UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ
DUNCAN CROWLEY
TODAY’S GLOBAL CRISES: RESPONSES FROM THE CURITIBA METROPOLITAN AREA / BY CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS CONNECTED OUTSIDE BRAZIL
CURITIBA 2016
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DUNCAN CROWLEY
TODAY’S GLOBAL CRISES: RESPONSES FROM THE CURITIBA METROPOLITAN AREA / BY CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS CONNECTED OUTSIDE BRAZIL
Projeto de Pesquisa de Mestrado relacionado à linha de pesquisa: Urbanização, Cidade e Ambiente Urbano, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientador: Prof. Clovis Ultramari
CURITIBA 2016
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ABSTRACT
With a sense of urgency, this dissertation investigates the area of urban social movements and projects that currently exist in the Curitiba metropolitan area (NUC) that have international connections and who are focused on urban sustainability and citizen participation. Acknowledging IBM’s Webb quote, “The 21st century will be a century of cities” (IBM, 2009), the dissertation analyses the role the city can play as a major solution to the multiple crises humanity faces today. It links The Right to the City (LEFEBVRE, 1967) To Harvey’s work concerning Rebel Cities (2012) to Brands’s positive City Planet (2009, p. 50) perspectives regarding slums and the squatter city, to current perspectives regarding sustainable cities (BRAND, MCDONOUGH, REGISTER, UN). Regarding final recognition of the ecological crises with the 2015 Paris agreement, the dissertation examines the overlooked early warnings from Murray Bookchin (1962, 1964) and explores how his democratic organizational structure proposals relate to current situations in 8 Spanish cities, including the feminist revolution happening in Barcelona today. The main focus of the dissertation is increased citizen participation created by social movements leading to the necessary transformation of society. The work of the Transition Towns movement, based on Rob Hopkins’s vision, and the GAIA education movement are explored alongwith experiences from Michael Albert regarding key questions about what makes such projects and movements work. Lastly, in wake of the current global economic crisis and subsequent urban revolts, assisted by new technologies (CASTELLS, 2012), Mason’s (2015) PostCapitalism proposal is explored as a solution to Klein’s choice for humanity: Capitalism vs. the Climate (2014).
Key Words: Urban Social Movements, Sustainable Cities, Citizen Participation, Right to the City, PostCapitalism
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RESUMO
Com urgência, esta dissertação investiga a área de movimentos sociais urbanos e projetos que existem atualmente na região metropolitana urbana de Curitiba (NUC) que têm conexões internacionais e que estão focados na sustentabilidade urbana e a participação cidadã. Reconhecendo a citação da Webb por IBM, "O século XXI será um século de cidades" (IBM, 2009), a dissertação analisa o papel que a cidade pode atuar como uma solução importante para as múltiplas crises que a humanidade enfrenta hoje. A dissertação liga O Direito à Cidade (LEFEBVRE, 1968) com o trabalho de Harvey em Cidades Rebeldes (2012) com as perspectivas positivas do Brand na Planeta Cidade (BRAND, 2009) sobre as favelas e a cidade ocupada, com às perspectivas atuais sobre cidades sustentáveis (BRAND, MCDONOUGH, REGISTER, ONU). Em relação ao reconhecimento, finalmente, das crises ecológicas com o acordo de Paris de 2015, a dissertação examina as alertas antecipadas de Murray Bookchin (1962, 1964) e explora como suas propostas de estruturas organizacionais democráticas se relacionam com situações atuais em 8 cidades espanholas, inclusive a revolução feminista de Barcelona hoje. O foco principal da dissertação é o aumento da participação cidadã criada pelos movimentos sociais que facilitam a necessária transformação da sociedade. O trabalho do movimento das Cidades de Transição, baseado na visão de Rob Hopkins, e o movimento de educação do GAIA são explorados junto com experiências de Michael Albert sobre perguntas chaves sobre como e por que certos projetos e movimentos funcionam, e outros não. Por fim, após a atual crise econômica global e subseqüentes revoltas urbanas, assistida por novas tecnologias (CASTELLS, 2012), a proposta do PósCapitalismo de Mason (2015) é explorada como uma solução para a escolha feita por Klein para a humanidade: O capitalismo versus o clima (2014).
Palavras-chave: Movimentos sociais urbanos, Cidades Sustentáveis, Participacao Cidadão, Direito à Cidade, PósCapitalismo
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 - CURITIBA CITY
..…49
FIGURE 2 - CURITIBA METROPOLITAN REGION RMC
..…50
FIGURE 3 - CURITIBA MUNICIPALITY NUC
..…51
FIGURE 4 - CURITIBA NUC, LOCATION OF FAVELAS
..…51
FIGURE 5 - CURITIBA REGIONS & NEIGHBOURHOODS
..…52
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LIST OF GRAPHS AND TABLES
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
COMEC
Coordenação da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (Coordination of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba)
DGR
Deep Green Resistance
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
NGO
Non-Governmental Organisation
NUC
Núcleo Urbano Central (Central Urban Nucleus)
PC
Permaculture
PMCMV
Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My House, My Life)
RMC
Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (Metropolitan Region of Curitiba)
SDGs
Sustainable Development Goals
SM
Social Movement
TFP
Todos Fazem Parte (All people play a part)
TINA
There Is No Alternative
TT
Transition Towns
UN
United Nations
USM
Urban Social Movement
WSF
World Social Forum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................11 1.1 RESEARCH AREA AND DEFINING OF THE THEME ............................11 1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................16 1.3 DISSERTATION STRUCTURE .................................................................16 2. THE GROWTH OF THE CITIZEN ACTIVIST IN THE WORLD ....................19 2.1 CIVIL SOCIETY .........................................................................................19 2.1.1 Being part of a community ......................................................................20 2.1.1 Visions of a better future .........................................................................22 2.1.2 What it would mean to win – Developed Visions ....................................22 2.1.2 the importance of hope ...........................................................................22 2.1.3 Understanding of the problems...............................................................22 2.2 RUPTURES AND MOMENTS OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION ............22 2.2.1 Paris Commune 1848 .............................................................................23 2.2.2 May 1968 ................................................................................................23 2.2.3 N30 1999 ................................................................................................23 2.2.4 Global economic crisis 2008 ...................................................................24 2.3 CURRENT GOINGS ON ...........................................................................24 2.3.1 The Right to the City ...............................................................................24 2.3.2 Transition Towns and EDAPS ................................................................24 2.3.3 New forms of activism .............................................................................25 2.3.4 Why it kicked off everywhere ..................................................................25 2.3.5 Rebel Cities ............................................................................................28 2.3.6 PostCapitalism ........................................................................................28 2.4 THE UNITED NATIONS FACILITATING CHANGE ..................................29 2.4.1 UN sponsored climate talks ....................................................................29 2.4.2 COP15: Streets of Copenhagen Peoples Assembly (2009) ...................29 2.4.3 The global goals for sustainable development .......................................29 2.4.4 COP21: The Paris agreement ................................................................30 2.4.5 Habitat 3 and the New Urban Agenda ....................................................30 2.5 CITIZEN ACTIVISM IN BRAZIL ................................................................30
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2.5.1 Social movements in Latin America........................................................30 2.5.2 Social movements in Brazil.....................................................................31 2.5.3 The third sector .......................................................................................31 2.5.4 The third sector in Latin America ............................................................31 2.5.5 The third sector in Brazil .........................................................................31 2.5.6 NGO’s in Brazil .......................................................................................31 2.6 RECENT POLITICAL ACTIVITIES IN BRAZIL..........................................31 2.6.1 Diretas Já and the restoration of democracy ..........................................31 2.6.2 Brazil street demonstrations 2013 ..........................................................32 2.6.3 Brazil pro impeachment demonstrations 2015-2016 ..............................33 2.6.4 Post impeachment Brazil ........................................................................33 3. TODAY’S GLOBAL CRISES: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ...................34 3.1 TODAY’S GLOBAL CRISES .....................................................................34 3.1.1 The Climate crisis: Humanity’s end? ......................................................35 3.1.2 Epistemological crisis: Life out of balance ..............................................37 3.1.3 Development crisis: The sacking of the Earths resources ......................39 3.1.4 Crisis of Capitalism: Capitalism is death.................................................42 3.1.5 Economic crisis: Trying to manage something we know nothing about .44 3.1.6 Ecological crisis – How did we let it get to this? .....................................46 3.1.7 Energy crisis – Dealing with our oil addiction .........................................51 3.1.8 Today’s global crises: Some solutions....................................................52 3.2 CITY AS A SOLUTION ..............................................................................57 3.2.1 Ecocities .................................................................................................58 3.2.2 Smart Cities ............................................................................................59 3.2.7 Development and Brazilian Cities ...........................................................60 3.2.8 Poverty, Favelas and Brazilian Cities .....................................................62 3.2.9 Curitiba ...................................................................................................62 3.2.10 Curitiba, the metropolitan area and NUC................................................63 3.2.11 IPPUC and city development planning ...................................................70 4. CASE STUDIES: CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS ACTIVE IN THE CURITIBA METROPOLITAN AREA CONNECTED OUTSIDE BRAZIL ............................71 4.1 METHODOLOGICAL PROCESS ..............................................................71 4.2 STAGE 1: INITIAL ANALYSIS GROUP OF 25 .........................................72 4.2.1 350 Brasil ................................................................................................83
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4.2.2 92º (92 Degrees, Punk and Rock club and community) .........................83 4.2.3 A Rede Social Brasileira por Cidades Justas e Sustentáveis.................83 4.2.4 Bicicletaria Cultural .................................................................................83 4.2.5 Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis (WRI Brazil)...............................................84 4.2.6 CASLA (Latin American House) .............................................................84 4.2.7 Cheer For Peace Name changed to PEACELABS.................................85 4.2.8 Cicloiguacu .............................................................................................85 4.2.9 Code For Curitiba / Open Brazil..............................................................86 4.2.10 COURBAN ..............................................................................................86 4.2.11 Curitiba em Transição .............................................................................86 4.2.12 Educação Gaia Curitiba (GAIA Education Curitiba) ...............................86 4.2.13 Help City .................................................................................................86 4.2.14 Jardim das Amoras Brancas...................................................................87 4.2.15 Laboratório de Cultura Digital .................................................................90 4.2.16 Midia Ninja ..............................................................................................91 4.2.17 MST ........................................................................................................91 4.2.18 Nacion Pachamama ...............................................................................91 4.2.19 Nossa Curitiba ........................................................................................92 4.2.20 OCEL ......................................................................................................93 4.2.21 Parque Gomm – Gomm Park .................................................................97 4.2.22 Programa Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Programme) ........97 4.2.23 Sociedade Global ...................................................................................97 4.2.24 TETO ......................................................................................................98 4.2.25 Vagas Vivas ............................................................................................98 4.3 STAGE 2: IN DEPTH ANALYSIS GROUP (>5) ........................................99 5. RESULTS / DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................................100 6. CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................101 7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS.........................................................................102 8. CHRONOGRAM ..........................................................................................103 REFERENCES ................................................................................................105 APPENDICES .................................................................................................108
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
RESEARCH AREA AND DEFINING OF THE THEME This dissertation relates to the city and the role of citizen participation in
regard to the various interrelated crises humanity faces today. In recent years there has been an upsurge in ideas and hopes about what role the city can play in urban, economic and sustainable transformation, in the 2009 IBM report “A Vision of Smarter Cities”, the former mayor of Denver, Colorado Wellington E Webb was quoted (IBM, 2009): “The 19th century was a century of empires, the 20th century was a century of nation states. The 21st century will be a century of cities.” With a sense of urgency, this dissertation investigates the area of urban social movements and projects that currently exist in the Curitiba metropolitan area (Referred to as NUC-RMC: the Central Urban Nucleus of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba) that have international connections and who are focused on urban sustainability and citizen participation. Most of the groups investigated are from civil society, or the third sector, consisting of non-governmental organisations (NGO’s) and urban social movements (SM’s), but space is also given to explore newer spaces and forms of organisation that are starting to appear due to new technological advances, which move beyond the more traditional areas previously held by citizen activism. The dissertation is both quantitative and qualitative, with the author acting as a participative researcher with a selection of these groups, to explore the different formation structures, strategies, value systems, objectives, dynamics tried, problems experienced and actual work done by them. The dissertation analyses a selection of groups as isolated processes, but also explores their interaction with the wider world of projects and movements in Curitiba. Lastly, the dissertation examines these groups international dimension; their relationship to other nodes of their global
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networks or in their country of origin; what greater freedoms, opportunities, or extra problems do they experience in Brazil. The dissertations chief area of investigation is citizen participation, whereby citizens volunteer, give time to, or participate in local projects. It seeks to understand the different motivations for such activity, from both sides; citizen and project. Space is also given to explore projects that are not successful, why did they not succeed, what dynamics exist that can be proved. US author Michael Albert refers to this as making movements Sticky (2002) and much work has come from, and continues to come from, the inter related worlds based on the Australian design philosophy of Permaculture (PC): Eco Villages, GAIA education and Transition Towns (TT). The dissertation recognizes large differences exist between how different areas of the third sector function, principally between NGO’s and SM’s:
•
NGO’s normally have very specific structures, goals, funding and even employment opportunities, especially ones that are nodes of an international network. They mostly act in a unified voice on a campaign issue. They sometimes struggle in working with other groups or projects based on a united front or for a specific local campaign.
•
Social movements (SM’s) often appear less organised than NGO’s and with broader and less defined objectives. They often appear more diverse, flexible, fluid and creative than NGO’s. SM’s are often inspired by a specific event or idea, often from beyond national borders, they often function without official recognition. They often appear as a loose union of a wide range of voices and strategies, whose diversity is often seen as chaotic or messy by those not participating. They often work on little or no funding. Regarding the selection of the groups currently active in Curitiba NUC-
RMC, those chosen share common values and objectives with the author’s research area. The dissertation attempts to build on the work done, and still being done, by British geographer David Harvey over past decades. Harvey has concerned himself with the proposals by the French socialist Henri Lefebvre and his 1967 seminal essay The Right to the City (LEFEBVRE, 1967) which
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was published just before May 1968. Harvey supports and builds on the Frenchman’s work to attempt to create a non-capitalist alternative for the urban realm. Harvey rejects Margaret Thatcher’s dogma of “There is no alternative” (TINA) to Neoliberalism and its urbanization process. In his 2012 book Rebel Cities, Harvey poses the question, which the dissertation author refers to from here on in as “Harvey’s question”, (HARVERY, 2012, p 16,): “Is there an urban alternative and, if so, from where might it come?” Harvey outlines Lefebvre’s theory of a revolutionary movement as that of an “irruption”, when “disparate heterotopic groups suddenly see, if only for a fleeting moment, the possibilities of collective action to create something radically different”. This dissertation examines this idea by exploring 3 moments in recent history that have acted as great ruptures in society, to varying degrees. Each has opened up new opportunities for urban transformation and which continue to act as strong influences on projects and movements active in Curitiba today. The three major ruptures of recent times being:
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The urban revolts of May 1968 in various global cities
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N30, or November 30th 1999, and the “The Battle in Seattle”, the day that “Permanently changed the political landscape of globalization”, according to Fritjof Capra (CAPRA, 2002)
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Lehman Brothers bank collapse 2008 sparking: Global economic crisis: 2011 urban revolts & “Rebel Cities” municipal network in Spain: Emergence of Postcapitalism forms of economy and networked forms of organization (MASON, 2015)
Regarding solutions, this dissertation is inspired by many and is rooted in hope. It sees responses to the crises as invitations to join in the greatest of adventures, as Austrian quantum physicist and author Fritjof Capra outlined: “The great challenge of the 21st century will be to change the value system underlying the global economy, so as to make it compatible with the demands, of human dignity and ecological sustainability” (CAPRA, 2002). The dissertation follows the lines of Portuguese sociologist and legal scholar Boaventura
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Santos; “the historical record of global capitalism, colonialism, and patriarchy is full of institutionalized, harmful lies” and it investigates his claim that the catalyst for the required change “can only be achieved by means of an epistemological break” (SANTOS 2014), in order to alter the value system. The dissertation seeks to place itself in the “processes of emancipation” and to participate in that great “Adventure in environmental epistemology” as outlined by the Mexican economist Enrique Leff (LEFF, 2006). In this sense, and in response to “Harvey’s question”, it aligns itself with those groups from the Global South and those who support them throughout the World Social Forum (WSF) process that began in Brazil’s most Southern capital city Porto Alegre in 2001. Alongside that diverse community of voices, proposals, dreams and stories, it seeks to add its voice to their call that “Another World is Possible”. Important perspectives and practice that address the current imbalance of today’s modern world are also coming from within the feminist world, Indian scientist and activist Vandana Shiva is succinct: “The earth is rapidly dying: her forests are dying, her soils are dying, her waters are dying, her air is dying.” As to the causes, she points to a misguided sense of development; “The Age of Enlightenment, and the theory of progress to which it gave rise, was centred on the sacredness of two categories: modern scientific knowledge and economic development. Somewhere along the way, the unbridled pursuit of progress, guided by science and development, began to destroy life without any assessment of how fast and how much of the diversity of life on this planet is disappearing” (SHIVA 1988). Similar criticisms of the Western or Global North model of development, along with proposed alternatives to it, come from many more voices of the Global South (GALEANO, 1971: MAX NEEF, 1981: SACHS, 1992: ESCOBAR, 1995: QUIJANO, 2000: GUDYNAS, 2011). Their proposals are investigated in relation to the selection of the Curitiba groups. Another pathway in this adventure for change comes from Ireland and England with the Transition Towns movement. TT Founder Rob Hopkins referred to the “Hydrocarbon Twins” of Climate Change and Peak Oil as being the two greatest challenges that humanity faces today and to which solutions must be created, quickly. His call is both urgent and simple; for normal people to become active and to take steps to working together, for local communities to get organised and to create local solutions, he states: “If we wait for the
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governments, it'll be too little, too late; if we act as individuals, it'll be too little; but if we act as communities, it might just be enough, just in time” (HOPKINS, 2008). The TT methodology is deeply rooted in the psychological areas of change, focusing on both the internal and external, the individual and the collective. Hopkins sees the beauty of TT’s challenge in its ability at “Unleashing the collective genius of those around us to creatively and proactively design” their collective future through self organised communities and locally rooted projects. With the Paris Agreement at the COP 21 in December 2015, positive steps are finally underway at the macro level of world leaders and nation states. In past months the UN convened the Habitat 3 forum in Quito, Ecuador, in which it engaged, and is still engaging, in an open dialogue entitled “New Urban Agenda” about how best cities can respond to the various crises. Why has it taken the world so long for action to be taken at this stage? More than half a century has passed since US born social ecologist and anarchist Murray Bookchin warned in his 1964 essay (writing then under the pseudonym Lewis Herber) “Ecology and Revolutionary Thought” that “Today human parasitism disrupts more than the atmosphere, climate, water resources, soil, flora, and fauna of a region; it upsets virtually all the basic cycles of nature and threatens to undermine the stability of the environment on a worldwide scale” (BOOKCHIN, 1964). This dissertation argues that somewhere between these two axes lies the answer to “Harvey’s question”, between the horizontal axis of radical, local, bottom up, community driven approaches of Bookchin and the vertical axis between community, municipal leadership and national governance, new structures and processes are emerging with increased citizen participation that can create urban alternatives for a sustainable and just world. The dissertation also makes room to explore critical areas of movements having hope based on collective visions; believing that they can win, that they can change the world. And lastly, in wake of the current global economic crisis and subsequent urban revolts, assisted by new technologies (CASTELLS, 2012), Mason’s (2015) PostCapitalism proposal is explored as a solution to Klein’s choice for humanity: Capitalism vs. the Climate (2014).
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1.2
OBJECTIVES
The principal objective of the research is to investigate the area of urban social movements and projects working in the Curitiba metropolitan area (NUC-RMC) that have international connections and that are focused on urban sustainability and citizen participation The specific objectives proposed to achieve the main objective are: 1) Establish a clear idea about what role the city can play as a solution to the multiple crises humanity faces today, arising from the work carried out in the research area of the dissertation; 2) Explore the contrasting dynamics of different groups in civil society globally, principally NGO’s and social movements; 3) Analyse the current state of civil society in the Curitiba metropolitan area in regard to urban sustainability and citizen participation; 4) Identify and analyse a selection of international urban social movements and projects currently working in the Curitiba metropolitan area;
1.3
DISSERTATION STRUCTURE The dissertation is structured in five chapters. The first chapter is the
introduction and presents the research problem, the main and secondary objectives and the structure of the dissertation. The second chapter and third chapters form the Literature Review, the core area of the research. Chapter two is entitled “The growth of the citizen activist in the World” and focuses on the area of theory about aspects of activism. It also updates the reader about current things happening, both globally and in Brazil. The chapter is subdivided into the following topics:
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The growth of the citizen activist in the world;
•
Civil Society;
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•
Ruptures and moments of urban transformation;
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Current goings on;
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The United Nations facilitating change;
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Citizen activism in Brazil;
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Recent political activities in Brazil;
The third chapter, also part of the Literature Review, is entitled “Today’s global crises: problems and solutions” and is divided into 2 topics:
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Today’s global crises
•
City as a solution
The first topic outlines the scope of the problem in more depth, listing a set of individual but interconnected crises, it outlines related dangers and the origins of the problems for each (Climate, Epistemological, Development, Capitalism, Economic, Ecological, Energy). It attempts to give a true picture of the actual state of the ecological crisis we find ourselves in today and perspectives on the root causes. The second topic explores how the city can act as a solution to the problems and it explores current thinking about what a more sustainable city might look like. It examines what experiments and processes are being attempted or proposed to improve the impact cities and their inhabitants have on the world, this also contains an analysis of the global goals and work surrounding sustainable cities being developed by the United Nations (UN). The fourth chapter is the area of Case Studies. It investigates groups that are currently active in the Curitiba NUC whose area of work includes a focus on urban sustainability and citizen participation and who have connections outside of Brazil. The chapter outlines a selection process for choosing the groups. The chapter is divided into 2 sections: The first section identifies and analyses 25 groups working in the Curitiba NUC. A questionnaire is given to each group at the end of this section. The second section selects 5 groups from section 1 to explore in greater detail. The fifth chapter reports the final findings of the exploration. The dissertation involved an on-going discussion with the groups being researched.
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The sixth and final chapter deals with final considerations. A full list of references that were used in the dissertation research is given. An appendix is also included with extra material that is of secondary relevance to the dissertation, but perhaps will further assist some readers.
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2. THE GROWTH OF THE CITIZEN ACTIVIST IN THE WORLD LITERATURE REVIEW / CONCEPTUAL BASE This chapter deals with the citizen activist. Building on the ideological viewpoints and practical strategies outlined in the last chapter, this chapter focuses on the role of what the author is calling the “citizen activist”, that being a loose term for someone who starts to engage with the ecological and social crisis and starts to get involved in processes to help bring about positive change. This chapter attempts to give a brief overview of this area and provide background to some of the dynamics surrounding the different players that will be explored in greater depth in the context of Curitiba. Obviously the full world is huge and too big to be covered in this dissertation, but material gathered here helps present an introduction and context to the area being explored by this dissertation in the Curitiba NUC area. A key area of exploration will be that of participation, both in terms of who is being allowed access to the decision making process to actual structures and processes that exist today enabling greater depth here. Culmination in recent events which are seen as major breakthroughs. COP21 talks in Paris which led to the Paris Agreement that was signed in December 2015. After that the New Urban Agenda process which led to a conference in Quito, Ecuador in October 2016. The complex nature of the social movements, specific dynamics about the 3rd sector.. Investigating if this area is not being replaced by a new movement, that of social entrepreneurism.
2.1
CIVIL SOCIETY
The history of humankind is a journey of normal people trying to improve their situation. There have been different forms of organisation and means of action taken to attempt to bring about change, which normally saw one side holding
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power, being challenged by those they held power over. Most of human history has seen such struggles acted out with violence. Violence has not been the only strategy, in India in the 1920’s Gandhi led a peaceful movement, which in turn inspired Martin Luther King and the Black civil rights activists who further inspired the hippy movements and civil rights movements around the world. Civil society refers to these organisations of normal citizens, as opposed to armed forces, or employees of the state, taking action for change. In recent years there arrived a new form of organisation, the non governmental organisation (NGO), which normally had a very specific scope of area. Social movements also exist, to varying forms of being organised or having recognition. This chapter explores aspects of civil society in more detail.
2.1.1 Being part of a community US activist and analyst of popular struggles Michael Albert outlined some important aspects about social movements, regarding why people join them, or don’t, why people stay with them, or don’t. In his 2002 book The Trajectory of Change Albert referred to the idea of what he calls making the movements “sticky” (Albert, 2002), he remarks from 4 decades of experience in the world of activism, and comes from a leftist perspective: …The stickiness problem – which is to say making our movement sticky rather than repulsive for its own members – is far more important than what we spend most of our time doing instead, which is honing and endlessly repeating our critiques of what is bad to the tenth decimal place, and then broadcasting them to the point of finally cementing hopelessness into people’s hearts, rather than desire. Movement participation should provide people full, diverse lives that real people can take part in, not merely long meetings or obscure lifestyles so divorced from social involvement that they preclude all but a very few people from joining. Yet, over the past few decades, millions of folks have come into proximity of the left, participated in various events and projects, but later opted out. There are many reasons why people often don’t stick with political dissent and activism. Not least, a movement that can persevere over the long haul with continuity and commitment needs
21 to uplift rather than harness its membership, to enrich its member’s lives’ rather than to diminish them, to meet its member’s needs rather than to neglect them.
He also pointed out that there was a money problem in some social movements, where there was a lack of importance or value placed on the economic sustainability of projects or movements: There is a very odd condition in our movements. We know that Money matters in our societies, but we don’t seem to realize that Money matters on the left, too. Where does it come from? How is it handled? Is it empowering a few to the detriment of the many? Is there enough of it?
Both of these issues have been addressed by Rob Hopkins and form integral parts of the Transition Towns (TT) movement, insights from The Transition Handbook (2008) ** Section ends here ** For further research: Head, hands, heart – psychological side – building a new economy – ecosocioeconomy – to belong – to connect – first steps..
The glue, that albert talks about – mason and the experiences from 2011 onward – being part of an eco village – belonging – US, as opposed to them – values.. sense of openess and participation Aspects on social movements: Out of the ghetto – weather underground – black panthers – IRA prison as university – bill ayers, need to connect with the other – Social movements – vs – ngos.. Authors: Albert – anarchist authors - Bookchin – clown army
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2.1.1 Visions of a better future
2.1.2 What it would mean to win – Developed Visions This is an area about fighing to win, not just fighting the good fight.. Knowing what the problem is, knowing what the solution is, knowing its possible to construct that vision / dream
2.1.2 the importance of hope Authors: SOLNIT – HARVEY – HESSEL – MASON – TURBULENCE COLLECTIVE – CLIMATE CAMP – ZAPATISTA – BRAND – KLEIN
2.1.3 Understanding of the problems
See later section for details of current crises world now exists in
2.2
RUPTURES AND MOMENTS OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION We will examine how todays rapidly changing technological world is
affecting the basic ideas about how politics is done. Examining some radical experiments, both past and present, that exist in what Manuel Castells calls the age of the “Network Society”. [The Rise of the Network Society: Castells, M (1996)] Examining the core issues of what the economy is, we will examine issues of Globalisation. Focusing on the events that happened in Seattle on 30 November 1999, we will explore this rupture which has “Permanently changed the political landscape of globalization”, according to Fritjof Capra [The Hidden Connections: Pg 189, Capra, F (2002)] From here we will examine aspects of the rise of social movements in the world, what effect they have had, what
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current models offer hope and what it means to be a global citizen on this planet today. N30 AND A CHANGING POLITICAL LANDSCAPE The city as a place for transformation / Ruptures in Society, moments of change
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Paris Commune 1848
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The urban revolts of May 1968 in various global cities
•
N30, or November 30th 1999, and the “The Battle in Seattle” in the United States
•
Lehman Brothers bank collapse 2008 sparking: Global economic crisis: 2011 urban revolts & “Rebel Cities” municipal network in Spain: Emergence of Postcapitalism forms of economy and networked forms of organization (MASON, 2015)
2.2.1 Paris Commune 1848
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2.2.2 May 1968
Great changes: paris, mexico.. new epistomelorgy, revolt.. US
2.2.3 N30 1999
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Seattle, united states, 1999 - n30 and a changing political landscape
2.2.4 Global economic crisis 2008
2.3
CURRENT GOINGS ON
Right now it is an extremely interesting time to be alive and to see what’s going on, it’s both scary and hugely exciting.
2.3.1 The Right to the City UN-Habitat lefevbre, Harvey, brazil law, social movements, past, present Harvey and city as space for transformation Authors: lefevbre, Harvey, UN-Habitat, Santos, Brazil law changes, local authors
2.3.2 Transition Towns and EDAPS The transition towns project, scale, towns, communities, cities, hubs, EDAP (Energy Descent Action Plans), kinsale, EDAPS being worked on, EDAPS implementated Authors: Hopkins, Del Rio, Irish perspectives.. See also research interviews
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2.3.3 New forms of activism hackers, code, problem solving, open data, open source urbanism, Social entrepreneurism as a new form of activism New forms of activism hackaton prefeitura code clubs hackspaces civic hackers – hack the city - fix the city – open govt data – collaboration tools, platforms, communities good vs bad hacker – creation of social good businesses.. whats app lists – events – projects leading to businesses 2.3.4 Why it kicked off everywhere Why it kicked off everywhere, is a local English phrase used by English journalist and broadcaster journalist and now channel 4’s Economics Editor Paul Mason for his 2012 book which analyses the wave of popular protest, revolution and revolt from the Arab Spring, the Spanish Revolution, the Greek revolts, Occupy movement to the 2011 England riots. Mason was on the ground with street activists reporting, he argues that the events "reflect the expanding power of the individual and calls for new political alternatives to elite rule and global poverty". (MASON, 2012) His book is an expansion of a blog post he wrote in Febuary 2011 called “Twenty reasons why it's kicking off everywhere”, which went viral and has been retweeted hundreds of thousands of times, studied and critiqued by protesters and remains required reading in this area. A shortened version of those 20 points:
26 1. At the heart if it all is a new sociological type: the graduate with no future 2. ...with access to social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and eg Yfrog so they can express themselves in a variety of situations ranging from parliamentary democracy to tyrrany. 3. Therefore truth moves faster than lies, and propaganda becomes flammable. 4. They are not prone to traditional and endemic ideologies: Labourism, Islamism, Fianna Fail Catholicism etc... in fact hermetic ideologies of all forms are rejected. 5. Women very numerous as the backbone of movements. After twenty years of modernised labour markets and higher-education access the "archetypal" protest leader, organizer, facilitator, spokesperson now is an educated young woman. 6. Horizontalism has become endemic because technology makes it easy: it kills vertical hierarchies spontaneously 7. Memes: ideas arise, are very quickly "market tested" and either take off, bubble under, insinuate themselves or if they are deemed no good they disappear. Ideas selfreplicate like genes. 8. They all seem to know each other: not only is the network more powerful than the hierarchy - but the ad-hoc network has become easier to form. So if you "follow" somebody from the UCL occupation on Twitter, as I have done, you can easily run into a radical blogger from Egypt, or a lecturer in peaceful resistance 9. The specifics of economic failure: the rise of mass access to university-level education is a given. Maybe soon even 50% in higher education will be not enough. In most of the world this is being funded by personal indebtedess 10.This evaporation of a promise is compounded in the more repressive societies and emerging markets because - even where you get rapid economic growth - it cannot absorb the demographic bulge of young people fast enough to deliver rising living standards for enough of them. 11.To amplify: I can't find the quote but one of the historians of the French Revolution of 1789 wrote that it was not the product of poor people but of poor lawyers. You can have political/economic setups that disappoint the poor for generations - but if lawyers, teachers and doctors are sitting in their garrets freezing and starving you get revolution. Now, in their garrets, they have a laptop and broadband connection. 12.The weakness of organised labour means there's a changed relationship between the radicalized middle class, the poor and the organised workforce. The world looks more like 19th century Paris - heavy predomination of the "progressive" intelligentsia, intermixing with the slum-dwellers at numerous social interfaces (cabarets in the 19C, raves now); 13.This leads to a loss of fear among the young radicals of any movement: they can pick and choose; there is no confrontation they can't retreat from. They can "have a day off" from protesting, occupying..
27 14.In addition to a day off, you can "mix and match": I have met people who do community organizing one day, and the next are on a flotilla to Gaza; then they pop up working for a think tank on sustainable energy; then they're writing a book.. 15. People just know more than they used to. Dictatorships rely not just on the suppression of news but on the suppression of narratives and truth. More or less everything you need to know to make sense of the world is available as freely downloadable content on the internet.. 16.There is no Cold War, and the War on Terror is not as effective as the Cold War was in solidifying elites against change. Egypt is proving to be a worked example of this: though it is highly likely things will spiral out of control, post Mubarak.. 17. It is - with international pressure and some powerful NGOs - possible to bring down a repressive government without having to spend years in the jungle as a guerilla, or years in the urban underground.. 18. People have a better understanding of power. The activists have read their Chomsky and their Hardt-Negri, but the ideas therein have become mimetic: young people believe the issues are no longer class and economics but simply power.. 19. As the algebraic sum of all these factors it feels like the protest "meme" that is sweeping the world - if that premise is indeed true - is profoundly less radical on economics than the one that swept the world in the 1910s and 1920s.. 20. Technology has - in many ways, from the contraceptive pill to the iPod, the blog and the CCTV camera - expanded the space and power of the individual.
Regarding Masons political viewpoint, he outlined on his personal blog: Yesterday the British chancellor George Osborne accused me — from the front bench and under parliamentary privilege — of being a “revolutionary Marxist”. Various media have reported that I am “advising” the Labour Party. Neither of these claims is true. As to Mr Osborne’s claim that I am “revolutionary Marxist” it is completely inaccurate. I am radical social democrat who favours the creation of a peer-to-peer sector (co-ops, open source etc) alongside the market and the state, as part of a long transition to a post-capitalist economy. There’s a comprehensive critique of Bolshevism in my latest book, Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future.
After the urban revolts of 2011, Sao Paulo experienced large urban demonstrations in 2013 with similar dynamics that Mason explored. Barcelona sociologist Manuel Castells has a chapter regarding Brazil in his Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age. (2012), which is
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an extension of many of the theories he was exploring before the internet, concerning formation of social movements and the idea of people living and acting in networks: The Rise of the Network Society. (1996) from 2008 global financial crisis, a wave of revolt.. including brazil 2013 (explored in detail later). spain, greece, north africa, “Spanish Revolution”. 2.3.5 Rebel Cities how the city landscape changed in spain with the rebel cities, elections of social movements 2015 from spain to Italy, turin and rome 2008 collapse, 2011 indignados. (CASTELLS) 2015 municipal elections note about spain 1936 as precedent, anarchist revolution ended by fascist revolt and subsequent dictatorship authors: harvery, graeber, ester vivas, bert shea, mason, orwell, Bookchin, See also research intereviews: Barcelona, and other groups. 2.3.6 PostCapitalism global crash, allowing for capitalism to be replaced.. bucky quote – make old system obselete Mason: End of Capitalism? Start of PostCapitalism
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2.4
THE UNITED NATIONS FACILITATING CHANGE
SDFSDFSDF
2.4.1 UN sponsored climate talks Talks and forums Rio 92 Curitiba involvement – MADE – eco groups – those connected with FUSA – Comparisons with and lessons for today
2.4.2 COP15: Streets of Copenhagen Peoples Assembly
(2009)
350 big step citizen activism – climate caravan – peoples assembly – noami klein – Vandana shiva – treatment of global south countries – death threaths violence
2.4.3 The global goals for sustainable development
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years. The SDGs follow and expand on the millennium development goals (MDGs), which were agreed by governments in 2001 and are due to expire at the end of this year.
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2.4.4 COP21: The Paris agreement COP21: THE PARIS AGREEMENT
2.4.5 Habitat 3 and the New Urban Agenda
The United Nations and the Development Goals.. What process, what objectives. Levels of inclusion and citizen participation What suggestions. Who is participating in this discussion in Curitiba? Behind closed doors by “leaders” of business and politicians, or more open to social movments. Who is doing what, how open and accessible are they? What is Curitiba 2035?
2.5
CITIZEN ACTIVISM IN BRAZIL
dfd Civil society
2.5.1 Social movements in Latin America
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2.5.2 Social movements in Brazil
2.5.3 The third sector fsd
2.5.4 The third sector in Latin America dfdfd
2.5.5 The third sector in Brazil sfe
2.5.6 NGO’s in Brazil sfe
2.6
RECENT POLITICAL ACTIVITIES IN BRAZIL
Enter text here….
2.6.1 Diretas Já and the restoration of democracy Brazil was under a military dictatorship for 20 years, from the military coup of 1964 until the return of civil power in 1985. Diretas Já (Direct elections now) was a civil unrest movement that existed from 1983 till 1984 with the simple
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request for free and open elections. It was seen as the peaceful force that helped restore democracy in Brazil and is remembered fondly. The first demonstration happened in Pernambuco state in March 1983 and the Curitiba’s first demonstration happened in November 1983. The movement saw diverse elements of Brazilian society unite under the same cause, including a broad spectrum of political parties, trade unions, civil, student and journalistic groups, sectors of the Roman Catholic Church, and groups from other religions. The redemocratization process ended with the return of civil power in 1985 and the approval of a new constitution in 1988. In 1989 Brazil elected its first democratically elected president since 1961, Fernando Collor de Mello. This movement is still important and referenced widely by groups active today.
Image from
2.6.2 Brazil street demonstrations 2013 After the “arab spring” and indignados, it was Brazils turn. The movement was sparked by the increase in the fare price for the metro in Sao Paulo, but it was seen as a culmination of anger at corruption and a wide spectrum of grievences. Political analysis – left – right, claims color revolution, first steps of later “fora Dilma” movement and Lava Jato – role of media – role of story telling, community media, radio use Authors – explore – castels brazil chapter in network – mason - midia ninja
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2.6.3 Brazil pro impeachment demonstrations 2015-2016 When started? Moro and need to polarize public opinion – media control – outside media coverage – division and polarization – demo 1 curitiba neo nazi attacks – calls for military intervention Impeachment – demonstrations - golpe authors- greenwood? - al Jazeera – democracy now – guardian
2.6.4 Post impeachment Brazil temer govt, anti govt demos, min c resists, unis occupied, corruption, golpe
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3. TODAY’S GLOBAL CRISES: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
This chapter deals with our home, planet earth, and the crisis we face today: TODAYS ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. It attempts to present an outline of where current thinking is on the state of the world today. It attempts to give a true picture of the actual state of the ecological crisis we find ourselves in today, perspectives on the root causes, a range of possible future scenarios and more importantly possible solutions. There is a wide and diverse spectrum of theories regarding this topic, many of which contradict and attempt to prove alternative theories or criticisms wrong or flawed. For the sake of clarity, the author outlines the theories he concurs with and has been participating in helping shape movements along their lines of ideology.
3.1
TODAY’S GLOBAL CRISES Today’s global crises: responses from the Curitiba metropolitan area / by
civil society groups connected outside Brazil A Series of interrelated crises: 1) Climate 2) Epistemological 3) Development 4) Capitalism 5) Economic 6) Ecological 7) Energy The situation today is called many things: the environmental crisis, The problem of global warming the ecological crises. These all fail to fully convey what is at
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stake: the end of humanity (capra) (kumar) (shiva) a series of multiple crises, all interrelated. The second chapter is the Literature Review section and forms the core area of the research. It focuses on today’s environmental crises, problems and solutions. The first topic discusses the environmental crises in greater depth, listing a set of individual but interconnected crises, it outlines related dangers and the origins of the problems for each ( Complex and diverse, but important to give an overview so as to know what is the problem that the city must address and from that how can it create a solution.
3.1.1 The Climate crisis: Humanity’s end? Acknowledging that both planet Earth and the human species already exist in a series of interrelated crises, the human species currently faces its greatest challenge; the survival of humanity. (CAPRA, 1996) Concerning the severity of the climate crisis, 2007 should have been a major wake up call for humankind on planet Earth. NASA’s leading climate scientist, James E. Hansen warned that any atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) above 350 ppm (parts per million) was unsafe and would likely lead to a climate tipping point: "If humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate evidence and ongoing climate change suggest that CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm but likely less than that." (HANSEN, 2007) Hansen’s paper pointed to human-driven climate change as the chief source of the deadly CO2 rise, caused primarily by the burning of fossil fuels in the developed countries of the world. The United Nations backed Hansen’s warning, after consultation with its internal body, The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 9 years after Hansen’s warning, little practical
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responses from the worlds leading industrial nations, despite the recent “Paris agreement” at COP21 in December 2015. The earths current CO2 level is 402,24 ppm (CO2.Earth, October 2016) and continues to rise steadily. 9 years ago there were hopes to maximize global warming to only a 1.5º temperature rise, now world leaders talk of keeping it within a 4º rise. This might be the end of human life? At times it is difficult for the layman to fully understand the complicated language used by the scientific community, to realize what the threat of “climate change” really means for humanity. Understandable perspectives are essential; let us turn to the disturbing predictions of “Gaia Theory” (LOVELOCK, 1972) creator James Lovelock. His 2006 book “The Revenge of Gaia”, whose alternative title was “Earth's Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity”, presented a deeply pessimistic outlook. He reckons the earth will see an 80% reduction in the human population by 2100 AD, due to death caused by floods, drought and famine, he states "billions of us will die and the few breeding pairs of people that survive will be in the Arctic where the climate remains tolerable". (LOVELOCK, 2006) He expects climate change to last 100,000 years. Another aspect of destruction currently underway is the loss of the planets biodiversity, both plant and animal life, due to mankind’s consumption habits and more recently climate change, which is generated by those habits. This massive loss of biodiversity is referred to as the “Sixth Great Extinction” by Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson and the wider scientific community. Wilson has estimated that Earth is currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year, which breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour. In 1984 Wilson referred to the crisis as “the folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us” (WILSON, 1984) showing he believed then mankind would survive such a process, but by 1993 he had moved to a more negative perspective. In his article for the New York Times Magazine entitled “Is Humanity Suicidal?” (WILSON, 1993) Wilson asked why humankind was staying on the course to its own self-destruction. Since the nineteenth century and industrial revolution there has been an on-going rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere that is causing global warming. This is caused by the increased levels that fossil fuels, principally coal, natural gas and oil, are being burned to power mankind’s continued
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economic growth coupled with the growing destruction of the Earth’s natural habitats which have acted as carbon sinks. A carbon sink is a reservoir that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by carbon sequestration; the principle sinks being the earth’s forests, soils and oceans. The exchange of carbon dioxide into oxygen forms the basis of earths natural systems of plant photosynthesis, the earth’s forests kept humankind cool. As humankind “developed” natural forests were increasingly destroyed for both economic gain (selling natural resources as market commodities) and to create space for agriculture. Soils contain more carbon than all terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere combined but modern agriculture techniques are destroying these soils and lowering their carbon sequestration ability, due large-scale monoculture practices and introduction of chemical fertilizers. Oceans are the largest active carbon sinks on Earth, but the effects of greenhouse gas emissions are radically altering their sequestration ability. Human activity is altering sea temperature rise, sea level rise and pH changes from ocean acidification. Coral reefs are often called "rainforests of the sea" as they play an important factor in the absorption of carbon. Currently Coral reefs are dying around the world; the world is witnessing a coral collapse, in 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature, through the process of “coral bleaching”. World leaders finally agreed at COP15 in 2009 that humankind faces a climate crisis. But has humankind the ability to make the necessary change to avert the destruction of its own species? This is the challenge we are faced with today.
3.1.2 Epistemological crisis: Life out of balance The many problems and interrelated crises humanity faces today are all symptoms of the same disease; humankinds current disconnection with nature. “Koyaanisqatsi” is a phrase from the Hopi indigenous peoples of North America that describes their attitude toward the culture of the modern world; it translates as “life out of balance” (REGGIO 1982). The modern world is built on a series of
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values that come from a particular understanding of the world. These values were originally formed in Europe many centuries ago but have now grown to form the base of the dominant economic and political order that now governs the workings of most of the planet, its resources, its peoples and which now threatens humankind’s very existence. This limited understanding of the world, or epistemology, has been known by different names over many centuries; “Christendom”, “Western Civilization”, “Western values”, the “Developed world” and the “Global North”. But as the Portuguese Sociologist and Legal Scholar Boaventura Santos points out: “The understanding of the world by far exceeds the Western understanding of the world” (SANTOS 2014), he goes on to further say that “The historical record of global capitalism, colonialism, and patriarchy is full of institutionalized, harmful lies.” Mexican economist Enrique Leff views the current crises also in epistemological terms. In his opinion the environmental crisis is the reflection and the result of the western crisis of civilization, caused by that civilization’s ways of knowing, understanding, and therefore transforming the world. Writing from “a critical perspective of the oppression and dependence of Latin America (just as much as the Third World)” he argues in favour of emerging forms of knowledge, or epistemologies, coming from that world and the “social processes of emancipation in the perspectives of constructing alternative sustainable worlds for its peoples”. He sees these “processes of emancipation” having to fight against “the way Eurocentrist ideas (from the foundation of Greek philosophy through postmodern thought), as well as dominant paradigms of scientific knowledge and modern technologies, were and continue to be incorporated into our societies through the times of the Conquistadores, the colonial period, and the era of globalization.” (LEFF, 2006) For humankind to survive the current crises, its relationship with nature has to be improved. This change can only come from a reassessment of and changing of the core value system on which the dominant model has been constructed. There will be resistances to this dialogue, but it is essential. The point of departure is where voices until now never listened to, finally have their chance to be heard. Santos again: “Given the peculiar pervasiveness and intensity of the institutionalized, harmful lies running our contemporary world,
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the adequate recognition of injustice and the possible overcoming of oppression can only be achieved by means of an epistemological break.” This epistemological break is already underway. In fact, the hegemony of the contemporary world and its value system have always been challenged, by those peoples who were subjugated or taken over by foreign armies, empire and other forms of control and domination. The “civilized world’s” recent realization of the ecological crisis it has created, has forced such a break. It now listens to the “Global South”.
3.1.3 Development crisis: The sacking of the Earths resources In attempts to understand the crisis brought on by civilizations journey of progress and development, more views, perspectives, knowledge’s, epistemologies are being sought and listened to, from that world that the “Global North” tried to destroy and exploit using those “harmful lies” Santos speaks of. Those lands are called “Post Colonial” now and their peoples live in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Having been visited by those western ideas of progress and development, many in these worlds today are very poor, poorer than before, but they have not lost their values and practical knowledge. They continue to resist by remembering and building other worlds. World renowned Indian scientist and ecological activist Vandana Shiva outlined the flawed effects of the dominant western model: “The earth is rapidly dying: her forests are dying, her soils are dying, her waters are dying, her air is dying. Tropical forests, the creators of the world's climate, the cradle of the world's vegetational wealth, are being bull-dozed, burnt, ruined or submerged.” (SHIVA, 1988) Regarding the cause of all this destruction, Shiva points to progress and development: “The Age of Enlightenment, and the theory of progress to which it gave rise, was centred on the sacredness of two categories: modern scientific knowledge and economic development. Somewhere along the way, the unbridled pursuit of progress, guided by science and development, began to destroy life without any assessment of how fast and how much of the diversity of life on this planet is disappearing”.
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Regarding the abstraction of nature, from something essential for life to exist, to becoming commodities of the market within the capitalist mind-set she states: “The scientific revolution in Europe transformed nature from terra mater into a machine and a source of raw material; with this transformation it removed all ethical and cognitive constraints against its violation and exploitation. The industrial revolution converted economics from the prudent management of resources for sustenance and basic needs satisfaction into a process of commodity production for profit maximisation.” The key force driving all this ferocious destruction was “economic development”. Within the colonial world there was a clash of worlds and values, between oppressor and oppressed, the colonial mother country and the savage and backward colony. Signs of more advanced technologies, forms of culture and social values deemed the oppressor somehow more advanced and the oppressed somehow “less developed”. This gave rise to the idea of the act of improvement of the colony, by imposition of all things foreign, such as different religious values, languages, political organisation and economic structures. This process was called “development”, Shiva outlines: “Development, as the improved well-being of all, was thus equated with the westernisation of economic categories - of needs, of Productivity, of growth. Concepts and categories about economic development and natural resource utilisation that had emerged in the specific context of industrialisation and capitalist growth in a centre of colonial power, were raised to the level of universal assumptions and applicability in the entirely different context of basic needs satisfaction for the people of the newly independent Third World countries.” In understanding further the positioning of development against perceived poverty much writing has come from Latin American experiences. What was referred to as the “New World”, has seen brutal clashes of ideas, resource and human exploitation and incredible violence. Uruguayan author Eduardo Galeano wrote reflectively about this half millennium of pillage, slaughter, repression and violence in his 1971 book “Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent”. Regarding “development” he stated, “Development develops inequality” and “Latin America is the region of open veins. Everything from the discovery until our times, has always been transmuted into European-or later-United States- capital, and as
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such has accumulated on distant centres of power. Everything: the soil, its fruits and its mineral-rich depths, the people and their capacity to work and to consume, natural resources and human resources.” (GALEANO,1971) Colombian anthropologist Arturo Escobar is a leading writer in postdevelopment thought, that sees development as a reflection of WesternNorthern hegemony over the rest of the world. He opens his 1995 book “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World” with the following summary of the Truman doctrine: “In his inaugural address as president of the United States on January 20 1949, Harry Truman announced his concept of a “fair deal” for the entire world. An essential component of this concept was his appeal to the United States and the world to solve the problems of the “underdeveloped areas” of the globe”. (ESCOBAR, 1995). Another leading writer in post-development thought is Wolfgang Sachs. Regarding Truman’s address, Sachs argues that the creation of this term was a discrete, strategic move to secure American hegemony by reinforcing the idea that the United States is at the top, and other countries on a lower pillar, of a linear and singular trajectory of development. It created a homogeneous identity for these countries and stripped them of their own diverse characteristics. "It converts participation into a manipulative trick to involve people in struggles for getting what the powerful want to impose on them." (SACHS, 1992) To understand further the racial, political and social impacts of European colonialism on Latin America, we turn to Peruvian sociologist Anibal Quijano. He argues that the legacy of colonialism in contemporary societies is in the form of social discrimination that outlived formal colonialism and became integrated in succeeding social orders. The colonial structure of power resulted in a caste system where Spaniards were ranked at the top, Latin America is still based on these racial, political and social hierarchies. In his Coloniality of Power, Quijano argues “What is termed globalization is the culmination of a process that began with the constitution of America and colonial/modern Eurocentered capitalism as a new global power. One of the fundamental axes of this model of power is the social classification of the world’s population around the idea of race, a mental construction that expresses the basic experience of colonial domination and pervades the more important dimensions of global power, including its specific rationality: Eurocentrism. The racial axis has a colonial origin and
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character, but it has proven to be more durable and stable than the colonialism in whose matrix it was established. Therefore, the model of power that is globally hegemonic today presupposes an element of coloniality.” (QUIJANO, 2000)
3.1.4 Crisis of Capitalism: Capitalism is death “Globalization is seen as the beneficial spread of liberty and capitalism”, wrote Jeffrey Sachs in 2005. Progress, development and economic globalisation are all terms used during history to describe the dominant economic model under which most of the world now lives; global capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Over the centuries capitalism has gone through many phases, those formed since the Industrial revolution are credited as being the direct causes of today’s climate and related crises: During the 19th century, globalization approached its modern form as a direct result of the Industrial Revolution. Scientific breakthroughs allowed for the use of the earths resources to power and speed up industry. The burning of coal created steam, which powered modern engines of new machines like trains and steam ships, the quicker machines enabled greater and trade of goods. There was a gradual switch from coal to oil as the fuel of choice, as it was a more efficient fuel and drilling more cost effective. Oil rich areas made some people very rich, very quick. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism, especially in Africa and Asia. Access to and control of resources grew between competing European powers leading to the two, ironically named, “great wars” and many smaller disputes. The second period occurred in after World War II when politicians made a new agreement at the Bretton Woods Conference, in which major governments laid down the framework for international monetary policy, commerce, and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to facilitate economic growth by lowering trade barriers. Initially, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) led to a series of agreements
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to remove trade restrictions. GATT's successor was the World Trade Organization (WTO). The “post war years” were defined by the “cold war”, the ideological battle for global economic and political domination between capitalism and communism. Many democratic regimes were toppled in Latin America for being seen as not friendly to capitalism, with massive loss of life and political division. This period of globalisation culminated with capitalisms victory over communist with the fall of the soviet block after the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989. The last three decades of the twentieth century saw the arrival of new revolutionary information and communication technologies. Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells argued that these societal changes had facilitated a further shift in global capitalism, which was characterized by three fundamental features: Its core economic activities are global; the main sources of productivity and competitiveness are innovation, knowledge generation and information processing; and it is structured largely around networks of financial flows. Castells writing about how capitalism thrived throughout the world after the demise of Soviet communism observed: “it deepens its penetration of countries, cultures, and domains of life. In spite of a highly diversified social and cultural landscape, for the first time in history, the whole world is organizes around a largely common set of economic rules. (CASTELLS, 1998) In 1989 the “Washington Consensus” came into being, which ushered in the capitalism’s phase of neoliberalism or economic globalisation. One example of the how this economic process was seen as a modern procedure of colonization that led to destruction of ecological biodiversity and global warming was the “Structural adjustment programmes” (SAPs) implemented by the World Bank and IMF on “underdeveloped countries”. SAPs called for trade liberalization, privatization of banks, health care, and educational institutions. Debt was offered to the “developing” country, debt was paid back in a deal to alter the economic output of the country by the exportation of “cash crops”, this being the moving from local, diverse, self sustaining, small scale, agricultural procedures to giant monocultures for export. For example banana production, from where the phrase “banana republic” grew. The old system was ecologically diverse but with low and sometimes no financial transaction, as often goods were exchanged. The new model required an end to the diversity, a need for
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more chemical fertilizers and all goods were for international export. The soils ability to sequester carbon was greatly lowered, biodiversity was destroyed as vast lands of monoculture replaced small farms and more oil-based machines were needed for harvest. The exported goods were moved by truck, ship and later aeroplane all over the planet leading to greater CO2 emissions. Opponents of this economic system argued: “Global capitalism does not alleviate poverty and social exclusion; on the contrary, it exacerbates them. The Washington consensus has been blind to this effect because corporate economists have traditionally excluded the social costs of economic activity form their models. Similarly, most conventional economists have ignored the new economy’s environmental cost – the increase and acceleration of global environmental destruction, which is as severe, if not more so, than its social impact. The striving for continuing, undifferentiated economic growth, is clearly unsustainable, since unlimited expansion on a finite planet can only lead to catastrophe.” (CAPRA, 2002) More recently Naomi Klein wrote: “Our economic system and our planetary system are now at war. Or, more accurately, our economy is at war with many forms of life on earth, including human life. What the climate needs to avoid collapse is a contraction in humanity’s use of resources; what our economic model demands to avoid collapse is unfettered expansion. Only one of these sets of rules can be changed, and it’s not the laws of nature.” (KLEIN, 2014)
3.1.5 Economic crisis: Trying to manage something we know nothing about Humankind has lost sense of what the economy actually is, due to the extraordinary market forces of today’s capitalist system. The much loved English broadcaster and naturalist Sir David Attenborough is credited with this well-known quote: “Anyone who thinks that you can have infinite growth on a planet with finite resources is either a madman or an economist” But in fact, he was inspired by a similar quote by a visionary English polymath who was working in the United States in the 1960’s, the Liverpool born economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems
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scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher, Kenneth Boulding: “Anyone who believes in indefinite growth in anything physical, on a physically finite planet, is either mad or an economist.” In 1966 Boulding outlined these views in his seminal book entitled “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth” the same year another British economist, Barbara Ward, wrote “Spaceship Earth”. Ward is seen by many as a pioneer of sustainable development, due to her care of the environment and concern for the well being of all humankind as a "dual responsibility", views which stemmed from her religious outlook. Both books criticized their current economic system and called for a refined system that respected the finite resources of the closed system planet earth. (BOULDING, 1966) (WARD, 1966) Their use of the phrase “Spaceship Earth” was most likely inspired by the 1965 speech in Geneva, Switzerland of the U.S. ambassador to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, Adlai Stevenson, who was a close friend of Ward: “We travel together, passengers on a little space ship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil; all committed for our safety to its security and peace.” (STEVENSON, 1965) The year 1966 also saw Stewart Brand lead a civic campaign to have NASA publicly release the then rumoured satellite image of the entire Earth as seen from space. During this campaign, Brand met the great US polymath, the architect, systems theorist, author, designer and inventor, Richard Buckminster Fuller, who offered to help Brand with his projects. In 1967 NASA publicly released the first satellite photo of earth from space. Brand used the image the following year on the cover of the first “Whole Earth Catalog” (BRAND, 1968). During a 2003 interview, Brand explained that the image: "Gave the sense that Earth’s an island, surrounded by a lot of inhospitable space. And it’s so graphic, this little blue, white, green and brown jewel-like icon amongst a quite featureless black vacuum." Fuller is credited with popularizing the phrase “Spaceship earth” with the release of his 1968 book “Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth”. The book’s cover featured the famous NASA photo taken by Apollo 8 of earth called “Earthrise”, which Nature photographer Galen Rowell declared “the most influential environmental photograph ever taken”. The book’s central message likened the earth to a mechanical vehicle that requires maintenance, and if not keep it in good order, will cease to function.
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Part of today’s problem is that few people fully understand what exactly economics is, due to the complex models and language used to describe it. Satish Kumar, an Indian man who lives in England, has simplified both the true meaning of the word economy and its deep relationship to ecology: “Ecology and economy are derived from three Greek words: oikos, logos, nomos. ‘Oikos’ means home: a place of relationships between all forms of life, sharing and participating in the evolution of the Earth community. ‘Logos’ means the knowledge of our planet home, and ‘nomos’ means management of that home. (KUMAR, 2009) Kumar recounts this story in a TED talk video from London and in an accompanying essay in the Resurgence magazine that he is editor of. He was invited to speak at the famous London School of Economics (LSE), on arrival he enquired as to where their library for ecology was, but was told that the great school had no such library. His response was: “How can anyone manage something they know nothing of? … So ecology should come before economy; knowledge before management. But at the LSE, as well as at most other universities, the study of the economy dominates. These universities are sending thousands upon thousands of young people into the world equipped with management skills but without knowledge of what they are going to manage”. (KUMAR, 2009) Kumar has practiced his ecological and economic principles for over 60 years, since reading a book by Mahatma Gandhi about revolutionary economic, political and spiritual reform and becoming a student of an Gandhi’s disciple Vinoba Bhave, who “used the technique of compassion to bring about social and economic reforms”. He set up an ecological school called Schumacher College in England in 1990, inspired by the “Buddhist economics” of E.F. Schumacher and his seminal work “Small Is Beautiful: A Study Of Economics As If People Mattered” (SCHUMACHER, 1973).
3.1.6 Ecological crisis – How did we let it get to this? This paper chooses not to use the mild sounding phrase in common usage today “environmental debate”, instead opting for the term “ecological crisis”. Word choice is inspired by the wisdom of Satish Kumar: ‘Environment’ is
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an anthropocentric concept whereas the word ‘ecology’ is more inclusive. Ecology implies relationships between all species, humans and the natural world. (Kumar 2009) Overtime the idea that humankind is has an “environmental problem” has gathered more credibility, but the wider public seem to not fully view the severity of what this paper presents as a crisis. After Hensons’s 2007 warnings, popular public opinion started to change due to pressure from global environmental movements, especially those led by Bill McKibben. The 15th UN COP (Conference of Parties) meeting in Denmark in 2009 was seen as an important step: finally world leaders truly acknowledged and took seriously the claims that humankind was facing a climate crisis on Planet Earth. Despite acknowledging the crisis, they were unable to take any form of collective action to resolve the problem. 6 years later, at the COP 21, world leaders finally agreed on the “Paris agreement”, which although it has low aims, is still seen as a first positive step in solving the crisis. This year China, USA and Brazil recently ratified their pledges to lower carbon emissions. Climate change is happening all too quickly, whereas political change comes oh so slow. Why has it taken humankind so long to take action and since when has there been realization that the problems exist? Rachel Carson’s 1962 book “Silent Spring” has been widely credited as starting the environmental movement. British Naturalist Sir David Attenborough stated that Silent Spring was probably the book that had changed the scientific world the most, after the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. It is an environmental science book documenting the detrimental effects on the environment, particularly on birds, of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. In it Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation and public officials of accepting industry claims unquestioningly, this generated fierce opposition from the chemical companies. The book spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses and inspired an environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It was also influential on the rise of ecofeminism and on many feminist scientists. While "Silent Spring” is rightly celebrated for starting a very important dialogue, this paper argues that another lesser-known text should be seen as the seminal work in generating the “environmental debate”. Also written in 1962, Murray Bookchin’s “Our Synthetic Environment” was written under the
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pseudonym "Lewis Herber”, to avoid difficulties for the young New York author. Perhaps it is with hindsight and a deeper understanding of the grave situation humankind faces today, that the true value of Bookchin’s words can be appreciated. Whereas Carson rightly attacked the logic of the new chemical practices in the US, Bookchin offered a wider systematic analysis of the problems and unsustainability of the wider industrial capitalist system. Whereas Carson rightly called for reform of certain aspects of the system, Bookchin called for an entire replacement of the system through the construction of revolutionary alternatives, in economy, political organisation, food production, work and culture. He writes: “Actually the urban dweller today is more isolated in the big city than his ancestors were in the countryside. The city man in the modern metropolis has reached a degree of anonymity, social atomization, and spiritual isolation that is virtually unprecedented in human history. Today man's alienation from man is almost absolute. His standards of co-operation, mutual aid, simple human hospitality, and decency have suffered an appalling amount of erosion in the urban milieu”. (BOOKCHIN, 1962) Perhaps his plea was too radical for the values of conservative middle class America, who had by then bought into the consumer model of the “American dream”; the suburban house, the car, the 2.4 kids, the safe job, golf and hotdogs at the weekend. Not perturbed, Bookchin expanded on the books arguments two years later in a more confrontational short essay “Ecology and Revolutionary Thought”, which starkly proclaims: “Today human parasitism disrupts more than the atmosphere, climate, water resources, soil, flora, and fauna of a region; it upsets virtually all the basic cycles of nature and threatens to undermine the stability of the environment on a worldwide scale.” (BOOKCHIN, 1964) The essay pointed at a new emerging area of scientific thought, but one that he believed offered real potential for complete system change; ecology. “There is one science, however, that may yet restore and even transcend the liberatory estate of the traditional sciences and philosophies. It passes rather loosely under the name of “ecology”… Broadly conceived, however, ecology deals with the balance of nature. Inasmuch as nature includes man, the science basically deals with the harmonization of nature and man… For in the final analysis, it is impossible to achieve a harmonization of man and nature without creating a human community that lives in a lasting balance with its natural environment.”
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Writing a full half-century before world leaders finally agreed on the COP 21 climate deal, Bookchin saw that allowing the modern industrial system to continue implied a climate catastrophe: “As an example of the scope of modern man’s disruptive role, it has been estimated that the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) adds 600 million tons of carbon dioxide to the air annually, about 0.03 percent of the total atmospheric mass — this, I may add, aside from an incalculable quantity of toxicants. Since the Industrial Revolution, the overall atmospheric mass of carbon dioxide has increased by 13 percent over earlier, more stable, levels. It could be argued on very sound theoretical grounds that this growing blanket of carbon dioxide, by intercepting heat radiated from the earth into outer space, will lead to rising atmospheric temperatures, to a more violent circulation of air, to more destructive storm patterns, and eventually to a melting of the polar ice caps (possibly in two or three centuries), rising sea levels, and the inundation of vast land areas. Far removed as such a deluge may be, the changing proportion of carbon dioxide to other atmospheric gases is a warning of the impact man is having on the balance of nature.” (BOOKCHIN, 1964) Bookchin’s analyses of the problems were prophetic and accurate, but the solutions he proposed were not fully understood or supported. Even by today’s standards, calls for global revolution and the construction of an anarchist society seem too radical or utopian to implement. Maybe he’s right though? With major cultural shifts happening in the US and the “developed” world during the 1960’s like the emergence of the hippy, civil rights and anti war movements, The year 1968 saw rupture appearing in the political and philosophical worlds with student uprisings in Paris, Mexico and the United States. Many countries experienced university occupations and new spaces for alternative ways to understand and govern society were developed. These new processes and spaces helped facilitate new attitudes to spirituality and a growing awareness of and support of “environmental causes”, access to the actual images of planet earth from Space also changed perceptions. Fritjof Capra participated in these moments and refers to these factors as a start of a “Paradigm Shift” that is still shifting perceptions (CAPRA 1996). In the following years more books and academic papers focused on aspects of the problems. “The Population Bomb” written by Professor Paul R.
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Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich in 1968 feared a "population explosion" that could cause a civilisation collapse due to lack of resources. In 1972 the “The Limits to Growth” was published, having been commissioned by the Club of Rome, it explored models of growth relating to five variables: world population, industrialisation, pollution, food production and resources depletion. The books conclusions gave scientific support to the arguments that infinite economic growth was impossible on planet earth. Since 1972 the United Nations played a greater role in shaping the debate and attempting to bring about sustainable change, milestones, agreements and conferences of note that have led to last years “Paris Agreement” include: In 1972 the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, Sweden. Participating nations agreed on the “Stockholm Declaration” which contained 26 principles concerning the environment and development. Sweden suggested having this UN conference in 1968. In 1987 the Brundtland Report was published by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), this formed the basis of the modern concept of “sustainable development”. Also know as “Our Common Future”, the report was the culmination of a 900 day international exercise which catalogued, analysed, and synthesised: written submissions and expert testimony from senior government representatives, scientists and experts, research institutes, industrialists, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and the general public held at public hearings throughout the world. “The Earth Summit” happened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Here the “The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (UNFCCC) international environmental treaty was negotiated, this later extended into “The Kyoto Protocol”, which commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) humanmade CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and entered into force in 2005. The leading climate emissions polluter, The United States, signed the protocol but did not ratify it due to lobbying from business interests, which caused much anger internationally. Canada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012. In 1995 the first “Conference of Parties” (COP) process happened in Berlin to outline specific targets on emissions.
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Civil society has played a very important role in this process. While it is the leaders of countries that participate in the conference, make deals, sign and ratify deals, it is the pressure on the streets and communities coming from the actions of normal men and women that has succeeded in forcing the governments to participate. In face of the climate crisis there is a sense of hopelessness, that there is no point in trying to “change the world”, that it is too late, to difficult, not worth the hassle. But within this lies the challenge all humans must face, what do they choose to stand for, what are their core values, how do they act upon those values. In short, who do they choose to be.
3.1.7 Energy crisis – Dealing with our oil addiction Access to, development of and use of cheap energy has facilitated the massive changes humankind has witnessed since the industrial revolution. The changes in all aspects have life have been phenomenal due to mans ability to harness the energy of carbon stored in firstly coal and then oil. The rate of change in most aspect of life has been exponential and marked a truly amazing moment in world history, never before possible. Today it is possible for a man in one corner of the world to eat foods flown from the other side of the planet. The foods were raised with petroleum-based fertilizers. The man receives his “fresh food” in plastic packaging, in a plastic bag and eats it with a plastic knife and fork, all made from oil. Oil is present at every stage of modern life now, what we eat, what we wear, how we move… We area living in the oil age, we have an oil addiction. Earlier we discussed the environmental impacts this unleashing of carbon into the atmosphere has led to (global warming, climate change, possible destruction of humankind), but there is another aspect: These energies that fuel every aspect of our modern way of life are finite resources and will run out. “Peak oil” happens when roughly half the resource has been used up. Many agree that the world has already this period. While global oil resources start to run out, the demand for these resources continues to grow, can we expect resource wars soon? (LATOUCHE, 2012)
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Many communities accept this change and are preparing accordingly, constructing “post carbon” worlds with increased community resilience. In the “Transition Handbook”, Rob Hopkins writes: “The end of the age of cheap oil is rapidly coming upon us, and life will radically change, whether we like it or not”. Outlines his post carbon vision, he writes: “This book is underpinned by one simple premise: that the end of what we might call The Age of Cheap Oil (which lasted from 1859 until the present) is near at hand, and that for a society utterly dependent on it, this means enormous change: but that the future with less oil could be preferable to the present, if we plan sufficiently in advance with imagination and creativity. (HOPKINS, 2008)
3.1.8 Today’s global crises: Some solutions The first half of this chapter outlined as a series of crises humankind faces today. The problems are indeed grave, but all problems are opportunities for positive creative change. The solutions exist; huge numbers of people from all over the planet are already constructing pathways for real change, entire communities are devoting their lives to creating a better world. The first step in the journey is that of hope, a belief that it is truly possible for all of humanity to wake up and begin the required transition together to a better place. Capra argues, “The great challenge of the 21st century will be to change the value system underlying the global economy, so as to make it compatible with the demands, of human dignity and ecological sustainability. As the new century unfolds, there are two developments that will have major impacts on the well being and ways of life on humanity. Both have to do with network, and both involve radically new technologies. One is the rise of global capitalism: the other is the creation of sustainable communities based on ecological literacy and the practice of eco design.” (Capra, 2002) Concerning development, since the 1987 publication of the Brundtland Report by the UN discussions have opened up to determine a shared vision of what “sustainable development” means. A huge range of views now exist on the subject, this paper presents a series of perspectives that elaborate on themes and strategies already explored. While
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many share common values regarding ecological goals and values, not all share similar views on economic pathways. Like nature, the routes to protect life are also diverse. There is a diversity of pathways, attitudes, strategies, goals, movements, tactics and leading thinkers or activists in the different fields, here are a few: Ecological economics, Cradle to Cradle, Postdevelopment theory, Human Scale Development, Buen Viver, Degrowth, Buddhist economics, Deep Green Resistance (DGR) Ecological economics Ecological economics/eco-economics is founded upon the view that the neoclassical economics (NCE) assumption that environmental and community costs and benefits are mutually canceling "externalities" is not warranted. Concerning these externalities, this area maintains an orthodox economic line that the only reason why goods produced unsustainably are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably is due to a hidden subsidy, paid by the nonmonetized human environment, community or future generations. Leading activists in this area are ecologists and business leaders. Paul Hawken, Amory and Hunter Lovins promote their vision of an environmental capitalist utopia in “Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution” Cradle to Cradle Cradle to Cradle is a design philosophy based on the idea that “Waste = Food”, as waste does not exist in nature. In 2002, German chemist Michael Braungart and US architect William McDonough published a book called “Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things”, their inspiration is biophelia (love of nature) and biomimicry (inspiration from natural systems). It is a holistic economic, industrial and social framework that seeks to create systems that are not only efficient but also essentially waste free. It is a biomimetic approach to the design of products and systems which suggests that industry must protect and enrich ecosystems and nature's biological metabolism while also maintaining a safe, productive technical metabolism for the high-quality use and circulation of organic and technical nutrients. Major corporate groups such as Nike have adopted the idea. It seeks to reform the
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corporate business model practice along “green economy” lines. McDonough has designed eco city plans for china based on the premise: “building as a tree, city as a forest”. Postdevelopment theory Postdevelopment theory (also post-development, or anti-development) arose in the 1980s out of criticisms voiced against development projects and development theory, which justified them, arguing that development was always unjust, never worked, and at this point has clearly failed. It holds that the whole concept and practice of development is a reflection of Western-Northern hegemony over the rest of the world. Leading members of the postdevelopment school were based in, or supported Latin American perspectives. According to the Colombian Arturo Escobar, postdevelopment is interested instead in local culture and knowledge, a critical view against established sciences and the promotion of local grassroots movements. Also, postdevelopment argues for structural change in order to reach solidarity, reciprocity, and a larger involvement of traditional knowledge. (ESCOBAR, 1995) It is important to remember that the geopolitical situation in Latin America at the time was very tense, many countries were being exploited and attacked by the US imperialist system through “Operation Condor”, the “School of the Americas” and various military coups. Human Scale Development Human Scale Development, Chilean economist Artur Manfred Max Neef and his colleagues developed a taxonomy of human needs and a process by which communities can identify their "wealths" and "poverties" according to how their fundamental human needs are satisfied. This school of Human Scale Development is described as "focused and based on the satisfaction of fundamental human needs, on the generation of growing levels of self-reliance, and on the construction of organic articulations of people with nature and technology, of global processes with local activity, of the personal with the social, of planning with autonomy, and of civil society with the state." (MAX NEEF, 1991) This framework is developed from Max Neef’s earlier experiences working in very poor communities in Latin America. He had a realization in an
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Indian slum village in the Sierra in Peru, on seeing a local man standing in the mud, that his “whole language as an economist was absolutely useless.” His 1981 book “From the Outside Looking In: Experiences in Barefoot Economics”, suggests: 1: the economy is to serve the people and not the people to serve the economy. 2: development is about people and not about objects. 3: growth is not the same as development, and development does not necessarily require growth. 4: no economy is possible in the absence of ecosystem services. 5: the economy is a subsystem of a larger finite system, the biosphere, hence permanent growth is impossible. 6: the fundamental value to sustain a new economy should be that no economic interest, under no circumstance, can be above the reverence of life. (MAX NEEF, 1981) Buen Viver Buen Viver / Sumak Kawsay (Good living) is a concept from the Quechua peoples of the Andes and is an indigenous approach to development in their lands. It describes a way of doing things that is community-centric, ecologically-balanced and culturally-sensitive. It is a rejection of the dominant model of capitalism and it has inspired the recently revised Ecuadorian constitution, which now reads: "We ... hereby decide to build a new form of public coexistence, in diversity and in harmony with nature, to achieve the good way of living." Eduardo Gudynas says: "These are not equivalents at all. With buen vivir, the subject of wellbeing is not [about the] individual, but the individual in the social context of their community and in a unique environmental situation." Boaventura Santos sees it as the true epistemological break that humankind requires: “the Quechua word sumak kawsay is central to the conception of social emancipation” (SANTOS, 2014) Degrowth Degrowth is a political, economic, and social movement based on ecological economics, anti-consumerist and anti-capitalist ideas. It is also considered an essential economic strategy responding to the “limits to growth” dilemma. Degrowth thinkers and activists advocate for the downscaling of production and consumption—the contraction of economies—arguing that overconsumption lies at the root of long term environmental issues and social
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inequalities. Key to the concept of degrowth is that reducing consumption does not require individual martyring or a decrease in well-being. Rather, "degrowthists" aim to maximize happiness and well-being through nonconsumptive means—sharing work, consuming less, while devoting more time to art, music, family, culture and community. (LATOUCHE, 2012) A separate yet related project to Degrowth is the “Transition Towns” project (HOPKINS, 2008) Buddhist economics Buddhist economics - E. F. Schumacher's 1973 book “Small Is Beautiful: A Study Of Economics As If People Mattered” was a seminal work embraced a vision of economics where people and planet mattered and where ethical and spiritual values underpinned economic values. His proposals were for humanscale, decentralised and appropriate technologies. Schumacher was inspired by the aforementioned economic theories of Barbara Ward and by Gandhi's concepts of "Economy of Permanence" and appropriate technology. Satish Kumar set up an ecological school called Schumacher College in England in 1990, based on the philosophy. His work inspired Artur Manfred Max Neef and various other authors mentioned in this paper. Deep Green Resistance (DGR) Deep Green Resistance (DGR) is an environmental movement that views mainstream environmental activism as being largely ineffective. DGR also refers to the strategy described by the movement for saving the Earth. DGR believes that industrial civilization is endangering all life on the planet, and that a broad range of tactics are needed to achieve environmental and social justice in decisive material ways. It advocates for a radical shift in society's structure and function and calls for humans to actively fight for the Earth. DGR objectives include the health of land bases to be restored, for indigenous peoples to regain their cultural integrity and land rights, and for the human communities that inhabit the earth to be egalitarian, just, and sustainable. DGR advocates a pragmatic approach to saving the earth, utilizing whatever means necessary to stop destruction of the natural world, including violence and terrorism.
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3.2
CITY AS A SOLUTION
“Cities accelerate innovation; they cure overpopulation; and while they are becoming the Greenest thing that humanity does for the planet, they have a long way to go.” (BRAND, 2009) Excerpt From: Brand, Stewart. “Whole Earth Discipline.”
This chapter deals with urban solutions: It explores different views on the city in the globalized world and examines some ranging views about the city. The dissertation takes the view that the city can be part of the solution to todays ecological crisis and outlines current thinking and processes being attempted or proposed to improve the impact cities and their inhabitants have on the world. This chapter focuses on Curitiba city, giving an overview of its history to date, along with major challenges and problems it faces today. It investigates the claim that Curitiba is the “the Greenest city on Earth” (The Ecologist, 2014), exploring its history and placing it in its true context. It also examines the different processes that are affecting urban change in the city, including the different forums and areas of public participation that exist, such as the 10 year city development plan, to varying levels of success or true engagement. Stewart Brand is a long time ecology activist, responsible for NASA making image of earth public in 1968, and who now has controversial views. He sees cities as one of the solutions to climate crisis, related to a solution to the “population bomb”, new agri techniques and changing our views in regard to poverty and what is a favela.. Point that currently 1 in 8 live in favelas / informal urban settlements globally, if trends continue, soon (how long) that will be 1 in 4.. But he sees this as a good thing.. as outlined in TED talk, based on his research expressed in books and articles (list) and based on research done earlier by New York journalist
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newrorth. In April 2015, Brand put his name, along with 17 other ecology people (diff mix, scientists, designers, etc..) to ecomodernist manifesto which proposes: In this, we affirm one long-standing environmental ideal, that humanity must shrink its impacts on the environment to make more room for nature, while we reject another, that human societies must harmonize with nature to avoid economic and ecological collapse. (BRAND et all, 2015)
BRAND, Stewart. City Planet: Get ready for cosmopolitan slums with thriving markets, aging residents, and the most creative economies in history. (article) Published: Spring 2006 Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto (Alternative title: Whole Earth Discipline: Why Dense Cities, Nuclear Power, Transgenic Crops, Restored Wildlands, Radical Science, and Geoengineering Are Necessary) 2009 Regarding cities: AUTHORS: CASTELLS – MARX – ENGELS – BOOKCHIN – MASON – REGISTER – MCDONOUGH – UN BRZ AUTHORS:
3.2.1 Ecocities
C40 is the network of the world’s most important cities committed to tackling climate change #Cities4Climate http://www.c40.org/
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The World is Watching Cities, Now More than Ever COP21 brought cities into the spotlight. C40 is proud to help shine that light a little brighter. Because cities and mayors are acting now, and we're right beside them as they become necessary leaders in this vital cause. As the world moves forward from Paris, we're showcasing stories that help explain why cities are so critically important for implementing on the goals set forth in that historic accord. C40's road from Paris moved through member cities Beijing for the Second China-U.S. Cl imate-Smart Low-Carbon Cities Summit; Singapore for the World Cities Summit; Quito for Habitat III; and now culminates in Mexico City for the and C40 Cities Awards. Ecocities Join us at the Ecocity World Summit 2017 to be held in Melbourne, Australia from 12-14 July 2017 http://bit.ly/Ecocity2017 100 Resilient Cities - Pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation
3.2.2 Smart Cities The Smart cities, new tek solutions, extension of the capitalist system, new markets or truly the start of something new. Again, citizen participation and access are key here.. who is involved in the discussion, for whom are things been created, who benefits.. Smart cities experience at IBQP, start up, tek groups.. important dialogues (park bariqui) and other events, giving resources (use of space) for start up weekends and related events… google weekend, google business group, start up foods, founder institute.. Further reading, lines of investigation:
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Masons postcapitalist analysis – Madrid and Barcelona attitudes (MASON, 2012) - OPEN SOURCE URBANISM
3.2.7 Development and Brazilian Cities Whereas the global urban population became more than 50% in 2006, Brazil saw that figure passed many years previous. The current urban population of Brazil is 85% and growing. Exploring the changes and growth of the urban population, what forces are behind it. What problems exist and why. Poverty, illegal settlements, favelas, undocumented dwellers, not yet citizens, crime. What solutions are being explored, what blockages exist, what improvements can be made. How can the CURITIBA INTNL GROUPS improve on this or make a positive impact. Clovis : On mutabilities and durabilites in the brazilian urban management Abstract This article results from authors previous investigations and other academic references on this topic, mostly those formulating retrospective analysis on Brazilian urban management. Discussion observes complex and cumulative responsibilities to the Brazilian urban planner and manager. Authors do not identify an equalitarian social reality nor a conciliatory relation between societal and environmental interests; therefore, they make clear there are signals of positive changes in terms of long desired ideas. First part of the article contains a retrospective of the Brazilian urban management recent history, pretentiously formulating a synthesis for the period from the 1970´s to the 2010´s. Based on selected indicators, second part elaborates a scenario for the next decade. Authors recognize the construction of such scenario risky, but discussion is taken on the sole purpose of provoking future and deeper debates.
61 This scenario is followed by an investigation on the causes for such a better reality. Conclusions are presented, again, in a provocative way, suggesting more debates, but based on a rare optimism: if “brazilianization” once meant urban crisis, it now may also indicate “examples to be replicated”. Key words: Urban management, Brazilian cities, Urban planning.
Notas de Población N° 102 • enero-junio de 2016 Clovis chapter This article is intended to open a discussion on urbanization in Brazil, a process that is argued to be consolidated —yet, paradoxically, ever-changing. This argument is based on evidence of a new urban phenomenon, whereby rural-urban migration has been replaced almost entirely as a driver of population growth by a complex intra-urban socio-spatial dynamic, on the corroboration of this phenomenon, on the development and use of increasingly specific indicators to show the changes occurring in built-up areas, and on signs that quantitative criteria are being replaced by qualitative concerns in the assessment of public services and urban infrastructure. The time frame of the study is 1970 to 2010, and the argument is based mainly on a selected bibliography, the observation of variables used in population censuses, including increases and changes, and the review of sanitation and social housing policies during the research period. Keywords: Brazilian cities, urbanization in Brazil, urban management, consolidated city, population growth.
Explore some situations: •
TETO’s work in Curitiba
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WRI project in Sao Paulo, deepening the discussion for the MCMV project.
Regarding changes, authors Ultramari & Freitas chart changes, causes of and responses to the changes in their 2012 article (ULTRAMARI, 2012) Authors: COMEC (Coordenação da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba) (ULTRAMARI, C) - FIRKOVSKI, O. ; MOURA, R.
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3.2.8 Poverty, Favelas and Brazilian Cities
A short summary, problems, current situation in Curitiba NUC. What groups working here. What has history here been.. explore the right to the city movement, brz and Curitiba. Authors: MOURA, R. - Perreira – Acselrad, Henri –COMEC – Leff - Rafaela Antunes Fortunato - Cristina de Araújo Lima - Stewart Brand - Robert Neuwirth Stewart Brand: Why squatter cities are a good thing (ted talk) Based on research by Robert Neuwirth, author of "Shadow Cities. Unpopular ecological proposal: “Cities are GREEN”, 1 of his “4 environmental 'heresies',” outlined in his book “Whole Earth Discipline” and manifesto which he participated in “An ecomodernist manifesto” 1 of 18 authors. ecomodernism.org
3.2.9 Curitiba “Greenest city on earth” ? - past history and current situation conservativism, openness to certain radical ideas, a testing ground for new things in Brazil, Role of tek, digital city, townlike feel and sense of scale. how did it get here. Marketing Current problems and solutions Authors: “Curitiba: transformações na ordem urbana”, Olga Firkowski e Rosa Moura, ambas do Núcleo Curitiba do Observatório das Metrópoles.
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3.2.10 Curitiba, the metropolitan area and NUC
Technical explanation of the zoning, sizes, populations etc.. COMEC responsible. IPPUC and other groups have maps, graphs, population density, pop growth, Transport and income maps
FIGURE 1 – PHOTO OF CURITIBA CITY, OVER BARIGUI PARK SOURCE: CONFIRM
A Região Metropolitana de Curitiba é composta por 29 municípios: Núcleo Urbano Central (NUC): Adrianópolis, Agudos do Sul, Almirante Tamandaré, Araucária, Balsa Nova, Bocaiuva do Sul, Campina Grande do Sul, Campo do Tenente, Campo Largo, Campo Magro, Cerro Azul, Colombo, Contenda, Curitiba, Doutor Ulysses, Fazenda Rio Grande, Itaperuçu, Lapa,
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Mandirituba, Piên, Pinhais, Piraquara, Quatro Barras, Quitandinha, Rio Branco do Sul, Rio Negro, São José dos Pinhais. Tijucas do Sul, Tunas do Paraná Municípios que compõem o Núcleo Urbano Central (NUC): Almirante Tamandaré, Araucária, Campina Grande do Sul, Campo Largo, Campo Magro, Colombo, Curitiba, Fazenda Rio Grande, Itaperuçu, Pinhais, Piraquara, Quatro Barras, Rio Branco do Sul e São José dos Pinhais Enter selected maps here, remember to show distance ruler:
•
World location map of Curitiba + RMC
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Curitiba municipality
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Curitiba Núcleo Urbano Central (NUC)
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A Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC)
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NUC with favelas
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Green and Blue map Curitiba municipality
•
Green and Blue map Curitiba NUC
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FIGURE 2 – POSITION OF CURITIBA METROPOLITAN REGION RMC SOURCE: CURITIBA; COHAB-CT; IPPUC, 2007
Figure 2 shows a satellite image of Curitiba municipality and NUC, from a 2015, from presentation by Jorge Wilheim to COMEC. It is clear to see the difference between built up urban areas and more greener areas.
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FIGURE 3 - CURITIBA RMC AND NUC SOURCE: CONFIRM
Figure 3, showing the RMC, the red dotted outline of Curitiba NUC and the urban stain from 2004
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FIGURE 3 - 2015 SATELITE IMAGE OF CURITIBA MUNICIPALITY AND NUC SOURCE: JORGE WILHEIM: CURITIBA A QUESTÃO METROPOLITANA: SEDU / COMEC – PARANACIDADE – ASSOMEC. 2015
Figure 2, from the 2015 by Fortunato, Lima (2015) shows the locations of the favelas in Curitiba’s NUC. Their article explored the changes under the government social housing programme PMCMV (Programma Minha Casa MInha Vida) that was introduced in 2009.
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FIGURE 4 - OUTLINE OF THE CURITIBA METROPOLITAN AREA, NUC RED DOTS = LOCATION OF FAVELAS SOURCE: COMEC (2006) + FORTUNATO, LIMA (2015)
Text here
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FIGURE 5 – CURITIBA MUNICIPALITY. DIVISION OF CITY REGIONS AND NEIGHBOURHOODS SOURCE: IPPUC (YEAR CONFIRM)
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3.2.11 IPPUC and city development planning the public audience, how much participation, what tried, what diff programmes exist, current situation, opening up to increased citizen participation, see SOCIEDADE GLOBAL and the “Todos Fazem Parte” (TFP) project and COURB events and IPPUC acting as a participant, 1 of many, and not the sole leader. Alternative plans groups, projects, processesse – mobiliza Curitiba Ferramentas de Planejamento Urbano
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4. CASE STUDIES: CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS ACTIVE IN THE CURITIBA METROPOLITAN AREA CONNECTED OUTSIDE BRAZIL
4.1
METHODOLOGICAL PROCESS
The process is to select an initial group of 25 groups that are currently active in the Curitiba NUC. Analyse them, from that compose first questionnaire. Also engage with them, or attempt to, as a citizen to see how open they are, to research as an active participative researcher. The second stage is to select a smaller group of 5 from the first list and to carry out a deeper analysis with them. The selection process is based on groups that meet the following criteria:
•
Groups are active in the Curitiba NUC during the time period of the dissertation (April 2016- March 2018);
•
Groups have a connection outside Brazil, this means that they can be an NGO that was created outside Brazil who recently set up a local node in the Curitiba area, or a Curitiba / Brazil NGO that grew and now exists in other countries;
•
Groups that are part of a social movement that has people active in the same movement outside Brazil and where the local Curitiba group is supported by parts of the global network through supply of money, resources or people;
•
Groups that are part of wider global social movement, they are not supplied by money, resources or people, but their work is supported through communication about their work with a wider global audience through publications, radio, documentary, tv etc;
•
The groups’ area of work includes a focus, to some degree, on urban sustainability and citizen participation;
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4.2
STAGE 1: INITIAL ANALYSIS GROUP OF 25
There is a shift happening in the landscape of how a citizen can participate in projects for societal change, at different levels. Exploring how in the past people volunteered with NGO’s or in social movements. Structure: dividing this section into 3 areas: Groups, Spaces, Moments Obviously crossover exists, but a structure to begin an exploration. In regard to Groups, the plan is a staged exploration. At earlier stages a selection of a wide range of groups active in the city, to investigate a selection process. From this a selection from this group of a smaller group, to investigate and engage with them, and last stage 3 to work with a discussion with 1 group Are they physically based in Curitiba. Are they communicating about things going on here? What is their connection beyond brazil? Fixed, ie part of NGO global family. Or looser, inspired by movements outside of Brazil.. is this justifyable? Have they a space that allows for interesting things to happen in the city (building or urban space There is some interconnection between some of these groups. Some are currently listed as projects nested within other physical spaces or other projects. + part of wider group / social movement / design idea etc.. Any explicatley anti capitalist? line: people paid to work for change.. how can people use their service? Design groups? what hoped for, what tried, how is it now, if dead or moved on, find out why, any advice for similar groups hackathons, i cities, greenpeace. Some born in brazil but grown into more countries, ie CEPIAL and PACHAMAMA Some groups included for their interesting use of space, occupation of space, using the city as a space for communication and transformation of peoples values (and hopefully later actions) through cultural activity in city zones, both city centre and periphery.
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Groups being investigated: 1. 350 Brasil 2. 92º (92 Degrees, Punk and Rock club and community) 3. A Rede Social Brasileira por Cidades Justas e Sustentáveis (Brazilian Social Network for Sustainable and Fair Cities) 4. Bicicletaria cultural 5. Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Brazil, part of WRI World Resources Institute) 6. CASLA / CEPIAL (Casa America Latino / Latin American House) 7. Cheer For Peace / PEACELABS 8. Cicloiguaçu (Associação de Ciclistas do Alto Iguaçu) 9. Code For Curitiba 10. COURB (Collaborative Urbanism) 11. Curitiba em Transição (TRANSITION TOWNS CURITIBA) 12. Educação Gaia Curitiba (GAIA Education Curitiba) 13. Help City 14. Jardim das Amoras Brancas 15. Laboratório de Cultura Digital 16. Mídia NINJA 17. MST 18. Nacion Pachamama (Nation Pachamama, Mother Earth) 19. Nossa Curitiba (Our Curitiba) 20. OCEL (Ocupação Cultural Espaço da Liberdade) (Cultural Occupation Space of Freedom) 21. Parque Gomm 22. Programa Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Programme) 23. Sociedade Global (Global Society) 24. TETO (Roof) 25. Vagas Vivas (Live park – ex car park space
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Others to think about, groups or areas Cultural movements: Bicicletaria cultural Ninja Midia / democracia en rede MST – occupation of centro civico Theatre of the oppressed
Music Hip hop movements in periphery Jardim das amores – small permacultural space in Sao Lorenzo Punk and Rock underground movement – 92º (92 Degrees) Psicodalia, bambuu bar, Nego Blue da ilha OCEL, tower occupation, art space, community garden, rua sao Francisco MinCResiste – IPHAN occupation Circo da democracia Ninja Midia / democracia en rede Art: Jardinagem libertarian, jardims sofia Territorio project Goto et al. Other: Bibliotecas: hortas, poet space by old train line, gomm, Co working spaces Vaga vivas, from parking and parklets. Life of its own #FMB3 – Third “Forum Mundial da Bicicleta” (World Bicycle Forum) Others id like to explore or find out about:
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Groups working with community gardens in perifory and near invasion spaces, rehoused favelas List of proposed interview people and groups: Make a network map, linked to what spaces and networks, projects, from here or outside, happy with things, hopeful for Curitiba social movments.. Suryen, jardim amores, transition Eloy, FUSA Will Capa Preta - OCEL
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Initial Graph, figure 1A. GROUPS 1-5 (CHART UNFINISHED, STILL GETTING DATA) Group Name
350 Brasil
A Rede
WRI
Social
BRAZIL
CASLA
CHEER FOR PEACE
Brasileira NGO / M.S
NGO
NGO
Mov Social
NGO
SOCIAL BUSINESS
International
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Original
USA
Scotland
England
Curitiba
Scotland
(UK)
(UK)
Brazil
(UK)
2009
2005
2008
1985
2005
3
4
1
31
4
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (size)
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
countries
(188+)
(few)
(100?)
Receives
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Country When started Years in Curitiba Space in Curitiba Realized projects Upcoming event soon Internationals involved today Built projects in Curitiba Sustainable
Yes
Urban design Other
No
Yes (few)
international people Different
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languages
(few)
(few)
Core team
5
10
No
No
5
Curitiba Volunteers #
?
Yes
No
involved today Connected to
Yes
universities Offer
Yes
services Impact level
***
**
*
****
**
6,845
1,919
150
4,149
1,919
People using their service Likes on FB
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Initial Graph, figure 1B. GROUPS 6-9 (CHART UNFINISHED, STILL GETTING DATA) Group Name
CODE
COURB
FOR
Curitiba em
GAIA Education
Transição
CURITIB A NGO / M.S /
NGO
Mov Social
NGO
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Original
England
Pelotas/RS
England (UK)
Scotland (UK)
Country
(UK)
Brazil
When started
2008
2006
2008
2005
1
4
1
4
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Upcoming
Yes
Yes
Yes (size)
Yes
event soon
(size) Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
countries
(100?)
(5)
(100?)
(few)
Receives
No
Yes
No
No
OTHER International
Years in
Mov Social
Curitiba Space in Curitiba Realized projects
Internationals involved today Built projects in Curitiba Sustainable Urban design Other
international people
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Different
Yes
Yes
Yes
languages Core team
Yes (few)
10
?
10
5
No
No
*
**
150
1,919
Curitiba Volunteers #
No
involved today Connected to universities Offer
?
services Impact level
*
People using
*** ?
their service Likes on FB
150
2,013
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Initial Graph, figure 1C. GROUPS 10-13 (CHART UNFINISHED, STILL GETTING DATA) Group Name
Jardim das
Nacion
Nossa Curitiba
OCEL
amores
Pachamama
NGO / M.S
MS*
NGO
NGO
NGO
International
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Original
Permaculture
Pelotas/RS
Curitiba Brazil
Scotland (UK)
Country
started in
Brazil
Australia When started
2009
2006
1985
2005
7
4
31
4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Permaculture
Yes
countries
projects yes
(5)
Receives
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Different
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
languages
(few)
Years in Curitiba Space in Curitiba Realized projects Upcoming event soon Internationals
No
involved today Built projects
No
No
in Curitiba Sustainable
Yes
Urban design Other
No
Yes (few)
international people
(few)
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Core team
5
?
5
Curitiba Volunteers #
No
Yes
No
involved today Connected to
Yes
universities Offer
Yes
?
Yes
Impact level
****
***
****
**
People using
Yes
?
2,342
2,316
4,149
1,919
TETO
Vagas Vivas
services
their service Likes on FB
Initial Graph, figure 1D. GROUPS 14-17 (CHART UNFINISHED, STILL GETTING DATA) Group Name
Programa
Sociedade
Cidades
Global
Sustentáveis NGO / M.S
NGO
NGO
NGO
NGO
International
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Scotland (UK)
Pelotas/RS
Curitiba Brazil
Scotland (UK)
Original Country When started Years in Curitiba
Brazil 2005
2006
1985
2005
4
4
31
4
82
Space in
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Other
Yes
Yes
countries
(few)
(5)
Receives
No
Yes
Yes
No
Different
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
languages
(few)
Core team
5
Curitiba Realized projects Upcoming event soon Internationals
No
involved today Built projects
No
No
in Curitiba Sustainable
Yes
Urban design No
Yes (few)
international people (few) ?
5
Curitiba Volunteers #
No
Yes
No
involved today Connected to
Yes
universities Offer
?
Yes
***
****
**
4,149
1,919
services Impact level
**
People using
?
their service Likes on FB
1,919
2,013
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Description of Groups: 4.2.1 350 Brasil 350 – is an international climate activist group NGO, formed by Bill McKibbin. They have their Brazilian national base in Curitiba, in parquet Gutierrez. Offers support to smaller NGO and social movements. Part of FUSA and MUSA. Transition training happened here. Park has Chico Mendes memorial and natural water fountain. They set up the Nao Fracking Brasil network and Coeses. They have TV and radio equipment.
4.2.2 92º (92 Degrees, Punk and Rock club and community) About 20 years old, moved to many different locations in the city. Allowing a space for punks, rockers, freaks.. allowing for creative experimentation, supporting social movements in the city. Explore if do street festivals. Lots of support from outside, with bands coming to play and support. Biggest band that play was straight edge punk band Fugazi.
4.2.3 A Rede Social Brasileira por Cidades Justas e Sustentáveis A Rede Social Brasileira por Cidades Justas e Sustentáveis (Brazilian Social Network for Sustainable and Fair Cities)
4.2.4 Bicicletaria Cultural A bike mechanics space, shop, workspace, storage space, artistic space, cultural space, allowing social movments to work out of the space.. praca ciclista was designed here. Part of the bike forum in 2014, many international artists come and perform. Served as space for 2015 “Janela climatica” for live stream experiments with the COP21 talks in Paris. A social business, an art movement. It was donated an Asterix library also, with books in 6 different languages. A space for concerts, ie, anti fascist feminist hip hop event.
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4.2.5 Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis (WRI Brazil) Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Brazil) is the name of the local brazil node of WRI (World Resources Institute), a US NGO. They have existed for 2 years in Brazil, currently based in Porto Alegre, but doing projects all over Brazil. They participated in a conference about collaborative urbanism in Curitiba and spoke about projects in Sao Paulo. They also have a great blog talking about urbanism, The City Fix. They write about Curitiba. Explore what projects they are doing, propose to do some with them.. ie help city. About WRI World Resources Institute is a global research organization that turns big ideas into action at the nexus of environment, economic opportunity and human wellbeing. Our 500 experts and staff work with partners in more than 50 countries; we have offices in Brazil, China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and the United States. WRI is consistently ranked as the top global Think Tank working on environmental issues. WRI Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis: WRI Brasil currently focuses its work on three programmatic areas: Cities and Transport, Climate Change and Sustainable Landscapes. Our climate work is mostly focused on supporting effective national and subnational climate policy implementation in coordination with the Open Climate Network’s international work in other countries. The Research Analyst I will support WRI Brasil’s climate agenda, in concert with WRI’s Global Climate strategy.
4.2.6 CASLA (Latin American House) CASLA / CEPIAL (Casa America Latino / Latin American House)
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4.2.7 Cheer For Peace Name changed to PEACELABS CHEER FOR PEACE / PEACELABS Sdfsa favelas We are all smart.. discussions about permaculture
4.2.8 Cicloiguacu
Bike activists, with many great events and projects happening: •
3rd world bicycle forum,
•
praca ciclista (designed and built through crowd sourcing and free mutirão)
•
Via Calma, rua 7 setembre
•
Zona Calma
•
PUC fazendinha bikeway
•
Pedaladas / critical mass bikerides
•
Dutch govt visit and advice for city
•
Goura working in SUSTRAN
•
Goura’s open horizontal elction campaign assembly process
•
Goura as local councillor
Cicloiguacu : A Associação de Ciclistas do Alto Iguaçu foi fundada em maio de 2011 em Curitiba com um intuito bem definido – criar uma interface de diálogo construtivo com o poder público afim de consolidar o desenvolvimento de políticas de ciclomobilidade. Dentro deste amplo objetivo muitas necessidades
86 foram percebidas. Os ciclistas não estão bem cuidados por nossa sociedade. Além da carência explícita de ciclovias e ciclofaixas, de uma rede bem amarrada com conexões e cruzamentos seguros, falta também toda uma estrutura de paraciclos, bicicletários, sinalização, vestiários nas empresas e, o mais importante, o florescimento de uma cultura de respeito e simpatia à bicicleta.
4.2.9 Code For Curitiba / Open Brazil Code For Curitiba / Open Brazil Hacklabs, good hackers, problem solvers, jupter, social good… Robots, remember bucky fuller Coding,
4.2.10 COURBAN collaborative urban – arks and other professionals in Brazil, USA, Colombia and other spaces.. event in cwb
4.2.11 Curitiba em Transição Curitiba em Transição (TRANSITION TOWNS CURITIBA) So far, a project being developed in different ways by different groups..
4.2.12 Educação Gaia Curitiba (GAIA Education Curitiba) GAIA Education Curitiba
4.2.13 Help City An urban initiave which aims to facilitate heightened levels of citizen participation. It was created during the 2016 city council hackathon in University
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Positivo. It has “helpers”, friends in cities around the world who have pledged to support and offer resource assistance. Barcelona, Dublin, London, Tromso. It is a tool, a platform, a social movement and possibly a social business. It is supported by the infrastructure of Code For Curitiba.
4.2.14 Jardim das Amoras Brancas
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Figure 3 – Jardim das Amoras Brancas facebook page background, via their facebook page (don’t know if they are created this image, or if they have copyright for its use.) “Jardim das Amoras Brancas” Translates as “Garden of the white berries”. It is a permaculture space in Sao Lorenzo neighbourhood, run by Suryen Choinski. Current situation: closing. Distance from city centre = @3km. Is it a registered NGO, with CNPJ, or is it an informal social movement? Temporary open shared living space and public zone for activities, including garden, dry toilet, fruit forest, workshops, vegan pizza. Transition café meeting happened there. “Green drinks” event happened there. Laboratório de Permacultura Urbana e criações culinárias veganas; espaço para a realização de eventos artísticos e cineclubismo; troca de alimentos orgânicos, aulas de Kundalini Yoga, Terapias holísticas, Reiki; Banco de Sementes Crioulas, alimentos naturais, forno de barro, hortas, Jardinagem Libertária, produção orgânica. Events list Images, vision No website, only facebook page https://www.facebook.com/JardimDasAmorasBrancas/
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Figure 3 – Jardim das Amoras Brancas Urban Permaculture event poster
Photo 4 – Jardim das Amoras Brancas garden with dry toilet
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4.2.15 Laboratório de Cultura Digital
An open network for artists, hacksers, communication activists, independent media activists. They put on a forum with the ex Uruguayan president Majuca. They also had a hackathon with people from all over Brazil, including Midia Ninja, and outside, including people from the indymedia collective and people who had participated in the occupations of the Spanish squares in 2011. Very important group as they talk about the role of communication and media as a power and the role that media plays in Brazil in construction of political reality. This area was critical in the impeachment process of Dilma Rouseff and the formation of the new government under Temer. Most social movements in Brazil refer to this process as a coup and keep building new independent spaces for community communication. Media and activists groups outside of Brazil assist by offering platforms to allow for communications, space on democracy now, guardian etc.. O Laboratório de Cultura Digital é um projeto de experimentação para a formulação e desenvolvimento colaborativo de tecnologias digitais livres. Iniciativa do Ministério da Cultura e da Universidade Federal do Paraná, o projeto atende Pontos de Cultura, agentes, organizações e redes culturais. De forma simples e amigável, disponibiliza sítios, sistemas de gestão do conhecimento, mapas culturais, ferramentas de democracia digital e de mobilização online. Faz parte das ações do Lab a realização dos Ciclos de Cultura Digital. Ambientes de intercâmbio de conhecimentos e de capacitação dos fazedores culturais, os Ciclos acontecem nas cinco regiões do país. A partir de oficinas, as ferramentas são experimentadas e podem ser aperfeiçoadas colaborativamente. Outra ação é o Encontro Latinoamericano de Cultura Digital que integra e articula agentes e fortalece as redes livres de trocas entre organizações culturais de nosso continente. Parte de um processo emancipatório, o Laboratório de Cultura Digital multiplica o conhecimento livre. Tecnologias e vivências formativas a serviço das redes.
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4.2.16 Midia Ninja Activist network that grew with the 2013 mobilisation in Brazil, grown massively. Now seen as main source of activist media in Brazil and content reproduced in global media: documentaries, radio, text. A mix of users, creators mixed also, some statist, some anarchist 4.2.17 MST Movimento sem terra… Radical direct action landless peasent movement. They often come to the city and create short protests, which can be seen as urban moments. About 15 years ago they occupied the public space in front of the State parliament and turned the space into a food production zone. Artist Newton Goto has supported and worked with them. Wide level of support outside of state. 4.2.18 Nacion Pachamama
Figure 4 – Nacion Pachamama flag, with Inca chakana symbol
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Nacion Pachamama is Spanish for “Pachamama Nation”. Pachamama is a word from the quechua language of the Incas and the indigenous communities of the Andean communities, it translates as Mother Earth. The are a group based in the anam chara space in the Ahu neighbourhood of Curitiba. They run workshops, talks, meditations. They also have a community outside Curitiba, a retreat for practitioners to reconnect with nature and to build connections. Members of their collective have participated in many of the ecological movements in the city and bring a strong understanding of the dynamic of working together to the communities here. Also, they have created some garden projects in the city, occupying urban parks and turning them into temporary gardens through public work events, “mutirões” (a word from the indigenous tupi language, that is used in Brazilian Portuguese).
4.2.19 Nossa Curitiba Movimento Nossa Curitiba = Our Curitiba movement
Figure 1 – Nossa Curitiba logo, via facebook page Linked to UN Sustainable cities. Not NGO, not open to others.. yet direct link to mayors... need to investigate more.. did they participate in HAB3 dialogues? No website, only Facebook page, seems front seldom used by people working in other areas.. https://www.facebook.com/MovimentoNossaCuritiba/ Their background pic uses “Programa Cidades Sustentáveis” image and REDE logo? O Movimento Nossa Curitiba tem como missão mobilizar diversos segmentos da sociedade para construir e se comprometer com uma agenda e um conjunto
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de metas, articular e promover ações, visando a uma cidade mais justa e sustentável.Diretores Aparecida de Fátima Machado Nogarolli e Rafael Gomes de Oliveira. Contatos pelo email:
[email protected]
Figure 2 – Nossa Curitiba screen background, via their facebook page The author attended their important event on 18 August in the ISAE/FGV (Instituto Superior de Administração e Economia do Mercosul / Fundação Getulio Vargas no Paraná) auditorium in Curitiba city centre. In lead up to mayors election, all candidates committed to sustainable practice and signed a document making a form of ecological pledge. Part of the UN programme for sustainable cities.
4.2.20 OCEL Ocupação Cultural Espaço da Liberdade = Cultural Occupation Space of Freedom
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Figure 3 – OCEL logo, via their facebook page An occupation of an abandoned 25 story building at the end of rua Sao Franciso in city centre, next to the newly opened “Praça Ciclista”, a small community garden was opened and the entrance was through a lockable front gate. The derelict building was occupied and turned into a living space by and for homeless people and urban activists. Certain areas of the occupation were opened up for cultural activities, including a library, study areas, work areas and art production zones. The OCEL collective were a horizontally organised open social movement, influenced by similar movements, including anarchist, using direct action as a form of political action. They put on hip hop events and invited many groups from the periphery of the city into the centre. They ran agroecology gardening events on Sundays, free and open to the public. After the successful and legal urban action of the cyclists square, this was an important attempt to further reclaim city space, they did not seek permission, they simply took it and the were responsible for their actions. OCEL also used the hashtag #SomosTodxsOCEL (The x in todxs replaces o or a, so suiting both sexes) and ran a campaign to support the project with people posing with a printout of the page with the hashtag. OCEL did not set up a website, they used a facebook page which was set up by Will Capa, who was a leading part of the movement. Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/willcapapreta10/
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Photo 1 – OCEL tower occupation, via OCEL facebook page
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Photo 2 – OCEL cultural urban hip hop action, via OCEL facebook page
Figure 4 – OCEL agroecology event poster, via OCEL facebook page
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4.2.21 Parque Gomm – Gomm Park A direct action, a commnity, a local civic ecology struggle. Space visisted and supported by international activists. Universite students from Canada and China have visisted the space also 4.2.22 Programa Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Programme) Programa Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Programme) – linked to UN. Did go to HAB3, V interesting. Eco urban expo at uni positive also.. sincrnocidade at PUC also.. private links? NGO?
4.2.23 Sociedade Global Sociedade Global, diego teacher, NGO > social business, doing much on the connections between groups in Curitiba. Todos Fazem Parte programme is connecting the various networks and projects in Curitiba with city groups and government agencies including local politicians and IPPUC, the city planning department. They are helping create a deeper level of citizen participation with city planning processes and hope that it leads to a far more participative level of city planning, from the bottom up. They received a trainee, or intern, from Cananda.. Investigate if they are part of a wider network. They are 1 of 3 groups working a shared space called “Casa da transição” (Transtion house) and are inspired by the Transtion Towns movment and the different dynamics can be seen as a local independent and autonomos node of
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the TT family network. Other group that uses space is the GAIA network, so much crossover between projects and events.
4.2.24 TETO TETO Brasil – Paraná TETO is the Portuguese version of TECHO. The word TECHO means roof in Spanish and is short for the longer title: “Un techo por mi pais” (A roof for my country) WHAT IS TECHO? TECHO is a youth led non-profit organization present in Latin America & the Caribbean. Through the joint work of families living in extreme poverty with youth volunteers, TECHO seeks to overcome poverty in slums. TECHO is convinced that poverty can be permanently eradicated if society as a whole recognizes poverty as a priority and actively works towards overcoming it.
4.2.25 Vagas Vivas From Parklets.. Inspired by park.ing day.. from direct action by the bike community, to official one created with UTFPR ark school. Local festivals and temp vagas set up on near praca espanha. Current legislation to permit permanent vagas in the city. Jupter created one outside its offices, permanent or not? Intnrntlnl community working there. Ark firms and students creating more, see andre’s work in PUC Sao Paulo has series of parklets now and the trend is growing here. Current plans for one by Australian artist working in the city and possibly one outside a Chilean bar.
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Vaga viva activists – direct action for a greener, people friendly city (and future MADE students..kkkkk)
2 years later and first fixed vaga viva in the city, by ciclo iguacu group. In location of actions of previous years.
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STAGE 2: IN DEPTH ANALYSIS GROUP (>5)
Which groups, why.. how to proceed with them
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5. RESULTS / DATA ANALYSIS
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6. CONCLUSIONS
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7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS INSERT TEXT HERE
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8. CHRONOGRAM
2016 APRIL: BEGIN MASTERS PROGRAMME AT MADE, UFPR, CURITIBA, BRAZIL DECEMBER: SUBMISSION 1 OF MASTERS DISSERTATION PROPOSAL. Mon 12th 16h 2017 JANUARY: ESTABLISH FORMAL REQUEST TO RESEARCH THE 25 GROUPS. Dissertation author has been participating in many of these groups and projects since before dissertation began. Send questionnaire 1 to each group. JANUARY: INTERVIEWS IN BARCELONA AND IRELAND. To assist in deepening of theory area MAY: FEEDBACK STAGE 1. Results from questionnaires and reflections from research with the 25 groups. Invite all to a World Café type event, results of which will feed into research CASE STUDIES methodology MAY: RESEARCH STAGE 2: Selection of 5 groups from the 25, to engage with deeper analysis JUNE: COLOMBIA PEACE CONFERENCE, with some groups from Curitiba, participating in discussions there JULY: ECO CITY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. Event happening in Australia, proposal to set up a local Curitiba node and invite the 25 groups to participate in discussions about the themes explored by dissertation. Similar
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project was attempted during the COP21 conference in Paris, December 2015, where live streams were made with activists from Curitiba who were in Paris. Event happened in Bicicletaria Cultural SEPTEMBER: MOBILITY WEEK / BIKE MONTH – European Mobility Week happens regularly. International car free day is on September 21st. Some groups being investigated are participating in events for this month. NOVEMBER: COP23, BONN, GERMANY, 6-17. Being organised by Fiji, event is in Bonn, Germany. Again, proposal similar to the July investigations. DECEMBER: END OF STAGE 2. Finish research and investigation of the 5 groups. 2018 MARCH: SUBMISSION OF MASTERS: 30 March JUNE: PRESENT FINDINGS TO CURITIBA. RETURN TO EUROPE TO PRESENT FINDINGS TO BARCELONA CITY AND GROUPS IN IRELAND.
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REFERENCES ALBERT, Michael. The Trajectory of Change: Activist Strategies for Social Transformation. Brooklyn, New York: South End Press, 2002. ALBERT, Michael. Parecon: Life After Capitalism. London, New York: Verso, 2003. Available at: https://zcomm.org/life-after-capitalism/ BOOKCHIN, Murray. Our Synthetic Environment. Knopf, 1962 Available at: http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/syntheticenviron/oseto c.html (Published under pseudonym "Lewis Herber”) BOOKCHIN, Murray. Ecology and Revolutionary Thought. Published in: New Directions in Libertarian Thought, September 1964 (Published under pseudonym "Lewis Herber”) BOOKCHIN, Murray. The ecology of freedom: The emergence and dissolution of hierarchy. Palo Alto, Calif: Cheshire Books, 1982. BRAND, Stewart. City Planet: Get ready for cosmopolitan slums with thriving markets, aging residents, and the most creative economies in history. Published: Spring 2006 / Issue 42 (originally published by Booz & Company) In Strategy + Business / Global Perspective. Available at: http://www.strategybusiness.com/article/06109?gko=122db BRAND, Stewart. Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto. New York, US: Viking Penguin, 2009 (Alternative title: Whole Earth Discipline: Why Dense Cities, Nuclear Power, Transgenic Crops, Restored Wildlands, Radical Science, and Geoengineering Are Necessary) Sections available at: http://tinyurl.com/hhlms5p & Live-linked footnotes at www.sbnotes.com BRAND, Stewart. et al. An Ecomodernist Manifesto. Online: 2015. Available at: ecomodernism.org CAPRA, Fritjof. Uncommon wisdom: Conversations with remarkable people. London: Rider, 1988 CAPRA, Fritjof. The Web of Life: A new scientific understanding of living systems. New York: Anchor Books, 1996. CAPRA, Fritjof. The Hidden Connections: Science for sustainable living. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. CASTELLS, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. CASTELLS, Manuel. Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 2012
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CRIMETHINC (various authors, some anonymous). Days of War, Nights of Love. US: CrimethInc, 2000. FORTUNATO, Rafaela Antunes; LIMA, Cristina de Araújo. Sostenibilidad de la vivienda social en Brasil. In Cardinales. Revista del Departamento de Geografía. FFyH – UNC – Argentina. ISSN 2346-8734 Año 3. Nº 4 - 1º semestre 2015 Pp. 112 – 130. Disponível em < https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/cardi/article/view/11800 > FULLER, R Buckminster: Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, Southern Illinois University Press, 1969 GALEANO Eduardo, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent.(Original title in Spanish: Las Venas Abiertas de América Latina) New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. GRAEBER, David. Fragments of an anarchist anthropology. Cambridge, England: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2004. Available at: http://abahlali.org/files/Graeber.pdf GUDYNAS, Eduardo. ACOSTA, Alberto: “El buen vivir o la disolución de la idea del progreso”, México, 2011 HARVERY, David. Rebel Cities, Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. New York: Verso, 2012 HAWKEN, Paul, Blessed Unrest, How the Largest Movement in the World Came into Being and Why No One Saw It Coming. New York City: Viking, 2007. HEINBERG, Richard: Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines. UK: Clairview Books, 2007. HESSEL, Stéphane. Time for Outrage! (Original title in French: Indignezvous!). Montpellier, France: Indigène editions, 2010 HOLLOWAY, John - Change the World Without Taking Power, 2002 HOPKINS, Rob. The Transition Handbook: From Oil Dependency to Local Resilience. Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2008. IBM report: A Vision of Smarter Cities. Dublin, 2009 IPPUC. Maps. Available at: http://www.ippuc.org.br KLEIN, Naomi. The Shock Doctrine: The rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007. KLEIN, Naomi. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. London, England: Penguin Books Ltd, 2014.
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LEFEBVRE, Henri. The Right to the City. (Original title in French: Le Droit à la ville Paris, Éd. Anthropos, 1968. LEFF, Enrique - La transición hacia el desarrollo sustentable. Perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe, 2002 LEFF, Enrique. Adventures of Environmental Epistemology: Of the Articulation Science to Dialogue of Knowledges. Mexico: Siglo Xxi Ediciones, 2011 MASON, Paul. Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. London, New York: Verso, 2012. Sections available at: https://www.amazon.com/Why-Its-Kicking-OffEverywhere/dp/1844678512#reader_1844678512 MASON, Paul. Why It's Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. London, New York: Verso, 2013. (Updated edition) MASON, Paul. PostCapitalism: A Guide to our Future. City of Westminster, London: Allen Lane, Penguin books, 2015. Max Neef, Manfred A; Antonio Elizalde; Martin Hopenhayn. Human Scale Development. New York and London: The Apex Press, 1991. NEUWIRTH, Robert. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World. London: Routledge, 2004 SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. The Rise of the Global Left. The world social forum and beyond. Boulder / London: Paradigm Publishers, 2006 Available at: http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/pages/pt/livros/the-rise-ofthe-global-left.php SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. Epistemologies of the South: Justice Against Epistemicide, Boulder / London: Paradigm Publishers, 2014. ULTRAMARI, Clovis. FIRKOWSKI, Olga Lucia C. Sobre mudanças e continuides na gestão urbana Brasileira, 2012 ULTRAMARI, Clovis. FIRKOWSKI, Olga Lucia C. CANTARIM, Fernanda. La urbanización en el Brasil, un proceso consolidado y paradójicamente mutable. Published in: Notas de Población, 2016 For Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), pgs 179-202. Available at: (get link) WILSON, Peter Lamborn, aka Hakim Bey, T.A.Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, 1991 (OFFICIAL DISSERTATION ENDS HERE. FOLLOWING PAGES APENDIX)
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APPENDICES
The addition of the appendices here is to assist other people in their investigations, especially those not in Academia.
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REFERENCES (EXTENDED) Articles, blog posts etc o Politics, social movements, activism o Ecology o Spanish Revolution o Cities o Curitiba o Acedemia and Activism o Personal articles
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Films
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Internatioal groups in Curitiba links
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Internatioal groups in Curitiba content
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Notes about Dissertation Author
REFERENCES (EXTENDED) Still being explored and to be entered into main body of dissertation • • • •
Cities, poverty, favelas Curitiba Sustainable Cities Activism, Politics, Power
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Cities, poverty, favelas
ACSELRAD, Henri. A Duração das cidades: sustentabilidade e risco nas políticas urbanas. 2ª edição. Henri Acselrad (org.). Rio de Janeiro: Editora DP&A/ Lamparina, 2009. 255p. ALIER, J. M. O ecologismo dos pobres. São Paulo: Contexto, 2007. DAVIS, Mike. Planeta Favela. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2006.
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FOLADORI, G. & MELAZZI, G. Economia de la sociedad capitalista y sus crisis recurrentes. Montevideo: UDELAR- Pro-Rectoría de Extensión: 2009. FOLADORI, G. Limites do desenvolvimento sustentável. Campinas: Ed. UNICAMP/ São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial, 2001. FORTUNATO, Rafaela Antunes; LIMA, Cristina de Araújo. Sostenibilidad de la vivienda social en Brasil. In Cardinales. Revista del Departamento de Geografía. FFyH – UNC – Argentina. ISSN 2346-8734 Año 3. Nº 4 - 1º semestre 2015 Pp. 112 – 130. Disponível em < https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/cardi/article/view/11800 > FORTUNATO, R. Favelas e ocupações irregulares em áreas de várzea e fundos de vale: produtos da lei do valor sobre o uso e ocupação do espaço urbano - Capítulo 3 do livro – reflexões socioambientais: interfaces rafaela antunes fortunato FORTUNATO, R. Subsídios à prevenção e controle das inundações urbanas: bacia hidrográfica do rio Belém - município de Curitiba – PR. Curitiba, 2006. 214p. Dissertação. Programa de Pós Graduação em Construção Civil – PPGCC, Ambiente Construído – Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná. LIMA,C. de A. Ocupação urbana em área de mananciais na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba:do planejamento à gestão urbana-metropolitana. Curitiba, 2000. 406p. Tese. Programa de Doutorado em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento - MADE, Universidade Federal do Paraná. LIMA, C. de A.; CAMPOS, M.; TERBECK, M. Ocupação urbana em área de mananciais: análise de densidade e índice de ocupação como evidências de um padrão em consolidação nos municípios de Pinhais e Piraquara – Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. In: Dinâmicas intrametropolitanas e produção do espaço na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. MOURA, R; FIRKOWSKI, O (org.) Rio de Janeiro: Observatório das Metrópoles: Observatório de Políticas Públicas do Paraná; Curitiba: Letra Capital Editora, 2009. MARICATO, E. . Metrópoles brasileiras: periferia do capitalismo e globalização. Cadernos do Desenvolvimento , v. 4, p. 129-137, 2008. Disponível em
. Acesso em novembro de 2010. (link broken) PEREIRA, G. Novas perspectivas para gestão das cidades: Estatuto da Cidade e mercado imobiliário. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, n. 9, p. 77-92, 2004. SANTOS, Milton. A urbanização brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp, 2008. SOUZA, Cíntia de Santana. Resistência, justiça ambiental e política pública: Urbanização de áreas de vulnerabilidade socioambiental consolidadas em curitiba, PR – Vila Torres e Vila Parolin (1980-2014) – Dissertation 2016 MADE
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/ UFPR : 2016 Programa de Mestrado em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento MADE, Universidade Federal do Paraná.
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Curitiba, Brazil, codes, planning
COMEC. Plano de desenvolvimento integrado da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba 2006: propostas de ordenamento territorial e novo arranjo institucional. Curitiba: COMEC, 2006. BRASIL. Lei Federal N. 11.977, de 7 de julho de 2009. Dispõe sobre o Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida - PMCMV e a regularização fundiária de assentamentos localizados em áreas urbanas, entre outras. Brasília: Governo Federal, 2009. GARCÍA, Fernanda Ester Sánchez. Cidade espetáculo: política, planejamento e city marketing. Curitiba: Palavra, 1997. 168p. JACOBI, Pedro. Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade. In: O município no século XXI: cenários e perspectivas. São Paulo: CEPAM, 1999, p. 175-184. MOURA, Rosa. Os riscos da cidade-modelo. In: ACSELRAD, Henri. A Duração das cidades: sustentabilidade e risco nas políticas urbanas. 2ª edição. Henri Acselrad (org.). Rio de Janeiro: Editora DP&A/ Lamparina, 2009. 255p. PEREIRA, Gislene. Novas perspectivas para gestão das cidades: Estatuto da Cidade e mercado imobiliário. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, n. 9, p. 7792, 2004. Editora UFPR. SANTOS, Milton. A urbanização brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp, 2009. 174p. SOUZA, D. C. O meio ambiente das cidades. São Paulo: Atlas. 2010. 219p. POWER, CAP, NEO LIB HARVEY, D., A Brief History of Neoliberalism , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, chapter 5. LEFEBVRE, H., The Urban Revolution , Minneapolis, Minnesota University Press, 2003; Writing on Cities , Oxford, Blackwell, 1996.
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Sustainable Cities
UN MCDONOUGH REGISTER HABITAT 3 WRI
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Activism, Politics, Power
Hardt, Michael & Negri, Antonio: Empire Chomsky
***Articles Politics, social movements, activism 1. Fry, Stephen, Open Letter to David Cameron and the IOC (International Olympic Committee), 2013 http://www.stephenfry.com/2013/08/an-open-letter-to-david-cameron-andthe-ioc/ 2. Levi Strauss, David (October 2012). "In Conversation with Peter Lamborn Wilson". The Brooklyn Rail. www.brooklynrail.org/2012/10/art/peter-lamborn-wilson-with-tyler-akersrabia-ashfaque-carina-badalamenti-matthew-farina-jessica-holmes-candykoh-naomi-lev-david-levi-strauss-sabrina-locks-tara-stickley-erin-sutphinterrence-trouillot-and-david-willis 3. Ewa Jasiewicz, 21st August 2008. Time for a revolution. Comment is Free. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/21/climatechange.kings northclimatecamp 4. George Monbiot, Identity Politics in Climate Change Hell, 22nd August 2008 http://www.monbiot.com/2008/08/22/identity-politics-in-climate-change-hell/ 5. Ewa Jasiewicz, Friday 5 September 2008. Sunday in the camp with George, Guardian Comment is Free. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/21/climatechange.kings northclimatecamp 6. ADAMS, Jason. "Non-Western Anarchisms: Rethinking the Global Context". -2: Asian Anarchism: China, Korea, Japan & India http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=3225&lang=en 7. The Democracy Project: a History, a Crisis, a Movement by David Graeber – review
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https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/28/democracy-project-davidgraeber-review 8. ‘Why did it work this time?’ David Graeber on Occupy Wall Street, Mathijs van de Sande http://www.ephemerajournal.org/contribution/%E2%80%98why-did-it-worktime%E2%80%99-david-graeber-occupy-wall-street 9. George Monbiot, Apr 2016: Neoliberalism, the ideology at the root of all our problems, Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/15/neoliberalism-ideologyproblem-george-monbiot 10. Paul Mason, July 2015, The Guardian: The end of capitalism has begun http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/17/postcapitalism-end-ofcapitalism-begun 11. Paul Mason: Mickeygate — the truth! (On Mosquito Ridge, Postcapitalism and the Radical Left https://medium.com/mosquito-ridge/mickeygate-the-truth8145cf278b7a#.4phrmf6xb 12. Here's How NASA Thinks Society Will Collapse http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/heres-how-nasa-thinkssociety-will-collapse/441375/?utm_source=atlfb 13. CRIMETHINC (various authors, some anonymous). Days of War, Nights of Love: Your Politics Are Boring As Fuck, 2000 http://www.crimethinc.com/texts/selected/asfuck.php + http://www.crimethinc.com/books/days.html 14. Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook, By Ruaridh Arrow, BBC www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848 15. ’68 and Now - Michael Albert , March 29, 2008 https://zcomm.org/zblogs/68-and-now-by-michael-albert/
Ecology 16. Rob Hopkins on the transition movement (transcript) http://old.globalpublicmedia.com/transcripts/2790 17. Nature Crunch, Satish Kumar
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http://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article2691-nature-crunch.html 18. Paul Hawken, N30 What Skeleton Woman Told the WTO in Seattle http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/PaulHawken.html 19. A Call to Look Past Sustainable Development - "An Ecomodernist Manifesto". Stewart Brand et al.. ecomodernism.org. A good Anthropocene demands that humans use their growing social, economic, and technological powers to make life better for people, stabilize the climate, and protect the natural world. – http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/business/an-environmentalist-call-tolook-past-sustainable-development.html?_r=0 20. Murray Bookchin: The Man Who Brought Radical Ecology and Assembly Democracy to the Left, By Janet Biehl, August 13, 2012 https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/murray-bookchin-the-man-who-broughtradical-ecology-and-assembly-democracy-to-the-left-by-janet-biehl/ 21. Habitat 3 + #NewUrbanAgenda: Greg Scruggs, December 17, 2015, Citiscope: Habitat III — the first post-Paris implementation opportunity? http://citiscope.org/habitatIII/news/2015/12/habitat-iii-first-post-parisimplementation-opportunity
Spanish Revolution 22. Esther Vivas, May 21, 2011, Z NET: Notes from Barcelona’s Tahrir Square https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/notes-from-barcelona-s-tahrir-square-byesther-vivas/ 23. David Marty, July 12, 2011, Z NET: Indignant and Organized: 15M to 19J https://zcomm.org/zmagazine/indignant-and-organized-15m-to-19j-by-davidmarty/ 24. David Marty interview with Michael Albert, December 2013, Z NET: Being Left Part, 6: Occupy & IOPS (International Organization for a Participatory Society) https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/being-left-part-6-occupy-iops/ 25. David Marty, May 23, 2012, Z NET: Spain’s 15M and Revolutionary Organization, Part I
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https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/spains-15m-and-revolutionary-organizationpart-i-by-david-marty/ 26. David Marty, June 1, 2012, Z NET: On the State of Spain’s 15M and Revolutionary Organization, Part II https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/on-the-state-of-spains-15m-and-revolutionaryorganization-part-ii-by-daniel-marty/ 27. Oscar Reyes, July 10, 2015, Z Net: Spain’s Democratic Spring https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/spains-democratic-spring/ 28. Kate Shea Baird, ROAR, April 2015: Is Barcelona on the verge of a feminist revolution? https://roarmag.org/essays/barcelona-en-comu-feminist-revolution/ 29. Kate Shea Baird, ROAR, November 30, 2014 (N30): ‘Let’s win back Barcelona’: the rise of Guanyem https://roarmag.org/essays/barcelona-guanyem-m15-indignados/ 30. Baird, Kate Shea, Red Pepper December 2015: Rebel cities: the citizen platforms in power http://www.redpepper.org.uk/rebel-cities-the-citizen-platforms-in-power/ 31. Dan Hancox, May 2016, The Guardian: Is this the world’s most radical mayor? http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/26/ada-colau-barcelona-mostradical-mayor-in-the-world 32. Paul Mason, June 2015, The Guardian: Barcelona mayor-elect Ada Colau calls for more 'feminised' democracy http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/07/barcelona-mayor-ada-colaufeminised-democracy 33. Jerome Roos, May 2015, Telesur: Barcelona Election Puts Social Movements in control of the city http://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/Barcelona-Election-Puts-SocialMovements-in-control-of-the-city-20150526-0053.html 34. Dick Nichols, Green Left Weekly, July 31, 2015: Spain: ‘Popular unity’ councils sworn in amid huge enthusiasm https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/59290
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Cities 35. Urban squatters save the world, Stewart BRAND, The Long Now Foundation http://voices.mckinseyonsociety.com/urban-squatters-save-the-world/ 36. Let’s build cities for people (not cars) - Richard Register Ecocity Builders http://voices.mckinseyonsociety.com/urban-squatters-save-the-world/ 37. Talking back to your intelligent city - Saskia Sassen Columbia University http://voices.mckinseyonsociety.com/talking-back-to-your-intelligent-city/ 38. Paul Mason, The Guardian, October 2015: We can’t allow the tech giants to rule smart cities http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-thetech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities 39. BRAND, Stewart. Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto. New York, US: Viking Penguin, 2009 (2010 Reprint entitled: Whole Earth Discipline: Why Dense Cities, Nuclear Power, Transgenic Crops, Restored Wildlands, Radical Science, and Geoengineering Are Necessary) Sections available at: http://tinyurl.com/hhlms5p 40. BRAND, Stewart. City Planet: Get ready for cosmopolitan slums with thriving markets, aging residents, and the most creative economies in history. Published: Spring 2006 / Issue 42 (originally published by Booz & Company) In Strategy + Business / Global Perspective. Available at: http://www.strategy-business.com/article/06109?gko=122db
Curitiba 41. David Adler, May 2016, Guardian: Story of cities #37: how radical ideas turned Curitiba into Brazil's 'green capital' https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/may/06/story-of-cities-37-mayorjaime-lerner-curitiba-brazil-green-capital-global-icon 42. Brian Barth, March 2014, The Ecologist: Curitiba: the Greenest city on Earth http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/2299325/curitiba_the_green est_city_on_earth.html 43. Bill McKibben, Mother Jones, Nov 2005: Curitiba and Hope www.motherjones.com/environment/2005/11/curitiba-and-hope
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44. Yael Arbel, C2City, December 2012: Urban Acupuncture – Curitiba as an Allegory http://c2city.org/site_media/media/article_pdfs/curbita.pdf 45. - Where is the world's greenest city? By Hayley Birch (Guardian, April 2015) 46. - Jaime Lerner on Sustainability in Curitiba & 'Urban Accupunture', by Paula Alvarado (Treehugger 07) 47. - CURITIBA, BRAZIL, Three decades of thoughtful city planning, by ? (dismantle.org) 48. - Cracks in the Curitiba Myth, By Greg Scruggs |Nextcity.org November 1, 2013) 49. - Au Brésil, Curitiba, l’ex-ville modèle d’Amérique latine, peine à se réinventer, by Thomas Diego Badia (Le Monde, 27 mars 2014, in French) 50. - Ex-capital ecológica, Curitiba precisa reinventar sua marca, By Raphael Marchiori (Gazeta do Povo May 2014, in Portuguese 51. Cities Can Save the Earth, Richard Register. May 2009, Common Dreams: http://www.commondreams.org/views/2009/05/13/cities-can-save-earth 52. Ex-capital ecológica, Curitiba precisa reinventar sua marca, By Raphael Marchiori (Gazeta do Povo May 2014, in Portuguese) 53. CITYLAB: Has South America's Most Sustainable City Lost Its Edge? Brazil's Curitiba was once a model of sustainable planning. Now, it's struggling with a slew of urban problems. Jun 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.citylab.com/commute/2012/06/has-south-americas-mostsustainable-city-lost-its-edge/2195/ 54. Latin American Green City Index: Assessing the environmental performance of Latin America’s major cities. A research project conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens. November 2010. Available at: http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/events/corporate/201011-lam/Study-Latin-American-Green-City-Index.pdf 55. World Development book case study: sustainable urban development in Curitiba. New Internationalist: https://newint.org/books/reference/worlddevelopment/case-studies/sustainable-urban-development-curitiba/ 56. The Brazilian city Curitiba awarded the Globe Sustainable City Award 2010: http://globeaward.org/winner-city-2010.html
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57. Bill McKibbin, Curitiba - A model for global development by Bill McKibbin in Common Dreams.org www.commondreams.org/views05/1108-33.htm 58. O Processo de Adensamento de Corredores de Transporte. Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (Power point presentation about city planning history) docplayer.com.br/5093118-O-processo-de-adensamento-de-corredores-detransporte-instituto-de-pesquisa-e-planejamento-urbano-de-curitiba.html 59. JW A questão metropolitana Jorge Wilheim SEDU / COMEC – Paranacidade - Assomec CURITIBA a questão metropolitana. (Power point presentation city growth history) http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/3087572/
Favelas and squatter cities 60. Squatter cities – rob neuworth https://www.blogger.com/profile/01115499862681364911 61. Urban squatters save the world - brand http://voices.mckinseyonsociety.com/urban-squatters-save-the-world/ 62. Mother jones review http://www.motherjones.com/media/2005/01/shadow-cities-billion-squattersnew-urban-world
Acedemia and Activism 63. Laurence Cox & Martin Geoghegan, 2001, Maynooth University: Outside the whale: (re) thinking social movements and the voluntary sector http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/434/1/Outside_the_whale.pdf
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Personal articles 64. Duncan Crowley, June 2016, Storify: Parque Gomm and the power of the Mutirão https://storify.com/DuncanCrowley/parque-gomm-curitiba-brazil 65. Duncan Crowley, June 2016, Storify: #RecreateYourCity: Cyclists pocket square Curitiba https://storify.com/DuncanCrowley/recreateyourcity-cyclists-pocket-squarecuritiba
*** Films 1. Koyaanisqatsi - Life out of balance: (Godfrey Reggio 1982) Summary: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085809/ 2. I the Film - Eye of the Storm http://ithefilm.com/ http://www.cinerebelde.org/the-film-p-61.html?language=en 3. This Is What Democracy Looks Like (Seattle 1999 WTO) - Big Noise Films http://www.bignoisefilms.com/films/features/100-whatdemocracylookslike https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBUZH2vCD_k 4. Globalisation and the Media (Undercurrents, @2002) http://www.undercurrents.org/media.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i4IWfuxw-U 5. WiserEarth, Paul Hawken speaking at Bioneers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xkz2OjMOg88 6. De toda la vida, Mujeres Libres e feminismo revolucionario en España durante 1936/1937, Lisa Berger y Carol Mazer, 1986 (For all the life, “Free women of Spain” and revolutionary feminism in Spain during the 1936 revolution) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-4oSVzmzW4 7. Vivir la Utopía (Living Utopia), 1997 (anarchism in Spain) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6RFro3dk78 https://vimeo.com/43639159
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8. Education With Hands, Hearts and Heads: Satish Kumar at TEDx Whitechapel, London, Feb 2013 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAz0bOtfVfE
Favelas / Squatter cities / shaodow cities 9. TED talk: Robert Neuwirth, author of "Shadow Cities," finds the world's squatter sites — where a billion people now make their homes — to be thriving centers of ingenuity and innovation. He takes us on a tour. https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities 10. Stewart Brand: Why squatter cities are a good thing (2008) https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities 11. Stewart Brand: 4 environmental 'heresies' – 1: Cities are GREEN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUxwiVFgghE
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*** Summary and cover photo of main books used (For some people, images matter a lot) Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions Paul, Mason, 2012
FIGURE 5 – Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA The world is facing a wave of uprisings, protests and revolutions: Arab dictators swept away, public spaces occupied, slum-dwellers in revolt, cyberspace buzzing with utopian dreams. Events we were told were consigned to history— democratic revolt and social revolution—are being lived by millions of people. In this compelling new book, Paul Mason explores the causes and consequences of this great unrest. From Cairo to Athens, Wall Street and Westminster to Manila, Mason goes in search of the changes in society, technology and human behaviour that have propelled a generation onto the streets in search of social justice. In a narrative that blends historical insight with
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first-person reportage, Mason shines a light on these new forms of activism, from the vast, agile networks of cyberprotest to the culture wars and tent camps of the #occupy movement. The events, says Mason, reflect the expanding power of the individual and call for new political alternatives to elite rule and global poverty.
*** Internatioal groups in Curitiba content CicloIguaçu http://www.cicloiguacu.org.br A Associação de Ciclistas do Alto Iguaçu foi fundada em maio de 2011 em Curitiba com um intuito bem definido – criar uma interface de diálogo construtivo com o poder público afim de consolidar o desenvolvimento de políticas de ciclomobilidade. Dentro deste amplo objetivo muitas necessidades foram percebidas. Os ciclistas não estão bem cuidados por nossa sociedade. Além da carência explícita de ciclovias e ciclofaixas, de uma rede bem amarrada com conexões e cruzamentos seguros, falta também toda uma estrutura de paraciclos, bicicletários, sinalização, vestiários nas empresas e, o mais importante, o florescimento de uma cultura de respeito e simpatia à bicicleta. Há histórico por trás disso tudo. Não são reivindicações do momento. Estão sendo ditas, escritas e gritadas há alguns anos. As bicicletadas iniciaram em 2005 exigindo políticas de estímulo a bicicleta como meio de transporte. A cultura da bicicleta sempre existiu em Curitiba. É rica e diversificada. Isto significa
que
existe
gente
de
todo
tipo.
De
todas
as
ideologias.
A CicloIguaçu não pretende ser representante de tudo isto, mas almeja apenas fomentar situações de maior segurança para quem quer pedalar pela cidade – por prazer, esporte ou trabalho. Ela está defendendo diretrizes e valores que fortaleçam este objetivo. Ela não quer representar quem não quer ser representado e quem quer se representar diretamente, dentro da CicloIguaçu, nestas diversas frentes de trabalho que estão ocorrendo no momento, é bastante bem vindo. Tem reuniões, conversas e articulações acontecendo.
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A ideia de um grupo organizado, uma associação – nasceu da necessidade de forçar um diálogo com o poder público. É isso mesmo – forçar – porque foi assim que agimos desde sempre. Se o interlocutor te ignora, você faz algo para chamar sua atenção. Junta um monte de gente na rua. Sai gritando. Cria fantasias. Cria fatos. Pinta ciclofaixas. Re-organiza o espaço urbano. Resignifica as coisas. Tal necessidade, sentida por muitos de nós que estávamos há mais de 7 anos tentando mostrar pro então prefeito o que é uma bicicleta, levou a tentativa de se criar um grupo mais ou menos organizado, uma instância que agregasse pessoas que querem contribuir positivamente à causa. Quem quer participar é bem vindo e tudo o que aconteceu até agora só se efetivou porque existem muitos braços, muitas cabeças, muitas ideias. A práxis é coletiva e está acontecendo agora. A CicloIguaçu também só existe porque tem um número crescente de ciclistas e de gente um pouco mais consciente em geral. Teve mais de 1500 ciclistas no Dia Sem Carros de 2010. Tem mais de 12.000 votos para Lei da Bicicleta (www.votolivre.org). Tem um movimento histórico em movimento. Todos reconhecem isto, no entanto as políticas públicas atuais priorizam o automóvel particular. Curitiba e o Paraná não são exceção. A CicloIguaçu é aberta a participação de todos. Há arquitetos que querem melhorar o padrão das ciclovias, há artistas que querem mexer com a cultura geral, há advogados e juristas preocupados com as especificidades legais e há gente que simplesmente apóia tudo isto. Tem espaço para debater e propor ideias. As políticas que inserem a bicicleta não devem depender da simpatia do gestor. Devem ser incorporadas a dinâmica da cidade – limpeza das ruas, saneamento, energia, ônibus, bicicleta.
OCEL https://www.facebook.com/willcapapreta10/posts/662776307189832 10 May 2015 – Notes on eviction
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OCEL- Reintegração de Posse. Nesta sexta feira, 08 de maio por volta das 7:30h fomos acordados pelos barulhos e estrondos de marretas, que golpeavam a porta interna de acesso à OCEL. Como a segurança sempre foi o requisito principal da ocupação, os PMs e o Oficial de Justiça, não tiveram êxito na entrada forçada. De forma prudente, da janela olhei para baixo e lembrei o Oficial e os policiais, que já havíamos previamente combinados que não haveria resistência, que a desocupação seria pacífica e tranquila e, que só estávamos ali para ajudá-los a cumprir a ordem judicial irrevogável. Após este entendimento abri a porta e liberei o acesso para as autoridades. Sobre a liminar de reintegração de posse, em nenhum momento nos causou estranheza, fato é que a juíza da 16• Vara Cível apenas cumpriu o protocolo viciado do Sistema Judiciário em expedir qualquer decisão sempre a favor dos poderosos. Assim verificarmos que não há nada de novidade na decisão da Doutora, foi apenas uma "mexida de ovos" na caixa preta do judiciário. Engana-se os que acreditam que as decisões dos juízes são imparciais, neste caso impossível, pois a juíza extrapolou no tendenciosismo quando da não suspensão da Liminar já no Agravo de Instrumento, nem sequer considerou prazo para a Contestação, nos negando desta forma o direito fundamental da ampla defesa. Isso sim eu chamo de manobra jurídica, quando também o Oficial de justiça, nos entrega uma intimação judicial no dia 31 de março para se apresentar dia 02 de abril, não havendo tempo hábil para que um defensor e uma defesa adequada fosse providenciado. Sem alternativas naquele dia, mesmo que todos os ocupantes compareceram na audiência, eles não haviam sido citados na intimação. Portanto na sala, de um lado eu, do outro a Construtora e seus três advogados e testemunhos, dois deles ligados a bicicletários Cultural -isso sim, nos causou surpresa. Todos falaram, eu fiquei calado, sem defesa. Mesmo antes de qualquer critério, a juíza tratou de tranquilizar os advogados da Construtora garantindo que a Liminar de Reintegração de Posse seria expedido ainda no final daquele dia. Com esta prévia posição acredito que a Doutora, tinha como objetivo lançar a nossa esperança por justiça no lixo. Dos fatos: Todos os curitibanos conhecem de uma forma ou outra a longa história de abandono deste edifício anexo à praça do ciclista, a Doutora certamente também. Aqui na página da OCEL, publicitamos todas as intervenções que fizemos nos cinco andares do prédio
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desde o início da ocupação, disponibilizamos o comparativo do antes e depois. Incontestável a transformação que fizemos em apenas seis meses a qual qualificamos também a Função Social do espaço, não observado antes pelo suposto proprietário, onde as imagens registradas falam por si só. Porém absurdamente nenhuma dessas questões foram considerados pela juíza, provando desta forma, o quanto a nossa Justiça respalda as violações de direitos, mesmo tendo a prerrogativa de garanti-los. É inadmissível a Zona de Conforto à qual vários juízes se alojam por meio de decisões sistêmicas, desumanizando o nosso Sistema Judiciário já conservador, medieval e precária. Não temos ilusão quanto a luta que travamos dia após dia. A OCEL é mais que a reivindicação do pertencimento a cidade e espaços para finalidades culturais, moradia ou residência artística, é acima de tudo, a luta por direitos e cidadania. Portanto a OCEL não termina com essa Liminar a luta jurídica segue andamento
e
as
ações
também.
Desde
já
agradecemos
a
todos,
principalmente os valorosos apoios que recebemos da Sociedade Civil, dos Movimentos Sociais e Culturais da cidade durante esses quase sete meses de resistência, por meio de uma vasta agenda de atividades culturais e outras intervenções no espaço. Em breve estaremos organizando um amplo debate sobre Cultura X Vazios Urbanos e Função Social da Propriedade.
TECHO / TETO in Brazil Web: http://www.techo.org/en/techo/que-es-techo/ TECHO is a youth led non-profit organization present in Latin America & the Caribbean. Through the joint work of families living in extreme poverty with youth volunteers, TECHO seeks to overcome poverty in slums. TECHO is convinced that poverty can be permanently eradicated if society as a whole recognizes poverty as a priority and actively works towards overcoming it. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
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(1) The promotion of community development in slums, through a process of community strengthening that promotes representative & validated leadership, drives the organization and participation of thousands of families living in slums to generate solutions of their own problems. (2) Fostering social awareness and action, with special emphasis on generating critical and determined volunteers working next to the families living in slums while involving different actors of society. (3) Political advocacy that promotes necessary structural changes to ensure that poverty does not continue reproducing, and that it begins to decrease rapidly. HISTORY In 1997 a group of young people began working towards the dream of overcoming poverty. The sense of urgency that existed in these slums massively mobilized them to build transitional houses together with the families that were living in these unacceptable conditions. This group of young people focused their energy on finding concrete solutions to the problems that the communities faced every day. This initiative became an institutional challenge that today is shared across the continent. Since its beginnings in Chile, followed by El Salvador and Peru, TECHO undertook an expansion, and after 15 years has maintained operations in 19 countries across Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela. It also has offices in the US, as well as in London, England. TECHO is born everyday from the encounter of volunteers and families living in slums, in working together to overcome poverty and exclusion.
Laboratório de Cultura Digital https://www.facebook.com/LabCulturaDigital/ http://labculturadigital.redelivre.org.br/
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O Laboratório de Cultura Digital é um projeto de experimentação para a formulação e desenvolvimento colaborativo de tecnologias digitais livres. Iniciativa do Ministério da Cultura e da Universidade Federal do Paraná, o projeto atende Pontos de Cultura, agentes, organizações e redes culturais. De forma simples e amigável, disponibiliza sítios, sistemas de gestão do conhecimento, mapas culturais, ferramentas de democracia digital e de mobilização online. Faz parte das ações do Lab a realização dos Ciclos de Cultura Digital. Ambientes de intercâmbio de conhecimentos e de capacitação dos fazedores culturais, os Ciclos acontecem nas cinco regiões do país. A partir de oficinas, as ferramentas são experimentadas e podem ser aperfeiçoadas colaborativamente. Outra ação é o Encontro Latinoamericano de Cultura Digital que integra e articula agentes e fortalece as redes livres de trocas entre organizações culturais de nosso continente. Parte de um processo emancipatório, o Laboratório de Cultura Digital multiplica o conhecimento livre. Tecnologias e vivências formativas a serviço das redes. Mídia NINJA https://www.facebook.com/MidiaNINJA https://ninja.oximity.com/ Somos a Mídia NINJA Narrativas Independentes, Jornalismo e Ação. Uma rede de comunicadores que produzem e distribuem informação em movimento, agindo e comunicando. Apostamos na lógica colaborativa de criação e compartilhamento de conteúdos, característica da sociedade em rede, para realizar reportagens, documentários e investigações no Brasil e no mundo. Nossa pauta está onde a luta social e a articulação das transformações culturais, políticas, econômicas e ambientais se expressa. A Internet mudou o jornalismo e nós fazemos parte dessa transformação. Vivemos uma cultura peertopeer (P2P), que permite a troca de informações
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diretas entre as pessoas, sem a presença dos velhos intermediários. Novas tecnologias e novas aplicações têm permitido o surgimento de novos espaços para trocas, nos quais as pessoas não só recebem mas também produzem informações. Neste novo tempo, de redes conectadas às ruas, emergem os "cidadãos multimídia", com capacidade de construir sua opinião e compartilha-la no ambiente virtual. Articulados, esses novos narradores fazem a Mídia NINJA. Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis (Sustainable Cities Brazil, part of WRI World Resources Institute) https://www.facebook.com/wricidades http://www.wribrasil.org.br/pt World Resources Institute wri.org https://www.facebook.com/worldresources/ About WRI World Resources Institute is a global research organization that turns big ideas into action at the nexus of environment, economic opportunity and human wellbeing. Our 500 experts and staff work with partners in more than 50 countries; we have offices in Brazil, China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and the United States. WRI is consistently ranked as the top global Think Tank working on environmental issues. WRI Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis Overview WRI Brasil currently focuses its work on three programmatic areas: Cities and Transport, Climate Change and Sustainable Landscapes. Our climate work is
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mostly focused on supporting effective national and subnational climate policy implementation in coordination with the Open Climate Network’s international work in other countries. The Research Analyst I will support WRI Brasil’s climate agenda, in concert with WRI’s Global Climate strategy. (more) About WRI Established in 1982, WRI is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization respected globally by policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and corporate leaders. WRI’s reputation is grounded in its excellent analysis, non-partisan approach, and high-impact results. We measure our success based on how our work helps to create real-world change on the ground—and approach we call “Managing for Results.” WRI’s work is united by and driven by our values: Innovation, Integrity, Urgency, Independence, and Respect. WRI fosters a culture of innovative ideas, working collaboratively, and thinking independently. WRI employees are driven by the organization’s mission and have the satisfaction of helping to create a more prosperous and healthy planet. WRI Brasil became fully registered in Brazil as of 2014. The Institute supports ongoing efforts on sustainability in Brazil where it can add to current actions led by progressive organizations and leaders, filling in gaps where knowledge is needed. linkedIn profile: WRI's mission is to move human society to live in ways that protect Earth’s environment and its capacity to provide for the needs and aspirations of current and future generations. WRI focuses on the intersection of the environment and socio-economic development. We go beyond research to put ideas into action, working globally
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with governments, business, and civil society to build transformative solutions that protect the earth and improve people’s lives. Solutions to Urgent Environmental Challenges WRI’s transformative ideas protect the earth, promote development, and advance social equity because sustainability is essential to meeting human needs today, and fulfilling human aspirations tomorrow. Practical Strategies for Change WRI spurs progress by providing practical strategies for change and effective tools to implement them. We measure our success in the form of new policies, products, and practices that shift the ways governments work, businesses operate, and people act. Global Action We operate globally because today’s problems know no boundaries. We are avid communicators because people everywhere are inspired by ideas, empowered by knowledge, and moved to change by greater understanding. We provide innovative paths to a sustainable planet through work that is accurate, fair, and independent.
TheCityFix Brasil http://thecityfixbrasil.com/sobre/ Av. Independência, 1299 / 401 CEP: 90035-077 Porto Alegre, RS Fone: +55 51 3312 6324 [email protected] O TheCityFix Brasil é uma plataforma online de conteúdos sobre desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, pesquisa e exemplos de “boas práticas” de cidades do mundo todo. Lançado em 2011, o site conecta uma rede global de colaboradores, incluindo especialistas, engenheiros, empreendedores, planejadores urbanos e pesquisadores, que trabalham com diferentes formas
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de tornar as cidades lugares melhores para se viver. Contamos com essa rede para oferecer aos leitores uma perspectiva multidisciplinar sobre o assunto. O blog é produzido pelo WRI Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis, uma organização sem fins lucrativos que trabalha para ajudar a implementar soluções de desenvolvimento urbano sustentável com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida nas cidades brasileiras. O WRI Brasil Cidades Sustentáveis faz parte do WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities, uma rede com centros no Brasil, México, Índia, Turquia, China e Estados Unidos que trabalham junto a governos locais e nacionais para reduzir a poluição, melhorar a saúde pública e criar espaços urbanos seguros, acessíveis e atrativos. A rede tem mais de 100 especialistas de diferentes áreas, de arquitetura a gestão da qualidade do ar, geografia e jornalismo a sociologia e engenharia civil e de transportes. O TheCityFix Brasil conta com essa comunidade internacional e outros voluntários para oferecer aos leitores uma perspectiva global e multi-disciplinar sobre a sustentabilidade urbana. Acesse também: TheCityFix.com, Contato Se você tem dúvidas, comentários ou sugestões, por favor, entre em contato com nossos editores pelo e-mail [email protected]. Você também pode enviar informações de eventos ou de oportunidades de emprego na área. NACION PACHAMAMA www.nacionpachamama.com O Bem Viver é nossa inspiração! Nossa organização é um coletivo de sonhadores, que caminham semeando e despertando consciências às maravilhas deste lar, a la Madre Tierra, Pachamama. Levamos os ares latinos, originários como um tom de serviço a Vida, cuidando de Pachamama baseado pelos princípios do Bem Viver e
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trabalhando para uma integração humana, ligada aos pilares da vida, seja ela ecológica, social e humana. Objetivos Nossos projetos visam despertar a solidariedade à vida, enxergando a Terra como um organismo vivo, sem fronteiras ou divisões. Por isso, concentram-se em áreas distintas, mas com uma grande base em comum: a semeadura da consciência da Vida, Nación Pachamama. Assim, conforme tais princípios, buscamos trabalhar com: •
(i) priorização da vida;
•
(ii) viver em complementariedade,
•
(iii) o equilíbrio com a natureza,
•
(iv) defender a identidade;
•
(v) aceitar as diferenças;
•
(vi) saber comer, beber, dançar, trabalhar;
•
(vii) reincorporar a agricultura familiar e proteger as sementes;
•
(viii) viver bem, e não melhor;
•
(ix) recuperar os recursos naturais;
•
(x) exercer a soberania.
Missão •
Promover e participar de ações que protejam as culturas originárias e influam junto à sociedade;
•
Desenvolver novas propostas ambientais, sociais e humanas em comunidades campesinas;
•
Realizar ações que difundam a cultura e educação de valores;
•
Construir uma rede de relacionamentos que compartam do sonho de Nación Pachamama;
•
Empreender projetos relativos à soberania alimentaria e a proteção de sementes;
•
Defender a vida e a complementariedade dos povos
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Diretoria A Associação Pachamama é uma instituição jurídica do terceiro setor, fundada em 2006 que, a cada gestão (que possui duração de 2 anos), elege nova Diretoria e Conselho Fiscal numa Assembleia Geral composta por seus sócios efetivos. A última gestão eleita em julho/2014 compôs os seguintes membros que se dedicam a pensar e plasmar na semeadura do propósito de nossa amada ONG: •
Presidência: Doraci Guimarães
•
Vice presidência: Graziella Beck Pinto
•
Diretoria Administrativa: Michele Berneira
•
Vice Administrativo: Julia Flores Mizoguchi
•
Diretoria Financeira: Amanda Letícia Numer
•
Vice Financeiro: João Pedro Passos Dutra
•
Diretoria Projetos: Cláudia Beck, Gustavo de Souza Andrade, Ramiro Bastos, Janis Regina Gonçalves
•
Conselho fiscal: Moyses Elizaldo da Silva de Liz, Volnei Branco Silva e Marília Rabelo de Castro Andrade Conselho fiscal Suplente: Bianca Regina Garavelo Hora, Maria Paula Beatriz Estellita Lins e Rosângela Maria da Silva
Onde estamos Nossa Associação tem como sede a cidade de Pelotas/RS, possuindo ativistas e projetos também outras geografias (a saber: Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul, Florianópolis, Curitiba, São Paulo, Brasília, Recife, Fortaleza, San Marcos Sierras (ARG), Cusco (PERU), Senegal (AFR), Sydney (AUS))
Nossa Curitiba
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Confira a cobertura fotográfica do compromisso assumido pelos candidatos à Prefeitura de Curitiba com a agenda de sustentabilidade e ODS (Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, das Nações Unidas, agenda 2030), no último dia 18 de agosto, na capital paranaense Oito dos nove candidatos à Prefeitura de Curitiba foram signatários da cartacompromisso do Programa Cidades Sustentáveis, Cidades do Esporte e Pacto pela transparência, realizado no auditório da ISAE/FGV. O Movimento Nossa Curitiba agradece à participação dos candidatos signatários, dos respectivos vices, assim como do público que prestigiou ao evento. Article about the event on the “Programa Cidades Sustentáveis” blog: Movimento Nossa Curitiba reúne candidatos à Prefeitura para firmar compromissos com a cidade http://www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/noticias/movimento-nossa-curitibareune-candidatos-prefeitura-para-firmar-compromissos-com-cidade
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Notes about the Author Duncan Crowley is an Irish architect who moved to Curitiba in February 2014. Prior to that he lived for 7 years in Barcelona city in the state of Catalonia in Spain. He has been involved in social movements of various sorts aligned on urban activism, global justice and social ecological movements since 1996. Duncan Crowley (Duncan O’Cruadhlaoich in native Irish) Email: [email protected] Mestrando em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (MADE / UFPR) CV in CNPq: http://lattes.cnpq.br/5861343804354329 MADE in Curitiba: https://madeincuritibabrazil.wordpress.com/ Blogs: An Irish eco dude in Brazil - http://anirishecodudeinbrazil.wordpress.com/ It's a funny old world - http://itsafunnyoldworld.wordpress.com/ Storify: Duncan Crowley - https://storify.com/DuncanCrowley Twitter: Fuspey @fuspey Curitiba Pelo Clima @CuritibaClima CASLA @casla_curitiba MADE in Curitiba @madeincuritiba1 Help City @help_citycwb Instagram: Help City https://www.instagram.com/help.citycwb/
“MADE in Curitiba” seeks to act as a bridge between academia and the real world, facilitating an open dialogue with the public concerning the areas being explored by this masters, which was made in Curitiba from 2016 until 2018.
