D eDzeezm eb mrbor o2 020090 9 V oVloulm e D 2 e , z N e m be r oreor2o2 0 029 ume 2, ú Nm ú m Volume 2, Número 2

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RRE V I SI TS A E EDD ES OO RR TO CC T ITVI V I DI D AA DD E EF F Í SÍ S IC AA EV T ADD EP SP T OE EAA IC REVISTA DE DESPORTO E ACTIVIDADE FÍSICA

FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY LEVELS OF ELDERLY WOMEN IN WEIGHT TRAINING, BALLROOM DANCE AND MEDITATION PROGRAMS

Fernando Antonio Cunha Bastos * César Augusto de Souza Santos ** Juracy Corrêa Castro * Thales Henrique Pires Cruz, * Lenita Caetano Ferreira * Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas ***

*Human Motricity’s Biosciences Laboratory of Castelo Branco University– LABIMHUCB/RJ. Masters’ Student in Human Motricity’s Science of UCB - Brazil Mst **Human Motricity’s Biosciences Laboratory of Castelo Branco University– LABIMHUCB/RJ. Doctoral Student in Sports Science, Trás-Os-Montes’ University – UTADPortugal. Dtdo. ***Strictu Sensu Post-Graduation Program in Human Motricity Science of Castelo Branco University/Rio de Janeiro-PROCIMH/RJ-Brazil Human Motricity’s Biosciences Laboratory of Castelo Branco University–LABIMH-UCB/RJ – Brazil Research Productivity Scholarship – CNPq PhD

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Abstract The study’s objective was to compare the functional autonomy levels in active elderly women submitted to dance activities (GD: n=15; age=67.6 3.32 yearsold; BMI=27.42 3.72 kg/m2), meditation activities (GMe: n=16; age=66.8 3.89 years-old;

BMI=26.87 3.64

kg/m2), weight training activities

(GM: n=15;

age=68.1 5.54 years-old; BMI=25.89 2.41 kg/m2) and a control group (GC: n=14; age=66.9 3.44

years-old;

BMI=26.92 4.75

kg/m2).

The

GDLAM

autonomy’s

protocol was utilized to evaluate the functional autonomy for theaccomplishment of daily life activities (AVD, in Portuguese). The ANOVA one way detected that inLCLC test the values found in GM and GMe were smaller (p<0.05) than GC. In thegeneral autonomy index (IG), GM presented itself with a smaller score (p<0.05)than GC, but did not present differences in relation to GD

and GMe.

Considering that the IG represents a daily tasks’ set, the study suggests that weight training, for using higher intensity exercises, can increase the daily life activities’ performance. Key-words: Daily Life Activities (AVD), Aging Process, Physical Activity

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Introduction The lack or reduction of physical activity associated to the increase in chronological age causes important losses in cardiovascular condition, in muscular strength and in balance. This can harm the daily life activities’ (AVD) realization and, as a consequence,

lead

the elderly

to functional incapacity (Rogers et al.,

2008; Rubio et al., 2007). The functional autonomy is associated with the decline in the ability to develop the AVD. Its reduction can be considered as a important cause for the independency loss in elderly (Anton et al., 2004). A muscular and skeletal system adequately functional is a strategic factor to the functional autonomy and independence maintenance. This way, the physical activity

has

been

viewed, positively,

functioning, muscular

strength

and

as

a maintenance

factor

for

physical

functional limitations’ prevention (Orsega-

Smith et al., 2008; Pereira et al., 2007; Yasunaga et al., 2008). Studies

have

demonstrated that physical exercise propitiate better performance in aerobic activities (Dengel et al., 2006), in walking speed (Bergland et al., 2008; Onder et al., 2006) and in muscular strength (Rubio et al., 2007; Vale et al., 2006b). Even elderly individuals can benefit from the exercises, increasing not only their resistance and muscular strength, but also their balance and mobility (Brandon et al., 2004). This way, the possibilities of appearing positive effects directed to the functional autonomy in elderly subjects increase, making them capable of prolonging the AVD realization with efficiency (Schot et al., 2003; Vale et al., 2006b). Diverse physical activities have been recommended

to reach

these benefits

in

elderly. Amongst these activities stand out weight training, for increasing the muscular strength and the functional autonomy (Pereira et al., 2007; Vale et al., 2006b), the dance, for improving the balance, the muscular strength and the cognitive capacity (Eyigor

et

al.,

meditation,

for

2007;

Haboush

improving

et

al.,

the breathing

2006; Verghese, 2006), control,

the balance

and

the

and

the

concentration (Curiati et al., 2005). However, still there are doubts on the physical activity that provides the better performance on the AVD of elderly people. This way, the objective of the present study was to compare the functional autonomy levels of active elderly women in weight training, ballroom dance and meditation programs.

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Material and methods Sample The sample was selected by convenience and consisted of 60 elderly women volunteers, independent from their daily life activities, apparently healthy and participants of the Casa do Idoso (Elderly House) Program tied to the Municipal City Hall of Belém do Pará’s Health Program, in Brazil. The subjects realized dance activities (GD: n=15; -

ies (GMe: -

activities

(GM:

n=15;

),

age=68.

weight

training

-

The following inclusion criteria were adopted: the elderly women should be doing only one physical activity for a minimum of six months prior to the data collection; not being subject to hormonal replacement; not possessing any disease or condition that contraindicated the practice of a physical training program and the autonomy’s tests realization; considered apt by medical evaluation. The volunteers signed the Free and Informed Consent Term according to the Norms for the Realization of Research in Human Beings, Resolution nº 196/96, from the National Health Council, and the study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Procedures To the evaluation of body mass, stature and calculation of the body mass index (BMI), a mechanical scale was used, with stadiometer, 100 grams (around 0,22 pounds) precision and 150 kilograms (around 330 pounds) capacity (Filizola, Brazil). Functional autonomy evaluation To

verify

the

performance

in Daily Life Activities

(AVD)

and

calculate

the

Autonomy Index (IG) the following GDLAM functional autonomy protocol was utilized (Dantas e Vale 2004; Vale, 2005), in which the best result between two tries, in seconds, was registered through a chronometer (Casio, Brazil), to the execution of the following tests: a. to walk 10 meters the fastest possible (Sipilä et al., 1996); b. to stand up five times from the sitting position (Guralnik et

al.,

1994); c. to stand up, being on standing position, the fastest possible, leaving from the ventral decubitus position (Alexander et al., 1996); d. to stand

up

from

a chair

and

walk

a distance

of

five meters,

straight-line,

skirting a cone to the right and diagonal, return and sit down again, and stand up another time and walk five meters skirting another cone to the left and diagonal, repeat all the procedure one more time (Andreotti e Okuma, 1999); e. to wear and take off a t-shirt, being the individual standing up, with the arms towards

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

the body and with a size “L” t-shirt (Hering, Brazil) in one hand (in the dominant side) (Vale et al., 2006a).

Physical activities Dance: The GD (dance group) was submitted to ballroom dance lessons three times a week with 45 minutes of duration by session. The applied rhythms were diversified as following: foxtrot, waltz, rumba, swing, salsa, merengue, cha-cha and tango. The lesson was was developed to meet the according

to

the

development

of

progression

technique,

of

the

participants

physical conditioning and

motivation. Weight training: The GM (weight training group) was submitted to a strength training program three times a week in alternate days and the training session was composed of a warm up, main work and

relaxation, with an approximate duration of 45

minutes. It was utilized a series from the alternate type by corporal segment (2 x 810 repetitions; 75-85% of 1-RM) of the following exercises: bench press (SR), leg press (Leg), rear pull-up (RS), leg curl (FP), biceps twist (RB), extensor chair (CE), triceps twist (RT) and abdominal crunches (ABD). Meditation: The GMe (meditation group) was submitted to the meditation sessions three times a week, with duration of 45 minutes/session. The session was divided in three parts of 15 minutes, as following: 1- breathing control exercises to reduce the breathing frequency and coordinate the thoracic box’s mobility; 2- mental repetition of words that express tranquility and harmony, to avoid any other type of thought, using free breathing; and 3- pleasant and healthy memories from life moments. Statistical treatment The data was treated by the SPSS 14.0 statistical program and presented through the mean and the standard deviation. The Shapiro-Wilk’s test was utilized to verify the data normality. The ANOVA one way was utilized for intergroup comparisons only in C10m test, followed by Scheffe post hoc to identification of different groups, because

this variable

followed a Normal distribution.

The

Kruskal-Wallis’ test was used to the other variables, followed by the trust interval calculation to the localization of possible differences. The study admitted the level of p<0,05 for statistical significance.

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Results The descriptive results of the functional autonomy levels from the evaluated sample through the GDLAM protocol are in table 1. All groups are in a GDLAM pattern classification (Vale, 2005) considered “weak” to the C10m test and the IG and between

“weak”

and

“regular”

in

LPS, LPDV

and LCLC

tests. The VTC

test

showed classification in “Good” level only for the GC (control group) and for the others between “weak” and “regular”.

Image 1 presents the comparisons of the functional autonomy tests directed to the realization of daily life activities (AVD) and the IG between the dance group (GD), weight training group (GM), meditation group (GMe) and control group (GC). In the LCLC test, the values found in GM and GMe were significantly smaller (p<0.05) than the GC. In the VTC test, the GC showed values significantly lower (p<0.05)

than

the GM

and GMe.

In

IG, only

the GM

showed

itself with a

significantly smaller (p<0.05) index than the GC. No other differences were found among the other tests.

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Discussion The results of the present study show that the evaluated groups are in similar levels of performance in C10m, LPS and LPDV tests, although in LCLC test,

the weight

training

(GM) and meditation

(GMe)

groups

presented

themselves with better performances than the control group (GC). However, in general evaluation of the functional autonomy through the IG, only the GM obtained significantly smaller scores than GC. The IG, for being an index elaborated according to the other tests’ represents

results,

the main indicator to be observed in functional autonomy of elderly

women. This score analyzes the AVD that are related to the walking, the sitting and standing up from a chair, the standing up from the ground, the locomotion in short distances through the house and the dressing up (Dantas & Vale, 2004; Vale et al., 2006a; 2006b). This way, the elderly that manage to realize these tasks in autonomous way tend to preserve the independence for a longer time. This way, the findings referents to the autonomy overall index (IG) from the present investigation are corroborated by Pereira et al. (2007),

that compared

elderly women submitted to a strength training with sedentary elderly women. They found that the elderly women that took part in the training significantly increased the muscular strength and functional autonomy levels evaluated

by GDLAM

protocol. Vale et al. (2006b) also submitted elderly women to strength training and found similar results in these variables when compared with inactive elderly women. However, the IG from the GM did not show itself different in relation to the GD and GMe. Nevertheless, the present study did not control the researched physical activities, which limits this analysis. This can maybe justify the execution

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

times found in C10m, LPS and LCLC tests from the active groups and the GC not presenting significant differences. This way, it is possible to

suppose

that

the

active groups, in their respective physical activities, demonstrate being in similar physical activity levels.

The physical activity of ballroom dance can be

recommended to elderly people, for its expansive characteristic

and

by

that,

present significant results on depression levels’ reduction in these individuals (Haboush et al. 2005). However, Verghese (2006) investigated other benefits that the dance can provide to the elderly population by comparing a group realized

the

that

physical activity of dance with a control group. No significant

differences were found in the variables of leisure, falling frequency and cognitive capacity. However, the same result did not occur in other variables, such as walking

and

muscular strength, that presented significant improvements with

dance. This way, the results are opposite to the ones found in the present investigation, thus the execution times in C10m, LPS and LPDV tests did not present differences between themselves. So, it can be suggested that the participant subjects of the study must be in balance when it comes to volume and intensity in daily tasks and the proposed activities that necessary to the daily tasks’ realization. Eyigor et al. (2007) found reduction in the execution times of the physical function tests in elderly women submitted to eight weeks of folk dance. There were significant improvements in the LPS test when they compared the experimental group with the control group. The dance style and the intervention control may have provided these findings, that oppose themselves to the ones from the present study, thus the GD did not show differences in this test when compared to the results from the other groups. The meditation exercise can bring benefits to elderly individuals. This way, Curiati el al. (2005) found significant improvements in quality of life when compared elderly submitted to meditation treatment sessions during 30 minutes, two times a week, with a control group. However, this has not occurred in physiological variables, such as maximum consumption of oxygen, that influence the performance of physical functions. This can maybe explain the findings

of GMe

from

the present research that obtained only in LCLC test an

execution time significantly smaller than the GC, differences

between

the

active

groups.

This

although

way,

as

this

not

presenting

test possesses

concentration characteristics to avoid dislocation’s direction errors, it is probable that this result has occurred due to the concentration exercises utilized in the meditation sessions.

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Conclusion According to the findings of the present investigation, the GM was the group that presented itself with the better IG. This way, it is supposed that this group could be with the best autonomy levels, considering that the IG represents a collective evaluation of all the tests from the GDLAM’s protocol battery. By that, it is suggested that activities that utilize higher intensities, such as weight training, can implement daily life activities’ (AVD) performance, improving the functional autonomy of the elderly. However, studies that control the training types must be realized so that these findings can be better explained.

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

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Onder, G., Liperoti, R., Russo, A., Soldato, M., Capoluongo, E., Volpato, S., Cesari, M., Ameglio, F., Bernabei, R., & Landi, F. (2006). Body mass index, free insuline-like growth factor I, and physical function among older adults: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 291,E829-E834. Orsega-Smith, E., Getchell, N., Neeld, K., & Mackenzie, S. (2008). Teaming up senior fitness: a group-based approach. JOPERD, 79(1),39-44. Pereira, F.F., Monteiro, N., Vale, R.G.S., Gomes, A.L.M., Novaes, J.S., Faria Jr, A.G., & Dantas, E.H.M. (2007). Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la autonomía funcional en mujeres mayores sanas. Rev Esp Geriatr Geront, 42(6),319-324. (Effect of strength training on the functional autonomy in healthy elderly women.)

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Functional Autonomy Levels Of Elderly Women In Weight Training, Ballroom Dance And Meditation Programs

Yasunaga, A., Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Park, H., Park, S., Shephard, R.J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2008). Sex, Age, Season, and Habitual Physical Activity of Older Japanese: The Nakanojo Study. J Aging Phys Activity, 16, 3-13.

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