

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The main features of Fourth Generation are:

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VLSI technology used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PC's Very small size Pipeline processing No A.C. needed Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields networks Computers became easily available

Robotics Neural networks Game Playing Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations. Natural language understanding and generation.

Types of Computers (based on electric signal) of

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Analog – flight simulators Digital – commercial and control systems Hybrid – ECG machines, Modem

Some computers of this generation were:     

DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1 (Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

Types of Computers: Sr. Type No.

Specifications

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PC (Personal Single user computer system. Computer) Moderately powerful microprocessor.

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WorkStation

Single user computer system. Similar to Personal Computer but have more powerful microprocessor.

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Mini Computer

Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.

Main Frame

Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer.

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2. Software Hardware: Hardware is the brain of computer which performs all calculations and processing we can simply say that CPU, Microprocessor, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, hard disk etc. are hardware components of computer. Software: Software is a set of instructions/programs, which enables the computer to perform a specific task. An important software called the 'Operating System' is a set of specialized programs which manage the overall operations of the computer. Windows XP is a wellknown and widely used operating system

Parts of Computers: An extremely fast computer, which Supercomputer can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

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CPU Mouse Keyboard Monitor Hard Disk CD/DVD Drive Floppy Disk Driver

Computer Organization: Applications of Computers: Computers are used around the world some of them are          

Education Business Banking Government Applications Marketing Law Research Arts Medicine Media

Components of Computer There are two components of computers 1. Hardware

Input Devices – Access the data Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Process the data Output Devices- Produces the result Storage Devices (RAM) – Stores the result Input Device: An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. Examples:         

Keyboard Mouse Joystick Light pen Track Ball Scanner Graphic Tablet Microphone Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

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Optical Character Reader (OCR) Bar Code Reader Optical Mark Reader

Its size affects speed, power and capability. There are primary memory and secondary memory, two types of memories in the computer. Functions of Memory Unit are:

CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program). It controls the operations of all parts of computer.

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CPU itself has the following three components   

It stores all the data to be processed and the instructions required for processing. It stores intermediate results of processing. It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory Unit Control Unit

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) This unit consists of two subsections namely:  

Arithmetic Section Logic Section

Arithmetic Section Function of Arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of above operations. Logic Section Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.

Memory or Storage Unit: This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access memory(RAM).

Control Unit This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer. It does not carry out any actual data processing operations. Functions of this unit are:     

It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer. It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer. It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them and directs the operation of the computer. It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage. It does not process or store data.

Output Devices: An output device is anything that can display information Examples: 

Printer

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Speaker Monitor/Screen FAX Graphic Plotter

Printers Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print information on paper. There are two types of printers:  

Impact Printers Non-Impact Printers

Printer types: Impact – Dot Matrix, Character printers Non Impact – Inkjet, DiskJet, Laser, Thermal Printers

working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instructions required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) is one of the storage devices which performs both read and write operations. But RAM is Volatile in nature it loses the data when there is no power supply. It is fast while programming when compared to ROM There are two types of RAM  DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)  SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

Memory: A place where we can store the data or set of instructions to access them while performing the operations Memory types:  Cache Memory  Primary Memory/Main Memory  Secondary Memory Cache Memory: Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory, which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. Primary Memory (Main Memory) Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently

Main advantage of ROM is that we can easily alter the data or reprogrammable. Advantage of ROM is Non –Volatile in nature which does not loses any data when there is no power supply. Motherboard may consist of more than one ROM chips. Types of ROM     

ROM- Read only Memory PROM- Programmable Read only Memory EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read only Memory EEPROMElectrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory Flash EEPROM memory

Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing Data/Information permanently.

CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) Operating System is a type of software that allows computer hardware to communicate with software. A computer without OS is a mere machine Ex: DOS (Disk Operating System), Linux, Solaris

It is a translator program which reads entire program written in high level language and converts it into machine language code Interpreter – Translates high level language into intermediate form which it then executes. Time consuming is program is long. It is a translator which converts one statement of program into machine code, execute it and then goes on to perform the same for next statement, and continues till end of program or occurrence of an error

Types of operating systems Graphical User Interface (GUI) GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact with electronic devices like mobiles, gaming devicesandMp3 players using some graphical icons Ex:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X Multi-user operating system Application software which allows multiple users toaccess the computer with time sharing system Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000 Multiprocessor operating system An operating system which supports the utilization of two or more processors on single computer Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

Multi-Tasking An operating system which supports multiple processes at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000

Translators: There are two types of translators – Compilers and Interpreters Compiler – special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language (source code) and converts to machine code.

Computer Security Virus – Program written to interface with normal functioning of the computer  Boot sector virus – infects boot sector in hard disk and affects partition table  File viruses – attach with exe files. Commonly infects files with com or exe extensions  System Viruses – Infects specific system files such as command.com Viruses can be grouped as:  Time bomb – It will start on particular date at particular time. Computer looses its ability to function properly  Trojan Horse – Enters computer via email or free programs that are downloaded  Worm – Infiltrate legitimate data processing programs and alter or destroy data  Often use network connections to spread from one system to other  Linked through communication lines

Types of keys in Keyboard Keyboard was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes. Keyboard is an input device, used for entering data with the help of numbers, letters and symbols provided on the keyboard. There are many types of keys on the keyboard they are.       

Typewriter Keys (Alpha numeric, Punctuation, Special Keys) Function Keys (F1, F2, F3……….F12) Enter Keys (Enter) System Keys ( Print Screen, Caps Lock and Num Lock) Numeric Keys (0, 1, 2…..9) Application Key Cursor Control Key (Left, Right, Up, Down Arrows)

Microsoft Office: Microsoft Office is an office suite of desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windows and OS X operating systems. It was first announced by Bill Gates of Microsoft on August 1, 1988 at COMDEX in Las Vegas.

Microsoft Office made its debut in 1990, with successive releases adding to the suite‘s primary word processor (Microsoft Word), spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel), and presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint) applications with an e-mail / personal information manager application (Microsoft Outlook), database tool (Microsoft Access), desktop publishing app (Microsoft Publisher), note-taking software (Microsoft OneNote), diagram and flowcharting tools (Microsoft Visio) and more. Important Terms:

Cell: A cell is the intersection of a row and a column in a table. Catalog: Catalog refers to a type of document created in Mail Merge that contains multiple records per page. Columns: In a document, columns refers to the formatting of text so that it flows side-by-side on a page like a newspaper. Exit: Use the Exit command on the File menu to close all documents and leave Word entirely. Field: A field is an area in your document where a specific type of data is entered or calculated. Footer: A footer is the contents of an area located within the bottom margin of a page Frame: A frame is a container for text and graphics that can be placed anywhere within a document, including the margins, and which forces existing text to wrap around it. Hotspot: A hot spot is a green word or phrase that can be used to open help about the word or phrase. Click a hot spot with a solid underline to open a help document about the phrase. Click a hot spot with a dotted underline to open a pop-up window about the phrase. Line spacing: Line spacing refers to the number of lines used by each line of text. In single-line spacing, each line of text is followed by another line of text, and there are no blank lines in between. In double-line spacing, each line of text is followed by a blank line. List box: A list box is a box that contains a list of available choices, such as files or field names. Menu Bar: The menu bar contains the names of Word's menus and is used to navigate through their commands.

Query: A query is a request for information in a database. For example, a user might request "all sales orders with a quantity greater than five". Record: A record is a set of information contained in a database. For example, a company might keep a database containing client records. Each record would contain a variety of information such as name, phone number, and address. Rows: In a table, a row is a horizontal series of cells.

Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name MultiTool Wordfor Xenix systems Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension. Study Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys here

Save As: Use the Save As command on the File menu to open the Save As dialog box if you want to save the current document under a new name or store it in a different folder or disk while also keeping the original version.

Microsoft Excel

Template: A template is a preformatted document that serves as a model for other documents. Templates include common formats such as addresses and date entries and allow you to create professional looking letters, memos, reports, and other documents easily.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications.

Task Bar: The Taskbar is a panel on the Desktop that contains the Start button, the Tray, and task buttons that correspond to any open windows.

Study Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys here

Trace: Tracing is the process of navigating through an open menu by moving the mouse over menu items. Truncated: Tracing is the process of navigating through an open menu by moving the mouse over menu items. Tool: A tool is a shortcut button, usually shown on a bar near the top of a window, that provides quick access to a commonly used command. View: There are four views available in Word: Normal, Page Layout, Online Layout, and Outline. Some show you how the document will look when it is printed, and some make working in Word quick and easy.

Study Microsoft Power Point Shortcut Keys here Study Microsoft Outlook Shortcut Keys here Study Browser Shortcuts here

Important Inventions and Discoveries:    

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Inventor of Computer– Charles Babbage First Modern Computer in the WorldENIAC First Commercial Computer – Univac First Programmable Digital Computer – SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) ENIAC was developed by – John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

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Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer – Hollerith First Computer Programming LanguagesFORTRAN, LISP and COBOL Computer Graphics was developed by – William Fetter ARPANET was developed by – DARPA First Compiler was developed by – Dr. Grace Murray Hopper

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Father of Computer Animations- John Whitney First movie to use Digital Image ProcessingWest World in 1973 Computer Mouse was invented by- Douglas Engel Bart Computer Keyboard was invented byChristopher Latham Sholes Laptop Computer was invented by – Adam Osborne First Graphical Computer Game was invented by- A.S. Douglas Computer BIOS was invented by – Gary Kildall Inventor of Computer Bug- Dr. Grace Murray Hopper Inventors of Computer Chip (IC) – Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce Father of Computer Hard Disk- Reynold Johnson Inventor of First Data Base – Dr. Edgar Frank Codd Inventor of Ethernet Computer NetworkingDavid Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampsonin Xerox PARC Inventor of Computer Scanner – Ray Kurzweil Inventor of Computer Speakers- Abinawan Puracchidas

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Inventor of MS-DOS Operating SystemsMicrosoft Inventors of first computer Microprocessors – Faggin , Hoff & Mazor Inventor of Spacewar computer Game – Steve Russell & MIT UNIVAC was developed by – John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Founder of Apple Computers – Steve Jobs Founder of Artificial Intelligence – John McCarthy Founder of Bluetooth – Ericsson Father of Computer – Charles Babbage Father of ‗C‘ Language – Dennis Ritchie Father of ‗C++‘ language – Bjarne Stroustrup Founder of Email – Shiva Ayyadurai Founder of Google – Larry Page and Sergey Brin Founder of Internet – Vint Cerf Father of ‗Java‘- James Gosling Father of JQuery – John Resig Founder of Keyboard – Christoper Latham Sholes Founder of Linux – Linus Torvalds Founder of Microsoft – Bill Gates and Paul Allen Founder of Mobile Phones – Martin Cooper Founder of Mouse – Douglas Engelbart Founders of Oracle – Ed Oates, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner Founder of Php – Rasmus Lerdorf Founder of USB – Ajay V.Bhatt Founder of WWW – Tim Berners-Lee Founder of Yahoo – Jurry Yang and David Filo

Important Terms: Backup: Storage of duplicate files on disks, diskettes, or some other form of magnetic medium (such as tapes) as a safety measures in case the original medium is damaged or lost.

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS): A set of programs stored in read-only memory. These programs control the disk drives, the keyboard, and the display screen, and they handle start-up operations. Boot (short for bootstrap): To start a computer and load the operating system to prepare the computer to execute an application. Buffer: A holding area in memory that stores information temporarily.

Domain name: The second part of an e-mail address what follows the @symbol. The name of the computer intended to receive an e-mail message. In Web addresses (URLs) this element is referred to as the host name. DOS: An acronym derived from disk operating system. A program that allows the computer to manage the storage of information on disks and control as other aspects of a computer‘s operation.

Bug: A defect in the software that causes the computer to malfunction or cease to operate. Some writers now use bug to refer to hardware problems as well. Bus: There are wires between all the parts of your computer. There is a wire from the memory to the brain, and from the brain to the printer, etc., etc. Those wires are called busses. They differ from one another by the amount of data they will transfer at one time. Compiler: This is an application that converts a programming language into a machine language program.

Dot: The period symbol used in e-mail addresses. Always referred to as a dot (never a period). Thus the domain name aol.com would be pronounced ay-oh-ell dot-com. Internet surfers who spend a lot of time in the. Com domain are sometimes referred to as dot communists.

Crash: A malfunction in hardware or software that keeps a computer from functioning.

Encryption: This is any one of many methods to transfer a file into a hard-to-crack code. It is often done by scrambling or by letter-to-letter replacement.

Data: Information consisting of letter, numbers, symbols, sound, or images in a form that can be processed by a computer.

Engine (as in "Search Engine"): This is the working part of a database or application.

Data compression: A procedure for reducing the volume of data so as to shorten the time needed to transfer the data. Database: A stored collection of information. Database management system: The software needed to establish and maintain database and manage the stored information. Debugging: program

Ethernet: This is a method of file transfer that uses dedicated cables rather than dial up phone lines. Ethernets are usually set up attaching end users to a central system like an Intranet. It was invented by Xerox believe it or not. F File: A collection of information stored electronically and treated as a unit by a computer. Every file must have its own distinctive name.

Locating and eliminating defects in a

Domain: Typically, a three letter element in a Web address or an e-mail address. The domain, commonly referred to as the zone, indicates the type of organization that owns the computer being identified in the address. For example,. Com signifies a commercial organization; .edu signifies an educational institution.

File transfer protocol (FTP): A set of guidelines or standards that establish the format in which files can be transmitted from one computer to another. Firewall: Software that prevents unauthorized persons from accessing certain parts of a program, database, or network.

Gateway: It is a piece of software that allows two items to communicate with each other. They are used to make connections between computers and systems inside that computer. Home page: The main page for a Web site established by an organization or an individual; it usually serves as the entrance for a series of related pages. Host computer: A computer that provides information or a service to other computers on the Internet. Every host computer has its own unique host name.

Hypertext markup language (HTML): The formatting language used to establish the appearance of a Web page.

MB/s = megabytes per second Mb/s = megabits per second bps = bits per second i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s

Optical disk: A high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light. Peripheral computer.

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add-on

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Port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac. root directory - the main hard drive window. Save - to write a file onto a disk. Save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new name. Server: A computer that delivers data to other computers linked on the same network.

Interface: This is any type of point where two different things come together. Most often, the term is used to describe the programs between you and your computer like Windows, OS/2 and others. What you see on the screen is the interface between you and what your computer is doing. Modem: An acronym derived from modulator/demodulator. A device that (1) converts digital signals into tones for transmission over telephone lines and (2) converts the tones back into digital signals at the receiving end. Measurements Bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte 1024 bytes = one kilobyte K = kilobyte Kb = kilobit MB = megabyte Mb = megabit

Spam: This is to transmit unwanted messages, usually over email, to a great many people. TCP/IP : Stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This is a large grouping of programs and standards that govern how information moves round the Internet. The protocols were established around 1970-1980 to allow computers to attach to one another. URL: Stands for Universal Resource Locator. It's a fancy way of saying Internet Address. UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.

Virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM Virus: A piece of computer code designed as a prank or malicious act to spread from one computer to another by attacking itself to other programs. Some viruses simply cause a

humorous message to appear on the screen, some cause minor glitches, and some cause serious damage to a computer‘s memory or disks. Web site: One or more related pages created by an individuals or an organization and posted on the World Wide Web.

Important Abbreviations: 2GL—Second-Generation Programming Language 3GL—Third-Generation Programming Language 4GL—Fourth-Generation Programming Language 5GL—Five-Generation Programming Language AAA—Authentication Authorization, Accounting

COBOL—Common Business-Oriented Language COMPUTER-Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education, and Research DBMS—Database Management System DVD—Digital Versatile Disc DVD—Digital Video Disc DVD-R—DVD-Recordable DVD-ROM—DVD-Read Only Memory DVD-RW—DVD-Rewritable DVI—Digital Visual Interface DVR—Digital Video Recorder

AAL—ATM Adaptation Layer ABR—Available Bitrate ALGOL—Algorithmic Language ALU—Arithmetic and Logical Unit ANSI—American National Standards Institute

EDSAC—Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

ARPANET—Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

EDVAC—Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange

EEPROM—Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

ASP—Active Server Pages

E-mail—Electronic mail

BASIC—Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

ENIAC—Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

CAPTCHA—Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart

EPROM—Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

CDMA—Code Division Multiple Access

FDD—Floppy Disk Drive

CD-R—CD-Recordable

GUI—Graphical User Interface

CD-ROM—CD Read-Only Memory

HD—High Density

CD-RW—CD-Rewritable

HDD—Hard Disk Drive

HTML—Hypertext Markup Language

MTA—Mail Transfer Agent

HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol

MVS—Multiple Virtual Storage

HTTPd—Hypertext Transport Protocol Daemon

MX—Mail exchange

IC—Integrated Circuit

MXF—Material Exchange Format

I/O—Input/output

OS—Operating System

IP—Internet Protocol

OSS—Open-Source Software

ISO—International Organization for Standardization

PAN—Personal Area Network

ISP—Internet Service Provider

PAP—Password Authentication Protocol

KB—Keyboard

PERL—Practical Extraction and Reporting Language

Kb—Kilobit

PHP—PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

KB—Kilobyte

QDR—Quad Data Rate

KVM—Keyboard, Video, Mouse

RAID—Redundant Array of Independent Disks

LCD—Liquid Crystal Display

RDBMS—Relational Database Management System

LCR—Least Cost Routing LAN—Local Area Network LIFO—Last In First Out MAC—Media Access Control MAN—Metropolitan Area Network MANET—Mobile Ad-Hoc Network MAPI—Messaging Application Programming Interface Mb—Megabit MB—Megabyte MHz—Megahertz MOSFET—Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

RISC—Reduced Instruction Set Computer SAN—Storage Area Network SAX—Simple API for XML. SQL—Structured Query Language SRAM—Static Random Access Memory TCP/IP—Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TTL—Transistor-Transistor Logic UML—Unified Modeling Language USB—Universal Serial Bus VLAN—Virtual Local Area Network

MS-DOS—Microsoft DOS

XHTML—eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language

MT—Machine Translation

XML—eXtensible Markup Language

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