MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KOTHAMANGALAM KERALA, INDIA
MARCH 2010
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1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound should be as follows: 1.
Cover Page
2.
Inside cover page
3.
Certificate from external guide (if any)
4.
Certificate from the college
5.
Acknowledgements
6.
Abstracts
7.
Table of contents
8.
List of tables
9.
List of figures
10.
Abbreviations (if any)
11.
Nomenclature ( if any)
12.
Chapters
13.
Appendices
14.
References
15.
List of papers published, based on the report ( if any)
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2.
PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:
The project report should be prepared in A4 size, and should be hard bound with navy blue colour wrapper. 3.
PREPARATION FORMAT:
3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project report are given in Annexure1. The fonts and locations of various items on this page should be exactly as shown in Annexure 1. 3.2
Inside cover page
Same as cover page
3.3
Acknowledgement
This should not exceed one page. Annexure 1B
3.4
Certificate of external guide (if applicable )
3.5
Bonafide Certificate - See Annexure 2.
The fonts and locations of various items on this page should be exactly as shown in Annexure 2. The Certificate should be in double line spacing using Times New Roman Font Style and, as per the format in Annexure 2. 3.5 Abstract – Abstract should be a one page synopsis of the project work, typed in double line spacing (about 300 words with max 6 key words). Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12. See Annexure 3. 3.6 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all headings, sub headings after the table of contents page, as well as any titles preceding it. The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of Contents. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is given in Annexure 4. 3.7 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the body of the report. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. See Annexure 5. 3.8 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the body of the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. See Annexure 6. 3.81 Table and figures - The word Table means tabulated numerical data in the body of the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal materials used in the body of the project work and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams should be designated as figures. 3.9 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used. See Annexure 7 and 8. 3.10 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 or 4 parts with minimum total pages 50, (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Literature Review (if any) (iii) Experimental
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setup (if any) (iii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work (iv) and Conclusion. The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions. •
Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
•
Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where they are cited.
•
Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate. See Annexure 9 3.11
Appendices - Same format as Chapters
3.12 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces below the heading “REFERENCES” in alphabetical order, in single spacing and left – justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the surname of the first author. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by the year and other details. See Annexure 10. 3.13 List of papers published based on the report -
4.
See Annexure 11
TYPING INSTRUCTIONS:
The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour. One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall be typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 12. Use A4 (210 mm X 297 mm) bond un-ruled paper (80 gsm) for all copies submitted. Use one only side of the paper for all printed/typed matter.
4.1.
NUMBERING
Every page in the seminar/project report, except the seminar/project report title page, must be accounted for and numbered. The page numbering, starting from acknowledgements and till the beginning of the introductory chapter, should be printed in small Roman numbers, i.e, i, ii, iii, iv...... The page number of the first page of each chapter should not be printed (but must be accounted for). All page numbers from the second page of each chapter should be printed using Arabic numerals, i.e. 2,3,4,5... All printed page numbers should be located at the bottom centre of the page.
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4.2
CHAPTERS
Use only Arabic numerals. Chapter numbering should be centered on the top of the page using large bold print. < size 15> 4.3
SECTIONS
Use only Arabic numerals with decimals. Section numbering should be left justified using bold print. Example: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc. 4.3.1 SUBSECTIONS Use only Arabic numerals with two decimals. Subsection numbering should be left Justified using bold print. Example: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, etc. 4.4
EQUATION(S)/FORMULA
Use only Arabic numerals with single decimal. Equation numbers should be right justified using normal print. Format: (.).
Example
4.5
(1.1)
REFERENCES
Use only Arabic numerals. Serial numbering should be carried out based on Alphabetical order of surname or last name of first author. Ref. Annexure 10 5
TEXT
5.1
COLOR
5.2
FONT
5.2.1 REGULAR TEXT
- Black
- Times Roman 12 pts. and normal print.
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5.2.2 CHAPTER HEADING
- Times Roman 15 pts., bold print and all capitals.
5.2.3 SECTION HEADINGS
- Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and all capitals
5.2.4 SUBSECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and leading capitals. ie. Only first letter in each word should be in capital 5.2.5 SPECIAL TEXT
as per necessity. Special text may include footnotes, endnotes, physical or chemical symbols, mathematical notations, etc. 5.2.6 REFERENCES
- Same font as regular text. Serial number and all
authors' names to be in bold print. Journal names and book titles should be in italics.
6.
PARAGRAPH SPACING
Use 6 pts before & 6 pts after paragraphs. All paragraphs in the seminar/project report should be left justified completely, from the first line to the last line. Use 1.5 spacing between the regular text and quotations. 6.1
Provide double spaces between: (a) Chapter title and first sentence of a chapter,
6.2
Use single spacing (a) in footnotes and endnotes for text. (b) in explanatory notes for tables and figures. (c) in text corresponding to bullets, listings, and quotations in the main body of
seminar/project report . 6.3
Use single space in references and double space between references.
7
JUSTIFICATION
The text should be fully justified 8
MARGINS
The margins for the regular text are as follows: LEFT
= 1.50"
RIGHT
= 1.00"
TOP
= 1.00"
BOTTOM
= 1.00"
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|
9
TABLES
All tables should have sharp lines, drawn in black ink, to separate rows/columns as and when necessary. Tables should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in the text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including tables on a page, should be avoided. Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all tables to separate them from the regular text, wherever applicable. The title of the table etc. should be placed on the top of the table The title should be centered with respect to the table. The titles must be in the same font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title format is given below: Table.
. 10
FIGURES
All figures, drawings, and graphs should be drawn in black ink with sharp lines and adequate contrast between different plots if more than one plot is present in the same graph. The title of the figure etc. should be placed on the bottom of the figure. Figures should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in the text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including figures on a page, should be avoided. Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all figures to separate them from the regular text, wherever applicable. Figures should be centered with respect to the figure. The titles must be in the same font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title format is given below:
Fig. .
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Annexure 1.
PROJECT TITLE A PROJECT REPORT submitted to MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY by NAME OF STUDENT in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KOTHAMANGALAM 686 666, KERALA, INDIA.
MARCH 2010
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Annexure 1.A
PROJECT TITLE <1.5 line spacing>
A PROJECT REPORT
submitted to MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY
by
NAME OF STUDENT Bold
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of <1.5 line spacing>
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MARCH 2010
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Annexure 1B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One page maximum. Times New Roman and Font Size 12
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Annexure 2.
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report entitled “TITLE OF PROJECT WORK” submitted by NAME OF STUDENT to the Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by him under my supervision during the year 2009-2010.
Name Prof. N. Raman Namboothiri Professor and Head
(Project Guide)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Designation
MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KOTHAMANGALAM 686 666 KERALA, INDIA.
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Annexure 3.
ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: DI Diesel Engine, Spiral Manifold, Helical Manifold, Helical-Spiral Combined Manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In-cylinder fluid dynamics exert significant influence on the performance and emission characteristics of Direct Injection (DI) diesel engines. Detailed simulation of the various features of the in-cylinder fluid motion including heat transfer and combustion processes has now become an achievable goal using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology, an area which is developing for more than a decade. In the present work, computational fluid dynamics investigation on in-cylinder flow for non-reacting as well as firing condition in a DI diesel engine using different types of inlet manifolds has been carried out. The employed three-dimensional computational domains, constitute of the intake manifold, combustion chamber and the exhaust manifold so that a complete engine cycle can be simulated. To start with, a study on the effect of manifold configurations on in-cylinder flow and combustion has been carried out on an engine geometry, for which experimental measurements are available. Validation of simulated results with experimental data available in the literature is presented.
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Annexure 4
CONTENTS Title
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... iv ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... v NOMENCLATURE ...................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1
Flow Through Inlet Manifold ........................................................................... 3
1.2
Simulation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics ........................................... 5
Effect on Engine Configurations........................................................................ 9
2.3
Diesel Combustion Model ............................................................................... 25
........................................................................................................................................... …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… REFERENCE ................................................................................................................ 50 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.......................................................................................... 55
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Annexure 5.
List of Tables
Table
Title
Page
3.1
Values Assigned to Standard k-ε Turbulence Model Coefficients ................ 55
3.2
Values Assigned to RNG k-ε Turbulence Model Coefficients ...................... 57
Grid Independent SR for Validation Model....................................................... 98
4.12
Grid Independent TKE for Validation Model................................................... 99
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Annexure 7.
NOMENCLATURE English Symbols A
Pre-exponential constant
Ad
Droplet cross-sectional area, m2
As
Droplet surface area, m2
A0
Nozzle cross sectional area. m2
Cp
Specific heat,J/kg-K
C am
Virtual mass coefficient
c
Reaction progress variable
cd
Coefficient of discharge of nozzle
c 0p
Reference specific heat at temperature T0
cp
Mean constant – pressure specific heat at temperature T
c p ,d
Droplet specific heat
Dd
Instantaneous droplet diameter, m
Dm
Vapour diffusivity
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Annexure 8
ABBREVIATIONS ATDC
After Top Dead Center
BDC
Bottom Dead Center
BTDC
Before Top Dead Center
CA
Crank Angle
CAD
Computer Aided Design
CCS
Combined Charging System
CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamics
CO
Carbon Monoxide
CTC
Characteristic–Time Combustion
DI
Direct Injection
DME
Dimethyl Ether
DNS
Direct Numerical Simulations
EGR
Exhaust Gas Re- Circulation
FIE
Fuel Injection Equipments
HC
Hydrocarbon
HWA
Hot Wire Anemometer
IC
Internal Combustion
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Annexure 9
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION Fuel economy demands and pollution threats have posed serious challenges to the design and development of new generation diesel engines. The performances of the diesel engines are enhanced by proper design of inlet and exhaust manifolds. In this, inlet manifold is mainly responsible for inducting appropriate amount of air into the cylinder. It should be the endeavor of the designer to see that maximum volumetric efficiency is obtained. At the same time, the design should be in such a way that it creates larger turbulence and swirl. Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine with new intake system, turbocharger and after treatment arrangement to meet latest emission regulations and fuel economy is found to be very attractive for automotive applications. Simulation of IC engine using CFD is comparatively quite difficult since it involves complex ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………
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Annexure 10
REFERENCES Abraham, J., F.V. Bracco, and R.D. Reitz (1985) Comparison of Omputed and Measured Premixed Charge Engine Combustion. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 60, 309 – 322. Affes, H., N. Trigui., D. Smith, and V. Griaznov (1998) Shape Optimization of IC Engine Ports and Chambers. SAE Paper No.980127. Anderson, J.D. (1995) Computational Fluid Dynamics. McGraw Hill, Singapore 1995. Arcoumanis, C., A.F. Bicen, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Measurments in a Motored Four Stroke Reciprocating Model Engine. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.104. Arcoumanis, C., J.H. Whitelaw, W. Hentschel, K.P. Schindler (1994) Flow and Combustion in a Transparent 1.9 Litre Direct Injection Diesel Engine. Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs., Vol. 208. Arcoumanis, C., Z. Hu, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Steady Flow Characterization of Tumble-Generating Four – Valve Cylinder Heads. Proc.Instn. Mech. Engrs. Vol 207. Babu, S.S., P.I. Haneef, P.A. Lakshminarayanan, P. Deshpande, N. Bhalla, P. Sagar, and J. Sekar (2005) Two Methods for Improving Torque of a Diesel Engine in the Low Speed Range. SAE Paper No. 2005-26-001. Balajimopoulos, A, D.N. Assani, D.L. Floweers, S.M. Aceves, and P. Hessel (2005) A Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Multi-Zone Model with Detailed Chemical Kinetics for the Simulation of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition. IMechE. J. Engine Research, Vol. 6, No. 5. Barths, H., C. Hasse, and N. Peters (2000) Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Non-Premixed Combustion in Direct Injection Diesel Engines. Proceedings of the IMechE Volume 1, Journal of Engine Research. Baulch, D.L., D.D. Drysdall, D.G. Horne, and A.C. Lloyd (1973) Evaluated Kinetic Data for High Temperature Reactions. Butterworth. Beard, O. C and M. Miche (2003) Improved Modeling of DI Diesel Engines Using Sub Grid Description of Spray and Combustion. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-0008.
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See Annexure 11
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
I I
REFEREED JOURNALS
1.
Paul,B and V. Ganesan (2008) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on incylinder air motion and turbulence in DI Diesel engine. Journal of Engineering
Application of Computational Fluid Mechanics. (Communicated).
II
PRESENTATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
1.
Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) Study of air motion inside the cylinder of a DI diesel engine with spiral intake port. 14th International Conference of Indian
Society of Mechanical Engineers in the Knowledge Age, New Delhi, December 2005. 2.
Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2006) Effect of manifold configuration in turbulence inside the cylinder of a direct injection diesel Engine by CFD Simulation. Third
BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 2006. 4
Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on swirl and emissions in a DI diesel engine - A CFD study. Third International
Conference on Thermal Engineering. Jordan, May 2007. 5
Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of helical-spiral combined manifold configuration on swirl and emissions in a DI diesel engine A CFD study.
International Conference on Computer Aided Engineering, IIT Madras, India, December 2007. II
PRESENTATIONS IN NATIONAL CONFERENCES
1.
Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) CFD Analysis of the effect of port configurations on air motion inside the cylinder of a DI diesel engine. 19th National Conference
on IC Engine Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Chidambaram, India, December 2005.
The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by the year and other details. .... Kerala in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in. Mechanical ..... very attractive for automotive applications.
KEYWORDS: DI Diesel Engine, Spiral Manifold, Helical Manifold, Helical-Spiral. Combined Manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In-cylinder fluid dynamics exert significant influence on the performance and emission characteristics of Direct Inj
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