Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________

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AP ES Biodiversity Test Chapters 7, 12 and 13 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to another is called a. emigration b. mutation c. natural selection d. evolution e. genetic drift 2. Some individuals in a population have genetic traits that enhance their ability to survive and produce offspring, a process called a. natural selection b. adaptability c. genetic drift d. mutation e. scientific theory 3. Mutations are a. always helpful b. always found in patterns c. very common events d. a source of new genetic material in a population e. always harmful 4. Speciation is believed to be the result of the interaction between a. geographic isolation and reproductive isolation b. speciation and extinction c. mass extinction and background extinction d. speciation and genetic engineering e. reproductive isolation and extinction 5. The number of different species an ecosystem contains is its a. speciation b. species evenness c. species niche d. species richness e. habitat 6. When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. This is called a. competition b. coevolution c. coincidence d. commensalism e. predation

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7. Loss of species diversity and species extinction are mostly due to a. global warming d. overhunting and overfishing b. air pollution e. habitat loss c. water pollution 8. Loss of tropical forest habitat is mostly the result of a. slash and burn agriculture d. timber harvesting b. cutting down tress for firewood e. global warming c. oil and gas exploration 9. The best way to protect biodiversity is to a. ban hunting b. erradicate invasive species c. laws and international treaties

d. e.

habitat and ecosystem protection captive breeding and release programs

10. Which of the following is not a threat to biodiversity? a. human population increases d. climate change b. overharvesting of resources e. all of these are threats to biodiversity c. invasive species 11. A species is more likely to become extinct if it has which of the following? i. high biotic potential ii. limited geographic distribution iii. a large amount of genetic diversity a. i only d. i and iii b. ii only e. i, ii, and iii c. iii only 12. Nonnative or invasive species can reduce biodiversity because they a. are K-selected d. they can outcompete native species b. they are usually at the top of the food e. they are specialists chain c. they have high genetic diversity 13. The main cause of desertification is a. climate change b. conversion of land to agriculture c.

d. e.

timber harvesting for fuel they all contribute equally to desertification

overgrazing

14. In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? a. Providing a valuable source of timber d. Increasing water runoff b. Providing habitats for wildlife e. Removing carbon dioxide from the air c. Contributing to soil erosion

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15. A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to a. an increase in the population of top d. a more stable regional climate carnivores b. a decrease in the amount of edge habitat e. a decrease in gene flow within species of the original forest c. an improvement in the dispersal mechanisms of forest species 16. Which of the following can be used to assess the biodiversity of an area? a. population size of each species and area d. number of individuals under fifteen years occupied by each population old and number of individuals over sixty-five years old b. Minimum population area and minimum e. genetic variation within each species and viable population size the number of species present c. Ratio of r-strategists to K-strategists and life expectancy of K-strategists 17. When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local stream is a. mitigation of anoxia d. increased oligotrophic conditions b. increased nutrient levels e. decreased water temperature c. decreased input of sediments 18. Sustainable use of forests in the United States would likely be encouraged by a. cutting small groups of medium- and c. allowing road building in wilderness large-sized trees in an uneven aged forest areas so that older, clear-cut forests have time to regenerate b. clear-cutting old growth forests to allow d. ogging on steep slopes in designated for secondary succession wilderness areas 19. The main cause of deforestation in developing nations is a. harvesting timber to produce lumber d. to clear land for agriculture and grazing b. harvesting timber as a source of fuel e. to reduce global warming gases c. to improve conditions for wildlife 20. Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? a. A lizard’s color becomes brown as it sits d. A plant loses it leaves in a drought on a log b. A bear goes into hibernation e. A population of foxes increases as more prey become available c. A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

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21. High rates of extinction caused by human activities has taken place at which of the following times in Earth’s history? I. At the end of the Permian period II. At the end of the Cretaceous period III. During recent times a. I only d. I and II only b. II only e. I, II, and III c. III only 22. The major decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is a. Acid deposition d. Overfishing b. Escalating fuel prices e. Decline in the market price for fish c. Competition from aquaculture 23. Which of the following identifies the two factors most harmful to biodiversity? a. Acid deposition and increased use of d. Changes in climate and proliferation of fertilizers endemic species b. Depletion of the ozone layer and oil e. Global warming and decline in fisheries drilling c. Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species 24. The evolution of a large number of finch species on the Galapagos Islands, each adapted to a niche filled by other birds which in mainland ecosystems are occupied by other types of birds, is an example of a. coevolution d. genetic drift b. convergent evolution e. the founder effect c. adaptive radiation 25. Based on radioactive dating of rocks and other techniques, scientists believe the Earth to be a. 5 million years old d. 4.5 to 5 billion years old b. 10,000 years old e. 10 billion years old c. 3.5 billion years old 26. According to the fossil record life first evolved a. in the oceans d. b. in the atmosphere e. c. in volcanoes

on the land all of these places at the same time

27. Which of the following is not true of spotted owls? a. they are an endangered species d. they have many natural predators b. they live in old growth forests e. there primary habitat is declining c. they nest in tree cavities 28. The fossil record of Easter Island shows that at one time it had much greater amount biological diversity than at present. This loss of biodiversity can be attributed mainly to a. a declining population d. increased technology b. overharvesting of resources e. all of these c. invasive species

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29. Which of the following is true of species richness on earth over the last 3.5 billion years? a. it has increased steadily d. it has remained constant b. it has decreased steadily e. it has decreased with brief periods of increase c. it has increased but with brief periods of mass extinction 30. Which terrestrial ecosystem has the greatest biodiversity? a. deciduous forests d. taiga b. grasslands e. tropical forests c. deserts 31. Which of the following groups of organisms has the greatest number of species? a. bacteria d. fish b. plants e. insects c. mammals 32. Which of the following agricultural pests causes the biggest loss in agricultural production? a. insects d. weeds b. nematodes e. herbivores c. disease 33. What type of pest control is most widely used today in agriculture a. broad spectrum pesticides c. biological control b. narrow spectrum pesticides d. integrated pest management 34. The use of BT to control insects is an example of using a. broad spectrum insecticide d. modern tilling methods b. narrow spectrum insecticide e. integrated pest management c. biological control 35. DDT is an example of a. a narrow spectrum pesticide b. an artificial broad spectrum pesticide c. biological pest control

d. e.

a naturally occuring pesticide an ecologically friendly pesticide

36. What type of genetic modification of agricultural and ornamental plants has been in use for a long period of time to improve plants? a. hybridization d. the use of radiation to cause mutations b. the use of terminator genes e. sterilization c. the use of gene transfer 37. Which of the following is true of the use of terminator genes. a. Its use increases the agricultural yields d. It reduces the need for using pesticides b. It prevents plants from producing seeds e. It makes plants naturally resistant to disease causing organisms c. It lowers costs to farmers in developing nations

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38. What percentage of the Earth’s land area is used as rangeland? a. 1% d. 50% b. 10% e. 75% c. 30% 39. Which of the following can cause desertification? i. soil salinization ii. soil erosion iii. climate change a. i.only d. b. ii only e. c. iii only 40. A forest that has been cut and regrown is called a a. virgin forest d. b. a successional forest e. c. a secondary forest

i and ii i, ii, and iii

an old growth forest an even aged forest

41. Which type harvesting practice is most likely to lead to soil erosion and loss of soil fertility? a. clear-cutting d. strip-cutting b. shelterwood-cutting e. seed-tree cutting c. selective-cutting 42. Under which of the following circumstances is clear-cutting most acceptable? a. in areas with high rainfall and steep d. in old-growth forests slopes b. with species that need shade to e. clear-cutting is never an acceptable forest regenerate practice c. in areas of moderate rain and gentle or no slope 43. Which of the following countries is experiencing large amounts of deforestation yearly? i. Brazil ii. Nepal iii. Unites States a. i only d. i and ii b. ii only e. i, ii, and iii c. iii only 44. Fire suppression can lead to increased risk of catastrophic fires. Which of the following is not a reason for increased fire risk due to fire suppression a. increased amount of fuel on the ground d. less money is being spent on fire prevention b. more small to medium trees providing a e. an increase in the number of insect fuel ladder damaged trees becuase of overcrowding and high tree densities c. an increase in the number of fire resistant species in forests where fire is suppressed

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45. Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true? a. Genetic uniformity of a crop increases d. genetic diversity within populations of the crop’s overall resistance to pests and crop species such as corn is typically disease high b. Genetic resistance to pests and disease e. Genetic diversity is usually high in can be increased by crossing endangered species (hybridizing) a crop plant with ancestral varieties c. Genetic engineering technology is used to increase genetic diversity by creating new species with synthetic genes 46. A state highway was constructed over wetlands. The state obtained a permit to fill the existing wetlands and agreed to create another wetland. This trade off approach to protecting endangered ecosystems is known as a. mitigation d. remediation b. restoration e. sustainability c. preservation 47. Which of the following types of public lands has the least amount of disturbance from human activities? a. National Forests d. County and city parks b. National Parks e. National Monuments c. Wilderness areas 48. What is the greatest threat facing popular National parks such as Yellowstone and Yosemite? a. logging practices d. too many people using the park b. over hunting e. climate change c. poaching

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