English genitive variation s-genitive of-genitive POSS
‘s •
•
’s
possessum possessum (head) (head) palace the palace
of
possessor
of
the king
Empirical evidence for ganging-up cumulativity
Preference for the s-genitive if o the possessor is [+animate] o the possessor is [+topical] o the possessive relation is a prototypical one (kin relations, body parts, ownership): [+ prototypical] possessive relation
• Relative strength of animacy, topicality, and possessive relation was tested in an experimental study (> questionnaire study) Table 1: Experimental study (animacy, topicality, possessive relation): conditions and items (at least 10 items per condition) [+animate] [-animate] [+topical] [-topical] [+topical] [-topical] [+proto [-proto] [+proto] [-proto] [+proto] [-proto] [+proto] []* proto] the the a girl’s a the the bag’s a lorry’s a car’s boy’s mother’ face/ woman’s chair’s contents/ wheels/ fumes/ eyes/ s future/ the face shadow/ frame/ the the wheels the the eyes the of a girl the the frame contents of a lorry fumes of the future of shadow of the of the of a boy the of a chair bag car mother woman
Example from questionnaire: A helicopter waited on the nearby grass like a sleeping insect, its pilot standing outside with Marino. Whit, a perfect specimen of male fitness in a black flight suit, opened [the helicopter’s doors/the doors of the helicopter] to help us board. (adapted from: Patricia Cornwell [1994]. The Body Farm, p. 52)
+a/+t/+p +a/+t/-p +a/-t/+p +a/-t/-p -a/+t/+p -a/+t/-p -a/-t/+p -a/-t/-p a girl's a the the bag's a lorry's a car's the boy's the eyes mother's face woman's chair's contents wheels fumes shadow frame future
Results from experimental study: • factor hierarchy for the choice of the s-genitive: animacy > topicality > possessive relation • Animacy is, however, not per se the strongest factor but topicality and possessive relation can both together ‘knock-out’ animacy: If the possessor is [- topical] and if the possessive relation is [- prototypical], the of-genitive becomes the preferred choice (the shadow of a woman > a woman’s shadow )
•
Empirical evidence for counting cumulativity
Preference for the s-genitive if • possessor is animate. • possessor is short. • Relative strength of animacy and weight was tested in an experimental study (cf. Rosenbach 2003)
Table 2: Experimental study: animacy vs. weight – conditions and items (at least 10 items per condition)
neutral the boy’s eyes/ the eyes of the boy
animate
long possessor/short head the dark man’s hand/ the hand of the dark man
inanimate short possessor neutral /long head the hotel’s elegant lobby/ the elegant lobby of the hotel
the chair’s frame/ the frame of the chair
Predictions for relative strength of animacy and weight: • weight > animacy: relative frequency of s-genitive: inanimate short/long condition > animate long/short condition (the hotel’s elegant lobby) > (the dark man’s hand ) • animacy > weight: relative frequency of s-genitive: animate long/short condition > inanimate short/long condition (the dark man’s hand ) > (the hotel’s elegant lobby )
experimental study: animacy vs. weight 100
407
s-genitive of-genitive
relative frequency (in %)
90 80 70
247
279
241
60 50 138
40
144 104
30 20 10
21
0
animate (neutral) 'the boy's eyes'
animate inanimate (long/short) (short/long) 'the dark man's 'the hotel's hand' elegant lobby'
inanimate (neutral) 'the chair's frame'
Results: • animacy > weight: o s-genitive more frequent in long/short animate condition than in short/long inanimate condition, z, p < 0.001 the dark man’s hand > the hotel’s elegant lobby o s-genitive more frequent than of-genitive with animate possessors, even if possessor is long, 2, p < 0.001
•
Open question: What about heavier premodification…? – Is animacy per se the stronger factor no matter how long the possessor is?
weight and animacy of possessor in ICE-GB: human possessors 120
s-genitive of-genitive
relative frequency (in %)
100 80
386
23
370 56
60
38
40 121
95
20
1
0
0 premod
1 premod
2 premod
3 premod
weight and animacy of possessor in ICE-GB: inanimate possessors 120
s-genitive relative frequency (in %)
100
242
of-genitive 678
64
80 30
60 40
21
20
46
3
0
0 premod
1 premod
2 premod
1
3 premod
Result: animacy > weight: possessor 3 words (2 premod.) • weight > animacy: possessor 4 words (3 premod.)
References: Rosenbach, Anette (2002). Genitive Variation in English. Conceptual factors in synchronic and diachronic studies. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Rosenbach, Anette (2003). “Comparing animacy vs. weight as determinants of grammatical variation in English”. Submitted Ms.
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a girl's face/ the face of a girl a woman's shadow/ the shadow of a woman the chair's frame/ the frame of the chair the bag's contents/ the contents of the bag a lorry's wheels/ the wheels of a lorry a car's fumes/ the fumes of a car. Example from questionnaire: A helicopter waited on the nearby grass like a sleeping insect, ...
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