FEEDING SYSTEM FOR LIVESTOCK

DVM—9Th Semester

OUTLINES •

Introduction



Availability of Feeds and Fodders for dairy cattle Feeding



Fodders and Crop Residues



Grazing System



Fodder plus Concentrates



Total Mixed Ration (TMR)

INTRODUCTION •

Poor Genetic potential



Poor and Imbalanced Nutrition: ➢

More feeding to High producing animals than requirements ➢ Poor feeding to Low producing animals



Outreach efforts by Govt. and private sector to educate farmers: Improved feeding Better Breeding Management practices

POOR ACHIEVEMENT

AVAILABILITY OF FEEDS AND FODDERS



Pakistan—Agricultural fertile land with four season in a year



Little work to take maximum advantage of land in a year round rotations by cropping fodders without disturbing cereal and cash crops cultivation



Cash crop residues—available



Wheat straw treatment with urea and molasses—but poorly successful due to comparatively less advantage and more labour



Silage—cereal crops fodders—Maize, sorghum, millet etc.



Hay—leguminous crops

FODDERS Summer ●

Leguminous • • • •



Cowpeas Guara Moth Jantar

Non-Leguminous • • • • •

Maize Sorghum Millets Swank Saddabahar

Winter ●

Leguminous • • •



Berseem Lucern Shaftal

Non-Leguminous • • • • •

Oats Barley Turnips Sarson & Toria Sugarcane tops

CROP AND FRUIT RESIDUES Crop Residues

Fruit Residues

Wheat straw

Barley straw

Melon Peeling

Rice straw

Millet straw

Expired Fruits

Maize crop residue

Mattar straw

Sugar beat pulp

Sorghum stovers/ leaves

Guar crop residue

Citrus Peeling/residues

Gram straw

Rape seed/mustard straw

Expired Vegetables/Peelings

Linseed straw

Moong straw

Mash straw

Masoor straw

AVAILABILITY OF FODDERS DURING THE YEAR

FEEDING SYSTEMS IN DAIRY CATTLE FARMING •

Grazing System



Fodder plus Concentrates ● ●



Traditional Commercially Formulated Concentrate Mixture

Total Mixed Ration ●

Silage / Hay based Feeding System

GRAZING SYSTEM •

Most widely practiced for having 1-2 animals



Grazing after morning milking till evening



Grazing in available grasses and stubbles in harvested and open fields



Milk Production—5-6Kg/day with reproductive performance

FODDER PLUS CONCENTRATE A- TRADITIONAL •

• •

• •

By small to medium scale rural farmers and peri-urban traditional gawalas 5-20 animals (buffaloes/cattle) A mixture of wheat bran, cottonseed cake and straw during morning and evening milking Seasonal Fodders in cut and supply systems Progressive Farmers—Khal Banola and Choker

ADVANTAGES • For maintenance and milk production requirements and better reproductive performance

DISADVANTAGES • Chances of malnourishment relative to vitamins and minerals

B- Commercially Formulated Concentrate Mixture •

A number of commercially formulated Concentrate mixtures are available



Formulated by Dairy nutritionists relative to protein, energy, fat and micronutrient (vitamin and mineral)



Less labour, intensive and convenient



For Small scale farming—Less cost effective

Disadvantage: Inconsistent quality under all geographical and climatic conditions

TOTAL MIXED RATION/COMPLETE RATION •

Modern dairy farming system



Adopted where high producing exotic herds of cows—Holstein Friesian or Jersey



Prepared by using locally available feed ingredients



A mixture of both the roughage and the processed ingredients



Designed to be the sole feed source given over a 24 hour period--ad lib Requires accurate weighing equipment and adequate and proper mixing equipment (Feed Mixer)



ADVANTAGES •

Increased dry matter intakes (DMI) and milk production by approximately 5 to 8%



Better fat as a result of improved rumen fermentation, and optimal pH (acidity) levels of 6.2-6.8 in the rumen



Cows consume the desired proportion of forages/grains when two or more forages/grains are offered

Cont….



Reduced digestive upsets due to each bite of feed having the same composition



Less fluctuation in the rumen pH



Optimal protein synthesis in the rumen, as microbial protein synthesis is maximized at a rumen pH of 6.3-7.4

Conti….



No mineral/vitamin supplements as all requirements can be included in the TMR



A wider variety of less palatable feeds can be utilized in the ration



Eliminate concentrate feeding during milking



Greater accuracy in formulating and feeding.



Less labor required for feeding

DISADVANTAGES •

Equipment investment in a mixer



Need grouping of cows into two or more groups



Rations must be carefully formulated and continually checked



Pasture feeding and large amounts of long hay are difficult to incorporate into rations

RECOMMENDATIONS •

To maximize DMI, feed the ration in 4-5 portions over the day



Avoiding rations with over 50% moisture



Ration must contains minimum of 27% NDF or 19% ADF (DM basis), with 75% of the ration NDF derived from forage / roughage



RDP to UDP or bypass protein ratio of 60:40 to ensure adequate rumen fermentation, as well as adequate bypass protein for high production



Inclusion of feed buffers and yeast culture is recommended

Ingredients Formulae of Different TMR Ingredients Maize grain

Different Proportions % % % % 20

-

-

07

Rice polishings

-

18

-

06

Cane molasses

-

-

20

07

Rapeseed cake

13

13

13

13

Sunflower meal

08

03

12

09

Cottonseed cake

-

01

03

02

Wheat bran

25

30

18

22

Corn gluten 30 %

05

06

07

06

Wheat straw

27

27

25

26

Mineral mixture*

02

02

02

02

Total

100

100

100

100

FEEDING SYSTEM FOR LIVESTOCK

Ration must contains minimum of 27% NDF or 19% ADF (DM basis), with 75% of the ration NDF derived from forage / roughage. • RDP to UDP or bypass protein ...

6MB Sizes 2 Downloads 340 Views

Recommend Documents

No documents