Availability of Feeds and Fodders for dairy cattle Feeding
•
Fodders and Crop Residues
•
Grazing System
•
Fodder plus Concentrates
•
Total Mixed Ration (TMR)
INTRODUCTION •
Poor Genetic potential
•
Poor and Imbalanced Nutrition: ➢
More feeding to High producing animals than requirements ➢ Poor feeding to Low producing animals
•
Outreach efforts by Govt. and private sector to educate farmers: Improved feeding Better Breeding Management practices
POOR ACHIEVEMENT
AVAILABILITY OF FEEDS AND FODDERS
•
Pakistan—Agricultural fertile land with four season in a year
•
Little work to take maximum advantage of land in a year round rotations by cropping fodders without disturbing cereal and cash crops cultivation
•
Cash crop residues—available
•
Wheat straw treatment with urea and molasses—but poorly successful due to comparatively less advantage and more labour
•
Silage—cereal crops fodders—Maize, sorghum, millet etc.
•
Hay—leguminous crops
FODDERS Summer ●
Leguminous • • • •
●
Cowpeas Guara Moth Jantar
Non-Leguminous • • • • •
Maize Sorghum Millets Swank Saddabahar
Winter ●
Leguminous • • •
●
Berseem Lucern Shaftal
Non-Leguminous • • • • •
Oats Barley Turnips Sarson & Toria Sugarcane tops
CROP AND FRUIT RESIDUES Crop Residues
Fruit Residues
Wheat straw
Barley straw
Melon Peeling
Rice straw
Millet straw
Expired Fruits
Maize crop residue
Mattar straw
Sugar beat pulp
Sorghum stovers/ leaves
Guar crop residue
Citrus Peeling/residues
Gram straw
Rape seed/mustard straw
Expired Vegetables/Peelings
Linseed straw
Moong straw
Mash straw
Masoor straw
AVAILABILITY OF FODDERS DURING THE YEAR
FEEDING SYSTEMS IN DAIRY CATTLE FARMING •
Grazing System
•
Fodder plus Concentrates ● ●
•
Traditional Commercially Formulated Concentrate Mixture
Total Mixed Ration ●
Silage / Hay based Feeding System
GRAZING SYSTEM •
Most widely practiced for having 1-2 animals
•
Grazing after morning milking till evening
•
Grazing in available grasses and stubbles in harvested and open fields
•
Milk Production—5-6Kg/day with reproductive performance
FODDER PLUS CONCENTRATE A- TRADITIONAL •
• •
• •
By small to medium scale rural farmers and peri-urban traditional gawalas 5-20 animals (buffaloes/cattle) A mixture of wheat bran, cottonseed cake and straw during morning and evening milking Seasonal Fodders in cut and supply systems Progressive Farmers—Khal Banola and Choker
ADVANTAGES • For maintenance and milk production requirements and better reproductive performance
DISADVANTAGES • Chances of malnourishment relative to vitamins and minerals
B- Commercially Formulated Concentrate Mixture •
A number of commercially formulated Concentrate mixtures are available
•
Formulated by Dairy nutritionists relative to protein, energy, fat and micronutrient (vitamin and mineral)
•
Less labour, intensive and convenient
•
For Small scale farming—Less cost effective
Disadvantage: Inconsistent quality under all geographical and climatic conditions
TOTAL MIXED RATION/COMPLETE RATION •
Modern dairy farming system
•
Adopted where high producing exotic herds of cows—Holstein Friesian or Jersey
•
Prepared by using locally available feed ingredients
•
A mixture of both the roughage and the processed ingredients
•
Designed to be the sole feed source given over a 24 hour period--ad lib Requires accurate weighing equipment and adequate and proper mixing equipment (Feed Mixer)
•
ADVANTAGES •
Increased dry matter intakes (DMI) and milk production by approximately 5 to 8%
•
Better fat as a result of improved rumen fermentation, and optimal pH (acidity) levels of 6.2-6.8 in the rumen
•
Cows consume the desired proportion of forages/grains when two or more forages/grains are offered
Cont….
•
Reduced digestive upsets due to each bite of feed having the same composition
•
Less fluctuation in the rumen pH
•
Optimal protein synthesis in the rumen, as microbial protein synthesis is maximized at a rumen pH of 6.3-7.4
Conti….
•
No mineral/vitamin supplements as all requirements can be included in the TMR
•
A wider variety of less palatable feeds can be utilized in the ration
•
Eliminate concentrate feeding during milking
•
Greater accuracy in formulating and feeding.
•
Less labor required for feeding
DISADVANTAGES •
Equipment investment in a mixer
•
Need grouping of cows into two or more groups
•
Rations must be carefully formulated and continually checked
•
Pasture feeding and large amounts of long hay are difficult to incorporate into rations
RECOMMENDATIONS •
To maximize DMI, feed the ration in 4-5 portions over the day
•
Avoiding rations with over 50% moisture
•
Ration must contains minimum of 27% NDF or 19% ADF (DM basis), with 75% of the ration NDF derived from forage / roughage
•
RDP to UDP or bypass protein ratio of 60:40 to ensure adequate rumen fermentation, as well as adequate bypass protein for high production
•
Inclusion of feed buffers and yeast culture is recommended
Ingredients Formulae of Different TMR Ingredients Maize grain
Ration must contains minimum of 27% NDF or 19% ADF (DM basis), with 75% of the ration NDF derived from forage / roughage. ⢠RDP to UDP or bypass protein ...
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