Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals in Malva parviflora L. , Sinapis arvensis L. and Soil Near Roadside in Sulaimani Governorate\ Kurdistan Region – Iraq
A Thesis Submitted to the Council of The Faculty of Science and Science Education School of Science at the University of Sulaimani In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology (Plant Science)
By Payman Omer Salih B.Sc. Biology (2009), University of Sulaimani
Supervised by Dr. Mohammad Raouf Hussain Assistant Professor
Rashame 2715
February 2016
سم َ آّللِ آل َر َحمن آل َر ِحيم بِ ِ
أنت سبحنَك َل ِعل َم لَنَا َإل ما علَمتَنَا إنَ َك َ قَالـُو ْا ُ آلح َك ُم آل َعلِي ُم َ ُورةُ البَقَ َرة (ايت )23 س َ
Supervisor Certification
I certify that the preparation of the thesis, entitled "Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals in Malva parviflora L. , Sinapis arvensis L. and Soil Near Roadside in Sulaimani Governorate\ Kurdistan Region - Iraq" accomplished by (Payman Omer Salih) was prepared under my supervision in the School of Science, Faculty of Science and Science Education at the University of Sulaimani, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology/Plant Science.
Signature: Name: Dr. Mohammad Raouf Hussain Title: Assistant Professor Date:
/
/ 2016
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by the examining committee.
Signature: Name: Dr. Huner Hiwa Arif The Head of Biology Department Date:
/
/ 2016
Linguistic Evaluation Certification
I herby certify that this thesis titled "Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals in Malva parviflora L. , Sinapis arvensis L. and Soil Near Roadside in Sulaimani Governorate\ Kurdistan Region - Iraq" prepared by (Payman Omer Salih), has been read and checked and after indicating all the grammatical and spelling mistakes; the thesis was given again to the candidate to make the adequate corrections. After the second reading, I found that the candidate corrected the indicated mistakes. Therefore, I certify that this thesis is free from mistakes.
Signature Name: Sawen Salih Aziz Position: English Department, School of Languages, University of Sulaimani Date:
/
/ 2016
Examining Committee Certification
We certify that we have read this thesis entitled "Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals in Malva parviflora L. , Sinapis arvensis L. and Soil Near Roadside in Sulaimani Governorate\ Kurdistan Region - Iraq" prepared by (Payman Omer Salih) and as the Examining Committee, we examined the student in its content and in what is connected with it, and in our opinion it meets the basic requirements toward the degree of Master of Science in Biology/ Plant Science.
Signature:
Signature:
Name:Dr.AbdulSalam AbdulRahman Rasool Name:Dr.Rezan Omer Rasheed Title: Professor
Title: Assistant Professor
Date: 28 / 2 / 2016
Date: 28 / 2 / 2016
(Chairman)
(Member)
Signature:
Signature:
Name: Dr. Hoshyar Abdullah Azeez
Name: Dr.Mohammad Raouf Hussain
Title : Lecturer
Title: Assistant Professor
Date: 28 / 2 / 2016
Date: 28 / 2 / 2016
(Member)
(Supervisor‐Member)
Approved by the Dean of the Faculty of Science and Science Education.
Signature: Name: Dr. Bakhtiar Qader Aziz Title: Professor Date:
/
/ 2016
Dedications
I would like to dedicate my thesis to: My beloved family; Merciful Parents; Brothers and Sisters.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Almighty ALLAH for giving me strength and ability to understand, learn and complete this research. I would like to express my thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Mohammad Raouf Hussain, for his advice, guidance, support and tremendous help throughout my study. I would also like to thank the head of Biology Department, Dr. Huner Hiwa Arif, and the dean of the College of Science for their constant cooperation regarding this study. I express sincere thanks to Dr. Salih Najeeb, Mr. Dler and Miss. Nada in Advanced Laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences/ Department of Soil and Water Sciences, for their technical help. I would like to thank Miss. Dlsoz HamaTalib Faraj at Directorate of Agriculture Research/Sulaimani, Mr.Mustaffa and Miss. Shaima in Sulaymani Environment Directorate, for their help during various phases of my study. I also like to thank Dr. Abdul-Salam Abdul-Rahman and Dr. Dana Azad at the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences / Department of Soil and Water Sciences. I really appreciate the numerous hours they dedicated for helping me in the statistical analysis of the data. I would like to express my gratitude to Nadia Rostam, Kurdistan Qadir, Ali Sawjy, Adiba Shareef, Layla Ibrahim and all my friends who put their faith in me and urge me to do better. Finally, I want to express special appreciation to my parents, my sisters and my brothers the reason of what I became today, thanks for your great support. Payman Omer Salih
Abstract This research analyzed some heavy metals concentration in soil and vegetation that grow
along the roadsides in Sulaimani. Selected
locations for this study were the main roads of ,Chavy Land, Arbat, Industrial Area and Bakrajo in Sulaimani. Two other locations, Bnawila and Kani-sard, were chosen as control, which were outside the city. Roots, stems and leaves of two chosen common herbs; Malva parviflora (mallow) and Sinapis arvensis (mustard) were used as biomonitors; besides, soil samples from the selected areas were taken and checked for
heavy metal pollutions. The total chlorophyll
accumulated in plants showed a highly significant (P≤0.05) difference between polluted and unpolluted locations (32, 54.914) µg/ml respectively. The results for protein percent accumulated in plants displayed a high significant (P≤0.05) difference between polluted and unpolluted locations %(8.948, 12.656) respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used to determine the concentration of the study heavy metals. The concentration of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in plant samples were (0.308, 4.655, 21.641, 0.621, 1.310 and 5.677) ppm respectively. The levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in plant samples were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than the samples of control areas. They were, however, different in concentration from one point to another inside Sulaimani. But, Iron concentration showed no significant difference in any locations. The concentration level of different heavy metals varied, they were Fe> Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni> Cd in order. Iron had the highest concentration in all the study locations. Concentration of all heavy metals decreased with increasing the distance from main roads.
I
The results of this study showed that heavy metal contents in both soil and plant that grow at polluted sites caused phytotoxic effects on plant vital organs. The protein content and photosynthetic pigments production were also affected.
II
List of Contents
List of Contents Abstract ……………………….…………………………………………. I List of contents ..………………………..……….…..…………………...III List of tables ..............................................................................................VII List of figures ….…………………………………………………..……..IX List of Abbreviations .................................................................................. X List of Appendixces ……..………………..………………...……........... XI
Chapter one: Introduction 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
Chapter two: Literature Review 2.1 Heavy metals ………………………………………………..……..... 4 2.2 Heavy metals pollution ………………………………………….…... 5 2.2.1 Source of heavy metals pollution ……..………………………...… 5 2.2.1.1 Roadside pollution ………………….…………………………… 6 2.2.1.2 Metal mobility in roadside soil …………..…………………...…. 8 2.3 Effect of roadside pollution on the ecosystem near the roadside…....10 2.3.1 Effects of heavy metals pollution on physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants that grow along the urban roadside …..…...… 10 2.3.1.1plant leaves chlorophyll …………………………...…..………... 11 2.3.1.2 Metallothionein Proteins (MTs)…. ………………………….... 11 2.3.2 Effect of traffic heavy metals pollution on the soil pH along the roadsides ……………………………………………………………..…. 12 2. 4 bioindicator plants ………………………………………….……….13 2.4.1 Plants under studying are ………………………...………………. 14 2.4.1.1 Malva Parviflora L. ……………………….………………….... 14 2.4.1.2 Sinapis arvensis L…….. ……………………………………….. 15
III
List of Contents
2.5
Defense
mechanism of
plant
against
heavy metals
stress
………………………………………………………………...………… 16 2.6 Heavy metal stress on plants and their effects on different human organs.…………………………………………………………………... 16 2.6.1 Cadmium (Cd) ……………………………………………………. 17 2.6.2 Copper (Cu) ………………………………………………………. 19 2.6.3 Iron (Fe) …………………………………………………………. 20 2.6.4 Nickel (Ni)………………………………………………………... 21 2.6.5 Lead (Pb) …………………………………………………………. 22 2.6.6 Zinc (Zn) …………………………………………………………. 24
Chapter three: Materials and Methods 3.1 Experimental design ………………………………..………..…….. 26 3.1.1 Surveying and area of Study …………………………..……..….. 26 3.2 Sampling ………………………………………………………..…. 28 3.2.1 Plant samples ………………………………………………..…… 28 3.2.1.1 Identification of plant species ………………………………… 28 3.2.2 Soil samples ……………………………………………………… 28 3.3 Preparation of samples for laboratory analysis …………..….....…. 29 3.3.1 Preparation of plant organs for analysis …………………..……. 29 3.3.2 Preparation of soil samples for analysis ………..…….…….……. 29 3.3.2 Determination of chlorophyll in plant leaves ……..…………..
30
3.3.3 Determination of soil pH ………..……………………………… 30 3.3.4 Digestion ………………..……………………………………..… 30 3.3.4.1 Digestion of plant samples ……………………………..…….. 30 3.3.4.2 Digestion of soil samples ……………………………...……… 31 3.4.4 Determination of nitrogen and protein in plant organs ……….…. 31 3.4.4.1 Distillation ………………………………………..…………… 31 3.4.4.2 Titration ……………………………………………………….. 32 IV
List of Contents
3.4.5 Determination of heavy metals in plant and soil samples ………… 32 3.4.6 Statistical analysis ………………………………………………....... 32
Chapter four: Results and Discussions 4.1. Leaf chlorophyll content
…………………………………………….. 33
4.1.1. Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves of plant due to different polluted locations ……………………………………………… 33 4.1.2. Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves of two different plant species
……………………………………………………. 34
4.1.3. Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves due to the interactions of two different plant species and different polluted locations ……………………………………………………………...………….……. 34 4.2 Protein content (%) in plant Samples …………………………...………. 35 4.2.1 Protein content (%) accumulated in plants due to different co ntaminated soils ………………………………………………………………….……… 35 4.2.2 Protein content (%) accumulated in whole plant of different genera.…. 36 4.2.3 Protein content (%) accumulated in different plant organs ………..….. 37 4.2.4 Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations ……………………………………. 38 4.2.5 Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations ……………………………………. 39 4.2.6 Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species …………………………………………. 40 4.2.7 Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations …………….. 41 4.3. Heavy metals content (ppm) ………………………………………..…. 43 4.3.1 Soil samples …………………………………………………………... 43 4.3.2. Plant samples …………..……………………………………………. 44
V
List of Contents
4.3.2.1 Heavy metals accumulated in plants due to different contaminated Locations ……...……………………………………………………………. 44 4.3.2.2 Different plant species…………………..………………………….. 46 4.3.2.3 Different plant organs ………………………………………………. 48 4.3.2.4 Different plant species and different contamination locations …..….. 49 4.3.2.5 Interactions of different plant organs and different contaminated Locations ………………………………………………………………….... 51 4.3.2.6 Interactions of different plant organs and different plant species ...…. 53 4.3.2.7 Different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations …………...………………………………………………………...54
Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………. 58 5.2 Recommendations …………………………….……………………….. 59 Appendix………………………………………………………………….. 60 References …………………………………………………………………. 63
VI
List of tables
List of tables Table No. 2.1
Titles
Page No.
Maximum Allowable Limits (MAL) of heavy metals in soil and Vegetables (ppm).…..................…………………. 17
3.1
Google Earth (GE) coordinates the sample location ……..... 27
3.3
Species under this study………………...……...…………….. 28
4.1
Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the Leaves of plants due to different polluted locations…………. 33
4.2
Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in whole plant of differentspecies….………………….……………….. 34
4.3
Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different contaminated locations ……………...………………...…….35
4.4
Protein content (%) accumulated in plants due to different polluted locations…......…………………….…...……..…… .36
4.5
Protein content (%) accumulated in whole plant of different species…………………………………………..…….……... 37
4.6
Protein content (%) accumulated in different plant organs ... 37
4.7
Protein content (%) accumulated due to interactions of Different plant species and different polluted locations……..38
4.8
Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations….……39
4.9
Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species ….………...40
4.10
Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations………………………………………………41
VII
List of tables
4.11a
Concentrations of some heavy metals (ppm) accumulated in soil samples at different pollute locations….…….………….44
4.11b
Soil pH of the studied locations ……..……………………….. 44
4.12
Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in plants due to different contaminated soils…..……………… 46
4.13
Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated In whole plant of different species….……..…………………..47
4.14
Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in differentplantorgans……………..……………..…………...49
4.15
Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations……………………………..…….50
4.16
Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations…..……………………………… 52
4.17
Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species……….…………………………….... 54
4.18
Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations …………..……56
VIII
List of Figures
List of Figures Figure No.
Title
Page No.
2.1
Malva parviflora ……………………………….........……..... 15
2.2
Sinapis arvensis ……………………………………………... 16
3.1
Sulaimani map showing the four studied locations near the roadsides ………………………………..…………. 26
3.2
Control locations. Site 5: Bnawila and Site 6: Kani sard ………….………………………………...………..27
IX
List of Abbrivations
List of Abbreviations Abbreviations
Full name
WHO
World Health Organization
FAO
Food and Agricultural Organization
MAL
Maximum Allowable Limits
MPL
Maximum permissible level
MT
Metallothionein
MTs
Metallothionein Proteins
PI
Photosystem one
PII
Photosystem two
Cd
Cadmium
Cu
Copper
Fe
Iron
Ni
Nickel
Pb
Lead
Zn
Zinc
m. a. s. l.
Meter above sea level
L1
Location one: Chaviland
L2
Locatoion two: Arbat road
L3
Location three: Industrial area
L4
Location four: Bakrajo road
X
List of Appendix
List of Appendixes Appendixes No. 1 2 (3.1)
Title
Page No.
Mean squares of variance analysis of plant Leaves Chlorophyllcontent (µg/ml)…………………. 60 Mean squares of variance analysis of plant Protein content (%)…………..……………………… 60 Mean squares of variance analysis of the heavy metals(ppm)of soil samples……...…………………. 61
(3.2)
Mean squares of variance analysis of the heavy metals(ppm) of plant samples……………………..
XI
61
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1. Introduction
Our environment is the entire web of geological, hydrological, atmospheric, biological and anthropogenic interactions that characterize the relationship between life and the planet earth [71]. Heavy metals are the results of the main sources they are either from anthropogenic sources; global industrialization, human social and agricultural activities [172] or from natural sources accumulate in soil and plants, they cause a consequence
representing
significant
environmental
contamination
problems [45]. Moreover, their accumulation throughout the food chain leading to serious ecological and health problems [134]. Automobile emission is directly related to metal contamination at the neighboring roadside ecosystem. Metal contaminants like Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Ni, and Cu are mobile in nature and are found in engines, tiers and petrol of vehicles. They are accumulated in top soils and vegetation near the road ecosystem [127]. The urban population is mainly exposed to high levels of air pollution including metals because of motor vehicle emissions, which is also the main source of fine and ultrafine particles [142]. Heavy metals can normally be found at trace levels in soil and vegetation, and living organisms feel the need for micro-elements of these metals. However, these have a toxic effect on organisms at high content levels. And their toxicity has an inhibitory effect on plant growth, enzymatic
activity,
stoma
function,
photosynthesis
activity
and
accumulation of other nutrient elements, and also damages the root system [60]. Soil is a major reservoir for contaminants as it possesses an ability to bind various chemicals. These chemicals can exist in different forms in soil and different forces keep them bound to soil particles. The dispersion 1
Chapter One
Introduction
of contaminants is influenced by meteorological conditions like wind, rainfall, profiles or by traffic intensity [132]. Road dust originates from the interaction of solid, liquid and gaseous materials that are produced from different sources and deposited on a road. The composition and quantity of chemical matrix of road dust are indicators of environmental pollution [22]. Road dust receives varying inputs of heavy metals from diversity of mobile or stationary sources, [5][9]. This makes the study of road dust important for determining the origin, distribution and level of heavy metal in urban surface environments [138]. Vegetables constitute an important part of the human diet since they contain carbohydrates, proteins, as well as vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Heavy metals are one of a range of important types of contaminants that can be found on the surface and in the tissue of fresh vegetables [19]. Various plants have been used as bioindicators to assess the impact of a pollution source in the vicinity which is due to high metal accumulation of plants. Uptake of elements into plants can happen via roots from soil and transported to the leaves; also they may be taken up from the air, or by precipitation directly via the leaves [1]. There is need to determine heavy metal contents in the soils to understand soil and plant uptake ratios of these toxic substances so as to monitor their pathway from soil to human. The relationships between changes in soil contamination and plant communities distribution is based on changes of soil properties with respect to vegetation patterns [90]. Heavy metals disrupt the physiology as well as morphology of plants and thereby affect plant growth. Some plant species particularly have the ability to grow and develop in metal rich soils such as in the region of mines or at industrial area. These plants can be explored to clean up heavy metal contaminated sites. Heavy metals accumulated in plant tissues can cause toxic effects on plants when they are translocated to above ground 2
Chapter One
Introduction
tissues. The adverse effects of heavy metals in plants are, lowers seed germination, lipid content and plant growth, but can elicit the phytochelatins production, which is a metal binding peptide having important role in cadmium detoxification mechanism in plants [16].
The aims of the present study: 1- Investigate heavy metal concentration levels (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in roadside soils and vegetations. Then compared the concentration with unpolluted areas. 2- Identify the concentration of some heavy metals which are associated with biomass production and effective absorption and translocation of essential elements to plant organs. 3- Identify the amount of protein content in the plant organs (Root, Stem, Leaf). 4- Measure the total chlorophyll content of the foliage organs (leaves) of the plant samples.
3
Chapter Two Literature Review
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2. Literature Review
2.1 Heavy Metals The term „„heavy metals‟‟ refers to any metallic element that has a toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. They have largest availability in soil and aquatic ecosystems and to a relatively smaller proportion in atmosphere as particulate or vapors [106]. And they are a group of elements with a mass density greater than 4.5 g/cm3, having high melting and boiling points, and an atomic weight between 63.545 and 200.5 g and a specific gravity greater than four [102]. Heavy metals are not biodegradable, have long biological half-lives and having the potential for accumulation in the different body organs leading to unwanted effects [4]. Food chain contamination is one of the most important pathways for the entry of these toxic pollutants into the human body [66]. It is not every heavy metal that is harmful to life. For instance, copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) are heavy metals which are essential to life in trace quantities. Some heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), silver (Ag) and mercury (Hg) are highly toxic and not water soluble [84]. The metals are classified in to two groups. The first group of the heavy metals can be distinguished as those elements essential for living organisms (microelements) and the elements whose physiological role are unknown, and thus they are “inactive” towards plants, animals, and people, both their deficiency and excess badly affect living organisms. Toxic properties are characteristic for inorganic metals compounds, easily soluble because they can easily penetrate through cell membranes and get into internal organs. Semimetals (metalloids) are
4
Chapter Two
Literature Review
the elements that have properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals [152].
2.2 Heavy Metals Pollution The contamination of the environment by heavy metals is a phenomenon of global importance today [144]. Human activity is typically associated with pollution, which results in environments becoming dangerous to live. Although pollution increased dramatically during the industrial revolution [70]. Heavy metals accumulation is potentially hazardous to humans, animals and plants. The risk posed by heavy metal pollution, to food safety and the environment are of great concern to governments and society in many countries [7]. In the process of phytoremediation, pollutants are collected by plants and either decomposed into less harmful forms or accumulated in the plant tissues [74].
2.2.1 Source of Heavy Metals Pollution Heavy metals may come from natural or anthropogenic sources. Natural contents of heavy metals in soils depend primarily on the composition of geological parent materials and soil properties [13]. Other sources of heavy metals include refusing incineration, landfills and transportation (automobiles, diesel-powered vehicles and aircraft). Two main anthropogenic sources that contaminate the soil are fly ash produced due to coal burning and the corrosion of commercial waste products, Metal emission during the transportation of vehicles [156]. It is important to identify the sources of heavy metals, besides quantifying their concentrations and spatial variability in the soils [179].
5
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.2.1.1 Roadside Pollution Roads are important infrastructure that plays an essential role in stimulating social and economic activities [3]. It is a common phenomenon that roads are continuously increasing at a fast rate, and roadsides cover vast areas of land in most countries. They are line sources of pollution in all urban systems; a significant source of pollution in the urban areas (60-70% of the pollution) is automobile exhausts [147]. This is because the accumulation of heavy metals in street dust is one major form through which they may find their way into soils and subsequently living tissues of plants, animals and human beings [144]. It involves several potential sources of metals, such as exhaust fumes, tire and brake wear, oil spill, road pavement, building materials for traffic safety or resuspension of soil and road dust [81]. Metals are found in fuels, fuel tanks, engines and other vehicle components, catalytic converters, as well as in road surface materials. The concentrations of heavy metals decrease with increasing roadside distance [181]. These contaminants can easily impact people residing within the vicinity of the roads via suspended dust or direct contract. They may enter the food chain as a result of their uptake by edible plants, thus causing serious health risks [21][171]. Pollutants released by motor vehicles may also originate from the residues from incomplete fuel combustion, and hydraulic systems and fuel additives. Road traffic pollution sources are classified into; traffic, cargo, pavement, embankment material, road equipment, maintenance, operation and external sources [104]. And traffic-related factors like road design, types of fuel used, the volume of light and heavy traffic, intersections, driving speed, and driving behavior influence the emission quality. Therefore, a very complex mixture of substances is released in roadside environments [164]. Pathways of pollutant 6
Chapter Two
Literature Review
transport particulate or dissolved pollutants are transferred into the surrounding environment via aerial transport or the infiltration of the road [21]. Dry depositions affected by traffic have shown higher concentrations of metals and many organic contaminants than comparable areas in rural environments. Wet depositions in urban areas in the form of street runoff and spray water [96]. Vegetations on contaminated roadsides contain highly tolerant species, some of which may accumulate toxic heavy metals in high amounts [178]. Lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc are the major metal pollutants of the roadside environments and are released from fuel burning, wear out of tires, leakage of oils, and corrosion of batteries and metallic parts such as radiators [86]. The mechanisms of heavy metal emission from vehicles consist of ; fuel consumption, engine oil consumption, tire wear, brake wear, and road abrasion [101][169]. Engine oil consumption handles the largest emission for Cd, tire wear contributes the most significant emission for Zn, and brake wear is the largest source of emissions for Cu and Pb. Though the use of unleaded gasoline has caused a subsequent reduction in fuel emissions of Pb, it may still occur in the exhaust gas and come from worn metal alloys in the engine [50]. The most economical and reasonable method for monitoring heavy metal levels in the atmosphere is using vegetation and soil samples [176]. Roadside soils often contain high concentrations of metallic contamination. The bioavailability and environmental mobility of the metals are dependent upon the form in which the metal is associated with the soil [128]. Emissions from heavy road traffic on the roads contain lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni), which are present in fuel as anti-knock agents and this leads to contamination of air and soils on which vegetables are planted [61]. 7
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.2.1.2 Metal Mobility in Roadside Soil Soil as an interface between earth, air and water is a critical component of ecosystems; it represents the habitat of a rich variety of organisms and provides many regulating and supporting services. Also it is essential to human existence, but, at the same time, it is subject to human activities causing soil degradation through pollution, erosion, compaction and salinization. Soil can be considered a non-renewable resource because the processes involved in soil formation are very slow, and recovery strategies are very complex and expensive [99]. Soil pollution by heavy metals is a significant environmental problem worldwide [103]. It draws considerable attention because of its potential threat to food safety and detrimental effects on the ecosystem [28][33]. Roadside soils are the major reservoirs of traffic-related heavy metals [35]. The concentrations of heavy metals in roadside soils are indicators of heavy metals
accumulation through atmospheric
deposition and road runoff [38]. The topsoil adjacent to the road edge is collected for analyzing the heavy metals pollution levels [50] because most of the pollutant can accumulate in the upper part of the soil [131] from atmospheric deposition by sedimentation, impaction, and interception, and, therefore, there are indicators of heavy metal contamination from atmospheric deposition [62]. The bioavailability and environmental mobility of the metals are dependent upon the form in which the metal is associated with the soil, for example the lead in roadside soil is mainly found in the form of lead sulfate3. Little interest has been focused on the contamination of roadside soil by other heavy metals such as; Cu, Fe, Zn, and Cd which are essential components of many alloys, wires, tires and many industrial processes, and could be released from the roadside soil and plants as a result of mechanical abrasion and normal wear [128]. 8
Chapter Two
Literature Review
The variations in the levels of lead in roadside soil are frequently attributed to traffic density [15]. As well as the levels of nickel, cadmium, copper, and zinc were also reported to correlate with traffic density [107]. A large part of the metals that are transferred to roadside soils are bound to particles. These particles are retained to a large extent by physical mechanisms immediately after they enter the soil and therefore mostly remain in the top horizon, a strong positive correlation between soil organic matter and certain metal concentrations. They also could show that a large fraction of metals is bound to an insoluble form of organic matter that is probably of anthropogenic origin. The soil pH near roads is influenced strongly by traffic activities. Besides soil texture and composition, high resistance to desorption at low pH positively influences metal mobility in roadside soils [87]. Soil to plant transfer is one of the key processes of human exposure to heavy metals through the food chain. They are uptake via the roots from contaminated soils and direct deposition of contaminants from the atmosphere onto plant surfaces can lead to plant contamination [185]. Heavy metals contamination may alter the chemical, the composition of plants and thereby seriously affect the quality and efficacy of the natural plant products produced by plants species [75]. Most heavy metals and their concentration increase in the soil resulting in an increase in their absorption and accumulation in plants. The ingestion of plants grown in contaminated soils may cause deleterious effects to human health [2].
9
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.3 Effect of Heavy Metals Pollution on the Ecosystem near the Roadside 2.3.1 Effects of Heavy Metals Pollution on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Plants that Grow Along the Urban Roadside The exposure of plants to toxic levels of heavy metals triggers a wide range of physiological and metabolic alterations [48][159]. However, as different heavy metals have different sites of action within the plant,
the overall
visual toxic
response differs
between heavy
metals. The most widespread visual evidence of heavy metal toxicity is a reduction in plant growth [143] including leaf chlorosis, necrosis, turgor loss, a decrease in the rate of seed germination, and a crippled photosynthetic apparatus, often correlated with progressing senescence processes or with plant death [29][42]. All these effects are related to ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular changes in plant tissues and cells brought about by the presence of heavy metals [56]. Metal hyper-tolerant plants can exclude metals from their tissues to minimize metal accumulation especially in their aboveground tissues this is the key difference between hyper-accumulating plants [11]. These plants have a much greater capability to extract heavy metals from the soils, a faster and efficient root-to-shoot translocation of metals. And a much greater ability to detoxify and sequester huge amounts of heavy metals in the leaves [136]. Air pollution has become a serious environmental stress to crop plants [130]. The particulates and gaseous pollutants, alone and in combination, can cause serious setbacks to the overall physiology of plants. Of all plant organs the leaf is the most sensitive part to the air pollutants and to several other external factors. Plants provide an
10
Chapter Two
Literature Review
enormous leaf area for impingement, absorption and accumulation of air pollutants to reduce the pollutant level in the air environment [18]. The effects of heavy metals on plants resulted in growth inhibition, structure damage, a decline of physiological and biochemical activities, as well as of the function of plants. Both growth and photosynthetic pigments are affected by the presence of heavy metals [140].
2.3.1.1 Plant Leaves Chlorophyll Chlorophyll itself is not a single molecule but a family of related molecules, designated chlorophyll „a‟, „b‟, „c‟, and „d‟. Chlorophyll „a‟ is the molecule found in all plant cells. Accessory pigments absorb energy that chlorophyll „a‟ does not absorb. Accessory pigments include chlorophyll „b‟, xanthophylls and carotenoid [82]. Effects of heavy metals on the content of chlorophyll and photosynthesis yield depend on the concentration of heavy metals. Heavy metals affected the function of PSI and PS II [173]. The chlorophyll proteins, which took protons for photosynthesis in PS II, were decomposed and decreased under Cd stress. The submicrostructure of chloroplast was changed, and the membrane system was destroyed. Therefore, the capacity of taking protons declined and the photosynthesis function was influenced. Thus, the photosynthetic yield would be one of the indicators of air pollution [121].
2.3.1.2 Metallothionein Proteins (MTs) Metallothionein-like
Proteins
and
Metallothionein
Expression
proteins are polypeptides sharing low molecular mass, high cysteine content with absence of aromatic amino acids and histidine, high metal content, and abundance of CysXCys sequences where X is an amino acid other than cysteine. The metalloproteins have the ability to bind 11
Chapter Two
Literature Review
both physiological metal (Zn, Cu) as toxic (Cd, Pb, As) through thio group (-SH) of cysteine residues. The family of metallothione-like proteins with a carboxy-terminal (further in text C-terminal) Gly was for the first time characterized in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe exposed to cadmium. There were also prepared plants carrying MT gene as a way to increase the ability of a plant to withstand metal ions [111]. Protein nitrogenous substances are available in the following contents such as pigments (chlorophyll and phycoerythrin), nucleic acids, free amino acids and inorganic nitrogen; nitrate, nitrite and ammonia [54] [93]. The decrease in protein content as observed at higher concentrations of Cd and Pb, may be because of enhanced protein degradation process as a result of increased protease activity [113]. which is found to increase under stress conditions. It is also likely that these heavy metals may have induced lipid peroxidation and fragmentation of proteins due to toxic effects of reactive oxygen species which led to reduced protein content [77].
2.3.2 Effect of Traffic Heavy Metals Pollution on the Soil pH Along the Roadsides From a toxicological perspective, the bioavailability of metal pollutant in soil is important and at the same time the nutrient availability is crucial for the growth of vegetation in the area. Soil pH is a one simple and direct measure of the overall chemical condition of soils. It is commonly recognized that at pH 6.5 nutrient availability to plants is at highest and toxicity at a lowest [67]. The normal pH range for productive soil is from 6.5 to 8.4, High pH of the soil generally can affect plant growth and nutrient availability [71].
12
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2. 4 Bioindicator Plants It is now well accepted that plants can be effectively used as biomonitors of environmental pollution. Elemental analysis of plant samples has for many years been an alternative, easy, and effective way of conducting ecological research in urban areas [100]. The use of vegetation as a passive sampler in biomonitoring bears the advantage of high spatial and temporal resolution due to the excellent availability of plants and low sampling costs. Many plant groups have been used for monitoring air pollution, and their advantages/ disadvantages for this purpose have been pointed out [150]. The accumulation of a trace element by plants confirms its availability in the soil, but many plants concentrate trace elements in their above ground portions (leaves/barks) at quantities many times higher than contained in soil solution [20]. Although it is often difficult to determine the source of the heavy metals, plants can be used as effective biomonitors to detect low concentrations of pollutants both from the soil and atmospheric origin. Although it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the amount of metal taken up from soil and that deposited on leaves, plants, as organisms, reflect the cumulative effects of environmental pollution from both the soil and the atmosphere [154]. Recently biological indicators have become very common and have been found very useful. This is because living organisms have a high sensitivity to changes in environmental components and conditions that constitute their living. The use of living organisms to monitor heavy metal pollution provides more promising results than chemical and physical analysis. This results from the fact that we obtain accurate data of bioavailability and biotransference of contaminants as well as observe some physiological and behavioral symptoms of induced toxicity [91]. Various plants have been used as bioindicators to assess 13
Chapter Two
Literature Review
the impact of a pollution source in the vicinity which is due to the high metal accumulation of plants [110].
2.4.1 Plants Under Studying are 2.4.1.1 Malva parviflora L. In general Malva species have a similar morphological characteristic and are especially difficult to distinguish at seedling and vegetative. However, species do vary in growth, leaf form, hairiness and flower sizes [65]. Malva parviflora (mallow) is an annual herb erect or with ascending branches from the base, stem and branches separsely to moderately furnished with strigulose simple or stellate hairs [73]. This plant is native to Northern Africa, Europe, and Asia and is widely naturalized elsewhere; M. parviflora leaf extracts possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [27]. It is a wild medicinal herb, which needs more management planes, and distribution and phytochemical constituents of five different habitats cultivated lands, orchards, canals, drains and roadsides [64]. Malva parviflora seeds germinate in moist soils late in the spring with optimal temperatures being (15-20°C).It germinates in (2.5-5.1 cm) deep in the soil [120].
Classification of Malva Parviflora Kingdom: Plantae Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Genus: Malva Species: M. parviflora
14
Chapter Two
Literature Review
Fig. (2-1): Malva parviflora
2.4.1.2 Sinapis arvensis L. Sinapis arvensis (mustard), a genus of Brassicaceae, has a long history of use as condiments and as herbal medicines in many developing countries, mustard species are used as food, fodder to livestock, and in folklore medicine [94]. Annual, 20-60 cm., They usually grow in the lower mountains , in fields and distributed ground, in oak forest on limeston, generally as awed in field, by roadside, in garden [73]. classification of Sinapis arvensis [124]. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Capparales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Sinapis Species: arvensis
15
Chapter Two
Literature Review
Fig.(2-2): Sinapis arvensis
2.5
Defense
Mechanisms
of
Plant
against
Heavy
Metals
Contamination The sensitivity of plants to heavy metals depends on an interrelated network of physiological and molecular mechanisms such as (i) uptake and accumulation of metals through binding to extracellular exudates and cell wall constituents; (ii) efflux of heavy metals from cytoplasm to extranuclear compartments including vacuoles. (iii) complexation of heavy metal ions inside the cell by various substances, for example, organic acids, amino acids, phytochelatins, and metallothioneins. (iv) accumulation of osmolytes and osmoprotectants and induction of antioxidative enzymes (v) activation or modification of plant metabolism to allow adequate functioning of metabolic pathways and repair of damaged cell structures [37].
2.6 Heavy Metals Stress on Plants and their Effects on Different Human Organs There are more than twenty heavy metals, they have adverse effects on morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and the 16
Chapter Two
Literature Review
productivity of plants, although many metals are essential for plant growth in small quantities [58]. It was observed that vegetation at the roadside with heavy traffic was much affected by vehicular emission. A significant decrease in total chlorophyll and protein content was observed with reduced leaf area [161]. In the table (1-2) shown the maximum allowable limits of heavy metals in soils and vegetables have been established by standard regulatory bodies such as WHO, FAO and Standard Guidelines in Europe [36]. Table 2.1 Maximum Allowable Limits (MAL) of Heavy Metals in Soils and Vegetables (ppm). Heavy Metals
MPL in soils (ppm)
MPL in vegetables (ppm)
Cd
3
0.10
Cu
100
73.00
Fe
50000
425.00
Ni
50
67.00
Pb
100
0.30
Zn
300
100.00
2.6.1 Cadmium (Cd) Cadmium generally has no biological role and it is highly toxic to plants and animals, the natural concentration of cadmium in soil is 0.06-1.1 mg kg-1 but increased by industrial exhaust and incineration of waste. It is present in higher concentration at surface horizons of soils with organic matter and can move down according to soil properties. The Cd2+ free ion is the principal and most phytotoxic species in soil solution, but its organic and inorganic complexes are also present [10]. Increase in soil pH decreases solution Cd 17
Chapter Two
Literature Review
concentrations by increasing adsorption density, hydrolysis and pHdependent negative charge. Cadmium has many industrial applications, mostly it is used in batteries, electroplating, in manufacturing of pigments, or as stabilizers of plastic [123]. Currently, Cadmium is mainly used in rechargeable batteries and for the production of special alloys. Although emissions in the environment have markedly declined in most industrialized countries, it remains a source of concern for industrial workers and populations living in polluted areas, especially in less developed countries. In the industry, Cadmium is hazardous both by inhalation and ingestion and can cause acute and chronic intoxications. And it is dispersed in the environment which can persist in soils and sediments for decades. When taken up by plants, cadmium concentrates along the food chain and ultimately accumulates in the body of people eating contaminated foods [25]. Also it is not an essential metal for plant growth as it can be strongly phytotoxic, causing rapid death, cytotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic metal,
put
off
enzyme
activities
and
inhibit
DNA-mediated
transformation in microbes [46]. As well as it can disturb physiological metabolisms in plants like transpiration,
photosynthesis,
respiration,
nitrogen
assimilation,
attributable to chloroplast damage, action of metals on photosystem efficiency and chlorophyll content, additionally, cadmim excess in the environment
inhibited
stomatal
opening
[122],
and
stomatal
conductance [49] and plant water balance [184]. More than that cadmium may damage photosynthetic pigments and other biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids [141]. Plants grown in soil containing high levels of cadmium show visible symptoms of injury reflected in terms of chlorosis, growth inhibition, browning of root tips and finally death. Moreover, disturbances in 18
Chapter Two
Literature Review
chloroplast metabolism by inhibiting chlorophyll biosynthesis and reducing the activity of enzymes involved in CO2 fixation [133]. Effect of Cadmium on Human Health; Continuous exposure of cadmium in edibles and water results in the accumulation of it in kidneys. Renal effects (kidney related) may also be caused by subchronic breathing of Cadmium. Nickel confirms deadly if it surpasses the allowed amount in edibles, and higher contact with cadmium may result in lung disorders like bronchiolitis, emphysema, and alveolitis [85].
2.6.2 Copper (Cu) Copper, an essential micronutrient, plays a vital role in maintaining normal metabolism in higher plants. It is involved in a broad range of biochemical and physiological process [158]. However, copper at high levels becomes strongly phytotoxic to cells and causes inhibition of plant growth or even death [34]. Photosynthesis pigment and protein components of photosynthetic membrane are also sensitive to excessive copper. In addition copper toxicity is related to disturbances in the uptake of other essential elements [118]. In humans body, Copper is necessary for the development of connective tissue, nerve coverings, and bone, also participates in both Iron and energy metabolism. Copper acts as a reductant in the oxidase enzymes that reduce molecular oxygen. It is transported in the organism by the protein ceruloplasmin. In the adult body, its highest concentrations are in liver and brain. Copper deficiency in humans is rare, but when it occurs, it leads to normocytic, hypochromic anemia, leukopenia and neuropenia, and inclusive osteoporosis in children. Excessive dietary Zn can cause Cu deficiency. Chronic Copper toxicity is rare in humans and mostly associated with liver damage. Acute 19
Chapter Two
Literature Review
copper intoxication leads to gastrointestinal effects characterized by abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting [31].
2.6.3 Iron (Fe) Iron as an essential element for all plants has many important biological roles in the processes as diverse as photosynthesis, chloroplast development, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. It is a major constituent of the cell redox systems such as heme proteins including cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase and leghemoglobin and iron-sulfur proteins including ferredoxin, aconitase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Although most mineral soils are rich in iron, the expression of iron toxicity symptoms in leaf tissues occurs only under flooded conditions, which involves the microbial reduction of insoluble Fe 3+ to insoluble Fe2+ [24]. The appearance of iron toxicity in plants is related to high Fe2+ uptake by roots and its transportation to leaves and via transpiration stream. The Fe2+ excess causes free radical production that impairs cellular structure irreversibly and damages membranes, DNA and proteins [14] [44]. Iron toxicity is accompanied with the reduction of plant photosynthesis, yield, increase in oxidative stress and ascorbate peroxidase activity [148]. Effect of Iron on Human Health; iron is found in four classes of proteins: Fe-heme proteins (e.g. hemoglobin (2/3 body iron), myoglobin, catalase, cytochromes); Fe–sulfur enzymes (e.g. aconitase, fumarate reductase); proteins for Fe storage and transport (transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, hemosiderin), and other Fe-containing or Feactivated
enzymes
(e.g.
NADH
dehydrogenase,
succinate
dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, cyclooxygenases). Total iron intake ranges from 14.4 to 20.2 mg/day . Serum Fe is about 1.3 mg/L, mostly bound to transferrin. Iron content in an adult man is about 4 g, 20
Chapter Two
Literature Review
decreasing to about 3 g in menstruating women. Fe deficiency causes anemia. Sources of heme Fe (15% of consumption) are hemoglobin and myoglobin from animals. Sources of non-heme Fe are cereals, seeds of leguminous plants, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. One of the most severe forms of Fe overload is acute Fe poisoning. Chronic Fe intoxication occurs frequently associated with genetic and metabolic diseases, repeated blood transfusions, or excessive intake [31].
2.6.4 Nickel (Ni) Nickel is one of many trace metals widely distributed in the environment,
being
released
from
both
natural
sources
and
anthropogenic activity, with input from both stationary and mobile sources. It is present in the air, water, soil and biological material. Natural sources of atmospheric nickel levels include wind-blown dust, derived from the weathering of rocks and soils, volcanic emissions, forest fires and vegetation [30]. Nickel is a transition metal and found in natural soils at trace concentrations except in ultramafic or serpentine soils. However, Ni2+concentration is increasing in certain areas by human activities such as mining works, emission of smelters, burning of coal and oil, sewage, phosphate fertilizers and pesticides. Excess of Ni2+ in the soil causes various physiological alterations and diverse toxicity symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis in different plant species. Plants grown in high Ni2+containing soil showed impairment of nutrient balance and resulted in the disorder of cell membrane functions. Thus, Ni 2+ affected the lipid composition and H-ATPase activity of the plasma membrane. Such changes might disturb membrane functionality and ion balance in the cytoplasm, particularly of K2+, the most mobile ion across the plant cell membrane. High uptake of Ni 2+ induced a decline in the water 21
Chapter Two
Literature Review
content of dicot and monocot plant species. The decrease in water uptake is used as an indicator of the progression of Ni 2+ toxicity in plants [106]. Nickel is normally present in human tissues and, human exposure to highly nickel-polluted environments has the potential to produce a variety of pathological effects. It can cause skin allergies, lung fibrosis, cancer of the respiratory tract and iatrogenic nickel poisoning [39]. Some studies demonstrated the hepatic toxicity associated with nickel exposure and dose-related changes in serum enzyme activity were observed following animal treatment with nickel. Nephrotoxicity has been noted, and aminoaciduria and proteinuria were the indices of nickel toxicity. Nickel exposure has been reported to produce hematological effects in both animals and humans. While no reproductive effects have been associated with nickel exposure to humans, several studies on laboratory animals have demonstrated fetotoxicity [40] [47]. Many harmful effects of nickel are due to the interference with the metabolism of essential metals, such as Fe(II), Mn(II), Ca(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) or Mg(II), which can suppress or modify the toxic and carcinogenic effects of nickel. The toxic functions of nickel probably result primarily from its ability to replace other metal ions in enzymes and proteins or to bind to cellular compounds containing O-, S-, and N-atoms, such as enzymes and nucleic acids, which are then inhibited. Nickel has been shown to be immunotoxic, altering the activity of all specific types involved in the immunological response, resulting in contact dermatitis or asthma [30].
2.6.5 Lead (Pb) Lead in the environment occurs naturally and as a by-product of human activity, and its concentration and presence in environmental 22
Chapter Two
Literature Review
media are highly variable. Generally, lead tends to accumulate near discharge points [165] [167], owing to its physical and chemical properties that minimize the potential for volatilization and airborne transport and enhance the tendency for rapid local deposition. Lead is a stable, silver-gray, ubiquitous heavy metal and is detectable in all phases of the inert environment (air, water, and soil) as well as in most biological systems. It is one of the most commonly used metals in the world. Metallic lead is used in products such as electric storage batteries, lead solder, radiation shields, pipes, and sheaths for an electric cable. It may be combined with other metals to make brass alloys for plumbing fixtures. Organic lead compounds contain a lead atom bonded to carbon to form an organic lead molecule; examples include tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead (the more toxic form of the metal) that were once widely used as gasoline additives to prevent engine knock. Inorganic lead salts are compounds containing lead combined with elements other than carbon. Examples include lead oxides, lead chromate, and lead nitrate. These compounds have been used in a variety of products such as insecticides, pigments, paints, glassware, plastics, and rubber compounds [41]. Approximately 98% of lead in the atmosphere originates from human activities. Numerous studies have documented increased lead concentration in air, soil, vegetation near street and highways [139]. Lead is phytotoxic at higher concentrations and induces chlorosis, necrosis, stunted root, shoot growth and less biomass production. Moreover, it is a major pollutant emitted by automobiles. In urban areas, automobile exhaust contributes substantially to the atmospheric pollution [57]. It has been shown that lead at relatively low concentrations had no significant effect on seed germination in mustard [68]. When the concentration of metal exceeded certain levels, an 23
Chapter Two
Literature Review
abnormal germination occurs and inhibits chlorophyll synthesis by causing impaired uptake of essential elements such as Mg and Fe by plants [149]. Also it can inhibit some vital plant processes, mitosis, and water absorption showing toxic symptoms of dark leaves, wilting of older leaves, and stunted foliage [119]. Lead has numerous effects on human health including neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, neurobehavioral/developmental effects [41]. Also it causes several unwanted effects such as a rise in blood pressure, kidney damage, brain damage, decline fertility of men through sperm damage, diminishing learning ability of children, Behavioral disruption of children. Since human activities increased leading to enhancement of lead amount into the environment, hence it is recommended to know the lead amount in various important cities so that proper preventive measure can be taken up to reduce the adverse effect of lead on environment and human being [139]. Lead enters the organisms with food and air, the accumulation in the food grain, vegetables, spices, medicinal and wild species were investigated [115] [116] [117]. This has been reported to be within the range of 0.5 - 10µg/g [166]. When leaded fuel is burned, it emits very fine particles of lead into the air , where they may settle on vegetables as they are vended along the streets and next to busy highway. Some of the particles settle on the soil where they later contaminate the food when the dust is blown [155].
2.6.6 Zinc (Zn) Zinc is an essential micronutrient that affects several metabolic processes of plants [135]. Its phytotoxicity is indicated by a decrease in growth and development, metabolism and an induction of oxidative damage in the various plant. High levels of it in soil inhibit many plant 24
Chapter Two
Literature Review
metabolic functions, result in retarded growth and cause senescence [97]. It also causes chlorosis on the younger leaves [163]. Typical effect toxicity is the appearance of a purplish-red color in leaves, which is ascribed to phosphorus (P) deficiency [89]. The toxicity of zinc and most zinc-containing compounds is low. And zinc content in plants is species specific; it is dependent on the age, vegetation state of the plant as well as on zinc availability [51]. Effect of Zink on Human Health, is involved in the activity of about 100 enzymes, e.g. RNA polymerase, carbonic anhydrase, Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase, angiotensin I converting enzyme. Also, it is present in Zn-fingers associated with DNA. Ceruloplasmin mainly transports zinc. There are 2–3 g of Zn present in the human body (second to Fe in body content) and about 1 mg/L in plasma. Zinc deficiency is common in underdeveloped countries and is mainly associated with malnutrition, affecting the immune system, wound healing, the senses of taste and smell, and impairing DNA synthesis. Zinc seems to support normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Moreover, it is found in red meat and poultry, beans, nuts, seafood (oysters are extremely rich in Zn), whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy products. Zn toxicity has been seen in both acute and chronic forms. Intakes of 150– 450 mg of Zn per day have been associated with low Cu status, altered Fe function, reduced immune function, and reduced levels of HDL [31].
25
Chapter Three Materials and Methods
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
3. Materials and Methods
3.1 Experimental Design 3.1.1 Surveying and Area of Study This study was carried out at four selected urban roadside sites which are located in Sulaimani 35.57°N, 45.42°E. (Figure 3-1) is Sulaimani map which shows the four sampling roadsides. The roadsides were chosen on the basis of traffic load, population density, and anthropogenic activities. These roads were well noted for high use with every type of vehicular movement including; cars, motorcycles, vans, buses, trucks and feul tankers. Moreover, two other locations (Bnawila and Kani-sard) were used as control, which are in the countryside away from the city atmosphere (Figure 3-2). They were chosen due to their distance from the roadsides. Table 3-1 shows the altitude and latitude of each study site and. All soil and plant samples from the different study locations were taken during the spring of 2014.
1 4 3 2
Fig. 3.1 Sulaimani map showing the four studied locations near the roadsides. Site 1: Chavi land, Site 2: Arbat road, Site 3: Industrial area and Site 4: Bakrajo road (Google earth).
26
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
6 5 Sulaimani
Fig. 3.2 Control locations. Site 5: Bnawila and Site 6: kani sard (Google earth)
Table 3.1 Google Earth (GE) coordinates the sample locations. No.
1-
Location
4-
Coordinate
(m. a. s. l.)
Malik Mahmood Circle/
Malik
1003m
E 45o28′14′′ Arbat N 35o31′55′′
755m
E 45o25′54′′
Road 3-
Elevation
Malik Mahmood Circle/ Chavy N 35o34′41′′ land
2-
GE
Mahmood
Circle/ N 35o32′53′′
Industrial Area
E 45o24′38′′
Bakrajo Road
N 35o34′3′′
777m
741m
E 45o22′14′′ 5-
N 35o41′46′′
Bnawila (as control)
873m
E 45o35′38′′ 6-
N 35o38′42′′
Kani-sard (as control)
E 45o34′1′′
27
898m
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
3.2 Sampling 3.2.1 Plant Samples Two plant species were collected according to their thick colonies populations growing everywhere, they were flourishing in vegetative. The species selected for evaluation were Mustard and Mallow. In addition three replicates of each plant species were collected at 50 to 100m distance from the roadside of the preferred regions [1]. Also three parts of each species (root, stem and leaf) were selected for laboratory analysis [177]. Each of the samples were stored in a labeled sealed polyethylene bag, and then they were sent to the laboratory for chemical analyses.
3.2.1.1 Identification of Plant Species The collected plants (Malva parviflora and Sinapis arvensis) were identified by the plant taxonomist, Haider Othman, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, School of Science, University of Sulaimani. Table 3.3 Species under this study No.
Species
Common
Family
References
Name
1
Malva parviflora L.
Mallow
Malvaceae
Fl. Of Iraq Vol.4,
part.1,
pp.239 2
Sinapis arvensis L.
Mustard
Brassicaceae
Fl. Of Iraq Vol.4,
part.2,
pp.853
3.2.2 Soil Samples Soil samples were collected at the depth of 0 -10 cm because much of the nutrient uptake by plants are from the topsoil, and 50-100m away from the street. For each study site, three replicates, about 1 Kg of soil 28
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
was obtained, using stainless steel spade and plastic dustpan. They were meticulously cleaned after each sampling exercise to avoid cross contamination. Each sample was kept in labeled polyethene bag, then transferred to the laboratory for analysis. Sampling was done in a dry, sunny weather or at least few days after the last rainfall [63].
3.3 Preparation of Samples for Laboratory Analysis 3.3.1 Preparation of Plant Organs for Analysis Plant samples were carefully cleaned by sterile brush to remove soil and other solid particles. Then they were pressed with corrugated card separating the folded newspapers containing the dried species which were kept in the laboratory. The newspaper had been changed every five days. Water was removed from plant tissue to stop enzymatic reactions and to stabilize the sample [112]. After drying, samples were grounded by using high-speed stainless-steel grinder, and a brush was used to clean the grinding apparatus. After grinding every single sample, they were sieved through a 40 mesh stainless-steel sieve, and each prepared sample was placed in a labeled clean plastic container and securely sealed [79].
3.3.2 Preparation of Soil Samples for Analysis Soil samples were dried at ambient laboratory temperature (21 to 27°C) prior to crushing. Moreover, the visible plant roots and fragments were removed and the samples were sievied through a (2-mm)sieve for removing stones and other extranous substances, and then they were stored in a dry environment; Finally each replicated soil sample from each study site was kept in labeled plastic container [175].
29
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
3.3.2 Determination of Chlorophyll in Plant Leaves Fresh leaves of two different plant species were cut into small pieces. Their chlorophyll content was extracted by putting 0.5g of them with 30ml of ethanol (95%) in dark bottles for twenty four hours. After that, the chlorophyll amount was measured by UV-9100 spectrophotometer instrument at optical density 649, and 665 [160]. chlorophyll (a) , (b) and total chlorophyll were calculated by the following equations: Chl,a (µg ml-1) = 13.7 A665 nm - 5.76 A649 nm Chl,b (µg ml-1) = 25.8 A649 nm - 7.60 A665 nm Total Chlorophyll = Chl.a + Chl.b
3.3.3 Determination of Soil pH Soil pH was determined in 2 parts distilled water, and 1 part soil which were performed by Vario sen Tix V. [52].
3.3.4 Digestion 3.3.4.1 Digestion of Plant Samples The plant samples were wet digested by a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated hydrogen peroxide. A 1.0 g of each plant sample was digested with 20 ml mixture of concentrated H2SO4 and H2O2 of 37% in a ratio of 1:1 at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, they were digested at 350 Co for 3 hours using the Kjeldahl digester (model Buchi Speed Digester K-424/Germany). And they were diluted with distilled water, filtered through an ashless Whatman filter 42 paper and diluted to 100 ml with excess distilled water, then stored in polyethylene container for element analysis [80].
30
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
3.3.4.2 Digestion of Soil Samples One gram (HCl of
37%
of each sample was digested with 20 ml aqua regia and HNO3 of
70%)
in a
ratio of (3:1) at room
temperature for 16 hours. Then the mixtures were digested at 130 Co for 2 hours by the automated Kjeldahl digester (model Tecator Digestion System Unit 2540 Auto/ Denmark-Sweden). The obtained suspension was then filtered through an ashless Whatman 42 filter, diluted to 100 ml with 0.5M HNO3, and stored in polyethylene bottles for element analysis. [95].
3.4.4 Determination of Nitrogen and Protein in Plant Organs 3.4.4.1 Distillation The Kjeldahl flask containing 10 ml of digested sample, 10 ml of the 40 percent NaOH was add to the distillation apparatus with a quick delivery pipette. A 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 10 ml of 4 percent boric acid reagent and three drops of mixed indicator was prepared (Dissolve 0.099 g of Brom Cresol green and 0.066 g methyl red in 100 ml of 90 percent ethanol). A flask was placed in the condenser of the distillation apparatus, and the tip of the condenser outlet was kept beneath the surface of the solution in the flask. The steam was allowed from the boiler to pass through the sample, distilling off the ammonia
into the
flask containing
boric acid
solution. The sample was distilled for 3 minutes.
and mixed
indicator
Then the flask was
lowered to drop the solution from the condenser into the flask for about one minute. Each time emptying the rinse water into the distillation apparatus, a minimum amount of water was used. After distillation of each sample, the tip of the condenser outlet of micro-Kjeldahl
31
distillation
Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
apparatus, and the pipette were washed and the flask was rinsed three times with distilled water [145].
3.4.4.2 - Titration The solution of boric acid was titered, and the indicator containing the ''distilled off" ammonia was mixed with the standardized HCl [145]. The nitrogen and protein content of the samples were detected by using these calculation equations:
% Nitrogen =
(Sample titer - blank titer) x normality of HCl x14x 100 Sample weight (g) x 1000
% Protein content = % nitrogen content x 6.25
3.4.5 (AAS) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry as a Technique for Analyzing Heavy Metals in Both Soil and Plant Parts The heavy metals were determined in the digested samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, AA-7000 Japan) for detecting the concentration level of (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in three organs of both plant species and soil samples.
3.4.6 Statistical Analysis The data were statistically analyzed using two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a general way to determine the differences between the studied factors at a significant level (0.05). Mean comparisons were performed by using least significant different (L.S.D.) test at probability level (0.05) [168].
32
Chapter Four Results and Discussions
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Leaf Chlorophyll Content 4.1.1. Leaf Chlorophyll Content (µg/ml) Accumulated in the Leaves of Plants due to Different Polluted locations Table 4.1 show the chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves of plants due to different polluted study sites. Location was a highly significant factor (p ≤ 0.05) that affected plant leaves chlorophyll content (Appendix 1). The maximum chlorophyll content was recorded at the control location Kanisard and Bnawela) with 54.914 (µg/ml), while the minimum amount of chlorophyll content was recorded at Chavy land 25.147 (µg/ml). Chlorophyll content is often measured in plants in order to assess the impact of environmental stress, as changes in pigment content are linked to visual symptoms of plant illness and photosynthetic productivity [114]. Decreased chlorophyll content associated with heavy metal stress may be the result of inhibition of the cytochrome oxidase enzymes, which is responsible for chlorophyll biosynthesis [151]. These results are in agreement with [53] who said that, the increase of toxic heavy metal causes the decrease of the total chlorophyll content in plant leaves, in response to heavy metal stress. Table (4.1) Leaf Chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves of plants due to different polluted locations. Locations
Leaf Chlorophyll content (µg/ml)
Bnawela & Kani Sard ( Control)
54.914a
Chavi land
25.147c
Arbat
29.821c
Industial Area
45.466b
Bakrajo
27.566c
LSD (p≤0.05)
6.369 33
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4.1.2. Leaf Chlorophyll Content (µg/ml) Accumulated in the Leaves of the two Different Plant Species Results show in table 4.2 are leaf Chlorophyll content (µg/ml) of leaves of the two different plant species. The results display no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the leaves chlorophyll content between the two plant species (Appendix 1). Metal toxicity reduces the rate of photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in different plant species. The reduction in the chlorophyll content was directly related to the accumulation of the metal ions in leaf tissues [83]. The results of this study showed that decreased total chlorophyll content is related to the increase of toxic heavy metals, such as Cd, Ni and Pb [78]. Table (4.2) Leaf Chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves of two different plant species. Plant species
Leaf Chlorophyll content (µg/ml)
Mallow
38.367a
Mustard
34.799a
LSD (p≤0.05)
n.s
4.1.3. Leaf Chlorophyll Content (µg/ml) Accumulated in the Leaves due to the Interactions of two Different Plant Species and Different Polluted locations Table 4.3 shows the leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml) of leaves due to the interactions of two different plant species and different polluted locations. The results show a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) of the chlorophyll content between the two plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 1). The highest chlorophyll content was 58.457 (µg/ml) recorded in mustard species in the control locations Kanisard and Bnawela, while the lowest amount of chlorophyll content was 13.020 (µg/ml) which was recorded in mustard species at Chavyland roadside. Disturbances of 34
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
metabolism by excess heavy metals appear to happen in multiple ways like inhibition of respiration because of a reduction of chlorophyll content and inhibition of some photosynthetic function in leaves. As supported by [26] who described that, With increasing toxic heavy metals the chlorophyll content of plant species was decreased. Table (4.3) Leaf Chlorophyll content (µg/ml) accumulated in the leaves due to the interactions of two different plant species and different polluted locations. Leaf Chlorophyll content
Locations
Plant species
Bnawela & Kani
Mallow
51.371 ab
Sard ( Control)
Mustard
58.457 a
Mallow
37.274 cd
Mustard
13.020 f
Mallow
34.878 cd
Mustard
24.764 e
Mallow
42.724 bc
Mustard
48.207 b
Mallow
25.588 e
Mustard
29.545 de
Chavi land
Arbat
Industial Area
Bakrajo
(µg/ml)
LSD (p≤0.05)
9.007
4.2 Protein Content (%) in Plant Samples 4.2.1 Protein Content (%) Accumulated in Plants due to Different Polluted locations Results in table 4.4 show the protein content (%) accumulated in plants due to different polluted locations. Location had a highly significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on plant protein content (Appendix 2). The maximum protein 35
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
content was 12.656 % recorded in both plant species grown in control locations (Kanisard and Bnawela), while the minimum protein content of was 8.498 % recorded in Arbat location. Heavy metals seem to be phytotoxic causing growth inhibition and effect on protein and metabolism. The way heavy metals affected chlorophyll synthesis could be linked to specific changes to some chloroplast proteins and also differences in metabolic level and give insight into the toxicity mechanism. Probably all these mechanisms were related with steady-state level on protein synthesis and protein breakdown. Reduction in chlorophyll content maybe caused by the alteration of chloroplast structure and thylakoid membrane composition under such growth conditions [129]. It is well established that toxic heavy metals disrupt the metabolic pathways and protein synthesis with increasing concentration [180]. Table (4.4) Protein content (%) accumulated in plants due to different polluted locations. Locations
Protein content (%)
Bnawela & Kani Sard ( Control)
12.656 a
Chavi land
8.776 b
Arbat
8.498 b
Industial Area
9.300 b
Bakrajo
9.219 b
LSD (p≤0.05)
1.258
4.2.2 Protein Content (%) Accumulated in Whole Plant of two Different Species The protein content (%) accumulated in whole plant of both species show in table 4.5. The results showed no significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) of protein content in the whole plant between the two species 36
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
(Appendix 2). Heavy metals may have induced lipid peroxidation and fragmentation of proteins due to toxic effects of reactive oxygen to reduced protein content [43]. Decrease in protein content of most of the plant species as observed at higher concentrations of toxic heavy metals may be because of enhanced protein degradation process as a result of increased protease activity [77]. Table (4.5) Protein content (%) accumulated in whole plant of two different species. Plant species
Protein content (%)
Mallow
9.776 a
Mustard
9.604 a
LSD (p≤0.05)
n.s
4.2.3 Protein Content (%) Accumulated in Different Plant Organs Results in Table 4.6 show the protein content (%) accumulated in different plant organs. Plant organ has highly significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on protein content (Appendix 2). The maximum protein content was 12.599 %, in the leaves of both species, while the minimum protein content was 7.564 % recorded in stems. Plants store nitrogen in proteins. Nitrate reduction and protein synthesis would occur in the part of vegetation season, when demands of these highly energy consuming processes can be met easily by photosynthesis. These results are supported by [55]. Table (4.6) Protein content (%) accumulated in different plant organs. Plant organs
Protein content (%)
Root
8.906 b
Stem
7.564 c
Leaf
12.599 a
LSD (p≤0.05)
0.974 37
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4.2.4 Protein Content (%) Accumulated due to the Interactions of Different Plant Species and Different Polluted locations Table 4.7 show the protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations. The results showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) of protein content due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 2). The maximum protein content recorded in the mallo species was 13.581 % in the control locations (Kanisard and Bnawela), while the minimum protein content was recorded in the mallow species which was 7.189 % at Bakrajo roadside. In addition, increase in heavy metal concentrations in the polluted plant samples causes parallel increase of enzyme antioxidant defenses which are used as biomarkers of oxidative
damage.
Moreover,
prolonged
exposure of
plants
to
environmental pollution with heavy metal causes depletion of the antioxidant enzymes as a result of oxidative damage to biological molecules, such as lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA damage [23]. The current investigation showed a high significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) of protein content due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations. Similar results were reported by [72] who said Heavy metal causes carbohydrate and protein metabolism impairment. Table (4.7) Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations. Locations
Plant species
Protein content (%)
Bnawela & Kani
Mallow
13.581 a
Sard ( Control)
Mustard
11.731 b
Mallow
9.734 cd
Mustard
7.818 ef
Chavi land
38
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Arbat
Industial Area
Bakrajo
Mallow
8.766 def
Mustard
8.231 def
Mallow
9.608 cd
Mustard
8.991 de
Mallow
7.189 f
Mustard
11.249 bc
LSD (p≤0.05)
1.779
4.2.5 Protein Content (%) Accumulated due to the Interactions of Different Plant Organs and Different Polluted locations Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations show in table 4.8. The results displayed no significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) of protein content present due to the interactions of them (Appendix 2). Heavy metals taken by the root of plants from the soil, then, the endoderm acts as a partial barrier to the movement of metals between the roots and shoots. Therefore, a higher accumulation of them was observed in roots compared to shoots [157]. Table (4.8) Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations. Locations
Plant organs
Protein content ( %)
Bnawela & Kani
Root
11.861 a
Sard
Stem
10.701 a
( Control)
Leaf
15.406 a
Root
8.435 a
Stem
7.313 a
Leaf
10.580 a
Chavi land
39
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Arbat
Industial Area
Bakrajo
Root
7.536 a
Stem
6.524 a
Leaf
11.435 a
Root
7.180 a
Stem
7.134 a
Leaf
13.585 a
Root
9.520 a
Stem
6.147 a
Leaf
11.990 a
LSD (p≤0.05)
n.s
4.2.6 Protein Content (%) Accumulated due to the Interactions of Different Plant Organs and Different Plant Species Table 4.9 show the protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species. The results displayed no significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) present due to the interactions of them (Appendix 2). Nitrogen concentration in both plant species was greater in leaves than in roots. In addition, it was greater in roots than in stems, this is in support with the results of [69]. Table (4.9) Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species. Plant species
Mallow
Mustard
Plant organs
Protein content ( %)
Root
8.311 a
Stem
7.831 a
Leaf
13.184 a
Root
9.502 a
Stem
7.296 a
Leaf
12.014 a
LSD (p≤0.05)
n.s 40
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4.2.7 Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations Results shwed in table 4.10 are protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations. The results showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) (Appendix 2). The maximum protein content was recorded in mustard leaves 15.933 % in the control locations (Bnawela and Kani sard), while the minimum protein content was recorded in mallow stems 5.404 % in Bakrajo. Heavy metals are toxic and influence the plant development adversely by affecting the root, stem and leave growth, they inhibit enzymatic activities and result in reducing production [88] [182]. Results of the current study shows a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) of protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations. The present data is in agreement with [109] at the highest dose of toxic heavy metals, the total protein contents decreased. Table (4.10) Protein content (%) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations. Locations
Plant species
Plant organs Protein content ( %) Root
12.036 bcde
Stem
13.827 abc
Bnawela & Kani
Leaf
14.880 ab
Sard ( Control)
Root
11.686 cde
Stem
7.575 fgh
Leaf
15.933 a
Mallow
Mustard
41
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Mallow Chavi land Mustard
Mallow Arbat
Mustard
Mallow Industial Area Mustard
Mallow Bakrajo
Mustard
LSD (p≤0.05)
Root
8.576 fg
Stem
7.509 gh
Leaf
13.118 abcd
Root
8.295 fgh
Stem
7.118 gh
Leaf
8.041 fgh
Root
7.956 fgh
Stem
5.496 h
Leaf
12.846 bcde
Root
7.117 gh
Stem
7.553 fgh
Leaf
10.024 ef
Root
7.268 gh
Stem
6.921 gh
Leaf
14.636 abc
Root
7.092 gh
Stem
7.347 gh
Leaf
12.535 bcde
Root
5.721 gh
Stem
5.404 h
Leaf
10.442 def
Root
13.320 abcd
Stem
6.890 gh
Leaf
13.537 abc 3.081
42
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4.3. Heavy Metals Content (ppm) 4.3.1 Soil Samples Table 4.11a show the concentrations of some heavy metals (ppm) accumulated in soil samples at different polluted study sites. Location has significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on soil cadmium concentration (Appendix 3.1). The maximum cadmium content was recorded in Arbat with 2.292 ppm, while the minimum amount of cadmium content was recorded 0.361 ppm in the control locations (Bnawla and Kanisard). Additionally, soil copper content showed significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) among different study areas (Appendix 3.1). The maximum copper content 73.856 ppm was recorded in the control locations (Bnawela and Kanisard), while the minimum amount of Copper content was 20.604 ppm which was recorded in chavyland. The amount of soil iron show significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the areas of the study (Appendix 3.1). The maximum iron content 46.860 ppm was recorded in the control locations (Bnawela and Kanisard), while the minimum amount of iron content was 25.680 ppm which was recorded in industrial area. Nickel analysis showed a significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) in soil samples due to different polluted locations (Appendix 3.1). Maximum nickel content was recorded 3.815 ppm in Arbat, but the minimum nickel content was recorded 1.089 ppm in the Industrial location. However, the amount of lead in soil samples showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to different polluted locations (Appendix 3.1). Zinc showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the different study sites (Appendix 3.1). Table 3-14b shows the soil pH of each selected study sites. Heavy metals found in roadside dust are significant environmental pollutants of growing concern in recent years, that public and scientific attention has increasingly focused on its pollution and effects on human 43
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
and other living creatures [162]. Soil pollution from traffic activities causes heavy metals to deposit in soil. They are not degraded and persist in the environment for a long time and cause serious environmental pollution [105]. As supported by [92] the level of pollution decreases with the increase of distance from roadside. Table (4.11a) Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in soil samples at different polluted locations. Area
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Contrl
0.361b
73.856a
46.860a
1.238b
2.721b
17.566a
L1
0.792b
20.604c
29.040b
1.876b
6.184ab
19.558a
L2
2.292a
27.476bc
25.936b
3.815a
8.174a
19.809a
L3
1.151ab
43.754abc
25.680b
1.089b
5.692ab
13.209a
L4
1.040b
62.769ab
37.206ab
2.218ab
6.667ab
14.948a
LSD(p≤0.05)
1.150
36.156
17.140
1.789
4.133
12.536
Table (4.11b) Soil pH of the studied locations No.
Locations
Soil pH
1
Malik Mahmood Circle/ Chavy land
7.06
2
Malik Mahmood Circle/ Arbat Road
7.02
3
Malik Mahmood Circle/ Industrial Area
7.37
4
Bakrajo Road
7.29
5
Bnawila (as control)
7.25
6
Kanisard (as control)
7.39
4.3.2. Plant Samples: 4.3.2.1 Heavy Metals Accumulated in Plants due to Different Polluted locations Table 4.12 show the concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) which accumulated in plants due to different polluted study sites. Location had a 44
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
highly significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on plant cadmium concentration (Appendix 3.2). The maximum cadmium content was recorded in plants that grew in Bakrajo location with 0.485 ppm, while the minimum amount of cadmium content was recorded in plants that grew in the control location 0.095 ppm. Results for plant copper content showed high significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) among different study areas (Appendix 3.2). The maximum copper content 7.658 ppm was recorded in plant samples in Arbat location, when the minimum amount of copper content 3.236 ppm was recorded in plant samples in the Industrial location. Iron concentration in plant samples did not show the significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). Regarding nickel concentration, the statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the plant samples at different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum nickel content 0.874 ppm was recorded in the plants that grew in the Industrial location, but the minimum amount of nickel content 0.204 ppm was recorded in the plants that grew in the control locations (Bnawela and kani sard). However, the amount of lead content in plant samples showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the study areas (Appendix 3.2). The maximum lead content 1.910 ppm was noted in plant samples in Arbat. The minimum amount of lead content was 0.233 ppm which was noted in the plants samples at the control locations (Bnawela and Kani sard). Moreover, zinc of plants samples showed a high significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum zinc content 8.781ppm was recorded in the plant samples at the industrial area. However, the minimum amount of zinc content is 3.914 ppm was recorded in the plants samples at chavy land location site.
45
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Plants are the intermediaries through which elements from the soil and partly from the air and water are transferred to the human body by consumption. Some of the elements are necessary for growth and development of crops and without them they cannot survive, some have stimulating effect on plant growth, while a group of elements at high concentrations affects the plants toxically [125]. This is in agreement with [153] showed that the concentration of the investigated metalsin soil was generally higher than that found in centers of cities and along traffic roads proving that the railway is an important linear source of soil contamination Table (4.12) Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in plants due to different polluted locations. Locations
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Control
0.095c
4.899b
21.940a
0.204b
0.233c
5.477bc
L1
0.241b
3.947bc
23.692a
0.587a
1.575ab
3.914c
L2
0.481a
7.658a
24.758a
0.778a
1.910a
4.272bc
L3
0.238bc
3.236c
20.385a
0.874a
1.265b
8.781a
L4
0.485a
3.536bc
17.431a
0.665a
1.571ab
5.947b
0.121
1.550
n.s
0.331
0.403
1.813
LSD (p≤0.05)
4.3.2.2 Different Plant Species Results in table 4.13 show concentrations of some heavy metals (ppm) accumulated in the whole plant of different species. In the present study the concentration of cadmium in plant samples showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interaction of two different plant species (Appendix 3.2). The maximum cadmium content was recorded in the whole organs of mallow species 0.468 ppm, while the minimum cadmium content was recorded in the whole organs of mustard species 0.148 ppm.
46
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Additionally, the concentration of copper in whole organs of the two plant species had a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) (Appendix 3.2). The maximum copper content was recorded in mustard 5.871 ppm, but the minimum copper content was recorded in mallow 3.439 ppm. However, the iron content shows a significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between two different plant species (Appendix 3.2). The maximum iron content was recorded in mustard 23.953ppm, whereas the minimum iron content was recorded in mallow, 19.33 ppm. On the other hand, nickel content showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the two plant species (Appendix 3.2). Furthermore, the lead concentration showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among them (Appendix 3.2). However zinc concentration of the two plant species displayed the significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in (Appendix 3.2). The maximum zinc content was recorded in mallow 6.264 ppm, but the minimum zinc content was recorded in mustard 5.092 ppm. The ability of heavy metals to disrupt normal functions of a plant and the typical phytotoxicity symptom of them on different plants is chlorosis; which is a light green to yellow coloration of the leaves or whole plant. This is in agreement with [76] the concentration levels of heavy metals increased with increasing the numbers of vehicles. Table (4.13) Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in whole plant of two different species. Plant
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Mallow
0.468a
3.439b
19.330b
0.594a
1.265a
6.264a
Mustard
0.148b
5.871a
23.953a
0.650a
1.356a
5.092b
0.077
0.980
4.152
n.s
n.s
1.147
species
LSD (p≤0.05)
47
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4.3.2.3 Different Plant Organs Table 4.14 show concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in different plant organs of the two different plant species. The results show a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) of cadmium content between roots, stems and leaves of the two different plant species (Appendix 3.2). The maximum cadmium content was recorded in roots of the two plant species 0.668 ppm, while the minimum cadmium content was recorded in leaves of them 0.117 ppm. In addition, copper content showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) it decreased significantly in root, stem, and leaf (12.275, 1.106, 0.585) ppm respectively (Appendix 3.2). The maximam concentration of copper was recorded in roots of the two different plant species 12.275 ppm, when the minimum copper content was recorded in their leaves 0.585 ppm. Moreover the iron concentration showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between plant organs of the two species (Appendix 3.2). The maximum amount of iron was 38.496 ppm recorded in the roots of the two different plant species, but the minimum iron content was 9.897 ppm recorded in their stem. Furthermore, nickel content showed a highly statistical variation (p ≤ 0.05) it decreased in root, stem, and leaf respectively (Appendix 3.2). The maximum nickel concentration was recorded in root of both different plant species 1.505 ppm, while the minimum nickel content has been recorded in the leaves of them 0.105 ppm. In addition lead content showed a highly statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) among different plant organs of the two species (Appendix 3.2). The maximum lead content was recorded in roots of them 2.749 ppm, but the minimum lead content has been recorded in their leaves 0.48ppm. Besides the concentration of zinc had a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among their different organs (Appendix 3.2). The maximum content of zinc 48
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
was recorded in the roots of the two different plant species which was 11.241 ppm, when the lowest zinc content has been recorded in their stems 2.606 ppm. Heavy metals are taken by plants from the soil and accumulate mainly in their roots [6]. The results of the present study indicated a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) for each heavy metal exhibiting a different trend in the different plant organs. This is similar to the results of [177]. Table (4.14) Concentrations of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated in different plant organs. Plant
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Root
0.668a
12.275a
38.496a
1.505a
2.749a
11.241a
Stem
0.140b
1.106b
9.897c
0.255b
0.703b
2.606b
Leaf
0.117b
0.585b
16.530b
0.105b
0.480b
3.188b
0.094
1.200
5.085
0.256
0.312
1.404
organs
LSD (p≤0.05)
4.3.2.4 Different Plant Species and Different Polluted Locations Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations show in table 4.15. For cadmium the results showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the different plant species and the different study sites (Appendix 3.2). The maximum cadmium concentration was 0.822 ppm recorded in mallow in Arbat location. However the minimum cadmium content was 0.117 ppm recorded in mallow at the control locations. Whereas copper concentration showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). 49
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Nickel content showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum concentration of nickel was 1.086ppm recorded in mustard in the Industrial location. While the minimum amount of it was 0.195 ppm recorded in mustard at the control location. Regarding iron, lead and zinc the results did not show a significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different plant species at the different study areas (Appendix 3.2). It can be stated that even though the types of grasses are different, the order for heavy-metal absorbing capability from soil to grass is similar [170]. The results are supported by [170] [174] they work under field conditions is to investigate the connection between the heavy metals concentration
in
soil
and
their
bioaccumulation
collected
from
experimental site and a control area. Table (4.15) Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant species and different polluted locations. Locations
Control
L1
L2
L3
L4
Plant
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
mallow
0.117d
3.280a
16.383a
0.213b
0.132a
5.607a
mustard
0.074d
6.518a
27.498a
0.195b
0.335a
5.346a
maloow
0.318bc
2.459a
25.806a
0.861a
1.453a
3.876a
mustard
0.164bcd
5.435a
21.577a
0.313b
1.697a
3.951a
mallow
0.822a
5.599a
25.559a
0.888a
1.819a
4.765a
mustard
0.141d
9.716a
23.957a
0.669ab
2.000a
3.779a
mallow
0.325b
2.720a
17.424a
0.662ab
1.133a
9.480a
mustard
0.152cd
3.752a
23.347a
1.086a
1.397a
8.082a
mallow
0.760a
3.137a
11.477a
0.344b
1.791a
7.591a
mustard
0.209bcd
3.935a
23.386a
0.987a
1.351a
4.302a
0.171
n.s
n.s
0.467
n.s
n.s
Sp.
LSD (p≤0.05)
50
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
4.3.2.5 Interactions of Different Plant Organs and Different Polluted locations Table 4.16 show the concentration of some heavy metals (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations. Firstly, for the cadmium element the results showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different plant organs at different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum value of it was 1.244 ppm recorded in the roots of the two different plant species in Arbat location, while the minimum cadmium content was 0.062 ppm recorded in their stems in the control location. Secondly, copper content also showed a high significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The concentration of copper was between (21.838, 0.298) ppm. The maximum copper content was recorded in the roots of two different plant species in Arbat 21.838 ppm, when the minimum copper content was recorded in their leaves in the same location 0.298 ppm. Thirdly, iron element did not showing significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different plant organs at different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). However, nickel content showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) the results of nickel were among (2.280, 0.051) ppm (Appendix 3.2). Maximal nickel content was observed in the roots of the two different plant species in the Industrial location 2.280 ppm, and the minimal nickel content was observed in the leaves of them in the control location 0.051 ppm. Furthermore, lead content also showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different plant organs at different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum lead concentration was 4.254 ppm 51
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
observed in the roots of the two different plant species in Arbat location. But the minimum lead concentration was 0.051 ppm recorded in the stems and leaves of two different plant species in the control locations. Finally, zinc concentration showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the organs of the two different plant species and the polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum zinc content was recorded in the roots of two different plant species in Arbat location 18.449 ppm, the minimum zinc content was 1.940 ppm in the stems of two different plant species in Chavyland. Many studies show that there is a difference in metal accumulation between different plant species, and even though the same plant species have different uptake and translocation properties to heavy metals in plant organs [59]. Variation of elements concentration has been observed, which was mainly accumulated in root, and it was greater in the leaves compared to the stem tissue, and also differed among the elements. This is similar to what was obtained by [98] [137] the metal concentrations in plant tissues also differed between species at the same site, indicating their different capacities for metal uptake. Table (4.16) Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different polluted locations Locations
Control
L1
Plant
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Root
0.142e
12.708b
35.845a
0.427d
0.598def
9.348c
Stem
0.062e
1.172d
11.304a
0.134d
0.051f
2.860d
Leaf
0.082e
0.817d
18.672a
0.051d
0.051f
4.222d
Root
0.421cd
9.715c
43.816a
1.274c
3.038b
7.485c
Stem
0.163e
1.376d
10.180a
0.371d
1.210d
1.940d
Leaf
0.140e
0.749d
17.078a
0.117d
0.478ef
2.316d
organs
52
Chapter four
L2
L3
L4
Results and Discussions
Root
1.244a
21.838a
45.570a
1.985ab
4.254a
8.357c
Stem
0.100e
0.837d
8.687a
0.230d
0.699de
2.086d
Leaf
0.099e
0.298d
20.018a
0.120d
0.776de
2.372d
Root
0.500c
8.368c
37.400a
2.280a
2.502c
18.449a
Stem
0.142e
0.883d
9.325a
0.226d
0.683de
4.105d
Leaf
0.073e
0.458d
14.432a
0.115d
0.609def
3.790d
Root
1.033b
8.745c
29.850a
1.559bc
3.351b
12.565b
Stem
0.232de
1.262d
9.991a
0.314d
0.873de
2.037d
Leaf
0.189e
0.602d
12.453a
0.123d
0.487ef
3.238d
0.210
2.684
n.s
0.573
0.698
3.140
LSD (p≤0.05)
4.3.2.6 Interactions of Different Plant Organs and Different Plant Species Table 4.17 show the concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species. For cadmium, the results showed a high significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) because of the interaction of them (Appendix 3.2), the concentration of cadmium was between (1.099, 0.092) ppm. The maximum content of it was recorded in the roots of mallow 1.099 ppm, but the minimum cadmium content was 0.092 ppm in the leaves of the mustard. Also copper content showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different plant organs and different plant species (Appendix 3.2). The highest copper content was 15.341 ppm in the roots of mustard. But the minimum content of it was 0.541 ppm in the stems of mallow. On the contrary, the results for iron, nickel and lead showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different organs of mustard and mallow (Appendix 3.2). However, the results for zinc concentration showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between different plant organs and different plant 53
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
species (Appendix 3.2). The maximum concentration of zinc has been recorded in the roots of mallow species 13.462ppm, while the minimum zinc concentration 1.460ppm has been recorded in the stems of mallow. Plants readily assimilate elements through the roots; while other additional sources of elements include rainfall, atmospheric dusts and plant protection agent which could be absorbed through leaf blades. Plants are also susceptible to heavy metal toxicity and respond to avoid detrimental effects in a variety of different ways. The toxicity depends on the type of ion concentration, plant species, stage of plant growth and plant organ [183]. These results agree with the work of [8] [108] concentration of heavy metals showed that root> stem> leaf in most stations. Table (4.17) Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs and different plant species. Plant
Plant
species
organs
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Root
1.099a
9.208b
35.985a
1.403a
2.532a
13.462a
Stem
0.165bc
0.541c
7.879a
0.245a
0.684a
1.460d
Leaf
0.141bc
0.568c
14.125a
0.132a
0.580a
3.869c
Root
0.237b
15.341a
41.007a
1.607a
2.966a
9.020b
Stem
0.114bc
1.671c
11.916a
0.265a
0.722a
3.751c
Leaf
0.092c
0.602c
18.936a
0.078a
0.380a
2.506cd
LSD (p≤0.05)
0.133
1.698
n.s
n.s
n.s
1.986
mallow
mustard
4.3.2.7 Different Plant Organs, Different Plant Species and Different Polluted locations Table 4.18 show the results of the concentration of some heavy metals (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations. Cadmium concentration 54
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
showed a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among them (Appendix 3.2). The maximal concentration of zinc was 2.183 ppm in the roots of mallow species in Arbat sampling site, while the minimum cadmum content was recorded 0.022 ppm in the leaves of mustard in Arbat roadside. However, copper did not show the significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). In addition, iron element showed no significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interaction of them (Appendix 3.2). While, the concentration of nickel showed the significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) caused by the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The range of nickel concentration was recorded between (0.029-2.838)ppm. The maximum nickel concentration was 2.838 ppm recorded in the roots of mustard in the Industrial location, but the minimum nickel content had been recorded in the leaves of mustard 0.029 ppm in the control location. The lead content did not show a significant statistical variance (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). But the concentration of zinc showed a highly significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations (Appendix 3.2). The maximum zinc concentration was 24.358 ppm which was recorded in the roots of mallow in the Industrial location, while the minimum zinc content was 1.130 ppm in the stems of mallow in the Industrial location. Trace metals enter plant organs through the air and soil from which metals are taken up by the root or foliage. The uptake of metal concentration by roots depends on speciation of metal and soil characteristics and the type of plant species. In polluted areas, bodies of 55
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
plants produced adaptation and defense mechanisms which involved precipitation of excess metal in crystalline forms or salt deposition on the tips of the leaves. Consequently, metal mobility and plant availability are very important when assessing the effect of soil pollution on plant metal uptake, as well as translocation and toxicity or ultra-structural alterations [32]. These results agreed with [12] was conducted to screen different parts of plant growing on a contaminated site to determine their potential for metal accumulation.
The higher
metals content was found soil samples than different parts of plant. Table (4.18) Concentration of some heavy metal (ppm) accumulated due to the interactions of different plant organs, different plant species and different polluted locations. Locations
Plant
Plant
species
organs
Mallow Control Mustard
Mallow L1 Mustard
L2
Mallow
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Root
0.188e
8.456a
25.517a
0.425c
0.302a
10.874cd
Stem
0.086e
0.621a
7.488a
0.142c
0.069a
1.280j
Leaf
0.076e
0.763a
16.143a
0.073c
0.024a
4.666fghij
Root
0.096e
16.960a
46.173a
0.430c
0.894a
7.821defg
Stem
0.038e
1.724a
15.121a
0.126c
0.034a
4.439fghij
Leaf
0.088e
0.871a
21.200a
0.029c
0.079a
3.779ghij
Root
0.546cd
6.519a
48.987a
1.964b
2.959a
5.722efghi
Stem
0.219e
0.505a
11.198a
0.443c
0.947a
2.418ij
Leaf
0.190e
0.353a
17.232a
0.176c
0.454a
3.489ghij
Root
0.296de
12.911a
38.645a
0.583c
3.117a
9.249cde
Stem
0.108e
2.248a
9.163a
0.299c
1.472a
1.463ij
Leaf
0.090e
1.145a
16.925a
0.058c
0.502a
1.142j
Root
2.183a
15.772a
46.373a
2.086ab
3.800a
9.625cde
Stem
0.107e
0.622a
9.074a
0.409c
0.708a
1.198j
Leaf
0.177e
0.402a
21.229a
0.169c
0.948a
3.471ghij
56
Chapter four
Results and Discussions
Mastard
Mallow L3 Mustard
Mallow L4 Mustard
LSD (p≤0.05)
Root
0.306de
27.904a
44.767a
1.884b
4.708a
7.089defgh
Stem
0.094e
1.053a
8.300a
0.051c
0.689a
2.975hij
Leaf
0.022e
0.193a
18.806a
0.071c
0.603a
1.274j
Root
0.762c
7.315a
34.859a
1.723b
1.857a
24.358a
Stem
0.157e
0.207a
6.647a
0.134c
0.817a
1.130j
Leaf
0.056e
0.639a
10.766a
0.130c
0.725a
2.952hij
Root
0.239e
9.421a
39.941a
2.838a
3.148a
12.541bc
Stem
0.127e
1.559a
12.003a
0.318c
0.550a
7.079defgh
Leaf
0.089e
0.277a
18.097a
0.101c
0.493a
4.627fghij
Root
1.816b
7.980a
24.188a
0.817c
3.741a
16.731b
Stem
0.259de
0.751a
4.986a
0.099c
0.881a
1.274j
Leaf
0.206e
0.681a
5.255a
0.115c
0.750a
4.769fghij
Root
0.250de
9.511a
35.511a
2.301ab
2.961a
8.399cdef
Stem
0.205e
1.773a
14.996a
0.529c
0.866a
2.800hij
Leaf
0.172e
0.522a
19.651a
0.131c
0.225a
1.708ij
0.297
n.s
n.s
0.810
n.s
4.441
57
Chapter Five Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter Five
Conclusions and Recommendations
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions The investigated results of heavy metals pollution and their negative effects on environment along the highways roadsides showed the following observations were concluded 1. Heavy metal accumulation in soil and plants near the roadsides is maybe related to industrial growth and higher trends of vehicle density in Sulaimani city. 2. Heavy metals concentration found in soil matrix and plants near the streets varied from one location to another, which was associated with vehicle emissions along the roadsides. The concentration of heavy metals in the polluted sites was higher than the control locations. 3. The concentration of each metallic element Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in both analyzed plant species showed a large variability. Their concentration levels werein the following order Fe˃ Zn˃ Cu˃ Pb> Ni> Cd respectively. 4. Specific metal copiousness may indicate the source and degree of contamination to environmental stress. 5. Heavy metals toxicity decreased the total leaves chlorophyll content of both mallow and mustard species, in respond to heavy metal stress. 6. Heavy metals caused protein content destruction and protein metabolism impairment in both studied plant species.
58
Chapter Five
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.2 Recommendations 1. Further studies are needed to determine the negative effects of heavy metals on plant organs of different species. 2. Phytoremediation is a natural technique that could be used to remediate the heavy metals pollution from contaminated locations. Studying and finding the hyper accumulator plant species is necessary. 3. Collect heavy metals and reused these metals in special industrials. 4. Aware people to use plants grown in unpolluted area. 5. Avoid herbivorous to eat polluted plants.
59
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix 1. Mean squares of variance analysis of plant leaves Chlorophyll content (µg/ml). M.S S. O. V
d.f
Leaf chlorophyll content (µg/ml)
Replicates
r-1=2
67.430 n.s
Locations
a-1=4
1009.109 **
Plant species
b-1=1
95.508 n.s
(a - 1)(b - 1) = 4
271.048 **
(abc -1) (r - 1) = 18
27.571
Locations x Plant species Exp. Error
Appendix 2. Mean squares of variance analysis of protein content (%). S. O. V
d.f
M.S Protein content (%)
Replicates
r-1=2
2.462 n.s
Locations
a-1=4
51.417 **
Plant species
b-1=1
0.662 n.s
Plant organs
c-1=2
203.967 **
(a - 1)(b - 1) = 4
27.111 **
(a - 1)(c - 1) = 8
5.806 n.s
(b - 1)(c - 1) = 2
11.195 n.s
(a - 1 )(b - 1) (c - 1) = 8
12.323 **
(abc -1) (r - 1) = 58
3.554
Locations x Plant species Locations x Plant organs Plant species x Plant organs Locations x Plant species x Plant organs Exp. Error
60
Appendix (3.1) Mean squares of variance analysis of the heavy metals (ppm)of soil samples. M.S. S.O.V
d.f Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
Replicates
2
0.169
30.433
423.645
3.797
7.046
159.809
Area
4
1.547
1537.369
246.697
3.568
11.989
25.000
8
0.373
368.747
82.870
0.903
4.819
44.333
Exp. Error
Appendix (3.2) Mean squares of variance analysis of the heavy metals (ppm) of plant samples. M.S S. O. V Replicate s Locations Plant species Plant organs Locations
d.f
r-1=2
a-1=4
b-1=1
c-1=2
Cd
Cu
Fe
Ni
Pb
Zn
0.097
8.512
835.329
0.244
0.454
4.371
n.s
n.s
**
n.s
n.s
n.s
0.521
57.785
149.890
1.196
7.464
66.745
**
**
n.s
**
**
**
2.312
133.113
481.006
0.071
0.184
30.882
**
**
*
n.s
n.s
*
1308.33
6721.84
17.72
6
0
2
**
**
**
2.918 **
46.896 **
698.82 0 **
(a - 1)(b - 1)
0.349
9.469
240.782
1.042
0.401
7.823
=4
**
n.s
n.s
**
n.s
n.s
x Plant
(a - 1)(c - 1)
0.382
65.847
77.504
0.967
2.568
31.071
organs
=8
**
**
n.s
**
**
**
x Plant species Locations
61
Plant species x Plant
(b 1)(c - 1)
1.648
79.281
2.015
0.133
0.769
85.224
=2
**
**
n.s
n.s
n.s
**
(a - 1 )(b -
0.320
10.421
39.235
0.522
0.386
29.482
1) (c - 1) = 8
**
n.s
n.s
*
n.s
**
organs Locations x Plant species x Plant organs
62
References
Reference
[1] Abdullateef B ., Kolo B. G., Waziri I. and Idris M.A., (2014) "Assessment of Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica) Leaves for Pollution Status Of maiduguri Environment, Borno State, Nigeria", The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) 3( 9): 31-35. [2] Abdul-Wahab O. El-Rjoob, Mohammad N. Omari, (2009) "Heavy metals contamination in Malva ParvifloraL. (Malvaceae) grown in soils near the Irbid-Amman Highway", J. Int. Environmental Application & Science 4 (4): 433-441. [3] Abechi E. S., Okunola O. J., Zubairu S. M. J., Usman A. A. and Apene E., (2010) "Evaluation of heavy metals in roadside soils of major streets in Jos metropolis, Nigeria". Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 2(6): 98-102. [4] Abraha Gebrekidan, Yirgaalem Weldegebriel, Amanual Hadera, Bart Van der Bruggen, (2013) "Toxicological assessment of heavy metals accumulated in vegetables and fruits grown in Ginfel river near Sheba Tannery,
Tigray,
Northern
Ethiopia",
Ecotoxicology
and
Environmental Safet. 95: 171-178. [5] Ahmed F. and Ishiga H., (2006) "Trace metal concentrations in street dusts of Dhaka city, Bangladesh", Atmos. Environ. 40: 38353844. [6] Akinyele I.O. and Shokunbi O.S., (2015) "Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni in selected Nigerian tubers, legumes and cereals and estimates of the adult daily intakes", Food Chemistry 173: 702–708. [7] Akpan I.O. and William E.S., (2014) "Assessment Of Elemental Concentrations Of Roadside Soils In Relation To Traffic Density In 63
Calabar, Nigeria", International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Reearch 3(9): 1-8. [8] Alagoa K.J, Daworiye P and Eremasi Y.B, (2015). "Heavy Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Macrophytes of Aba River, Abia State, Nigeria", International Journal Of Current Microbiology And Applied Science 4 (3): 953-958. [9] Al-Khashman
O.A.,
(2007)
"The
investigation
of
metal
concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city, Jordan", Environ. Geochem. Health 29: 197-207. [10] Alloway B. J., (1995) Heavy metals in soils. Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow. [11] Al-Musharafi S. K., Mahmoud I. Y., Al-Bahry S. N., (2014) "Environmental Contamination by Industrial Effluents and Sludge Relative to Heavy Metals", Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2: 14-18. [12] Annadurai and S. Ahmed John, (2014). "Concentrations of Heavy Metals In Cleome gynandra From The Tamil Nadu Coast, Southern India", World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(1): 1796-1804. [13] Anxiang Lu, Jihua Wang, Xiangyang Qin, Kaiyi Wang, Ping Han, Shuzhen Zhang, (2012) "Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi, Beijing, China", Science of the Total Environment 425: 66–74. [14] Arora A., Sairam R.K. and Srivastava G.C., (2002) "Oxidative stress and antioxidative system in plants" Cur. Sci. 82:1227–1338. [15] Arslan H., Gizir A.M., (2004) "Monitoring of heavy metal pollution of traffic origin in Adana", Fresen. Environ. Bull. 13(4): 361-365.
64
[16] Ashwini A Waoo, Swati Khare, and Sujata Ganguly, (2015) "Invitro Analysis of Effect of Cadmium on Datura inoxia", Archives of Scientific research 1(1):1-3. [17] Asp Rzak K.S., Su Nderman F.W., Salnikow K.nickel, (2003) "carcinogenesis", Mutat. Res. 533 (1-2), 67. [18] Avnish Chauhan and Joshi P.C., (2010) "Effect Of Ambient Air Pollutants On Wheat and Mustard Crops Growing In The Vicinity Of Urban and Industrial Areas", New York Science Journal 3(2): 52-60. [19] Azam Sadat Delbari and Kulkarni D. K., (2014) "Accumulation of heavy Metals in Vegetables Grown Along National High Ways-A Case Study of Tehran-Iran", International Journal of Engineering Science Invention 3(7): 77-82. [20] Baker, A.J.M., Mc Grath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., and Smith, J. A. C., (2000) "Metal hyper-accumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metal polluted-soils". In: Terry, N., Benuelos, G. (Eds.), Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water Lewis Publishers, London, 85-107. [21] Bakirdere S., Yaman M., (2008) "Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey", Environ. Monit. Assess. 136: 401–410. [22] Banerjee A.D.K., (2003) "Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi, India", Environ. Pollut., 123: 95105. [23] Bebianno M.J., Company R., Serafim A., Cosson R.P., Fiala-Medoni A.,
(2005)
"Antioxidant
systems
and
lipid
peroxidation
in
Bathymodiolusazoricus from Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields. Aquat. Toxicol. 75, 354- 373. [24] Becker M. and Asch F., (2005) "Iron toxicity in rice conditions and management concepts", J. Plant. Nutr. Soil. Sci. 168:558–573. 65
[25] Bernard S. M., Samet J. M., Grambsch A., Ebi K. L. and Romieu I., (2001) "The Potential Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Air
Pollution-Related
Health
Effects
in
the
United
States"
Environmental Health Perspective 109(2):199-209. [26] Bijoy Krishna Roy, Rajendra Prasad and Gunjan, (2010) "Heavy metal accumulation and changes in metabolic parameters in Cajanas cajan grown in mine spoil", Journal of Environmental Biology. 31(5) 567-573. [27] Bouriche H., Meziti H., Senator A., Arnhold J., (2011) "Anti-inflammatory, free radical-scavenging, and metal-chelating activities of Malva parviflora." Pharm Biol. [28] Cai Q., Long ML, Zhu M, Zhou QZ, Zhang L., Liu J., (2009) "Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China", Environ Pollut 157:3078–82. [29] Carrier P., Baryla A., and Havaux, M., (2003) "Cadmium distribution and microlocalization in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) after long-term growth on cadmium-contaminated soil", Planta. 216(6): 939–950. [30] Cempel M. and Nikel G., (2006) " Nickel: A Review of Its Sources and EnvironmentalToxicology", Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 15(3), 375-382. [31] Cesar G. Fraga, (2005) "Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health", Molecular Aspects of Medicine 26 :235– 244. [32] Chandra Sekhar K., Rajni Suprija K., Kamala C.T., Chary N.S., Nageswara T.
Rao and Anjaneyulu T., (2001) "Speciation,
accumulation of heavy metals in vegetation grown on sludge amended soils and their transfer to human food chain-a case study" Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 82: 33-34. 66
[33] Chary NS., Kamala CT., Raj DSS., (2008) "Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer", Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 69: 513–24. [34] Chen L.M., Lin C.C. and Kao C.H., (2000) "Copper toxicity in rice seedlings: Changes in antioxidative enzyme activities H2O2 level and cell wall peroxidase activity in roots" Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 41: 99-103. [35] Chen X., Xia X.H., Zhao Y., Zhang P., (2010) "Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils and correlation with urban traffic in Beijing, China", J. Hazard Mater 181: 640–646. [36] Chiroma T. M., Ebewele R. O. And Hymore F.K, (2014) " Comparative Assessement Of Heavy Metal Levels In Soil, Vegetables And Urban Grey Waste Water Used For Irrigation In Yola And Kano", International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) 3(2): 01-09. [37] Cho M., Chardonnens A.N. and Dietz K.J., (2003) "Differential heavy metal tolerance of Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis thaliana: a leaf slice test", New Phytol., 158: 287-293. [38] Christoforidis A., Stamatis N., (2009) "Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala’s region, Greece", Geoderma 151: 257–263. [39] Clarkso N T.W., (1988) "Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals ", Plenum Press: New York, 265-282. [40] Coogan T.P., Latta D.M., Snow E.T., Costa M., (1989) " Toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds". Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 19 (4): 341. [41] Daland R. Juberg, (2000) "Lead and Human Health", Ph.D. dissertation, American Council on Science and Health (ACSH). [42] Dalcorso G., Farinati S. and Furini A., (2010) "Regulatory networks of cadmium stress in plants", Plant. Signaling. and Behavior 5(6):1–5.
67
[43] Davies C.S., Nielsen S.S., Nielsen N.C., (1987) "Flavor improvement of soybean preparations by genetic removal of lipoxygenase-2", J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64: 1428–1433. [44] De-dorlodot S., Lutts S. and Bertin P., (2005) "Effects of ferrous iron toxicity on the growth and mineral composition of an inter specific rice", J. Plant. Nutr. 28:1–20. [45] Deepmala Satpathy, Vikram Reddy M., and Soumya Prakash Dhal, (2014) "Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Paddy Soil, Plants, and Grains (Oryza sativa L.) At the East Coast of India", BioMed Research International, India 545473: 1-11. [46] Devi Chinmayee M., Anu M. S., Mahesh B., Mary sheeba A., Mini I. and Swapna T.S., (2014) "A comparative study of heavy metal accumulation and antioxidant responses in Jatropha curcas L.". IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) 8(7):58-67. [47] Donskoy E., Donskoy M., Forou Har F., Gill Ies C.G., Marzouk A., Reid M.C., Zaharia O., Su Nderman F.W., (1986) "Hepatic toxicity of nickel chloride in rats". Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 16: 108. [48] Dubey R.S., (2011) "Metal
toxicity,
oxidative stress
and
antioxidative defense system in plants", In Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants, Edited by S. D. Gupta., pp. 177– 203, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA. [49] Dunand F., Epron V. D., Sossé B. A. and Badot P. M., (2002). "Effects of copper on growth and on photosynthesis of mature and expanding leaves in cucumber plants". Plant. Sci., 163: 53-58. [50] Fan Zhang ,Xuedong Yan, Chen Zeng, Man Zhang ,Suraj Shrestha, Lochan Prasad Devkota and Tandong Yao, (2012) "Influence of Traffic Activity on Heavy Metal Concentrations of Roadside
68
Farmland Soil in Mountainous Areas", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 9: 1715-1731. [51] Fargašová A., (2004) "Toxicity comparison of some possible toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn) on young seedlings of Sinapis albaL.", Plant Soil Environ. 50 (1): 33–38. [52] Feng Zhao, Kuidong Xu, (2012) "Efficiency of DNA extraction methods on the evaluation of soil microeukaryotic diversity", Acta Ecologica Sinica 32 : 209–214. [53] Fikriye Kirbag Zengin and Omer Munzuroglu, (2005) "Effects of Some Heavy Metals On Content Of Chlorophyll, Proline And Some Antioxidant Chemicals In Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seedlings", Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 47(2): 157–164. [54] Fujihara S., Kasuga A. and Aoyagi Y., (2001) "Nitrogen-to-Protein conversion factors for common vegetables in japan", J. Food Science 66(3):412-415. [55] Gaborcik (1999) "Seasonal Changes in Allocation of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds Within a Rhizomatous Grass Calamagrostis epigejos" In Grassland Ecology V. edited by V í t G l o s e r: 58-68. Masaryk University, Kotláøská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic. [56] Gamalero E., Lingua G., Berta G., and Glick B. R., (2009) "Beneficial role of plant growth promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant responses to heavy metal stress", Canadian. J. Microbiol 55(5):501–514. [57] Ghani A., (2010) "Toxic effects of heavy metals on plant growth and metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.)", Iranian Journal of Toxicology 3(3): 325–334. [58] Gomes-Junior R. A., Moldes C. A., Delite F. S., Pompeu G. B., Gratão P. L., Mazzafera P., Lea P. J. and Azevedo R. A., (2006)
69
"Antioxidant metabolism of coffee cell suspension cultures in response to cadmium", Chemosphere 65: 1330-1337. [59] Guala S.D., Vega F.A., Covelo E.F., (2010) "Heavy metal concentrations in plants and different harvestable parts: A soile plant equilibrium model", Environmental Pollution 158: 2659-2663. [60] Güne
A., Alpaslan
M., Ina L. A., (2004), Plant growth and
fertilizer. Ankara Univ. Agriculture Pub. No: 1539, Ankara, Turkey. [61] Habib Mohammad Naser, Sarmin Sultana, Rebeca Gomes, and Shamsun Noor, (2012) "Heavy Metal Pollution Of Soil And Vegetable Grown Near Roadside At Gazipur, Bangladesh", J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 9-17. [62] Hakan Arslan and Murat Gizir A., (2006) "Heavy metal content of roadside soil in Mersin, Turkey", Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 15 ( 1) :15-20. [63] Hamideh Abdollahi, Majid Fekri and Majid Mahmodabadi, (2011) "Effect of Heavy Metals Pollution on Pistachio Trees", International Journaal of Agriculture & Biology, 13(4): 509-602. [64] Hanaa S. Shehata and Galal T.M., (2014) "Phytosociology and phytochemical screening of the medicinal weed Malva parviflora L. ", Life Science Journal 11(6): 458-468. [65] Hanf M., (1983) Malvacea : Mallow family. In the arable weeds in Europe. (BASF United kindom limited: Suffolk, UK). [66] Harmanescu M., Alda L.M., Bordean D.M., Gogoasa I., Gergen I., (2011) Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County. Romania. Chem. Cent. J. 5, 64. [67] Harris J.A., Birch P. and Palmer J.P., (1996) Land restoration and reclamation, principles and practice. Longman, London.
70
[68] Heidari M. and Sarani S., (2011) "Effects of lead and calcium on seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes activities of mustard (Sinapis arvens L.)", J. Agri. Bio. sci. 6: 44- 47. [69] Herbicides, Ricardo Aatonio Marenco and Nei fernandes Lopes, (1994) "Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration and Nitrogen Content in Soybean Plants", R. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. 6(1):7-13. [70] Hodaka Kawahata, Shusuke Yamashita, Kyoko Yamaoka, Takashi Okai, Gen Shimoda and Noboru Imai (2014). "Heavy metal pollution in Ancient Nara, Japan,during the eighth century. Kawahata et al. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 1:15. [71] Huma Pirzada, Sheikh Saeed Ahmad, Audil Rashid and Tahir Shah, (2009) "Multivariate analysis of selected roadside plants (Dalbergia sissoo and Cannabis sativia) for lead pollution monitoring", Pak. J. Bot. 41(04): 1729-1736. [72] Hussein F. Farrag, Yasin M. Al-Sodany and Faleh G. Otiby, (2014) "Effect of heavy metal pollution on protein expression, enzyme activity, pigments and phytohormones in some plants growing in Wadi Alargy wetlands, Taif, Saudi Arabia", Life Science Journal. 11(1): 148-155. [73] Hutchinson, (1959) Flora of Iraq Edited by C. C. Townsend, Evan guest and S. A. Omer, Baghdad, Iraq. [74] Ibrahim M.M., Alsahli A.A. and El-gaaly G., (2013) "Evaluation of phytoremidiation potential of six wild plants for metal in a site polluted by industrial wastes: a field study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia", Pak. J. Bot. 42(2): 571-576. [75] Ijeoma L. Princewill-Ogbonna and Princewill C. Ogbonna, (2011) " Heavy Metal Content in Soil and Medicinal Plants in High Traffic Urban Area", Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 10 (7): 618-624. ISSN 1680-5194. 71
[76] Jiteshkumar B. Patel and Amaresh DAS, (2015) "Assessing Toxic Metals Contamination in Soil, Water and Plant Bodies Around an Industrial Belt Impact", International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences (IMPACT: IJRANSS) 3(2): 5-20. [77] John R., Ahmad P., Gadgil K., and Sharma S., (2008) "Effect of cadmium and lead on growth, biochemical parameters and uptake in Lemna polyrrhiza L." PLANT SOIL ENVIRON. 54 (6): 262–270. [78] John R., Ahmad P., Gadgil K., Sharma S., (2009) "Heavy metal toxicity: Effect on plant growth, biochemical parameters and metal accumulation by Brassica juncea L.", International Journal of Plant Production, 3(3): 65-76. [79] Jones J. B. Jr., and Case. V. W., (1990) Sampling, handling, and analyzing plant tissue samples. Soil testing and plant analysis, SSSA, Inc., Madison, WI [80] Jones Jr. J. B., (2001). Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis. CRC Press LLC. U.S.A. [81] Jose Antonio Carrero, Iker Arrizabalaga, Julen Bustamante, Naiara Goienaga, Gorka Arana, Juan Manuel Madariaga, (2013) "Diagnosing the traffic impact on roadside soils through a multianalytical data analysisof the concentration profiles of traffic-related elements", Science of the Total Environment 458-460:427-434. [82] Joshi P.C. and Chauhan A., (2008) "Performance of locally grown rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) exposed to air pollutants in a rapidly growing industrial area of district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India", Life Science Journal 5(3): 41-45. [83] Justin Masih, Vivek Bhadauria, (2010) "Studies on the effect of heavy metal (Cd and Ni) stress on the growth and physiology of Allium cepa", Scholars Research Library Annals of Biological Research 1 (3):139-144. 72
[84] Kabata-Pendias A. and Pendias H., (1984) Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Boca Raton, FL7 CRC Press. [85] Kamran Sardar, Shafaqat Ali, Samra Hameed, Sana Afzal, Samar Fatima, Muhammad Bilal Shakoor, Saima Aslam Bharwana, Hafiz Muhammad Tauqeer, (2013) " Heavy Metals Contamination and what are the Impacts on Living Organisms", Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety 2 (4): 172-179. [86] Khalid Farooq Akbar ,Wiliam H.G. Halei Alistair D. Headley and Mohammad Athar, (2006) "Heavy Metal Contamination of Roadside Soils of Northern England", Soil & Water Res.1 (4): 158–163. [87] Kocher B., Wessolek G., Stoffregen H., (2005) "Water and heavy metal transport in roadside soils", Pedosphere 15: 746-753. [88] Lai Y., Xu B., He L., Lin M., Cao L., Wu Y., Mou S., He S., (2012) "Cadmium uptake by and translocation within rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings as affected by iron plaque and Fe2O3", Pakistan J. Bot. 44, 1557–1561. [89] Lee C.W., Choi J.M. and Pak C.H. (1996): Micronutrient toxicity in seed geranium (Pelargonium 9 hortorum Baley). J. Am. Soc. Horti. Sci. 121:77–82. La mutki [90] Liu H. Y., Probst A. and Liao B. H., (2005) "Metal contamination of soils and crops affected by the Chenzhou lead/zinc mine spill (Hunan, China)", Sci. Total Environ. 339: 153–166. [91] Lulzim Millaku, Resmije Imeri and Artan Trebicka, (2014) "House sparrow (Passer domesticus ) as bioindicator of heavy metals pollution", European Journal of Experimental Biology 4(6): 77-80. [92] Mafuyai G. M., Kamoh N. M., Kangpe N. S., Ayuba S.M. and Eneji I. S., (2015) "Heavy Metals Contamination in Roadside Dust Along Major Traffic Roads in Jos Metropolitan Area, Nigeria". European Journal of Earth and Environment 2(1): 1-14. 73
[93] Magomya A.M, Kubmarawa D., Ndahi J.A, Yebpella G.G, (2014) "Determination of Plant Proteins Via The Kjeldahl Method And Amino Acid Analysis: A Comparative Study", International Journal Of Science & Technology Research 3(4): 68-72. [94] Mahmoud A Al-Qudah, Hala I Al-Jaber, Riyadh Muhaidat, Emad I Hussein, Amer Al Abdel Hamid,
Mousa L Al-Smadi, Ismail F
Abaza, Fatma U Afifi, Sultan T Abu –Orabi, (2011) "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Sinapis alba L. and Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicaceae) growing wild in Jordan", Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2(4): 1136-1144. [95] Majid S. N., (2011) "Valuation of Ambient Air Pollution: A Study of Some Urban Areas in Sulaimani City and Its surrounding/Kurdistan Region of Iraqi" Ph.D. dissertation, University of sulaimani, Iraqi Kurdistan Region [96] Makepeace D.K., Smith D.W., Stanley S.J., (1995) "Urban stormwater quality esummary of contaminant data. Critical Rev", Environ. Sci. Technol. 25: 93-39. [97] Malik N. J., Chamon A. S., Mondal M. D., Elahi S.F. and Faiz S.M.A., (2011) "Effect of different levels of zinc on growth and yield of red amaranthus and rice", J. Bangladesh. young Res. 1(1):79-91. [98] Malik R.N., Husain S.Z., Nazir I., (2010) "Heavy metal contamination and accumulation in soil and wild plant species from industrial area of Islamabad, Pakistan", Pak. J. Biol. 42(1): 291-301. [99] Mariagrazia
D’Emilioa,
Maria
Macchiatob,
Maria
Ragosta,
Tiziana Simoniello, (2012) " A method for the integration of satellite
vegetation
activities
observations
and magnetic
susceptibility measurements for monitoring heavy metals in soil", Journal of Hazardous Materials 241-242: 118-126. 74
[100] Markert, B., (1995) "Sample preparation (cleaning, drying, homogenization) for trace element analysis in plant matrices", Sci. Total Environ. 176: 45-61. [101] Markus J.A., McBratney A.B., (1996) "An urban soil study: Heavy metals in Glebe, Australia", Aust. J. Soil Res. 34: 453–465. [102] Mbong E. O., Akpan E. E and Osu S. R., (2014) "Soil-plant heavy metal relations and transfer factor index of habitats densely distributed with
Citrusreticulata(tangerine)",
Journal
of
Research
in
Environmental Science and Toxicology 3(4): 61-65. [103] Mireles F., Davila JI., Pinedo JL., Reyes E., Speakman RJ., Glascock MD., (2012) "Assessing urban soil pollution in the cities of Zacatecas and Guadalupe, Mexico by instrumental neutron activation analysis", Microchem J. 103:158–164. [104] Moritz Werkenthin, Björn Kluge, Gerd Wessolek, (2014) "Metals in
European
roadside
soils
and
soil
solutioneA
review",
Environmental Pollution. 189: 98-110. [105] Mtunzi F. M., Dikio E. D., Moja S. J., (2015) "Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution on Soil in Vaderbijlpark, South Africa", International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 3(2): 44-49. [106] Mukti Gill, (2014). "Heavy metal stress in plants: a review", International Journal of Advanced Research 2(6): 10 43-1055. [107] Narin I., Soylak M., (1999) "Monitoring trace metal levels in Nigde, Turkey: nickel, copper, manganese, cadmium and cobalt contents of the street dust samples", Trace elements and electrolytes 16(2):99-103. [108] Nathan Oyaro, Bethpurity Makena, Mosima A. Osano and W. Nyaigoti Omwoyo, (2015) "Determination of the Levels of selected Heavy Metals in Medicinal plants from Narok County, Kenya and 75
variations in their levels due to hot water Infusion", International Research Journal of Environment Sciences 3(12), 5-10. [109] Naz Alia, Khan Sardar, Muhammad Said, Khalid Salma, Alam Sadia, Siddique Sadaf, AhmedToqeer and Scholz Miklas, (2015) " Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown in a Controlled Environment", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12:7400-7416. [110] Ojekunle Z. O., Ubani D. R. and Sangowusi R. O., (2014) "Effectiveness of Neem, Cashew, and Mango Trees in the Uptake of Heavy Metals in Mechanic Village", Merit Research Journal of Environmental Science andToxicology 2(8): 185-190. [111] Ondrej Zitka, Olga Krystofova, David Hynek, Pavlina Sobrova, Jozef Kaiser, Jiri Sochor, Josef Zehnalek, Petr Babula, Nuria Ferrol, Rene Kizek and Vojtech Adam, (2013) Metal Transporters in Plants, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic. [112] Owen Plank C., (1992) "Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin" In Plant Analysis Reference Procedure For The Southern Region Of The United States, Edited by C.O. Plank: 1- 68, The University of Georgia Crop & Soil Science Dept. [113] Palma J.M., Sandalio L.M., Javier Corpas F., Romero- Puertas M.C., McCarthy I., del Rio L.A., (2002) "Plant proteases protein degradation and oxidative stress: role of peroxisomes", Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40: 521–530. [114] Parekh D., Purani´k RM., and Sri´vastava HS., (1990) "Inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis by cadmium in greening maize leaf segments", Biochemie Physiologie der Pflanzen 186: 239–242.
76
[115] Patel K.S., Jena V.K., Sharma S., and Patel S.C. (2007) c, Contamination of medicinal plant (Basil) with Heavy Metals, Commu.Soil Sci. Plant Analy. [116] Patel K.S., Jena V.K., Sharma S., and Patel S.C., (2007) a, Accumulation of Heavy Metals with Spices and Vegetables Leaves Grown in Contaminated Soil," Toxico, Environ. Chem. [117] Patel K.S., Shrivas K., Brandt R., and Jakubowski N., (2007) b, Arsenic , Copper and Lead contamination of Paddy Soil ,Rice and Husk of central India, J.Food Comp. Analysis. [118] Patisikka E. M., Kairavuo F., Sersen E.M. and Tyystjarvi E., (2002) "Excess copper predisposes photosystem II to phytoinhibition in vivo by out compelling iron and causing decrease in leaf chlorophyll", Plant Physiol. 129: 1359-1367. [119] Patra M., Bhowmik N., Bandopadhyay B., Sharma A., (2004) "Comparison of mercury, lead and arsenic with respect to genotoxic effects on plant systems and the development of genetic tolerance", Environ. Exp. Bot. 52: 199–223. [120] Patty Guertin, (2003) Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. (Malva parvifloraL.), Tucson, Arizona. University of Arizona. [121] Peng M. and Wang H., (1991) "the variation of cell ultrastructure of maize(Zea mays L.) seedling", China environmental science 11(6): 426-431. [122] Perfus-Barbeoch L., Leonhardt N., Vavasseur A. and Forestier C., (2002) "Heavy metal toxicity: cadmium permeates trough calcium channels and disturbs the plant water status", Plant J., 32: 539–548. [123] Perronnet K, Schwartz C, Morel JL., (2003) Plant and Soil 249:19-25. [124] Pignatti S., (1982) "Flora d'Italia", Edagricole 1: 473. 77
[125] Pivi R., Stanojkovi-Sebi A., JoSi D. and Dini Z., (2014) "Evaluation of the Heavy Metals Content in soil and plant material at different distances from the motorway E75 in the section Bel gradePreSevo (SERBIA)", Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 20 (2): 330-336. [126] Pueyo M., Sastre J., Hernandez E., Vidal M., Lopez-Sanchez J. F., and Rauret G., (2003). "Prediction of Trace Element Mobility in Contaminated Soils by Sequential Extraction", J. Environmental Quality 32:2054-2066. [127] Qaiser Jamal, Palwasha Durani, Kamran Khan, Shahzad Munir1, Saadat Hussain, Kiran Munir, Muhammad Anees, (2013) "Heavy Metals Accumulation and Their Toxic Effects: Review, Pakistan", Journal of Bio-Molecular Sciences (JBMS) 1(1-2): 2736. [128] Qasem M. Jaradat, Kamal A. Moman I., (1999) "Contamination of Roadside Soil, Plants, and Air with Heavy Metals in Jordan, A Comparative Study", Turk J Chem. 23: 209- 220. [129] Quartacci, M.F., C. Pinzino, C.L.M. Sgherri, F.D. Vecchia and F. Navari- Izzo, (2000) "Growth in excess copper induces changes in lipid composition and fluidity of PSII- enriched membranes in wheat", Physiol. Plant 108: 87-93. [130] Rajput M., Agrawal M., (2004) "Physiological and yield responses of pea plants to ambient air pollution", Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 9(1): 9-14. [131] Rakib M.A., Ali M., Akter M.S.and Mohammad A.H. Bhuiyan, (2014) "Assessment of Heavy Metal (Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu) Content in Roadside
Dust
of
Dhaka
Metropolitan
City,
Bangladesh",
International Research Journal of Environment Sciences 3(1): 1-5.
78
[132] Rasha Aziz Joudah (2013), "Heavy metals pollution in the roadside soil of Bab Al-Muadham city centre/Baghdad. Iraq", Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 7(12): 35-43. [133] Raziuddin, Farhatullah, Ghulam Hassan, M. Akmal, S. Salim Shah, Fida Mohammad, M. Shafi, Jehan Bakht and Weijunzhou, (2011) " Effects of Cadmium and Salinity on Growth and Photosynthesis Parameters of Brassicaspecies". Pak. J. Bot. 43(1): 333-340. [134]
Rita Sabry Mansour, (2014) "The pollution of tree leaves
with heavy metal in Syria, Syria", International Journal of Chem Tech Research 6(4): 2283-2290. [135] Rout G. R. and Dass P., (2003) "Effect of metal Toxicity on plant growth and metabolism", I. Agronomic. 23:3-11. [136] Salmah B. Karman, Zaleha M. Diah, and Ille C. Gebeshuber, (2014) "Raw Materials Synthesis from Heavy Metal Industry Effluents with Bioremediation and Phytomining: A Biomimetic Resource Management Approach", Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 21:1-21. [137] Sami A. Zabin and Saad M. Howladar, (2015) "Accumulation of Cu, Ni and Pb in Selected Native Plants Growing Naturally in Sediments of Water Reservoir Dams, Albaha Region, KSA", Nature and Science .13(3): 11-17. [138] Sana’a Odat, (2013) "Calculating Pollution Indices of Heavy Metal along Irbid/Zarqa Highway-Jordan", International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 3 (8): 72-76. [139] Seema Tiwari, Tripathi I.P., Tiwari H.L., (2013) "Effects of Lead on Environment", International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology 2(6): 1-5.
79
[140] Servilia Oancea, Foca N., Airinei A., (2005) "Effects of Heavy metals on plant growth and photosynthetic activity", analele Ştiintifice ale Universitatii “AL. I. CUZA” IAŞI 1:107-110. [141] Shaimaa Abd El‐Hameed Abo Hamad, Mahmoud Abu Elyazeed Abd Elhaak and Khalil Mahfouz Ghareeb Saad‐Allah, (2012) "Effect of gamma irradiation or potassium on oxidative stress and antioxidant system of cadmium stressed Brassica rapa (L.) plant", Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 2(3): 435-443. [142] Sharma KR., Singh SC., Barman D., Mishra R. Kumar and Negi MPS, (2006) "Comparison of trace metals concentration in PM 10 of different location of Lucknow city", Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 77: 419-426. [143] Sharma P. and Dubey R.S., (2007) Involvement of oxidative stress and role of antioxidative defense systemin growing rice seedlings exposed to toxic concentrations of aluminum", Plant. Cell. Reports 26(11):2027–2038. [144] Shinggu D. Y., Ogugbuaja V. O., Toma I. and Barminas J. T., (2010) "Determination of heavy metal pollutants in street dust of Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria", African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4 (1): 017-021. [145] Shouichi Yoshida, Douglas A. Forno, James H. Cock, Kwanchai A. Gomez, (1976) Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice, Laguna, Philippines. [146] Singh A., Sharma R.K., Agrawal M., Marshall F.M., (2010) "Risk assessement of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from
waste
water
irrigated
J.Trop.Ecol.51(2S): 375–387.
80
area
of
Varanasi,
India",
[147] Singh H. B., Kanakidou M., Crutzen P. J., and Jacob D. J., (1995) "High concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the global troposphere", Nature. 378:50 – 54. [148] Sinha S., Guptha M. and Chandra P., (1997) "Oxidative Stress induced by iron in Hydrilla verticillata (i.f) Royle: response of antioxidants". Ecotoxicol. Env. Safe. 38:286–291. [149] Stejskal, K., Diopan, V., Adam, V., Zehnalek, J., Trnkova, L., Havel, L., Galiova, M., Malina, R., Novotny, K., Kaiser, J. and Kizek, R., (2008) "Study of effects of lead ions on sugar beet", Lis. Cukrov.Repar., 124: 116–119. [150] Steubing, L., (1976) "Niedere und Höhere Pflanzen als Indikatoren Immissionsbelastungen", Landschaft þ Stadt 3: 97-103. [151] Stobart AK, Griffiths WT, Ameen-Bukhari I., and Sherwood RP., (1985) "The effect of Cd +2 on the biosynthesis of chlorophyll in leaves of barley", Physiologia Plantarum 63: 293– 298. [152] Szyczewski P., Siepak J., Niedzielski P., Sobczyński T., (2009) "Research on Heavy Metals in Poland", Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 18(5): 755-768. [153] Tomasz Staszewski, Małgorzata Malawska, Barbara StudnikWójcikowska, Halina Galera, Bogusław Wiłkomirski, (2015) "Soil and plants contamination with selected heavy metals in the area of a railway junction", Archives of Environmental Protection. 41 (1): 35– 42. [154] Umar Attahiru, Birnin-Yauri U.A., Muhammad C., (2015) "Acacia Nitolica as Bioindicator of Copper and Cobalt Pollution Due to Vehicular Emission along the Main Entrance Road of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto – Nigeria", International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science (IJARCS) 2(1): 1-8.
81
[155] Unep,
(2000)
Global
Environment
Outlook
Earth
Scan
Publications Ltd, London. [156] Verkleji J.A.S., (1993) "The effects of heavy metals stress on higher plants and their use as bio monitors". In: Plant as bioindicators: indicators of heavy metals in the terrestrial environment Edited by Markert B, New York: 415–424. [157] Verma S. and Dubey RS., (2003) "Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants", Plant Sci. 164: 645-655. [158] Vijayarengan P.
and Deepthy M.
Jose, (2014) " Changes in
growth, pigments and phytoremediating capability of four plant species under copper stress", International Journal of Environmental Biology 4(2): 119-126. [159] Villiers F., Ducruix C., and Hugouvieux V., (2011) "Investigating the plant response to cadmium exposure by proteomic and metabolomic approaches". Proteomics 11(9): 1650–1663. [160] Vinod R. Maraskolhe, Ashish R. Warghat, Guru Charan and P. B. Nandkar, (2012) "Carbon sequestration potential of Scenedesmus species (Microalgae) under the fresh water ecosystem", African Journal of Agricultural Research 7(18): 2818-2823. [161] Wagh N.D., Shukla P.V., Tamble S.B. and Ingle S.T., (2006) "Biological monitoring of roadside plants exposed to vehicular pollution in Jalgaon city", J. Environ. Biol. 2: 419-421. [162] Wang X. S, Qin Y and Sun S. X, (2005) "Accumulation and sources of heavy metals in urban topsoil: A case study from the city of Xuzhou, China", Environ. Geology, 48,101-107. [163] Warne M.S., Heemsbergen D., Stevens D., McLaughlin M., Cozens G., Whatmuff M., Broos K., Barry G., Bell M., Nash D., Pritchard D. and Penney N., (2008) "Modeling the toxicity of copper 82
and zinc salts to wheat in 14 soils". Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27:786– 792. [164] Wessolek G., Kluge B., Toland A., Nehls T., Klingelmann E., Rim Y.N., Mekiffer B.,Trinks S., (2011) "Urban soils in the vadose zone. In: Perspectivesin Urban Ecology, Edited by Endlicher, W., Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [165] WHO, (1977) Lead. World Health Organization, Geneva. [166] WHO, (1995) Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health Organization, Geneva. [167] WHO, 1989. Lead Environmental Aspects, Geneva. [168] Wilkinson, and Leland, (1999) "Statistical Methods in Psychology Journals; Guidelines and Explanations", American Psychologist 5 (8): 594–604. [169] Winther M.; Slentø E., (2010) Heavy Metal Emissions for Danish Road Transport, Roskilde, Denmark. [170] Xuedong Y., Fan Z., Chen Z., Man Z., Lochan P. D. and Tandong Y., (2012) "Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Grasses of Roadside Farmland in Nepal" Int Journal Environ Res Public Health 9(9): 3209-3226. [171] Xuedong Yan ,Dan Gao, Fan Zhang, Chen Zeng, Wang Xiang and Man
Zhang,
(2013)
"Relationships
between
Heavy
Metal
Concentrations in Roadside Topsoil and Distance to Road Edge Based on Field Observations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10: 762-775. [172] Yagdi
K.,
Kaçar O.,
Azkan
N., (2000) "Heavy
metal
contamination in soils and it is effects in agriculture", J. of Fac. of Agric 15:109-115.
83
[173] Yang D, Xu C, Zhang F., (1989) "Effect of cd 2+ on the photosynthetic system II of chloroplast of spinach", Acta botanica sinica 31(9): 702-707. [174] Yashim Zakka Israila*, Agbaji Edith Bola, Gimba Casimir Emmanuel, Idris Suleiman Ola, (2015) "Phytoextraction of heavy metals by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls", American Journal of Applied Chemistry. 3(1): 1-5. [175] Yesilonis I.D., Pouyat R.V., Neerchal N.K., (2008) " Spatial distribution of metals in soils in Baltimore, Maryland: Role of native parent material, proximity to major roads, housing age and screening guidelines", Environmental Pollution 156: 723–731. [176] Yilmaz S. and Zengin M., (2004) "Monitoring environmental pollution in Erzurum by chemical analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles", Environment International 29(8): 1041-1047. [177] Yintao Lu, Hong Yao, Dan Shan, Yichen Jiang, Shichao Zhang, and Jun Yang, (2015) "Heavy Metal Residues in Soil and Accumulation in Maize at Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation Area in Tongliao, China", Journal of Chemistry 628280:1-9. [178] Yoon J., Cao X., Zhou Q. and Ma. L.Q., (2006) "Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on acontaminated Florida site", Science of the Total Environment 368: 456-464. [179] Yuanan Hu, Xueping Liu, Jinmei Bai, Kaimin Shih, Eddy Y. Zeng and Hefa Cheng, (2013) " Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization", Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:6150– 6159. [180] Yurela I., (2005) "Copper in plants", Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17: 145-156.
84
[181] Zehetner F., Rosenfellner U. and Mentler A., (2009) "Distribution of road salt residues, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across a highway-forest interface", Water Air Soil Pollut. 198: 125–132. [182] Zeng X., Li L., Mei X., (2008) "Heavy metals content in Chinese vegetable plantation land soils and related source analysis", Agricul. Sci. China, 7, 1115–1126. [183] Zhang F.Q., Shi W.Y., Jin Z.X. and Shen Z.G., (2003) "Response of anti-oxidative enzymes in cucumber chloroplasts to cadmium toxicity", J. Plant Nutr., 26, 1779-1788. [184] Zhou W. B., and Qiu B. S., (2005) "Effects of cadmium hyperaccumulation on physiological characteristics of Sedum alfredii Hance (Crassulaceae)", Plant Sci. 169: 737-745. [185] Zhuang P., McBridge M.B., Xia H., Li N. and Li Z., (2009) "Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan, South China", Science of theTotal Environment 407(5): 1551-1561.
85
امللخص العياصس الجقٔلة الياجتة مً عْادو الطٔازات ّ ىاقالت البرتّل تؤدٖ اىل تلْخ البئٔة كنا دزضت فى الطيْات الطابقة .يف احملتنل دخْل ٍرِ العياصس فى االغرآة ّااللباٌ ّبالتاىل تؤثس على اجلاىب الصشٕ لألىطاٌ. الػسض مً ٍرِ الدزاضة ٍٕ ملعسفُ تاثري بعض ٍرِ العياصس الجقٔلُ ّتساكٔصٍا على تلْخ الرتبة ّاالدصاء اخلطسُٓ لليبات على الشْازع السئٔطٔة يف مدٓية الطلٔناىٔة .ال متاو ٍرِ الدزاضة اختريت ازبع مْاقع ٍّٕ ( دافى الىد ,طسٓق عسبت ,امليطقة الصياعٔة ّ مدخل طسٓق بلسدْ) باالضافة اىل قسٓتني( بيآّلُ ّ كاىى ضازد) كنْقعٕ املقازىة ّذلم لبعد ٍرًٓ القسٓتني مً الطسقات املعسضة للتلْخ ّقلة سسكة الطٔازات .اخرت مناذز مً االعطاء اليباتٔة (االّزاق ,الطٔقاٌ ّاجلرّز) مً اليباتني اخلباش ّ Mallowاخلسدل Mustard باالضافُ اىل مناذز الرتبة ملْاقع االزبع ّقسٓتني املقازىة ّذلم لدزاضة تساكٔص كادمْٔوّ ,اليشاس ,احلدٓد, الئلل ,السصاص ّ اخلازصني ّتفاعل االدصاء اليباتٔة مع الرتبة سٔح كاىت دلنْع تساكٔص العياصس (,0,308 )5.677 ,1.310 ,0.621 ,21.641 , 4.655ملؼ /كػه سطب التططلّ .تبٔيت بأٌ مطتْٓات كادمْٔوّ ,اليشاس ,الئلل, السصاص ّ اخلازصني مع الرتىم ليَا تاثري معيْى حتت مطتْى استنالٔة اخلطأ 0.05فى مْاقع الدزاضة. كرلم متت تقدٓس كنٔة الللْزّفٔل يف أّزاق اليبات امللْثة ّمْاقع املقازىة ّكاىت ()54.914( ّ )32 مآلسّدساو/ملذساوّ ,ىتائر ٍرِ الدزاضة أّضعت اليطبة املئْٓة للربّتني يف األدصاء اليباتٔة الجالخ ملتْض اجملامٔع يف املْاقع األزبع امللْثة ّمْقعٕ املقازىة ّكاىت ( .)12.656% ,8.948 %
تقييه بعض العناصر الثقيلة يف نباتي اخلباز و اخلردل و الرتبة القريبة من اجلوانب الطريق يف حمافظة السلينانية /اقليه كردستان -العراق رسالة مكدمة اىل جملص فاكليت العلوو والرتبية العلوو سكول العلوو يف جامعة الشليناىية كجزء مً متطلبات ىيل طهادة ماجشتري يف علوو احلياة (عله اليبات) مً قبل ثةميان عمر صاحل بكالريوض علوو احلياة ) ,)9002جامعة الشليناىية بأطراف
د .حمند رؤوف حشني أستاذ املشاعد طباط 9026
مجادى األول2341
ثوختة بةً دوايياٌة ليَكؤلَيٍةوةى شؤزكساوة لةضةز كازيطةزى كاٌصا قووزضةكاُ ,بة ِؤى شؤزبووٌى ذوازةى ئؤتؤوؤبين و تةٌكةزةكاٌى طواضتٍةوةى ثةتسؤهَ كةئةبيَتة ِؤى ثيطبووٌى ذيٍطة وة كازيطةزى ِة ية لةضةزتةٌدزووضتى وسؤظ بةِؤى تيَكةلَبووٌياُ لةطةهَ خوازدةوةٌى و شريةوةٌيةكاُ .وةبةضت لةً ليَكؤليٍةوةية بسيتيية لة ثيَواٌى ضسِى و شاٌيٍى كازيطةزى ِة ٌديَك لة كاٌصا قووزضةكاُ لة ضةز ثيطبووٌى خاك و ئةٌداوة جياواشةكاٌى زِووةك لة ضة زضةٌد ِزيَطا يةكى ضةزةكى شازى ضميَىاٌى .بؤ ئةً وةبةضتةش ضواز خاهَ دةضتٍيشاُ كساُ ,كة ئةواٌيش بسيتى بووُ لة ِزيَطا ضةزةكيةكاٌى ( ضاظى الٌدى طةشتيازى, عةزبةتٌ ,اوضةى ثيشةضاشى ,بةكسةجؤ)ِ .ةزوةِا دووٌاوضةى دةزةوةى شازى ضميَىاٌى ئةواٌيش (بٍاويمة و كاٌى ضازد) وةكوو ٌاوضةى بةزاووزد لةبةز كةوى ِاتوضؤى ئؤتؤوؤبين تيَياٌداِ .ةزوةِا دووجؤزى زِووةك ( تؤلَةكة و خةزتةلة) ِةلَبريَسدزاُ ,كةضىَ ئةٌداوياُ ليَوةزطريا ئةواٌيش بسيتيبووُ لة ( زِةط و قةد و طةالَ). لة ِةواُ كاتيشدا منووٌةى خاكيش وةزطريا بؤ ِةزيةك لة خالَة دةضتٍيشاُ كساوةكاٌى ٌاو شازو و ٌاووضةكاٌى بةزاووزد. كاٌصاكاُ بسيتيبووُ لة (كادويوً ,وظ ,ئاضٌَ ,يكنَ ,قوزِقوشي ,توتيا) كةبسِةكاٌياُ بة ثيَى تةكٍيكى ()AAS دةضتٍيشاُ كساُ ,ئةجناوى ليَكؤلَيٍةوةكة بؤِةزيةكةياُ بةً شيَوةيةبوو ( , 1,310 ,0,621 ,21,641 ,4,655 ,0,308 )5,677بةثيَى زِيصبةٌدى .دةزكةوت كة جطةلة ئاضَ ِةووو كاٌصاكاٌى ديكة كازيطةزى بيٍساوياُ ِةبوو لة ئاضتى ِزيَطةثيَدزاوى ِةلَة ( )0,05لةشويٍَى ليَكؤليٍةوةكاٌدا. ِةزوةِابسِي كمؤزؤفين لةطةالَكاٌدا ثيَوزا بة ئاويَسى ) )Spectrophotometerلةوخاالٌَةي كة دةضتٍيشاُ كسابووُ و بةوةزطستٍى ٌيَوةٌدى طشتى ِةووو بسِةكاُ بسيتيبووُ لة 32ويكسوطساً/ون بةزاووزد بة خالَةكاٌى بةزاووزد كة بسِةكةى 54,914ويكسوطساً/ون بوووة .لةِةواُ كاتدا ِزيَرةى ضةدى بؤ ثسِؤتني ثيَواٌةى بؤ كسا بة ِزيَطاى ( )Micro-kijeldalلة ِةزضىَ ئةٌداوة كاٌى زِووةكة دةضتٍيشاٌكساوةكاُ
لةِةزضوازخالَةكةوة ئةويش بةوةزطستٍى ٌيَوةٌدى طشتى ِةووو بسِةكاُ بسيتيبووُ لة ( )%8.948بةزاووزد بةخالَةكاٌى بةزاووزد كة بسيتيبوو لة (.)% 12.656
هةهَصةنطاندنى هةنديَم هة تومخة قورشةكان هة رِووةكي تؤهَةكة ء خةردةل ء خاكى نسيم رِيَطاءبان هة ثاريَسطاى شويَنانى /هةريَنى كوردشتان -عيَراق نامةيةكة ثيَصلةشلراوة بة ئةجنومةنى فاكةهَتى زانصت وثةروةردة زانصتةكان شلوهَى زانصت هة زانلؤى شويَنانى وةبةشيَم هة ثيَداويصتييةكانى بةدةشتويَنانى برِوانامةى ماشتةرهة زانصتى بايؤهؤجى
(زانصتى رِووةن)
هةاليةن ثةميان عنر صاحل بةكاهؤريؤس – بايؤهؤجى( ,)2002زانلؤى شويَنانى بةشةرثةرشتى د .حمند رؤوف حصني ثرِؤفيصؤرى ياريدةدةر
شوبات2016
2112ڕة شة مىَ
