NAME: MAITRAYEE DEOKAR LEVEL: L5 MODULE TUTOR: MIHIR SHAH MODULE TITLE: DESIGN PRINCIPLE PROCESSES TOPIC:WAREHOUSES WAREHOUSES

CONTENTS TOPICS

PAGE. NOS.

1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………………...……….01 2. ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………...……02 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………....02 4. OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………………………..02 5. SCOPE AND LIMITATION……………………………………………………….02 6. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………02 7. INTRODUCTION 7.1. Concept of warehouses…………………………………………...……………..03 7.2. Warehouse conversions………………………………………………...………04 7.3. Warehouses in Mumbai……………………………………………...…………04 8. ANALYSIS 8.1. Introduction to Phoenix Mills…………………………………………….........05 8.2. Chapter 1- California Pizza Kitchen…………………………………………….07 8.3. Chapter 2- The Irish House…………………………………………………......12 8.4. Chapter 3- Hamleys……………………………………………………….........16 9. COMPARATIVE REPORT 9.1. Scale………………………………………………………………………….…...19 9.2. Space Planning……………………………………………………………..........19 9.3. Purpose…………………………………………………………………………...19 9.4. Working hours……………………………………………………….…............19 9.5. Location……………………………………………………………...................20 9.6. Reception and Lounge……………………………………………...................20 9.7. Elements of Warehouse…………………………………………………….…..20 9.8. Materials………………………………………………………………………....20 9.9. Toilets…………………………………………………………………...............21 10. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..........21 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..21

1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG 1: General traffic plan near Phoenix mall FIG 2: Sun path over phoenix mall. FIG 3: Location plan of High street phoenix FIG 4: CPK Entrance FIG 5: Interior view of CPK FIG 6: Structural members and exposed brick wall in CPK FIG 7: Skylight supported by trusses FIG 8: Diffused natural light entering FIG 9: Black painted structural members FIG 10: Wine storage shelf FIG 11: California pizza kitchen zoning layout FIG 12: Sketch showing interior view of CPK. FIG 13: Wine rack at CPK FIG 14: Irish House entrance FIG 15: Industrial style chandelier FIG 16: Staircase with name board FIG 17: Interior of Irish House FIG 18: Bar counter FIG 19: Bar counter FIG 20: wooden niches in ceiling. FIG 21: wooden members in ceiling. FIG 22: Sunlight lighting up the interior. FIG 23: Louvered windows FIG 24: Wooden entrance door at The Irish House. FIG 25: The roof members inside The Irish House. FIG 26: Bright red Hamleys entrance FIG 27: Interior view of Hamleys FIG 28: Black coloured roof and ducts FIG 29: Black coloured roof and ducts FIG 30: Partition with arch design FIG 31: Staircase leading to mezzanine floor FIG 32: Mezzanine floor FIG 33: Ceiling at Hamleys

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2. ABSTRACT The city of Mumbai has many industrial pockets, that house many mills and warehouses. These mills later shut down and the unused structures took up a lot of space required by the rapidly expanding city. Thus, these old structures got converted to other commercial purposes required to meet the ends for increasing population The study of three such spaces sheds light on the reuse of spaces with completely different function and to shape it into another space with a whole new function and requirement.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The information in the research is obtained through primary and secondary research methods. Visiting the sites and interviewing the site officials provided with the background of the space. Also, the history of the site was obtained through articles.

4. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the study was to understand the co-relation of a space to its function and atmosphere. The transformation of a space brings in a whole new culture and shapes lives, was to be understood.

5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS Being a public space, intricate details could not be captured, which proved to be a limitation. Since, the city is every growing, such warehouse conversions will solve a lot of space problems in future as well.

6. LITERATURE REVIEW

In ever growing and developing cities around the world, old reminiscent industrial buildings like the warehouses, await their fate. The redevelopment of these buildings has begun around the world in different cities owing to the need to catch up with the growing population. Construction of sky-scrapers has very well helped in the field of architecture for space saving. To meet growing space saving need in construction field, these awaiting industrial structures are being redesigned and reused.

The peculiar characteristics of a warehouse like, huge spans of area, exposed structural members, ample natural light and double height volume, are potential elements in a space that can be improvised as per different functionalities. This has led to the redevelopment of warehouses into different forms of residential as well as commercial spaces like, offices, restaurants, cafes, shops, etc. The style of redesigning warehouses, that is, the industrial style has entered the world of interior designing, that is being adopted even in newly constructed structures. The space in these warehouses speaks a language that is being embraced by users as well as designers throughout the world.

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7. INTRODUCTION 7.1. Concept of warehouses The large plain buildings constructed in industrial areas for storage of goods are called warehouses or godowns (in India). These warehouses are mainly used by importers, exporters, manufacturers, transport businesses, wholesalers and customs. These buildings are often provided with loading docks for loading and unloading goods from different forms of transport like trucks, ships and airplanes. The goods that are stored, generally include spare parts, components, raw materials, agricultural produce and finished goods. The warehouses are of different types, like, private warehouses, public warehouses and bonded warehouses. • Private warehouses are constructed and owned by the business enterprises in order to store the products produced by them. These are exclusively owned and used by the producers themselves and are not meant for other manufacturing or business units. On account of heavy cost of construction and maintenance of these warehouses, there number is quite small. Only big business houses can afford to have such type of warehouses. • A public warehouse or duty paid warehouse is one which is open for public at large. Most of the business organizations, especially small and medium scale, can’t afford to have their own warehouses on account of large financial investment in their construction and maintenance. They make use of these types of warehouses, which may be owned by an individual or some agency whose main object is to provide storage facilities to people for certain fees or charges. These warehouses operate within rules and regulations formed by the government. Public warehouses are very useful to businessmen. These warehouses are usually situated near railway lines or main roads, so as to provide quick transportation services. Goods lying in the warehouse can be hypothecated to banks and other financial institutions for getting loan and financial assistance. Public warehouses ensure greater security and handling of goods on account of latest mechanical devices used in handling and preserving the goods. • Bonded warehouses are used for imported goods which are not granted clearance on account of non-payment of custom duty by the importer of these goods. Such warehouses are situated near the ports. Goods can’t be removed from these warehouses until the custom duties are paid. Bonded warehouses may be run by the government or private agencies (when granted licenses to operate such warehouses). In both the cases there is a strict control and supervision imposed by custom authorities on their operation and functioning. Importer of the goods has some control over his goods and he can inspect and check the goods as and when he wants. After making part payment of the custom duty, goods can be proportionately withdrawn from these warehouses.

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7.2. Warehouse Conversions In many cities around the world, since the 1990s, the developers have been turning abandoned and unused warehouses and factories into funky, luxurious and convenient inner-city apartments. In cities where space is tight, buyers looking for larger homes or commercial spaces are getting more interested in the types of spaces that can be refashioned. The city of Mumbai has been expanding rapidly with tremendous growth in industrial sector as well as increase in population. The rise of cities has come after years of the decline of manufacturing. Thus, a lot of strong buildings made for industrial uses are available for conversion to residential and commercial uses. Industrial pockets is many parts of the city have turned into thriving residential areas, leading to a need for construction of more commercial outlets. These increasing needs have led to conversion of old unused warehouses. This not only saves a lot of energy and resources but these old warehouses also stay alive as a part of cultural heritage. There several advantages to converting warehouse or industrial space • Warehouses are often easy to adapt. The open floor plans are easier to modify than a traditional office building. A warehouse can be transformed into a school, office, shops, restaurants, café etc. Warehouses can also be built from the ground up more cheaply and quickly than other commercial building types. • Warehouses usually have more potential space than meets the eye. Because the ceilings are high, an owner or long-term tenant sometimes has the option to build a new floor, meaning warehouses potentially have nearly twice as much usable space. • Warehouses usually have flexible zoning. As warehouses cover larger spans, zoning according to the facility to be built becomes very flexible and easy.

7.3. Warehouses in Mumbai In Lower Parel, Mumbai, a number of cotton mills are no longer operating and hence are ripe for redevelopment. Brinda Somaya designed the conversion of the Kamla mills into an Office complex. Shimul Jhaveri Kadri converted a warehouse into corporate office for Synergy (1998). The redevelopment of Mumbai's cotton mills began in 1992, when efforts began to demolish the numerous cotton mills that once dotted the landscape of Mumbai, India, to make way for new residential and commercial buildings, as part of the wider modernization of Mumbai. The mills of Girangaon were once integral to Mumbai's economy, particularly during the British colonial period, when Mumbai (then known as Bombay) was often referred to as the "Manchester of the East“. However, with the development of newer industries in and around Mumbai, these mills ceased to be profitable, and fell into a state of disrepair.

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Some of the popular warehouses converted into commercial spaces are given below: NAME

LOCATION

Phoenix Mills

Lower Parel

Kamala Mills

Lower Parel

Jupiter Mills (South)

Lower Parel

Century Spinning & Weaving Mills

Worli

Elphinstone Mills

Elphinstone

China Mill compound

Sewri

8. ANALYSIS 8.1. Introduction to Phoenix mills High Street Phoenix, formerly known as Phoenix Mills, is one of the largest shopping malls in India, situated in Lower Parel,Mumbai. Its gross floor area is 3,300,000 square feet. In addition to the mall, the compound hosts a five-star hotel, a multiplex, commercial space and a residential tower. The mall consists of the Palladium, SkyZone and Grand Galleria. Phoenix Mills was originally started in 1905 to manufacture cotton textiles in Bombay. The company, which has been listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange since 1959, is owned by the Ruia family. In 1938, the British government ordered firing at workers who were peacefully protesting the proposed Bombay Trades Disputes Bill. The workers at Phoenix Mills went on strike between 11 April 1939 and 1 November 1939, demanding an increase in pay. Phoenix Mills was affected by the general strike that shut down all mills in Mumbai for over a year in 1982–83. Mumbai's mills went through a turbulent time in the 1980s and '90s owing to labour unrest in addition to higher operating costs of a mill inside Mumbai, making mills such as Phoenix loss-making and nonviable entities.

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FIG 1: General traffic plan near Phoenix mall (Viewed on 24th Sept,2015)

FIG 2: Sun path over phoenix mall (Viewed on 24th Sept, 2015)

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FIG 3: Location plan of High street phoenix (Self drafted on 24th Sept, 2015)

8.2 Chapter 1- California Pizza kitchen California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) is located at High Street Phoenix mall, on first floor. It is a polished casual dining restaurant chain that specializes in California-style pizza. The restaurant was started in 1985 by attorneys Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax in Beverly Hills, California, United States. The CPK’s entrance sporting a vibrant yellow colour, which is also a part of their logo, makes the restaurant stand out from its surroundings. As opposed to other CPK restaurants around the city, CPK at Phoenix mall has a rather raw and rough décor, giving justice to the elements of the original ware house.

FIG 4: CPK Entrance (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 5: Interior view of CPK (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015) 7

Wooden ceiling to match with the rest of the décor.

Track lighting fixed to the structural members.

Artificial exposed brick wall cladding. FIG 6: Structural members and exposed brick wall in CPK (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015) The exposed brick wall, dark wood furniture and the intact warehouse roof with all the structural members like the trusses, contribute to a cozy, casual and yet an industrial look. As there is no apparent ceiling to the restaurant, and also to maintain the natural height available to the structure, artificial lighting is done by using track lights fixed to the structural members.

FIG 7: Skylight supported by trusses (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 8: Diffused natural light entering (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

The soft ambience is created by diffused natural light through the skylight built with north-light truss.

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FIG 9: Black painted structural members (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015) The skylight windows face north-east direction taking in ample amount of sunlight as well as avoiding harsh and direct sunrays. The air conditioning ducts and the original I-sections of trusses have been replaced and painted black so as to subtly camouflage them with the roof and give a sense of height to the space.

FIG 10: Wine storage shelf (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015) 9

DINING AREA

TOILET DINING AREA BAR

BAKERY AREA

BILLING DESK ENTRY

FIG 11: California pizza kitchen zoning layout (Self drafted on 6th Oct, 2015)

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FIG 12: Sketch showing interior view of CPK. (Self sketched on 6th Oct, 2015)

FIG 13: Wine rack at CPK (Self sketched on 6th Oct, 2015) 11

8.3. Chapter 2- The Irish house The Irish House is located adjacent to the CPK, at High Street Phoenix mall. The exterior of this structure resembles the original old warehouse. A small flight of stairs leads to a gloomy kind of reception, with dark wood pyramids paneled doors and soft artificial lighting with an industrial style chandelier.

FIG 15: Industrial style chandelier (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 16: Staircase with name board (Self clicked on 19th Sept, FIG 14: Irish House entrance (Self clicked 2015) on 19th Sept, 2015) From the name board to furniture and all of the interior décor, the focal material used is wood. As the concept of the Irish House has evolved from an Irish pub, the design elements correspond to its original Irish form. Thus, the décor uses earthly colour palette of green and brown in different ways.

Worn out wooden members hold lights and partially covers the ac ducts. Air conditioning ducts used as a decorative element by giving it a copper colour.

Artificial exposed brick wall cladding. FIG 17: Interior of Irish House (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

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FIG 18: Bar counter (Viewed on 20th Sept, 2015, http://www.highstreetphoenix.com/)

FIG 19: Bar counter (Viewed on 20th Sept, 2015, http://www.highstreetphoenix.com/)

The bar is the focal point of the Irish house. The wooden counter accompanied by copper coloured hanging metal shelf to store bottles and glasses go playfully well with the entire décor including the air conditioning ducts. The available height of the warehouse structure is retained. The green background of the ceiling highlights the worn out wooden members and also contributes to maintaining a cozy environment. The artificial lights are aptly placed on the members and inside the niches created by the members along the perimeter of the room.

Wooden members hold lights

FIG 20: wooden niches in ceiling. (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 21: wooden members in ceiling. (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

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The Irish House is oriented in north west-south east direction and hence receives a good amount of sunlight. The arched windows that are a reminiscent of the old warehouse structure, have wooden louvered windows that reduces the amount of sunlight entering in. This helps in maintaining the required not-so-bright ambience of the restaurant.

FIG 22: Sunlight lighting up the interior. (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 23: Louvered windows (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015) 14

FIG 24: Wooden entrance door at The Irish House (Self sketched on 6th Oct, 2015)

FIG 25: The roof members inside The Irish House. (Self sketched on 6th Oct, 2015)

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8.4. Chapter 3- Hamleys Hamleys is the oldest and largest toy shop in the world. It is named after William Hamley, who founded a toy shop called "Noah's Ark" at No. 231 High Holborn in London in 1760. Ownership of the shop passed through the family, and by the time it was operated by Hamley's grandsons in 1837, the store had become famous, counting royalty and nobility among its customers. The Hamleys was opened at High Street Phoenix in the year 2010. Being a toy shop, Hamleys design splashes a bright colours to attract kids. The entrance to Hamleys has an instant eye-catching red colour.

FIG 26: Bright red Hamleys entrance (Viewed on 20th Sept, 2015, http://www.highstreetphoenix.com/) Hamleys is the oldest and largest toy shop in the world. It is named after William Hamley, who founded a toy shop called "Noah's Ark" at No. 231 High Holborn in London in 1760. Ownership of the shop passed through the family, and by the time it was operated by Hamley's grandsons in 1837, the store had become famous, counting royalty and nobility among its customers. The interior space does not highlight any old warehouse elements for aesthetics of the space. The cloud shaped false ceiling is gets highlighted against the setting of dark network of air conditioning ducts, pipelines and structural members.

FIG 27: Interior view of Hamleys (Viewed on 20th Sept, 2015, http://www.highstreetphoenix.com/) The ceiling along the perimeter of the store facilitates lighting to light up the display shelves underneath. The parts of the roof that is left uncovered by any false ceiling, use the structural members to hold track lights. 16

FIG 28: Black coloured roof and ducts (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 29: Black coloured roof and ducts (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

The blue partitions created serve double purpose of creating circulation through he arches and housing the non-appealing service components. Taking advantage of the double height, a mezzanine floor is constructed that houses the Lego section and some other intricate toys. The mezzanine floor has completely covered false ceiling.

FIG 31: Staircase leading to mezzanine floor (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 30: Partition with arch design (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

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FIG 32: Mezzanine floor (Self clicked on 19th Sept, 2015)

FIG 33: Ceiling at Hamleys (self sketched, dated 6th Oct,2015)

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9. COMPARATIVE REPORT 9.1. Scale: The scales of the spaces at the Irish house, California Pizza kitchen and Hamleys can be seen varying, not drastically yet, giving different identities to each of them as per their function and purpose. The Hamleys being an international toy store, demanded a huge scale of space. The bright lighting emphasizes the vastness of the space with high roof. On the other hand, the Irish House encompasses a comparatively smaller space to meet the restaurant’s functional and ambient needs. Also, the height is reduced by inclusion of the wooden members on the ceiling. The California Pizza kitchen also uses a huge scale of space which is elegantly toned down by the use of darker shades in the décor. The skylights and trusses for the roof provide a double height space.

9.2. Space Planning: • When it comes to space planning, the navigation inside a space plays a vital role. The space planning at Hamleys may seem not very bordered or with a rigid boundary for navigation through different sections, which are created just by the placement of display shelves. Also, taking advantage of double height available, a mezzanine floor is added over the reception/ billing counter area, for all the intricate toy sections like Lego and delicate figurines. • The Irish House has a well planned space according to the different sitting arrangements like the two sitter, four sitter, six sitter etc. The space is largely divided into the dining space and a U-shaped bar counter. • California Pizza Kitchen has longitudinal dining space which gives it a deep perspective view from the entrance. The bar counter is placed at a level of 2 feet from ground level and so sets it apart from the ensemble of dining arrangements, which are cozily nestled at a lower level.

9.3. Purpose: • Hamleys showcases international toys for all ages and hence the purpose of this space is to highlight the products with proper circulation through them and attract customers with its bright elements. • Irish House is an extension to the traditional Irish pub. Hence, the main function of this space demands a dull and dingy ambience as against the Hamleys. The purpose of this space is to provide a down toned ambience. • California pizza kitchen is a casual dining restaurant and hence, requires a balanced, cozy and relaxed atmosphere. The main purpose of this space is to give a lively and yet subtle personal feel to it, but not making it a dull experience.

9.4. Working hours: All three spaces, Hamleys, Irish House and California Pizza kitchen are open through out the day till early night. 19

9.5. Location: Hamleys, Irish House and California Pizza Kitchen are all located at the High Street Phoenix Mall, Lower Parel, Mumbai. They are located on the first floor, right in front of the escalator, which instantly attracts attention from customers.

9.6. Reception and Lounge: • A billing counter is placed at the entrance of the Hamleys store, but it does not have a reception lounge as the scale of space is huge and does not require a waiting area. • The Irish house has a reception area just outside the entrance door. The reception area, with an industrial style chandelier and dark wooden furnishing on wall, door and the desk, gives a glimpse of the entire interior décor. • At California Pizza Kitchen, a reception desk can be seen on the right side of the entrance door, as soon as one enters. As the restaurant is provided with a huge longitudinal space with ample sitting arrangements, a waiting lounge is excluded. The reception desk blends in with the wooden décor of the restaurant.

9.7. Elements of Warehouse: • The striking element of warehouse that is seen reserved in Hamleys, is the double height available. Another element of the old warehouse that forms the part of the aesthetics of the space, are the bright red circular metal columns. The rest of the structural members on the roof have been toned down by colouring it all black, to make it less visible. • The arched windows which were a part of the old warehouse are retained and accentuated by adding wooden louvered windows, at the Irish House. Also, the worn out wooden members on the roof are a reminiscence of the old warehouse structure. • California Pizza Kitchen boldly showcases the principal elements of the warehouse. The space is designed to accommodate and exhibit these elements like, the skylight, metal trusses and exposed brick wall. These elements become the focal points of the entire interior space.

9.8. Materials: Hamleys: All the shelves are finished with laminates and the flooring used is vinyl. Irish House: Wood is the focal material used along with artificial exposed brick wall. The tables and chairs are wooden and a contrasting grey colored kota flooring that highlights the furniture. A part of wall is cladded with mirror to give a sense of depth to the space. California Pizza Kitchen: The material used for furniture and flooring is wood. An accent wall is finished with artificial exposed brick tiles. All the structural members are painted black to give the space a sleek look.

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9.9. Toilets: Hamleys is not provided with a toilet for public access. California Pizza Kitchen and Irish House both have toilets for public use. They are strategically placed at the periphery of the interior space so that it is well hidden from direct view of the customers and yet easily accessible when required, without having to enquire about its location.

10. CONCLUSION The three spaces have used the warehouses in different ways to suit their styles, requirements and rules. Though the original spaces were similar to each other, the respective converted versions sing different songs using the same notes. It can be observed that the Irish House and California Pizza Kitchen have playfully embraced the original elements of the warehouse, while in Hamleys, those elements are hidden. Though practically it is not feasible to retain all the old structural elements, CPK has recreated those elements to merge with the entire space. Likewise, the wooden members in Irish House have been added play the role of historical reminiscence.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.dcgrealestate.com/blog/dcg-blog/business-privateentities/understanding-the-many-uses-of-warehouse-space/ http://www.highstreetphoenix.com/ http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/warehousing-functions-and-typesof-warehouses/25849/ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&d q=warehouse+conversion+design+in+mumbai&source=bl&ots=ihL_U23BXe&sig=gd 0gwY8ASQozIoapqBc01MdeRgY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEIQ6AEwCmoVChMIt73D 6KSIyAIVYa2mCh2AuwTW#v=onepage&q=warehouse%20conversion%20design% 20in%20mumbai&f=false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redevelopment_of_Mumbai_mills https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse

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