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7 9 19 21

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76 77 83 88 89 90 93 93 99 100

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105 108 116 121 123

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129 137 145 154 156

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167 183 183 186

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244 248 251 269

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287 291 293 294 299

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305 310 317 326 334 339

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359 369 373 378 382 386

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395 399 400 404

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csD;rGrf;axmyemjyKjcif;[lorQonf tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfawmfrlaom? wpf qlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;jzpfawmfrlaom? teEÅu½kPmawmf&Sif tv’m[f t&SifjrwfESifhom xdkufwefawmfrlygonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg; rS aumif;csD;r*Fvmtjzmjzmonf t&Sifjrwf\ eAD&plvfwrefawmfrsm;\ aemufqkH;wrefawmfcsKyfjzpfawmfrlaom wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftay: üvnf;aumif;? udk,fawmfjrwf\ tdrfawmfol? tdrfawmfom;rsm;tay:ü vnf;aumif;? qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;tay:üvnf;aumif;? udk,fawmf jrwf\vrf;pOftay:ü ud,mrofaemufqkH;aeYwdkifatmif z0g;ajcxyf vdkufem usifhBuHtm;xkwfBurnfh yk*¾dKvfrGef? yk*¾dKvfjrwfrsm;tay:üvnf; aumif; usa&mufawmfrlygapaomf/ aomif[D;'fonf tpövmrfh,kHMunfcsuf\ A[dktcsuftjcmjzpfay onf/ vlom;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ cvDz[fudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf zef qif;awmfrlcJhí ,if;wm0eftm; urÇmajrjyifwGif b0wnfaqmufrIjyK&m 0,f vdkufemusifhBuHtm;xkwf&ef yxrOD;qkH; r[mvlom;BuD; tm'rf vufxufrSpwifí owfrSwfjyXmef;cJhavonf/ ½IdifoGmefonf vlom;wdkY\ xif&Sm;aom xm0& &efolBuD;yif jzpf onf/ ¤if;onf vlom;tm; vrf;rSefrS a0;uGmoGm;atmif BudK;yrf; tm;xkwfjcif;tm; wpfjym;om;rQavQmhvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k usdefqdkcJhonf/ ¤if;½IdifoGmefonf vlom;wdkYtm; rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'jzpfonfh bk&m;trsm; tm; udk;uG,fjcif;0g'ESifh Ad'gtofvkyfief;rsm;wGif NidwG,fepfrGef;atmif txl; BudK;pm;í aqmif½Gufaeonf/ usrf;jyKol a'gufwmAdvmvfzD;vpf onf ¤if;jyKpkonfh þpmtkyfwGif rdpäm'd|dt,ltqrsm;rS vGwfuif;onfh aomif[D;'foabmw&m;odkY a&muf&SdEdkifaom vrf;aMumif;udk &Sif;vif; xif&Sm;pGmjzifh wifjyxm;ayonf/ tcsdefjynfh? pGrf;tm;jynfh 'tf0[fvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifaeonfh 'gtD a'gufwmtAltrDe[f AdvmvfzD;vpfonf r'De[ftpövmrfhwuúodkvfrS

bGJY&&SdcJhonfh tmvifrfynm&Sifvnf; jzpfayonf/ olonf t*Fvdyf bmompum;jzifh pmtkyfrsm;pGm a&;om;cJhavonf/ þpmtkyftwGif;ü olonf aomif[D;'fESifhoufqdkifonfhu@rsm;udk tvGef vG,ful½dk;&Sif; aomykHpHESifh bmompum;udk tokH;jyKxm;ayonf/ þonf pm½Iolrsm; tm; rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKayvdrfhrnf/ tvf-[rf;'kvdv’m[f? þpmtkyfudk ae&mwdkif;ü pm½Iolrsm;rS vG,f ulpGm 0,f,l &&SdEdkifayonf/ þwnf;jzwfxkwfa0rIwGif pma&;olrS ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif jyefvnfpdppfwnf;jzwfxm;ayonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf jyKpkoltm;vnf;aumif;? bmomjyefqdkol q&mrBuD; a'gufwmvSvS0if;tm;vnf;aumif;? jrefrmbmomjyeftm; pDpOfwnf;jzwfay;ol q&m½Idifcfrk[r®'f,mpD;eftm;vnf;aumif;? þpm tkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tbufbufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDcJhMuaomolrsm; tm;vkH;udk aumif;jrwfvSonfh r*Fvmrsm; oGef;avmif; ay;oem;awmfrl ygap/ tmrD;ef/ Ustadh Muhammad Ibn ‘Abdul-Muhsin Al-Tuwaijri

Managing Director, International Islamic Publishing House, IIPH Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 15-Jun-2010

‫ احلمد هلل الواحد بأسامئه و صفاته و ألوهيته و ربوبيته و الصالة و السالم عىل نبيه و رسوله األمني املبعوث‬

‫رمحة للعاملني إمام املوحدين حممد بن عبد اهلل و عىل آله و صحبه الكرام و من إهتدي هبديه إىل يوم الدين‬

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½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;BuD;? tDrmefusrf;i,f? tcef;-39? ['D;qftrSwf-52? pm-83? tm&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? a'gufwmrk[r®'f rk[fpifefcg;ef? 1997? 'g½kpf pvmrfykHESdyfwdkuf? &D,m'fNrdKUawmf? aqmf'Dta&AD,m;EdkifiH/

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        

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jcif;? *kPfodu©m&Sdjcif;?BuD;yGm;wdk;wufjcif;ponfh r*Fvmtaygif; csD;jr§ifh ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ þpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef; ulnDaomolrsm;tm;vkH;tm; ESpfb0? ESpfXmewGif aumif;jrwfvSonfh tpm; ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ þpmtkyftm;jzifh vlom;vkH; tusKd;cHpm; EdkifpGrf; ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ txl;ojzifh rkpfvifrfrsm; tusKd;cHpm;EdkifpGrf; ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ uRefawmfrsKd;r\ 'dktmudk vufcH oabmwlawmfrl yg/}} tmrD;ef/ ‫ ويف اخلتام نسأل اهلل سبحانه و تعاىل أن يرزقنا العلم النافع و العمل به عىل هدى الكتاب الكريم و‬... ‫هذا‬ .‫ أنه املوىل و نعم املعني‬.‫السنة النبوية‬

a'gufwmvSvS0if; B.A (Geo:), B.Ed, M.Ed, Ph.D (Edu:) University of Tsukuba, Japan Diploma in Dai’ya, Al-Azhar, Yangon Email: [email protected]

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aomifzD;ufpGrf;tm;ay;rIjzifh [D*sf&Douú&mZf- 1431 ckESpf? &rfZmefvjrwf? 30 &uf? Mumoyaw;aeY? c&pfouú&mZf- 2010 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 9 &ufwGif jrefrmbmomjyefqdk NyD;qkH;ygonf/

‫ والصالة والسالم عىل رسوله النبي‬،‫ وما كنا لنهتدي لوال أن هدانا اهلل‬،‫ا حلمد هلل الذي هدانا لإلسالم‬ ‫ ومن سلك سبيلهم إىل‬،‫ وعىل آله وصحابته‬،‫ ليظهره عىل الدين كله‬،‫ الذي أرسله باهلدى ودين احلق‬،‫األمي‬

:‫ أما بعد‬.‫يوم الدين‬

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pm½IoltaeESifh þpmtkyfü yg&SdonfhtaMumif;t&m tm;vkH;tm; vufcHcsifrS vufcHayrnf/ vufcHjcif;? vufrcHjcif;onf pm½Iol\udpö om jzpfayonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\wm0efrSmum; tpövmrfhaomif[D;'fopöm w&m;taMumif;udk cdkifrmwdusaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh jyKpkxm; aom þpmtkyftm; bmomjyefqdk? wnf;jzwfjcif; jzpfonf/ tu,fí pm½IoltaeESifh þpmtkyfygtaMumif;t&mwpfckcktm; bmomjyefqdk&mü trSm;wpfpkHwpf&mudk awGY&Sdygu jzLpifaomo'¨gw&m;jzifh taMumif; Mum;ay;rnfqdkvsSif txl;yif aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf onf uREkfyfwdkYtm; ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaom w&m;vrf;rSefay:0,f aoqkH; onfhwdkifatmif xm;&Sdawmfrlyg/ [d'g,ofr&&Sdao;aom olrsm;udkvnf; [d'g,ofcsD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlygap/ tmrD;ef/ uREkfyfwdkYtm; vlBuD;rif; wdkY\ 'dktmü owd&ay;yg&ef arwÅm&yfcHygonf/ udk,f? pdwf? 0dnmOf okH;yg;pvkH; usef;rmcsrf;omMuygap/

Email: [email protected]

rkpfvifrfwdkif; odxm;Muonfh todonmwpfckrSm aomif[D;'fopöm w&m;onf tpövmrfomoem\ tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf[laom tcsuf jzpfonf/ xdkaomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk ‫( الإله اال اهلل‬tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vGJí c0yfudk;uG,f&mt&Sif r&Sd)[laom ykHaoenf;ESifh azmfxkwfwifjyavh&Sd onf/ ,if;\qdkvdk&if;oabmrSm ppfrSefaomudk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;om&SdNyD;? xdkt&SifonfomvQif c0yfudk;uG,f rItpkpkudk cHxdkufaom t&Sifjzpfonf/ þonf tDrmef(udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ftm; ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfjcif;)ESifh ukzf&f(udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; r,kHMunfjcif;)Mum;wGif wduspGm ydkif;jcm;ay; vdkufaom? ½dk;&Sif;vSaom ykHaoenf;vnf; jzpfygonf/ tpövmrfh ,kH MunfcsuftwGif;&Sd udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfjcif; aomif[D;'fopöm w&m;onf okH;yg;wpfql0g'udk jiif;y,fí udk;uG,f&mbk&m;wpfqlwnf; om&Sdonf[k vufcH,kHMunfxm;aom t,l0g'jzpfNyD;? urÇmwGif *sL;bm om? c&pf,mefbmomESifh tpövmrfbmomwdkYonf xdkbmomtrsKd;tpm; wGif ygonf[k trsm;vufcHxm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif c&pf,mefbmom? *sL;bmomwdkYrSm okH;yg;wpfql0g'udk vufcHxm;aomaMumifh tpövmrfh aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ oabmw&m;t&qdkvQif c&pf,mefrsm;\ ,kHMunfrIudk bk&m;trsm;udk;uG,frI0g'tjzpfvnf;aumif;? *sL;0g'tm; ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;rsm;udk udk;uG,frI\ odrfarGYnHhoufaom ykHpHwpfrsKd;jzpfonf [k qdkEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ oabmw&m;onf tvGef av;eufvSaomaMumifh ¤if;udk rkpfvifrfrsm; em;vnfoabmayguf&ef us,fus,fNyefYjyefY xyfrH &Sif;vif;wifjy&ef vdktyfayonf/ þtcsufrSm rSefuefaMumif; tcsKdUaomrkpfvifrfrsm;rS xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD; o½kyfjycJh

onfudk avhvmod&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm- tdAfEktm&AD7rS aomif[D;'fudk em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonfrSm ]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm;vkH;aom t&mrsm;jzpfNyD;? tm;vkH;aomt&mrsm;onf tv’m[fjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;om &Sdonf/}}[k qdkonf/ þuJhodkYaom ,kHMunfcsufrsm;udk tpövmrfhacwfa&pD;aMumif;wGif; ]obm0avmu&Sd t&mcyfodrf;udk bk&m;tjzpf udk;uG,faom0g'}[k owfrSwfNyD;? ,if;odkY ,kHMunfjcif;onf ukzf&fjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaomrkpfvifrfrsm; Oyrm-rktfoZdvmrsm;8uvnf; aomif[D;'f opömw&m;rS tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udk cGJxkwfNyD;? tv’m[f onf t&m0w¦Kwdkif;wGif&Sdovdk ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sdonf[k ½IjrifcHpm;Mu onf/ þuJhodkYaomt,ltqudk ppfrSefaom pvzf tqGf-qGmav[D;ef olawmfpifrsm;u jiif;y,fcJhonf/ ,if;uJhodkY ,kHMunfcH,lrIrsm;udk rdpämt,l (t,ltqvGJrSm;jcif;)[k owfrSwfcJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf 7

rk[r®'fAifeftvDAifeftm&ADonf c&pfouú&mZf 1165 CE wGif pydefü arG;zGm;cJhNyD; c&pfouú&mZf 1240 CE ckESpfwGif (,ckqD;&D;,m;EdkifiH) 'rpuwfNrdKUü uG,fvGef cJhonf/ olrS olonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tjrifhjrwfqkH;emrawmf (tdpfarhttf ZGmrf) todynmESifh twGif;ydkif;tvif;udk ydkifqdkifcJhonf[k a
0pD;vfAifeftwGfwGtfESifh tr&fAifeftkAkdif&fwdkYrS tkrdkif,mrif;qufumv (c&pf ouú&mZf 8 &mpktapmydkif;umv)wGif xlaxmifcJhonfh qifjcifwkHw&m; OD;pm;ay; onfh tawG;tac:'óeqdkif&mrZf[Af jzpfonf/ ¤if;t,ltqonf tAÁmppf EdkifiHawmfudk ESpfwpf&mausmfvTrf;rdk;NyD; 12 &mpkwdkif vTrf;rdk;cJhaom t,ltq jzpf onf/ ½I- Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 421-6

rk[r®'f ouf&Sd xif&Sm;&SdpOfumvrSpí ,ckacwfumvtxd rdpäm t,l0g'udk ,kHMunfvGJrSm;oGm;Muaom *dkPf;*Ptrsm;pk\ vrf;vGJoGm; Mu&onfh t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm aomif[D;'fopömw&m;rS aoGznfcGJ xGufoGm;&aom taMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/ tpövmrf\ tESpfom&? tpövmrf\opömw&m;udk tm;xkwfMuukefaomvlrsm; tm;vkH;onf ¤if; wdkY\aemufvdkufrsm;tm;vkH;udk aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ tajccH tESpf om& oabmw&m;rsm;udk tmedoifysufjy,fatmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh aomif [D;'f NydKysufatmif tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf aomif[D;'fw&m;onf &plvfeADwrefawmfrsm;tm;vkH;rS ,laqmifvmcJh aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifxHrS xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;onfh 0[Dvrf;ñTefcsuf rsm;\ tjrKawoabmw&m;jzpfaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ tm;vkH;aom eADwrefawmfrsm;? &plvfwrefawmfrsm;onf tpövmrf\bufawmfom; rsm; jzpfMuNyD;? ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH;rS tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg; tjcm;aom? vGJrSm;aomudk;uG,f&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;NyD;? tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;udk om c0yfudk;uG,f0wfjyKMu&ef aomif[D;'f[laomtodonmudkom oif Mum;vrf;ñTefay;cJhonf/ vlom;rsm;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifhywfoufí t½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;\ tawG;tac:'óersm; 0ifa&mufvmonfESifhwNydKif euf ¤if;wdkYtm; trsKd;rsKd;taxGaxGaom aoGznfvrf;rSm;onfh tawG; tac:? t,ltqrsm;tm;vkH;udk vG,fulpGm a&m*gul;quf cHMu&NyD;? ppfrSefaom? wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifudk ab;z,fxm;NyD;? twkta,mif bk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,f&mrsm;tjzpf vufcH udk;uG,fjcif;odkY OD;wnfoGm;Muonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS tm;vkH;aom rkpfvifrfrsm;tm; txif t&Sm; owday;ajymMum;cJhonfrSm udk,fawmfjrwfvufxufrwdkifrD vGef avNyD;aom eADwrefawmfrsm;vufxuf wdkif;a'otoD;oD;wGif aomif [D;'fopömw&m;rS aoGznfoGm;cJhjcif;\Oyrmrsm;rSm txift&Sm; &SdcJh aMumif;? xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh rdrd\usifhokH;rI vrf;aMumif;

twdkif; teD;pyfqkH; z0g;ajcxyf vdkufemusifhokH;Mu&ef vrf;ñTefcJhonf/ wpfaeYaomtcgwGif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS rdrd\ qG[mA[fBuD; rsm; ESifhtwlwuG xdkifaepOf wrefawmfjrwfrS ajrBuD;ay:wGif rsOf; aMumif;wpfaMumif; qGJcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf xyfrHí ,if;rsOf;ajzmifhrS tzufzufodkY cGJjzmxGufaeaom tjcm;rsOf;aMumif;rsm;udkvnf; qGJom; avonf/ xkdtcg qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS xdkrsOf;aMumif;rsm;onf rnfodkY aomteuft"dyÜg,f&Sdygoenf;? udk,fawmfjrwftaeESifh rnfonfh t&mudk qdkvdkcsifygoenf;[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;cJhavonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS vrf;cGJrsm;udk ñTefjyí ¤if;wdkYonf b0wGif a&vdkufvGJolrsm;? vrf;vGJoGm;olrsm;? vrf;rSm;oGm;olrsm;\vrf;aMumif; rsm;jzpfaMumif;? xdkvrf;cGJrsm; wpfckcsif;\xdyfwGif ½dIifoGmefwpfaumif csif;onf xdkifaevQuf vlom;wdkYtm; vrf;rSm;odkY vdkufMu&ef aoG; aqmifjzm;a,mif;vQuf&SdaMumif; &Sif;jycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf wrefawmfjrwf BuD;rS tv,fwGif&Sdaom ajzmifhrwfonfh rsOf;aMumif;udk ñTefjy NyD; þonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vdkvm;ESpfoufaomvrf;aMumif; (0g) tv’m[fhvrf;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jycJhonf/ qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS qufvufí &Sif;jy&efawmif;qdkaomtcg xdkvrf;onfyif rdrdwrefawmf\ vrf; jzpfaMumif; atmufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmfudk ½Gwf zwfo&ZÑm,fcJhonf/            [ ] 

]]xkdrSwyg; (toif ajymMum;ygav/) þonf ig\ ajzmifhrwf rSefuefaom w&m;vrf;pOfaywnf;/ okdYjzpfay&m toifwkdYonf xkd vrf;pOfukdom vkdufMuavukef/ xkdYjyif tjcm; tjcm;aom vrf;pOfrsm;ukd rvkdufMuukefvifh/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf ,if;

vrf;pOfrsm;onf toifwkdYtm; xkdt&Sifjrwf\ vrf;awmfrS uGJuGmaprnf jzpfaomaMumifhyif/}}(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6;153)9 xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYrS ta&;BuD;qkH;? em;vnfxm;oifhonfhtcsufrSm aomif[D;'fonf wrefawmfjrwf()rS oifMum;ay;cJhaom? udk,fawmf jrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;u em;vnfoabmaygufcJhaom vrf; aMumif;yif jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwfygu wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf aoGznf vrf;rSm;oGm;cJhMuaom vrf;vGJolrsm;\vrf;odkY tvG,fwul usa&muf oGm;EdkifonfrSm &Sif;vif;vSonfhtcsufyif jzpfonf/ xdkolwdkYonf rdrd wdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkY aomif[D;'fopömw&m;ay:wGif &yfwnfaeygonf? qGvmof0wfjyKaeMuygvQuf? Zumof10ay;aqmifaeMuygvQuf? qGD,mrf OykofaqmufwnfaeMuygvQuf? [*sfjyKygvQufESifh vrf;rSm;rsm;odkY a&mufoGm;wwfMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh teEÅÓPfawmf&Sif tv’m[f() rS xdktcsif;t&mudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ atmufygtm,ofawmfwGif twdtvif; ñTefjyxm;ygonf/ ِ ْ ‫[وما ُي ْؤ ِم ُن أكْث ُر ُه ْم بِاهللِ إِالو و ُهم ْشم‬ ]‫ِركُون‬

]]pifppfaomfum; ¤if;wdkYteuf rsm;pGmaom olwdkYonf tv’m[f t&Sifjrwftm; wpfpHkwpf&mudk xkdt&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf EIdif;,SOf udk;uG,fjcif; rjyKbJ ouf0if,HkMunfMuonf r[kwfaywum;/}} (usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 12; 106)

9

qG[mADBuD;tAfEkrwfptl;'frS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfepmtD ? tDrmrf t[fr'f ESifh tDrmrft'f-'g&DrD ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhí ½Idifcf tvf-tvfAm eD ocifu ppfrSefaom['D;qfawmftjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/ ½I- udomAf twfpfpGEé[f? twGJ-1? pm-13? ['D;qftrSwf-17/ 10 wpfESpfvQif wpfBudrfrjzpfrae ay;aqmif&aom qG'u[ftvSL'ge/

rnfodkYqdkap? t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifh pmzwfolwpfOD;onf t*F vdyfbmompum;jzifh a&;om;xkwfa0xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk EdIif;,SOf Munfhygu qGvmof? Zumof? qGD,mrfESifh [m*sf? tpövmrfhpD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;wdkYESifh ywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rSm tajrmuftjrm; xkwfa0xm;aomfvnf; aomif[D;'ftaMumif;a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyf[l í vufurf;pmapmifESifh pmtkyfi,fwpftkyf? ESpftkyfrQom&SdaMumif;udk awGY&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpövmrfwGif aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ ta&; ygrI tcef;u@rSm enf;yg;oa,mif jzpfaeygonf/ þodkY a&;om; wifjyrIrsm;onf vlom;wpfa,muftwGuf ¤if;a&SUqufzwf½Irnfh pm tkyfpmwrf;rsm;tay:xm;&Sdonfh,lqcsuf oabmxm;tay:wGifyg vTrf; rdk;rI&Sdaeayonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muftaeESifh tpövmrfESifhywfoufaom vltrsm;em;vnfvG,fonfh pmtkyfrsm;udkzwfvQif aomif[D;'ftaMumif; udk pmrsufESmwpf0ufrQom a&;om;wifjyxm;NyD;? usefaom pmtkyfwpf tkyfvkH;onf tpövmrf\tjcm;r@dKifrsm;taMumif;udk tao;pdwfcsJUí &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/ trSefrSm aomif[D;'fonf tpövmrf\t"dutusqkH; tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfNyD;? tjcm;aom tpövmrfh r@dKifrsm;rSm xdkaomif[D;'ftay:wGifrlwnfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpf onf/ vlwpfa,mufonf ¤if;\aomif[D;'fopömw&m;tay: &yfwnfrI rcdkifrmygu tjcm;r@dKifrsm;tay: &yfwnfrIonfvnf;tm; rawmifh awmhyJ olonf vl½dkif;vlpdkif;rsm;uJhodkY ½dk;&m"avhxkH;pHrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk jyif;xefpGmcH&ayvdrfhrnf/ rkpfvifrfESifh rkpfvifrfr[kwfolrsm;tMum;&Sd vGJrSm;aom,kHMunfrI? aomif;usef;aeaom t,ltqtrSm;rsm;udk jyKjyif Edkif&ef vrf;rSefjyay;Edkif&eftwGuf aomif[D;'fESifhywfoufaom pmtkyf pmayrsm;udk ydkrdkjyKpk&ef? bmomjyef&ef vdktyfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f r&Sd/ ,ck uREkfyf a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom þpmtkyfonf t*Fvdyfpmzwfy&d owftwGuf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;qdkif&m tpövmrfhynm&yfe,fy,f

twGif;&Sd t"duusaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmem;vnfEdkif &ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfxm;csufjzpfonf/ þpmtkyfonf aomif[D;'fynm &yfqdkif&m *E¨0iftm&ADpmayvuf&mwpfckjzpfaom tvf-tuD;'[f toGf -oG[m0D;,[f(‫)العقيدة الطهاوية‬11uJhodkYaompmtkyfrsm;udk csOf;uyfavhvmí a&;om;jyKpkxm;aomfvnf; uREkfyfonf tpövmrfh *E¨0ifpmayvuf&mrsm; twGif;yg&Sdaom bmoma&;qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;zG,fudpörsm;udk acwfopf t*Fvdyfpmzwf y&dowfrsm;ESifh roifhavQmfygaomaMumifh txl; owdjyK í a&Smif&Sm; a&;om;xm;ygonf/ ,ckpmtkyfwGif yg&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;onf t*Fvdyfbmom pum;jzifhoifMum;aeonfh Manerat Ar-Riyadh English Medium Islamic School wGif owÅrwef;rS 'Gg'órwef;txd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf uREkfyfrS jyifqif oifMum;ay;cJhaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh þpmtkyftwGif; a&;om; xm;aom t*Fvdyfpmtqifhtwef;rSm cufcJ½IyfaxG;onfh ta&;tom;rsKd; r[kwfyg/ þaomif[D;'fqdkif&m oifcef;pmrsm;onf tar&duefjynf axmifpkESifh taemuftdE´d,uRef;pka'owGif acwfpm;aeaom zdu[f (tpövmrfhw&m;Oya')qdkif&m oifcef;pmrsm;? ['D;qfESifh ozfpD;&fynm &yfvm taMumif;t&macgif;pOfrsm; a'G;a&m,Sufwif qufEG,faeyg onf/ ¤if;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk aocsmpGm pdppfavhvmNyD;? tquftpyf &Sdaom acgif;pOftcsKdUudk aygif;pyfjcif;tm;jzifh oifhawmf&mwdkYudk pkpnf; NyD; pmtkyf\ acgif;pOfi,frsm;tjzpf pkpnf;cJhygonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS uREkfyf\tm;xkwfrItay: vufcHoabmwl awmfrlNyD;? zwf½Iolrsm;tay: tusKd;cHpm;rI&&Sdygap&ef uREkfyf 'dktmjyKyg onf/ atmifjrifrItm;vkH;onf t&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmft&omjzpfNyD;? 11

tv’mr[f tdAfEk tAltdZfZ tvf-[ezD ? &S&f[f tvf-tuD'[f tofG-oG[m 0D,[fusrf;? AD½lofNrdKU? tvf-rufoAf? tvf-tpövmrD? tVrtBudrf? 1984/

t&Sifjrwf\ oabmwlESpfNrdKU vufcHjcif;onfomvQif uREkfyf\ vdkvm; csuf jzpfygonf/ tmrD;ef Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips

tcef; (1)

pmayoabmt& aomif[D;'f[laompum;vkH;\ t"dyÜg,frSm wpf aygif; wpfpnf;xJjzpfjcif; (wpfpkHwpf&mudk wpfckwnf;jzpfatmif vkyf jcif;) (0g) ]]wpfjzpfjcif;}}[k t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ ¤if;aomif[D;'f (‫)توحيد‬ pum;vkH;\ &if;jrpfpum;vkH;rSm ]]0[f['}}(‫ )وحّد‬jzpfNyD;? pkpnf;jcif;? pnf;vkH;jcif;? aoG;pnf;nDñGwfjcif;ponfjzifh teuf&onf/12 rnfodkYyif qdkapumrl aomif[D;'f[laompum;vkH;udk tv’m[ftwGuf okH;EIef; aomtcgwGif ¤if;onf aomif[D;'kv’m[f13 (‫[)توحيد اهلل‬k jzpfoGm;NyD; ,if; \teuft"dyÜg,frSmvnf; vlom;\ jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rI[lorQonf xdkt&Sif ESifh wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0kdufíjzpfap qufEG,faeonf[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf t&f-½lAlAD;,[f ac: tEIdif;rJh 12

J.M. Cowan, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Spoken Language Services Inc., New York, 3rd Edition, 1976, p: 1055. 13 aomif[D;'f[lonfhpum;vkH;onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh wrefawmfjrwf\

['D;qfusrf;*efrsm;ü rawGY&Sd&acs/ odkYaomf [pf*s&Douú&mZf (9)ckESpfü wref awmfjrwfrS rktmZfAifef*sAvfociftm; ,DrifEdkifiHodkY tkyfcsKyfol bk&ifcH tjzpf apvTwfcJhaomtcgwGif udk,fawmfjrwfrS rktmZfociftm; rdefYrSmawmf rlcJhonfrSm- ]]toifonf t[fvGwfvfudomAfac: c&pf,mefESifh *sL;rsm;xHodkY oGm; a&mufí tpövmrfhvrf;pOfokdY zdwfac:'tf0g[f jyKvkyf&rnf jzpf&m toifhtaeESifh yxrOD;qkH; ¤if;wdkYtm; ,k0[f[d'kvfvm[f(‫ )يوحد اهلل‬ac: tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf; wnf&SdaMumif;udk zdwfac:oifhayonf/ tAÁm;pf ocif\ qifhjyefcsufudk tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? a'gufwmrk[r®'frk[fpifefcgef? &d,m'f NrdKUawmf? tvf-[m&dqmykHESdyfwdkuf? 1981? twGJ-9? pm-348-9? ['D;qftrSwf469 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? tAÁ'kvf [mrD;'fqGd'f'DuD? vm[dk&fNrdKU? ½Idifcfrk[r®'ft&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1987?twGJ-1? pm-1415? ['D;qftrSwf-27/ ,if;['D;qfwGif wrefawmfjrwfrS aomif[D;'f (‫)توحيد‬ [lonfh emrfpum;vkH;rS qif;oufvmonfh ypöKyÜefumvjy Bud,mpum;vkH;jzpfaom ,k0[f[d'k(‫)يوحد‬qdkonfh pum;vkH;tm; okH;qGJcJhavonf/

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfonfvnf;aumif;?twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof ac: xdk t&Sifjrwf\ jzpfwnf&SdrIqdkif&m trnfemrawmfrsm;? *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí wkEIdif;rJhudk;uG,f&mt&Siftjzpfvnf;aumif;? tkvl[D;,[f^ tdAm'[fac: c0yfudk;uG,femcHwnfaqmufrI[lorQudk cH,lxdkuf&mwGif tEIdif;rJh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;? ouf0if,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ þu@trsKd;tpm;(3)rsKd;onf aomif[D;'fynm&yf\ a&S;ol awmfpifrsm;\tpOftvmt& cGJjcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ txufazmfjyyg aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck wpf pdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifh xyfaeNyD; cGJxkwfí r&Edkifyg/ azmfjyyg trsKd;tpm; rsm;teufrSwpfckckudk csefvSyfvdkufvQif aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\oabm w&m;udk tjynfht0 azmfaqmifEdkifrnf r[kwfawmhacs/ aomif[D;'f okH;rsKd;okH;pm;xJrS wpfpkHwpf&mudk csefvSyfjcif;onf (pmayoabmt&) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; tjcm;bk&m;rsm;ESifh pifNydKifxm;í wkyEIdif;,SOf udk;uG,fjcif; (½kyfyGm;qif;wk udk;uG,fjcif;)uJhodkYyif &S&D;uf jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;udk atmufygtwdkif; acgif;pOf ay;í &nfñTef;azmfjyEdkifonf/ 1/ aomif[D;'f t&f-½lAlAD;,[f (udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfjcif;ü wpfyg; wnf;jzpfjcif;udk xdef;odrf;awmfrljcif;) þopömw&m;\ teufoabmrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf wkEIdif;rJh wpfyg;wnf;jzpfawmfrljcif;ESifh xdkt&SifonfomvQif tEIdif;rJhtcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifjzpfawmfrlaMumif;udk qdkvdkonf/ 2/ aomif[D;'f twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof (emrawmfrsm;ESifh*kPfawmf rsm;\ wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf;jzpfjcif;oabmudk xdef;odrf;awmfrljcif;)

þopömw&m;\qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,frSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmf rsm;ESifh *kPfawmfrsm;\ tEIdif;rJhjzpfjcif;oabmESifh {uefjzpfjcif;oabm udk qdkvdkonf/ 3/ aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f (udk;uG,fjcif;cHxkdufrIwGif wpfyg; wnf;jzpfjcif;udk xdef;odrf;awmfrljcif;14 þopömw&m;\ tESpfoabmrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf; onfomvQif c0yfudk;uG,f qnf;uyfrI[lorQudk cH,lxdkufawmfrljcif; oabmudk qdkvdkonf/ aomif[D;'foabmw&m;udk u@tvdkuf trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;udk wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rk[r®'frSaomfvnf;aumif;? wrefawmfjrwf \ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfcJhjcif; r&Sdyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf xdkacwfxdktcsdeftcgwGif ,kHMunfjcif;qdkif&m oabmw&m;udk txufazmfjyygykHpHrsKd;ESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvm&ef rvdk tyfcJhaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; txufazmfjyygaomif[D;'f trsKd;tpm;rsm;qdkif&m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;tm;vkH;udk usrf;jrwfuk&f tmef\ tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;csuf rsm;? qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;\ tqdktrdefYrsm;? zGifhqdk&Sif;vif; csufrsm;wGif awGYEdkifonf/ þtcef;\ aemufydkif;u@rsm;vm &Sif;vif; azmfjycsufrsm;udk pm½Iolrsm;zwf&aomtcg txufygoabmw&m;rsm; taMumif; tif&Smtv’m[f ydkrdk &Sif;vif;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/ aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk þuJhodkY trsKd;tpm;cGJ&ef vdktyfvmjcif; rSm tpövmrfomoemonf tD*spf? bdkifZifwdkif? yg&Sm;ESifh tdE´d,EdkifiH15 14

tv’mr[f tdAfEk tAltdZfZ tvf-[ezD ? &S&f[f tvf-tuD'[f tofG-oG[m 0D,[fusrf;? pm-78/ 15 awmiftm&S? rsufarSmufacwf ygupöwefEdkifiH? tdE´d,? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf ponf jzifh/

rsm;odkY ysHUESYHoGm;aomtcsdefwGif jzpfonf/ xdkokdY ysHUESHYoGm;aomtcsdefwGif oufqdkif&m a'otoD;oD;\ ,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;pHrsm; 0ifa&muf a&m ,SufoGm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ þa'orsm;rS vlom;rsm; tpövmrfudk cdkvIHvmMuaomtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYESifhtwl ¤if;wdkY\ &Sd&if;pGJ rd½dk;zvm ouf0if,kHMunfrIqdkif&m ajc&mvuf&mrsm;? t
jzpfonf/ aqmifqefonf aemifwGif c&pf,mefbmomodkY jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcJhonf/ ol\t,ltqtm; ¤if;\wynfhjzpfol AqGf&mNrdKUwGif aexdkifonfh rtfA'fAifefcgvd'f tvf-*sK[meDqdkoltm; ul;qufNyD; aemuf rlvbmomodkY jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ rtfA'fonf rdrdq&m\ t,ltqudk rdrdtm; zrf;qD;uGyfrsufjcif; rcH&rDtxd jzefYcsd cJhonf/ rtfA'ftm; c&pfouú&mZf 700 jynfhESpfwGif tkrdkif,mrif; cvDz[f tAÁ'kvfrmvduf Aifef r&f0gef (685 - 705)u zrf;qD; uGyf rsufcJhonf/16 xdkacwftcgtwGif; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdcJhaom qG[mA[fBuD; rsm;jzpfMuonfh tAÁ'kv’m[fAifeftkr&f (694)ESifh tAÁ'kv’m[fAifef tbDatmifzm (705) wdkYrS ouú'D;&fudk jiif;y,faomoltm; EIwf qufjcif;(pvmrfay;jcif;)rjyK&efESifh xdkokdY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ BudKwif wdkif;wm owfrSwfcsufudk jiif;y,faomolrsm;\ *semZ[fqGvmof 0wf jyKay;jcif; rjyK&ef wm;jrpfcJhonf/ þodkY jyKvkyfcdkif;jcif;onf xdkyk*¾dKvf rsm;tm; qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS umzd&faoGznfjiif;y,faomolrsm;[k owf rSwfcJhjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/17 rnfodkYyifjzpfapumrl c&pf,mef'óejzpfaom? vGwfvyfaomqE´ ESifhywfoufonfh jiif;ckHrIrsm;u ¤if;t,ltqudk axmufcHrnfholrsm;udk qufvuf &SmazGay;cJhonf/ 'rwfpuwfNrdKUrS ½dkifvefAifefrkpfvifrfqdkol onf rtfA'f\ vufatmufwGif wynfhtjzpf ynmoif,l qnf;yl;cJhol jzpfNyD;? cvDz[fBuD; tkr&fAifeftAÁ'kvftZD;Zf  (717-720) \ a&SU arSmufra&mufrDtxd vGwfvyfaomqE´ESifhywfoufí wifjy&mwGif csefyD,H tawmfqkH;ol jzpfcJhonf/ cvDz[focifBuD;  uG,fvGefoGm; aomtcg ½kdifvefrS ol\t,ltqESifh wifjyaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk jyefpNyD; 16

[mzD;ZftdAfEk[*s&f ? o[fZD;Af tof-o[fZD;Afusrf;? [dkifN'mA'fNrdKU? twGJ-10? pm-225/ 17 tv’mr[ftAÁ'kvfum[d&f tdAfaeY oGm[d&f tvf-A*f'g'D ? tvf-z&fuf Adkif;ef tvf-zd&mufusrf;? AD½l'fNrdKU? 'g½kvfrtf&dz[fykHESdyfwdkuf? pm-19-20/

vltrsm;udk wifjycJhonf/ aemufxyf cvDz[fjzpfvmaom [d&Srf; Aifefrmvduf (724-743) vufxufwGif olonf zrf;qD;uGyfrsufjcif; cHcJh&onf/18 þtjiif;yGm;rItwGuf xif&Sm;aom tjcm;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;rSm t,fvf *stf'fAifef'd&f[rfqdkoljzpfNyD;? xdkolrSm vGwfvyfaomqE´ESifh ywfouf aom'óeudk vufcHonfomru? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm; yg0ifaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfrsm;udk acwfopfyavwdk \'óe½IaxmifhrS jyefvnf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkNyD; wifjycJhonf/ olonf aemifwGif cvDz[ft½dkuft&mudk qufcHrnfh r&f0efAifefrk[r®'f\ om; awmf? tdrfa&SUrif;om;\ q&mvnf; jzpfcJhonf/ 'rwfpuwfwGif jyK vkyfcJhonfh t,fvf*stf'f\ oifMum;ydkYcsrIwGif olonf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\ tcsKdUaom*kPfawmfrsm; Oyrm- t
tv’mr[frk[r®'ftdAfaeYtAÁ'kvfu&D;rf t&Sf-&Sm[f&wfpfomeD ? tvf-rdvvf 0 tef-ed[mvfusrf;? AD½l'fNrdKU? 'g½kvfrtf&dz[fykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 1975? twGJ-1? pm-30/ 19 tDrmrft[fr'ftdAfaeY[efAvf ? t&f-&'f'k tvm tvf-*s[frD,[fusrf;? &d,m'fNrdKUawmf? 'g½kvfvd0gykHESdyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 1977? pm-41-43/

rsm;onf wzef ysHUESHYoGm;cJhjyef&m c&pfouú&mZf (743) ckESpfwGif tkdrdkif ,mrif;qufrS bk&ifrif;jrwfemqd&fAifefq,m&frS uGyfrsufcJhavonf/20 tapmydkif;&Sd cvDz[fBuD;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf tpövmrfh tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;ESifh eD;pyfcJhNyD;? vlxk\ tpövmrfhtodw&m;rSm vnf; wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;ESifh xdkqG[m A[fom0BuD;rsm;\ wynfhaemufvdkufrsm;&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh jrifhrm;cJhav onf/ xdkYaMumifh ajAmifusus 0g'jzefYrIrsm;udk azsmufzsuf&ef awmif;qdk csufrsm;onfvnf;? tkyfcsKyfolrsm;\em;odkY tvsiftjref aygufMum;cJh onf/ tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSvnf; vsifjrefpGm wkefYjyefta&;,lrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif qufcHcJhMuukefaom cvDz[frif;qufrsm; vuf xufü rdrdwdkY\ pnf;pdrftmPmwGif ,pfrl;azmufjyefMuukefNyD; bmom a&;jyóemrsm;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;rI tm;enf;cJh Muonf/ tkyfcsKyfolrsm; bmoma&;wGif tm;enf;vmMuí tkyfcsKyfcHvlxkrSmvnf; todw&m; uif;rJhvmMuNyD;? tajctaerSm tpövmrfhtrSefw&m;rS aoGznf,drf;,dkif vmí pdk;&drfbG,f&mtajctaeodkY qdkufa&mufcJhonf/ tpövmrfhtifyg,mus,fjyefYvmonfESifhtrQ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom vl om;rsm; tpövmrfodkY 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ xdkYtwl rsm;jym;vSonfh ppfEdkifcH&aomEdkifiHrsm;rS vGJrSm;aomoif,lrIrsm;rSmvnf; tajrmuftrsm; jzpfvmaomaMumifh azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;uGyfrsuf owfjzwf jcif;onfvnf; rdpäm'd|drsm;\ 'DvIdif;rsm;udk [efYwm;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmh ay/ xdkYaMumifh rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'rsm;ESifh rdpäm'd|drsm;udk tawG;tac:t& &ifqdkif,SOfNydKifESdrfeif;&ef wm0efrSm xdktcsdef? xdkumvwGif&SdcJhaom tdkvrmtpövmrfhomoemhynm&Sifrsm;\ ykckH;ay:odkY usa&mufvmcJhonf/ xdkynm&Sifrsm;onf tpövmrfudk pdefac:vmcJhaom trsKd;rsKd;tjym;jym; 20

tv’mr[frk[r®'ftdAfaeYtAÁ'kvfu&D;rf t&Sf-&Sm[f&wfpfomeD ? tvf-rdvvf 0 tef-ed[mvfusrf;? AD½l'fNrdKU? 'g½kvfrtf&dz[fykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 1975? twGJ-1? pm-46/

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 216/

omjzpfNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ a½G;cs,frI tppftrSef\ &v'fum; r[kwfay/ wenf;qdkaomf ]]vlom;rS BuHpnfNyD; udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS pDrHonf}}[k ajymEdkifonf/ uHaumif;jcif;? uHqdk;jcif;ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmf rS jyXmef;owfrSwfcsuft& jzpfysufjcif; jzpfonf/ ,kefajcaxmufrsm;? t½Gufav;½GufxGufaom yJ½dkif;yif? Muuf^iSufn§yf½dk;ponfh uHaumif; apaom taqmifvufzGJYypönf;wdkYudk aqmifxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? uHaumif;aom*Pef;rsm;? q,fhESpf&moDcGifponfwdkYaMumifhvnf;aumif; uHaumif;jcif; r[kwfacs/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif edrdwfaumufjcif;onf &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;wGif tusKH;0ifonf/ Oyrm-aomMuma&aMumif; roGm; aumif;[laom t,ltqxm;jcif;? 13 *Pmef;? uGJusaomrSef? aMumif eufponfwdkYaMumifh uHraumif;jcif; r[kwfacs/ ,if;odkYedrdwfraumif; [k,lqjcif;? edrdwfaumufjcif;wdkYonfvnf; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh pGrf; tm;wpfckudk EIdif;,SOf,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf taqmif vufzGJYrsm;? twdwfedrdwfrsm;udk ,kHMunfjcif;onf aomif[D;'f t&f½lAlAD;,[ftrsdK;tpm;t& &S&D;ufxdkufonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mADwpfyg;jzpfaom tGufA[focif rS qifhjyefawmfrlonfrSm ]]wpf&HaomtcgwGif vlwpfpkrS tv’m[fhwref awmftm; vma&mufawGYqkHMuNyD;? ¤if;wdkYrS wrefawmfjrwfxHawmf wGif AdkiftwfopömcH,lcJhMuonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS vl q,fa,mufwdkYteuf udk;a,muf\ opömcH,lrIudk vufcHcJhaomfvnf; wpfOD;udkrl jiif;y,fcJhonf/ xdktcg xdkyk*¾dKvfudk;OD;rS wrefawmfjrwf tm; rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh xdkol\ opömcH,lrIudk vufrcH&yg oenf;[k avQmufxm;ar;jref;Mu&m wrefawmfjrwfrS xdkolonf

taqmif (umuG,fxm;onfhvufzGJY)30udk 0wfqifxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpf onf[k jyefvnf ajzMum;cJhonf/ xdktcg txufygyk*¾dKvfrS rdrd\ 0wf½kHxJrS vufudk xkwfNyD; taqmifvufzGJYudk qGJjzKwfvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf ¤if;taqmifvufzGJYudk cGJazmufzsufpD;vdkufNyD; wrefawmfjrwf xHawmfü opömcH,lcJhonf/wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS ]]rnfolrqdk taqmif (cvSJY? vufzGJY)udk 0wfqifxm;jcif;? aqmifxm;jcif;onf ]]&S&D;uf}} jzpfonf}}[k rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/31 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,wfawmfrsm;udk taqmif (0g) vufzGJYrsm; uJhodkY jyKvkyfpDrHí qGJBudK;? om;a&tdwftwGif;xnfhí 0wfqifjcif;jzifh raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;\ tEÅ&m,frS uif;a0;atmif jyKvkyfjcif;? uHaumif; rIrsm; rdrdwdkYwGif jzpfay:atmif jyKvkyfjcif;tavhtxrsm;onf a½S;acwf t½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;\ "avhp½dkufrsm;ESifh tenf;i,fom uGJjym;jcm;em; onf/ wrefawmfjrwfESifh ¤if;\ qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;onf xdk uJhodkYaomt&mrsm;udk zuf&Siftjzpfvnf; 0wfqifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhay/ wref awmfjrwfBuD;rS ]]tpövmrfESifh roufqdkifaomt&mwpfckudk wDxGifaomolonf jiif;qefjcif;? ypfy,fjcif;cH&rnf}}32 [k rdefYawmfrlcJhayonf/

30

taqmifvufzGJYqdkonfrSm ¤if;udk0wfqifjcif;jzifh uHaumif;vmNyD; raumif; rItaygif;rS wm;qD;ay;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunftm;xm;aomt&m jzpfayonf/ 31 tDrmrft[fr'f ocifu pkaqmif;wifjycJhonf/ 32 rdcifrGefBuD; tmtd&Sm[f ocifru qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-535? ['D;qf trSwf-861 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-931? ['D;qftrSwf-4266 ESifh 4267/ tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? t[fr'f[mpef? t*Fvdyf bmomjyef? vm[dk&fNrdKU? ½Idifcfrk[r®'f t&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1984? yxrtBudrf? twGJ-3? pm-1294/

þonfrSm rSefygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? pl&[f tvf-zvm;uf ESifh tvf-em;pfudk tpGJcRwfjcif;ESifh raumif;qdk;0g;ESifxkwfjcif; twGuf txl; xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom pl&[frsm;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf wrefawmf jrwfrS ¤if;pl&[frsm;udk rnfodkY tokH;cs&rnfudk oifhavQmfaom enf;vrf;jzifh o½kyfjycJhonf/ ]]wrefawmfjrwfBuD;tm; ½IdifoGmefrm&fewf\tquftEG,f *sifef ewfqdk;rsm;ESifh *sm'ljyKvkyfjcif; (jyKpm;jcif;? zrf;pm;jcif;) cH&aomtcg wrefawmfjrwfrS tvDtdAfaeYtADoGmvpfAfociftm; pl&[f zvm;ufESifh pl&[f tef-em;pfESpfyk'fudk wpfydk'fNyD;wpfydk'f ½GwfqdkapcJh onf/ xdkYaemuf aexdkifraumif; (ya,m*) jzpfaomtcgwGif rdrdbm om ESpfyk'fpvkH;udk ½GwfzwfcJhonf/}}33 wrefawmfjrwfrS pl&[f tvf-zvm;ufESifh tvf-em;pfwdkYudk a&;om;í vnfyif;wGif pGJxm;jcif; r&SdcJhay/ xdkYtwl vufarmif;üaomf vnf;aumif;? cg;üaomfvnf;aumif; ywfíxm;cJhjcif;r&Sdovdk xdkodkY jyK vkyfMu&ef rnfolYudkrQvnf; trdefYay;awmf rrlcJhacs/ aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm; ESifh *kPf&nfawmfrsm; \ wpfaygif;wpfpnf;xJjzpfjcif;udk xdef;odrf;awmfrljcif;)

þaomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm;ü t"dutm;jzifh tcef;u@(5)ckcGJjcm;Edkif onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm1/ tv’m[f\ emrawmfrsm;ESifh *kPfawmfrsm;\ wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf;jzpfjcif;udk xdef;odrf;awmfrljcif;

33

rdcifrGefBuD; tmtd&Sm[f ocifru qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;?twGJ-6? pm-495? ['D;qftrSwf -535 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1195? ['D;qftrSwf-5439-40/

tv’m[f\ emrawmfrsm;udk ac:a0:wo&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfESifh tv’m[fhwrefawmfu tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; rnfodkYrnfykH ac: a0:wooifhonfudk oifjyxm;ouJhodkYom ac:a0:wojcif; jyKoifhí xdktrnfemrrsm;? *kPfawmfrsm;ü ¤if;wdkY\ odomxif&Sm;aom t"dyÜg,f rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; xdkt"dyÜg,frsm;jzifh ac:a0:wojcif; rjyKtyfacs/ xdkYjyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;? *kPfawmfrsm;\ teuf t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqdk&mwGifvnf; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh tv’m[fhwrefawmf rS zGifhqdk &Sif;vif;xm;onfxuf ydkrdkí zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; rjyKoifhay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf onf r,kHMunfolrsm;ESifh rkemzduf (ta,mifaqmifrkpfvifrfrsm;)udk a'gotrsufxm;&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf/       [                ]  

]]xdkrSwyg; xdkt&Sifjrwfonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhywfoufí raumif;aom xifjrif,lqcsufudk xifjrif,lqMuukefaom ]rkemzpfuf} rkpfvifrf ta,mifaqmif a,musfm;? rdef;rwdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? ]rk&Sf&pfuf} wpfpkHwpf&mudk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wJGzuf EdIif;,SOf udk;uG,fMuaom a,musfm;? rdef;rwdkYtm;vnf; aumif;? jypf'Pfay;awmfrltHhaomiSm jzpf\/ ¤if;wdkYü ab;qkd; onf qdkufa&mufawmhrnf jzpf\/ xdkYjyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf onf ¤if;wdkY\tay:ü trsufxGufawmfrlrnf/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wdkY tm; u½kPmawmfrS uif;a0;apawmfrlrnf/ xdkrSwyg; xdkt&Sif jrwfonf ¤if;wdkYtzdkY ]*s[Eérf} i&JbkHudk tqifoifh jyKvkyfí

xm;awmfrl\/ pifppfrSmrlum; ,if;i&JbkHonf vGefpGm qdk;&Gm;vS aom ae&mxdkifcif;yif jzpfayonf/}}34 txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmft& a'gotrsufxGufjcif;onf udk; uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfckjzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;yg onf/ odkYaomf xdkt&Sif\ trsufa'goonf tjypf'Pf[líum; rqdk Edkifacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf a'gotrsufonf vlom;\ tm;enf; csufjzpfaomfvnf;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;uJhokdY a'gotrsuf xGufaomaMumifh wpfzufom;udk tjypf'Pfay;onf[líum; rqdkEdkif acs/ taMumif;rlum; tm;enf;aom vlom;\ obm0ESifh tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ *kPf&nfum; vkdufavsmnDaxG r&Sd/ EIdif;,SOfí r&acs/ xdkYaMumifh azmfjyygtm,ofawmfrS ñTefjyxm;onfrSm tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\ trsufa'goonf vlom;\ trsufa'goESifh rwlnDaomaMumifh t&Sifjrwf\ ñTefjycsuftwdkif;om vdkufem aqmif½Gufoifhayonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ِِ ِ ]… ‫َشء‬ ْ َ ‫[… َل ْي َس كَم ْثله‬

]]xdkt&SifjrwfESifh wlaomt&m[líum; rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&m rQyif r&SdNyD/}}35 qifjcifwkHw&m;udk tajccHaom pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;jzifh &&Sdonfh aemufqkH;&v'fonfum; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf) \ wnf&Sdaejcif;udk jiif;qefjcif;yif jzpfonf/ vlom;onf touf&Sif &yfwnfaeMuonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSvnf; rdrdonf &Sifoef &yfwnf aeonf[k qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif &SifoefrI ykHo@mefonfum; rwlMu acs/ txufazmfjyyg qifjcifwkH0g'Drsm;twGufrl tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf 34 35

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 48; 6/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 42; 11/

onf &Sifoefjcif;vnf; r&SdouJhodkY? wnf&Sdjcif;vnf; r&Sdacs/ þae&m wGif owdjyKoifhonfhtcsufrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf&nfawmfESifh vlom;\ t&nftaoG;rSm trnftm;jzifh wlaumif;wlrnf jzpfaomf vnf;? t&nftaoG;\ 'D*&Dtqifhtwef;rSm rwlnDEdkifacs/ *kPf&nfrsm; udk udk;uG,f&mt&SiftwGuf &nfñTef;aomtcgü vlom;\ tm;enf; csKdU,Gif;rI? csKdUwJhrI? rjynfhpkHrIrsm; uif;vGwfí t
jyK&rnfqdkvQif or®musrf;ESifh aomif&ofusrf;wdkYwGif ]]tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfonf yxr ]6} &ufwdwd pMu0VmBuD;udk zefqif;NyD;aemuf ]7} &ufajrmufaomaeYwGif tdyfpuftem;,lawmfrlcJhonf}}36 [k azmfjyxm; onf/ xdkYaMumifh *sL;ESifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf pae (0g) we*F aEGaeYudk tm;vyf&uftjzpf owfrSwfí tem;,lMuonf/ taMumif;rl um; xdkaeYwGif tvkyfvkyfygu tjypftukodkvfjzpfonf[k ,lqaom aMumifh jzpfonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; þodkY ajymqdk,lq owfrSwf jcif;onf t&SifjrwfESifh tzefqif;cHrsm;udk pHcsdefn§djcif;jzpfonf/ vlom; \ obm0rSm yifyifyef;yef; tvkyfvkyfNyD;aomtcgü acR;odyf tm;jznfh &eftvdkYiSm tdyfpuftem;,l&ayonf/37 wzef or®musrf;ESifh aomif&of usrf;rsm;wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; vlom;ESifh ykHaqmifcdkif;EIdif;jyxm; onf/ vlom;obm0 rdrdwdkY\ raumif;rIrsm;udk odjrifvmaomtcg wGif aemifw&ouJhodkY udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)rSvnf; rdrd\ raumif;aom BuHpnfvkyfaqmifrI trSm;rsm;twGuf aemifw&onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/38 þonf vkH;0 rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltq jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ]]oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf}}[k trnfay; ac:a0:jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? udk;uG,f&mt&SifwGif 0dnmOf&Sdonf[k ,kH Munfjcif;onfvnf;aumif; aomif[D;'ftvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof udk vkH;0 zsufpD;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü rnfonfh ae&mwGifrQ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdudk,fudk rdrd ]]0dnmOf}} &Sdonf[k vnf;aumif;? ]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf}}[lívnf;aumif; azmfjyxm; 36

]]bk&m;ocifonf zefqif;aomtrIudk vwfpowfawmfrlcJhNyD;onfjzpfí zefqif;orQaom trIt&mwdkYonf NyD;pD;NyD;rS xdkowÅraeYü Nidrf0yfpGmaeawmf rl\/}} (urÇmOD;usrf;? 2; 2) xm0&bk&m;\ or®musrf;? ,k'oef bmomjyef/ 37 qefYusifbuftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü &Sif; vif;jywfom;pGm rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]]xdkt&Siftm; tdyfpufjcif;onfvnf;aumif;? idkufjrnf;jcif;onfvnf;aumif; rzdpD;Edkifacs/}} 38 ]]xm0&bk&m;onf rdrdvlwdkYtm; tjypfay;rnfhtBuHudk aemifw&awmfrl\/}} (xGufajrmuf&musrf;? 32; 14) xm0&bk&m;\ or®musrf;? ,k'oef bmomjyef/

jcif; r&SdouJhodkY? tv’m[fhwrefawmf rk[r®'f\ ['D;qfMo0g'awmf rsm;wGifvnf; xdkodkY &nfñTef;ajymqdkrI vkH;0 r&Sdyg/ pifppf tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS ]0dnmOf}onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpfaMumif;om &nfñTef;xm;ygonf/39 tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyfwdkYtm;vkH;rS oabmaygufí vdkufemoifhonfh t"duoabmw&m;rSm usrf;jrwf uk&f tmef\ atmufygtm,ofawmfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh oabmw&m; jzpf onf/ ]       [

]]xdkt&SifjrwfESifh wlaomt&m[líum; rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&mrQ yif r&SdNyD/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif t
tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmjzifh rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]]xdkolwdkY onf toifwrefawmf (rk[r®'f)tm; ½l[f0dnmOfESifh ywfoufí ar;jref;Mu avonf/ odkYjzpf&m tdk-eADwrefawmf xdkolwdkYtm; þokdY) ajymMum;ygav/ ½l[f0dnmOf[lonf igudk,fawmf\ &Aft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmfjzifh (wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfayonf/ ñTef;-usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 17; 85 40 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 42; 11/

tMuif vlom;rS ol\&Aft&Sifudk odem;vnfEkdifrIrSm tenf;i,frQ om jzpfonf/ xdktenf;i,f[laom yrmPonfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif rS ol\wrefawmfrsm;udk xkwfjyefydkYcsrIrSom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;onf xdkusOf;ajrmif;vSaom uefYowfrItwGif;ü r&Sdrae &Sdae rnfom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;onf ¤if;\todÓPfudk vGwf vyfpGm appm;vdkufaomtcg udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ykHazmf&mwGif olonf trSm;rsm;twGif;üom oufqif;&awmhonf/ vlom;taeESifh ¤if;\ zef qif;&Sif(Creator)udk usOf;ajrmif;aom vlYtodÓPftwGif;rS tzefqif; cHrsm; (Creature)ESifhom ykHazmfMunfhrdMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ykHazmfjcif; (wpfpkHwpf&mudk ½kyfykHjzifh azmfjyjcif;) udk tvGefESpfouf Muaom c&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;onf vlom;ESifhtvGefqifwlaom ½kyfykHyef;csDrsm;? ½kyfyGm;rsm;? yef;yk½kyfvkH;½kyfxkrsm;udk jyKvkyfMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY udk udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ ykH&dyfrsm;[k ac:a0:aeMuonf/ þt,ltqrsm; tm;vkH;u ¤if;wdkYtm; ]]a,½Ic&pfawmfonf bk&m;jzpfonf}}[laom ,kH Munfcsufudk vrf;cif;ay;vdkufaom t"dutaMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk vlom;uJhodkY cH,lonfh todonmudk vufcHvdkufonfESifhwpfcgwnf; ]a,½Ic&pfawmf}tm; ]udk; uG,f&mt&Sif}tjzpf vufcH,kHMunf&efrSm jyóem wpfpkHwpf&m r&Sdawmh acs/ (bk&m;rS vlYZmwdcHonf[k ,lq,kHMunfjcif; taMumif;t&if;onf bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif)tm; vlom;\toGifjzifh ykHazmfMunfhxm; aomaMumifh jzpfonf/) (4) aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof\ pwkw¦ trsKd; tpm;rSmum; vlom;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf awmfrsm;tm; cGJa0ay;jcif;? trnfemray;jcif;? rSnfhac:jcif; rjyKtyf aMumif; azmfjyonfh trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/

Oyrmjy&aomf – or®musrf;ü &SifaygvkrS qmvif;rf\ bk&ifjzpfol r,fvfcD Z,f'ufcf (Melchi -zedek) qdkonfh yk*¾dKvftm; aomif&ofusrf; (Genesis 14: 18-20)rS ,lí wifjy&mwGif &SifaygvkrS a,½Ic&pfawmf ESifh xdkr,fvfcDZ,f'ufcfwdkY ESpfOD;pvkH;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfwpfyg;jzpfonfh ]]tpr&Sd? tqkH;r&Sd}} [lonfh *kPfawmfudk ay; í wifjyxm;onf/ ]]qmvif;rf\ bk&ifjzpfol xm0&bk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk a[mMum; awmfrlaom bkef;awmfBuD; (ykyf&[ef;)vnf;jzpfonfh r,fvfcDZ,f'ufcf onf bk&ifrsm;\ om;owfyGJrS jyefvmaom tDA&m[ifrfESifh awGYqkH aomtcg tDA&m[ifrfu r,fvfcDZ,f'ufcftm; aumif;csD;ay;NyD; ol\ ydkifqdkifrItm;vkH;\ q,fykHwpfykHudk cGJa0ay;cJhonf/ ol\trnfemrudk teufjyef&vQif aumif;rI\bk&if? qmvif;rf\bk&ifjzpfouJhodkY Nidrf; csrf;jcif;\ bk&ifvnf; jzpfonf/ olYwGif tazvnf; r&Sd? tarvnf; r&Sd? rnfonfh om;tdrfwGifrS oaE¨rwnfcJh/ olonf arG;zGm;onfhaeY r&SdouJhodkY ol\ b0oufwrf;onfvnf; tqkH;owfonf r[kwf/ olonf xm0&bk&m;\ om;awmfjzpfovdk xm0& w&m;a[mq&m (&[ef;BuD;) tjzpf xm0& &Sdrnf/}}41 ]]xdkenf;wl c&pfawmfonf ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;t&mü rdrdudk,fudk rdrd csD;ajr§mufonfr[kwf/ oifonf ighom;jzpf\/ ,aeYyif oifhudk NrdKU jzpfoGm;apNyD[k rdefYawmfrlaomf olonf c&pfawmfudk csD;ajr§mufawmf rl\/ xdkodkYESifhtnD usrf;pmwpfcsufvmonfum; oifonf r,fvfcD Z,f'ufcfenf;wl xm0&,Zfya&m[dwfjzpfonf[kvmownf;/}}42 &SDtmrkpfvifrftkyfpk (,DrifEdkifiHrS Zdkif'DrZf[Af0ifrsm;rSvGJí) trsm;pk onf ¤if;wdkY\ tDrmrfacgif;aqmifBuD; (12) yg;rSm trSm;uif;aom 41 42

Hebrews, 7: 1-3, Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version. Hebrews, 5: 5-6, Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version.

rtfql;rfrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfvufcHMuonf/43 xdkYjyif xdktDrmrfBuD; rsm;taeESifh twdwf? tem*wfESifh rjrif&aom (*dkufbf) tuG,fü &Sdonfht&mrsm;udk odjrifEdkifpGrf;&SdNyD;? ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh vlyk*¾KdvfwpfOD;wpf a,muf\ uHMur®m(Destiny)udk ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/44 ¤if;wdkY\ pGrf; tm;onf jrLrIefcefYrQ&Sdonfh tzefqif;cHt&mrsm;udkyif vTrf;rdk; cs,f vS,fEdkifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/45 xdk&SDtmrkpfvifrf tkyfpktaeESifh ¤if;wdkY\ tDrmrfBuD;rsm;tay: tvGeftrif; MunfndK av; pm;rIESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;wGifom &SdEdkifaom *kPfawmfrsm; 43

rk[r®'f&doGm tvf-rkZzfz&f a&;om;jyKpkonfh ]]&SDtmtpövmrf\ ,kHMunfcsuf}} [l onfhpmtkyfwGif ¤if;u ]]uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh tDrmrfBuD;rsm;onf eAD&plvfwrefawmf rsm;uJhodkY ¤if;wdkYarG;onfrSpí uG,fvGefaoqkH;onfhwdkifatmif &nf½G,fcsufjzifh jzpf ap? r&nf½G,fbJjzpfap? twGif;üjzpfap? tay:,Htm;jzifhjzpfap rSm;,Gif; cRwfacsmfrI [lorQrS uif;pifonfh rtfql;rfrsm;(tjypfuif;pifolrsm;) jzpfonf[k tDrmef,kHMunf Muacsonf/ taMumif;rlum; tDrmrfBuD;rsm;onf tpövmrfomoemudk xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufolrsm;jzpfMuNyD; tpövmrfomoemonf ¤if;wdkY\ xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf rIatmufü &Sdayonf/}} See- “Faith of Shi’a Islam”, Muhammad Rida Al-Muzaffar, USA, Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2 nd Edition, 1983, p. 32, See also: Islam, Syed Said Akhtar Rizvi, Tehran: A Group of Muslim Brothers, 1973, p. 35. 44

tvf-rkZzfz&fu qufvufazmfjycJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyfwdkYrS axmufcHonfrSm tDrmrf BuD;rsm;\ pGrf;tifonf Asm'dwf&&Sdjcif;jzifh taumif;qkH;aom tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&SdcJhavonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh tDrmrfBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;tifonf aumif;uifrScsay;onfhpGrf;tif jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifonf/ þodkYjzifh tDrmrfBuD;rsm; onf rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif&Sdonfh rnfonfh taMumif;t&m owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udkrqdk em;vnf od&SdEdkifayonf/ ,if;odkY em;vnfjcif;rSm tDrmrf onf q&mocifwpfOD;\ vrf;ñTefrI (0g) ,kwÅdaA'enf;usus awG;awm qifjcif jcif;rsm; ryg0ifbJ aumif;uifrS csay;onfh pGrf;tifaMumifhom em;vnfjcif; jzpfayonf/ ½I-“Faith of Shi’a Islam”, Muhammad Rida Al-Muzaffar, USA, Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2nd Edition, 1983, p. 32. 45

tvf-ckrdeDu azmfjycJhonfrSm ]]{ueftrSef tDrmrfBuD;rsm;onf *kPfodu©m tvGef jrifhrm;aom? jrifhjrwfaom tqifhtwef;wGif &Sdonf/ tzefqif;cHrsm;\ cvDz[f udk,fpm;vS,f jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif zefqif;cH tm;vkH;wdkYtay:0,f Edkifeif;vTrf;rdk; awmfrlaom? tcsKyftjcmtmPm ydkifqdkifawmfrlaomyk*¾Kdvfrsm;vnf; jzpfawmfrlay onf/}} ½I- Ayatullah Musavi Al-Khomeini, “Al-Hukoomah Al-Islamiyah”, Beirut: At-Talee’ah Press, Arabic Edtion., 1979, p. 52

udk xdktDrmrfBuD;rsm;wGif&Sdonf[k omomxdk;xdk; ,kHMunfrIuyif ¤if;wdkY tm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wkbuf,SOfNydKif udk;uG,f&mbk&m;rsm;tjzpf ,kHMunfrdovdk jzpfoGm;aponf/ (5) zefqif;cHvlom;rsm;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)\ trnfemrawmfrsm;ESifh rrSnfhac:oifhjcif; tcsKdUaomxl;jcm;onfh trnfemrrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ rwdusaomykHpH jzifh (Oyrm - &tl;zf (0g) &[D;rf)ponfjzifh tv’m[fhwrefawmftwGuf omru vlom;rsm;twGufvnf; okH;pGJcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;trnfemrrsm; a&SUwGif tAf'k&f (aus;uRef (0g)tapcH) [laompum;vkH;udk xnfhí trnfrSnfhac:oifhayonf/ (Oyrm – tAf'k&f &tl;zf? tAf'k&f &[D;rf) ponfwdkYjzifhom ac:a0:oifhayonf/)          [ ]    

]]{uefrvJG toifwkdYteufrSyif &plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;onf toifwkdYxH a&muf&SdvmcJhacsNyD/ toifwkdY awGUBuHK&aom 'ku© onf xkd&plvfwrefawmf\tay:ü tvGef 0efav;vSonf/ (¤if;jyif xkd&plvfwrefawmfonf) toifwkdYESifhywfoufí aumif;&maumif;aMumif;rsm;ukdom tmomqE´ jyif;jypGm wyf rufol jzpf\/ (xkdrSwpfyg;) ]rktfrifef} ouf0if,HkMunfol wkdYESifh ywfoufí tvGefw&m El;nHhodrfarGUol? tvGefw&m oem;MuifemolwpfOD;(vnf;) jzpfacsownf;/}}46

46

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 9; 128/

t&f-&tl;zf (tvGefw&m El;nhHodrfharGYaomol)ESifh t&f-&[D;rf (tvGefw&m oem;Muifemaomol)[laom trnfemrrsm;rSm udk;uG,f&m t&Sif\ tjrifhqkH;aom oem;MuifemrI'D*&Dudk azmfjyaom pum;vkH;rsm; jzpfaejcif;aMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&SiftwGufom xdkufwefonf/ vlom; ESifh rxdkufwefyg/ xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfudk vlom;twGuf tokH;jyKvkdaomtcgwGif tAf'k&f&tl;zf (0g) tAf'k&f&[D;rf[líom rSnfh ac:oifhonf/ tvm;wl tAf'k&f&plvf (wrefawmfjrwf\uRef)? tAf'Gef eAD (eADwrefawmf\uRef)ESifh tAf'kvf [lpdkif;ef ([lpdkifef\ uRef) [laom trnfemrrsm;udkvnf; rrSnfhac:oifhyg/ aus;uReftapcH[l aompum;vkH;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;ESifhomwGJí rSnfh ac:oifhygonf/ azmfjyyg taMumif;t&if;rsm;aMumifh rkpfvifrfrsm;tm; tAf'D (ig\aus;uRef)? trfrmoD (ig\uRefr)[laom pum;tokH;tEIef; rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\txufBuD;uJolESifh qufqHaomtcgwGifawmifrS rokH; pGJap&[k wm;jrpfxm;ygonf/47 aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;cHxdkufrIwGif wpfyg;wnf;jzpfjcif;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;)

aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;teuf yxrtrsKd;tpm;ESifh 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;ESpfckudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vdkufemusifhokH;NyD; wwd,trsKd; tpm;jzpfonfh aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;cHxdkufrI wGif wpfyg;wnf;jzpfjcif;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;)udk wdwdusus vdkufem usifhokH;jcif; r&Sdygu tpövmrf\aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk vkH;0 NyD;jynfh pkHatmif taumiftxnfazmf&m ra&mufacs/ xdkYaMumifh aomif[D;'f t&f-&AlAD,[fESifh aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmofqdkonfh aomif[D;'fESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;udk aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[fESifh wGJzuf 47

tDrmrf tAl'g0l;'f ? pkeef tAl'g0l;'fusrf;? t[fr'f[mpef? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? vm[dk&fNrdKU? ½Idifcfrk[r®'ft&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1984? yxrtBudrf? twGJ-3? pm-13856? ['D;qftrSwf-4957/

taumif txnfazmf&efrSm tpövmrfhaomif[D;'f opömw&m;twGuf rjzpf rae vdktyfcsuf jzpfonf/ azmfjyygtcsufudk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf udk,fawmfwdkifrS usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefwGif taxmuftxm; cdkifvkHpGmESifh wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f vufxuf rk&Sf&D;ufrsm; (qif;wk½kyfyGm;rsm;udk udk;uG,fcJholrsm;)tm; twdtvif; zGifh[ ajymMum;xm;aomtcsuf jzpfonf/ xdkrk&Sf&D;ufrsm; onf aomif[D;'f\ yxrtrsKd;tpm;ESpfckudk vufcH,kHMunfMuaomf vnf; aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[fudk vdkufemusifhokH;cJhjcif; r&SdMu/ xdkYaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif wrefawmfjrwfrS tm&AfvlrsKd; umzd&f rk&Sf&D;ufrsm;udk ajymMum;cJhonfrSm           [ ]             

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wdkYtm;) þodkY ajymqdk ar;jref;Muygav? ]]tcsif;wdkY toifwdkYtm; tmumordk;aumif; uifrS vnf;aumif;? yx0DajrBuD;rS vnf;aumif;? rnfol rnf0g pm;eyf&du©m axmufyHhavoenf;/ odkYwnf;r[kwf rnfolonf em;rsm;ESifh rsufpdrsm;udk pdk;ydkifygoenf;/ xdkenf;wlpGm rnfol onf ouf&Sdudk oufrJhrS xGufapí oufrJhudk ouf&SdrS xGufap oenf;/ xdkrSwpfyg; rnfolonf trIudpöt00udk pDrHcefYcGJ avoenf;}} [k ar;jref;ygav/ xdktcg ¤if;wdkYu ]]tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf}} [líyif rkcs ajymqdkajzMum;Muayrnf/}}48 ]      [

48

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 10; 31/

]]pifppfaomfum; (tkd-eADwrefawmf) tu,fíom toifonf ¤if;wdkYtm; toifwkdYukd rnfol zefqif;cJhoenf;[k pkHprf; ar;jref;cJhygvQif ¤if;wdkYu tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfyif (zefqif;awmfrl cJhonf)[k {uefrvGJ ajymqdk (ajzMum;) Muayrnf/}}49             [ ]  

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49 50

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 43; 87/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 29; 63/

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 12; 106/ ynm&SdokcrdefBuD; rk*sm[d'f Aifef *sKdAdkif&f tvf-ruúD  (642-722)ocifonf qG[mADBuD; tAÁ'kv’m[fAifeftAÁm;pfocif\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom wynfhBuD; jzpfayonf/ ocif\ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ ozfpD;&f (tvif;jyusrf;) qdkif&m qifhjyefcsufrsm;udk tAÁ'k&f-&[frmeftoGf-oG[D&f ocifrS jyKpkcJhNyD; ]]rk*sm[d'f ozfpD;&f}}qdkonfh emrnfjzifh twGJESpfwGJcGJvQuf xkwfa0cJhonf/ tpövmrmA'fNrdKU awmf? r*sfrtf tvf-Ak[l;qf/ 53 tdAfaeY*s&D;&f toGf-oGAf&D ocifu pkaqmif;cJhwifjyonf/ 52

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 67/

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odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? tv’mr[f pkvdkifrmef tdAfaeY tAÁ'kvf 0[f[Af ? AD½l'fNrdKU? tvf-rufoAf tvf-tpövmrDykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 1970? pm-34/

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 51; 56/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 16; 36/

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qG[mADBuD;tdAfEktAÁm;pfocifu qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfod&frdZD ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- tdZfZk'f'D;eftDAf&m[ifrfESifh 'efeD;pf *Refpef a'AD;pf? tef-e00D  \ ['D;qfawmf (40)? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? 'rwfpuwfNrdKUawmf? qD;&D;,m; EdkifiH? usrf;jrefuk&ftmefxkwfa0a&;ykHESdyfwdkuf? 1976? pm-68? ['D;qftrSwf-19/

udkom ,HkMunfjrwfEdk;Mu&rnf/ odkYrSomvQif ,if;olwdkYonf ajzmifhrwf rSefuefaom w&m;vrf;udk &&SdMuolrsm; jzpfwef &m\/}}59             [ ]   

]]xdkrSwyg; {uefrvJG igt&Sifjrwfonf rEkóvlom;tm; zef qif;awmfrlcJh\/ xdkYjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;ü ¤if;\ pdwfu rodrom ay:aygufapaomt&mudkvnf; odawmfrl\/ pifppf aomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;\vnfacsmif; aoG;aMumxuf yif ¤if;ESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm &Sdaeawmfrl\/}}60 tjyeftvSefoabmt& aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f ac: c0yf udk;uG,fjcif; cHxdkufrIwGif wpfyg;wnf;jzpfjcif;udk twnfjyK&eftwGuf tm;vkH;aom Mum;cHrsm;? yGJpm;rsm;udk jiif;y,f&ef vdktyfonf/ qdkvdk onfrSm tv’m[fESifh vlom;Mum;wGJzufEIdif;,SOf tultnD awmif;cH& aom Mum;cHrsm;tm;vkH;udk vkH;0 jiif;y,f&efvdktyfonf/ tu,fí tMuifol wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;aom yk*¾dKvf wpfOD;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ b0&SifoefaexdkifrItwGuf tultnDay;yg&ef qk awmif;qk,l? udk;uG,fqnf;uyf? ylaZmfyojcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfESifh xdkuG,fvGefoludk EIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;rnf\/ tb,fhaMumifh qdkaomf tdAm'[fac: c0yfudk;uG,frIudk zefqif;&Sif tv’m[fESifh ¤if;\ tzefqif;cHrsm;tMum;wGif &S,f,mcGJa0ay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS tjywfom;qkH;a0g[m&ESifh rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm 59 60

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 186/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 50; 16/

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]]odkYygvsuf toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif tMuif t&mudk c0yfudk;uG,fMuavoavm/ xdkt&monf toifwdkYtm; vHk;0 tusdK;jzpfxGef;apEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfay/ toifwdkYtm; tusKd;,kwfapEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfay/}}62 ]        [

]]{uefpifppf toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSty [pfac: (udk;uG,fqnf;uyf) Muukefaomt&mwdkYrSmvnf; toifwdkYuJh odkYyif uRefrsm; (tzefqif;cHrsm;)omvQif jzpfMuukef\/}}63 tu,fí tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf wrefawmfjrwf (0g) tjcm; eAD&plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;yg;udkvnf;aumif;? *sifefrsm; udkaomf vnf;aumif;? 0vDatmifvD,m olawmfpifBuD;rsm;udkaomfvnf; aumif; [pfac:woí tultnDawmif;cHjcif; (0g) ¤if;wdkYtm; tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;wGif [pfac:woolrsm;u rdrdwdkY\ vdktifqE´ 61

tDrmrf tAl'g0l;'f ? pkeef tAl'g0l;'fusrf;? t[fr'f[mpef? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? vm[dk&f NrdKU? ½Idifcfrk[r®'ft&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1984? yxrtBudrf? twGJ-1? pm-387? ['D;qftrSwf-1474/ 62 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 21; 66/ 63 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 194/

rsm; jynfh0ap&ef tultnDawmif;cHay;yg&ef awmif;yef toem;cHjcif; tm;vkH;wdkYonf &S&D;uf (wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;) jzpfonf/ a*guf qkvfttfZGmrf ( ) [lonfh todonmrSm owduif;rJh vspfvsL½I Muaom? vrf;vGJaeMuaomvlwpfpkrS ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f tvf-*sDvmeD 64   qdkonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;tm; *kPfjyKac:a0:onfh todonm jzpfonf/ þtodonmonf aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f trsKd;tpm;wGif yg0if onfh tESpfom&oabmt& &SD;&fufjzpfonfudk awGYEdkifonf/ tb,f aMumifhqdkaomf *sDvmeDocifBuD;tm; rSnfhac:aom txufyg trnfemr jzpfonfh a*gufqkvfttfZGmrf*kPfyk'f\ pmayqdkif&mteuf t"dyÜg,frSm ]]u,fwifjcif;rsm;\ tBuD;tus,fqkH; t&if;tjrpf? ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS u,fwifEdkifqkH;aomol (u,fwifjcif;\t&Sif)}}[k t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ þodkYaom *kPfyk'frsm;udk ydkifpdk;aomt&SifrSm tv’m[ft&Sif wpfyg; wnf;om jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ tu,fí wpfpkHwpfckaom raumif;onfh 64

½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f*sDvmeD  (1077-1166) onf [efAvDrZf[Af Oya' ausmif;BuD;ESifh b*f'g'fNrdKU&Sd &DAmofausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD; jzpfcJhavonf/ ol\ a[mMum;csufrsm; (1302 ckESpfwGif udkif½dkNrdKUü xkwfa0cJhonfh ]]tvf-zof[f t&f&AfAmeD}} qdkonfh pmtkyfwGif pkpnf; wifjycJhonf) ü olonf tvGef jyif;xefonfh a&S;½dk;pGJt,lrsm;ESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm; '@m&Dqefqef? ykHjyif qefqef zGifhqdk &Sif;vif;cJhonf/ tdAfEkt&AD (arG;-1165 ckESpf)rS ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f *sDvmeD  tm; olYacwf? olYumv\ ukoGAfjzpfaMumif; a
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]]¤if;jyif (tdk-vlom;) tu,fíom tv’m[ftoQifjrwfonf toifhtm; (þrsufarSmuf avmuDb0üjzpfap? aemifwrvGef b0üjzpfap) ab;tEÅ&m,f wpfpHkwpf&m oifhapawmfrlygvQif xdktoQifjrwfrSwyg; ,if;ab;tEÅ&m,fudk uif;a0; yaysmufap Edkifol[lí wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdacs/}}65 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeft&? ½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fqkawmif; aeMuaomruú[fNrdKUom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;udk tdAm'[f c0yfudk;uG,frIjyKaeonfhtaMumif;udk ar;jcif;cH&aomtcg ]      [

]]¤if;wkdYonf uREkfyfwkdYtm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;okdY eD;uyfapMu&efomvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtm; qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fMuonf([k qkdMuukef\)/}}66 ruú[fNrdKUom; umzd&frsm;? rk&Sf&dufrsm;u xdk½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; qufoG,f&ef Mum;cHtjzpf tokH;jyKcJhonf[k qdk 65 66

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 17/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 39; 3/

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aumif; cvDz[fBuD; tvDocif? zmoGdr[f ocifr? tDrmrf [mpefocif? tDrmrf[lpdkifefocif67wdkYtm; &nfpl;í qkawmif; yw¦em jyKMuonf/ þonfrSm ¤if;wdkY\ vGJrSm;aom? ,dk,Gif;oGm;aom ,kHMunfcsufjzpfNyD;? txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkY\trSm;rSm vlom;ESifh tv’m[f t&SifjrwfMum;&Sd Mum;cHrsm;jyKvkyfxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;)onf qGD,mrf Oykof oDvapmifhxdef;jcif;? Zum;of (qif;&Jom;'geaMu; ay;vSLjcif;)? [*sf (ruúm[fNrdKUodkY oGm;a&mufí bk&m;zl;c&D;xGufjcif;)ESifh uk&fAmeD (wd&dpämefom;aumifrsm;udk pnf;urf;enf;vrf;usus vSD;jzwfpGefYvSLjcif;) ponfwdkYxufydkí omvGefygonf/ tdAm'[f[laomtodonmESifh vkyfaqmifrItwGif; cspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif;? ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;? ,kHykHtyfESH jcif;? taMumufw&m; ... ponfwdkYudk udk;uG,f&mt&Sifwpfyg;wnf; xHodkYom OD;wnfaqmif½Gufoifhonf/ xdkcHpm;rIrsm;tm;vkH;udk tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrSvGJí rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf? wpfpkHwpf&mudkrQ wef;wl &nfwl tcspfxm;jcif;? tcspfydkjcif;? taMumufxm;jcif; rjyK&efudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif oifMum;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/             [ ]    

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]]...¤if;jyif toifwdkYonf tu,fí ]rktfrifef} ouf0if,kHMunf olrsm;jzpfMuygvQif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftay:üomvQif ,kHMunf pdwfcs tm;xm;Muavukef/}}70 pifppf ]]tdAm'[f}} [lonfha0g[m&\ teuft"dyÜg,frSm emcH wnfaqmufjcif;? ½dkusKd;vdkufemjcif; jzpfonf/ emcHwnfaqmufonf[k qdk&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; Oya'udk jyXmef;ay;aom t
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 165/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 9; 13/ 70 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 5; 23/ 69

(&S&Dt[f)twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH; emcHwnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/ avmuDb0wGif &S&Dt[fOya'tay:ü tajcrcHbJ rdrdwdkYESpfouf&m usifh aqmifaernfqdkygu xdkusifhaqmifrIonfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ Oya'udk vspfvsL½I&mrnf\/ xdkodkY &S&Dt[f\ jyifywGif&Sdaom Oya' rsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH;NyD;? xdkOya'pepfrsm;onf rSefuefonf[k ,kH Munfaeygu ¤if;onfvnf; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh tjcm;aom udk;uG,f &mrsm;udk wGJzuf ,SOfzufudk;uG,faeouJhodkYjzpfNyD; &S&D;ufajrmufonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]         [

]]¤if;jyif rnfolrqdk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf xkwfjyefcsrSwfawmf rlonfh (trdefYawmf)twdkif; w&m;ppfaq; pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;udk rjyKcJhrl? xdkuhJodkYaomolrsm;onf ]]umzd&f}} aoGznfjiif;y,faom olrsm;yif jzpfMuayownf;/}}71 wpfcgaomf t'DtdAfaeY[moifrf[kac:onfh qG[mADBuD;onf (xdkqG[mADBuD;rSm c&pf,mefomoemrS tpövmrfomoemodkY 0ifa&muf vmcJhonfhyk*K¾ dvf jzpfonf/) wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS atmufygtm,of awmftm; ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,faeonfudk Mum;cJhonf/ ]      [

]]xkdolwdkYonf rdrdwkdY\ "r®q&mwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? bkef;BuD; &[ef;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? ]r&f,rf}\om;awmf ]rpD[f}udk vnf;

71

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 5; 44/

aumif;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; pGefYí (rdrdwdkY\) t&Sifocif rsm; jyKvkyfxm;cJhMuavonf/}}72 xdktcgqG[mADBuD; tdAfEk[moifrfrS wrefawmfjrwftm; ]]trSefpifppf uREkfyfwdkY c&pf,mefrsm;onf xdkbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;ESifh w&m; a[mq&mrsm;tm; c0yfudk;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif; rjyKvkyfMuyg}}[k avQmufxm;cJhavonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS ]]xdkbkef;awmfBuD; rsm;? w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS w&m;0if cGifhjyKxm; aomt&mrsm; ([vmvf) udk w&m;r0if cGifhjyKxm;jcif; r&Sdonfht&m rsm; ([&mrf) tjzpf ajymif;vJMuonf/73 xdkYjyif w&m;r0ifcGifh rjyK xm;aomt&mrsm; ([&mrf)udk w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aomt&mrsm; ([ vmvf)tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhMuonf74 r[kwfygavm}}[k qG[mADBuD; tdAfEk[mwifrftm; ar;cGef;xkwfcJh&m qG[mADBuD;rS ]]trSefyif/ uREkfyfwdkY xdktrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhMuygonf}}[k wkHYjyefajzMum;cJhavonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS ]],if;uJhodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefY awmfudk vspfvsL½INyD; xdkbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;\ jyifqifowfrSwfcsufrsm; udk vdkufemusifhokH;jcif;onf xdkbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;? w&m;a[mq&mrsm; udk toif vdkufem½dkusKd;? emcHwnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/ þonf 72

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 9; 31/ c&pf,mefw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf wpfOD;xufydkí vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;tm; wm;jrpfcJhavonf/ (wenf;tm;jzifh wpfvifwpfr,m;pepftm; jyXmef;cJh avonf/) xdkYjyif wpf0rf;uGJ nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;rSvnf; wm;jrpf cJhavonf/ ½dkrefuovpfwdkYonf bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;tm; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;rS wm;jrpfcJhavonf/ xdkYjyif a,bk,stm;jzifh uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;rSvnf; wm;jrpfcJhav onf/ 74 c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;onf 0ufom;pm;okH;jcif;? aoG;pm;okH;jcif;? t&uf aomufjcif;wdkYudk [vmvf (w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aomt&m)tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;av onf/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wdkYtwGif;rS tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf udk;uG,f&m t&Siftm; vlom; wpfOD;\ ykHo@mefjzifh wkyykHazmfí yef;csDqGJjcif;? ½kyfxk qif;xk jyKvkyfvkyfjcif;udk cGifhjyKcJhavonf/ 73

xdkolrsm;udk &nfpl;aom oif\ tdAm'[f jzpfayonf}}[k rdefYMum;cJhav onf/75 xdkYaMumifh aomif[D;'ftvf-tdAm'[f\ txl;xif&Sm;aom? tpdwf tydkif;wpfckrSm &S&Dt[fw&m;Oya'udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif; jzpf onf/ txl;ojzifh rkpfvifrfvlOD;a&trsm;pk&Sdonfh vlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif usifhokH;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,cktcg rkpfvifrfEdkifiH[kac:aeMuonfh EdkifiH rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS jyXmef;ay;aom w&m;Oya'(Divine Law) ac: &S&Dt[fw&m;Oya'udk vspfvsL½INyD;? tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;rS wifoGif;xm;aom t&if;&SifpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfwdkY\ zGJY pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;? w&m;Oya'enf;pepfrsm;udk usifhokH;aeMuonf/ xdkrkpfvifrfEdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif &S&Dt[fw&m;Oya'udk acsmifxdk;xm;MuNyD;? ta&;odyfrBuD;onfh tcef;u@tcsKdUtwGufom tokH;jyKusifhokH;aejcif; aMumifh ¤if;\ tcef;u@rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefvmNyD; uG,f aysmufvkeD;eD; jzpfaeonf/ tvm;wlyif tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpövmrfhOya'onf pmtkyfrsm;twGif;üom &SdaeNyD;? avmuDOya'rsm;(vlvkyfOya'rsm;)udk tm;ay;í usifhokH;aeMuonf/ odkYtwGuf &S&Dt[fOya'udk Oya'\ tcef;u@toD;oD;wGif touf0ifatmif usifhokH;&ef vdktyfayonf/ rkpfvifrfEdkifiHrsm;? rkpfvifrf ydkifeufe,fajrrsm;wGif &S&Dt[fOya'tpm; tjcm; Oya'rsm;udk usifhokH;aejcif;onfvnf; &S&D;ufxdkufNyD; ukzf&f jzpfapEdkifaom vkyfaqmifcsuf jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfEdkifiHrsm; &Sd rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh rdrdwdkYonf Oya'udk ajymif;vJusifhokH;&ef trdefY tmPmay;Edkifaomae&mudk &xm;ol? tmPmyg0g&Sdolonf rdrdwdkY\ vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeaom Oya'udk y,fzsufí &S&Dtofw&m;Oya'udk ajymif;vJusifhokH;&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomae&m? tmPmyg0g r&Sdol 75

tDrmrfod&frdZD

ocifrS

pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdkYtpdk;&rS usifhokH;aeonfh umzd&fOya'udk jypfwif ½IHYcs NyD;? &S&DtofOya'usifhokH;&ef awmif;qdk taumiftxnfazmfoifhonf/ þodkY rjzpfEdkifvQifvnf; rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh aomif[D;'fopömw&m; udk xdef;odrf;&ef? t&Sifjrwf ESpfoufrIudk &&Sd&ef &S&Dtof rusifhokH;aom? tpövmrfryDoaomtpdk;&udk txiftjrifao; pufqkyf½GYH&Smoifhayonf/

tcef; (2)

aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk avhvmjcif;twGuf aomif[D;'f\ qefY usifbufjzpfaom ]&S&D;uf} (tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,f jcif;)udk *½kwpdkuf? pepfwus ravhvmygu NyD;jynfhpkHaom avhvmjcif; rrnfEdkifay/ ]&S&D;uf}ESifhywfoufonfh tcsKdUaom oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYaMumifh aomif[D;'fopömw&m; rnfodkY ysufokOf;EdkifaMumif; Oyrm tcsKdUudk tcef;(1)wGif wifjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ rnfodkYqdkapumrl þtcef; wGif ]&S&D;uf}udk oD;oefYacgif;pOfwpfcktjzpf wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ pm½Iolrsm; od&Sdxm;NyD;onfhtwdkif; ]&S&D;uf} rjyKvkyf&efrSm tvGef ta&; BuD;aomaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tcdkiftrm oufaotaxmuftxm;jyí ñTefjyxm;onfudk awGYEdkifonf/ ]            [

]]{uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ]&S&D;uf} wpfpHkwpf&mudk rdrdESifh wGJbuf,SOfNydKif udk;uG,fjcif;udk vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh tvsif; ay;awmfrlrnf r[kwfay/ odkY&mwGif xdkwGJbuf,SOfNydKif udk;uG,frI (&S&D;uf) rSwyg; tjcm;jypfrI'kp½dkufwdkYudkrlum; rdrd tvdk&Sdawmfrlaomoltm; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;oem;awmfrl tHh/}}76 taMumif;rlum; ]&S&D;uf}onf vlom;tm; zefqif;&onfh &nf½G,f csuf tppftrSefudk qefYusifaeaomaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ a&SUawmfarSmuf0,f tqdk;0g;qkH;? tjyif;xefqkH;ESifh cGifh rvTwfEdkifqkH; tjypf*dke[f jzpfonf/ 76

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 48/

pmayoabmt& ]&S&D;uf}\ teuft"dyÜg,frSm ]]twlwGJzufjcif;? a0pka0ykH cGJa0jcif;? rQ,ljcif;? wGJbufaygif;pnf;jcif;? qufpyfjcif;}} ponfjzifh teuft"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkEdkifonf/77 tpövmrfhenf;us ]&S&D;uf}\ t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqdk&aomf ]]tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wef;wlwGJzufEIdif;,SOfí ae&may;rI? c0yfudk;uG,frIqdkif&m tjyKtrlrSeforQudk ]&S&D;uf}}} [kac: onf/ aomif[D;'fopömw&m;qdkif&m ynm&yfe,fy,ftwGif;ü ]&S&D;uf}udk trsKd;tpm;(3)rsKd;cGJí us,fus,fjyefYjyefY avhvmqef;ppfEdkifayonf/ xdkY twGuf yxrOD;qkH;taeESifh aomif[D;'f t&f-½lAlAD;,[f (udk;uG,f&m t&Sifocifjzpfjcif;ü tEIdif;rJh ]wpf} jzpfjcif;)? aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpf rmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfESifh emrawmfrsm;qdkif &mwGif wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf;jzpfjcif;)ESifh aemufqkH;trsKd;tpm; aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif; cHxdkufrIwGif tEIdif;rJh ]wpf} jzpfjcif;)wdkY tusKH;0ifonf/ ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmtwGif;&Sd &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;rsm;

txufyg ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhwef;wl (0g) wef;wleD;yg;xm;í t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHwpfpkHwpf&mudk ,kHMunf udk; uG,fjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;wpfckvkH;wGif t&Sifocif (zefqif;&Sif) vkH;0 r&Sd[k ,kHMunfjcif;wdkY yg0ifayonf/ urÇmay:&Sd bmoma&;pepfBuD; rsm;teuf trsm;pkBuD;onf ½lAlAD;,[ftwGif;&Sd ]&S&D;uf}\ yxr trsKd; tpm;wGif tusKH;0ifNyD; 'óetawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ vlvkyf 'óersm;tm;vkH;onf azmfjyyg ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;\ 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;twGif;ü tusKH;0ifayonf/

77

J.M. Cowan, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Spoken Language Services Inc., New York, 3rd Edition, 1976, p: 468.

(1) wkyEIdif;,SOf? wGJzufEIdif;,SOf c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;qdkif&m &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;

þ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;cGJwGif t"duusonfh tjrifhwumh tjrifhqkH;rSm t
onfh pGrf;tm;[lívnf;aumif;? rajymif;vJEdkifaom xm0&wnfNrJaom? tm½kHig;yg;ESifh rcHpm;Edkifaom? yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDudk oD;oefY ydkifpdk;Edkif aom t
W.L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey Humanities Press, 1980, Pp. 66-67 and 586-7. See also John Hinnells, Dictionary of Religions, England, Penguin Books, 1984, Pp. 67-8. 79 Dictionary of Religons, p. 337

t&Sif\ OD;acgif;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif &Sifaygvk (John Paul)rS xdkoefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmftm;? a,½Ic&pfawmf\ ajymif; vJoGm;aom rlvpdwf (Alter Ego of Chirst)? ajymif;vJaom0dnmOf xdk 0dnmOf\pGrf;tm;onf a,½lc&pfawmf ysHvGefawmfrlNyD; (uG,fvGef) &ufaygif; 50 jynfhaomaeYwGif jyefvnf &Sifjyefxajrmufapjcif;tm;jzifh pGrf;tm;udk xif&Sm;apNyD;? aemifwGif c&pf,mefrsm;tm; vrf;ñTefjyo onf[k ykHazmf toufoGif;cJhonf/80 tusKd;quftm;jzifh c&pf,mef,kHMunfcsufü ½lAlAD;,[f todonm twGif;rS ]&S&D;uf} ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmfESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm; xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ tmPmydkifpdk;rIwGif tmPmcGJa0ay;NyD; pDrHtkyfcsKyfapjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsuf wGif a,½Ic&pfawmfrS urÇmhavmu\a&;&mtm;vkH;udk pD&if qkH;jzwfNyD; ¤if;c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tm; b0aexdkifrItpkpktwGuf oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfrS ulnDvrf;ñTefonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ Zdk½dktufpwD;&ef;ac: yg&Sef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk t[l; &m;rmZ'g (Ahura Mazda)[k ac:a0:orkwfMuNyD; xdkt&Sifonf c0yfudk; uG,frItpkpkudk t
Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 231.

jzpfonf/ ¤if;bk&m;rSm tef*&mrdefEsL (Angra Mainyu) jzpfí ¤if;rS zefqif;pDrHuGyfuJonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkbk&m;udk ]tarSmif}qdk onfh oauFwjzifh udk,fpm;jyKonf/81 xdkYaMumifh ½lAlAD;,[fac: udk; uG,f&mt&Sif\ tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifpdk;jcif;onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh raumif;qdk;0g; ewfrdpämrsm;onf yg0gtmPmudk &S,f,mcGJa0,lae& onf[kqdk&mMuayrnf/ þonfrSm raumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk jyKvkyf jcif;[laom *kPfawmfonf udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh rxdkufwef? udk;uG,f&m t&Sif\*kPfawmftjzpf vufrcHvdkaom vlom;\qE´aMumifh ay:ayguf vm&aom ]bk&m;NydKif} jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ tmPmudk ewfrdpämqdk;rsm;\tqifhESifh wef;wlESdrfhcsNyD; owfrSwfaom aMumifh aomif[D;'f t&f-½lAlAD;,[foabmt& ]&S&D;uf} jyKvkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ a,m½lbbmomw&m;(Yoruba Religion)onf tmz&duwdkuf taemuf bufurf;ajca'orsm;&Sd vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ udk;uG,f&mbmomw&m; jzpf onf/ þbmom0iftrsm;pkudk Edkif*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiHwGif awGYEdkifonf/ bm om0ifOD;a&rSm (10)oef;ausmf&Sdonf/ xdkbmom0ifrsm;onf tdkvdk½l;rm &,f (Olorumare) 0g tdkvdk&d,yfpf (aumif;uifbkH\ t&Sif)[k trnfwGif aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfudk;uG,fMuonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapum rl acwfopf Orisha Worship ac: ewfa'0gwmrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmf yoaom tavhtx&SdNyD;? ¤if;onf pnf;usrf;wif;usyfonfh wpfyg;ruaom ewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,faom bmomw&m;toGifudk aqmifonf/82 tusKd;quftm;jzifh a,m½lbbmom0ifrsm;onf ½lAlAD;,[f todonm twGif;rS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\vkyfief;aqmifwm tm;vkH;udk ewfrsm;? rdpäm rsm;? 0dnmOfrsm;udk tmPmcGJa0ay;xm;aomaMumifh ]&S&D;uf} jzpfayonf/

81 82

Dictionary of Religions, Pp. 361-2. Dictionary of Religions, p. 358.

xdkYtwl awmiftmz&du&Sd ZlvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfMuonf/ bk&m;\ bGJYawmfrSm tGefulvGef ulvl (Unkulunkulu) jzpfNyD;? a&S;usaom yxrOD;qkH;jzpfaom? MunfndK jrwfEdk;bG,f taumif;qkH;jzpfaomt&Sif[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ txl;jyK ac: a0:aom*kPfawmfESifh emrawmfrSm aumif;uifudk pdk;ydkifawmfrlaomt&Sif (Nkosi Yaphezulu)ESifh yxrOD;qkH; jzpfay:awmfrlaomt&Sif (Muveling quan -qi) jzpfonf/ ¤if;bk&m;\ BuD;us,frIudk aumif;uif(tzdk)ESifh urÇmajr (tr)tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vlYavmurS txD;ESifhtr (tzdkESifhtr) ykHo@mefjzifh udk,fpm;jyK azmfjyonf/ Zlvl;bmomw&m;wGif vQyfpD;vufjcif;ESifh rdk;BudK;ypfjcif;onf udk; uG,f&mt&Sif\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzpfNyD;? emrusef;rI? a&m*gb, jzpfyGm; rIrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;onf uG,fvGef aoqkH;oGm;cJhaom bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm;\ Idlozi or Abaphansi (urÇmajrjyifatmufü &Sdonfh t&mrsm;)\vkyf&yfrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;u touf&Sifoefaeaom vlom;rsm;\uHMur®mudk pdk;rdk;cs,f vS,fonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ ¤if;0dnmOfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm; tpm;tpmrsm; qufuyfjcif;? rd½dk; zvmxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk vkyfaqmifjcif;? pGefYvTwf vSL'gef;rIjyKjcif;ESifh tepfemcHjcif;wdkYudk ESpfoufauseyfNyD;? xdkvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfaqmifoludk apmifrMunfh½Ionf/ ¤if;vkyf&yfrsm;udk rvkyfaomolrsm;udk tjypf'Pf cwfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ bdk;bGm;bDbif 0dnmOfrsm;\ tvdkqE´udk tifef,ef* (Inyanga)ac: tMum;tjrif q&m (uHMur®ma[mMum;ol)rsm; uwqifh odEdkifonf[k vufcH ,kHMunfonf/83 xdkYaMumifh Zlvl;bmom w&m;twGif;&Sd ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmrS ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;onf vlY avmuzefqif;jcif;[lonfh todonmwGif omru? vlYavmu\ 83

Ibid, p. 363.

aumif;usKd;? qdk;usKd;udk csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fonf[laom*kPfawmfonf uG,fvGef aoqkH;oGm;aom rdbbdk;bGm;rsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;\ csKyfudkif vTrf;rdk;rI &Sdaeonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ rkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;&Sd odomxif&Sm;aom ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmt wGif;rS ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;rSm atmifvD,mac: 0vDolawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;ESifh rSefuefajzmifhrwfaom tusifhoDv&Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;u ouf&Sd&SifoefvQuf&Sdaom vlom;rsm;\ avmuDa&;&mudpö rsm;omru tmcd&ofwrvGefa&;&m udpörsm;udkyg vTrf;rdk;oufa&mufEdkif onf[k ,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ 0dnmOf onf vlom;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhpGufay;Edkifonf [lívnf;aumif;? ab;qdk;? uyfqdk;tEÅ&m,fqdk;rsm;udk z,f&Sm; ay;Edkif onf[lívnf;aumif;? rnfolrqdk (rkpfvifrfjzpfap? rkpfvifrf r[kwf aom tjcm;bmom0if^bmomrJhjzpfygap)? ¤if;wdkYtm; [pfac:wornf qdkygu oufqdkif&m wrf;wolrsm;tm; tultnDay;onf[k ,kHMunf Muavonf/ ocFsKdif;ylaZmfyoolrsm;? ocFsKdif;udk;uG,folrsm;u udk;uG,f &mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;\ t&nftaoG;jzpfaom avmuD? avmukwÅ&ma&;&mrsm;udk vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkifpGrf;udk aoqkH;ol 0vD atmifvD,molawmfpifrsm;\0dnmOfrS csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfNyD;? tdAm'wf (c0yfudk;uG,f ylaZmfyo)aeMujcif; jzpfonf/ qlzDtrsm;pk (rkpfvifrf*rÇD&"r®udk vdkufemusifhBuHolrsm;)taeESifh tuG,f udk jrifEdkifaomolrsm; ( )84 \ ukokAf (Qutub)[kac:onfh 84

pmayoabmt& ]]tuG,frSt&mrsm;udk jrifEdkifaomolrsm;}}[kac:onf/ (¤if;wdkY\ tqdkt&) urÇmBuD;onf wdusaom ta&twGuf&Sdonfh olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ xdef; odrf; apmifha&SmufrI\atmufwGif &Sdaeayonf/ olawmfpifBuD;wpfyg;yg; uG,fvGef aoqkH;oGm;aomtcg ,if;ae&mwGif tjcm;wpfyg;udk csufcsif; tpm;xdk;onf/ ½IShorter Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 582.

tqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfh qlzDBuD;u rdrdae&mpcef;XmerSaeí vuf&Sd avmuDurÇm\ ta&;udpörsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfvQuf&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMu avonf/85 (2) jiif;qefjcif;aMumifh &S&D;ufjzpfjcif;

þ&S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wnf &SdaeawmfrlaMumif;udk ajAmifususjzpfap? oG,f0kdufí (EIwfqdwfaejcif; jzifh)jzpfap? jiif;qefaom'óetawG;tac:rsm;? t,ltqrsm; yg0ifay onf/ tcsKdUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif) r&Sdjcif; udk bk&m;rJh0g'(Atheism)[k ac:onf/ tcsKdUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGifum; udk; uG,f&mt&Sif&SdaMumif;udk vufcHonf[k xkwfazmfajymqdkaomfvnf;? udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk vufcHudk;uG,frIoabmw&m;rS MunfhvQifum;? ¤if; udk jiif;y,faeoa,mif&Sdaom? bk&m;trsm;udk wNydKifeufwnf; vufcH udk;uG,f,kHMunfaom0g'(Pantheism) ykHpHjzifh awGY&onf/ tcsKdUaom a½S;a[mif;bmomw&m;rsm;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wnf&Sd jcif;udk vufrcHyg/ ¤if;bmoma&;pepfrsm;twGif;wGif txif&Sm;qkH; aom bmomw&m;rSm a*gwrAk'¨\ bmomw&m;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf [dE´L0g'\ Zmwfpepfudk y,fzsuf&eftm;xkwfaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrS aygufzGm;vmNyD;? *sdef;0g'ESifh acwfNydKif bDpD ]6} &mpkwGif ay:aygufcJhaom omoemjzpfonf/ bDpD ]3}&mpkwGif Ak'¨bmomonf tdE´d,EdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfcJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf [dE´L0g'rS qufEG,faygufzGm;vmcJhaomaMumifh Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif rdrdonf (udk; uG,f&mt&Sif udk,fpm;? udk,fyGm;) 0ifpm;aom t0w&bk&m; (vl0if pm;bk&m;) jzpfonf[k aMunmcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf Ak'¨0g'onf tdE´d,rS aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; aemifwGif w½kwfjynf? tjcm;aom tm&Sta&SUzsm; EdkifiHrsm; (*syef? udk;&D;,m;) okdYyg vTrf;rdk;oGm;onfudk awGY&\/ 85

Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 55.

a*gwrAk'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHoGm;NyD;aemuf bDpD 400 rS 250 twGif;wGif [de ,eESifh r[m,e[laom Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;cGJBuD;ESpfck ay:xGef;vm cJhonf/ [de,e*dkPf;onf Ak'¨0g'twGif; tapmqkH;ESifh twif;usyfqkH; 0g'wpfck jzpfonf/ ¤if;*kdPf;\t,l0g'rSm ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif}} [lonf r&Sd/ xdkY aMumifh rdrd\ 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;udk uif;vGwfatmif? uRwfwef;0ifatmif tm;xkwf&efrSm rdrd\ wm0efomjzpfonf}}86[laom tcsufudk &Sif;vif; xif&Sm;apcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&S;a[mif; Ak'¨0g'\ t"du tom;ay; aom oifMum;rI? zdtm;ay; ,kHMunfaprIrSm ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmtwGif; ]&S&D;uf} jzpfonfh Oyrmwpf&yf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkY onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f) wnf&Sdjcif;udk aNAmifusus vkH;0 jiif;qefjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif *sdef;0g'onf 0gZmrem (Vardhamana) ac: r[m0D& (Mahavira) rS pepfwus pkpnf;wifjycJhaom t,l0g'wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ oifMum;rIwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lír&Sd? vGwfvyfaom (vGwf ajrmufaom) pdwf0dnmOfonf? bk&m;uJhodkY raojcif;? tvkH;pkHudk odjrif Edkifaom oAÁnKwÓPfpOfudk &Edkifaomtqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&SdEdkif onf/ xdkYaMumifh *sdef;bmomw&m;qdkif&m vlYtpkta0;rsm;u tuRwf w&m; &oGm;aom? uRwfwef;0ifoGm;aom &[EÅmrsm;udk bk&m;[k owf rSwfí? ¤if;&[EÅmrsm; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOfumvwGif ½dkaoav;pm;rI jyK ouJhodkY ¤if;wdkY uG,fvGefoGm;aomtcg ¤if;wdkY\ ½kyfxkBuD;rsm;udk MunfndKav;pm; ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;Muonf/ tjcm;a&S;usaom jiif;y,fjcif;? jiif;qefjcif;qdkif&m &S&D;ufrSm wref awmfrlpmvufxuf? zm½dkbk&if (zd&fatmifef)\ tjzpftysufü awGY Edkifayonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS zd&fatmifonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;qefcJhaMumif;? wrefawmfrlpmESifh tD*spfEdkifiHom; 86

Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 72.

rsm;tm; rdrdonfomvQif tm;vkH;aom zefqif;jcif;\ t&SifjzpfaMumif; qdkcJhonf/ ¤if;tcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS zd&fatmif\ pum;&yfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ñTefjyxm;onf/ ]        [

]]xdkzd&fatmifefu (tdk-rlpm?) trSefyif tu,fí toifonf uREfkyfrSvJGí tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;yg;udk a½G;cs,f cJhygvQif {uefrvJG uREkfyfonf toifhtm; tusOf;axmif csxm;rnf[k ajymqdk usHK;0g;cJhav\/}}87 ]    [

]]xdkYaemuf ¤if;(zd&fatmifef)u ]]uREfkyfonfyif toifwdkY\ jrifh jrwfqHk;aomt&Sifjzpfonf}}[k ajymqdk(aMunm)chJavonf/}}88 19 &mpkESifh 20&mpktwGif; Oa&my'óeynm&SiftcsKdUu udk;uG,f&m t&Sifr&SdaMumif; aemifwGif ]]udk;uG,ft&Sif'óe\ aoqkH;rI}} (tqkH; owfjcif;)[k a
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 26; 29/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 79; 24/

cHpm;rIrsm;aMumifh aysmf½Tifjcif;[lonfr&Sd/ rdrdwdkY\ 'ku©rsm; uif;a0;ap &ef tm;udk;&m? cdkvIH&mtjzpf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonfh todonmudk vufcH,kHMunfMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh avmuD\ qif;&J'ku© cHpm;rIrsm; r&Sdawmhygu udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf vdktyfawmhrnf r[kwf acs/ xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif r&Sdawmhygu qif;&J'ku©cHpm;&jcif; [laom oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sdawmhacs/ aysmf½Tifjcif;om usef&pfrnf/ xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk jiif;qefjcif;onfom taumif;qkH;tajz jzpfonf[k cH,laom'óe jzpfonf/89 y&yf&Sm;rS z½dkif;'&pfcsf eD;Zfacs; (Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900) rS txufazmfjyyg ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ aoqkH;jcif;}} 'óeudk axmufcH cJh\/ ¤if;u wifjycJhonfhtqdkrSm ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (bk&m;)}} [lonf rSm vlom;rS rdrd\cufcJrI? qif;&J'ku©rsm;twGuf cHpm;&aom pdwfrouf omrI? pdwfzdpD;rItwGuf ESpfodrfhrI&,lNyD; r[mvlom;tjzpf a&muf&SdvdkrI twGuf ykHazmfxm;onfh ]ykH&dyf} «wenf;qdk&aomf ]todÓPfxJrS ykH&dyf} (Mental Image)» wpfckom jzpfonf/ vlom;tqifhrS ]]r[mvlom;}}tjzpf zefwD;&ef pdwful;wGif ykHazmfxm;aom ]Mum;cHaygif;ul;} wpfckom jzpfonf/90 20 &mpk\ jypfopf'óeynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfonfh *sdef;aygvf qmw &m,f (Jean Paul Sartre)rSvnf; ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif aoqkH;jcif;}[lonfh 'óeudk axmufcHcJhonf/ ol\t,ltqt& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonf ¤if;\ rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;ESifh qefYusifuGJjym;jcif;aMumifh trSefwu,f rwnf&SdEdkif/ ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif}[lonfht,ltqrSm vlom;taeESifh rdrd

89 90

Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 327. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 391.

\ jzpfwnfrI tajctaet& rjzpfrae rSef;qykHazmf&rnfh ]pdwful;ykHazmf rI} wpfckom jzpfonf/91 'g0if\ 1882 ckESpfwGif a&;om;cJhonfh pmwrf;t& ]vlom;onf wefcdk;BuD;aom vl0HwpfrsKd;om jzpfonf/} ol\t,ltqudk 19 &mpk\ vlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh 'óetawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;\ oDtdk&D wGif vufcHxm;Muonf/ ,if;oDtdk&Drsm;rS ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif rwnf&Sd aMumif;} t,ltqtwGuf odyÜHenf;usaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; csrSwfay;onf/ ¤if;wdkY\ t,ltqt& bmomw&m;[lonf udk;uG,f &mr&Sdaom bk&m;rJh0g'rS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;udk udk;uG,faom 0g'odkY qifhuJajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;odkY bmomw&m;\ qifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:vmjcif;onf vlom;\ qifhuJajymif;vJí jzpf ay:aom vl0Hb0rS vlom;b0odkY a&muf&Sdjcif;? wzef vGwfvyfaom wpfOD;csif;pDaeaom vlom;rS EdkifiHESifh aexdkifaom EdkifiHom;tqifhodkY qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;wdkYESifh qufpyfaeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHMuaomolrsm;onf ]zefqif; jcif;} [lonfh oabmw&m;\ tESpfom&qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&Smif MuOf&ef BudK;pm;onf/ txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkYrS rajzray;Edkifao;aom jyóemrSm t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfckjzpfaom ]r&Sd&mrS &Sd&modkY jzpf ay:apjcif;} jzpfonf/ vuf&Sd jzpfwnfaeaom ½kyf? j'yftm;vkH;\ tponf rnfodkY pwifcJhNyD;? tb,faMumifh vuf&SdtajctaeodkY tqkH; owfa&muf&Sdae onfudk tajzray;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg xdkt,l tqudk vufcHxm;Muukefolrsm;onf um;vfrwfpfcf (Karl Marx)\ aemufvdkufaemufygrsm; jzpfonf/ um;vfrwfpfcfonf uGefjrLepf0g'D wpfOD;jzpfovdk? ¤if;onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'D odyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;vnf; jzpf onf/ ¤if;\ t,ltqt& ]]t&m0w¦Ktm;vkH;\ rlvtponf j'yfrsm; 91

Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, Pp. 50-9.

\ a½GUvsm;rIESifhom oufqdkifonf/}} (j'yfrIefrsm; a½GUvsm;rIudk qdkvdk onf/) rwfpfcf\ 0g't,ltqt& ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (bk&m;)[lonf vlom;\ pdwful;,Of ykHazmfrIwpf&yfom jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm; txl; ojzifh tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;rS tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk tqifhqifh tarG qufcH tkyfcsKyfEdkif&efESifh tkyfcsKyfcHvlwef;pm;trsm;pktm; ¤if;wdkYtrSef wu,f &Sifoefae&aom b0tajctaerSefudk zkH;uG,fxm;&ef? vlxk taeESifh tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;\ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfrIudk tm½kHrpl;pdkufEdkifap&ef zefwD; xm;aom wHwdkif; (tumtuG,f) wpfckjzpfonf/}} rkpfvifrfrsm;wGif awGY&onfh jiif;qefjcif;jzifh jyKvkyfaom ]&S&D;uf} twGuf Oyrmwpf&yfrSm tdAfEkt&ADuJhodkY qlzDrsm;rS t&mtm;vkH;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfjzpfí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm;vkH;aomt&mwGif udef;0yfaeonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsuft& tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ oD;jcm; &yfwnfEdkifpGrf; (Separate Identity)udk jiif; qefjcif;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ wnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;qefvdkufjcif; jzpf onf/ þt,ltqudk 17 &mpk\ 'wfcsfvlrsKd;? *sL;'óeynm&Sif bm ½l;csf pyDEdkZm (Baruch Spinoza) \ wifjyrIwGifvnf; awGY&SdEdkifonf/ ol\ t,ltqrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonfrSm vlom;tygt0if pMu0Vm wpf ckvkH;\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm;vkH;udk aygif;pnf;xm;aomt&m jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmf? *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí jzpfay:wwfaom &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;rsm;

þtrsKd;tpm; ]&S&D;uf}wGif tm&Aft½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;\ jyKvkyfavh&Sd onfh tavhtusifhrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;tavhtxrsm;rSm tv’m[f t&Sifjrwftm; ¤if;\ zefqif;cHrsm;\ *kPf&nfESifh trnfrSnfhac:jcif;? wzef tzefqif;cHrsm;tm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;? bGJYawmf rsm; trnfay;í rSnfhac:jcif;wdkY ESpfrsKd;pvkH;yg0ifonf/

(1) vlom;tjzpf ykHazmfjcif;ESifhqdkifaom &S&D;uf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmf? *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifí jzpf avhjzpfx&Sdaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; vlom; ESifh wd&dpämefrsm;\ ykHyef;o@mef? t&nftaoG;rsm;jzifh ykHazmfjcif; jzpf onf/ urÇmay:wGif vlom;\ wd&dpämefrsm;tay:vTrf;rdk;EdkifrI? BuD;us,f jrifhjrwfrIudk taMumif;jyKí ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;jyKvkyfudk;uG,folrsm;rS udk;uG,f &mt&Sif\ zefqif;jcif;udk azmfjy&ef? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlom;\ toGif o@mefudk okH;avh&Sdonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh zefqif;&Sif\ ykH&dyf (ykHawmf)udk aq;jc,fjcif;? ykHoGif;jcif;? ykHazmfjcif;? yef;ykxkjcif;wdkY jyKvkyf Muonf/ ,if;odkY ykHo@mefudk jyKvkyfykHoGif;&mwGif xdk½kyfxk? qif;xk? ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk udk;uG,folrsm;ESifh ykHo@meftoGiftjyif vu©Pmrsm; udk erlem,lí xkvkyfavh&SdMuonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif? [dE´LbmomESifh Ak'¨ bmom0ifrsm;onf tm&Swdkufom; a,musfm;rsm;\ ykHo@mefudk ½kyfyGm; qif;xkrsm; tajrmuftjrm;xkvkyfí udk;uG,fylaZmfMuonf/ xdkodkY tm&S wdkufom; a,musfm;rsm; (tdE´d,? jrefrm? w½kwf? udk;&D;,m;? *syef ... ponfjzifh)\ ykHudk xGif;xkylaZmf&jcif;rSm xdkvlom;rsm;\ ykH&dyfrsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ zefqif;jcif; o½kyfouefudk xif&Sm; &Sif;vif;pGm xif[yfEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfMujcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ acwfopf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;taeESifh wrefawmftDqm onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS vlYZmwdcHNyD; ]]vl0ifpm;bk&m;}} jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ wenf;qdkaomf zefqif;&Siftm; zefqif;cHb0odkY ouf qif;apjcif; jzpfonf/ þonf udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; vlom;toGif oGwfoGif;jcif;qdkif&m ]&S&D;uf}\ xif&Sm;aomOyrmjzpfonf/ rdkufu,f tdrf*sJvdk (Michaelangelo, 1565) uJhodkYaom xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh c&pf ,mefyef;csDynm&SifrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ ykHawmfudk ykHqGJ&m? ykHazmf&mwGif udk,fvkH;wD;jzpfaeaom Oa&myvltkdwpfa,muftjzpf ykHazmfcJhonf/ olY wGif jzLazG;aom qHyif (aiGa&mifqHyif) rsm;ESifh rkwfqdwfarG;rsm;&SdNyD;?

AufwDuefausmif;awmf (AufwDuefNrdKU&Sd jrifhjrwfaom c&pf,mef bk&m; &Sdcdk;ausmif;)\ rsufESmusufwGif ykHazmfxm;onfh ½kyfxk jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefurÇmwGif xkvkyfxm;onfh ½kyfyGm;rsm;teuf txufyg ykHawmf onf taumif;qkH;? tjrifhqkH; bk&m;ocifudk udk,fpm;tjyKEdkifqkH;[k ,lqMuonf/ (2) vlom;\ tqifhudk udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh wef;wlxm;jcif;jzifh jyKvkyfaom &S&D;ufykHpH

tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmofwGifyg0ifonfh ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm; wpfckrSm vlom;rsm;ESifh vlom;wdkY zefwD;jyKvkyfxm;aomt&mrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfrsm;jzifh ac:a0:jcif;ESifh wzef xdkt&Sif\ *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh woac:a0:owfrSwfjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qdk&aomf a&S;a[mif;tm&AfvlrsKd;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ewf½kyfrsm;? bk&m; ½kyfxkrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;rS qif;ouf vmaom trnfrsm;ESifh woac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ ewfbk&m;rsm;teuf ewfbk&m; 3 yg;tm; ac:a0:woaom? rSnfhac:xm;aom trnfemr rsm;rSm tvf-vm;of (¤if;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tv’m[fqdkonfh *kPfawmfrS ,lxm;aomtrnf jzpfonf)? tvf-tkZfZm[f (¤if;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvf-tZD;Zfqdkonfh*kPfawmfrS ,lxm;aomtrnf jzpfonf)? tvf-rkewfxf (¤if;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvf-rem;ef qdkonfh*kPfawmfrS ,lxm;aomtrnf jzpfonf)wdkY jzpfMuonf/ wref awmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf umvtwGif;u tma&AswGif wrefawmftwkwpfyg; ay:aygufcJhNyD;? xdk wrefawmftwk\ bGJYawmfrSm ,rm;r[f jzpfNyD;? ¤if;bGJYawmfonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;ESifh xdkufwefaom*kPfawmfjzpfonfh ]]&[frmef}}qdkonfhpum;vkH;rS qGJ,lxm; aom pum;vkH;jzpfonf/

&DStm*dkPf;rsm;teuf txl;ojzifh qD;&D;,m;EdkifiH? Elqdkif&D;,m;a'o &Sd &SDtmrsm;onf wrefawmfrk[r®'f\ wpf0rf;uGJnDawmfvnf;jzpf? om;rufawmfvnf;jzpfol tAloGmvdAf\om;? cvDz[fBuD; tvD ociftm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ udk,fyGm;[k ,kHMunfMuNyD;? ¤if;tm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udkvnf; ay;xm;ayonf/ ¤if;&SDtm tkyfpkrsm;teuf tdpfrmtDvD (Ismaillis)rsm;? ¤if;wdkYtm; t*g;cef;eD;pf (Agha Khanees)rsm;[kvnf;ac:jcif;cHMu&aom tkyfpkwpfpk &Sdonf/ ¤if; tkyfpk\ acgif;pOfwGif yg0ifonfh t*g;cef;tm;? ¤if;\ aemufvdkuf rsm;u udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf 0ifpm;aomyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuavonf/ þuJhodkYaom ,kHMunfrIrsKd;aMumifh ]&S&D;uf} jzpf oGm;aomolrsm;wGif vbEGefEdkifiHrS '½l;ZD (Druze) rsKd;EG,frsm;vnf; yg0ifMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYu zmwDrdk'f cvDz[ftvf-[muif;rfAd tr&D; vm;vf (Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim Bi Amrillah) tm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vlom;tjzpf udk,fpm;vS,fjyK xif&Sm;apaom vl0ifpm;bk&m;[k ,kH MunfMujcif; jzpfonf/ qlzDrsm;teuf tvf-[vfvwf*sfuJhodkY qlzD rsm;u a
tvif;\ tjrefudk ESpfxyfwifxm;aomudef;\ ajr§mufv'fwefbkd;ESifh nDonf)udk oifMum;jcif;onfvnf; tvf-twfpfrm;tf 0qGf-qGdzm;of ESifhqdkifaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tusKH;0ifonf/ xdkoDtdk&Du qdkxm; onfrSm tifem*sDudk zefwD;ívnf; r&? zsufpD;ívnf; r&/ pGrf;tifudk ykHo@mefajymif;vJíom &onf/ ¤if;onf j'yf\ yrmPudk vdkufíom ajymif;vJEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif j'yfESifhpGrf;tif ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS zefqif;xm;aom t&mjzpfouJhodkY ¤if;wdkYudk t&SifjrwfrS tcsdefra½G; zsufpD;vdku zsufpD;Edkifonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ]    [

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonfyif t&m&mudk zefqif;awmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrlonf/}}92 ]    [

]] ,if;yx0Dajray:ü &SdorQwdkYonf (rNrJ) ysufpD;qdwfokOf;tHh aomt&mrsm;yif jzpfukef\/}}93 tdkif;pwdkif;\ &DavwDAwDoDtdk&DrS ñTefjyonfrSm j'yfESifhpGrf;tifESpf rsKd;pvkH;onf tpvnf; r&Sd? tqkH;vnf; r&Sd? ¤if;wdkYonf pMu0VmBuD; wnfNrJaeonfh twdkif;twmtxd xm0& rysufrokOf;wnf&Sdaernf/ ¤if;wdkYudk zsufpD;ívnf; r&/ ajymif;vJívnf; r&/ txufazmfjyyg ]]tpvnf; r&Sd? tqkH;vnf; r&Sd? zefwD;ívnf; r&/ ajymif;vJí

92 93

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 39; 62/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 55; 26/

vnf;r&/ xm0& wnfaernf}}[laom *kPft*Fgt&nftaoG;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;\ *kPfawmfjzpfonf/ 'g0if\ qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;oDtdk&DwGif toufZD0ef\ qifhuJ ajymif;vJ jzpfay:jcif;udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/ touf"gwf onf oufrJht&m0w¦KrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ 0ifa&muf pGufzufrI wpfpkH wpf&mrygbJ jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkonf/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Dudk ouf0if ,kHMunfolacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol qmt,fvf'ghpf[wfpfav (Sir Aldous Huxley)rS txufazmfjyyg t,ltqESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/ ]]'g0ifoDtdk&Donf aMumif;usKd;qufpyfqifjcif pOf;pm;a0zef aqG; aEG;jcif;e,fy,frS udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; owÅ0gcyfodrf;\ zefqif;&Sif [laom t,ltqwpfckvkH;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf/}}94 tdAm'[fc0yfudk;uG,frItwGif; jzpfay:aom &S&D;uf

þtrsKd;tpm; ]&S&D;uf}wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftjyif tjcm;aomt&m rsm;udk OD;wdkufylaZmfyorI? c0yfudk;uG,frIjyKjcif;ESifh qkvmbfrsm;? aus; Zl;awmfrsm;? apmifrrIrsm;udk zefqif;&Sifxuf zefqif;cH rsm;xHrS arQmfudk; jcif;? &,lEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ þ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif trsKd;cGJ ESpfck yg0ifonf/ 1/ &S&D;uftBuD;pm; (t"du&S&D;uf) (‫)رشك األكرب‬

þuJhodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;rSm wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrSvGJí tjcm;aom vlyk*¾dKvf? t&m0w¦Kwpfcktm; OD;wdkufí c0yfudk;uG,f? ylaZmfyo? qkawmif;qk,ljyKaomtcgrsKd;wGif xdkufoifh 94

Quoted in Francis Hitching"s, TheNeck of the Giraffe, (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1982, p.254 from Tax and Callender, 1960, vol.III, p.45)

aom ]&S&D;uf} jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm; ylaZmfyojcif; onf txif&Sm;qkH; Oyrm jzpfonf/ tv’m[frS eADwrefawmfrsm; tm;vkH;tm; apvTwfí w&m;vrf;rSef ñTefjyap&onfh taMumif;t&if; rSm vlom;rsm;tm; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm; udk;uG,fyojcif;rS uif;a0;ap&ef jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]           [

]]pifppfaomfum; {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf vlrsKd;wkdif;wGif &plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;udk apvTwfawmfrlNyD; ]]toifwdkYonf tjcm;udk;uG,f&mrsm;udk pGefYvTwfy,f&Sm;í (wpfqlwnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;omvQif c0yfudk;uG,fMuavukef}} [k (a[mMum; apawmfrlcJhavonf)/}}95 txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmftwGif;yg0ifaom oGm*l;of (Taghut) [laompum;\ t"dyÜg,frSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif tjcm; udk;uG,f&m wpfpkHwpf&mudk udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wpfpkHwpf&mudk ,SOfwGJudk;uG,fjcif;wdkY tusKH;0ifonf/ Oyrm- tcspf (cspfjcif;w&m;) onf c0yfudk;uG,frI\ ykHo@mefwpfrsKd;jzpfí? NyD;jynfhpkHaomykHazmfrIwGif ¤if;tcspfw&m;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;xHodkYom &nfpl; jyo&rnf/ tpövmrfwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfonf[kqdkvQif? xdkt&Sifjrwftm; vkH;0emcH½dk;usKd; b0aqmufwnf&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftay:wGifxm;&Sdaom tcspfw&m;onf tzefqif;cHrsm;jzpfaom? rdrd\ rdbESpfyg;? om;orD;? ZeD;r,m;? tpm; taomufponfwdkYtay:xm;aomtcspfESifh wef;wl r&Sdap&/ tu,fí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tay:wGifxm;aomtcspfESifh tjcm;tzefqif;cHrsm; 95

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 16; 36/

tay:xm;onfh tcspfwef;wljzpfygu? t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfudk edrfhus aponfhtwGuf aomif[D;'f twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzm;ofabmifwGif;rS ]&S&D;uf} xdkufonf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;xHodkY om OD;wnfí rdrdcHpm;rIrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;&rnf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef wGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm; ]       [

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (vlcyif;wkdYtm; þodkY) ajym Mum;ygav/ tu,fí toif wdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfMunfjrwfEdk;Muygrl ig\trdefYMo0g'rsm;ukd tpOfwpkduf vdkufemMuukef/ (odkYrSomvQif) toifwdkYtm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf onf cspfMunf jrwfEdk;awmfrltHh/}}96 wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS ¤if;\qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;tm; rdefUrSmcJhonf rSm]]toifwdkYonf oifwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;? toifwdkY\ zcifrsm; ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vkH;xufydkí uREfkyftm; rcspfMunf rjrwf Edk;oa½GUumvywfvkH; toifwdkYonf ppfrSefaom rktfrifef ouf 0if,kHMunfolrsm; jzpfEdkifMurnf r[kwfacs/}}97 wrefawmfjrwftm; cspfcifjrwfEdk;rIonf ¤if;\vlom;0g' (0g) udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ay:wGif tajccHonfr[kwfbJ ¤if;\ udk;uG,f&m t&SifxHrS &&Sdonfh owif;pum;ay:wGif tajccHonf/ xdkYaMumifh 96

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 31/ tewfpfocifu qifhjyefcJhí tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-20? ['D;qftrSwf-13 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-31? ['D;qftrSwf-71/ 97

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk cspfaomtcspfuJhodkYyif udk,fawmfjrwftm; cspfcif jrwfEdk;jcif;udkvnf; udk,fawmfjrwf\ rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0 vdkufemusifhBuHemcHwnfaqmufjcif;jzifh cspfcifrIudk jyo&ef jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSaemufqkH;xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef \ tm,ofawmfwGif ]      [

]]rnfolrqdk &plvfwrefawmf\ trdefYawmfrsm;udk vdkufemyg vQif? xdkolonf {uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmf rsm;udk vdkufemonfrnf\/}}98 xdkYjyif ]    [

]]toifonf (,if;olwdkYtm;) ajymMum;ygav/ toifwdkYonf tv’m,ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? &plvfwref awmf\trdefYawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? vdkufemMuukef/}}99 tu,fí vlom;onf wpfpkHwpfa,muf (0g) wpfpkHwpf&mudk rdrdESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfMum;wGif ,laqmifvmygu (qdkvdkonfrSm-tv’m[f t&Sifjrwfxufydkí wpfOD;wpfa,muftm; wpfpkHwpf&mudk cspfjrwfEdk;cJhyg vQif) xdkyk*¾dKvf (0g) xdkt&mtm; c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;rnf\/ xdkodkYqdkygu aiGaMu;onf vlom;\ bk&m;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ (0g) wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ vkdtifqE´onf ]bk&m;} jzpfEdkifonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJh onfrSm 98 99

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 80/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 32/

]]'d&f[rf a½T'*Fg;jym;udk c0yfudk;uG,faomolonf tNrJwap aMumufrufzG,f&m jzpfaeayrnf/}}100 xdkYjyif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onf rSm ]    [

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf?) rdrd\pdwftvdkqE´udk rdrd\ udk;uG,f&m tjzpf jyKvkyfcJhaomol\ taMumif;udk toifonf odjrifcJhNyD r[kwfavm/}}101 tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;) ESifhoufqdkifonfh ]&S&D;uf}vkyfjcif;\ qdk;usKd;rsm;udk trsm;qkH; ñTefjyxm;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xdkodkY bk&m;wk? bk&m;a,mifrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \ zefqif;jcif; &nf½G,fcsufESifh qefYusifaomoabmudkaqmifaom aMumifh jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ]      [

]]pifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf *sifef owå0gwdkYtm;vnf; aumif;? rEkó vlom;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? igt&Sifjrwftm; qnf;uyf udk;uG,f Mu&efomvQif zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/}}102 t"du ]&S&D;uf} (&S&D;uftBuD;pm;) qdkonfrSm? pMu0Vmt&Siftm; qefYusifykefuefaomtrIjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf tBuD;qkH;? tqkH;pGefqkH; 100

tDrmrfAkcg&D rS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&ADt*Fvdyf bmomjyef? twGJ-8? pm-296? ['D;qf trSwf-443/ 101 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 25; 43/ 102 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 51; 56/

qdk;0g;aomjypfrI jzpfonf/ þuJhodkYaomjypfrIonf tvGef BuD;rm;? qdk;0g;vSjcif;aMumifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ aumif;rIvkyf&yftm;vkH;udk y,fzsufjcif;cH&rnfjzpfNyD;? ¤if;yk*¾dKvftm; xm0&i&Jom;tjzpf pHjref;ae xdkif&atmif jyifqifay;aom (0g) i&JtwGuf tmrcHcsufay;aomjypfrI jzpfonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;aom? vGJrSm;aombmomw&m; onf þuJhodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}wGif tajccHwnfaqmufxm;onfudk awGY& ayrnf/ vlvkyfbmomw&m;rsm;tm;vkH;onf wenf; (0g) tjcm; wenf;jzifh zefqif;jcif;bufodkY zdwfac:í udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaponfudk awGY&ayrnf/ c&pf,mefbmomwGif bmom0ifrsm;tm; a,½I[kac:wGif aom bk&m;wpfjzpfvJ wrefawmf (wrefawmftDqm)tm; udk;uG,f &mt&Sif 0ifpm;onf[k ,lqvQuf udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaponf/ c&pf ,mefrsm;teuf uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;onf ar&D (r&f,rfocifr tm;) bk&m;\ r,fawmftjzpf? tcspfxm;NyD; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuukef \/ rDumtD;vfac: rvmtdum[fwpfyg;udk tav;tjrwfxm;NyD; pufwifbm 29 &ufaeYudk pdefYrdkufu,fvfaeYtjzpf owfrSwfí yGJawmf usif;yMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh olawmfpifrsm;tm; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdaom vl jzpfap? ykHazmfykHoGif;xm;NyD;aomt&mudkjzpfap (olawmfpif\ ½kyfykHudk ykHazmfjcif;) udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuukef\/103 txufazmfjyyg ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;udk usL;vGefMuaom rkpfvifrfrsm; rSm wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm; c0yf udk;uG,fMuolrsm;ESifh qlzD olawmfpifrsm;\ u&mrof ac: yg0gpGrf;tm;udk (tvGeftuRH) ,kHMunf MuNyD;? xdkolawmfpifrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ 'ktm (qkawmif; yw¦emrsm;udk) tajzay;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;? xdkolawmfpifBuD;rsm;udk tpOftquf tvdkuf,kHMunfjcif;rsm; tusKH;0ifonf/usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS atmufygtwdkif; rdefYawmfrlxm;avonf/ 103

William Halsey (ed), Colliers Encyclopedia, USA, Crowell-Collier Educational Foundation, 1970, Vol. 16. p.110.

             [ ] 

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (xdkolwdkYtm; þodkY) ajymqdk ygav/ toifwdkY ajymjyMuukef? tu,fí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ jypf'Pfonf toifwdkY\tay:ü usa&mufvmcJhonf &Sdaomf? odkYwnf;r[kwf ]]ud,mrwf}} (&SifjyefxrnfhaeY) onf toifwdkY xH qdkufa&mufvmcJhonf&Sdaomf (xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdefumvrsKd;ü vnf;) toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg; (rdrdwdkY udk,f wdkif bk&m;tjzpf jyKvkyfudk;uG,fMuukefaom) tjcm;t&mrsm;udk yif [pfac:Murnfavm/ toifwdkY rSefuefaomolrsm; jzpfMuyg vQif (xdkodkYaomtcsdefrsKd;wGifvnf; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; pGefY vTwfí rdrdwdkY\ udk;uG,f&mrsm;udkom [pfac:oifhayonf/)104 (2) &S&D;ufti,fpm; (‫)رشك االصغر‬

r[frl;'ftdAfaeYvkAdkif'frS qifhjyefxm;onf/ wrefawmfjrwf rk[ r®'f rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm]]uREkfyf wrefawmfrS toifwdkYESifh ywfoufí ydkNyD; pdk;&drfaom jypfrIrSm ]&S&D;uftqGf*&f} ac: ]&S&D;ufti,fpm;rsm;} jyKvkyfrnf udk pdk;&drfonf/ xdktcg azmfjyygqG[mADrS wrefawmfjrwf tm; ]tdk-tv’m[fh wrefawmf? ]&S&D;ufti,fpm;} (0g) &S&D;uf tao;pm;[lonfrSm tb,fuJhodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;? rnfuJhodkYaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk qdkvdkygoenf;} [k ar;jref; avQmufxm;cJhonf/ xdktcg tv’m[fhwrefawmfrS ]t&f-&d,m ac: jypm;rI jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;twGuf ud,mrofaeYwGif 104

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 40/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]toifwdkYonf ½kyfypönf; (½kyfavmu)&Sd toifwdkY &nfpl;jyocJhaom olrsm;xHrS oifwdkY\ aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;\ tpm;ay;rI (qkvmbf) udk &,lMu ukefavmh} [k rdefYawmfrlcJhavonf/105 r[frl;'ftdAfaeYvkAdkif'focifu qufvufajymjycJhonfrSm wrefawmf jrwfonf xGufvmcJh NyD;aemuf rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]tdk-vlom;wdkY? toifwdkYonf vQKdU0SufpGmjyKvkyfMuaom ]&S&D;uf}rsm;udk owdxm;Muavukef/ xdktcg vlom;rsm;u ]tdktv’m[fh&plvf wrefawmf? ]vQKdU0Sufaom&S&D;uf}[lonf tb,f enf;}[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;Muonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwf u ]vlwpfa,mufonf qGvmof0wfjyK&ef tdyf&mrS Edk;x aomtcg vlodatmifjyKvkyfjcif;? wzef qGvmof0wfjyKaeonf udk vltrsm;u Munfh½IaeaomtcgwGif qGvmof0wfjyKrIudk tvGefvSypGm aqmufwnf&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; (0g) rdrd qGvmof0wfjyKonfudk olwyg;odatmif jyKvkyfjcif;wdkY jzpfay onf}[k rdefYawmfrlcJhavonf/106 t&f-&d,m (jypm;rI)

&d,m[lonfrSm c0yfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;qdkif&m vkyf&yfrsm;udk jyK vkyfawmhrnf[kqdkvQif ywf0ef;usif&Sd vltrsm;\ csD;rGrf;rI? txifBuD; av;pm;rIudk &,l&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIudk qdkvdkonf/ þuJhodkYaom 105

tDrmrft[fr'f ? tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&meD ESifh tDrmrftvf-Akdif[uD  ocifrS rdrda&;om;onf tZf-Zk[l'fusrf;wdkYwGif toD;oD;wifjycJhonf/ ½IodkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? tv’mr[f pkvdkifrmef tdAfaeY tAÁ'kvf 0[f[Af ? AD½l'fNrdKU? tvf-rufoAf tvf-tpövmrDykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 1970? pm-118/ 106 tDrmrftdAfEkckZdkifr[f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

&d,mjypm;rI\ tukodkvfrSm? xdkyk*¾dKvf\ aumif;aomvkyf&yfaMumifh &&Sd vmrnfh tusKd;p0gAftm;vkH;udk zsufpD;ypfonfhtjyif þodkY &d,m jypm;jcif;aMumifh xdkyk*d¾Kvftm; jyif;xefaom jypf'Pfudk &&Sdaponf/ þ uJhodkYaom tjyKtrlrsKd;onf vlom;twGuf tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;onf/ taMumif;rlum; vlom;\ obm0? rdrdywf0ef;usif&Sd vlom;wdkYrS rdrd\ aumif;rItwGuf csD;usL;cHvdkaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkuJhodkY &d,mjypm;jcif;trIudk vlom;onf owdrxm;rdyJ usL;vGefrdavh&SdMu onf/ þuJhodkYaom &S&D;ufjyKvkyfjcif;tEÅ&m,fonf ,kHMunfolrsm; twGuf trSefyif pdk;&drfbG,f&maumif;aom jypfrIrsKd; jzpfonf/ xdkY aMumifh c0yfudk;uG,f? ylaZmfqnf;uyfrI tm;vkH;twGuf OD;wnf&monf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;twGufom jzpf&rnf/ trSefrSm todynmjynfhpkHaom ,kHMunfolrsm;rS ]&S&D;uf}tBuD;pm;udk jyKvkyfMuonfrSm tvGef enf;yg;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;jypfrI BuD;rSm BuD;rm;xif&Sm;aom ab;&eftjzpf ,kHMunfolwdkif;u owdjyKí a&Smif&Sm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYaomf omrmefvlom;rsm;uJhodkY ppf rSefaom rktfrifefrsm;taeESifh &d,mjypm;rI[laom jypfrIudk usL;vGef&ef rSm vG,fulonf/ taMumif;rlum; ¤if;jypfrIudk jyKvkyf&ef wdkufwGef; csufrSm twGif;pdwfrS jzpfay:NyD;? ykef;uG,faeaom? rxif&Sm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ¤if;jypfrIonf vlwpfa,muf\ &nf½G,fcsufudk vkyfaqmif csufwpfckjzifhvnf; vrf;aMumif; (OD;wnfcsuf) ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifaom aMumifh jzpfonf/ &d,mjypm;rIudk jzpfapaom aphaqmfwdkufwGef;rIonf vlom;\ twGif;ydkif;qdkif&m emhzfaphtr&m ac: wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfaom pdwfjzifhvmaomaMumifh zkH;uG,faeaomfvnf; wGef;tm;BuD;rm;vSaom aMumifh ydkí aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom]&S&D;uf} jypfrIrsKd;jzpfonf/ &d,m \ tjzpfrSefoabmw&m;udk (ozfpD;&fyg&*lBuD;rsm;\ t"dywdjzpfaom) tdAfEktAÁm;pfocifrS oG,f0dkufí ñTef;qdk qifhjyefcJhonfrSm-

]]&S&D;ufonf vuG,fn oef;acgif,HtcsdefwGif ausmufeufwkH; ay:wGif y½Gufqdwfteufwpfaumif wGm;oGm;aeouJhodkY? rxif &Sm;? rjrifom? zkH;uG,faeonfht&m jzpfonf/}}107 xdkYaMumifh vlwpfa,mufonf aumif;rIjyKaomtcgwGif rdrd\ &nf ½G,fcsufudk jzLjzLpifpifxm;&Sd&efESifh xdkaumif;rIjyKNyD;aomtcgwGifvnf; pdwfukd oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ þodkY jzLpifjcif;o'¨g w&m;xm;&ef? jzLpifjcif;o'¨gw&m;&&Sd&eftwGuf taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;rSm rnfonfhaumif;rIudkrqdk rjyKvkyfrDtvsif tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\ emrawmfESifh tpjyK&ef vdktyfonf/ vlom;wdkY aeYw"l0 rjzpf rae jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonfh pm;jcif;? aomufjcif;? tdyfjcif;? arxkefrSD0J jcif;? aemufqkH; tdrfomoGm;jcif; ponfh udpötoD;oD;wGif wrefawmf jrwfrS jyXmef;cJhonfh 'ktmrsm;udk ½Gwfqdkjcif;jzifh rkpfvifrfrsm;wGif aeYpOfaeYwdkif; tusifhtrIrsm;onf tdAm'ofykHpH jzpfay:wdk;wuf zGYHNzdK; vmap&efESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf ½dkaocefYjim;wwfap &ef jzpfayonf/ ouú0g (\tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfh) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tm; cspfaMumuf½dkaocefYjim;jcif;onf rkpfvifrfrsm;ü zGHYNzdK;&Sifoefvm jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\ &nfpl;csufrsm;? vkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf jzLpifjcif; o'¨gw&m; (tdcfvm;qGf) &Sdvmayvdrfhrnf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf rvdkvm;tyfonfh ]&S&D;uf} jyKrlaqmif½Gufrl rsm;rS umuG,fEdkif&ef tcsdeftcgra½G; ½GwfqdkEdkifonfh wdusaom 'dktm qkawmif;yw¦emrsm;udk oifMum;axmufyhHay;cJhavonf/ tAlrlpmrS qifhjyefcJhrSm]]wpfaeYaomtcgü tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmfrS w&m;a'óem wpfcktwGif;ü a[mMum;cJhonfrSm ]tdk-vlom;wdkY yk½Gufqdwf 107

tdAfEktAD[mwifrfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD; odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf; wGif udk;um;wifjycJhonf/ pm-587/

wpfaumif oGm;aeonfudk rjrifEdkifouJhodkY xdkYxufydkí zkH;uG,f aeonfh ]&S&D;uf}udk aMumuf½GYHa&Smif&Sm;Muavmh/ xdktcg qG[m A[frsm;u wrefawmfjrwftm; ]]tdk- tv’m[fh &plvf wrefawmf? xdkuJhodkYaom yk½Gufqdwfwpfaumif oGm;aeonf xufydkí zkH;uG,faeonfh ]&S&D;uf}rsKd;rS a&Smif&Sm;&ef uREkfyfwdkY onf tb,fuJhodkYvkyf&ygrnfenf;}[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;Mu &m? udk,fawmfjrwfrS toifwdkYonf atmufyg'dktmudk ½Gwf zwfavmh[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ ِ ْ ‫الل ُهم إِنا َن ُع ْو ُذ بِ َك َأنْ ن‬ ‫ُْش َك َش ْيئ ًا َن ْع َل ُم ُه َو ن َْس َتغ ِْف ُر َك َِل ِا الَ َن ْع َل ُم ُه‬

toHxGuf / / tv’m[f[Grfr tifem etl;Zk Adu tef Ek&Sf&du ½Idif;tef etfvrk[f 0 ewfpfw*fzd½ku vdrm vm etfvrk[f t"dyÜg,f/ / ]]tdk-tv’m[ft&Sif? uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYonf odvQuf ESifh t&SifjrwfESifh wpfpkHwpf&mudk EIdif;,SOfí ]&S&D;uf}jyKvkyfjcif; rsm;rS uif;a0;ap&ef t&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;wGif cdkvIHyg\/ xdkY jyif uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYonf xdkt&mudk rodbJvQuf jyKvkyfrdjcif; twGuf t&Sifjrwf\ vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh&&Sd&ef awmif;cHyg \/}}108 aemufazmfjyrnfh tcef;u@rsm;ü aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd; wGif rnfonfhu@rsm;ü rnfodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}rsm; jzpfavh&Sdonfudk (tif&Smtv’m[f) tao;pdwf wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

108

onf/

tDrmrft[fr'f

ESifh

tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&meD

ocifwdkYrS

pkpnf;wifjycJh

tcef; (3)  A&fZm;cf

tpövmrfü [dE´Lbmom\ ,kHMunfrIjzpfaom aoqkH;ol\ 0dnmOfrS aoNyD;aemuf cE¨mopfodkY ul;ajymif;í 0ifpm;jcif; (0g) b0oHo&mvnf jcif;[laom t,ltqrsKd;udk vkH;0 raxmufcHyg/109 þodkY 0dnmOfrsm;rS cE¨mudk,ful;ajymif;í 0ifpm;jcif;udk tcsKdUaomolrsm;u uHr® (0g) uH[k ac:onf/ ]]uH}}[lonfhoabmw&m;rSm vlyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf\ vuf&Sd b0rS vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf xdkolaoqkH;NyD; aemufwpfBudrf xyfrH arG;zGm;vmaomtcsdefü jzpfay:rnfhb0tajctaeudk qkH;jzwfay;onf [k,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/110 tu,fí vlwpfa,mufonf qdk;oGrf;aom oljzpfygu xdkolonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; Zmwftqifhtwef;edrfhaom trsKd;orD;0rf;AkdufwGif jyefvnf oaE¨wnf arG;zGm;rnfjzpfNyD;? xdkyk*K¾ dvf taeESifh aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk usifhaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh jrifhrm;aom tqifhtwef;wGif&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AkdufwGif jyefvnf oaE¨wnf 109

þ,kHMunfcsuftm; qD;&D;,m;EdkifiHrS Ekqdkif½dkuf (tmvm0Drsm;)ESifh vAfEGefEdkifiHrS '½lZDrsm;uJhodkYaom rdpäm'd|d tdpfrmtdvD&SDtdkuf*kdPf;rsm;u arG;pm;cJhMu avonf/ ½IShorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 94-5, 454-4 110

uH[laompum;vkH;\ rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm jyKvkyfrI? vkyfaqmifcsuf (0g) vkyf&yf[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ ¤if;\aemufqufwGJ t"dyÜg,frSm uH\tusKd;[k jrefrma0g[m&jzifh ac:aeonfh vkyf&yf\ &v'f (0g) twdwfrS vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tm;vkH;\ tusKd; oufa&mufrI[k zGifhqdkEdkifonf/ (rSwfcsuf / / uH uH\ tusKd;[laomt,ltq jzpfonf/) Chandogya Upanishad [kac:aom a0'usrf;\ tvdkt& twdwfb0wGif jyKvkyfcJhaom aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;ESifh aumif;aomqE´aZmrsm;u vlwpfa,muf tm; ¤if;aoNyD;onfhaemufwGif NA[®PtrsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AdkufwGif jyefvnfoaE¨wnf arG;zGm;onf[k zGifhqdkxm;onf/ qefYusif bufoabmtm;jzifh aoqkH;olonf ¤if;\ tukodkvf tusKd;rsm;ESifh raumif;aomqE´aZmrsm;aMumifh Zmwftqifhtwef; edrfhusaom trsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AdkufwGif jyefvnfoaE¨wnf arG;zGm;&onf[k zGifhqdk Muonf/ ½I- Dictionary of Religions, p.180

arG;zGm;rnf jzpfonf/ qefYusifzufoabmtm;jzifh xdkol onf vlaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfygu ¤if;onf Zmwftqifhtwef; jrifhrm; onfh trsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AdkufwGif jrifhjrwfaom? bmomw&m; ½dkao udkif; ½Idif;oltjzpf jyefvnf arG;zGm;rnfjzpfNyD;? xdkolonf þenf;tm;jzifh qufwdkuf b0tqufquf yg&rDqufjcif;tm;jzifh olonf ydkí jrifhrm; aom Zmwftqifh&Sd trsKd;orD;0rf;AkdufwGif oaE¨wnfcGifh &&Sdrnf jzpfNyD; aemufqkH;tqifhwGif olonf NA[®PtEG,f0iftjzpfodkY a&muf&SdEdkifonf [k ,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf yg&rDjynfhoGm; aomtcg ¤if;oHo&mvnfjcif;onf tqkH;owfoGm;NyD;? ¤if;\ cE¨mul; ajymif; 0ifpm;aeaom 0dnmOfrSmvnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&NyD; (uRwfwrf; 0ifoGm;NyD;) urÇmajrwGif cE¨mcsvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh xdkjzpfpOfudk edAÁmef (Nirvana)udk rsufarSmuf jyKonf? edAÁmefodkY 0ifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ tpövmrftygt0if tjcm;aomaumif;uifususrf;rsm;udk &&Sdaom bmomw&m;rsm; tm;vkH;wGif vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf urÇmajrjyifwGif aoqkH;oGm;ygu ud,mrofaemufqkH;aeYwdkifatmif jyefvnfí topf wzef arG;zGm;rnfr[kwf[k ,kHMunfonf/ ud,mrofjzpfNyD;aomtcgwGif vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vkH;onf ao&mrS jyefvnf &SifjyefxajrmufMu&rnf jzpfNyD;? wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;jzpfaomrlaom? c0yfudk;uG,f qnf; uyfjcif;[lorQudk cH,lxdkufawmfrlaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ w&m;pD&if qkH;jzwfrIudk cHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ vlwpfa,muf aoqkH;oGm;aom tcsdef rSpí ¤if;jyefvnf&Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfhaeYrwdkifrcsif;? xdkolonf t&AD a0g[m&ESifh A&fZm;cf (Barzakh)[kac:onfh qdkif;iHhxm;aom? apmifhqdkif; ae&aomtajctaewpf&yfwGif &Sdaernf jzpfonf/111þudpöESifhywfouf 111

pmayoabmt& tumtqD;[k teuft"dyÜg,f&onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefY awmfrlxm;onfrSm ]](xdkumzd&fwdkYonf aemifw&Murnfhol r[kwfay?) aemufqHk; wGif ¤if;wdkYteuf wpfOD;wpfa,muf\xHodkY r&Paojcif;w&m;onf a&muf&Sd vmaomtcg? xdkolonf (þodkY)avQmufxm;av\/ ]]tdk-uRefawmfrsKd;tm; zefqif; arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf? t&Sifjrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;tm; jyefvTwfawmfrlyg/

í a&S;ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmu aoqkH;cJhaom vlwpfa,mufonf ¤if;tm; jyefvnf &SifjyefxajrmufaprnfhaeYwdkifatmif ESpfaxmifaygif; rsm;pGm xyfí apmifhqdkif;&jcif;udk xl;qef;tHhMozG,f&m[k r,lqoifhyg/ wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]vlwdkif;\ aoqkH;jcif; onf ¤if;\ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;\ tpomjzpfonf/} tcsdef[lonfrSm urÇmwGif aexdkifonfholrsm;twGufom&Sdaom todonm jzpfonf/ vl wpfa,muf aoqkH;oGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf xdkolonf tcsdef twdkif; twm (Time Zone) [lonfhabmifrS ausmfvGefoGm;NyD;? ESpfwpfaxmifonf rsufpdwpfrSdwfESifh nDoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkoabmw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ½Gmwpf½Gmtm; ysufpD;apNyD;onfhaemuf jyefvnf wnfapEdkifrI? vlwpfOD;tm; aoqkH;apNyD;onfhaemuf tb,fuJhodkY jyef vnf &SifjyefxajrmufEdkifrnfenf;[lonfh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tEIdif;rJh *kPfawmftm; oHo,&SdaomolwpfOD;\ tjzpftysufudk pl&[fAu&[f wGif wifjyxm;onf/ xdktjzpftysufwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xdkuJhodkY t&Sifjrwf\ tEIdif;rJh*kPfawmftm; oHo,&Sdonfholtm; ESpfaygif;wpf &m aoapNyD;? ¤if;tm; jyefvnf&Sifjyefxajrmufapí xdkoltm; ¤if; tdyfaysmfcJhaomtcsdefumv rnfrQ MumcJhoenf;[laom ar;cGef;udk ar; jref;&m xdkolrS atmufygtwdkif; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; jyefvnf ajz Mum;cJhayonf/ ]...       [

uRefawmfrsKd;onf rdrdpGefYxm;cJhaom (avmuodkY jyefoGm;í) aumif;jrwfaom tusifh oDvudk usifhrlaqmufwnftHhaomiSm? ]]tvQif; rjzpfEkdifNyD/ {uefpifppf þonfum; xdkolonf (rdrdEIwfjzifhom) ajymqdkaeaom pum;wpfcGef;rQyif/ pifppf ¤if;wdkY\ a&SU0,f ¤if;wdkY &SifjyefxMu&rnfhaeYwdkifatmif tumtqD;wpfck (A&fZm;cf) &Sdaeacs NyDwum;/}} (usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 23; 99-100)

]]xdkolrS ]uRefawmfrsKd;onf wpfaeYwdwd (0g) wpfaeYavsmhavsmh aecJhygonf}[k avQmufxm;cJhavonf/}}112 tvm;wlyif tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf Comas ac: owdvpfarhajrmjcif; a&m*gcHpm;ae&olrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYowd&aomtcsdefü ¤if;wdkY owdvpf tdyfaysmfcJhaomumvonf tvGefwdk;awmif;vSaomtcsdef jzpfonf/ (0g) vkH;0 tdyfaysmfcJhonfh tcsdefr&Sd[k xifjrifwwfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H uREkfyfwdkY vlom;rsm;onf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm tdyfaysmfaecJhaomfvnf; tdyf&mrS Edk;xvmaomtcg wcPrQom arS;vdkufonf[k xifjrifwwf Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh A&fZm;cfumvtwGif;ü &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmifh qdkif;ae&ef rvdktyfacs/ taMumif;rlum; xdktajctaewGif tcsdefumv onf uefYowfabmiftjyifbufodkY a&muf&SdaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tBuKd zefqif;jcif;

tpövmrfrS 0dnmOfonf tqufrjywf jyefvnf arG;zGm;onf[laom t,ltqudk jiif;y,faomfvnf; uav;wdkif;? uav;wdkif;onf ¤if;wdkY udk þurÇmavmutwGif;ü arG;zGm;jcif; rwdkifrDuwnf;u ¤if;wdkY\ 0dnmOfrsm;onf wnf&SdNyD;om;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqudk todtrSwf jyKonf/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmf rlcJhonfrSm ]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm'rftm;zefqif;NyD;onfhaemuf tm&zwfaeY113ü etfrmef[kac:wGifaomae&mwGif tm'rf xHawmfrS y#dnmOf0efcHcsufudk ,lawmfrlcJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ud,mrofaeYrwdkifrDtxd acwfwdkif;? acwf wdkif;wGif arG;zGm;vmrnfh tm'rf\ rsKd;qufrsm;tm;vkH;udk 112

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 259/ tm&zwfaeYqdkonfrSm [d*sf&Douú&mZf\ 12 vajrmufjzpfonfh Zkvf[d*sf*s[fv \ udk;&ufajrmufaeY jzpfonf/ 113

t&Sifjrwf\a&SUawmfarSmufü pk½kH;a&muf&SdapawmfrlNyD;? xdkolrsm; xHrSvnf; y#dnmOf0efcHcsufudk ,lawmfrlcJhonf/ tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfrS xdkolrsm;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifí rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]ig t&Sifonf toifwdkYtm;vkH;wdkY\ &Aft&Sif r[kwfygoavm}[k ar;jref;&m? xdkolwdkYtm;vkH;rS jyefvnfajzMum;onfrSm ]rSefyg onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;wdkY\ &Aft&Sifocif jzpfawmfrlaMumif;udk oufaocHyg\}[k wkYHjyefajzMum;cJhMuav onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]igt&Sifonf ¤if;wdkY\ zefqif;&Sif? ppfrSefaom? wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifjzpfaMumif;ukd ¤if;wdkYtm; tb,fhaMumifh oufaocHcdkif;cJh&onfh taMumif; t&if;udk qufvuf &Sif;jyawmfrlavonf/} t&SifjrwfrS rdefY awmfrlonfrSm ud,mrof w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYü xdkvlom;wdkYu ]uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYonf xdktaMumif;t&mudk rod&SdcJhMuyg/ t&Sif jrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;wdkY\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tppftrSef jzpf onfqdkaom taMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;í uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYwGif todynm r&SdcJhMuyg/ xdkYjyif rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;udkomvQif udk; uG,f qnf;uyfoifhonf[k rajymqdkcJhMuyg/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rS qufvufí &Sif;jyonfrSm tu,fí tcsKdUaomolrsm;u ]uRefawmfrsKd;wdkY\ bdk;? bGm;? bD? bifrsm;onf t&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf wkyEIdif;,SOfí tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&mtwkrsm;udk udk; uG,fcJhjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYrS vdkufí udk;uG,fcJhjcif; jzpf ygonf/ xdkvlvdrfrsm;\ vkyf&yftwGuf uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYtm; zsufpD;awmhrnfvm;[k taMumif;jyvmvQif oufaojy&ef tvdkY iSm jzpfonf/}}114 114

(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef?7; 172-173)/ þ['D;qfonf qG[mADBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pf ocifqifhjyefcJhonfh cdkifvkHonfh ['D;awmfjzpfNyD; tDrmrft[fr'f rS pkpnf;



txufazmfjyyg['D;qfawmfonf atmufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmf rsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfrS zGifhqdk&Sif;jycJhonfh ozfpD;&fyif jzpfyg onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm            [                               ]    

]]xdkrSwyg; (tdk-eADwrefawmf toifonf jyefvnfatmufarh owd&ygav/) tcgwyg;wGif toifhtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrl aom t&Sifjrwfonf tm'rf\om;ajr;wdkY\ ausmufukef;rS ¤if;wdkY\ om;ajr;wdkYudk xkwfaqmifawmfrlcJhavonf/ xdkYaemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;wdkYudkyif ¤if;wdkYtay:ü oufaoxm; awmfrlí ]]igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtm; zefqif;awmfrl aom t&Sifjrwfyif r[kwfygavm}} [k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ xdk tcg ¤if;wdkYu ]]trSefyif [kwfygonf? uRefawmfrsdK;wdkY udk,f wdkifoufaocHMuygonf}} [k avQmufxm; (0efcH) cJhMuukef\/ (,if;odkY oufaoxm;awmfrlcJhjcif;rSm) toifwdkYonf ud,m rwfac: &SifjyefxrnfhaeYwGif ]]uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYonf þonfudk rodcJhMuyg}}[k rajymMu&efyif jzpfonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf toif wdkYonf ]]uRefawmfrsdK;wdkY\b? bdk;ab;bDbifwdkYrSm a&S;OD;rqG wifjy cJhonf/ ½I-½Idifcftvf-tvfAmeD \ pdvfpdv[f tvf-t[m'D;qf tqGfqG[D;[[f? ul0dwfEdkifiH&Sd t'f-'g½kpfpvzD,[fykHESdyfwdkufESifh trmrfNrdKU&Sd tvfrufoA[f tvf-tpövmrD,[fykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf? 1983? wGJ-4? pm158? ['D;qftrSwf-1623/

uyif tjcm;t&mrsm;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf udk;uG,f cJhMuygonfomwnf;/ uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYrSmrlum; ¤if;wdkY\aemuf wGif (arG;zGm;vmaom ¤if;wdkY\) om;ajr;rsm;om jzpfMuyg onf/ odkYjzpf&m t&Sifjrwfonf (a&S;OD;rqGu) r[kwfrrSef jyKvkyfcJhMuaomolwdkYaMumifh uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYtm; ysufpD;apawmf rlygrnfavm}}[k ajymqdkMuvwåH/}}115 txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ zGifhqdk &Sif;jycsufrsm;rS tcdkiftrm axmufjyaeonfhtcsufrSm vlom;wdkif;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf [laomtcsufESifh ud,m rwfaeYwGif rnfonfh taMumif;jycsufudkrQ vufcHrnf r[kwfaMumif; jzpfonf/vlom;wdkif;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunf&ef[laom tod onf ¤if;\0dnmOftwGif;ü pGJxifaeaomtodonmjzpfNyD;? tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS ½kyfxkudk;uG,faomolrsm;tm;vkH;udk ¤if;wdkY\ b0oufwrf; twGif; ¤if;wdkYudk;uG,fcJhaom ½kyfxkrsm;udk jyoNyD; xdk½kyfxkrsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif r[kwfaMumif; rsuf0g;xifxif jrifaprnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh todÓPfrSefaom vlom;wdkif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;udk cH&aomaMumifh ppfrSefaom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yf udk;uG,f&ef vdktyfjcif;rSm odomxif&Sm;onfhtcsuf jzpfonf/ wref awmfjrwfrS qufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlwdkif;vlwdkif;\ (tDrmef ouf0if ,kH MunfrI) El;&ftvif;wef;udk ¤if;wdkY\ rsufvkH;ESpfvkH;pyfMum; wGif xm;&Sdawmfrl\/ xdkYaemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlom; wdkYudk tm'rftm; jyoawmfrl\/ xdktcg tm'rfu tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; avQmufxm;ar;jref;onfrSm ]tdk-t&Sif? xdkolrsm;onf rnfolrsm; jzpfMuoenf;/} tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS 115

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 172? 173/

]xdkolrsm;onf toif\ om;orD;rsm; (rsKd;qufrsm;)om jzpf onf}[k rdefYawmfrlonf/ xdktcg zcifBuD;tm'rfonf xdk om;orD;rsm;teuf wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk jrifrd\/ xdkol\ rsuf vkH;ESpfvkH;Mum;&Sd vif;0if;awmufyrIudk txl; tHhMord\/ xdkt cg zcifBuD; tm'rfu- ]]t&Sifjrwf? þolum; rnfol enf;}}[k avQmufxm;&m? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]]þonf 'g0l;'f  jzpfonf}}[k ajzMum;awmfrlvdkuf\/ zcifBuD; tm'rf u ]]t&Sifjrwfonf þol\ oufwrf;udk rnfa½GUrnfrQ owfrSwfxm;awmfrlygoenf;}}[k avQmufxm;&m tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu ]]þol\ oufwrf;rSm tESpf (60) jzpfonf}}[k ajz Mum;awmfrl\/ xdktcg zcifBuD;tm'rfu ]]tdk-t&Sifjrwf? þol\ oufwrf;wGif uRefawmfrsKd;\oufwrf;rS tESpf (40) udk jznfhay;awmfrlyg}}[k avQmufxm;cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf rS rdefYMum;awmfrlonfrSm- zcifBuD;tm'rf\ ouf wrf;teuf tESpf (40) om usefawmhonfhtcg aorif;onf zcifBuD; tm'rfxHodkY a&muf&Sdvmawmh\/ xdktcg zcif BuD; tm'rfu ]]uREkfyf\ oufwrf;wGif tESpf (40) usef&Sd ao;onf r[kwfygavm}}[k ajym&m? aorif;u ]]toifonf xdk tESpf (40)udk rdrd\om; 'g0l;'ftm; ay;cJhNyD; r[kwfygavm}}[k ar;jref;&m zcifBuD;tm'rfonf jiif;vdkufavonf/ odkYjzpf &m zcifBuD; tm'rf\ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; jiif;Mu avonf/ zcifBuD; tm'rfonf arhí (wm;jrpfxm;aom) tyifrS toD;udk pm;okH;rdcJh\/ odkYjzpf&m zcifBuD;tm'rf\ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; arhMuavonf/ zcifBuD;tm'rf onf rSm;cJhrd\/ odkYjzpfay&m zcifBuD;tm'rf\ om; orD;rsm;onfvnf; rSm;Muavonf/116 116

qG[mADBuD;tAl[k½dkif&[focifu qifhjyefcJhonfh qG[D;[f ppfrSef cdkifvkHonfh

tm'rfonf ½IdifoGmef\ aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;rIaMumifh rdrdrS tv’m[ftm; ay;cJhonfh uwdudk arhavsmhcJhNyD;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wm;jrpfxm;aomtyifrS toD;udk pm;okH;cJhonf/ tvm;wl rsm;pGmaom vlom;rsKd;qufrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;? wpfqlwnf; tm; ,kHMunf&efESifh c0yfudk;uG,f&ef[laom ¤if;wdkY\ wm0ef0wÅ&m; (uwdopöm)udk arhavsmhNyD;? xdkt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHt&mrsm;tm; rSm; ,Gif; udk;uG,frdavh&Sdonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tm'rfxHrS xkwf,lcJhaomrsKd;qufrsm; ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk ñTefjyawmfrlNyD; rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]ig t&Sifjrwfonf þvlrsm;udk *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;tjzpf jyKvkyf awmfrlcJhNyD;? xdkolrsm;onf *sEéofoDrsm;twGuf cdofrof (aumif;aom tvkyfrsm;jyK vkyfí tvkyftauR;jyKjcif;) jyK&rnf/}} xdkYaemuf tjcm; usef&Sdaom vlom;rsm;tm; ñTefjyNyD; ]igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlrsm;udk *s[EérfrDrsm; (i&JbkHom;rsm;)tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlNyD;? xdkolrsm;onf i&J om;rsm;\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk ulnDxrf;aqmif&if; i&JbkHom;rsm; tjzpf aoqkH;&rnf/}} xdktcg wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mADwpfOD;u ]]tdk-tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmf? uREkfyfwdkYrS aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm; usifh BuHtm;xkwfjcif;onf rnfodkY taMumif;xl;rnfenf;/ rnfodkYaom tusKd;&SdEdkifygrnfenf;}}[k avsmufxm;ar;jref;cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf rS ]trSefyif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ol\ AE´[faus;uRefwpfOD; udk *sEéofoD (okcbkHom;) tjzpf zefqif;awmfrlcJhygvQif? xdkoltm; *sEéofom;rsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf ¤if;aoqkH;onfhtcsdefwdkif atmif vkyfaqmifay;Edkif&ef ulnDay;onf/ xdkYaemuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rS xdkyk*¾dKvftm; ¤if;\ jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsufaMumifhyif *sEéofokcbkHwGif ['D;qfawmfjzpfNyD; tDrmrfod&frdZD rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-tDrmrf tvftvfAmeD ocif wnf;jzwfcJhonfh tvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? atmufajcrSwf-221? pm- 241? tVrtBudrf? 1984/

ae&mcsxm;ay;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí t&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wpf a,muftm; i&JrD;twGuf zefqif;cJhygu ¤if;tm; aoqkH;onfhwdkifatmif i&Jom;rsm;twGuf tvkyftauR;jyKaprnf/ wzef xdkvkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh yif ¤if;yk*¾dKvftm; i&JrD; (i&JbkH) twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufaprnfjzpfonf}[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonf/117 txufazmfjyyg wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ rdefYMum;csuft& vlom; wGif aumif;jcif;? qdk;jcif;? aumif;aomvkyf&yf (ukodkvf)? raumif;aom vkyf&yf (tukodkvf)twGuf a½G;cs,f&ef vGwfvyfaomqE´ (Free Will) (0g) vGwfvyfaom a½G;cs,frI (Free of Choice) r&Sd[k rqdkvdkyg/ tu,f í vlwGif vGwfvyfaomqE´^a½G;cs,frIr&Sdygu ud,mrofaeY w&m; pD&ifrIESifh qkay;? 'Pfay;pepf (*sEéof? *s[Eérf) cGJjcm;rIonf vkH;0 t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS *sEéofoD trw okcbkHom;rsm;tjzpf zefqif;jcif;rSm t&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; rzefqif; cifuwnf;u xdkolonf aumif;jrwfaomopömw&m;? rSefuefaom udk; uG,f,kHMunfrIudkjyKNyD;? tukodkvfudk a&Smifí ukodkvfjyKvkyf&ef a½G;cs,f rnfudk t
cvDz[fBuD;tkr&ftdAfaeYcofGoGmAfocifrS qifhjyefcJhonf rSefuefcdkifvkHonfh ['D;qfawmfjzpfNyD; tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ocif? tDrmrfod&frdZD ocifESifh tDrmrf t[fr'f ocifwdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-pkeeftAl'g0l'f? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-3? pm-1318? ['D;qftrSwf-4686/ tDrmrf tvf-tvfAmeD ocif wnf; jzwfcJhonfhtvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D;,[fusrf;? atmufajcrSwf-220? pm-240? tVrtBudrf? 1984/

aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm; vkyf&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rnfonfh ½dk;om;jzLpifaom,kHMunfrIudkrQ tv [ó? tcsnf;tESD; jzpfaprnfr[kwf/ tu,fí xdk,kHMunfoltaeESifh trSm;t,Gif;rsm;jyKvkyfrdvQif (vrf;rSefrS vGJacsmf)oGm;vQifawmifrS? ¤if; tm; vrf;vGJroGm;atmif?vrf;rSm;rS vrf;rSefodkY jyefa&mufEdkifap&ef ulnD vrf;ñTefay;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí xdkolonf vrf;vGJNyD;? raumif;rI rsm; jyKvkyfrdvQif t&SifjrwfrS ¤if;\trSm;twGuf avmuDwGifyif tjypf ay;rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;tm; rdef;armaeaom todÓPfrS Ekd;xaprnf/ trSm;rS trSefodkY jyifqifvrf;wnfhay;rnf/ olonf trSm;wpfck usL; vGefrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ¤if;tm; xdktrSm;twGuf tjypfay;rnfjzpfNyD;? rdrdtrSm;udk rdrdbmom owdjyKapNyD;? aemufxyf rusL;vGefrdatmif owday;rnfjzpfonf/ pifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tvGefw&m oem;Muifemn§mwmawmfrlaom teEÅu½kPmawmf&Sif jzpf awmfrlonf/ ½dk;om;jzLpifaom ,kHMunfolrsm;\ toufZD0efrsm;udk xdk olwdkY aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfaepOfumvwGif toufEkwfodrf;awmf rlrnfjzpfNyD;? ¤if;wdkYtm; uHaumif;aom *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm; jzpf aprnfrSm trSef aocsmaomudpö jzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ,kHMunfrIr&Sd/ aumif; aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk rvkyfvQif? xdkolYtwGuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS raumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;? 'kp½dkuftukodkvfrsm;twGuf vG,fulaprnf jzpfonf/ ol\ raumif;rIrsm;udk ydkí atmifjrifapNyD;? olYtm; tuk odkvfrsm; jyKvkyf&ef xyfí xyfí tm;ay;rnf (tusKd;ay;rnf) jzpf onf/ aemufqkH;wGif xdkolonf raumif;rI'kp½kdufrsm; jyKusifh,if;ESifhyif aoqkH;&rnfjzpfNyD;? ol\ raumif;rIaMumifhyif xm0&i&JrD;wGif xm0& aexdkifoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/

vlom;\ tajccHobm0 - zdoGf&[f

tm'rftm; zefqif;NyD;aomtcsdefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdtxHawmfrS ½l[f0dnmOfudk vlom;\cE¨mudk,ftwGif;odkY rIwfoGif; awmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifh xdky#dnmOf (opömw&m;) onf vlom;\ 0dnmOf wGif ykHESdyfxm;bdouJhodkY pGJxifxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ þodkYaom jzpfpOf onf oufqdkif&m vlom;uav;i,ftm; oaE¨aqmifpOf ]5} vajrmuf t½G,fuwnf;uyif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh uav;wpfa,muf arG;zGm; vdkufaomtcg ¤if;uav;onf obm0t& tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ,kH Munfrnfjzpfonf/ þodkY obm0w&m;t& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[f tm; ,kHMunfudk;pm;jcif;udk tm&ADbmompum;wGif zdoGf&[f (‫)فطرة‬118 [kac:onf/ tu,fí uav;i,fudk ywf0ef;usifrS rnfonfh pGufzufrIrsKd;rygbJ BuD;jyif;apygu xdkuav;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf ESifh xdkt&Sifjrwf\wnf&Sdjcif;udk aumif;pGmoabmayguf? vufc ,kHMunfrnfrSm obm0 jzpfonf/ odkYaomf arG;zGm;vmaom uav;wdkif; onf ¤if;rdom;pk (rdb)todkif;t0dkif;\ ykHoGif; vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,frI? jyKjyifpD&ifrIudk wdkuf½dkufaomfvnf;aumif;?oG,f0dkufíaomfvnf;aumif; cHMu&ayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrSwqifh rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm]]tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]igt&Sifjrwfonf ig\ aus;uRefAE´[frsm;tm; rSefuefaomomoem (,kHMunf udk;uG,f rI)twGif; zefqif;cJhawmfrlaomfvnf;? ½IdifoGmefrdpämaumifrS xdk olwdkYtm; vrf;vGJapawmfrlcJhavonf/ (vrf;rSm;odkY a&mufap awmfrlcJhonf/)}}}119 xdkYjyif wrefawmfjrwfocif rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm – 118 119

tvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D;,[fusrf;? tXrtBudrf? pm-245/ qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1488? ['D;qftrSwf-6853/

]]uav;wdkif;onf ]zdoGf&of} tajctaetwGif; arG;zGm;vmcJh onf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ rdbrsm;u xdkuav;tm; *sL;? c&pf,mef ... jzpfapcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY rdbaMumifh om;orD;rsm; tarG qufcHjcif;rSm? wd&dpämefrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ om;? orD;i,frsm;udk arG;zGm;ouJhodkY jzpfonf/ toifwdkYonf toifwdkYrS ajcvuf jzwfawmufjcif; rjyKrD ajcvufjywfvQuf arG;zGm;vmaom wd&dpämefrsm;udk jrifawGYowdxm;rdcJhygovm;/}}120 uav;i,f\ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m cE¨mudk,fonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf zef qif;ay;xm;onfh obm0twdkif; ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m obm0Oya'orsm;udk vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl uav;i,f\ 0dnmOfrSmvnf; 0dnmOf \rlvtpwGif,lcJhaom y#dnmOfpGJxifrIaMumifh tv’m[ftm; ¤if;\ zefqif;&Sif(&Af)tjzpf ,kHMunfvufcH&rnf jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf uav;oli,frsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\enf;vrf;twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;apaom aMumifh uav;rsm;onf i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0wGif tm;enf;csdeJY Mujcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYrSm rdbrsm;udk rqefYusifEdkifcJhMubJ olwdkY\ rdb rsm; jyKorQ EkcJhMu&onf/ xdkYaMumifh þtqifhwGif uav;rsm;\ bmomw&m;qdkif&m udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIonf "avhxkH;pHESifh xdef;ausmif; oGefoifrIt&jzpfvmaom? wenf;qdkaomf rd½dk;zvmtpOftvmwpf&yf omjzpfí ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfrIqdkif&m rSm;,Gif;rItwGuf tjypfr,lay/ xdkuav;i,fonf vli,fvl½G,fb0odkYa&mufí pOf;pm;? awG;awm qifjcifEdkifaomtajctaeodkY a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif ¤if;vufcH vdkufemae aom bmomw&m;rsm;\ rSm;,Gif;onfhtcsufrsm;udk oufao tcdkif trm? taxmuftxm; tjynfhtpkHESifh jyoEdkifygu ¤if;onf rdrd\ rSm; ,Gif;aeaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;udk pGefYvTwfí todÓPfqifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh 120

qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-8? pm-389-90? ['D;qftrSwf-597 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-1398? ['D;qftrSwf-6423/

todynmt& vufcHEdkifaom (ppfrSefonfh) bmomw&m;aemufodkY vdkufemusifhBuHaqmif½GufMuayrnf/121 þtqifhwGif ½dIifoGmefrdpämonf oufqdkif&myk*¾dKvftm; rdrd\vuf&Sd bmomw&m;wGifae&efESifh trSef w&m; (aomif[D;'fopömw&m;)rS ydkí ydkí vrf;vGJoGm;atmif taumif; qkH; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfayrnf/ ½IdifoGmefrS raumif;rI'kp½dkufrsm;udk jyKrl&ef aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif; jcif;jzifh ¤if;tm; raumif;rItukodkvfwGif aysmfydkufatmif enf;aygif;pkH jzifh jrLqG,fMuvdrfhrnf/ aysmf½Tifatmif jyKvkyfMuvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg ol onf raumif;rI'kp½dkuftwGif;rS ½kef;rxGufvdkjcif;ESifh trSefw&m;odkY ul;ajymif;vdkjcif; ESpfcktMum;wGif pdwf'ku©rsm; vGefqGJaernf/ tu,fí olonf ol\rlv (zdoGf&[f)udk a½G;cs,fcJhrnfqdkvQif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rS olYtm; qE´qdk;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef ulnDay;vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh rsm;pGmaomolrsm;onf trSefw&m;udk odjrifMuí apmpD;pGm trSefw&m; buf (udk;uG,f&mt&SifbufodkY vSnfh&ef) BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuaomf vnf; ratmifjrifMuacs/ ¤if;wdkY\ touft½G,fBuD;&ifhvmaom tcsdef (vlBuD;jzpfvmaomtcg) usrSomvQif tpövmrfodkY 0ifa&mufvmMujcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY vlom;\obm0(zdoGf&[f)tm; qefYusifwdkufcdkufonfh tif tm;onf BuD;rm;vGef;onfjzpfí tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ajzmifhrwf rSefuef onfh r[mvlom;BuD;rsm;udk a½G;cs,fum xdkolwdkYxHodkY 0[DAsm'dwfawmf rsm; xkwfjyefydkYaqmifjcif;jzifh þrSufarSmufavmuDb0wGif rSefuef wnfhrwfonfhvrf;pOfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;? jywfjywfom;om; jyoawmf rlcJhavonf/ xdkajzmifhrwfrSefuefonfh r[mvlom;BuD;rsm;udk uREkfyfwdkY onf wrefawmfrsm;[kac:qdkí ¤if;wdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; uREkfyfwdkY\ 121

tv’mr[f tdAfEk tAltdZfZ tvf-[ezD oG[m 0D,[fusrf;? pm-273/

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 29; 8/ qG[mADBuD;tAlptD;'f tvf-ck'f&DocifrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D  ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-314 -5? ['D;qftrSwf-422 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-1403? ['D;qf trSwf-6448/ 125 qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[focifrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-178? ['D;qf trSwf-232 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1506? ['D;qftrSwf-69445/ 124

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 40; 60/ qG[mADBuD;tdAfEktAÁm;pfocifu qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfod&frdZD ocifu pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I-tdZfZk'f'D;eftDAf&m[ifrfESifh 'efeD;pf *Refpef a'AD;pf? tefe00D \ ['D;qfawmf (40)? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? 'rwfpuwfNrdKUawmf? qD;&D;,m; EdkifiH? usrf;jrefuk&ftmefxkwfa0a&;ykHESdyfwdkuf? 1976? pm-68/ 128

odkYaomf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmfrS owfrSwf jyXmef;ay;xm;aom tjypfay;enf;jzpfí aumif;aom tusKd;&v'f &Sdae onfrSm trSefyif/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh xm;cJhonfh? y#dnmOf,lcJhonfh opömonf rdbbdk;bGm;wdkY\ tpOftvmudk vdkufemusifhokH;jcif; rjyKbJ? tpövmrfudk rdrdbmom a½G;cs,f vdkufemusifhokH;rSomvQif trSefyif wnfrnf jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf tpövmrf\ tajccHopömw&m;? oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufawGYtokH;csjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif;onf omvQif rdrdwdkY,lcJhonfh y#dnmOfudk taumiftxnfazmfjcif; jzpf\/ vlom;\ zdoGf&[f (obm0)onf tpövmrftay:wGif tajccHxm; onfhtwGufaMumifh vlwpfa,mufonf tpövmrfudk jynfhjynfh00 usifhokH;ygu ¤if;vlom;\ jyify A[dE¨ jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf ¤if;\ twGif;tZÑwo@mefESifh udkufnDrI&&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ xdktcg vlom; \ twGif;ydkif;ESifh tjyifydkif;wdkYonf wpfxyfwnf;us aygif;pnf; oGm;rnfjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ t"du aomhcsuf vnf; jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ &v'frSm tm'rftm; rSefuefaom? bmom w&m;udkif;½dIif;aomoltjzpf zefqif;jcif;\ t"duu@vnf; jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ &v'f (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; rdrd\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif jzpf aMumif; ,kHMunfouf0if vdkufemusifhokH;jcif;)aMumifh tm'rf tm; rvmtdum[f aumif;uifwreftm;vkH;u p*sd'[f ysyf0yfOD;csMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ þonf vlom;tm; urÇmN*dKvf\ cvDz[f udk,fpm;vS,f awmftjzpf a½G;cs,f&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;vnf; jzpfonf/ tb,f aMumifhqdkaomf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk trSefwu,f ,kHMunfaomolrS omvQif urÇmN*dKvfudk w&m;rQwpGmjzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifrnf jzpfaom aMumifhyif/

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138

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ِ ‫ ِش َفائ ًا َال يغ‬،‫ْت الش ِاِف َال ِش َفاء إِال ِش َفاء َك‬ ِ ‫إِ ْذ َه‬ ِ ‫ب ا ْل َب ْأ َس َرب النا‬ ْ ‫س َو‬ َ ‫أش‬ ‫َاد ُر ُه َس َق ًم‬ َ ‫ف َأن‬ ُ ُ َ

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146

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158

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wrefawmfjrwfrS xdktdrfudk pGefYcGmcdkif;jcif;rSm odG,&[fac: twdwfedrdwfaumufjcif; ykHpH r[kwfyg/ vlrsm;u pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwGif xdkae&m? xdktdrfudk uHMur®mqdk;0g;apaom? txD;usefapaomae&m[k xifjrifvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ edrdwfraumif;[k ,kHMunfjcif;? ,lq jcif;aMumifh r[kwfacs/ þodkYaompdwfcHpm;rIrsKd;rSm vlom;\ pdwfESvkH; twGif; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xnhfoGif;ay;xm;aom pdwfcHpm;rIrsKd; jzpf onf/ vlom;\ obm0t&? raumif;aom uHMur®mqdk;? tjzpfqdk;ESifh BuKHH&ygu t&m0w¦Kwpfckyifjzpfapumrl? ¤if;ypönf;udk,fwdkif rnfokdYrQ ab;qdk;? Mur®mqdk; ray;Edkif? rjzpfapEdkifaomfvnf; xdkt&m0w¦Kudk rkef;wD;vmNyD;? wwfEdkifvQif xdkt&mudk pGefYcGmcsifvmonf/ rSwfom;oifh onfhtcsufrSm txufwGif azmfjycJhaom trsKd;orD;\ awmif;qdkcsuf onf raumif;aomuHMur®mqdk;? ab;qdk;rsm;\ zdpD;ESdyfpufrI? 'ku© a&mufrItNyD;wGifrSom jzpfwwfaom vlYobm0awmif;qdkcsuf jzpfonf/ 'ku©ab;qdk; rwdkifrDu r[kwfacs/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usdefpm us a&mufaomae&m (0g) vlom;rsm;onf olwdkY\tay:ü raumif;aom Mur®mqdk;rsm; usa&mufonfrSm rSefygonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkuJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;rS pGefYcGmjcif;? a&Smifz,fjcif;onf rSefaomvkyf&yfjzpfygonf/ þae&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ vtfeofusdefpmoifhjcif;qdkonfrSm xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rS tukodkvfjypfrItcsKdUudk usL;vGefcJhjcif;aMumifh tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ tjypfay;rIudk cHpm;&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ vlom;\obm0rSm uHMur®mqdk;aponfht&mrsm;udk a&Smifz,fpGefYcGm csifouJhodkY rdrdwdkYtm; uHaumif;apaom? atmifjrifapaomt&mrsm;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh eD;pyfvdkonfrSmvnf; obm0yifjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom cHpm;csufrsm;rSm odG,&[fr[kwfaomfvnf;? xdkcHpm;csufudk ae&m txm;vGJygu (vlyk*¾dKvf? t&m0w¦Krsm;tay: ykHcsvdkufygu) ¤if;onf tDrmrfrmvduf ? rk[r®'f&[drk'´D;ef? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? vm[dk&fNrdKU? ½dIifcfrk[r®'f t&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1980? pm-413? ['D;qftrSwf-1758/

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163

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 188/

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166

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 15; 26-7/

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167

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171

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 72; 1-4/

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oefrmaom (0g) cGef;tm;pGrf;tif&Sdaom raumif;qdk;0g;*sifef? ½I- E.W. Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, Cambridge, England, Islamic Texts Society, 1984, Vol.2, p. 2089. 177

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 38; 35/ tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf ocifwdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-268? ['D;qftrSwf-75 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-273? ['D;qftrSwf-1104/ 178

wefcdk;awmfjzpfaomaMumihfyif/ *sifefrsm;ESifh qufoG,frIonf bmoma&; t& wm;jrpfxm;aom? pnf;urf;rsm;udk rcefYav;pm;jyKjcif;yif/ *sifef rsm;udk rawmfwqjzpfap? wrifwum &nf½G,fíjzpfap? ydkifqdkifatmif jyKvkyfjcif; (*sifefarG;jcif;)? ¤if;wdkYudk rdrdwdkYvdkvm;aomtcg qufoG,f cdkif;apjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;onf w&m;awmfESifhqefYusifí wm;jrpfxm; aomudpö jzpfonf/179 raumif;qdk;0g;*sifef (*sifef½dIifoGmef)onf þ enf;jzifh ¤if;\tazmf vlom;tm; tultnDay;aumif;ay;rnfjzpfaomf vnf;? xdkvlom;tm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftay: ,kHMunftyfESHjcif;udk ysufjy,fatmif? raumif;rI*kdem[f 'kp½dkufrsm; usL;vGefatmif vIHYaqmf wdkufwGef; trdefYay;rnf jzpfonf/ xdk*sifef½dIifoGmefrsm;\ &nf½G,fcsuf rSm tjcm;aomvlom;rsm;tm; olwdkYwwfEdkifoavmuf tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;í raumif;rI'kp½dkufrsm;udk usL;vGefEdkiforQ usL;vGefap&ef vIHY aqmfay;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ aemufqkH; &nfrSef;csufrSm tv’m[f t&SSifjrwfrSty tjcm; udk;uG,f&mrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmf&efESifh tv’m[f t&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf EIdif;,SOfudk;uG,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ uHMur®ma[mudef;xkwfolrsm;onf *sifefrsm;ESifhqufoG,fí y#dnmOf jyKvkyfNyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf *sifefrsm;rS ¤if;wdkYtm; tem*gwfwGifjzpfrnfh tcsKdUaomjzpf&yfrsm;? udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm; udk owif;ay;avh&Sdonf/ *sifefrsm;onf tem*gwfwGif jzpfrnfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí rnfodkY owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif; MuykHudk wrefawmfjrwfrS azmfjycJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS qufpyfwifjycJhonfrSm *sifefrsm;onf aumif;uifbkHrsm;\ atmufydkif; txyfrsm;wGif vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmEdkifpGrf;&SdMuaomaMumifh? ¤if;wdkYonf rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwrefrsm;\ tcsif;csif; tem*gwf pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufí rnfodkYrnfykHjyKvkyfrnf? jzpfysufrnfponfjzifh aqG;aEG;csuf 179

a'gufwmtAltrDe[fAdvmvfzD;vpf? ]]tdAfEkodkifrD,[f ocif\ *sifefrsm;ESifh ywfoufaompmwrf;}}? aomif[D;'fykHESdyfwdkuf? &d,m'fNrdKUawmf? 1989? pm-21/

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180

½I- qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1210? ['D;qftrSwf-5538/

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181 182

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186

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]](tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wdkYtm; þodkYxyfrHí) ajymMum;ygOD;av/ igonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tvdk&Sdawmfrl onfht&mrSty? ightwGufyif rnfonfh tusdK;aus;Zl; jzpfxGef; apjcif;udkrQvnf;aumif;? rnfonfh tusdK;aus;Zl; ,kwfapjcif; udkrQvnf;aumif;? ydkifqdkifonf r[kwfacs/ tu,fíom igonf rsufuG,fü &SdonfwdkYudkod&Sdygrl tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;pGmudk trSefyif&,lcJhNyD; jzpftHh/ ¤if;jyif igü (rdrdoufwrf;wavQmuf 196

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 59/

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 188/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 27; 65/

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½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-441/

rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;a'owGif eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfonf xD;okH;eef; okH;ynm&yfwpfck jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh rif;a&;rif;&mudpö&yfrsm;? wdkif; a&; jynf&mudpö&yfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif twdwfedrdwfaumuf,l&eftwGuf tvGef ta&;ygaomynm&yf jzpfcJhonf/ yk@m;rsm;? [l;&m;rsm;onf aumif;uif&Sd Mu,frsm; vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmrIaMumifh jzpfay:aeaom vu© Pm&yfrsm;udk Munhfí bk&ifrsm;\ pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf tBuHÓPfrsm; ay;cJhMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf xdka'otwGif;&Sd vlom;rsm;u aumif;uifbkH&Sd ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm &mrsm;onf pGrf;tm; BuD;rm; aom ewfbk&m;rsm;jzpfMuonf[k ,kHMunfcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ BC 4 &mpkwGif xdkaumif;uifbkHewfbk&m;rsm;qdkif&m ,kHMunfrI onf *&dodkY a&muf&SdcJhonfhtcgü ¤if;wdkYonf *&dwdkY\ N*dKvfeu©wf wm&mrsm;qdkif&m ½dk;&mynm&yf\ tajccHt&if;tjrpf jzpfvmcJhonf/ *&da'owGif ]eu©wÅ aA'}ynm&yfonf tem*wfudk BudKwif a[mudef;xkwfaom ]odyÜHynm} tjzpf vufcHvmMuonf/ þonfrSm ¤if;ynm&yfudk xD;okH;eef;okH;om ru? eef;awmf\ jyify? omrmefvlrsm;twGufyg tokH;0ifatmif BudK;pm; tm;xkwfcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/201 ESpfaygif;(2000)ausmfMumNyD;aemuf eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfonf us,f ysHUoxuf us,fysHUzGHYNzdK;vmNyD;? bmoma&;? 'óeduynmESifh rdpäm'd|d ynm&yf (ewfudk;uG,f,kHMunfrI)wGif vTrf;rdk;rIrsm; &SdcJhonf/ xdkrSwqifh Oa&my&Sd c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tm;vnf; vTrf;rdk;vmcJhonf/ 13 &mpk \ Oa&my'óeduynm&Sifrsm;jzpfaom 'efwD (Dante)ESifh pdefYaomrwf tauG;ewfpfESpfOD;pvkH;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ 'óe tawG;tac:rsm;wGif eu©wÅqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk toD;oD;tou vufcHcJhMuonf/ þodkYaom aumif;uif&Sd eu©wm&mrsm;u vlom;wdkYESifh tjcm;t&mrsm; \ tem*wfuHMur®mudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifonf[laom t,ltqudk wrefawmf 201

William D. Halsey (ed.), Collier’s Encyclopedia, USA, Crowell-Collier Educational Corporation, 1970, Vol. 3, p. 103.

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xm;aom *kPf&nfESifhtodudk rdrdwdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkYay;NyD;? vlom;wdkYtm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wdkif;wmowfrSwfxm;onfh ouú'D;&fudk jc,fvS,f NyD; (tEÅ&m,frS uif;a0;atmifvkyfjcif;? aumif;aomuHMur®m? qkvmbf udk&&SdatmifjyKvkyfjcif;)onf vGJrSm;aomvkyf&yf jzpfonf/ eu©wfaA'if ynmonf qG[mADBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pfocif qifhjyefcJhonfh ['D;qf awmft& [&mrf wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aomt&m jzpfonf/ wrefawmf jrwfrS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]]rnfolrqdk eu©wfaA'ifynm\ rnfonfhudkif;cGJ? ynm&yfcGJudk rqdk avhvmqnf;yl;&&Sdolonf arSmftwwfynm\ udkif;cGJ? ynm&yfcGJwpfckudk avhvmqnf;yl;&&SdonfESifh oabmtwlwlyif jzpfonf/ xdkolonf ¤if;ynm&yftm; ydkí wwfajrmufavav *dkem[ftukodkvf'kp½dkuf ydkí rsm;vmavav jzpfonf/}}203 (2) eu©wfaA'ifynm&yf\ 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm atmufyg,kHMunf olrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf/ ¤if;wdkYu ,kHMunfaeMuonfrSm aumif;uif bkH&Sd ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mrsm;\ ykHyef;o@mefESifh ¤if;wdkY\ a½GUvsm;oGm;vmrIonf tv’m[f\ qE´awmftwdkif; jzpfay:ae&NyD;? ¤if;wdkYonf urÇmN*dKvf&Sd vlESifh tjcm; ouf&Sd? oufrJht&m0w¦KwdkY\ uHMur®mudk jc,fvS,fxif[yfaeonf[laom ,kHMunfrI jzpfonf/204 þ tqdkonf abbDvdkeD;,ef; eu©wfaA'ifynmudk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonfh rkpfvifrfynm&SifwdkY\tqdk jzpfonf/ tdkrdkif,mrif;quf\ aemufqkH; ydkif;&Sd cvDz[ftkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsm; vufxufü eu©wfaA'ifynmudk eef; awmf\ vTwfawmfw&m;½kH;odkY pwif wifoGif;oifMum;cJhonfudk awGY& \/ xdkumvwGif cvDz[f rif;qufwpfOD;csif;pDwGif ¤if;\ aeYw"l0 rif;a&;rif;&mrsm;udk tBuHay;rnfh wzef usa&mufvmrnfh ab;qdk;? 203

tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1095? ['D;qftrSwf-3986 ESifh tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;/ 204 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-442/

Mur®mqdk;rsm;udk a[mMum;ay;rnfh oD;oefYaA'ifq&m (yk@m;uJhodkYaom olrsm;)wpfOD;pD &SdMuonf/ rkpfvifrftrsm;pkrS vufcH,kHMunfxm;MuonfrSm eu©wfaA'ifynm onf ukzf&f (aoGznf jiif;qefremcHjcif;) jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh eu©wf aA'if ynmudk rlvykHo@meftm;jzifhqdkvQif rkpfvifrfwdkif;rS umzd&f (aoGznf jiif;qefremcHol) tjzpf wGef;ydkYay;EdkifaMumif; ¤if;wdkYu od&Sd aeMuojzifh? ¤if;eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfudk vufcHusifhokH;vdkolrsm;rS tpö vmrfrS vufcHEdkifaom ykHo@mefjzpfatmif jyKvkyfí usifhokH;aeMujcif; jzpfonf/ tusKd;qufrSm eu©wfaA'ifqdkif&m BudKwifcefYrSef;csufrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ qE´awmftjzpf ykHazmfjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfodkYqdkap? þodkYaom eu©wfaA'ifrsKd; onfvnf; [&mrf (wm;jrpfxm;aomt&m) jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk vufcHusifhokH;ol? ,kHMunfvdkufemolonfvnf; um zd&f (trSefw&m;udk aoGznfjiif;qef remcHaomol) jzpfonf/ þodkY aom ,kHMunfcsufrsm;onf tpövmrfray:xGef;rD trdkufarSmifacwfrS vlom;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsufESifh rnfodkYrQ uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif; r&Sdacs/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tmPmawmfudk aumif;uifbkH&Sd ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mponfwdkYudk cGJa0ay;í ¤if; ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mwdkY \ oGm;vmaeykH? jzpfay:aeaom ykHyef;o@mefrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\ qE´awmfrsm;t& jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,f udk teufaumuf? t"dyÜg,fazmfolrsm;u tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfwpfyg; wnf;uom odEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tem*wfudk BudKwif a[mMum;aeMujcif; jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf rdrdwdkYbmom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tmPm awmfESifhae&mudk twif;0if,laejcif; jzpfonf/ aESmif;ydkif;ynm&Sifrsm; onf eu©wfaA'ifMunfhjcif;(tem*wfa[mjcif;)ESifhywfoufaom &S&D tofpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk vufawGY taumiftxnfazmfrI r&SdcJhaom aMumifh rodvdkufbmomESifh eu©wfaA'ifynm (aA'ifa[mjcif;? vu©PmMunfhjcif;? tem*wf uHMur®mudk BudKwifcefYrSef;jcif;) udk cGifhjyK

vmcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrftrsm;pktMum;wGif eu©wfaA'ifESifh ywfoufaom ,kHMunfcsufrsm; ysHUyGm;vmcJhonf/ (3) eu©wfaA'ifynm&yf\ wwd,ykHpHrSm oabFmom;rsm; (a& aMumif;wGif oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;olrsm;)ESifh oJuEÅm&twGif; c&D;oGm;rsm;ESifh awmifolv,form;rsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd; a&;twGuf &moDOwk BudKwifcefYrSef;&eftwGuf aumif;uif&Sd ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mrsm;\ ykHo@mefudk Munfh½IcefYrSef; wGufcsufjcif; jzpfonf/205 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[ft& azmfjyyg enf;vrf;rsm; twGuf usifhokH;jcif;? tjcm;tvm;wludpörsm;twGuf usifhokH;jcif;onf tpövmrfhw&m;awmft& [vmvf (cGifhjyKxm;aomt&m) jzpfonf/ þ odkY usifhokH;Edkifonf[k cRif;csuftaejzifh owfrSwf&jcif;\ taxmuf txm;rSm atmufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmft& jzpf onf/ ]           [

]]¤if;jyif xdkt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif tMuif t&Sifjrwfjzpfawmf rl\/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtbdkY eu©wfwm&mrsm;udk ukef;ajrESif ork'´&myifv,f\tarSmifrsm;wGif vrf;rSef&apjcif; iSm jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhavonf/}}206 ynm&SdokcrdefBuD; uom'[f207 \tqdkudk tDrmrfAkcg&D rS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]trSefyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf Mu,fwm&mrsm;udk vrf;jyrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ½IdifoGmefrdpämaumiftm; ypfayguf&efvnf; 205

½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-447-8/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 97/ 207 wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;xHwGif ynmoif,l qnf;yl;cJhMu onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;twGif;rS xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh ynm&SifBuD; jzpfonf/ 206

aumif; zefqif; pD&ifxm;ayonf/ xdkYtjyif Mu,frsm;udk tjcm;aom &nf½G,fcsufrsm;ESihf &SmazGMunfh½I cefYrSef;wGufcsufMuvQif xdkolonf qkH;½IH;epfemolom jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolonf rdrd wwfodem;vnfrI r&Sd aomt&mudk ,kHMunfrdaomaMumifh aumif;aomb0 (wrvGef)\ aumif;aom &S,f,ma0pka0ykHudk qkH;½IH;&ma&mufayrnf/ xdkodkY jyKvkyf aomol? ,kHMunfaomol? vdkufemusifhokH;aomolrsm;onf tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmfudk vspfvsL½I&ma&muf\/ ¤if;wdkYonf Mu,f rsm;? eu©wfrsm;tm; bk&m;ocifuJhodkY yg0g pGrf;tm;ay;NyD;? þN*dKvfcGif? þeu©wfwGif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomolonf þodkYjzpfrnf? xdkokdY jzpfrnf[kvnf;aumif;? þN*dKvf? þeu©wfay:aomtcsdefwGif c&D;oGm; ygu þodkYtjzpfESifh BuKH&rnf? xdkokdYjzpfrnf? þMu,ftwdkif;vdkufygu rdrdvdkcsifaomt&mudk &SmazGawGY&Sdrnf ponfjzifh rdrdwdkYbmom rdrdwdkY owfrSwf ,kHMunfMuonf/ uREkfyf\ b0tawGYtBuKHt& Mu,fwdkif;onf eDaom? eufaom? &Snfaom? wdkaom? ½kyfqdk;aom? cspfp&m aumif;aom wd&dpämefrsm; toGifjzifh jzpfay:vmonf/ trSefpifppf Mu,f? eu©wfrsm;? iSufrsm;? owÅ0grsm;onf rjrifEdkifaomtem*wfudk BudKwif rodEdkifMuyg/ tu,fí vlom;wdkif;udk odapvdkygu tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tm'rf tm; oifMum;ay;cJhrnfjzpfonf/ wzef tm'rfrS vlom;rsKd; EG,frsm;tm; qufvuf oifMum;ay;ayrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdvufawmfjzifh tm'rftm; zefqif;awmf rlcJhNyD;? rvmtdu[faumif;uifwrefrsm;udk OD;csapcJhonf/ xdkYjyif t&Sif jrwfonf tm'rftm; avmu&Sdt&mtm;vkH;\ trnfemrrsm;udk oifMum;ay;cJhonfht&Sif jzpfawmfrlonf/}} ynm&SdokcrdefBuD; uom'[f rS tokH;jyKxm;onfh ]Mu,frsm;}[l onfh pum;vkH;twGuf t"dyÜg,fuefYowfcsufrSm txufwGif azmfjycJh aom pl&[f tvf-teftmrf\ tm,ofawmf (97) t& jzpfonf/ azmfjy yg,lqcsufonf atmufygusrf;ydk'frsm;udkvnf; tajccHaeayonf/

]        [

]]xkdrSwpfyg; {uefrvJG igt&Sifjrwfonf teD;qHk; (atmufqHk;) jzpfaom rkd;aumif;uifukd rD;tdrfrsm;jzifh wifhw,fokdufNrdKufpGm qif,ifxm;awmfrlonfhjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;rD;tdrfrsm;ukd ]]½IdifoGmef}} rdpämaumifrsm;tm; ypfcwf&ef vufeufud&d,mrsm; tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\/}}208 wrefawmfjrwfrS &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; *sifefrsm;onf aumif;uif bkH\ tedrfhqkH;tydkif;txd c&D;ESifMuNyD;? rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwref rsm;rS urÇmajray:wGif jzpfay:vmrnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufí tcsif;csif; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif;em;axmifMuonf/ xdk*sifefrsm;onf urÇmajray:odkY jyefvmMuNyD; rdrdwdkY Mum;odvmcJhonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tem*wftm; cefYrSef;jcif;? BudKwif ajym Mum;jcif;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;udk owif;ay;Muonf/ xdkYjyif wrefawmfjrwfrS qufvuf&Sif;jyonfrSm? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]Mu,fa
208

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 67; 5/

í a[majymaeMujcif;jzpfonf/209 xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS cGifhjyKxm;onfh udpö&yfrsm;twGufrSvGJí tjcm; aom &nf½G,fcsufjzifh eu©wfwm&mrsm;tm; Munhf½Iavhvmjcif;udk rjzpf rae a&SmifMuOf&ayrnf/ ¤if;rSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ ñTefjycsuft& a&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif; (oJuEÅm&twGif;) c&D;oGm;jcif;rsm;twGuf vrf;ñTeftjzpf okH;jcif;? wzef ¤if;wdkYESifhqufEG,faomudpö&yfrsm;rSvGJí tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tokH;rjyK&/ rkpfvifrfaA'ifeu©wfq&mrsm;\ ckcHajymqdkcsufrsm;

eu©wfaA'ifynm&yftwGif; yg0ifywfoufaeMuaom ynm&Sifrsm;? aA'ifeu©wfMunfhq&mrsm;u usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tcsKdUaom tm,of awmfrsm;udk udk;um;í ¤if;wdkY\ vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefaMumif; oufaojy tajzñSdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ,ckacwftcgor,wGif pl&[f tvfAl½l;*sfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Zodiacal Signs (12&moDcGif) [k bmomjyef qdkaeMuonf/210 ¤if;pl&[ftvf-Al½l;*sf\ yxrtm,ofawmfü tv’m[f t&Sifjrwfonf ]12&moDcGif} (12vtwGif; vnfywfajymif;vJ wwfaom &moDpuf0ef;)udk wdkifwnfusdefqdkí ajymaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ þ onfrSm tvf-Ak½l;*sf (‫[)الربوج‬kac:aom tm&ADa0g[m&udk ]Zodiacal Signs} (12 &moDcGif)[k qGJ,lbmomjyefqdkjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;aeygonf/ xdktvfAk½l;*sf (‫[ )الربوج‬kac:aom tm&ADa0g[m&\ t"dyÜg,frSefrSm ]Mu,frsm;\ tpDtpOf? ykHyef;o@mef? taetxm;zGJYpnf;ykH}om jzpfNyD; ]12&moDcGif ykHo@mefrsm;}[k t"dyÜg,fr&yg/

209

tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? tm&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-7? pm-439? ['D;qftrSwf-657 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-1209? ['D;qftrSwf-5535/ 210 ½I- Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’an, English Translation, Beirut, Dar AlQuran Al-Karim, p. 1714.

,cktcg urÇmay:wGif vlom;rsm;odaeMuonfh ]12 &moDcGif}[l aom todonmrSm a&S;a[mif; abbDvdkeD;,ef;ESifh *&dvlrsKd;rsm;\ Mu,frsm;yg0ifaom eu©wf (&moDtvdkuf? vtvdkuf ay:vGif xif&Sm; vmonf) rsm;? Mu,ftpkta0;rsm; yg0ifaom Mu,frsm;\tpDtpOf? txm;todkudk Munfhí wd&dpämefrsm;? vlom;rsm;toGif ykHazmfxm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh azmfjyyg tm,ofawmfudk Mu,fwm&mrsm;tm; &Sdcdk;ylaZmfaomolrsm;\ vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefaMumif;udk taxmuftxm; tjzpf tokH;jyK&ef taMumif;r&Sday/ ¤if;wdkY\ ½kyfykHrsm;jzifh ykHazmfxm; jcif;onf ¤if;wdkY\pdwful;pdwfoef;ESifh ykHazmfjcif;omjzpfNyD;? Mu,frsm;\ tpDtpOf? txm;todk? taetxm;? ykHyef;o@mefESifh rnfodkYrQ rouf qdkifay/ þrQomruao;? tmumoaumif;uiftwGif;wGif ¤if;Mu,f rsm;\ a½GUvsm;rIaMumifh ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmaom ykHyef;o@mefrsm;onf tcsdefumvt& (12&moD ajymif;vJrI? 12 vajymif;vJrI) jzpfay:vm aom ykHyef;o@mefrsm;om jzpfonf/ a&S;tcgu atmufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfudk eu©wfaA'ifq&mrsm;u cvDz[frif;rsm;\ vTwf½kH;wGif rdrdwdkY\ vkyf&yfrSefuefaMumif; oufaojycJhMuonf/ ¤if; tm,ofawmfrSm ]     [

]]¤if;jyif trSwfonm rSwfwkdifrsm;ukdvnf; (jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\)/ xkdYjyif Mu,feu©wfrsm;jzifhvnf; (vlwkdYonf) vrf;rsm;ukd &Sm awGUMuukef\/}}211 rkpfvifrfeu©wfaA'ifq&mrsm;rS ajymcJhonfrSm ]þtm,ofawmf onf ]Mu,frsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ ykHyef;o@mef? vu©Pm&yfrsm;u rjrif& 211

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 16; 16/

aom? rjrifEdkifaomuHMur®m? tem*wfwGif jzpfay:rnfht&mrsm;udk xkwf jyef ajymMum;aejcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk odem;vnfjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm; tm; tem*wfwGif rnfodkY aexdkifjyKrloifhaMumif; vrf;ñTefay;Edkifonf [k ajymMum;cJhonf/212 wrefawmfjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\#Dum ynm&Sif (‫[ )ترجمان القرآن‬k ac:qdkcJhonfh ynm&Sif qG[mADBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pf ocifrS ]þusrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ (16;16) tm,ofawmfwGif yg0if onfh trSwfonmrSwfwdkifrsm;(Sign)[lonf ]aeYtcsdeftcgwGif awGYjrif Edkifaomvrf;aMumif;rsm;? xif&Sm;aom ajrjyifo@mef trSwftom;rsm;} udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;pum;vkH;rS ]Mu,frsm;om}[lí &nfñTef;xm; jcif; vkH;0 r[kwf/ uREkfyfwdkYrS qufíajymMum;rnfhpum;rSm Mu,frsm; ESifhtwl ¤if;wdkdYonf rSefuefpGm vrf;ñTefjcif;cH&ayvdrfhrnf/} qdkvdk&if; rSm ¤if;wdkYonf (vlom;rsm;onf) ntcgwGif Mu,frsm;\ tvif;a&mif jzifh ¤if;wdkYoGm;vm&m yifv,fa&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif;c&D;rsm;udk rSef uefpGm vrf;ñTefjcif; cH&ayvdrfhrnf/213 wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf azmfjyyg tm,ofawmf (16; 16) \teuf t"dyÜg,fonf pl&[ftvf-teftmrfrS tm,ofawmf (98)ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/ rnfonfhudpöwGifrqdk txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh tjcm; aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfrsm;udk eu©wfaA'ynmqdkif&m odyÜHynm\ odyÜHtwktjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ trSefrSm xdkodkY tokH;csjcif;onf vkH;0 rcdkifvkHay/ þodkY usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ azmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf; uom tem*wfudk odjrifEdkifonf[laom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tjcm; aomtm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh qefYusifaeayonf/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwf 212

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217

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tcef; (7)

arSmftwwf[lonfrSm rsufvSnfhtwwf[kqdkygu rrSm;Edkifacs/ wenf;qdk&aomf vlom;wdkY\ tjriftm½kHudk vSnfhpm;jcif;[kvnf; ajym Edkifonf/ ¤if;rsufvSnfhtwwfudk obm0vGef udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ½dk;&m xkH;wrf;pOfvmenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh yifhzdwf? wdkifwnfjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;ESifh obm0vGefukd,fpm;vS,frsm;\ yg0gpGrf;tm;rsm; aygif;pnf; oGm;onf[laom ,kHMunfrIrsm; jzpfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xdkuJhodkY aom arSmfpD&ifrI? rsufvSnfhjyjcif;wdkYudk ½dk;&mtcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd; tvdkuf cH,lxm;aom ½dk;&mtpOftvmenf;vrf;rsm;? jyKrlrIrsm;ESifh jyK vkyfavh&Sdonf/ (ewfq&m? ewf0ifonf? arSmfq&m? rsufvSnfhq&m ponfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;rS ¤if;tjyKtrlrsm;udk aqmif½Gufavh&SdMuonf/)222 taemufwdkif;vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif ½dk;&mxkH;wrf;pOfvmt& arSmftjzL ac: obm0arSmfynmac: txufvrf;ynm (obm0\ tjcif;t&mrsm;? jzpfpOfrsm;udk avhvmaomynm)onf ,cktcg acwfopf obm0odyÜH ynm&yftjzpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ þynmonf Black Magic ac: arSmftrJynmrS rwlcGJjcm;í avhvmjcif; jzpfonf/ arSmftrJynmwGif arSmfynmtrsKd;rsKd; yg0ifonf/ ¤if;ynm\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm yk*¾dKvf a&;&m 'ku©ay;&efjzpfNyD;? oufqdkif&m atmufvrf;q&m? arSmfq&mrS obm0vGefpGrf;tm;rsm;udk yifhzdwfqkawmif;jcif;jzifh pD&ifonfudk awGY& \/ pkef;ua0twwf? *rÇD&ynm? atmufvrf;paom a0g[m&rsm;rSm arSmftwwfynmESifh ¤if;udk vufawGYusifhokH;olrsm;tMum;wGif a,bk,s 222

Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, New York: Fund & Wagnalls Publishing Co., 10th Edition, 1975, p.813.

okH;pGJaeMuaompum;vkH;rsm; jzpfonf/ pkef;ua0twwf[lonfrSm trsKd;orD;wpfOD;OD;rS jyKvkyfavh&Sdaom atmufvrf;arSmfynmjzpfNyD; xdk trsKd;orD;wGif rSifpm? oapä? o&JbDvl;uJhodkY raumif;qdk;0g; wpfrsKd;rsKd; udk ydkifqdkifxm;onfudk awGY&onf/ *rÇD&twwfynm[lonfrSm obm0 vGefpGrf;tm;pk\ yg0gpGrf;tm;udk &,lNyD;? tem*gwfwGif jzpfysufrnfh udpörsm;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ atmufvrf;ynm qdkonfrSm uG,fvGefaoqkH;NyD;aom vlrsm;\0dnmOf rsm;ESifh qufoG,fí a[majymjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfvnf; *rÇD&ynm \ tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfonf/ t&ADpmaywGif pd[f&f (‫ )سحر‬ac:onfh arSmftwwfynmwGif txuf vrf;? atmufvrf;? pkef;ua0? *rÇD&twwfponfjzifh trsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfrIr&Sdacs/ xdkYaMumifh tm&ADa0g[m& pd[f&f (‫)سحر‬wGif arSmf? pkef;ua0? *rÇD&? atmufvrf; ...tm;vkH;yg0ifonf/ tm&ADa0g[m& pd[f&f(‫)سحر‬wGif zkH;uG,fxm;aom? rjrifEdkifonfhtiftm;rsm;\ odrfarGY aom? xdk;xGifodjrifaom rnfonfhudpö&yfrqdk tusKH;0ifonf/223 Oyrm- wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfh atmufyg['D;qfawmft& ]]trSefyif tcsKdUaompum;rsm;\ ykHo@mefonf arSmfynmt& ajymaompum;rsm; jzpfonf/}}224 tvGeftajymaumif;aom? MoZmwduúdrESifhjynfhpkHaomolwpfOD;rS udpö wpfck\ trSefudk trSm;jzpfatmif? trSm;udk trSefjzpfatmif ajymEdkifpGrf;&Sd onf/ xdkYaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfrS xdkuJhodkYaom ajymenf;rsm;? 223 224

Arabic-English Lexicon, Vol.1, Pp. 1316-7.

tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I - qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-7? pm-445? ['D;qftrSwf-662 ESifh qG[D;[ftvf-rkpfvifrfusrf;/ tDrmrf tAl'g0l;'f ? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1393? ['D;qftrSwf-4989 ESifh od&frdZDusrf;/

ajymykHtcef;u@rsm;udk arSmfuJhodkY? rsufvSnfhuJhodkYjzpfonf[k &nfñTef; cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfomoemü &rfZefvjrwfwGif aerxGufrD pm;aomtpmudk (pd[f&fqdkonfh rl&if;pum;vkH;rS qif;oufvmonfh) pm[d&f (0g) pk[l&f[k ac:onf/225 xdktcsdefrSm tarSmifzkH;vTrf;xm;aom tcsdef jzpfaeao;NyD;? n\tqkH;ydkif;tcsdef jzpfaeaomaMumifh jzpf onf/226 arSmftwwfynm\ yuwdw&m; (trSefwu,f wnf&SdrI)

,ckacwftcgwGif rsufvSnfhtwwf? arSmftwwfynmonf trSef wu,f&Sdygonf[laomtcsufudk jiif;y,fjcif;? vkH;0 vufrcHjcif;onf xif&Sm;vmonf/ rsufvSnfh (0g) arSmftwwfESifhoufqdkifaom xif&Sm; ausmfMum;onfh ykHjyifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jy&mwGif aemufqkH;&v'frSm [Dp wD;&D;,m; (Hysteria) a&m*guJhodkY vlom;wdkY\ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m azmufjyef rIaMumifh jzpfay:onf[laom tajzomxGufonfudk awGYEdkifonf/ xdkY aMumifh rsufvSnfh (0g) arSmftwwfonf ,kHMunfolrsm;twGufom ouf a&mufrI &Sdonf[laomtcsufodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/227 rsufvSnfh (0g) arSmfqdkif&m jyuGufrsm;onf vlwdkY\ tawGrSm;? t,kHrSm;? tpGJrSm;wdkY jzpfpOfudk vSnfhuGufvkyfjcif;? vSnfhpm;jcif;jzifhom ykHazmfxm;onfudk awGY& ayonf/ tpövmrfrS vufzGJYrsm;? taqmifypönf;rsm;onf raumif;aom ab; qdk;? Mur®mqdk;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifonf[laom t,ltqESifh ¤if;ypönf; 225 226

See. Arabic-English Lexicon, Vol.1, Pp. 1317.

½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-382/ 227 t&Sft&DrZf[Af\ ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol tv’mr[fzwfcf½Gwf'D;ef&mZD  (uG,f vGef-1210 CE)rS ¤if;\ pl&[fAu&[f\ tm,ofawmf (102)tm; ozfpD;&ftus,f zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;rIwGif ,if;tawG;tac:udk wifjycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ordkif;ynm&Sif tv’mr[ftdAfEkcvf'Gef;\ udk;um;wifjyrIaMumifh ¤if;tawG;tac:onf ydkrdkzGYHNzdK; wdk; wufcJhonf/

rsm;rS aumif;aomuHMur®mqkvmbfrsm;udk &,lEdkifonf[laom t,l tqudk jiif;qefaomfvnf; arSmftwwf (0g) rsufvSnfhtwwfynm\ tcsKdU aomu@rsm;? tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tppftrSefjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk vufcHonf/ ,ckacwftcgwGif uREkfyfwdkY awGYBuKHod&Sdaeaom rsufvSnfh(0g) arSmftwwfynmqdkif&m vkyf&yfrsm;onf Munfh½Ioly&d owfrsm;udk t,ltrSm;? tawG;trSm;rsm;jzpfap&ef? ud&d,mwefqmyvm? ypönf;ypö,rsm;okH;í vSnfhpm;xm;aomvSnfhuGufrsm;ESifhom jynfhESufae onfrSm rSefygonf/ urÇmw0Srf;&Sd uHMur®ma[mudef;xkwfaomolrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm Magic ac: arSmftwwf? rsufvSnfhtwwfudk &S,moGD;efac: *sifef½dIifoGmef rsm;ESifh qufoG,fí tokH;jyKa[mMum;aeonfudk awGY&onf/ *sifefrsm; ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ t&nftaoG;rsm;udk ravhvmrD? arSmftwwfynm\ tcsKdUaomo½kyfouefrsm;udk tppftrSef[k tpövmrfrS vufcH&onfh taMumif;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[fvrf;pOfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/ tpövmrfwGif trSefESifh trSm;\ pHcsdef? pHñTef;jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh ['D;qfawmfrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;onf vlom;tay: tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ vrf;ñTef xkwfjyefcsrSwfrIrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzpfí r&Sdrjzpf ta&;BuD;aom? vdktyf aomudpövnf; jzpfonf/ arSmftwwfynmESifhywfoufaom tpövmrf\ tajccHtjrifESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;onf/             [ ]         

]]wzef (xkduJhokdYyif) ,if;(,[l'D bmom0if) rsm;xHokdY tv’m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfrS xkdolwkdYxHü &SdESifhNyD;jzpfaom

(aomif&mwf)usrf;jrwfukd axmufcHaom eADwrefawmf (rk[r®'f )
]]xkdrQru (todtvdr®m uif;rJhMuukefaom ,if;,[l'Dbmom 0ifwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ "r®a'oemawmfukd rvkdufem MubJvsuf) eADwrefawmfpkvkdifrmef() pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyf rif;jyK vkyfaeaomtcg0,f ½dIifoGmefrsm; &Gwfbwfo&ZÑm,fMuav 228

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 101/

aom pkef;ya,m*twwfukdom qnf;yl;vkdufpm;Muukef\/ «þwGifrQruao;? tcsKdUaom vlYAmvwkdYonf eADwrefawmf pkvkdifrmef()ukdyif rdpäm'd|dt,lukdvkdufpm;onf[k pGyfpJGMu onf/» pifppfwrlum; eADwrefawmf pkvkdifrmef()onf rnfonfhtcgrQ rdpäm'd|dt,lukd vkdufpm;cJhonf r[kwfacs? okdY &mwGif xkd½dIifoGmefwkdYomvQif rdpäm'd|dt,lukd vkdufpm;MucJh\/ ,if;½dIifoGmefwkdYonfyifvQif pkef;ya,m*twwfukd vlwkdYtm; oifMum;jyoay;Muavonf/ xkdYjyifw0 (,if;,[l'Dbmom 0ifwkdYonf) AmAdvHkNrdKU&Sd tyg;awmfapwref ESpfyg;jzpfaom [m½lwfESifh rm½lwfwkdYtay:0,f usa&mufonfh pkef;ya,m* twwfukdvnf; vkdufem qnf;yl;Muavonf/ xkdtyg;awmf apwrefESpfyg;wkdYonf (rdrdwkdYxHusa&mufaom pkef;ya,m* twwfrsm;ukd) rnfolwpfOD;ukdrQ oifMum;ay;avh r&Sd/ (oif Mum;ykdYcsay;yg&ef awmif;qkdavQmufxm;vmolwkdYukd tkd-tcsif; wkdY) tuREkfyfwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\txHawmfrS (toif wkdYtbkdY) tprf;toyfwpf&yftjzpfESifhomvQif qif;ouf a&muf &SdvmMuonf/ toifwkdYonf (þ pkef;ya,m*twwfukd qnf;yl;avhvmNyD;) rdpäm'd|dt,lukd rvkdufpm;Mu ukefvifh ([k oGefoifqHk;rí jrpfwm;Muavonf)/ xdkokdY jrpfwm;jim;aomf vnf; ,if;olwkdYonf xkdtyg;awmf apwrefESpfyg;wkdYxHrS ZeD; armifESHESpfOD;ukd jywfpJapaomtwwfukd enf;cH oif,lMuukef \/ pifppfqkdaomf xkdolwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvkd awmf r&SdbJvsufESifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufukdrQ xkdtwwfjzifh ab;tEÅ&m,f rjyKEkdifMuacs? trSefaomfum; ,if;olwkdYonf rdrd wkdYtm; tusKd;aus;Zl;rjzpf xGef;apbJ tusKd;,kwf epfemapwwf aom pkef;ya,m*twwfukdom enf;cHoif,lMuavonf/ pifppftm;jzifh (xkduJhokdY) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usrf;jrwfa'o emawmfukd ypfy,fí pkef;ya,m*twwfukd avhvmqnf;yl;ol

rsm;tbkdYt&m aemifwrvGefb0wGif ukokdvftusKd; a0pka0yHk r&&SdEkdifaMumif;ukdvnf; ,if;,[l'Dbmom0ifwkdYonf todyif jzpfMuonf/ xkd,[l'Drsm;onf rdrdwkdYtoufESifhyif vJvS,fí avhvm vkdufpm;qnf;yl;xm;aom xkdpkef;ya,m*twwfrsm; onf qkd;,kwfodrfzsif;vSpGmwum;? xkdolwkdYonf (rdrdwkdY\b0 jzpftifukd) odMuygvQif aumif;avpG/}}229 *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ pkef;ya,m*twwfqdkif&m tavhtusifh rsm;udk uAfvm (Cabala) [kac:wGif cJhonf/ ,if;onf pdwfwefcdk;udk tajccHxm;aom eufeJonfh ÓPftjrifqdkif&m enf;pepf[k owfrSwf cJhMuonf/ xdkuAfvmynmudk wrefawmfBuD; pkvdkifrmefxHrS oif ,lcJhonf[kvnf; qdkcJhMuonf/ xdkudpöESifhywfoufí *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\ vkyf&yftrSefudk tv’m[frS &Sif;jycJhonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xkwf jyefcsrSwfcJhaom usrf;pmrsm;ESifh a&maESm arTaESmufNyD;? *sL;wdkYonf aemufqkH;wrefawmfrk[r®'ftm; jiif;y,fcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ¤if;wdkY onf raumif;qdk;0g; *sif½dIifoGmefrsm;rS oifMum;ay;cJhonfh pkef;ya,m* twwfynmqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif½Guf&ef a½G;cs,fcJhMu onf/ xdkraumif;qdk;0g;rdpämrsm;onf xdkpkef;ya,m* twwfynmrsm;udk oifMum;jcif;tm;jzifh r,kHMunfrIudk 0efcHcJhMuonf/ xdkraumif;qdk;0g; rdpämrsm;rS eu©wfaA'if[kac:aom pkef;ya,m*twwfudkvnf; oifMum; ay;cJhMuonf/ a&S;tcgu xdkeu©wfaA'ifynm&yfudk abbDvkHEdkifiH&Sd vlom;rsm;tm; prf;oyfppfaq;&ef apvTwfjcif;cH&aom [m½lwfESifh rm½lwfaumif;uifwrefESpfyg;xHrS oifMum;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ [m½lwfESifh rm½lwfwdkYrS abbDvkH&Sd vlrsm;udk pkef;ya,m*twwf ynmudk oif,ljcif;tm;jzifh udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[ftm; r,kHMunf rI(ukzf&f) rjyKMu&ef? pkef;ya,m*twwfynmrsm;udk roifay;rD owd 229

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 102/

ay;rI jyKcJhMuavonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY\ owday;ajymMum;csufudk tav;rrl *½krpdkufcJhMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf eu©wfaA'if(Astrology)ynmrS vlESpfOD;tMum; &efyGm; atmif &efwdkufenf;? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk cGJenf;wdkYudk txl;jyKí oif,lcJhMuonf/ xdkodkYaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif; twmtxd wwfajrmufjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;wdkYteuf rnfolrqdk rdrdwdkY ESpfoufaomol\ tvdkt&? wzufom;\ xdcdkufrI? epfemrIudk xnfh oGif;pOf;pm;rIrjyKbJ jyKvkyfay;Muonf/ þenf;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf vlom; wdkYtm; 'ku©ay;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk 'ku©ay;Edkifol[k xif rSwfaeMuaomfvnf; trSefpifppf wzufvltm; xdcdkufepfemapjcif;? repfemapjcif;trIudk qkH;jzwfaomolrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfom jzpfonf/ xdkvlom;rsm;\ txufazmfjyyg vlwdkYudk xdcdkufepfemapEdkifaom tod ynmrSm olwdkYtwGuf ppfrSefaomtusKd; r&Sdacs/ xdkynmudk oif,l wwfajrmufjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYbmom xdcdkufepfemapjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkY aMumifh ppfrSefaom pkef;ya&m*twwfudk vdkufemusifhokH;jcif;\ r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom vkyfaqmifcsufrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; r,kHMunf jcif;? jiif;qefjcif;om jzpfonf/ pkef;ya&m*twwfudk jyKvkyfjcif;? vdkufem usifhokH;jcif;? vdkufpm;jcif;onf olwdkYudk,fudkolwdkY *s[Eérf i&JbkHodkY vm;&ef wdusaom tmrcHcsuf jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh xdcdkufepfemapjcif; jzpf onf/ txufazmfjyyg pkef;ya&m*twwfESifh eu©wfaA'ifrsm;udk oif,lcJh Muaom *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onf xdkynmoif,ljcif;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ vtfeof (usdefqJrI) usa&mufrnfudk odMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkY\ usrf;pmaomif&ofusrf;wGif xdkvkyf&yftm; twdtvif; wm; jrpfxm;cJhonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; zwf½Gwfo&ZÑm,faeMu aom aomif&ofusrf;\ atmufygusrf;ydk'frsm;wGif xdktcsufudk awGY&Sd Edkifonf/

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230

Deuteronomy 18: 9-12.

tv’m[frS *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\ pdk;&drfbG,ftajctaeudk odom xif &Sm;ap&ef txufygusrf;ydk'frsm;udk ydwfvdkufNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; oem;u½k Pmoufaomtm;jzifh rSwfpkwdkozG,f owday;csufudkom vuf&Sdusrf; wGif usef&pfaponf/ tu,fí *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onf aemifwrvGefb0\ aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom tjypf'Pfudk trSefwu,f od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufygu vuf&Sdwdkawmif;aomb0twGif;? ¤if;wdkY\ 0dnmOf\ tem*gwfuHMur®mudk tvGef aps;aygvSaom y&d,m,fvSnfhuGuf tcsKdU tm;jzifh a&mif;pm;aeMuonfhjzpftifudk aumif;pGm aemifw&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ þusrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,wfawmft& pkef;ya,m*twwf? arSmf twwfonf wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aomt&m ([&mrf) jzpfaMumif;udk atmufazmfjyyg pum;pkt& odEdkifonf/ ]          [

]]pifppftm;jzifh (xkduJhokdY)tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usrf;jrwf a'o emawmfukd ypfy,fí pkef;ya,m*twwfukd avhvmqnf;yl;ol rsm;tbkdYt&m aemifwrvGefb0wGif ukokdvftusKd; a0pka0yHk r&&SdEkdifaMumif;ukdvnf; ,if;,[l'Dbmom0ifwkdYonf todyif jzpfMuonf/}}231 i&JrD;wGif xm0&aexdkif&aomolonf ¤if;\[&mrf vkyf&yfrsm;t wGuf tvGeftrif; qdk;0g;aom? tqrwef jyif;xefaom tjypf'Pf jzpf onf/ txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrS oufaojyonfh tjcm;tcsuf wpfckrSm arSmfq&m? arSmfynm&Sif (arSmftwwfudk oifMum;ay;ol? oif ,lol ESpfOD;pvkH;onf) umzd&f (r,kHMunfjiif;y,faomol)rsm; jzpfonf/ 231

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 102/

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tDrmrftAf'f tdAfaeY[krdkif'f ESifh tDrmrftvf-Akdif[uD  ocifwdkYrS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ,if;['D;qfawmftm; qG[D;[ftvf-Akdcg&Dusrf;ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrf usrf;rsm;wGifvnf; awGY&SdEdkifonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyf bmomjyef? twGJ-7? pm-443-4? ['D;qftrSwf-660 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-3? pm-1192-3? ['D;qftrSwf-5428/

w&m;udk oabmayguf em;vnfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ wapäajcmufaom tdrfrsm;? ewfar;jcif;? aool\0dnmOfudkac:&mwGif tokH;jyK&ef txl; pDrHxm;aom oifykef;? a[wDuRef;uJhodkYaom taemuf tif'D;pfuRef;rsm; rS pkef;? ua0udk;uG,frI? bD;vl;o&JpD;jcif;? 0dnmOfyl;í tjcm;bmom pum;rsm;udk ajymjcif;? avxJwGif ysHoef;jcif;ponfwdkYonf *sifefrsm;\ urÇmESifhxdawGYbl;jcif; r&Sdao;olrsm;twGuf xl;qef;axGvm ½IwfaxG; p&m jzpfaernf/ azmfjyygtjzpftysufrsm;? ay:aygufrIrsm;onf urÇmh a'o tpdwftydkif;toD;oD;wGif o½kyfoueftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh txift&Sm; &Sd aeayonf/ rkpfvifrfurÇmwGifyifvQif xdkuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;\ zdpD;rI? 'ku©ay;rIrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif awGYBuKHae&ayonf/ txl;ojzifh ½Idifcfrsm; (q&mBuD;rsm;)? trsKd;rsKd;taxGaxGaom tpGef;a&muf qlzDrsm;\vrf;pOf rsm;wGif awGY&ayrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf arSmftpGrf;jzifh avxJwGif ypönf;rsm; ajr§mufjyjcif;? rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif ysHoef;jyjcif;? wdk awmif;aom tcsdeftwdkif;twmtwGif; tvGefa0;vHaom c&D;tuGm ta0;udk oGm;jcif;? bmrSr&SdbJESifh aiGaMu;ESifh tpm;tpmrsm;udk &,ljy jcif;ponf ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ vrf;rSm;a&mufaeaom? owdrrl *½krpdkufrdMuaom oem; zG,f&m aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;onf azmfjyyg arSmftwwfqdkif&m pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;udk wef;cdk;jym#d[m (u&m rof)uJhodkY ,kHMunfaeMuonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ xdkodkY ,kHMunfNyD;aemuf rdrdwdkY\ Opöm "ersm;? toufZD0efrsm;udk xdkq&mocifrsm; (½Idifcfrsm;) twGuf pGefYvTwfay;qyfwwfMuonf/ þtjcif;t&mrsm;\ aemufuG,f wGifum; zkH;uG,faeaom? tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom*sifefrsm;\urÇmESifh qufoG,f aeonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ NyD;cJhaomtcef;wGif azmfjyNyD;cJhonfhtwdkif; *sifefrsm;onf rjrifEdkif aomt&mrsm;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;wdkYudk r&Sdrjzpf jrifawGYEdkifaomtcgwGif a>rrsm;?

‫‪acG;rsm;toGifjzifhom jrifawGYMu&ayonf/233 rnfodkYqdkap? tcsKdUaom‬‬ ‫;‪*sifefrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYqE´&Sdaom toGifo@mefudk aqmifEdkifonf/ ¤if‬‬ ‫‪wdkYtaeESifh vltoGifaqmifvdkaomtcgwGifvnf; vltoGifaqmifEdkifay‬‬ ‫‪onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh‬‬‫ظ زَ ك ي‬ ‫ول اهللي ص َّىل اهللُ َع َلي يه وس َّلم بي يح ْف ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِض اهللُ َعنْ ُه َق َال َو َّك َلنيي َر ُس ُ‬ ‫َاة‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َع ْن َأ يِب ُه َر ْي َر َة َر َ‬ ‫َاِن ٍ‬ ‫آت َف َج َع َل ََي ُثو يم ْن ال َّط َعا يم َف َأ َخ ْذ ُت ُه َو ُق ْل ُت َواهللي َألَر َف َعن ََّك إي َىل رس ي‬ ‫ان َف َأت ي‬ ‫َر َم َض َ‬ ‫ول‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اهللي ص َّىل اهللُ عَ َلي يه وس َّلم َق َال إي يِن ُُمْتَاج وع َ ي‬ ‫اج ٌة َش يديدَ ٌة َق َال َف َخ َّل ْي ُت َعنْ ُه‬ ‫ََل ع َي ٌال َو يِل َح َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ٌ َ َّ‬ ‫هلل َع َل ْي يه َو َس َّل َم َيا َأ َبا ُه َر ْي َر َة َما َف َع َل َأ يسري َك ا ْل َب ي‬ ‫ار َح َة َق َال‬ ‫َف َأ ْص َب ْح ُت َف َق َال النَّبي ُّي َص َّىل ا ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُق ْل ُت َيا َر ُس َ‬ ‫ْم ُت ُه َف َخ َّل ْي ُت َسبيي َل ُه َق َال َأ َما إي َّن ُه َقدْ‬ ‫اج شة َش يديدَ شة َو يع َي شاال َف َر ي ْ‬ ‫ول اهللي َشاَا َح َ‬ ‫ك ََذ َب َك َوس َي ُعو ُد َف َعر ْف ُت َأ َّن ُه س َي ُعو ُد لي َق ْو يل رس ي‬ ‫ول اهللي َص َّىل اهللُ َع َل ْي يه َو َس َّل َم إي َّن ُه‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫س َي ُعو ُد َفر َصدْ ُت ُه َف َجاء ََي ُثو يم ْن ال َّط َعا يم َف َأ َخ ْذ ُت ُه َف ُق ْل ُت َألَر َف َعن ََّك إي َىل رس ي‬ ‫ول اهللي َص َّىل‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ْم ُت ُه َف َخ َّليْ ُت َسبيي َل ُه‬ ‫ََل يع َي ٌال َال َأ ُعو ُد َف َر ي ْ‬ ‫اهللُ َع َل ْيه َو َس َّل َم َق َال َدعْني َفإي يِن ُُمْت ٌ‬ ‫َاج َوع َ َّ‬ ‫َف َأ ْص َب ْح ُت َف َق َال يِل َر ُس ُ‬ ‫هلل َص َّىل اهللُ َع َل ْي يه َو َس َّل َم َيا َأ َبا ُه َر ْي َر َة َما َف َع َل َأ يس ُري َك ُق ْل ُت َيا‬ ‫ول ا ي‬ ‫َر ُس َ‬ ‫ْم ُت ُه َف َخ َّل ْي ُت َسبيي َل ُه َق َال َأ َما إي َّن ُه َقدْ َك َذ َب َك‬ ‫اج شة َش يديدَ شة َو يع َي شاال َف َر ي ْ‬ ‫ول اهللي َشاَا َح َ‬ ‫َوس َي ُعو ُد َفر َصدْ ُت ُه ال َّثال ي َث َة َف َجاء ََي ُثو يم ْن ال َّط َعا يم َف َأ َخ ْذ ُت ُه َف ُق ْل ُت َألَر َف َعن ََّك إي َىل رس ي‬ ‫هلل‬ ‫ول ا ي‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ات َأن ََّك تَزْ ُعم َال َتعود ُثم َتعود َق َال دعْنيي ُأ َع يلم َك كَليَم ٍ‬ ‫ث مر ٍ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت َينْ َف ُع َك‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ َّ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َو َه َذا آخ ُر َث َال َ َّ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي ي ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫احل ُّي‬ ‫ِس ا ُ‬ ‫هلل َال إي َل َه إي َّال ُه َو ْ َ‬ ‫اهللُ ي ََها ُق ْل ُت َما ُه َو َق َال إ َاا َأ َو ْي َت إ َىل ف َراش َك َفا ْق َر ْأ آ َي َة ا ْل ُا ْر ي‬ ‫ا ْل َق ُّيو ُم َحتَّى ََتْتي َم ْاْل َي َة َفإين ََّك َل ْن َيزَ َال َع َل ْي َك يم ْن اهللي َحافي ٌظ َو َال َي ْق َر َبن ََّك َش ْي َط ٌ‬ ‫ان َحتَّى‬ ‫ُت ْصبي َح َف َخ َّل ْي ُت َسبيي َل ُه َف َأ ْص َب ْح ُت َف َق َال يِل َر ُس ُ‬ ‫هلل َع َل ْي يه َو َس َّل َم َما َف َع َل َأ يس ُري َك‬ ‫ول اهللي َص َّىل ا ُ‬ ‫‪233‬‬

‫;‪½I- tem*gwfuHMur®mudk a[mudef;xkwfolrsm;taMumif;a&;om;xm;onfh tcef‬‬ ‫‪(5) wGif ¤if;twGuf taxmuftxm;udk Munfh½IMuygukef/‬‬

ٍ ‫ول اهللي زَ َعم َأ َّنه يع يلمنيي كَليَم‬ ‫ا ْل َب ي‬ َ ‫ار َح َة ُق ْل ُت َيا َر ُس‬ ‫ت َينْ َف ُعنيي اهللُ ي ََها َف َخ َّل ْي ُت َسبيي َل ُه َق َال َما‬ َ ُ َُ ُ َ ‫ي‬ ‫ي ي ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِس يم ْن َأ َّو يهلَا َحتَّى ََتْتي َم ْاْل َي َة اهللُ َال‬ ‫ه َي ُق ْل ُت َق َال يِل إ َاا َأ َو ْي َت إ َىل ف َراش َك َفا ْق َر ْأ آ َي َة ا ْل ُا ْر ي‬ ٌ ‫هلل َحافي ٌظ َو َال َي ْق َر َب َك َش ْي َط‬ ‫ان َحتَّى‬ ‫وم َو َق َال يِل َل ْن َيزَ َال َع َل ْي َك يم ْن ا ي‬ ُ ‫احل ُّي ا ْل َق ُّي‬ َ ْ ‫إي َل َه إي َّال ُه َو‬ ٍ َ ‫ُتصبيح وكَا ُنوا َأحرص‬ ‫اْل ْ ي‬ ْ‫ري َف َق َال النَّبي ُّي َص َّىل اهللُ َع َل ْي يه َو َس َّل َم َأ َما إي َّن ُه َقد‬ َ ْ ‫َشء ع ََىل‬ َ َْ َ َ ْ ْ ‫صدَ َق َك و ُهو ك َُذوب َتع َلم من َُتَاطيب من ُْذ َث َال ي‬ ٍ ‫ث َل َي‬ َ ‫ال َيا َأ َبا ُه َر ْي َر َة َق َال َال َق َال َا‬ ‫اك‬ ْ َ ُ ْ ٌ َ َ َ ُ ُ ٌ ‫َش ْي َط‬ ‫ان‬

qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[frS ajymMum;cJhonfrSm ]]&plvkv’m[f onf uREkfyftm; &rfZmefvjrwf\ ZumofaMu;aiGESifh Opömypönf;rsm; udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0efay;cJhonf/ uREkfyf xdkodkY apmifhMuyfaepOf? wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf a&muf&SdvmNyD;? tpm;tpmrsm; udk wl;qG&SmazGaeoHudk Mum;&aomaMumifh uREkfyfonf xdkolYudk zrf;qD; vdkufonf/ uREkfyfrS xdkolYtm; ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ uprf? uREkfyfonf toifhtm; &plvkv’m[focifxH tyf&rnf}[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdk olu uREkfyftm; ]trSefyif uREkfyfonf tvGef qif;&JEGrf;yg;oljzpfNyD;? uREkfyftm; rSDcdkaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf tvGefyif vdktyfae aom qif;&JEGrf;yg;oljzpfygonf}[k awmif;yefavonf/ xdktcg uREkfyf onf xdkolYtm; vTwfay;cJhonf/ aemufwpfaeYeHeufwGif &plvkv’m[f ocifrS ]tdk-tAl[l½dkif&[f? toifh&JU tusOf;om;udk toif nu rnfodkY jyKvkyfcJhoenf;}[k ar;jref;awmfrl&m? uREkfyfrS ]xdkolrS olonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;vGef;í vdktyfaeaomol jzpfaMumif;? olYtm; rDScdkaeaom rSDcdkolrsm;&SdaMumif;? toem;cHaomaMumifh uRefawmf vTwfay;vdkufyg onf}[k avQmufxm;&m &plvkv’m[focifrS ]xdkolonf oifhtm; trSefyif vdrfvnfcJhonf/ xdkol xyfí vmayOD;rnf}[k rdefYMum;awmfrl onf/ aemufwpfaeYnwGif uREkfyfonf xdkoljyefvmrnfudk odaom aMumifh vJavsmif;vQuf xdkolYtm; apmifhaecJhonf/ xdkolonf xdknwGif

wzef a&mufvmjyefNyD; tpm;tpmrsm;udk wl;qG &SmazGaejyefaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf xdkolYtm; zrf;csKyfvdkufNyD; ]þwpfBudrfü uREkfyfonf toifh tm; trSefwu,fyif &plvkv’m[focif\ vufodkY tyfrnf}[k ajymcJh&m xdkolu ]olonf trSefwu,fyif qif;&JoljzpfNyD;? rdom;pk&Sd aMumif; xyfí tyfaMumif;xyfjyefonf/} uREkfyfonf olYtm; oem; ñSmwmrdí vTwfay;vdkufjyefonf/ aemufwpfaeYeHeufwGif &plvkv’m[f ocifrS ]tdk-tAl[l½dkif&[f? toifh&JU tusOf;om;udk toif nu rnfodkY jyKvkyfcJhoenf;}[k ar;jref;awmfrl&m? uREkfyfrS ]xdkolrS olonf qif;&JEGrf;yg; vGef;í vdktyfaeaomoljzpfaMumif;? olYtm; rDScdkaeaom rSDcdkolrsm;&SdaMumif;? nOf;nLtoem;cHaomaMumifh uRefawmf vTwfay; vdkufygonf}[k avQmufxm;&m &plvkv’m[focifrS ]xdkolonf oifh tm; trSefyif vdrfvnfcJhonf/ xdkol xyfí vmayOD;rnf}[k rdefYMum; awmfrlonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkaeYnwGifvnf; olYtm; uREkfyf xyfrH apmifhqdkif;aecJhyg onf/ xdkodkY apmifhaeaomtcsdefwGif xdkolonf xyfrHa&muf&SdvmNyD;? tpm;tpmrsm;udk jzefYusJvQuf wl;qG&SmazGvQuf&Sdonf/ xdktcg uREkfyfrS ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ upmrf? toifhudk &plvkv’m[focifxH ,aeY tyfudk tyfESHrnf? þonf toif jyefrvmyg[k uwday;cJhNyD;aemuf vmcJhonfrSm wwd,tBudrfajrmufjzpfonf[kajymNyD; oifjyefvmcJh jyef NyD/ xdktcg xdkolrS ]uREkfyfonf oifhtwGuf tusKd;&Sdrnfh tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\rku©ygXfawmf(tm,ofawmf)tcsKdUudk oifMum;ay;ygrnf/ xdktcg uREkfyfrS ]xdktm,ofawmfrSm rnfonfh tm,ofawmfjzpfoenf;}[k jyefí ar;jref;cJhonf/ xdktcg xdkyk*¾dKvfrS wkHYjyefajymqdkcJhonfrSm ]toifonf tdyf,mr0ifrDtvsif tm,ofokvfuk&fpD (pl&[ftvf-Au&[frS tm ,ofawmf 255) udk tprS tqkH;xd ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,f&ef jzpfonf/ toifonf xdkodkY ½Gwfqdkjcif;tm;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfbufrS rvmtd u[f aumif;uifwref apmifhMuyfolwpfOD;onf toifESifhtwl wcsdef

vkH;&SdaeNyD;? oifhtm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;aomaMumifh ½IdifoGmefonf toifhxH xdkaeYn rdk;vif;onftxd aESmifh,SufEdkifrnfr[kwf}}[k ajymcJh onf/ xdkYaemuf uREkfyfonf olYtm; jyefvTwfay;cJhygonf/ aemufwaeY rdk;vif;aomtcg &plvkv’m[focifrS uREkfyftm; ]tdk-tAl[l½dkif&[f? toifh&JU tusOf;om;udk toif nu rnfodkY pD&ifcJh oenf;}[k ar;jref;awmfrlcJhonf/ xdktcg uREfkyfrS xdkolu uREkfyftwGuf tdyf,mr0ifcif ]tm,ofokvfuk&fpD}zwf&ef ajymMum;cJhaMumif; &Sif;jycJh ygonf/ xdkYjyif tm,ofokvfuk&fpD\ tusKd;aus;Zl;udk nu xdkol &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; jyefvnf &Sif;vif;jycJhonf/ xdktcg &plvkv’m[f ocifrS ]trSefyif xdkolonf vlvdrfjzpfaomfvnf; trSefw&m;udk ajymcJhonf/ tdk-tAl[l½dkif&[f? NyD;cJhaom okH;n vkH;vkH; oifESifh pum; ajymcJhaomoludk oifodygovm;}[kar;&m? uREkfyfrS ]rodyg}[k jyefajym cJh&m &plvkv’m[focifrS ]xdkolonf ½IdifoGmefrm&fewfyifjzpfonf} [k tajzay;cJhygonf/234 *sifefrsm;onf tvGefa0;uGmaom ae&mXmeodkY rsufpdwrSdwf vQyfwysuf twGif; tvGef vQifjrefpGm oGm;vmEdkifouJhodkY vlrsm;\ cE¨mudk,f twGif;odkYvnf; 0ifa&mufEdkifonf/ Oyrm- ewf0ifonf? 0dnmOfyl;q&m ... ponfwdkYonf *sifefrsm;0ifa&muf&ef jyifqifxm;aom cE¨mudk,frsm; jzpfMuonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf *sifefrsm;tm; ,if;uJhodkY aom omrmefxufydkí tHhrcef;aompGrf;&nfrsm;udk ay;xm; onf/ vlom;xufydkí tjcm;aomtzefqif;cHrsm;tm; pGrf;&nfpGrf;tm; rsm; ydkí ay;oem;xm;aomfvnf; vlom;tm; tm;vkH;aomtzefqif;cH rsm;\ o&zltjzpf a½G;cs,fxm;onf/

234

tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? tm&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-319-20? ['D;qftrSwf-495/

*sifefrsm;ESifhywfoufaom azmfjyygtajccHpGrf;tm;rsm;? t&nftcsif; rsm;udk oabmaygufxm;ygu tm;vkH;aom obm0vGefjzpf&yfrsm;? arSmftwwfqdkif&m jzpf&yfrsm;onf vSnfhuGuf? vSdrfhuGufr[kwfygu ¤if; jzpf&yfrsm;\ taMumif;t&if;udk vG,ful&Sif;vif;pGm odEdkifvdrfhrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh oapäajcmufonfqdkaom tdrfrsm;wGif tvif;a&mifrsm; (rD;oD;? rD;acsmif;? rD;qdkif;rsm;) ydwfvdkuf? yGifhvdkufjzpfjcif;? tdrfeH&H rsm;wGif csdwfqGJxm;aom ½kyfykHrsm;? um;csyfrsm; jyKwfusjcif;? t&m0w¦K ypönf;rsm;onf avxJwGif ysHoef;aejcif;? Murf;jyifrsm; uRDceJ jrnfjcif;? uRduRdjrnfjcif;ponfwdkYonf *sifefrsm;rS vIyf&Sm;aerIrsm;om jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ cE¨m? ykHyef;o@mefrsm;udk rjrif&bJESifh vIyf&Sm;aerIom jzpf onf/ ewfar;jcif;? 0dnmOfac:jcif;trIonfvnf; tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsKd; jzpf onf/ aoqkH;olrsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;u touf&Sifaeaomvlrsm;ESifh qufoG,faeouJhodkY xif&onf/ aoqkH;oGm;aom aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;? rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;\ toHudk rSwfrdaomolrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY&SifoefpOfu jzpfcJhaomtjzpftysufrsm; jyefajymif;ajymaeaom toHrsm;udk Mum;&\/ xdktjzpftysufrsKd;onf aoqkH;cJhol\cE¨mudk,fwGif cefYtyfxm;jcif; cH& aom*sifefrS &SifoefaeolwpfOD;OD;tm; yl;uyfí ajymMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk Mum;cHqifhac:jcif; (Medium Summoning)[k vnf; ac:Muonf/ &Sifaeolrsm;rS aoqkH;oGm;cJhNyD;aom aqGrsKd;rsm;\ toHudk Mum;&jcif;rSm *sifefrS aool\toHudk wkí? xdkol&SifoefpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk ajymjcif;jzifh &Sifolrsm;ESifh qufEG,fjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl aoqkH;ol\ 0dnmOfrsm;udk ac:,l&ef txl; pDpOfxm; aom oifykef;onfvnf; tvm;wl tajzudk ay;aeonf/ *sifefrsm;\ wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfrI? EId;qGrIonf oifhavQmfaom ywf0ef;usifwGif oifhwifhavQmufywfaom taetxm;ESifh tHhMobG,faumif;aomjzpf&yf rsm;udk awGYjrifEdkifygonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf t&m0w¦Kypönf;rsm;udk

rudkifwG,fbJESifh avxJwGif ajr§mufyifhjyonfudk toifjrifbl;ygvdrfh rnf/ ¤if;jzpf&yfrSmvnf; *sifefrsm;\ vufrsm;ESifh ajr§mufyifhxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ rjrifawGY&jcif;rSm *sifefwdkYonf rjrifEdkifatmif zkH;uG,fxm; jcif;cH&aom tzefqif;cHrsm;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ *sifefrsm;onf tvGefa0;uGmaomae&mESpfcktMum; wNydKifeufvdkvdk vQifjrefpGm vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmEdkifonf/ rjrif&aom *sifefrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY \tazmf? tjcm; *sifefrsm;ESifhqufoG,fí rdrd wdkYvdkcsifaom? odcsifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lEdkifonf/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif; oGm;vdk aomc&D;udkvnf; tazmf*sifefrsm;u o,f,lydkYaqmifay;Edkifonf/ ¤if;wdkY \ykHyef;o@mefudk rsufjrifxif&Sm;jyEdkifonf/ xdkenf;wl avxktwGif;rS tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh aiGaMu;rsm;udk &,lay;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf; rjrifEdkifaom *sifefrsm;\ tvGef vQifjrefaomvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ulnDrIrsm;aMumifh jzpf onf/235 tvGeftHhMop&maumif;vSaom xif&Sm;vSonfh vl0ifpm;rlrsm;rS vnf; *sifefrsm;\ yl;uyfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ tvGef ausmfMum;vSonfh Oyrmwpf&yfrSm tdE´d,EdkifiHrS touf 7 ESpft½G,fom&Sdonfh &SefwDa'0D jzpfonf/ xdkoli,fruav;onf olr\twdwfb0rS tjzpftysufrsm; udk xif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGmESifh tao;pdwfjyefajymEdkifonf/ olronf vuf&Sd b0ü aexdkifaomtdrfrS tvGefa0;uGmaomjynfe,fwpfck&Sd rkwÅ&NrdKUrS twdwfb0u aexdkifcJhaomtdrfudk twdtus ajymjycJhonf/ vlwdkYu olr\ajymqdkrI rSef? rrSefudk ppfaq;&ef vdkufMunfhaomtcgwGif xdkNrdKU rS vlrsm;u wpfcsdefu &SefwDa'0D aecJhonfqdkaom tdrf&SdcJhaMumif; twnfjyKay;cJhonf/ xdkYtjyif xdkolrsm;rS &SefwDa'0Dtvsif b0(twdwf b0)rS jzpf&yftao;pdwfrsm;udkvnf; twnfjyKEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;uav;r 235

See: Ibn Taymeeyah’s Essay on the Jinn, Pp. 47-59, for numerous accounts of such incidences.

av;\ rodpdwfxJodkY *sifefrS tqdkygtcsuftvufrsm;udk ajymay;jcif; jzpfonf/236 þuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mESifhywfoufí wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f rS atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;cJhygonf/ ]]trSefyif? vlom;\ jrifrufaom tdyfrufwGif okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm; Edkifonf/ wpfckrSm t&f-&[frmefac: tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrSjzpfNyD;? 0rf;enf;aMuuGJbG,f&maumif;aom tdyfrufrsm;rSm ½dIifoGmefxHrS jzpf onf/ tjcm;wpfrsdK;rSm rodpdwfwGifjzpfay:aom tdyfrufrsm; jzpf onf/}}237 *sifefrsm;onf vlom;\ pdwftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufEdkifonfomru udk,fcE¨mtwGif;odkYvnf; 0ifa&mufEdkifonf[laomtcsufrSm oHo,jzpf bG,f r&Sdacs/ xdkuJhodkY *sifefyl;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh tjzpftysufrsm;rSm ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh Oyrmrsm; &SdcJhonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh bmomrJht½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;wGif a&S;tcsdefumvu *sifefrS vlom;\udk,f cE¨mtwGif; acwÅ0ifa&mufjcif;? xdkodkY 0ifa&mufrIaMumifh pdwfa&mudk,f yg xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&jzpfNyD;? aoG;½l;aoG;wef;jzpfjcif;? owdvuf vGwf tajctaeodkYa&muf&SdNyD;? EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;udk ajymjcif;rsm; jyK vkyfavh&Sdonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk tcsKdUaom qlzDrsm;238 \ Zdud&f239(bm0emyGm;rsm;aomtcsdef)twGif;wGif jyKvkyfavh&SdaMumif; 236 237

Colin Wilson, The Occult, New York: Random House, 1971, Pp. 514-515. qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[f ocifrS qifhjyefchJNyD; tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f rS pkpnf;

wifjycJhonf/ ½I- pkeef tAl'g0l;'fusrf;? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-3? pm-1395? ['D;qftrSwf-5001/ pdvfpdv[f tvf-t[m'D;qf tqGf-qG[D;[[f? twGJ-4? pm-487? ['D;qftrSwf-1870/ 238 rkpfvifrftkr®oftwGif;ü zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufcJhonfh qlzD0g' jzpfonf/ 239 udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ trnfemrawmfrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf xyfzefwvJvJ ½Gwfqdk jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif rMumcP twD;trIwfjzifh cE¨mudk,frsm;udk ,drf;,dkifjcif; (odkY) ujcif;jyKvkyfMuavonf/

rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ tu,fí *sifefonf vl\cE¨mudk,f twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufjcif;rSm umv&SnfMumoGm;ygu xdkvlom;\ t"du udk,f&nfudk,faoG;yg ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifonf/ 0ifa&mufaeaom *sifefrS wpfcgwpf&H ,kwdÅrwefaom r[mvlom;\ pGrf;tm;rsm;udk jyoEdkif onf/ odkYr[kwf 0ifa&mufaeaom *sifefrS ykHrSeftajccHudk tokH;jyKí vlwdkYtm; vufawGYusus pum;ajymjcif;udkvnf; jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ tpGJcRwfjcif; (raumif;qdk;0g; ESifjcif;)240onf Oa&mywdkufwGif tv,facwfu us,fysHUpGm usifhokH;cJhaom tavhtxwpf&yf jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;\ tpGJcRwfjcif;onf tif*sD;vfusrf;twGif; yg 0ifaom ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh a,½IocifrS tpGJ cRwfay;cJhaomolrsm;udk taMumif;cHí ay:aygufvmonf/ or®musrf; vm a*;&mqif;euf (Gerasenes) [laomEdkifiHodkY a,½IESifhaemufvdkufrsm; a&muf&Sd oGm;aomtcg raumif;qdk;0g;uyfaeaom vlwpfOD;ESifh awGYqkH cJhonf/ a,½IocifrS xdkolYtm; uyfaeaom raumif;qdk;0g;aumif rsm; (*sifef½IdifoGmefrsm;) udk xdkolYxHrS xGufcGmoGm;&ef trdefYay;aom tcg xdk½dIifoGmefrdpämrsm;onf olYxHrS xGufcGmcJhavonf/ xdkYaemuf teD;tem;&Sd awmifukef;i,fwGif tpmpm;aeaom 0uftkyfwpftkyftwGif; odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf/ xdk0uftkyfonf awmifapmif;twdkif; w[kef xdk; ajy;qif;oGm;NyD;? awmifajc&SdueftwGif; ESpfjr§KyfoGm;cJhMuonf [l\/241 þtjzpftysufonf 1970 ckESpfESifh 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif; rsm;pGmaom ½kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;\ acgif;pOfjzpfcJhonf/ Oyrm- tpGJcRwf ol- ½kdUpfrm&Duav;ruav; (‘The Exorcism’ ‘Rosemary’s Baby) uJhodkYaom Zmwfvrf;rsm; jzpfonf/

240

raumif;qdk;0g;uyfaeonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm; (0g) ae&mrsm;rS raumif;qdk;0g; *sifef ½dIifoGmefrsm;udk xkwfjcif;? ESifjcif; jzpfonf/ 241

See: Matthew, 8: 28-34, Mark 5: 1-20 and Luke 8: 26-39.

½kyf0g'udkvufcHMuaom taemufwdkif;0g'Drsm;\ a,bk,s oabm xm;rSm obm0vGefpGrf;tm;rsm;? tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;udk vufrcHMuyg/ xdkYaMumifh tpGJcRwfjcif;? raumif;qdk;0g;ESifjcif;onf taemufwdkif;om; rsm;twGuf ,kwÅdrwefaom?aMumif;usKd;qifjcifí r&Edkifaom taMumif; w&m;jzpfí ¤if;vkyf&yfudk t,lonf;jcif;\ aemufqufwGJ&vm'f[k ½IjrifMuonf/ þt,ltqonf tv,facwf (tarSmifacwf) twGif; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vufcH,kHMunfcJhMuaom pkef;ua0rsm;udk awmxkwf jcif; (pkef;ua0rsm;udk ESifxkwfjcif;)ESifh rD;½IdUowfjzwfjcif; "avhrS ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmonf/ odkYaomf tpövmrfwGifrl raumif;qdk;0g; ESifjcif; (tpGJcRwfjcif;)udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[ftay: twnfjyK xm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;t& trSefwu,f raumif;qdk;0g; uyf&Sm;aeonfh olxHrS raumif;qdk;0g;udk armif;ESifxkwfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udkom vufcHonf/ usifhokH;onf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;rsm;onfomvQif ppfrSefaom enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ *sifef (0g) raumif;qdk;0g;½IdifoGmefuyfaeaomoltm; *sifefudk xdk yk*¾dKvfxHrS z,f&Sm;enf;rSm (3) enf;om &Sdonf/ yxrenf;vrf;rSm uyfaeaom*sifeftm; tjcm;*sifefwpfaumiftm;jzifh qifhac:apjcif;jzifh z,f&Sm;enf;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfwGif ,if;yxrenf;vrf;udk wm;jrpfxm; ayonf/ taMumif;rSm *sifefudk ac:,ljcif;? qifhac:jcif;wGif bmoma&; qdkif&m apmfum;armfum;jyKjcif; (0g) rav;rcefYjyKjcif; tjyKtrlrsm; yg0ifaewwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ tpövmrfbmomudk ouf0if,kHMunf aomolrsm;taeESifh *sifefrsm;udk vuf,yfac:jcif;onf tpövmrfh,kHMunf csufudk rav;rcefY jyK&ma&mufonf/ þenf;vrf;onf arSmfq&m (0g) pkef;rwpfOD;rS vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufay:wGif usa&mufaeaom usdefpm (0g) jyKpm;jcif;udk z,f&Sm;&ef tm;xkwfaomenf;vrf;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,enf;vrf;rSm &S&D;ufjyKvkyfí *sifef(0g)raumif;qdk;0g;½dIifoGmef udk z,f&Sm;jcif; jzpfonf/ *sifefonf tpGJcRwfaomolrS c,awmif;yef

toem;cHí ukzf&fjyKvkyfjcif;udk oabmusvufcHaomtcgwGif ¤if;onf uyf&Sm;aeaomolxHrS z,f&Sm;ay;rnf/ xdkokdY tpGJcRwfenf;onf udk; uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ukzf&f (jiif;qefjcif;) jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;wpfa,muftaeESifh ,if;tpGJcRwfol\ vkyf&yfESifh ,kHMunfcsufonf rSefuefonf[k xifjrif,lqoGm;Edkifonf/ c&pf,mef bkef;BuD;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY tpGJcRwfaomtcg a,½Iociftm; yifhzdwfí ¤if;\ vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk tokH;jyKum ½IdifoGmeftm; ESifxkwfavh&Sdonf/ þonfrSm ¤if;wdkY a&S;tvsifu &SdcJhaom vl½dkif;vlpdkif;rsm;vufxuf ewfbk&m;rsm;udk yifhzdwfí ESifaomenf;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/ wwd,enf;vrf;rSm *sifef (0g) raumif;qdk;0g;½dIifoGmeftm; usrf; jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;jzifh tv’m[f t&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;wGif cdkvIH&ef tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefvm tm,ofawmfrsm;\ jrifhjrwfaomusrf;pum;vkH;rsm;u *sifefuyfaeaomol\ ywf0ef;usifavxktwGif;&Sdaeaom tajctaersm; udk ajymif;vJaprnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf uyfaeaom*sifefudk uk&ftmef tm,ofawmftm; ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fxm;aom ol\ trdefY? wzef xdk olrS ref;rIwfay;jcif;jzifh ½IdifoGmefonf ¤if;uyfaeaomol\ udk,fcE¨mrS z,fcGmoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þodkY ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fí *sifeftm; ESifxkwfjcif;trIonf omrmefvlwpfa,mufrS jyKrlygu rnfodkYrQ t&m xifrnf r[kwfay/ tDrmef,kHMunfrI cdkifrmNyD;? aumif;jrwfaom tusifh oDv&Sdol? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ouú0g242w&m;&Sdol rkofouúD olawmf aumif;rsm;rSom þodkYaomtrIjzifh *sifefudk armif;ESifxkwfEdkifayrnf/

242

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf½dkao cefYjim;NyD;oumv tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS wm;jrpfxm;aomt&mrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfí tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vdkufusifhokH;yGm;rsm;&ef trdefYay;xm;aomt&mrsm;udk vdkufemusifhBuH tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmpmayü ]ouú0g}qdkonfh tm&ADpum;vkH;ESifh t"dyÜg,fwlnDaom pum;vkH;r&SdaomaMumifh

odkYaomf ,ckacwftcgwGif taemufwdkif;\ avmuDa&;&mrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rlaMumifh tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfrsm;onf *sifefpD;jcif;? *sifefuyfjcif; udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; jiif;qefMuonfhtjyif wcsKdUrSm *sifefavmu\ wnf&SdrI? *sifefrsm;&SdaerIudkyif r,kHMunfawmh? vufrcHMuawmhay/ odkYaomf *sifefavmu\ wnf&SdrI? *sifefrsm; pD;jcif;? yl;jcif;? uyfjcif; oabmw&m;rsm;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[fESpfckpvkH;wGif twd tvif; ñTefjyxm;ayonf/ ppfrSefaom ['D;qfawmfrsm;yg taxmuf txm;rsm;t& wrefawmfjrwfrS vlom;wdkYtm; *sifefrsm; pD;aerIudk tpGJcRwfjcif;? raumif;qdk;0g;ESifxkwfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfcJhonfudk twd tvif; awGYEdkifayonf/ xdkYtwl wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fBuD; rsm; vufxufwGifvnf; wrefawmfjrwf\ cGifhjyKcsufjzifh tpGJcRwf jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhaMumif; cdkifvkHaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;t& odEdkifonf/ atmufwGif enf;vrf; (3) ckqdkif&m? qifhjyefcsufrsm;udk awGYEdkifyg onf/ qG[mADBuD; ,tfvm tdAfaeY r&f&[focifu qifhjyefcJhonf rSm]]wpfcgu uREkfyfESifh wrefawmfjrwfwdkYonf c&D;wpfckudkoGm;ae pOf vrf;ab;ü uav;i,fwpfa,mufESifhtwl xdkifaeaom trsKd;orD; wpfOD;\ teD;udk jzwfoGm;cJhMuonf/ olru wrefawmfjrwftm; ]tdk-tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmf? þuav; (uRefr\om;av;) onf wpfaeYvQif tBudrf rnfrQwdkifatmif usdefpmwdkufcHae&onfudk uRefr rodyg/ þuav;onf a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&NyD; uRefrwdkYtm; 'ku© a&mufapygonf}[k avQmufxm;cJhonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS ]uREkfyftm; xdkuav;udk vSrf;ay;yg/}[k rdefYonf/ xdktcg trsKd;orD;rS uav;i,ftm; csDajr§mufí wrefawmfjrwfxHodkY urf;ay;aomtcg wrefawmfjrwfrS uav;tm; rdrda&SU&Sd ukvm;tkyf\ ukef;ESD;\ tm&ADpum;vkH;rl&if;twdkif; ]ouú0g}[líom jyefqdk&jcif;jzpfonf/ (bmomjyef qdkol)

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245

Collected by Imam Ahmad and Abu Dawud at-Tayalasi from Matar ibn ‘Abd Ar-Rahman, Usud Al-Ghabah, Vol.2, p.145. Ibn Hajar rated Umm Aban as an acceptable narrator.

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]]trsKd;om; (0g) trsKd;orD;wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf pkef;ya,m*q&m (0g) Mum;cHtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhrnfqdkygu ¤if;tm; ausmufwkH;? ausmuf cJrsm;jzifh ypfaygufí ao'Pfay;&rnf/ xdkodkY ao'PfpD&if&mwGif xdkol (0g) olrtm; ao'PfpD&ifaomtcg xGufvmonfhaoG;udk olwdkY\ cE¨m udk,fay:wGif okwfavmif;&rnf/}}252 ppfrSefaomcvDz[fBuD;rsm;\ vufxuf aemufydkif;wGif txufyg Oya'usifhokH;rIrSm wjznf;jznf; avsmhenf;vmonf/ tkdrdkif,mrif;quf vufxufwGifrl pkef;ya,m*q&mrsm;ESifh tem*wfa[mudef;xkwfol aA 'ifvu©Pm? eu©wfq&mrsm;udk cGifhjyKcJh,kHru ,cifu wm;jrpfydwfyif xm;aom ¤if;wdkY\ twwfynmrsm;udkyif avhvmvdkufpm; cGifhjyKcJh onf/ tqdk;qkH;rSm EdkifiHawmfw&m;½kH;odkYyif ,if;pkef;ya,m*q&mrsm; ESifh tem*wfa[mudef;xkwfol aA'ifvu©Pm? eu©wfq&mrsm;udk yifh aqmif wm0efxrf;apjcif;jzifh xdkrdpämynmudk jynfolvlxktm; rdwfquf ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkpkef;ya,m*q&mrsm;ESifh tem*wf a[mudef;xkwf ol aA'ifvu©Pm? eu©wfq&mrsm;\ ynm&yfrsm;jzifh wifjycJhaom w&m;Oya' tokH;csjcif;udk EdkifiHawmftaeESifh &yfwHhapcJhaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;u xdkOya'udk vufcHNyD; rdrdwdkY bmom vdkufemusifhokH;cJhMuonf/ tAltGwfpfref; tef-e[f'DrS qifhjyefcJhonf/ cvDz[f tvf0vD;'f tdAfaeY tAÁ'kvfrmvduf (c&pfouú&mZf 705-715)\ vufxuf wGif ¤if;\ w&m;½kH;awmfü pkef;ya,m*twwfynmrsm;udk jyKvkyfavh&Sd onfh pkef;ya,m*twwfynm&SifwpfOD; &SdcJhonf/ wpfcgu xdkpkef; ya,m*q&monf vlwpfa,mufudk udk,fcE¨mESifh OD;acgif;udk wjcm;pD ydkif;jzwfí jyxm;onf/ xdkodkY vlt&Sifvwfvwftm; acgif;ESifhudk,f wjcm;pD jzwfxm;cdkuf y&dowfBuD;onf tHhtm;oifhojzifh [ifueJ? 252

Leviticus 20:27.

[mueJjzpfNyD;? rSifoufrdoGm;cJhonf[k qdk\/ xdkpkef;ya,m*q&mrS vl \ acgif;ESifhudk,f wjcm;pDjzpfatmif ydkif;jzwfNyD;aemuf wzef jyefquf jycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf acgif;jzwfcH&aomolonf arG;&myg taumif; yuwdtwdkif; y&dowfBuD;a&SUarSmufwGif bmrQrjzpfcJhovdk jyefvnf &Sifoefvmonf[k qdk\/ xdkpGrf;aqmifrIudk Munfh½IaecJhaom y&dowf BuD;onf w½Idufrufruf &ifoyf½IarmjzpfcJhonf/ plAÁ[mev’m[f (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf csKdUwJhrItaygif;wdkYrS oefY&Sif;pifMu,fawmfrlyg \/) xdk (pkef;ya,m*q&m) onf aooltm; &SifapcJh\/ qG[mADBuD;*Ref'kAfonf bk&ifcH0vD;'f\ w&m;½kH;awmfwGif jzpfysufcJhaom txufazmfjyyg yGufavm½dkufoGm;aponfh pkef;ya,m* q&m\ pGrf;aqmifrIudk Munfh½I&ef xdk½kH;awmfodkY vma&mufcJhonf/ aemufwpfaeYwGif qG[mADBuD; *Ref'kAfonf ¤if;\"g;udk aemuf ausmwGif uyfí csnfaESmifNyD; ("g;udk aemufausmwGif odkif;í vG,fxm; aom"g;tdrfwGif xnfhxm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf) xdkae&modkY jyefvmcJhonf/ pkef;ya,m*q&monf ol\ jyyGJwGif ol\pGrf;aqmifrIudk jyo&ef ajcvSrf;pwifvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf qG[mADBuD;*Ref'kAfocifonf vlxky&dowfxJrS ½kwfw&uf xdk;azmufxGufvmNyD; xdkpkef;ya,m*q&m \ OD;acgif;udk "g;ESifhydkif;vdkufNyD; tvefYwMum; jzpfaeonfh y&dowf BuD;bufodkY vSnfhvdkufum ]]tu,fí þarSmfq&monf trSefwu,f vl\OD;acgif;ESifhudk,fudk qufNyD; aooludk &SifoefapEdkifygu? ol\ OD;acgif;ESifh udk,fcE¨mudk olYbmom jyefqufNyD; touf&SifapEdkifrnf r[kwfygavm}[k ajymvdkuf\/ cvDz[ftvf-0vD;'frS qG[mADBuD; *Ref'kAftm; zrf;qD;cJhNyD; axmifoGif; tusOf;csxm;cJhonf/253 pkef;ya,m*q&m (0g) arSmfq&m? yÍövufq&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpövmrfhpnf;rsOf;Oya' owfrSwfcsufudk jyif;jyif;xefxef owfrSwfxm; 253

tDrmrfAkcg&D

ocifrS

¤if;\ jyKpkxm;aom ordkif;usrf;wGif wifjycJhonf/

&onfhtaMumif;t&if;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;wGifom&Sdonfh aojcif;? &Sifjcif;udk pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkifonf[lonfh *kPfawmfudk arSmf q&m? yÍövufq&m (0g) pkef;ya,m*q&mrsm;rS ydkifqdkifoa,mif jyKvkyf jyaerItay: vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; ,kHMunfrItm;enf;vSaom vlom; rsm;tm; &S&D;ufjzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&ef jzpfonf/ txufwGif wifjycJh onfhtwdkif; arSmfq&m? yÍövufq&m (0g) pkef;ya,m*q&mrsm;\ vkyf &yfonf aomif[D;'f twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qdGzm;ofudk ysufjym;aponfh vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzpfNyD; tBuD;qkH; &S&D;ufxdkufaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ arSmfq&mrsm;? yÍövufq&mrsm;ESifh pkef;ya,m*q&mrsm;taeESifh rdrdwdkY tzdkY 0ifaiGtajrmuftjrm; &vdkjcif;? tawmrowfaom ausmfaZmjcif;udk rufarmrIaMumifh rdrdwdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkY udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifhqdkifaom obm0vGefpGrf;tm;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;tjzpf ajymqdk*kPf,lavh&Sd aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\ pkef;? ua0? arSmftwwfqdkif&if tEkynm pGrf; aqmifrIrsm;onf bmoma&;qdkif&m rcefYav;pm;vkyfjcif;? bmoma&; apmfum;armfum;jyKjcif;wdkY jzpfaponf/ tqdk;qkH;rSm rdrdwdkYudk,fudk zefqif;&Sif[k xifjrifvmatmif pGrf;aqmifjyrIrsm;aMumifh ,kHMunfol rkpfvifrfrsm;\ tDrmefudk csKd;azmufapEdkifaom tEÅ&m,f BuD;rm;vSonfh 0g'jzefYrIrsm;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYtm; ao'PfpD&if&ef tpövmrfrS jyXmef;xm; jcif;jzpfonf/

tcef; (8)

tvGefw&m BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfvSawmfrlaom? teEÅbkef;awmf&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdtm; vlom;rsm; od&Sdap&eftvdkYiSm rdrdxkwf jyefydkYcscJhonfh usrf;*efrsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? wzef rdrd\ apwref awmf eAD? &plvfrsm;tm;apvTwfjcif;jzifh rdrd\BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfrI? xG#f jrwfrIudk wifjycJhonf/ ,if;odkYwifjyjcif;\ t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm vlom;taeESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fonf rnfolrnf0gjzpf aMumif; ydkí em;vnfap&ef jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf vlom;rsm; \ pdwf0dnmOfrS vufcHEdkifaom todynmA[kokw\ twdkif;twmrSm uefYowfcsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh? uefYowfrJhaomwpfpkHwpf&mudk em;vnfEdkif &ef rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifhyif/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[frS rdrd\*kPfawmftcsKdUudk a½G;cs,fí vlom; rsm; em;vnfEdkif&ef xkwfjyefydkYcsay;awmfrlcJh\/ xdkodkY a½G;cs,fí xkwf jyefydkYcsjcif;taMumif;rSm vlom;taeESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif? tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udk tv’m[f\ tzefqif;cHt&mrsm;\ *kPf &nfrsm;ESifh a&maxG;NyD; em;vnfrI vGJrSm;roGm;ap&ef jzpfonf/ tv’m[f \ *kPfawmfrsm;onf zefqif;jcif;cH&aom zefqif;cHt&mrsm;\ *kPft&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh a&maxG;oGm;aomtcg vlom;onf xdkzefqif; cHrsm;tm; bk&m;[kxifrSwfí bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fylaZmfouJhodkY jyKrl avh&SdMuonf/ þodkY wpfpkHwpf&mtm; bk&m;uJhodkY ylaZmf yojcif;onf ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;qif;xk udk;uG,fjcif;tm;vkH;\ tajccHtESpfom&yif jzpf onf/ tm;vkH;aom a&S;a[mif; udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrsm;ESifh bmoma&; ,kHMunfrIqdkif&m usifhpOf? usifhxkH;rsm;wGif zefqif;cH vlom;rsm; (0g) ouf&Sd? oufrJht&m0w¦Krsm;udk bk&m;[kxifrSwfí t&SifjrwfESifh wef;wl

xm;ívnf;aumif;? 'GefwGJívnf;aumif;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ypf y,fjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; udk;uG,fylaZmfyorI jyKMuavonf/ tv’m[fwGif ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh *kPfawmfrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYteuf ta&;BuD;wumh ta&;BuD;qkH;*kPfawmfrSm t&Sifonf ¤if;\tzefqif;cHrsm;rS uGJjym;jcm;em;vQuf c0yfudk;uG,frIt aygif;udk cH,lxdkufawmfrlaom *kPfawmf jzpfonf/ txufyg *kPfawmf onf *&dEdkifiH\ rkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;wGif em;vnfrI vGJrSm;NyD;? t,ltq ½IyfaxG;oGm;apcJhaom *kPfawmfvnf; jzpfonf/ *&drS rktfoZdvmtawG; tac:*dkPf;om;rsm;\ t,ltqrSm tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfrsm;tay:0,f vTrf;rdk;cJhNyD;? ,aeYwdkif rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltqrsm;udk pGJudkifxm;onfh tkyfpkrsm;udk awGYEdkifayonf/254 þtvGefta&;BuD;vSonfh *kPfawmfrSm tvf-tlvl;(‫)علو‬jzpfNyD; t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifh zGifhqdkaomf Highness or Transcendence (tEIdif;rJhxG#fjrwfBuD;Mu,frI? jrifhjrwfrI)[k teuft"dyÜg,f &ygonf/ txufyg*kPfawmfjzpfaom xG#fjrwfBuD;Mu,frIudk tv’m[ft&Sif jrwftwGuf okH;aomtcg tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;\ zefqif;jcif; ESifh zefqif;cHrsm;tm;vkH;udk vGefajrmufí tm;vkH;\ txufwGif &Sdonf [laomtcsufudk azmfñTef;onf/ xdkt&Sifonf ¤if;\zefqif;jcif; t0ef; t0dkif;twGif;wGif yg0ifaejcif;r&Sdovdk rnfonfh tzefqif;cHrsm;twGif; rS tpdwftydkif;vnf; r[kwf/ zefqif;cHavmuonf xdkt&Sifjrwf\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; xdkt&Sifjrwfonf zefqif;cHavmu\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck r[kwfacs/ trSefrSm xdkt&Sifjrwf jzpfwnfjcif;onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;ESifh zefqif;cHavmurS vGefajrmufí vkH;0 oD;oefY xifxif&Sm;&Sm; wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf/ zefqif;cHavmuESifh 254

½I- ½dIifcfemqGd&f ½l'f'D;eftvf-tvfAmeD( )? rkcfoqGd&f tvf-tlvl? ab½l'fNrdKU awmf? tvf-rufoAf tvf-tpövmrDpmtkyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 1981? pm-23/

rnfodkYrQ ywfouf'GefwGJaerI r&Sdacs/ xdkt&Sifonf pMu0VmteEÅ\ zefqif;&SifjzpfNyD;? r[mpMu0VmBuD;twGif;&Sd t&m0w¦K (ouf&Sd? oufrJh ... t&mtm;vkH;) onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;\ tpdwftydkif; wpfckom jzpfonf/ rnfodkYqdkapumrl t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;onf ¤if;\ zefqif;jcif;trIwGif uefYowfcsufuif;rJhpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sd onf/ xdkt&Sifonf t&mcyfodrf;udk t
r&Sd? om;orD;vnf; r&Sd? wGJzuftazmfvnf; r&Sd? vkH;0 wpfyg;wnf; &Sdaom t
vlom;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkY\ udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; c0yfudk;uG,f qnf;uyfylaZmfyo&mü xG#fjrwfjcif;[laom *kPft*Fgt&nftaoG;onf txl;wvnf oD;jcm;ta&;ygaom *kPf&nfwpf&yf jzpfonf/ tpövmrf onf ¤if;\ aemufqkH;toGifo@mef (vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeaom tpövmrf \ykHo@mef) ra&muf&SdrD tcsdefwGif? txufyg jrifhjrwfaom*kPfawmfudk vufawGYtoufoGif; ykHazmfMu&mü rl&if;oabmw&m;rS aoGznfvGJacsmf jcif;odkY a&muf&SdcJhMu\/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifwdkY ajymqdkMuonfrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf urÇmN*dKvfay:odkY
wrefawmftDqmtjzpf vlYZmwdcHonf[k qdkMuonf/ c&pf,mefbmom 0ifwdkY\tqdkt& wrefawmftDqm (a,½Iocif)[lonf vuf0g; uyfwdkifwGif um;pifwifjcif;cHcJh&aomyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYrwdkifcif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;uvnf; vlYtoGifaqmifxm;aom bk&m;ocifonf wref awmf ,tfulAfESifh ,SOfNydKifaomeyef;yGJü ½IH;edrfhoGm;onf[k qdkjyef onf/255 yg&Sef;vlrsKd;rsm; (,cktcgtD&efEdkifiHESifh teD;ywf0ef;usifa'o rsm;wGif aexdkifMuaomvlrsKd;rsm;)onf ¤if;wdkY\bk&ifrsm;udk ewfbk&m; rsm;[k owfrSwfí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udk tyfESif;um ¤if;wdkY\bk&m;rsm;tjzpf wdkuf½dkuf udk;uG,fcJhMuonf/ [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfaom A&[rf ac: NA[®Ptm; bk&m;tjzpf ,kHMunfMuonf/ xdkNA[®Prsm;onf t&mwdkif;wGif udef;0yfaeouJhodkY ae&mwdkif;wGifvnf; udef;0yfwnf&Sdae onf[k ,kHMunfjcif;aMumifh ra&wGufEdkifavmufatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh ½kyfxkrsm;? vlom;rsm;ESifh wd&dpämefrsm;udk NA[®Prsm;tjzpf cdkif;EIdif; wifpm;í c0yfudk;uG,frI jyKMuonf/256 þodkY ,kHMunfrIonf [dE´L bmom0ifrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ jrifhjrwfaome,fajr bmem&mhpfNrdKUawmfodkY oGm;a&mufbk&m;zl;Muaomtcg rdrdwdkYbmomrdrdwdkY r,kHMunfEdkifavmuf aom tajctaeESifh BuKHawGYMu&onf/ ¤if;jrifhjrwfaomNrdKUawmf bmem &mhpfwGif &SDAm (oD0ewf)udk ukd,fpm;jyKxm;aomt&mrSm axmifaeaom a,musfm;\ vdifwHtjzpf xkvkyfxm;NyD; ¤if;udk cspfpEdk;jzifh ]vif;ef*efrf} [k ac:qdkMuonf/257 255

Genesis 32: 24-30 John R. Hinnells, Dictionary of Religions, England: Penguin Books, 1984, Pp. 67-8. 257 Collier’s Encyclopedia, Vol.12, p.130. See: Santha Rama Rau’s article ‘Banaras: India’s City of Light’, National Geographic, February 1986, p.235, “A dual natured deity, Siva destroys but also creates. Lingams, usually shaped from stone, are phallic symbols representing the god’s regenerative powers. Huge Lingams are a common feature of temples. The Limgam typically appears on a circular base,

256

[dE´Lrsm;\t,ltqt& A&[rf(NA[®P)onf ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sd onf/ aemufydkif; ,if;t,ltqonf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;\ ,kH MunfrIpepfwGif wpdwfwydkif;jzpfvmcJhNyD; wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\ aemufydkif;rsKd;qufrsm;&Sd rsm;pGmaomrkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;wGifyif xdk,lq csufrSm acwfpm;vmcJhonf/ tAÁmpd'ftifyg,m\ a½TacwfumvtwGif; tdE´d,? yg&Sm;ESifh *&dvlrsKd;rsm;\ 'óeduusrf;rsm;udk t&ADbmom pum;jzifh bmomjyefqdka&;om;cJhMuonf/ ,if;bmomjyefusrf;rsm;wGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhqdkifaom todonmudk zGifhqdk&mü tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfonf ae&mwdkif;? t&m0w¦Kwdkif;ü&Sdonf/ xdkt,ltqonf 'óe qdkif&m avmuwGif wifjyjcif;cH&NyD;? ¤if;onf qlzDrsm;\ xl;jcm;tHhzG,f pGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;twGuf bmoma&;qdkif&m ,kHMunf ouf 0ifrIu@rsm;\ tajccHusaom oabmw&m;vnf; jzpfvmcJh\/ aemufqkH;wGif txufyg'óeonf rktfoZDvD (qifjcifwkH0g'Drsm;) ausmif;awmf0g'\ 'óet,ltqESifhtwl wjznf;jznf; aoGznf ,drf; ,dkifvmonf/ txufygt,ltqudk vufcHaom aemufvdkufrsm;onf tAÁmpD'fcvDz[frtfrl;ef (c&pfouú&mZf 813-832ckESpf) vufxufwGif ta&;ygaomae&m (&mxl;rsm;) qufcHvmcJhMuonf/ cvDz[frsm;\ rsufESmomay;rIaMumifh xdkrktfoZDvm*dkPf;\ aemufvdkufaemufygrsm; onf ¤if;wdkY\ ausmif;awmf0g'ESifh tjcm; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmaom t,l tqrsm;? Oyrm- tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;? t&m0w¦Kwdkif;wGif udef;0yfawmfrl\[laomt,ltqudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; 0g'jzefYvmcJh Muonf/ pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;qdkif&m ckH½kH;rsm;udk tifyg,mwvTm;ü xl axmifcJhNyD; rktfoZDvm*dkPf;om;rsm; t,ltqESifh qefYusifonfh rsm;pGm

called a Yoni (female organ), that represents Shakti, the god’s female half and a source of divine energy. In the broadest sense, the Lingam symbolizes the entirely of the Hindu universe…. In a common Hindu cremony, a priest bedecks a Lingam with flowers, anoints it with clarified butter, and washes it with milk and water!”

aom ynm&Sifrsm;onf uGyfrsufowfjzwfjcif;? axmifoGif; tusOf;cs xm;jcif;ESifh ESdyfpufn§if;yrf;jcif; cHcJhMu&onf/ þodkY rktfoZDvm*dkPf;\BuD;pdk;rI vIdif;vkH;BuD;onf tDrmrft[fr'f Aifef [efA,fvf ocif (c&pfouú&mZf-778-855ckESpf)rS a&S;OD; rkpf vifrf ynm&SifBuD;rsm;ESifh qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;\t,ltqudk aemufcH jyKí (taxmuftxm;jyí) ckcHumuG,f acsyajymqdkaom tcsdefwGif ajymif;jyefvSefvdkufouJhodkY wajz;ajz; tajymif;tvJBuD; ajymif;vJoGm; cJh\/ cvDz[frko0uúD;vf (c&pfouú&mZf- 847-861) vufxuf wGif rktfoZDvm'óeynm&Sifrsm;udk tvGefta&;ygaom tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrIydkif; qdkif&mae&mrsm;rS z,f&Sm;jcif;jyKcJhNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ 'óetawG;tac:rsm; rSmvnf; jypfwifa0zef½IHUcsjcif; cHcJh&onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ Zmofawmfonf t&mwdkif; wGif rlvuwnf;u udef;0yfaeonf)[laom t,ltqrSmvnf; tcsdefrD aysmufuG,foGm;cJh\/odkYaomf xdkt,ltqrSm t&Sft&DrZf[Afudk vdkufem usifhokH;aomolrsm;Mum;wGif ,aeYwdkifatmif usef&Sdaeao;ayonf/258 258

þ(t&Sft&DrZf[Af)\ trnfemrrSm (tD&wfEdkifiH) AqGf&[fNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom bmoma&;ynm&Sif tv’mr[ftAl[peftvD tvft&Sft&D  (c&pfouú&mZf 873-935 ckESpf)\trnfrS ,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf rktfwZDvm bmoma&; ynm&Sif tvf-*sdKAdkif;&fxHwGif toufav;q,fxdwdkifatmif ynmoifMum;cJhonfh xif&Sm;vSaomwynfhBuD; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf ['D;qfynmudk oif,l qnf;yl;NyD; onfhaemuf tpövmrfhrl&if;w&m;ESifh rktfwZDvmwdkY\tMum; 0da&m"djzpfaeonfh tcsufrsm;udk qef;ppfcJh&m olonf pvfzf tqGf-qGmvd[if;efrsm; (tpövmrfha&S;OD; ynm&SifBuD;rsm;? olrGefoljrwfrsm;)\ ½IjrifokH;oyfrI t,ltqrsm;ESifhywfoufí csefyD,Hwpfql jzpfvmcJhonf/ olonf uvmrfynm&yf\ wnfaxmifoltjzpf ,lqjcif; cH&ol jzpfonf/ ocif jyKpkcJhonfh xif&Sm;aomusrf;rsm;rSm tvf-tdAm e[f tef-tlpl;vf twf'f-'DeD;,[f (translated by W. C. Klein, New Haven, 1940) ESifh rumvmof tvf-tpövmrD;,D;ef (Cairo, Maktabah An-Nahdah Al-Misreeyah, 2nd ed., 1969)wdkY jzpfonf/ tDrmrftvf-t&Sft&D onf olYb0\ae0ifcsdefwGif uvmrfynm&yfrsm;udk pGefYvTwfcJhNyD; ['D;qftay:üom vkH;0wnfrSDcJhonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ a&S;OD;ydkif; t,ltqrsm;udk tjcm; bmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm; txl;ojzifh

þrZf[AfrSm rktfoZDvm'óeudk pGefUcGmcJhaomynm&Sifrsm;u xlaxmif cJhNyD;? ¤if;wdkYonf rktfoZdvmwdkY\ 'óetaMumif;&if;w&m;wdkYudk vGef vGefuJuJ vufcHjcif;tm; acsyjiif;qdk&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fh"gwf udef;atmif;jcif; todonm\ tEÅ&m,f

tv’m[fh "mwfudef;atmif;jcif; (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ Zmofawmfonf ae&mwdkif;wGif udef;0yfonf[laom ,kHMunfrI? udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;) [laom vGJrSm;aom t,ltq tay:wGif tajccHí tcsKdUaomvlrsm;u qdkMuonfrSm ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif onf wd&pämefrsm;? tyifrsm;? "gwfowÅKrsm;ponfwdkYxuf vlom;wGif ydkí udef;atmif;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ tcsKdUuvnf; udk;uG,f&m t&Sifonf tjcm;olrsm;xuf rdrdwdkYtxJwGif ydkí udef;atmif;onf}} qdk \/ ¤if;a
onf[k ajymifajymifwif;wif; aMunmcJhonf/259 10&mpkESpftwGif; &SDtm*dkPf;rS cGJxGufcJhonfh Ekpdkif;&D;*dkPf;rSvnf; wrefawmfjrwf\ orufawmf? qG[mADBuD;tvDAifeftADoGmvdAfonf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\ udk,fyGm;jzpfonf[k qdkMujyefonf/260 (11) &mpkESpftwGif; ay: aygufcJhonfh &SDtm*dkPf;rS cGJxGufcJhonfh '½kZDrsm;rSvnf; ]zmodrdkuf&SDtm \ cvDz[fjzpfonfh tvf-[muif;rf Aifef trf;&dv’m[f (c&pfouú&mZf 996-1021ckESpf)tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ Zmofawmfudef;0yfaeonfh aemufqkH;vlom;jzpfonf}[k a
259

A.J. Arberry, Muslim Saints and Mystics, London: Rouledge and Kegan Paul, 1976, Pp. 266 -71. 260 Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 454-55. 261 Ibid, Pp. 94-5. 262 Ibn ‘Arabi described Allah as follows, “Glory be to He, who made all things appear while being their essence.” (See: Ibn ‘Arabi, Al-Futoohat Al-Makkiyah, Vol.2, p.604), quoted in Hadhihee Heya As-Soofeeyah by ‘Abdur-Rahman AlWakeel, Makkah: Dar Al- Kutub Al-Ilmeeyah, 3rd ed., 1979, p.35. 263 Elijah Muhammad, Our Saviour Has Arrived, Chicago, Muhammad’s Temple of Islam, No.2, 1974, Pp. 25, 56-7 and 39-46.

&DAm&if*sif;rf*sK;efonf rdrdudk,fudk rdrdowfaocJhol jzpfonf/ ¤if; wGif aemufvdkuf 900 &SdNyD;? *dkif,memEdkifiHwGif 1979 ckESpfü acwfpm;cJh aom tzGJYonfvnf; vlom;rS bk&m;jzpfonf[k a
E.U., Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1962, p.32.

[k,kHMunfxm;ygu vlom;bk&m; (rEkóbk&m;) todonmudk vufcH &ef tqifoifh jzpfaeonf/ xdkokdYaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGuf aemufvdkuf aemufyg &SmazG&efrSm cJ,Of;aomtvkyfvnf; r[kwfyg/ ]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;wGif (Zmofawmft&) &Sdonf}}[l aom ,kHMunfcsufonf tvGefw&m tEÅ&m,fBuD;aom ,kHMunfcsuf jzpf onf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,if;,kHMunfrI onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tjrifwGif tBuD;rm;qkH;aomjypfrI jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;,kHMunfcsufonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\tpm; t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHrsm;udk ,kHMunfudk;uG,fatmif tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf jyKjcif;? ckcHumuG,fjcif;? awG;xifqifjcifokH;oyfapjcif;aMumifh jzpf onf/ þonf aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGzm;ofudk csKd; azmufapaom&S&D;uf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwf\*kPfawmfudk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHrsm;tm; wyfqifay; aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ rnfonfhtm,ofawmfwGif rQ azmfjyyg*kPfawmfudk wifjyrxm;ovdk wrefawmfjrwf\ a½TEIwf awmfrSvnf; wpfvkH;wpfyg'rQ >rufMum;cJhjcif; r&Sdyg/ trSefrSm usrf; jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEéofawmfrS txufazmfjyyg*kPfawmfESifh ¤if;ESifh ywf oufaom,kHMunfcsufrsm; rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif; qefYusifaeaMumif;udkom wifjyxm;onf/ &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;aom oufaojycsufrsm;

tv’m[f\a&SUawmfarSmufwGif tBuD;qkH;jypfrIrSm ¤if;tm; rudk; uG,fbJ? ¤if;\tjyif tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;? wzef ¤if;wdkYtm; t&SifjrwfESifhwGJzufEIdif;,SOf udk;uG,fjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ ¤if; tjyif tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifqdkonfrSm xdkt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cH (zefqif;cHavmu\ t&mrsm;)udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ tpö vmrfh,kHMunfcsuf\ tESpfom& oabmw&m;rSm zefqif;cHrsm;tm; c0yf

udk;uG,fjcif;udk wdkuf½dkufaomf¤if;? oG,f0dkufíaomf¤if; vkH;0 OókH qefYusifonf/ tpövmrf\ tajccHtusqkH;aom ouf0if,kHMunfrI\ tESpfom&wGif zefqif;&SifESifh zefqif;cH (xdkzefqif;&Sifu jyKvkyfxm; aom t&m0w¦Krsm;)udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm cGJjcm; ,kHMunfaponf/ tpövmrfbmoma&;qdkif&m ,kHMunfrIrsm;\ r&Sdrjzpf ta&;tBuD;qkH; jzpfaom tjcif;t&mrsm;wGif tajccHxm;onfh oufaojycsufrsm; txl; ojzifh a&S;OD;acwfumv&Sd tpövmrfhbmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm;[kac:Muaom pvfzf tqGf-qGmvd[if;ef(‫)سلف الصالحين‬rsm;tm; &nfñTef;wifjyxm;onfh oufaojycsufrsm;u ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;\tzefqif;cHavmu twGif;&Sd zefqif;cHrsm;rS vkH;0 uif;vGwfí oD;oefY wnf&SdaMumif;ESifh xdkt&Sifonf zefqif;jcif;avmu\ txufwGifwnf &SdaMumif;? twnf jyK azmfjyxm;onf/} atmufwGif ¤if;oufaojycsufrsm;teufrS ckESpfck udk a½G;cs,fwifjyoGm;ygonf/ 1/ obm0w&m;ESifhqdkifaomoufao

tpövmrfh½IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif vlom;onf ¤if;\ywf0ef;usifrS arG; xkwfvdkufaomt&m r[kwfacs/ obm0udkif;ñTwfrIrsm;ESifh arG;zGm;vm onfh ouf&SdowÅ0g jzpfonf/ þtcsufudk tm'rftm; tv’m[f rS zefqif;aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ydk'fawmfrS oufaojy aeayonf/ xdktm,ofawmfwGif tv’m[frS tm;vkH;aom tm'rf \ rsKd;qufrsm;udk tm'rfociftm; zefqif;csdefüyif ¤if;rS xkwf,l cJhaMumif; &Sif;jyxm;onf/ þonfyif xdkt&Sifjrwf\ oD;jcm;wnf&SdrI? tjcm;aomt&mrsm;rS oD;oefYwnf&SdrIudk oufaojyKaeayonf/265 þ tqkdudk wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYqdkcsufrsm;rS axmufcHaeayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm265

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 172/

]]arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,fwdkif;wGif tv’m[ftm; c0yf udk; uG,fvdkaom vdktif yg&SdvmcJhonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY\rdbrsm;rS uav; rsm;udk *sL;? c&pf,mef (0g) ½kyfxkudk;uG,folrsm;tjzpf ykHoGif;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/}}266 xdkYaMumifh vlom;\ obm0wkefYjyefrIwGif ]bk&m;ocifonf ae&m wdkif;ü &Sdonf}[laom ,kHMunfcsuf\ *,uf½dkufrIaMumifh tenf;ESifh trsm;qdkovdk xdk,lqcsufudk vufcH,kHMunf&ef tajctaeay;vQuf &Sdonf/ tu,fí tv’m[fonf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdygu xdkYtjyif t&m0w¦Kwdkif;wGif udef;0yfwnf&Sdaeygu xdkt&Sifjrwf\ tESpfom& oabmw&m;onf tnpftaMu;ESifh npfax;aomae&mrsm;udk awGY&rnf rSm rvGJraoG jzpf&rnf/ þodkYaom,lqcsufESifh oG,f0dkufywfoufjcif; ESifh &ifqdkif&aomtcg vlom;trsm;pkrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf npfax; aomae&mwGif &Sdonf/ tnpftaMu;wGif &Sdonf[laom t,ltq\ wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufjcif;udk cH&ayrnf/ vlom;\ arG;&myg ADZ oabm w&m;t& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fonf pMu0Vm\ zefqif;&Sif jzpfygvQuf xdkt&Sifonf vlom;\ rpiftnpftaMu;wGif &Sdonf? wzef tjcm;aomt&m0w¦Krsm;? t&Sifjrwf\tEIdif;rJh BuD;Mu,fjrifhjrwf rIESifh roifhavQmfaomae&mrsm;wGif &Sdjcif;onf t&SifjrwfESifh rnfokdYrQ ravsmfuefroifhjrwf[k awG;awmMurnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ay;xm;xm;onfh ADZobm0t&yif vlom;onf ]tv’m[ft&SifrS ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sdonf}[laom ajymqdk ,lqcsufudk y,fcsrnfjzpfNyD;? þ,lqcsufonf rSefonf[k vufcH&ef tvGef rESpfNrdKUbG,f&m tajctae jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl udk;uG,f&mt&Sif onf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf[laom ,kHMunfcsufudk pGefYvTwfvdkpdwf r&Sd 266

qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[frS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-8? pm-369-90? ['D;qftrSwf-597 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1399? ['D;qftrSwf-6429/

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268

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276

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279

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280

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toHxGuf / / &AfAmevfvm[f tvf-vZD zD;pf-prmtd wuú'f'wfpf twfpfrku t"dyÜg,f / / ]]tdk uREkfyfwdkY\&Aft&Sif? ,mtv’m[f? t&Sifjrwfonf aumif;uifbkHrsm;\ txufwGif pHjref;aeaomt&Sif jzpfygonf/ t&Sif jrwf\ emrawmfonfomvQif jrifhjrwfawmfrlyg\/}}282 atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh ['D;qfawmfonf wdkuf½dkufwifjyxm; aom &nfñTef;csufrsm;teuf tjrifomqkH; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ om0uBuD; rktm0d,mtdAfaeY tvf-[mumrfrSqifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyfwGif uRefrdef;uav;wpfa,muf&Sdygonf/ olronf tk[l;'f awmif ywf0ef;usif&Sd tvf-*s0g&D;,[f[kac:aomae&mwGif odk;ausmif; &ef wm0ef,l&ol jzpfonf/ waeYwGif uREkfyfonf olr\ae&modkY oGm;a&mufí ]]0HykavGonf olr\ odk;tkyfxJrS odk;wpfaumifudk qGJ oGm;cJhonf/ (odk;udk udkufzrf;í pm;aomufypfvdkufonf/)}}qdkaom udpö udk rSef? rrSef ppfaq;&ef oGm;MunfhcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; tjcm; tjcm;aom tm'rf\tquftEG,f vlom;xJu vlom; wpfa,mufjzpfjcif;aMumifh aemifw&zG,faumif;aom udpöwpfckudk jyK vdkufrdcJhygonf/ ¤if;rSm xdkuRefruav;tm; pdwfqdk;? a'goxGufí olr\rsufESmudk jzwf½dkufypfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaemuf uREkfyfonf xdktjzpftysufudk tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmftm; avQmufxm;&m wrefawmfjrwfrS uREkfyf xdkodkYjyKvkyfjcif;twGuf uz&m(tpm;ay; &ef) vdktyfaMumif; ñTefMum;cJhygonf/ uREkfyfrS ]tdk-tv’m[fh&plvf wrefawmf? uRefawmfrsKd;taeESifh olrudk usL;vGefrdaomjypfrItwGuf tpm;ay;onfhtaeESifh olrtm; uRefrtjzpfrS vTwfay;NyD; olaumif;jyK 282

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288

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289

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296

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bmom (0g) w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKxm;aom omoemrSm wd,ifhac: aumif;uifbkH[k teuft"dyÜg,f&aom pdwfESifhom ykHazmfí&aom ]]Abstract Diety” bk&m;udk vlom;ykHo@mefoGif;í ,k[ef(Yu Hang)[k trnfay;NyD;? ausmufpdrf;{u&mZf? tjrifhjrwfqkH;t&Sif? aumif;uifbkH&Sd w&m;½kH;awmfudk tkyfcsKyfawmfrlaomt&Sifponfjzifh ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcJh Muonf/303 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS t&SifjrwfESifhwlaom ykHyef; o@mef? ouf&Sd? oufrJht&m wpfpkHwpf&mrQ r&SdaMumif; atmufyg twdkif; ñTefjyxm;onf/ ]       [

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]]xkdrSwyg; xkdt&Sifjrwfü *kPf&nfwlol[lívnf; wpfa,mufrQyif r&Sday/}}305

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wrefawmfrlpm  rS tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;arQmf&ef awmif;qkdjcif;

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdonf rdrd\tzefqif;cHrsm;ESifh rwlaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm ñTefjyNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwdkY vlom;rsm;\ pu©K(tjrif) tm½kH

303 304 305

Dictionary of Religion, p.85

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 42; 11/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 112; 4/

onf t&Sifjrwftm; rzl;jrifEdkifaMumif;udk qufvufí wifjyxm;onf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ] …       [

]](rHo)pu©Krsm;onf xdkt&Sifjrwftm; (pdwfiHk) rdEdkifonf r[kwfay/ odkY&mwGif xkdt&SifjrwfrSmum; (rHo)pu©Krsm;udk (pdwfiHk) iHkrdvsuf &Sdawmfrlacsonf/}}306 txufygtv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aomtqdkrS vlom; onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifudk zl;jrifEdkifpGrf;r&SdaMumif; axmuf jyaeayonf/ txufygtcsufudk txl;jyKaxmufjy&eftvdkYiSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf onf wrefawmfrlpm\ tx¦KywÅdrS oufqdkif&mtjzpftysufwpfck udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwGif;rSmyif qufpyf wifjyxm;onf/              [                          ]     

]]¤if;jyif (eADwrefawmf)rlpmonf igt&Sifjrwf owfrSwfawmfrl aomtcsdefü a&muf&SdvmcJhí xdk(eADwrefawmf)rlpm\ t&Sifjrwf onf xdk(eADwrefawmf)rlpmESifh pum;ajymqdkawmfrlaomtcg 306

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6;103/

xdk(eADwrefawmf) rlpmu ]]tdk-uRefawmfrsKd;\t&Sif? t&Sifjrwf onf uRefawmfrsKd;tm; (rdrdudk) jyoawmfrlyg/ uRefawmfrsKd; onf t&Sifjrwftm; zl;arQmfyg&ap}}[k avQmufxm;yefMum;av onf/ xdktcg t&Sifjrwfu ]](tdk-rlpm) toifonf (þavmu wGif) igt&Sifjrwftm; tvsif; zl;jrifEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ odkY&m wGif toifonf (þ)awmifudk Munfhaeygav/ tu,fí xdkawmifonf rdrdae&mwGif wnfNidrfpGm&SdaecJhygrl toifonf vnf; igt&Sifjrwftm; trSefyif rl;arQmfEdkifayrnf}}[k rdefYMum; awmfrlavonf/ xdkYaemuf xdk(eADwrefawmf) rlpm\t&Sifonf awmifay:odkY (rdrd)bkef;awmfudk xif&Sm;apawmfrlvdkufonfhtcg xdkbkef;awmfonf ,if;awmifudk tpdwfpdwf jzpfcJhavonf/ ¤if; jyif (eADwrefawmf) rlpmonfvnf; owdvpfí vJusoGm;av onf/ wzef xdk(eADwrefawmf) rlpmonf owdjyefvnfí &&Sd vmaomtcg (þodkY) avQmufxm;avonf/ (tdk-t&Sifjrwf) t&Sifjrwfonf (þvlUavmuwGif rHopu©Kjzifh zl;jrif&awmfrl jcif;rS) oefY&Sif;pifMu,fawmfrlyg\/ uRefawmfrsKd;onf t&Sif jrwftxHawmfü (,ckuJhodkY avQmufxm;rdaomaMumifh) 0efcs awmif;yefyg\/ ¤if;jyif uRefawmfrsKd;onf (t&Sifjrwftm; þ avmuwGif rnfolrQ rjrifEdkifaMumif;) yxrOD;qHk; ,HkMunfol jzpfygonf/ (wenf;) ¤if;jyif uRefawmfrsKd;onf ]]toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm; (þypöKyÜKefb0wGif) tvsif; zl;arQmfEdkifrnf r[kwf}}[laom rku©ygXfawmfudk yxrOD;qHk; ,HkMunfol jzpfyg onf/}}307 wrefawmfrlpmrS xdkacwfxdktcsdefumv&Sd? urÇmwvTm;&Sd vl om;rsm;teufrS rdrdtm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu wrefawmftjzpf t&Sif jrwf\aumif;jcif;owif;udk vlom;rsm;tm; ajymMum;&ef a½G;cs,fcJho 307

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7;143/

jzifh rdrdtm; t&SifjrwfrS zl;ajrmfcGifh ay;aumif;ay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqcJh onf/308 odkYaomf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdtm; zl;awGY&efrSm wrefawmf rlpmrSr[kwf? rnfonfhvlom;twGufrQ rjzpfEdkifaMumif; xif&Sm; pGm jyovdkufjcif; jzpfonf/309 tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf t
tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfrsm;rS uREkfyfwdkY\ aemufqkH;wrefawmfrk[r®'f twGuf cRif;csuf&Sdonf[k cHpm;em;vnfcJhMuonf/ tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfrS wrefawmfjrwftm; nOfhaumif;uifc&D;
308

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 144 tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? pm-191/ 310 aemufvdkufrsm;-wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;\ aemufvdkuf wynfhrsm; 309

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 75;22-23/ tAl[l½dkif&[focifrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-390-1? ['D;qftrSwf-532 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-115? ['D;qftrSwf-349/ 324

(tumtuG,f)rS &Sdrnfr[kwfouJhodkY rnfonfh Mum;cH bmomjyefol rQvnf; vdktyfvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/325 wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYawmfrlcsufudk tAÁ'kv’m[fAifeftkr&f rS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]wzef jyefvnf&Sifoefxajrmuf&rnfh ud,mrofaeYonf tBuD; us,f tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfawmfrlaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; yxrOD;qkH; zl;jrif&rnfhaeY jzpfygonf/}}326 tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;awGY&jcif;onf *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm; twGuf txl;ay;oem; xm;awmfrlaom? txl;tcGifhta&; (aus;Zl; awmf) jzpfonf/ þtydkaqmif;ay;xm;onfh t&Sifjrwf\ csD;jr§ifhrIonf *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;twGuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS jyifqif jyKvkyf ay;xm;aom tjcm;? tjcm;aom om,mESpfoufzG,f&mrsm;xufydkí omvGefaom txl; u½kPmawmf jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ þ tydkaqmif;ay;xm;aom ESpfoufzG,f&m aysmf½TifESpfodrfhrIudk atmufyg twdkif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif &nfñTef;xm;ygonf/ ]      [

]]¤if;wdkYtzdkY ,if;]*sEéof}okcbkHü ¤if;wdkYtvdk&SdMuaomt&m[lí &Sd,kHrQru igt&Sifjrwf txHawmfü (xdkxuf) tydk aus;Zl;awmf rsm;vnf; &Sdacsownf;/}}327 325

tADtdAfaeY[mwifrfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-403? ['D;qftrSwf-535/ 326 tDrmrft'f-'g&ukoGfeD rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonfh ppfrSefaom ['D;qfawmf jzpf onf/ xdkYjyif tDrmrft'f-'g&drD ocifwdkYrS ¤if;\ *s[frD,mwdkYtm; acsycsuf usrf;wGif udk;um;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- t&f-&wf'f tvm tvf-*s[frD,[f? AD½l'fNrdKU? tvf-rwfufoAf tvf-tpövmrD? pm-57/

wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ txifu& qG[mA[fBuD;ESpfyg;jzpfonfh tvDAifeftADoGmvdAfESifh tewfpfocifwdkYtm; ]txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrS ]tydkaus;Zl;awmfrsm;}[lonf rnfonfht&mjzpfonfudk ar;jref;&m ¤if;qG[mA[fBuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;rS ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrif& jcif;}[k &Sif;vif;rdefYMum;cJhonf/328 qG[mADBuD;½IdtdkufAfrSvnf; wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS atmufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfudk ½Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,faMumif; qifhjyefcJhygonf/ ]...    [

]]aumif;rIudk jyKcJhMuaomolwdkYtzdkY aumif;jrwfaomtusKd; (0g) ]*sEéwf}okcbHk&Sdonfhjyif tydk(qkvmbfrsm;)vnf; &Sdacsonf/}}329 *sEéoftrwokcbkHESifhxdkufwefaomolrsm;u *sEéoftwGif;odkY 0if a&mufMuNyD;? i&JbkHESifh xdkufwefaomolrsm;u i&JtwGif;odkY 0ifa&muf aomtcsdefwGiftoHwpfckrSac:rnfrSm ]tdk-*sEéofokcbkHom;wdkY? tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS rdrdqE´awmfjynhfap&ef oifwdkYtwGuf uwdawmfxm;cJhyg onf/ xdktcg *sEéofom;wdkYrS xdkt&monf rnfonfht&m jzpfygrnf enf;/ rDZmefcsdefcGifü uREkfyfwdkY\aumif;jrwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk ydkav;ap rnf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ rsufESmrsm;tm; xGef;vif;awmufyaprnf/ i&JrS pGJ xkwfNyD;? *sEéoftwGif;odkY0ifaprnf r[kwfygavm/ xdkYaemuf Mum;vTm (y&f'g)onf z,f&Sm;jcif;cH&NyD; ¤if;vlom;wdkYonf t&Sifjrwftm; ai;pdkufaeMurnf/ t&SifjrwfrS vlom;tm; ay;oem;xm;aom rnfonfh

327

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 50;35/ tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D ,[fusrf;? pm-190/ 329 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 10; 26/ 328

t&murQ t&Sifjrwftm; zl;awGY&jcif;xuf omvGefrnfr[kwf/ ¤if;onf txl;ay;oem;aom qkvmbfwpfpkHwpf&myif jzpfygonf/330 txufwGifazmfjyNyD;jzpfaom usrf;ydk'fawmft& ]rsufvkH;rsm;onf xdkt&Siftm; NcKHikHEdkifpGrf; r&Sd/ odkYaomf xdkt&Sifonf tm;vkH;aomrsufvkH; (pu©Ktm½kH)rsm;udk ikHrdEdkifpGrf; (vTrf;rdk;) &Sdonf/ þqdkvdkcsufrSm vuf&Sd rsufarSmufavmuDb0wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; uREkfyfwdkY vlom; rsm;\ A[dE¨rsufvkH;rsm;jzifh jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[laomtcsufudkom jiif; qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ wrvGefb0wGif jrifEdkifjcif;udk rjiif;qefyg/ xdkYtjyif t&Sifjrwf\ rlvtoGifwpfckvkH;udk NcKHikHjrifEdkifpGrf;r&SdaMumif;udkom &nf ñTef;\/ aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDv&Sdaomol (qGmav[D;ef olawmf pOf olawmfaumif;rsm;)taeESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ toGifo@meftm; t
tDrmrfod&frdZD ? tDrmrftdAfaeYrm*s[f ESifh tDrmrft[fr'f ocif wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ 331 ½I-tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? pm-188? 193? 198/ See also Surah Taha 20: 110 where Allah, the Exalted says, “They [man] cannot encompass Him with [their] knowledge.”

]]tvQif;r[kwf? {uefrvGJ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkaeYwGif rdrdwdkYtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf(tm;zl;arQmfjcif;)rS umuG,f jcif;udk cHMu&rnfholrsm;yif jzpfMuayonf/}}332 wrefawmfjrwfrk[r⁄'fociftm; jrifEdkifjcif;

wrefawmfjrwftm; awGYjrif&jcif;onf rkpfvifrfrsm;tMum; tenf;ESifh trsm;qdkovdk ¤if;wdkYtm; tjiif;yGm;apaom? ½IwfaxG;ap aomprf;oyfrI\t&if;tjrpf e,fy,fwpfck jzpfavonf/ tcsKdUaomol rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYrS wrefawmfjrwftm; awGYjrif&NyD;? þonf ¤if;wdkY twGuf wrefawmfjrwfxHrS txl;vrf;ñTefrI&&Sdjcif; jzpfonf[k qdkMu\/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u ¤if;wdkYonf wrefawmfjrwftm; tdyfruftwGif; jrifrufjcif;jzpfNyD;? tcsKdUu ¤if;wdkYonf Edk;aepOftcsdef twGif; rsuf0g; xifxifjrif&jcif;[kqdkonf/ þodkY a&½GwfajymqdkrIrsm; jyKvkyfMuonfholrsm;onf wrefawmfjrwftm; tvGef MunfndK jrwfEdk;vGef;olrsm; jzpfavh&Sd\/ xdkolwdkYyif bmoma&;qdkif&m topfwD xGifrI (Ad'gtofrsm;)udk pwifusifhokH;í tjcm;olrsm;udk usifhokH;&ef rdwfqufay;olrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ wzufwGif ¤if;wdkYonfyifvQif wrefawmfjrwftm; *kPfawmftopf (*kPf&nftopf)rsm; ay;wwf Muolrsm;jzpf\/ þodkY a&½GwfajymqdkrIrsm;\ t"du tajccHtaMumif; t&if;rSm qG[mADom0uBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[f? tAluom'[fESifh *smAd&ftdAfaeYtAÁ'kv’m[focifwdkYrS qifhjyefcJhaom atmufazmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfaMumifh jzpfonf/ ]]rnfolrqdk igwrefawmfjrwftm; tdyfrufwGif jrifrufrl? trSefyif ,if;onf uREkfyf wrefawmfjrwfyif jzpfonf/ taMumif;

332

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 83; 15/

rlum; ½IdifoGmefrm&femwfonf igwrefawmf\ ½kyfoGifudk raqmif Edkifay/}}333 txufazmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfonf qGd[D;[f-ppfrSefcdkifvkHaom ['D;qfjzpfjcif;aMumifh rSm;onf[k jiif;qefí r&yg/ r,kHMunfívnf; r&yg/ odkYaomf txufazmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfESifh ywfoufí owdcsyf oifhaom tcsuftvuftcsKdU &Sdygonf/  txufyg ['D;qfawmft& ½dIifoGmefonf tdyfrufwGif ykHo@mef

rsKd;pkHESifh ay:vmEdkifNyD; vlom;tm; vrf;rSm;odkY zdwfac:Edkifonf/  ['D;qfawmft& ½IdifoGmefonf wrefawmfjrwf\ ykHo@mef toGiftppftrSefudk ta,mifaqmifí r&acs/  ['D;qfawmft& wrefawmfjrwf\ toGifo@mefudk tdyfruf twGif; jrifrufEdkifonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS txufyg['D;qfMo0g'awmfudk ajymMum;cJh jcif;rSm ¤if;ESifh&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaom qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;twGuf jzpf onf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;tqdkrS twnfjyKay;onfhtcsufrS wpfpkHwpf a,mufonf wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\ ykHyef;o@meftppftrSefudk od&SdNyD;? ¤if;ykHo@mefudk tdyfruftwGif; jrifrufygu olYtaeESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wrefawmfjrwftm; tdyfrufwGif zl;jrifcGifhay; onf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ½IdifoGmefrm&fewftm; wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\ ykHo@mefaqmifEdkif cGifh ay;rxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tvm;wl ¤if;['D;qfawmft& aumufcsufqGJEdkifonfh tjcm;tcsufrSm ]wrefawmfjrwftm; awGY jrifbl;jcif; r&SdcJhaom vlwpfa,muftm; ½IdifoGmefrS ykHo@mef wpfck,lí 333

tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-109? ['D;qftrSwf-123 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1225? ['D;qftrSwf-5635 ESifh pm-1226? ['D;qftrSwf-5639/

olonf wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'fyg[k ajymaumif;ajymEdkifonf[laom tcsuf jzpf onf/ ½IdifoGmefonf rdrdudk,fudk wrefawmfyg[k ajymNyD; tdyfruf rufoltm; tdyfruftwGif; bmoma&;qdkif&m aA'gtof (w&m; opf wDxGifrI)rsm;udk ay;Edkifonf/ Oyrm- olYudk,fol ]r[f'D} (uREkfyfwdkY apmifharQmfaeaom tDrmrfr[f'D) [lívnf;aumif;? ¤if;onf ud,mrof w&m; pD&ifrnfhaeYrwdkifrD urÇmodkY jyefvnf
txufazmfjyyg qdkvdkcsufESpfckpvkH;onf tpövmrf\tajccHoabm w&m;rsm;ESifh vkH;0 vkH;0 qefYusifaeayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm; Edk;Mum;aepOf jrifawGY&jcif;onf wrefawmfjrwf\ azmfjyyg['D;qfawmf\abmiftjyifbufudk ausmf oGm;ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;rSm rjzpfEdkifyg/ þuJhodkY Edk;aepOfumv twGif; wrefawmfjrwfyg[kajymaom ½kyfoGifudk jrif&ygu ¤if;\ tusKd;&vm'frSmxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&mrvdkatmif &Sif;vif;vSaom½dIifoGmef \ xl;qef;axGvm½kyfaqmifjyrIom jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ arhtf&mh*sf (naumif;uifc&D;)
]]rnfolrqdk uREkfyfwdkY\ ta&;udpörsm; (qdkvdkonfrSm tpövmrfhomoem a&;qdkif&mudpörsm;)ESifh roufqdkifonfhudpö? tjcif;t&mwpfckudk ,l aqmifvmygu ¤if;udk jiif;y,fypf&rnf/}}334

334

tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-535? ['D;qftrSwf-861 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-931? ['D;qftrSwf-4266ESifh tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm1294? ['D;qftrSwf-4589/

tcef; (10)

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ csD;jr§ifhrI

vlonf tcsKdUaom vlom;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYxufydkíomaom tqifh twef;wGif xm;wwfMuonfrSm vlYobm0 jzpfonf/ vlonf rdrd bmom qkH;jzwfcsufcs&rnfhtpm; rdrdtxifBuD;av;pm;? MunfndK&aom olrsm;aemufodkYvdkuf&ef? xdkolrsm;\ vrf;ñTefrItwdkif; jyKvkyf&ef ESpf oufwwfMuonf/ þonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xdkokdYaom vlom;rsm; tay: txl;ay;oem;xm;aom csD;jr§ifhrI\ wdkuf½dkuf&v'f jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tcsKdUaomvlom;rsm;udk ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;? tajctae trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tjcm;aom vlom;rsm;tm; vTrf;rdk;Edkif&ef tcGifhta&; ay; xm;onf/ vlrIa&;t& a,musfm;rsm;tm; rdef;rrsm;tay:wGif tqifh omvGefrI ay;xm;onf/ ] …          [

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf (a,musfm;ESifh rdef;rwdkYteuf) tcsKdUudk (a,musfm;rsm;udk) tcsKdUxuf (rdef;rrsm;xuf)yif t&nftjcif;? tqifhtwef;? omvGefapawmfrlcJYaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ...}} 335

]   [

335

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 34/

]] okdYyifwap vifa,mufsm;wkdY tbkdYrSmum; xkdZeD;rdef;rrsm; tay:0,f omvGefjcif;wpf&yf &Sdayonf/ ...}}336 tcsKdUaom a,musfm;rsm;tm; tjcm;aom a,musfm;om;rsm;tay: wGif pD;yGm;a&;t& omvGefrI ay;xm;onf/ ] …       [

]]pifppfaomfum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonfyif toifwdkYteuf tcsdKUudk tcsdKUxuf pm;eyf&du©m wdk;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlcJh \/...}}337 vlom;rsm;teuf tpö&mtDvDrsKd;EG,frsm;tm; tjcm;aom rsKd;EG,frsm; xufydkí omvGefNyD; csD;jr§ifhcJhrI&Sdonfudk atmufyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfrS ñTefjyaeonf/          [ ] 

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345

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346

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355

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358

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361

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]]tMuif (]rkemzpfuf} ta,mifaqmif rkpfvifrf) wdkYonf ]rktf rifef}wdkYtm; pGefYvTwfNyD; ]umzd&f}wdkYudk taqGcifyGef;rsm; (atmif vD,m) jyKvkyfMuavonf/...}}364 ] …           [

]]tdk-]rktfrifef},HkMunfjcif;o'¨gw&m;xm;&Sdoltaygif;wdkY? toif wdkYonf ]rktfrifef}ouf0if,HkMunfolwdkYrSwyg; ]umzd&f}aoGznf jiif;y,faomolwdkYtm; uvsmPrdwfo[m, taqGcifyGef; (atmifvD,m) rjyKvkyfMuukefvifh/ .....}}365           [ ] …  

]]tkd-]]rktfrifef}} ouf0if,kHMunfoltaygif;wkdY? toifwdkYonf ,[l'DwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? c&pf,mefwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? rdwf o[m, taqGcifyGef;rsm; (atmifvD,m) rjyKMuukefvifh/ ¤if; (,[l'DESihf c&pf,mef)wdkYonf (toifwdkYudk qefYusif&mwGif) tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; ,dkif;yif;ulnDaom taqGcifyGef;rsm; (atmifvD,m)yif jzpfMuayonf/...}}366 odkYapumrl? uREkfyfwdkYESifh teD;uyfqkH;ywfoufaompum;vkH;rSm ]atmifvD,m-tv’m[f}(qdkvdkonfrSm ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\taqGcifyGef; rsm;) jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif vlom;rsm;teuf tcsKdUaomol rsm;twGuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdESifh eD;pyfaomtaqGcifyGef;rsm;[lí 364

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 139/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 144/ 366 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 5; 51/ 365

owfrSwfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;twGuf *kPfay;xm;aomtrnf jzpfaom aMumifhyif/ tv’m[frS ol\0vD? atmifvD,mrsm;[k &nfñTef; ac:a0:rIudk pl&[ftvf-tefzm;vfwGif atmufygtwdkif; &nfñTef;xm; onfudk awGYEdkifonf/ ]         ........[

]]]...]rkofouD} olawmfpifrsm;onfomvQif xdkt&Sifjrwf\ (tv’m[f)\ atmifvD,mrsm; jzpfMuukef\/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYteuf trsm;qHk;aomolwdkYum; (þrQyif) rodem;rvnf Muacs/}}367 xdkYjyif pl&[f,lElwfpfwGif           [ ]    

]](tdk-Mum;emoltaygif;wdkY toifwdkYonf) owdjyKMuavukef? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ taqGawmfwdkYtay:ürlum; wpfpHkwpf&m aMumuf½GHU pdk;&drfzG,f&mvnf; &Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? xdkYjyif ¤if;wdkYonf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;Murnfvnf; r[kwfacs/ ¤if; (taqG awmf)wdkYonf tMuifolwdkYyif xdkolwdkYonf ]tDrmef} ,HkMunfrI xm;&SdMuonfhjyif (jypfrI'kp½dkufrsm;rSvnf;) a&SmifMuOfvsuf &SdcJhMuukefownf;/}}368

367 368

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 8; 34/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 10; 62-63/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ]a0vm,of} (tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifheD;uyfaom taqGcifyGef;jzpfjcif; (0g) 0vDjzpfjcif;)ESifhywfoufaom pHEIef;rsm;udk txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;wGif &Sif;jyxm;onf/ ¤if;pHEIef;rSm tDrmef (,kHMunfjcif;)ESifh ouú0gw&m;&Sdjcif;wdkYjzpfNyD; þt&nftaoG; ESpf&yfpvkH;onf rnfonfh rSefuefaom rktfrifefouf0if,kHMunfolrqdk ydkifqdkifaom t&nftaoG; ESpf&yf jzpfonf/369 odkYaomf vlYAmvtodkif; t0dkif;wGifrl 0vDjzpfjcif;(olawmfpifjzpfjcif;)tm; u&mrof370ac: wefcdk; jym#d[mrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmavh &SdMuonf/ u&mrof[lonf eADwrefawmf rsm;\wefcdk;jym#d[m(rktf*sdZm)rS cGJjcm;ac:a0:aom a0g[m&wpfrsKd; jzpfonf/ 0vDolawmfpif[lonf u&mrofjyEdkif&rnf[k ,kHMunfaom ol? xdkt,ltqudk qGJudkifNyD; vufawGYusifhokH;olrsm;rSm tusKd;r&Sdaom? t"dyÜg,frJhaom t,ltqom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh olawmfpif (0vD) *kPfxl;&&Sdxm;onfh tcsKdUaomolrsm;wGif azmfjyyg rdpäm'd|dt,lrsm; (vGJrSm;aomt,ltq)udk vdkufemusifhokH;vQuf&SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf tcsKdUaomolrsm;u omoem\owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom trdefYynwf csufrsm;udk pGefYvTwfvQuf&Sdonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;rSm olawmfpif ta,mifaqmif? ta&NcKHrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkuvdefcsKHrsm;onf vdifudpö ESifhudk,fusifhodu©muif;rJhjcif;? atmufwef;usaom vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh vlwdkYudk vSnfhpm;? nmpm;aomolrsm; jzpfMu\/371 rnfodkYqdkap 369

½I- tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? pm-358/ u&mrofqdkonfrSm 0vD? atmifvD,mrsm;rS jyoaom wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm;udk ac:qdkonf/ eAD?&plvf wrefawmfrsm;rS jyoaom wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm;udk rktf*sdZm[k ac:qdkonf/ xdkYjyif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSjyoaomwefcdk;jym#d[mrsm;udkum; uk'f&of wefcdk;awmf[k ac:qdkonf/ 371 ,if;taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufí ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu ½dIifckvftpövmrf tv’mr[f ['D;qfyg&*lBuD;tdAfEkodkifrD,m ocif tm&ADbmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkcJhonfh tvf-zk&fumef Adkif;e atmifvD,mtf t&f-&[frmef 0atmifvD,mtf twf&Sf ½IdifoGmef (‫( )الفرقان بين أولياء الرحمان و أولياء الشيطان‬teEÅu½kPmawmf&Sif\ atmifvD,mrsm;ESifh ½IdifoGmef\atmifvD,mrsm;tMum; ydkif;jcm;rSwfausmufwifay;onfhusrf;)wGif zwf½I avhvmMuygukef/ (wnf;jzwfol) 370

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ]0vDjzpfjcif;}twGuf ]u&mrof} wefcdk;jy&rnf[l aom owfrSwfcsuf (vdktyfcsuf) udk rnfonfhae&mwGifrQ owfrSwf xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh txufwGif azmfjyNyD;ouJhodkY tDrmefESifh ouú0gw&m;&Sdaom rnfonfh rktfrifefouf0if,kHMunfolrqdk tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ 0vD? atmifvD,mjzpfouJhodkY tv’m[fonfvnf; xdk olrsm;tzdkY 0vDjzpfaMumif;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk,fawmfwdkif rdefYawmf rlxm;ayonf/ ] …          [

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ,kHMunfjcif; o'¨gw&m;xm;&Sdol taygif;wdkUukd (txl; Munfh½Iapmifrawmfrlaom) taqGcifyGef; yifwnf;/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;,kHMunfoltaygif;wdkUukd (]]ukzf&f}}wnf;[laom) trdkufarSmifrsm;twGif;rS (tpövmrfwnf; [laom)tvif;a&mifokdY xkwf,l ykdUaqmifawmfrlavonf/...}}372 tusKd;quftm;jzifh rkpfvifrfrsm;tm; tcsKdUaom rktfrifefouf0if ,kHMunfolrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ 0vD jzpfonf/ tjcm;aomol rsm;udk ]0vD} r[kwf[k *kPfay;owfrSwfydkifcGifh jyKrxm;yg/ tpövmrfh zGJYpnf;rItwGif; txufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;pGm ñTefjyxm;ygvQuf qlzD avmuwGif olawmfpif[kac:aeMuonfh rkpfvifrfqlzDrsm;u ¤if;wdkY bmom ¤if;wdkY tedrfh? tjrifh tqifhtwef;rsm; owfrSwfxm;MuNyD;? rsufpdpkHrSdwfvdkufaeMuaom aemufvdkufrsm;uvnf; ¤if;wdkYudk vufcH tm;ay;vQuf&Sdonf/ i,fpOfBuD;vdkufoabmjzifhpDvQif twfcf,m&f (a½G;cs,f jcif;cH&aomol)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 300 &Sdonf/ tAf'vf (tpm;xdk;jcif;cH&aomol)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 40 &Sdonf/ tAf&m;&f (oDvpifMu,fol)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 7 OD;&Sdonf/ atmifom;'f 372

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 257/

(ikwfwdkifrsm;)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 4 OD;&Sdonf/ EkumAm (apmifhMunf ol)? ta& twGuftm;jzifh 3 OD;&Sdonf/ ukokAfwpfOD; (wdkif) oufqdkif &mtcsdefumvtwGuf tBuD;us,fqkH;olawmfpifBuD;[lí cGJjcm;xm;onf udk awGY&\/ tm;vkH;\txufwGif a*gufpf (ulnDol? qufcHol) ol awmfpifrsm;xJrS tcsKyf&Sdonf/ tcsKdUaomtodkif;t0dkif;wGif xdkolawmf pifrSm ¤if;\ykckH;ESpfzufjzifh ,kHMunfaomolrsm;\ tukodkvf 'kp½dkufudk jypf'Pfrsm;udk tpm;cHay;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ pdwf0dnmOfcHpm;csuft& zefqif;&SifESifh wdkuf½dkufqufEG,fEdkifonf [laom ,kHMunfcsuft&? olawmfpifrsm;teuf txufydkif;&Sd okH;rsKd; okH;pm;aom olawmfpifrsm;onf ruú[fNrdKU&Sd utfA[fausmif;awmfwGif qGvmof0wfjyKcsdefwGif rsufpdESifh rjrif&aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY&Sdaeonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ a*gufpftqifh&Sd olawmfpifuG,fvGefaoqkH;aomtcg ukokAfrS ¤if;\ae&mudk tpm;xdk;0if,lrnf jzpfonf/ þenf;twdkif; olawmfpifrsm;\ pD;&D;tpOftqufonf tpDtpOftvdkuf wjznf;jznf; wqifhrS wqifhodkY tpm;xdk;ae&m,loGm;rnf jzpfonf/ olawmfpifrsm; \tqifhtwef;tvdkuf wpfqifhcsif;&Sd toefYpifqkH;0dnmOfonf ¤if; xufydkí tqifhtwef;jrifhaom olawmfpifae&modkY jrifhwuf tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/373 þ,kHwrf;pum;onf c&pf,mefomoem 0ifwdkYxHrS acs;iSm;,lxm;aomt,ltq ,kHwrf;pum; jzpfonf/ c&pf ,mefrsm;\ pdwfykwD;pdwfjcif;udk twk,lí Zdud&fjyKvkyf&ef pdwfykwD;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? c&pf,mefrsm;rS c&pfprwfyGJawmf usif;yonfudk twk,lí armfvl;'fyGJrsm;usif;yjcif;wdkYESifh tvm;wlaom udpörsKd;jzpfonf/

373

tpövmrfhpG,fpkHusrf;? pm-629/ tvm;wl ½I-tvDtdAfaeY tkqfref; tvf[*sf0D&D? ]]u&Sfzf tvf-r[f*sL;Af}}? edudkvfpef bmomjyef? vef'efNrdKUawmf? 1976? pm-214/

zem - vlom;ESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfoGm;jcif;

0vDolawmfpif[kajymaeMuaomolrsm; trsKd;rsKd;&SdonfhtxJrS tvGef xif&Sm;aom txif&Sm;qkH;olrsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyfavhvmygu tvf[vfv*sf[kac:aom yk*¾dKvftrnfudk awGY&ayrnf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrSm rdrd udk,fudkrdrd temh tvf-[wfuf (‫( )انا الحق‬igonf trSefopömw&m; wnf;)[k aMujimNyD; rdrdonf udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh aygif;pnf;rIwGif qkH;cef;wdkifonfhtqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJhol[k w&m;0ifaMujimcJhNyD; tpö vmrfhjyifya&mufoGm;cJhol (rk&f'ofjzpfoGm;cJhol)jzpfaomaMumifh vlYbkH tv,fwGif uGyfrsufowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&ol jzpfonf/ tevf-[wfuf [laompum;\t"dyÜg,frSm]igonf trSefopömw&m;jzpfonf/} tv’m[f rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ] …        [

]]þonfwdkY jzpf&jcif;taMumif;um; {uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfonfomvQif tvf-[wfuf(trSefopömw&m;) jzpfawmfrl jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? {ueftrSef xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif aooltaygif;udk &Sifapawmfrlrnfht&Sif jzpfawmfrljcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;?.....}}374 pdwfazmufjyefaeaomolwpfOD;rS þuJhodkY w&m;0ifxkwfjyefaMujim csufrsKd;udk jyKvkyfap&ef OD;aqmifoGm;aomt&mrSm tb,fenf;/ xdkol\ ,kHMunfcsufaMumifh jzpfonf/ ol\,kHMunfcsufrSm Ak'¨0g'D (Ak'¨bmom 0ifrsm;)\ ,kHMunfcsufoabmw&m;jzpfaom ]edAÁmef}[laomoabm w&m;ESifhqifwlonf/375 Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;cGJwpfck\ t,ltqt& þ 374

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 22; 6/ ouú#bmompum;\pum;vkH;jzpfNyD; ,if;\teuft"dyÜg,frSm ]]rIwfxkwfonf}} (blown out) [kteuf&í ,if;onf avmuDa&;&m qE´rsm;tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufí 375

tajctaersKd;wGif vl\todpdwfonf aysmufoGm;NyD; vlom;\0dnmOf ESifh owd(odpdwf)wdkY uGJxGufoGm;aomtajctaeudk edAÁmefudk rsufarSmuf jyKonf? uRwfwef;0ifonf[k teufaumufonf/ txufazmfjyyg todonmonf ]*rÇD&"r®}[kac:aom bk&m;ocif ESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY aygif;pnf;oGm;onf[k ,kHMunfjcif;0g'\ t"du'óe jzpfonf/376 pdwf0dnmOf\ tawGYtBuKHudk &SmazGjcif;[l aomt,ltqwGif vlom;\t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf ESifh vlom;\0dnmOf wpfaygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpf&ef[laom &nf½G,fcsuf udkomxm;&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkbk&m;ocifESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY aygif; pnf;oGm;jcif;[laom t,ltq\ rlvtp oabmw&m;rsm;udk a&S; a[mif; *&dacwf'óetawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonfh yavwdk\ pnf;a0;yGJ (Plato’s Symposium)[laompmtkyfrsm;wGif awGY&\/ ¤if;pmtkyf wGif vlom;\0dnmOfESifh bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf raygif;pnf;rSD trsKd;rsKd; aom uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh avSum;xpfrsm;? tqifhrsm; wufvSrf;&ef vdk tyfonf/ ¤if;tqifhrsm;wGif euf½dIif;aom? cufcJaomtqifhrsm; ausmf vTm;NyD;rS aemuftqifhwGifrS bk&m;ocifESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY aygif; pnf;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/377

u,fwifjcif; (salvation) cH&onf[laom teuft"dyÜg,fudk azmfñTef;ygonf/ ,if; pum;vkH;onf rlvZpfjrpfoabmt& a0't,ltq (b*¾0'f*DwESifh a0'usrf;rsm;)rS qif;oufvmaomfvnf; rMumcPqdkovdk Ak'¨0g'ESifhvnf; ESD;EG,fywfoufavh &Sd onf/ [dem,eAk'¨bmom*dkPf;\tqdkt& uRwfwrf;0ifjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;ESifh nDrQaomfvnf; r[m,eAk'¨bmom*dkPf;ürl ,if;pum;vkH;onf twdoku© csrf;ajrh aysmf½TifrI (bliss) &onfhtajctaeyif jzpfonf/ ½I- W.L. Resse, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980, p. 393. 376 ½I- W.L. Resse, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980, p. 72. 377 *&dpum;vkH; ]rdkufpf}(Mystes)rS qif;oufvmNyD; t"dyÜg,frSm ]*rÇD&"r®ESifh

qufEG,faeaomol} jzpfonf/ ,if;pum;vkH;onf *&d*rÇD&bmomw&m;rS qif;ouf vmcJhNyD; ,if;onf ]*rÇD&"r®}qdkonfhtrnfudk arG;pm;okH;EIef;cJhonf/

tvm;wl ,if;todonmudk [dE´Lt,ltqwGifvnf; awGYEdkifonf/ tmh(wf)rac:vlom;\0dnmOfESifh A&[frac: tyk*¾vt
Colliers Encyclopedia, vol. 17, p. 114.

rGefwDumqDEdkt&yfü c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;twGuf bkef;BuD; (0g) oDv&Sifrsm;ESifhqdkifaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufapcJh aomol jzpfonf/ xdkpdefYbDeD'pfudk taemufwdkif;bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;qdkif &mtrdefYOya'udk xlaxmifcJholtppftjzpf vltrsm;rS vufcHMuonf/379 vlom;\0dnmOfESifh bk&m;ocifaygif;pnf;onf[laom tpOftvm udk c&pf,mefavmutwGif;odkY wifjyvmrIrSm 8 &mpktwGif;wGif jzpfcJh onf/ xdktcsdefumvonf tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf us,fysHUBuD;xGm;vmcJh aomtcsdef\ ESpfwpf&mcefYtMumwGifjzpfNyD;? tpövmrfhtifyg,mtwGif; tD*spfESifh qD;&D;,m;a'owdkY yg0ifvmaomumvjzpfonf/380 ¤if;a'o ESpfckonf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;0g'\ A[dkcsufra'ovnf; jzpfvmcJh onf/ rkpfvifrfrsm;teuf &S&Dtmac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'udk rauseyf? rESpfoufaomolwpfpkrS &S&DtmESifhtvm;wl pepfwpf&yfudk xlaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuNyD;? ¤if;udk oG&Dumvrf;pOf[k ac:a0:orkwfcJhMuonf/ [dE´Lrsm;\ tEÅdryef;wdkifjzpfaom avmuD\ 0dnmOfaygif;pnf; nDñGwf 379

½I- W.L. Resse, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980, Pp. 365-6 and 374. 380

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jcif;ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;\ bk&m;ocifESifh vlom;0dnmOfwdkY aygif;pnf; jcif;uJhodkYyif tpövmrfhavmutwGif;ü oG&Dumtkyfpkrsm;\ &nf½G,fcsuf rSmvnf; ]zem} jzpfonf/ ]zem}[lonfrSm vuf&Sd rsufarSmufb0wGifyif vlom;\ twÅpdwfaysmufuG,foGm;NyD;? ]0lqlvf}ac: tv’m[ft&Sif jrwftm; awGYqkHaygif;pnf;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY zemjzpf&eftwGuf rlvausmfjzwf&rnfhtqifhrsm;onf pD;&D;tvdkuf? tpDtpOftwdkif;&SdNyD;? rnfonfhtqifhwGif rnfodkYaomtajctae&Sd&rnfudk pepfwus owf rSwfxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ xdktqifhrsm;udk rumrwfac: pcef;rsm;ESifh [mvwfac: tajctae rsm;[k owfrSwfonf/ awGYqkHjcif;[laomtqifhudk a&muf&Sd&eftwGuf 0dnmOfydkif;qdkif&m avhusifhcef;rsm; (w&m;bm0emyGm;jcif; pepf) vnf; owfrSwfxm;Muonf/ Zdud&f381[kac:aomavhusifhcef;rsm;wGif acgif;ESifh cE¨mudk,f\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;yg0ifNyD;? wpfcgwpf&H vufrsm;a0SY,rf;í uckef jcif;rsm; yg0ifwwfonf/ acwftqufqufuGif;qufrsm; (pdvfpdvm) jzifh wrefawmfjrwftm; &nfñTef;í ¤if;wdkY\usifhokH;rI rSefuef aMumif; oufaotaxmuftxm;jycJhMuonf/ odkYaomf ppfrSefaom ['D;qfusrf;rsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\usifhokH;rI rSefuefaMumif; oufao taxmuftxm; wpfpkHwpf&m rawGY&acs/ ¤if;wdkY\*dkPf;rsm;udk c&pf,mefbkef;BuD;rsm;uJhodkY pwifxlaxmifol[k ¤if;wdkY,kd;pGyfaomyk*¾dKvf rsm;\ trnfemrrsm;jzifh um'&D(Qadiri)? uspf&SfoD(Chishti)? ewfcf&SmAef'D (Naqshabandi)? oD*smeD (Teejani) ponfjzifh tpOfvdkuf trnfay;xm; onf/ azmfjyyg*dkPf;q&mrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ pdvfpdvmtwGif;&Sd bmbm BuD;rsm;(ocifBuD;rsm;)ESifhywfoufaom '@m&DykHjyifrsm;? taMumif;t&m rsm;rSmvnf; tpOftquf rSwfwrf;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ c&pf,mefESifh [dE´L 381

]Zdud&f}[lonfrSm *rÇD&"r®pcef;rsm;ü omrmeftm;jzifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ emr awmfrsm;ESifh *kPfawmfrsm;tm; BudrfzefwvJvJ ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;jzifh udk;uG,f&m t&Siftm; owd&wrf;wjcif;tm; ac:qdkonf/

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tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-111-12? ['D;qftrSwf-3337? 3339 ESifh pm-113? ['D;qftrSwf-341/ 383 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 34/

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387

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388

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 25; 63/

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389

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 140/

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]]wzef igt&Sifjrwfonf (vlom;\) xdk ajr½kyfudk pepfwus NyD;pD;atmif jyKvkyf(zefqif;)awmfrlí ,if; (ajr½kyfwGif;)ü rdrd txHawmfrS toufZD0defudk rIwfoGif;awmfrlvdkufaomtcg ...}}391 txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;udk udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ tpdwf tydkif;wpfckonf vlom;wdkif;\ udk,fcE¨mwGif yg0ifaeonf[laom ,lqcsuftwGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ tv’m[frS ¤if;\ ½l[f0dnmOfudk tm'rf\ udk,fcE¨mtwGif;odkY rIwfoGif;awmfrlcJhonf[laomtcsufrSm tm'rf\ rsKd;quftm;vkH; udk rIwfoGif;onf[laom oabmw&m;yif jzpfonf/ vlom;\ cE¨m udk,ftwGif;ü udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[f\ ½l[f0dnmOfawmf rIwf oGif;cJhonf[laom &nfñTef;udk;um;csufudk (taxmuftxm;udk) wref awmftDqm\rdcif r&f,rf ocifrtm; tv’m[frS rdefY awmfrlcJhaomtcsufESifh oufaojyaejyef\/ 390 391

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 32; 9? 38; 72/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 15; 29? 38; 72/

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392

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 21; 91? 66; 12/

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]]...tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrd ESpfvkdawmfrlaomolrsm;ukd (om vQif) rdrdu½kPmawmfjrwf (oufa&mufapawmfrl&ef) oD;oefY jcm;em;a&G;aumufawmfrlavonf/...}}395 tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\u½kPmawmfonf t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfck jzpfNyD; ¤if;onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;rItpdwftydkif;wpfck r[kwfay/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf zefqif;xm;aomt&m 0w¦K rsm;twGuf ]ol\}[laom ydkifqdkifrIjyyk'fESifhwGJí azmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if;rSm xdkt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cH[laomtcsufudk ay:vGifapvdkaomaMumifh jzpf 393

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 20; 22/ ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-84-5/ 395 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef; 2; 105/ 394

onf/ rSefygonf/ tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk ]ol\}[laom pum;ESifhwGJí azmfjyjcif;onf txl;*kPfay;í jrifaomtjrifjzifh azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh wrefawmfqGmav\ aemufvdkufrsm;jzpfonfh prl;'f trsKd;om;rsm;udk prf;oyfcsuftjzpf ukvm;tkwfrudk apvTwfaomtcsdef wGif tv’m[frS eADwrefawmf qGmavtm; ] .…             ....[

]] ... þonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ukvm;tkwfryif jzpfonf/ toifwkdYtzdkY vu©Pmw&yftjzpf (apvTwfawmfrl\/) okdYjzpf &m toifwdkYonf xdkukvm;tkwfrukd tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ yx0Dajrjyif0,f pm;aomuf(oGm;vm)&ef vTwfxm;Muav ukef/...}}396 þukvm;tkwfronf prl;'ftrsKd;om;wdkYtwGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \ oufaovu©Pmwpf&yftjzpf apvTwfxm;aom ukvm;tkwfrjzpf aomaMumifh xdkukvm;tkwfrudk pm;usufwGif vTwfausmif;xm;jcif;udk rjiif;y,f&ef ñTefMum;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þ urÇmajronf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS zefqif;pDrH jyKvkyfawmfxm;awmfrl aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tvm;wl utfA[fausmif;awmfESifhywfoufí rdefYawmfrl&mwGifvnf; þausmif;awmfonf wrefawmftDA&m[ifrf ESifh wrefawmftpörmtD;vfom;tzESpfOD;xHrS y#dnmOf jyKvkyf awmfrlcJhonf/ ]       ....[

396

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7;73/

]].....igt&Sifjrwf\ (utfA[f) ausmif;awmfjrwfukd vSnfhywf zl;arQmfMuolwkdYtbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? w&m;ukdESpfoufí xkd ausmif;awmfü wpfukd,fwpfum,wnf; tdtfodumzf jyKvkyf oDwif;oHk; aexkdifMuolwdkYtbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? OD;ñTwf ½kdusKd;aomoltaygif;wkdY tbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? ysyf0yfOD;cs aomoltaygif;wkdYtbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? þ ig\ tdrfawmfukd (½kyfyGm;qif;wk? tnpftaMu;? tp&SdonfwkdYrS) &Sif;vif;xm; Mu&rnf[k trdefYawmfukd csrSwfawmf rlcJhavownf;/}}397 xdkYtwl ud,mrofaemufqkH;aeYwGif rktfrifefouf0if,kHMunfolrsm; teuf rSefuefaom? aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDv&Sdaomolrsm;ESifhywf oufí trwokcbkH (*sEéof)odkY 0ifa&muf&ef trdefYay;awmfrltcgwGif vnf; tv’m[frS ]uREkfyf\*sEéof trwokcbkH O,smOfeef;odkY 0if a&mufavmh}[k rdefYawmfrlxm;avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ud,mrof urÇmysuf okOf;aemufqkH;aeYwGif tusifhoDvaumif;jrwfaom qGmav[D;ef olrGef oljrwfrsm;omvQif tv’m[f\ ]igtv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *sEéof trwO,smOfbkHodkY 0ifa&mufMuavmh}[k zdwfac:jcif; cH&ayrnf/398 ½l[f0dnmOfESifhywfoufí ajymEdkifonfhtcsufrSm ¤if;onf tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ tzefqif;cHrsm;teufrS tzefqif;cHwpfck jzpfonf/ usrf; jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm             [ ] 

397 398

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 125/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 89; 30/

]]pifppf ¤if;wdkYonf toifhtm; ]½l[f} toufZD0defESifhpyfvsOf;í ar;jref;Muukef\/ toifonf (¤if;wkdYtm; þodkY) ajymMum; ygav/ (tcsif;wdkY) toufZD0defonf ightm; zefqif;arG;jrL awmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmftwkdif; jzpfvmonf/ pifppf toifwkdYonf tenf;i,frQaomtodynmudkom csD;jr§ifhay; oem;awmfrljcif;cHcJhMu&ukefownf;/}}399 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tjcm;aomae&mrsm;wGifvnf; ½l[f0dnmOfESifh ywfoufí azmfjyrIrsm; &Sdonf/ ]        ....[

]] xkdt&Sifjrwfonf wpkHwckaom ta&;udpöukd pD&ifjy|mef; awmfrlaomtcg xdkta&;udpöukd jzpfap[lí rdefYMum;awmfrl ½kHrQjzifh xdkta&;udpöonf (wrk[kwfjcif;yif) jzpfvmavo wnf;/}}400 xdkYjyif t&SifjrwfrdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]        ....[

]].....(OD;pGmyXr) xkd (eADwrefawmftm'rf)tm; ajrBuD;jzifh zefqif;awmfrlcJhavonf? NyD;aemuf xkdt&Sifjrwfonf xkd(wref awmftm'rf\ yHkoP²mef)ukd jzpfap[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh&m

399 400

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 17; 85/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 47/

xkd (wrefawmftm'rf\yHkoP²mef)onf (toufxif&Sm; &Sdaom vlowå0g) jzpfvmcJh&avownf;/}}401 þae&mwGif ]jzpfap}[laom trdefYawmfonf tm;vkH;aom zefqif; rIrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]0dnmOf}onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmft& jzpfay:vmaomt&m jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;cH&aom t&mwpfrsKd;omjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefbmomuJhodkY aom t,l0g'rsKd;wGif bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif)tm; N'yfrJh0dnmOf[k ,lqaomfvnf; tpövmrfwGif xdkodkY rpOf;pm;ay/ t&Sifjrwfonf N'yfrJh 0dnmOfudef;atmifaeaom ½kyfcE¨m r[kwfouJhodkY ykHo@mefuif;rJhaom 0dnmOfvnf; r[kwfacs/ t&SifjrwfwGif t&Sifjrwf\ bkef;orÇmESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGaom tqif;o@mef &Sdayrnf/ rnfol wpfOD;wpf a,mufrQ jrifbl;? awGYbl;jcif; r&Sdao;onfho@mef jzpfonf/ xdkt&Sif onfum; avmuDvlom;\ uefYowfcsuf&Sdaom jrifEdkifpGrf;udk vGef ajrmufí *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;uomvQif jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaomt&Sif jzpfonf/402 tusKd;quftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdxHawmfrS 0dnmOfudk tm'rfESifh tDqmocifwdkYtm; rIwfoGif;onf[kqdk &mü wrefawmftm'rfocif\taetxm;ESifh usef&Sdaom vlom; rsKd;qufrsm;tm;vkH;twGuft&SifjrwfrS zefqif;pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom0dnmOf [k txl;*kPfxl;0daoojyKxm;ayonf/ xdkYtwl tysKdpifr&f,rfocifr rS arG;zGm;vmaom wrefawmftDqmjzpfay:vmjcif;udkvnf; &Sif;vif;apvdkaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tv’m[frS rdrd\txHawmfrS 0dnmOfawmfudk rIwfoGif;awmfrlonf[k*kPf&nfudk azmfñTef;&mwGif pifppf t&Sifjrwf\qE´awmfESifh ¤if;\tjrifhqkH;bkef;orÇmawmfudk &nfñTef;jcif; jzpfNyD;? vlom;\cE¨mudk,ftwGif; 0dnmOfudk xnfhoGif;jcif;? Ekwfodrf; 401

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 59/ ,if;tcsufywfoufonfh tus,fw0ifh&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk tcef; (9)? tv’m[f t&Sifjrwftm; zl;ajrmfjcif;tcef;u@wGif ½IMuygukef/ 402

jcif;trIudk trSefwu,f aqmif½Gufolrsm;rSm rvmtdu[faumif;uif wrefrsm; jzpfonf/ þtcsufudk atmufazmfjyygqG[mADBuD; tAÁ'k v’m[fAifefrwfpftl;'focif qifhjyefcJhonfh wrefawmfjrwf\ ['D;qfawmfwGif ]]trSefyif? toifhtm; zefqif;jcif;onf oif\rdcif0rf;AdkufESifh qufpyfí &ufaygif; 40 [laom tcsdefumvtwGif; tqDyg aomt&nf (t&nfyspfyspf)? xdkrSwqifh arQmhuJhodkYaom aoG;cJ tqifh? xdkrSwqifh tom;wkH;tqifh tqifhqifhtajctae ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf rvmtdu[faumif;uifwref wpfyg;tm; toifhcE¨mudk,ftwGif;odkY 0dnmOfudk rIwfoGif;ap cJhonf/}}403 xdkYaMumifh tv’m[fxHawmfwGif vlom;wdkif;twGuf ol\ rvm tdu[faumif;uifwrefwpfyg;qDESifh rIwfoGif;apaom 0dnmOf&Sd&ay rnf/ ]xkdt&SifrS rIwfoGif;onf}[k qdkxm;jcif;rSm t&Sifjrwfonf zef qif;jcif;udkjzpfapaom rlvtaMumif;w&m;jzpfaMumif;udk wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ]    [

]]pifppfaomfum; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfonfomvQif toifwkdYtm; vnf;aumif;? toifwkdY jyKvkyfusifhrlMuaom t&m0w¬Krsm; ukdvnf;aumif;? (tm;vHk;ukdyif) zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/}}404

403

½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-290-1? ['D;qftrSwf-430 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1391? ['D;qftrSwf-6390/ 404 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 37; 96/

A'&fppfyGJü wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS oJwpfqkyfudk vufwGif qkyfudkifí &efolbufodkY ypfaygufvdkuf&m udkufaygif;&mcsD a0;uGm aeaom &efolYwyfodkY xdkoJrsm;a&muf&SdoGm;csdefü tv’m[f\ bkef; awmftm;jzifh ¤if;zkefrIefY? oJrIefYrsm;onf &efolwdkY\ rsufaphtwGif;0,f 0ifa&mufapvdkufaom jzpfpOfESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]…        [

]]xdkenf;wlpGm (tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wdkYtm;) (oJrsm;jzifh) yufcJhpOfuvnf; toifyufcJhonf r[kwfNyD/ pifppfrSmrlum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfyif yufawmfrlcJhavonf/}}405 xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrd0dnmOf[k udk,fpm;jyKazmfjy&mwGif rdrdzefqif;xm;awmfrlaom 0dnmOftajrmuftjrm;xJrS 0dnmOfwpfckudk txl;*kPfjyKazmfjyjcif;omjzpfNyD;? rdrdudk,fawmfwdkif\0dnmOfawmf[k rqdk vdkyg/ vltrsm;,lqaeouJhodkY tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrd0dnmOfawmfudk wrefawmftm'rfESifh wrefawmftDqmocifwdkY\ udk,fcE¨m rsm;twGif;odkY rIwfoGif;jcif;[k rqdkvdkay/ þtcsufudk xyfrH tav; teuf wifjy&aomf tv’m[frS rdrd\ rvmtdu[faumif;uifwref tm; r&f,rfocifrxHapvTwf&mwGif ]ol\0dnmOfawmf}[k okH;EIef; xm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/ ]       [

]].....xkdYaemuf igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;r&f,rf\xHokdY rdrd\ txl;aumif;uifwrefukd apvTwfawmfrlcJhavonf/ xkdtcg

405

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 8;17/

,if;aumif;uifwrefonf xkdr&f,rf\ta&SU0,f yuwdvlom; wpfa,muf\toGifjzifh ukd,fxifjycJh\/}}406 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf tjzpftysufwpfckvkH;udk NcKHikHajymqdkaejcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ usrf;ydk'frsm;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrsm; (['D;qfawmfrsm;)ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ vufawGYvdkufem usifhokH;rI rsm;rS ¤if;usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ qdkvdk&if;teuft"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;vif; wifjyoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ydk'fawmfrsm;udk ¤if;\aemufcH taMumif;w&m;rsm; z,fxkwfí? wpfckcsif; xkwfEkwf t"dyÜg,faumufygu rl&if;teuft"dyÜg,frSm csKdU,Gif;oGm;Edkifonf/ Oy rmtm;jzifh pl&[ftvf-rmtl;ef\ tm,ofawmf (4) wGif ]  [

]] okdYjzpfay&m (tMuifokdYaom) qGvmwf 0wfjyKolwkdYü tBuD; tus,f ysufpD;jcif;onf&Sd\/}}407 þtm,ofawmftm; (wpftm,ofwnf; teuft"dyÜg,f aumuf ,lrnfqdkygvQif) usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usefaom tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh tpövmrfhowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh qefYusifaeaomoabmaqmifaeayonf/ qGvmofonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwpftkyfvkH;wGif rjyKrae&wm0eftjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/ tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]           [

]]{ueftrSef igt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf jzpf awmfrlayonf/ igt&SifjrwfrSwpfyg; c0yfukd;uG,f&mt&Sif[lí 406 407

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 19; 17/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 107;4/

tvQif;r&SdNyD/ odkYjzpfay&m toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm;om vQif c0yfukd;uG,fygav/ xkdYjyif toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm; owd&jcif;iSm qGvmof0wfjyKrIukd aqmufwnfygav/}}408 txufygusrf;ydk'fawmf(107;4)wGif qGvmof 0wfjyKwnfaqmuf aomolrsm;tay:wGif usdefqdkxm;ygonf/ odkYapumrl pl&[frmtl;ef\ ,if; (107;4)\ aemufrS qufí vdkufygvmaom tm,ofawmfrsm;u ¤if;tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usdefqJrIonf rnfolrsm;twGuf jzpfonfudk qufvuf&Sif;jyxm;ayonf/           [ ] 

]]xkdokdYaomolwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ qGvmof0wfjyKrI(wm0ef)ukdyif arhavsmhxm;Muukef\/ tMuif (qGvmwf0wfjyK)olwkdYonf (rdrdwkdY\ qGvmwf0wfjyKrIpaom aumif;rIrsm;ukd) jypm;Mu ukef\/ xkdrSwyg; ¤if;wkdYonf tao;tzJG toHk;taqmif ypönf;rsm;ukdyif (olwpfyg;wkdYtm; iSm;&rf;jcif; rjyK&ef) ydwfyif wm;jrpfMuukefownf;/}}409 xdkYaMumifh tv’m[f\ usdefqdkrI? usdefqJrIonf rkemzD;uf ta,mifaqmifolrsm;\ qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;tay: usdefqJ xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ,kHMunfouf0ifaomol rsm;\ wnfaqmufaomqGvmofrsm;udk rqdkvdkay/

408 409

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 20; 14/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 107; 5-7/

atmufyg tm,ofawmftwGuf ydkí teuft"dyÜg,fay:vGifapaom? aumif;rGefaom bmomjyefcsufudk azmfjyygrnf/ ]]xdkYaemuf xdkt&Sifonf tm'rftm; ykHoGif;awmfrlNyD;? rdrd txHawmfrS toufZD0ef (0dnmOf)udk rIwfoGif;awmfrl cJhonf}}[laom tm,ofawmftm; ]xdkYaemuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm'rfociftm; ykHoGif;awmfrlNyD;? ¤if;txHawmfodkY rdrdzefqif;xm;awmfrlaom jrifhjrwf aom0dnmOfrsm;teufrS 0dnmOfwpfckudk tm'rfocif\ udk,fcE¨mtwGif; odkY 0ifa&mufapawmfrlcJhonf}[k teufaumuf bmomjyefqdkoifhonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom usrf; jrwfuk&ftmefwGif 0dnmOfa&;&mrsm;udk ,kHMunfMuaomolrsm;\ t,l tqjzpfaom? zefqif;jcif;cH&aom vlom;\0dnmOfrS ol\ rlvblw jzpfaom 0dnmOfjzpfonfh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ 0dnmOfESifh aygif;pnf;&ef a&mf&rf;wrf;waeygonf[laom t,ltqtwGuf cdkifvkHaom tajccH wpfckwpfavrQ r&Sdacs/ tpövmrfwGif tm&ADa0g[m&jzpfaom ½l[f 0dnmOf (trsm;udef;-t&f0g) [laompum;vkH;ESifh emhzfpf410 (trsm;udef;tef;zkpf)[laom pum;vkH;ESpfcktMum;wGif cGJjcm;rI r&Sdyg/ emhzfpf[laom pum;vkH;udk vlom;twGufokH;EIef;aomtcgrsKd;wGif txl;ojzifh udk,f cE¨mESifhqufpyfí okH;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm] …           [

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonfyif (aoqHk;&ef tcsdefa&mufaom) toufZD0defrsm;ukd ¤if;wkdY aoqHk;csdefü Ekwfodrf;awmfrl\/ xkd

410

tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? pm-394/

enf;wlpGm aoqHk;&ef tcsdefra&mufao;aom toufZD0defrsm;ukd vnf; ¤if;wkdYtdyfpuf&mü (Ekwfodrf;awmfrl\)/.....}}411 wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rk[r®'frS rdefYawmfrlcsufudk tGef;arhpvfr[f ocifrBuD;rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm]]trSefwu,fyif vlom;\udk,fcE¨mrS 0dnmOfudk ,laqmifcH& aomtcg xdkol\ rsufvkH;rsm;onf 0dnmOf&Sd&mbufodkYvdkufí Munfhwwfavh&Sdonf/}}412 atmifjrifaom0dnmOfrsm;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rSefuefaumif;jrwf onfh 0dnmOfrsm;[k ac:a0:xm;NyD;? ¤if;wdkYonf *sEéoftrwokcbkHodkY wufvSrf;cGifh &&Sdaprnfjzpfonf/         [ ]       

]]tkd-(aomuuif;í) wnfNidrfat;csrf;aomtoufZD0def/ toif onf rdrd\ t&SifjrwftxHawmfokdY auseyfvsuf (xkdt&Sifjrwf \)auseyfrIukd cH,lvsuf jyefoGm;avavmh/ xkdYaemuf toif onf igt&Sifjrwf\uRefwkdYwGif yg0ifavavmh/ ¤if;jyif toif onf igt&Sifjrwf\ *sEéwfokcbHkü 0ifa&muf(pHjref;)av avmh/}}413

411

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 39; 42/ tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-437? ['D;qftrSwf-2005/ 413 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 89; 27-30/ 412

xdkYaMumifh tqkH;owfwGif rSefuefaom? aumif;jrwfaom tusifh oDvrsm;&Sdonfh vlom;\0dnmOfonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfodkY 0if a&muf tqkH;owfjcif; rjyKovdk? udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \0dnmOfawmfESifh aygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;vnf; rjyK/ wdusaom wenf; tm;jzifh rysuf,Gif;aom? wnfNrJonfh0dnmOfonf wnfNrJonfhcE¨mESifh aygif;pnf;oGm;NyD;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmft& *sEéoftrwokc bkHwGif pHjref;oGm;&rnf jzpfonf/

tcef; (11)

vlordkif;pOfwpfavQmufuG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;Muaomolrsm;tm; *kPf ay;jcif;? *kPfjyKjcif;tavhtxudk ajrjr§KyfoN*dKvfjcif;qdkif&m ½dk;&m"avh xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;? *lAdrmefrsm;tm; rGrf;rHjc,fojcif;? ocFsKdif;ajrudk (ok ómefajrudk) vSypGm rGrf;rHjcif;? aoqkH;olrsm;tm; owd&wrf;wjcif; txdrf;trSwfyGJawmfrsm; usif;yjcif;ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;u ouf aocHvQuf&Sdonf/ xdkodkYaomokómefajrESifh tkwf*lrsm;wGif qif,if usif;yrIrsm;u bmoma&;qdkif&mt,ltqrsm;udk vGJrSm;aomvrf;ñTefrI rsm;jzpfapNyD;? BuD;Mu,faom t,ltqqdkif&m ½IwfaxG;rIrsm;udkvnf; jzpfaponfudk awGY&ayrnf/ ¤if;vkyf&yfwdkY\&vm'frSmum; vlom;rsKd; EG,frsm;teuf trsm;pkonf ocFsKdif;udk;uG,frIudk ykHpHwpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh jyK vkyfavh&SdvmMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ tcsuftvuftm;jzifh twdtusavhvmpl;prf;Munfhygu vlom;rsKd; EG,ftm;vkH;\ okH;ykHwpfykH ceffYrQvlOD;a& (urÇmhvlOD;a&\ okH;ykHwpfykH) &Sd aom w½kwfvlrsKd;rsm;\ bmomw&m;onf bdk;bGm;rsm;udk ylaZmfyo onfh (tpOftquf qif;oufaygufzGm;vmaom rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;\ bdk;? ab;? bD? bif? abmif? buf)paom tqufqufudk ylaZmfonfh bmom 0ifrsm;jzpfonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ ¤if;wdkY\bmoma&;qdkif&m "avhxkH; wrf; tpOftvmrsm;onf ocFsKdif;ukef;rsm;? okómefrsm;ESifh qufEG,f vQuf&SdNyD;? ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ bdk;bGm;rsm;udk,fpm; ylaZmfyo Muonfudk awGY&ayrnf/414 414

bdk;bGm;bDbifrsm;(ydkifqk)rsm;twGuf yGJawmfusif;yjcif;onf tvGef a&S;usaom "avhjzpfNyD; ,if;onf w½kwfvlrsKd;rsm;\ bmomw&m;ESifh w½kwf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ ½dk;&m"avhrsm;twGif;rS xif&Sm;aom tjcif;t&m jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ouf0if ,kHMunfrIt& aoqkH;oGm;aomolrsm;\0dnmOfrsm;\ &yfwnfrIESifh aysmf½TifrIonf

[dE´Lbmom? Ak'¨bmomESifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tMum;wGif ¤if; wkdY\olawmfpif? olrGefoljrwfrsm;\ ocFsKdif;*lAdrmefrsm;onf ¤if;bmom 0ifrsm;twGuf txGwftjrwfxm;&m ewfuGef;rsm;? Adrmefrsm;jzpfvmMu NyD;? qkawmif;qk,ljcif;? bk&m;&Sdcdk;jcif;? ,dZfylaZmfjcif;? bk&m;zl;jcif; ponfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk tBuD;tus,fjyKvkyfavh&SdMuonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ tpövmrf ay:xGef;vmNyD; tcsdefumvMumanmif;rI &Snfvsm;vmonfESifh trQ rkpfvifrftkyfcsKyfolrsm; (bk&if? rif;w&m;BuD;rsm;? or®wrsm;)ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ aemufvdkufjynfolvlxkrsm;tMum;wGif tpövmrf\ tajccH aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh wjznf;jznf; a0;vmMu um vrf;vGJvmMuNyD;? ¤if;wdkYonf teD;0ef;usif&Sd tpövmrf r[kwfaom EdkifiHawmfrsm;? wdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd vGJrSm;aom rdpämt,l0g'rsm;? "avhxkH;pH rsm;? tavhtusifhrsm;udk pwif twkcdk;vmMuonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ qG[mA[frsm; (wrefawmfjrwf\om0uBuD;rsm;)\ uA&f ocFsKdif;rsm;ay:wGif BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom *lAdrmefrsm;udk wnfaqmufvm Muonf/ Oyrm- qG[mADBuD; tvDocif? tpövmrfh"r®owfrSL;csKyf BuD;rsm;jzpfMuonfh tDrmrftAl[eDzm ? tDrmrf&SmzDtD wdkY\ *l Adrmefrsm;?wzef 0vDolawmfpifBuD;rsm;? Oyrm-½dIifcf*sKdEkdufA*f'g'D ESifh ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'd&f*sDvmeD uJhodkYaom 0vDolawmfpifrsm;\ uA&f ocFsKdif;ajray:wGif BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom *lAdrmefBuD;rsm; ('&f*grsm;)udk wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ acwfopfumvodkY a&mufvmaomtcg þodkY *lAdrmefrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;onf bmoma&;qdkif&m vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;omru usef&pfol om;orD;ajr;jrpfrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ 0dnmOftwGuf aiGaMu;? tpm;taomuf rsm; uyfvSLjcif;tay:wGif tajcwnfavonf/ ]][Gef}}[kac:aom emrf0dnmOfonf &Sefewftjzpfajymif;vJí obm0vGef qufoG,frIrsm;jzifh ,if;wdkY\ rdom;pkrsm;tm; tusKd;jyKEdkifayonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;onf rsKd;qufokH;quf (0g) ig;quftxdom qufEG,fEdkifonf/ xdk0dnmOfrsm;onf aemufaoqkH;vmaom olwdkY\aqGrsKd;om;csif; rsm;\0dnmOfrsm;u qufcHjcif;jzifh tqkH;owfMuonf/ ½I- Dictionary of Religions, p. 38.

vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;paomacgif;aqmifrsm;? xifay:ausmfMum;olrsm; twGufyg *lAdrmefrsm;wnfaqmufvmMuonfudk awGY&\/ Oyrm-yg upöwefEdkifiHudkwnfaxmifcJhol rk[r®'ftvD*sif;em;? ql'efEdkifiH\r[f'D [k ac:wGifMuaom rk[r®'ft[fr'fponfwdkY\ uA&focFsKdif;rsm;ay:wGif *lAdrmef'&f*grsm; wnfaqmufxm;Muonf/ ,ckacwftcgor,wGif vrf;vGJaeMuaom? vrf;rSm;vdkufaeMuaom rkpfvifrfrsm;onf tvGefa0; uGmaom c&D;rsm;oGm;a&mufMuí xdkocFsKdif;*lrsm;udk o0g;zfvSnfh&ef twGuf &nf½G,fí (bmoma&;qdkif&m"avh xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk jyK vkyf&ef) c&D;oGm;Mu? o0g;zfvSnfhMuonfudk awGYae&ayonf/ tcsKdU aomolrsm;onf ¤if;*lAdrmefrsm;twGif;üaomfvnf;aumif;? tjyifüaomf vnf;aumif; qGvmof0wfjyKrI? qkawmif;yw¦emjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfaeMu onfudk awGY&\/ tcsKdUaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;u ZA[fvkyf&ef &nf½G,fcsuf jzifh ,laqmifvmaomwd&dpämefrsm;udk bmoma&;av;pm;orIESifh ZA[f jyKvSD;jzwfMuonfudk awGY&ayonf/ ocFsKdif;*lAdrmefrsm;wGif bmoma&;qdkif&m "avhxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk jyKvkyfMuaomolrsm;wGif uG,fvGefolrsm;ESifhywfoufí vGJrSm;aomt,l tqrsm;udk vufcHxm;Muonfudk awGY&ayonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsuf rsm;rSm uG,fvGefolrsm;teufrS olrGefoljrwfrsm;? olawmfpifrsm;onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh eD;uyfolrsm;? t&Sifjrwf\ ESpfoufrIudk &olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkolrsm;\ ½kyfuvmyfjrK§yfESHxm;&m uA&focFsKdif; teD; tem;ywf0ef;usifwGif qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;? wzef 'dktmqk awmif;yw¦emjyKjcif;paom bmoma&;qdkif&m usifhxkH;usifh0wfrsm;udk jyK vkyfjcif;onf tjcm;aomae&mrsm;wGif jyKvkyfonfxuf ydkí tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ESpfoufrI? vufcHrIudk &&SdEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfxm;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkY\,kHMunfrIrSm? uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;onfh olawmfpifrsm; wpfOD; csif;xHodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm; usa&mufaeNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ uA&focFsKdif;rsm;\teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifwGif 0wfjyKqkawmif;

rIrsm;jyKvkyfygu tvm;wl ¤if;wdkYtay:wGifvnf; t&Sifjrwf\ aumif; jrwfvSonfhr*Fvmrsm;usa&mufrnf[k ,kHMunfaeMuonf/ xdkolawmf pif? olawmfaumif;rsm;\ *lAdrmefrsm;wnf&Sd&m ajrae&modkY t&Sifjrwf\ tydk aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm; pdrfh0ifysHUESHYaeonf[k ,kHMunfMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ þuJhodkY ,kHMunfcsufrsm;aMumifh ocFsKdif;*lAdrmefrsm;ü 0wfjyK? qk awmif;yw¦emjyKMuolrsm;onf uG,fvGefol (olawmfpif? olawmfaumif; rsm;\) ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;? *lAdrmefrsm;\eH&Hudk rdrdwdkY\ vufz0g;rsm; jzifh yGwfoyfNyD;? wzef ¤if;wdkY\udk,fcE¨mrsm;udk okwfvdrf;jcif;? yGwfoyf jcif;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;rS tydkaqmif;ay;onfh aumif;csD; r*Fvmrsm;udk pkaqmif;avh&SdMuonf/ rMumcPqdkovdk xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm; onf olawmfpifrsm;? olrGefoljrwfrsm;\ *lAdrmef&Sd&mrS ajrBuD;rsm;udk aumuf,l pkaqmif;avh&SdMuonf/ ¤if;ajrBuD;udk aumuf,lpkaqmif;& onfh t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm xdkae&mteD;w0dkufwGif jr§KyfESHxm;aom olrGefoljrwfrsm;tay:usa&mufonfh t&Sifjrwf\ aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm; \ tusKd;aus;Zl;aMumifh a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk txl; aysmufuif; ouf omaponf[k ,kHMunfMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ &SDtm*dkPf;0ifrsm;teuf rsm;pGmaom *dkPf;uGJrsm;onf u&fAvm (tDrmrf[lpdkifefocif &S[D;'f jzpfaomae&m)rS ½TYHajrrsm;udk pkaqmif;NyD;? ¤if;ajrudk rD;zkwfí twkH; uav;rsm;jyKvkyfNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ qGvmofwnfaqmufaomtcsdef p*sd'[f ysyf0yfOD;csaomae&mwGifxm;&Sdí p*sd'[fysyf0yfOD;csMuonfudk awGY&ay rnf/

uG,fvGefaoqkH;olrsm;odkY OD;wnfOD;wdkufí qkawmif;yw¦emjyKjcif;

ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm; ylaZmfyoMuaomolrsm;\usifhokH;rIrsm;wGif uG,f vGefol olawmfpifrsm;xHodkY OD;wnfOD;wdkufí 0wfjyKqkawmif;rIrsm; jyK vkyfonfh enf;vrf;ESpfoG,f &Sdonf/ (1) tcsKdUaomvlyk*¾dKvfrsm;u aoolrsm;tm; &Szmtofvkyfay;rnfh ol (Mum;0iftoem;cHay;ol)rsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKMuonf/ xdkrkpfvifrfrsm;onf uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;NyD;jzpfaom 0vDolawmfpif rsm;tm; uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ uufovpf bkef;awmf BuD;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ raumif;rI'kp½dkuf (tjypf*kde[f)rsm;udk 0efcs awmif;yef&ef (tmywfajz&ef) Mum;cHtjzpf okH;ouJhodkY okH;Muonf/ xdk uufovpfbkef;BuD;rsm;uwqifh uufovpfbmom0if vlom;rsm;\ tjypf*kde[frsm;udk udk;uG,f&mt&SifxH 0efcstoem;cH awmif;yefay;& onf/ xdkYaMumifh uufovpfbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf vlom;ESifh bk&m; ociftMum; tv,frS&yfaom Mum;vl (yGJpm;)tjzpf aqmif½Guf&onf/ tpövmrfray:xGef;rDumvu tm&AfvlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkY udk;uG,faomewf½kyfrsm;? ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;rsm;udk txufyg uufovpf bmom0ifrsm;u uufovpfbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk Mum;vltjzpf okH;Mu ouJhodkY tvm;wl tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ tm&Aft½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;\ ½kyfxk ½kyfyGm;rsm;ESifhywfoufí ajymqdkcsufudk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefwGif atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;onf/ ]      [

]] okdY&mwGif tMuifolwkdYonf xkdt&Sifjrwftjyif tjcm; um uG,fapmifha&Smufolrsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuNyD;vQif ¤if;wkdYonf uREkfyfwkdY tm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;okdY eD;uyfapMu&efomvQif

uREkfyfwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtm; qnf;uyfukd;uG,fMuonf([k qkdMu ukef\)/.....}}415 rkpfvifrfrsm;txJrS tcsKdUaom ocFsKdif;ylaZmfyoolrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ vkdvm;csuf? vdktyfcsuf? vdktifqE´rsm;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS jznfh pnf;ay;&eftwGuf uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;aomolrsm;tm; Mum;cHjyKí ¤if; wdkYtpm; tv’m[ftm; wifjyay;&ef? toem;cHay;&ef awmif;qdk tokH;jyKMuonf/ þodkYaoolrsm;tm; Mum;cHyGJpm;tjzpf oabmxm;í awmif;yefwdk;vQdK; toem;cHMu&onfh taMumif;t&if;rSm xdkaoolrsm; teufrS aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDv&Sdonfh olawmfpif? olrGefoljrwf rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxufydkí tv’m[fESifheD;pyfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf omru? xdkaool olawmfpifrsm;u aoNyD;onfhwdkifatmif &Sifoefae aom vlom;rsm;\vdktifqE´rsm;udk Mum;Edkif? odEdkifonf[k ,kHMunf&m vnf;a&mufayonf/ olwdkY\,kHMunfcsufrSm uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;aom olrsm;u touf&SifaeMuaom vlom;rsm;\vdktifqE´rsm;udk ½kyfxk ½kyfyGm;rsm;uJhodkY Mum;vl?yGJpm;?Mum;cHtjzpf Mum;emvufcHNyD; udk;uG,f&m t&SifxHodkY ydkYay;aeonf[k ,kHMunfaeMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

415

rk&fS&pfufrsm;u uREfkyfwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif umuG,f apmifha&Smufol rsm;tjzpf jyKvkyfjcif;rSm? uREfkyfwdkYtm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;odkY eD;uyfap&ef om jzpfygonf[k ajymqdkcJhMuonf/ þonf t"dyÜm,f r&dSaom qifajcvJrIom jzpfonf/ acwfa[mif;rk&fS&pfufrsm;uJhodkY acwfopfrk&fS&pfufrsm;onfvnf; þenf; ESifESif taMumif;jyvsuf &dSMuayonf/ ,ckacwf tcsdKUrkpfvifrfrsm;onfvnf; 0vD? atmifvD,m? olawmfpifrsm;tm; tMunfñdkvGefum ,if;olawmfpifrsm;onf pm;eyf &du©m ajyvnfrI? a&m*gaysmufuif;rI? trItcif;EdkifrI ponfwdkYwGif ta&;yg t&m a&mufMuonf? pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuonf[lí xifrSwfaeMuonf/ rEdIif;paumif; vlY avmuwGif EdkifiHawmfor®wxH csOf;uyfvdku? oufqdkif&m twGif;0efrsm;rSwpfqifh csOf;uyf&ouJhodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf xHawmfyg;odkY oufqdkif&m 0vD? atmifvD,m? olawmfpifBuD;rsm;rSwpfqifh csOf;uyfaeMuonf/ þonf &S&pfufyif/ Munfh-rm*sd'D/ (usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefbmomjyefrSatmufajcrSwf?pmrsufESm-2358/)usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 39; 3/

(2) tcsKdUaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSmrl aoolrsm;tm; OD;wdkufí wdkuf½dkuf ylaZmf&Sdcdk;NyD;? rdrdwdkY\tjypf*dke[frsm;udk uif;vGwfcGifhay;yg&ef vGwfNidrf; csrf;omcGifhay;yg&ef toem;cHaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY jyKrljcif;\ aemufuG,fwGif xdkvlyk*¾dKvfwdkYonf olaorsm;tm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfckjzpfaomtvf-aomifA[f(wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ aemifw&rI udk vufcHay;Edkifawmfrlaomt&Sif)? tvf-*zl;&f (cGifhvTwfonf;cHawmfrl aomt&Sif? tjypf'kp½dkufrsm;udk cGifhvTwfay;Edkifaomt&Sif)[laom *kPf awmfrsm;ay;ouJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ xdkrkpfvifrfrsm;\ vkyfaqmifrIrSm c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;teuf uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;ESifh tvGefqifwlaeonf/ xdkuufovpf*dkPf; 0if c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\aeYpOf b0wnfaqmufrIqdkif &m vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGufay;&ef txl;olawmfpifwpfyg;\ trnf udk [pfac:woavh&SdMuonf/ Oyrm-Opömypönf;wpfck aysmufqkH;aom tcg ¤if;udk &SmazG&mwGif oD;bD;pfausmif;awmfrS pdefYxftefaxmfeDudk ylaZmfyoavh&Sdonf/416 pdefY*sL'foma';(St. Jude Thaddaeus)tm; ukoí raysmufuif;Edkifaoma&m*ga0'emrsm;udk ukoaysmufuif;Edkif&eftwGuf? Mum;0iftoem;cHay;&ef wrf;wMuonf/ xdkYtwl vifr,m;tMum; rwnfhaomjyóem? tqifrajyaomvufxyfxdrf;jrm;rIrsm; tqifajy ap&eftwGuf xdkolawmfpif pdefY*sL'foma';udk wrf;wavh&SdMuonf/417 wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf c&D;xGufvdkaomtcgwGif c&D;oGm;olrsm;udk xdef; odrf;apmifha&Smufonfh pdefYc&pfwdkzm(St. Christopher)tm; ylaZmfyoavh&Sd onf/ ¤if;tavhtxrSm 1969 ckESpfwdkifatmiftxd jzpfonf/ 1969 ckESpfwGif ykyf&[ef;rif;rsm; ,kHMunfcsufqdkif&mxkwfjyefrIt& ¤if;onf

416 417

The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book., 1987, Vol. 1, p. 509. The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book., 1987, Vol. 11, p. 146.

olawmfpif tppftrSef r[kwfaMumif; aMumfjimjcif;cH&aomtcg xdkol awmfpifrsm;tm; worI rjyKMuawmhaMumif; od&\/418 þodkYaomolrsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\ta&;udpörsm;twGuf Mum;cHtjzpf &SzmtofjyKay;&ef tokH;jyKaomtrsKd;tpm;wGif c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; onf t"duyg0ifMuonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; onf a,½Ic&pf(wrefawmftDqm)tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f )rS 0ifpm;aom? bk&m;0ifpm;aomvlom;[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ c&pf ,mefbmom0ifrsm;uJhodkY twk,lí zuf&SifxGifNyD; wrefawmfjrwf tm; OD;wnfí qkawmif;rIjyKMuaom? vrf;vGJaeonfh rkpfvifrfrsm; onfvnf; urÇmwpfvTm;wGif awGY&Sd&avonf/ txufwGif azmfjycJhaom ocFsKdif;udk;uG,fylaZmfyorI enf;vrf;ESpfck pvkH;udk tpövmrfrS jiif;y,fonf/ tpövmrf\oifMum;rIwGif vlom; onf uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;aomtcg A&fZm;cfac: Mum;cH'dkifrif;&Sif;wpfck odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;NyD;? ¤if;wdkY\aumif;rI? raumif;rIvkyf&yfrsm;onf &yf qdkif;oGm;onf/ uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;aomolonf &Sifoefaeaomolrsm; twGuf rnfonfht&mudkrQ vkyfaqmifay;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhacs/ ol\&Sif oefpOfu jyKvkyfcJhaomvkyf&yfrsm;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;aMumifh? vl&Sifrsm; twGuftusKd;oufa&mufrI &Sdaumif;&SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkuG,fvGef oltwGufrl ¤if;\vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf qkvmbf(0g)jypf'Pfudk qufvuf cHpm;ae&rnf jzpfonf/ qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[frS qifhjyefcJhonf/ tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm]]vlwpfa,muf (a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap) aoqkH;oGm;aom tcg ol\ aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;teuf okH;ckaomt&mrSvGJí tm;vkH; tqkH;owfoGm;ayrnf/ ¤if;okH;ckaomt&mrSm418

The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book., 1987, Vol. 3, p. 417.

(1) vSL'gef;ay;urf;cJhonfh &SifoefaeaomtvSL'ge(qG'u[f *sm&D,m? Oyrm- vrf;azmufjcif;? a&wGif;wl;jcif;? AvD 0wfausmif;awmfwnfaqmufjcif;? ponfjzifh)? (2) vlom;wdkYtm; tusKd;jyKaom ol\ynm (Oyrm-tpövmrfh ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;wwfajrmufí jyefvnfydkYcscJhjcif;? tpövmrfh pmaya&;om;jyKpkjcif;? tpövmrfhw&m;awmfrsm; a[majymydkYcsjcif;)ESifh (3) olrS aumif;jrwfaomom;orD;rsm;arG;zGm;xm;cJhNyD;? ,if; om;orD;rsm;rS olYtwGuf awmif;qk'dktm vkyfay;jcif;? ponfh okH;ckaomvkyf&yf\ tusKd;omvQif qufvuf &Sifoefaeayrnf/}}419 xdkYtwl wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS BuD;us,faom0rf;enf;rIESifh twl &Sif;jycJhonfrSm rdrdESifheD;pyfaomolrsm;tm; (qdkvdkonfrSm udk,f awmfjrwf\aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;tm;) rnfrQyif eD;uyfapumrl þ'GEéD,m avmuDb0wGif rdrdrS rnfodkYaom ulnDapmifrrIjyKay;EdkifpGrf; r&SdaMumif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frSwrefawmfjrwfBuD;tm; udk,f awmfjrwf\ tGr®ofaemufvdkufaemufygrsm;tm; ajymMum;&ef atmufyg twdkif; trdefYay;xm;awmfrlonf/                [              ] 

419

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usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 188/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 26; 214/

AifefrkoGmvdAf? tdk-uREkfyf\ta': qkdzD,[f? tv’m[f\ tvdkawmf udk qefYusifí uREkfyfonf toifwdkYtm; umuG,fEdkifpGrf; r&Sdyg/ tdkcspforD;awmfzmoGDr[f? rk[r®'f\ orD;awmf? oifonf uREkfyfxHrS toifr tvdk&Sd&m awmif;qdkygavmh/ odkYaomf oifr\awmif;qdkcsuf onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmfudk rausmfvGefrdygapESifh/ uREkfyf onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmfESifh qefYusifí toifrtwGuf umuG,fEdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg/}}422 tjcm;['D;qfawmfwpfckwGif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ qG[mAD wpfyg;onf wrefawmfjrwftm; ol\ tqdkjyKcsufudk atmufyg twdkif; a,bk,stqdkjyKcJhonf/ ]]þonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\qE´awmfESifh toif (udk,fawmfjrwf )\qE´awmf jzpfonf/}} xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS xdkqG[mAD BuD;tm; rqdkif;rwG csufcsif; atmufygtwdkif; trSefjyifay;cJhonf/ ]]oifonf igwrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[fESifh tqifh twef;wlatmif jyKaevkyfjcif;avm/ toiftaeESifh ajym&rnfrSm ]]þ onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;\ qE´awmf? tvdkawmf jzpfonf/}}423 wrefawmfjrwfonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wdkif;wmowfrSwf ay;xm;onfh ouú'D;&fudk ajymif;vJay;Edkifaom pGrf;tm; r&SdaMumif; ajymxm;aomfvnf; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom rkpfvifrfrsm;onf wrefawmf jrwftm; [pfac:wrf;wí ¤if;wdkYtm; ulnDyg&ef awmif;qkjyKMu onfomru 0vDolawmfpifrsm;tm; tjrifhtedrfh tpOftqufpm&if; 422

tDrmrfrkpfvifrf ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;?twGJ1? pm-136? ['D;qftrSwf-402ESifh qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-4789? ['D;qftrSwf-727-8/ 423 tDrmrft[fr'f ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

(pdvfpdvm)t& [pfac:wrf;wrIjyKavh&SdMuonf/ þjrifhedrfhpOfquf ol awmfpifrsm;\ pm&if;Z,m;onf tuG,fudk jrifEdkifaomolrsm; (‫)رجال الغيب‬ \ tvGef BuD;us,fta&;ygaom tqifhtwef;tvdkuf pDpOfxm;aom Z,m;jzpfNyD;? wduspGm owfrSwfxm;aomolawmfpifrsm; yg0ifonf[k qdk\/ xdkolawmfpifrsm;teufrS olawmfpifwpfyg;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \trdefYawmfudk cH,laomtcg? ¤if;tpOftqufae&mudk csufcsif; tpm; xdk; ae&m,lMuonf[k qdkonf/ ¤if;pdvfpdvm (pOfqufZ,m;)\ tjrifhqkH;ae&mwGif ukoGAf (‫[ )قطب‬kac:aom? qlzDrsm;jzwfausmf&onfh pcef;rsm;teuf tjrifhqkH;pcef;odkY a&muf&SdcJhonfh pMu0Vmacgif;aqmif [kac:wGifMuaom olawmfpifrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk a*gufpf (‫( )غوث‬ulnD½dkif;yif;ol) [kvnf; ac:wGifonf/ ½Idifcf tAÁ'kvfum'd&f *sDvmeD  (c&pf ouú&mZf 1166 wGif uG,fvGef)tm; tvf-a*gufpf tvf-ttfZGmrf (a*gufpf-aph-ttfZGmrf)[k ac:wGifMuonf/ ,if; a*gufaphttfZGmrf\ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tBuD;us,fqkH; ulnDapmifraomol}} [k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ rsm;pGmaom vlom;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY uHqdk; rdk;arSmifusaom? 'ku© tBuD;tus,fa&mufaomtcsdefwGif ( ‫يا عبد القادر! اغثني‬ ‫] )اغثني‬,m-tAÁ'kvf um'd&f? t*dqfqeD? t*dqfqeD} ,if;teufrSm ]tdktAÁ'kvfum'd&f? uRefawmfrsKd;udk u,fwifapmifrawmfrlyg? uRefawmf rsKd;udk u,fwif apmifrawmfrlyg}[k woavh&SdMuonf/ þrrSm;oifh aomtrSm; &S&D;uf\a
ESifh qefYusifaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf BuD;us,fvSaom&S&D;ufudk jyKvkyf aeMuygonf/ uG,fvGefaoqkH;olrsm;tm; Mum;0if toem;cHay;aomolrsm;tjzpf jyKvkyftokH;csjcif;? ¤if;wdkYxH wdkuf½kdufawmif;qdkjcif;rsm;onf tpövmrf rS wif;wif;usyfusyf qefYusifxm;onfh &S&D;ufxdkufonfh tukodkvf jypfrI jzpfonf/ þocFsKdif;ylaZmfyorI[kac:qdkaom aoolrsm;udk 0wfjyK ylaZmfyorI enf;vrf;rsm;onf rkpfvifrfvlxkBuD;twGif;odkY rodrom 0wfwGm;í 0ifa&mufvmaom? vGJrSm;aom bmoma&; tavhtusifhrsm; jzpfNyD;? rkpfvifrfvlxkBuD;onf ¤if;tusifhqdk;rsm;udk wenf;r[kwf wenf; ykHpHwpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh usifhokH;aeMuonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ þodkY jyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rdefYawmf rlxm;onfhtcsufudk trlrJhtrSwfrJh usL;vGefaeMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ ]       [

]]¤if;wdkYteuf rsm;pGmaomolwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; wpfpHkwpf&mudk xkdt&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf EIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif; rjyKbJ ouf0if,HkMunfMuonf r[kwfaywum;/}}424 qG[mADBuD;tAlptD;'fck'f&DocifrSqifhjyefcJhonfh wrefawmfjrwf \ owday;wm;jrpfxm;csufrSm ]]toifwdkYonf toifwdkY\tvsif&SdcJhMuaom vlrsm;\ tavh tusifhrsm; ("avhxkH;pHrsm;? vdkufemusifhokH;rIrsm;)udk wpfvuf rcsif;? xdkrSwqifh wpfudkufcsif; a&SUwdk;? a&SUwdk;í vdkufem usifhokH;Muayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkY jyKvkyfrIrsm;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf uif;vdyfacsm (0g) zGwfuJhodkYaom xGm;oGm;owÅ0grsm; tayguf 424

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 12; 106/

twGif;odkY wdk;0ifrdovdk oifwdkY onfvnf; a&S;,cifvlrsm;\ vrf;pOfudk vdkufemMuayvdrfhrnf[k rdefYawmfrlonf/ udk,fawmf jrwftm; (uREkfyfwdkY\ tvsif&SdcJhaomolrsm;qdkonfrSm) *sL;rsm;ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;udk qdkvdkygovm;[k ar;jref; avQmuf xm;Mu&m udk,fawmfjrwfrS ]olwdkYr[kwfvQif rnfol jzpfEdkif ygrnfenf;}[k ajzMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/}} 425 txufazmfjyyg['D;qfawmfwGif wrefawmfjrwf\ BudKwif a[mMum;csufonf rkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;&Sd trsKd;rsKd;taxGaxGaomocFsKdif; ylaZmfyorIrsm;udk&nfñTef;onfomru c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;\½kyfyGm; qif;xkrsm; jyKvkyfylaZmfrlESifh uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;rS rdrdwdkY ½dkao av;pm;aom olawmfpifrsm;\ ½kyfykH? yef;yk? ½kyfxk? ½kyfvkH;rsm; jyKvkyf aom"avhudkyg wm;jrpfxm;avonf/ qG[mADBuD;aqmifAmef;rS qifhjyefcJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyf\ tGr®ofol^om;rsm;teuf tcsKdUaomtkyfpkrsm;onf ½kyf yGm;qif;xkrsm;udk rylaZmf? ryo}oa½GU aemufqkH;tcsdef (ud,m rof urÇmysufjyKef;rnfhtcsdef) em&Donf a&muf&Sdvmrnf r[kwf acs/}}426 tAl[l½dkif&[ffocifrS qifhjyefcJhonf/ tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmf rS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]a'gif;pf[kac:aomrsKd;EG,fpkrS trsKd;orD;rsm;onf t,fvfcg vm;&Sm; bk&m;ausmif;ywf0ef;usifESifh? bk&m;ausmif;xJ&Sd ½kyfxk? 425

tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ -9? pm-314-5? ['D;qftrSwf-422 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1403? ['D;qftrSwf-6448/ 426 ½I- pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1180-1? ['D;qftrSwf-4239? tdAfEk rm*s[fusrf; ESifh od&frDZDusrf;/

½kyfyGm;rsm;udk ywfywfvnf0dkif;vSnfhí427 ¤if;wdkY\ wifyg;rsm; udk wqwfqwfcgatmifvIyf&Sm;í cg,rf;uckefrI r&Sdoa½GU umvywfvkH;? urÇmysufrnfhtcsdefaemufqkH;em&Donf usa&muf ao;rnf r[kwfacs/}}428 xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh tpövmrfomoem\ rlvtp? ordkif;a&;&m zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfoabm aygufxm;&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/ þodkY em;vnfoabmayguf xm; ygu txufwGif azmfjycJhaom omoema&;qdkif&m tavhtusifh? "avhp½dkufrsm;? usifhokH;rIrsm;udk oifhavQmfaom oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh em; vnfoabmaygufNyD;? ¤if;vkyf&yfrsm;tay: tpövmrf\ pnf;rsOf; pnf; urf;rsm;udkvnf; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmayguf em; vnfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ bmomw&m;rsm;\ qifhuJajymif;vJrIykHpH

'g0if\qifhuJajymif;vJrIoDtdk&D\ vTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif ajrmufjrm; pGmaom vlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;\t,ltq rSm bmomw&m;rsm;\tp (bmomw&m;? udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrsm;\rlv tp)onf a&S;a[mif;vlom;rsm;\obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tay: ewfbk&m; rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfudk;uG,fjcif;rS tpjyKcJhonf[k aumufcsufcscJhMuay onf/429 ¤if;wdkY\t,ltqt& a&S;a[mif;ausmufacwfvlom;rsm; 427

½I-tdAfEktpD;&f? tef-e[m,[f zD *&D;Af tvf-['D;qf 0 tvf-tqm;&f? AD½l'f? tvf-rwfufomA[f tvf-tpövmrD,[f? 1963? twGJ-1? pm-64/ 428 tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-178? ['D;qftrSwf-232 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-15 06? ['D;qftrSwf-6944/ 429 a';Apf[Grf;(1711-76)onf aomrwfpfa[mhAfAD(1588-1679)\ bmomw&m; \obm0ordkif; (1757)twGif;ü ,if;oDtdk&D\ aqG;aEG;wifjycsufudk vdkufcJhonf/ ½I- Dictionary of Religions, p. 258.

onf BuD;us,fí ½kwfw&ufusa&mufwwfaom obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f rsm;aMumifh thHtm;woifhaMumuf½GHYxdwfvefYjcif; jzpfapcJhonf/ obm0 tEÅ&m,fqdk;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom? vQyfpD;vufjcif;? rdk;BudK;ypfjcif;? rD;awmif aygufuGJjcif;? ivQifvIyfjcif;paom tjcif;t&mrsm;aMumifh ysufpD;qkH;½IH;rI rsm; awGYBuKHcJh&NyD;? obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;tay: aMumuf½GYHxdefYvefYrI rsm;cHpm;cJhMu&onf/ xdkcHpm;rIrsm;tay: aMumufvefYrIrsm;udk ESpfodrfh&ef obm0vGeft&mrsm;udk rdrdwdkYbmomrdrdwdkY zefwD;jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ¤if;obm0vGeft&mrsm;udk ESpfodrfhaprnfhenf;vrf; rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm; (0g) ydkí tiftm;BuD;aomrsKd;EG,frsm; \tultnDjzifh qufcHaqmifusOf;vmcJhMuonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh tapm ydkif;umv\ udk;uG,fyorI? &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIenf;pepfrsm;? xkH;wrf;rsm; (Oy rm-&Sdcdk;ylaZmfenf;?,dZfylaZmfyoenf;)ponfwdkYonfvnf; wjznf;jznf; zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufvmcJhMuonf/ ajrmuftar&duwdkuf\ tdE´d,ef;vlrsKd;rsm; onf jrpfrsm;\ ewfa'0wmrsm;? opfawmapmifhewfrsm; ... ponfwdkYudk ylaZmfyocJhMuNyD;? Animism [kac:aom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk udk;uG,f &mtjzpf owfrSwfonfh bmomw&m; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/430 þonf bmoma&;\ qifhuJhajymif;vJjzpfay:rI\ tapmydkif;tajctaersm;\ Oyrmrsm;tjzpf wifjyjcif;cHcJh&onf/ obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,faomtqifhwGif vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDü ¤if;wdkY\ yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m ewfbk&m;rsm; tpktzGJY&SdcJhMuonf[k qifhuJajymif;vJrIudk vufcHMuonfh 'g0if0g'D rsm;u qdkMuonf/ vlY,Ofaus;rIwdk;wufvmrI vu©Pmwpfckjzpfaom rdom;pkrsm;tjzpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmaomtcg yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m ewfbk&m; rsm;udk rdom;pkewfbk&m;rsm;u tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ A[kemx 0g'ac: bk&m;trsm;udk udk;uG,faomtajctaersm;teuf tdE´d,EdkifiH\ [dE´Lrsm;udk avhvmygu rdom;pkwdkif;wGif ¤if;wdkY\qdkif&m? qdkif&m 430

Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, Pp. 16, 193.

yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m ewfbk&m;rsm;&SdMuNyD;? obm0tjcif;t&m\ ewfbk&m; rsm;udk udk;uG,frIpepf\ rdom;pktqifh udk;uG,frItajctaeudk xif[yf azmfjyonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ouf&Sif&yfwnfa&; qdkif&m ½kef;uefrIrsm;u rdom;pkrsm;tMum; qufEG,frI cdkifrmvmaom tcg ]rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;}tjzpf qifhuJwdk;wufvmcJhMuonf/ xdktcg a[mif; EGrf;tdkrif;oGm;NyDjzpfaom ewfbk&m;rsm;udk rsKd;EG,fpkewfbk&m;rsm;u wjznf;jznf; tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufcJh\/ rsKd;½dk;pOfqufvdkuf qufcHvm aom rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; wjznf;jznf; BuD;oxufBuD;vmaomtcg ewfbk&m; rsm; ta&twGufrSm wjznf;jznf; enf;enf;vmcJh\/ þenf;tm;jzifh ]bk&m;ESpfql0g'}udk ay:xGufvmapcJhonf/ bk&m;ESpfql0g'\ oabm w&m;t& tm;vkH;aom obmvGef pGrf;tm;rsm;udk t"du bk&m;ESpfyg; tjzpf cGJjcm;vdkufNyD;? aumif;jcif;\bk&m;ESifh raumif;rI'kp½dkufrsm;udk jzpfapaom raumif;jcif;\bk&m;[lí ESpfql cGJjcm;vdkuf\/ qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&m 'g0if0g'udk vufcHMuaom 'g0if0g'D rsm;\ tqdkt& bk&m;ESpfyg; cGJjcm;jcif;tqifh\ Oyrmudk yg&Sm;EdkifiH (,ck tD&efEdkifiH)\ Zdk½dktufpxD;,ef;bmomwGif awGY&onf[k qdk\/ yg&Sef; vlrsKd;? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; Zdk½dktufpx&m (*&d- Zdk½dkpfxm) ray:aygufrD tcsdefumvu yg&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;onf obm0ewfa'0wm rsm;udk ,kHMunfouf0ifcJhMuonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif rsKd;EG,fpk ewfbk&m;rsm;? rdom;pkewfbk&m;rsm;[lí &SdcJhMuonf/ rEkóaA' ynm&Sifrsm;\ &SmazGavhvmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh ¤if;ynm&Sifrsm;\ teuf aumuf,lcsufrsm;t& Zdk½dktufpx&m\acwfumvwGif yg;&Sm;vlrsKd; rsm;\ rsKd;EG,fpkqdkif&m ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ESpfcktxd a&SmhcscJhonf[kqdk\/ ¤if;wdkYt,ltqt& ]t[l;&m;rmZ'g} (Ahura Mazda)onf urÇmay:&Sd aumif;aomt&mtm;vkH;udk zefqif;aombk&m;jzpfNyD;? tef*&mref,k (Angra Manyu) onf raumif;aomt&mtm;vkH;udk zefqif;aombk&m;

jzpfonf/431 vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm; aygif;pnf;í EdkifiHawmftqifhodkY a&mufvm aomtcg? ¤if;wdkY\ rsKd;EG,fpk ewfbk&m;rsm;rS ESpfyg;aomewfbk&m;? wzef ¤if;udk EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m bk&m;BuD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufMuNyD;? Monotheism ac: wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;tm; udk;uG,fjcif;onf arG;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdkMuonf/ tpöa&;wdkY\bk&m;udk or®musrf;a[mif;xJwGif EdkifiHawmfqdkif&m trSefwu,f &Sifoefaeonfh bk&m;tjzpf ykHazmfxm;NyD;? ¤if;wdkY\udk,f pm; &efolrsm;udk wdkufcdkufay;onf/ wzeftpöa&; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vnf; bk&m;ocifrS ]a½G;cs,fxm;aom uav;oli,frsm;^om;orD;rsm;}tjzpf wifjyxm;onf/ BC 14 &mpkESpfwGif tD*spfEdkifiH\ tkyfcsKyfol tcD emwef(Akhenaten) (¤if;tm; trif;ef[dkwufyf (Amenhotep IV)[kvnf; ac:wGifcJhonf)tm; qifhuJajymif;vJrI0g'qdkif&m bmoma&; tod onm\ oufaowpf&yftjzpf udk;um;cJhMuonf/ xdktcsdefumvwGif tcDemwefrSm wpfyg;wnf;qdkif&m udk;uG,frIoabmw&m;wpf&yfudk pwif tqdkjyK wifjycJhonf/ ¤if;\t,ltqwGif &m ]Ra}[kac:aom bk&m;udk c0yfudk;uG,fapNyD;?¤if;onf aerif;\tvif;a&mifjcnfpuf0dkif; udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;onf/432 xdkYaMumifh vlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;\tvdk t& bmoma&;wGif bk&m;ocif (aumif;uifbkHESifhqdkifaom bk&m; ocif)\ rlvblwoabmw&m; vkH;0r&Sdacs/ bmoma&;[laom tod onmonf a&S;acwfvlom;rsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ odyÜHynmqdkif&m todynm uif;rJhrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom t,lonf;rI? taMumufvGefuJrIrS qifhuJajymif;vJvmonfh tawG;tac:t,ltqwpf&yfom jzpfonf/ xdkvlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;u awG;xif,lq MuonfrSm xdkacwf? xdktcsdef? xdkumvu odyÜHynm&yf xGef;um;NyD; 431 432

Dictionary of Religions, Pp. 28 & 42. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 143.

jzpfygu tcsdeftcgtavQmuf jzpfay:vmaomobm0\ vQdKU0Sufcsuf rsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifrnfqdkygu bmomw&m;[laom todonmonf ay:xGef;vmp&m taMumif;r&Sd[k qdkMuonf/ ,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfvmaom bmoma&;\ykHpH

bmoma&;ESifhywfoufí tpövmrf\todonm? ¤if;todonm\ zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmrIonf txufazmfjyygtjrifoabmw&m;ESifh vkH;0 qefYusifvQuf &Sdygonf/ ¤if;onf ,dk,Gif;ysufpD; qkwf,kwfvmjcif;ESifh wzef jyefvnf oefpGrf;wdk;yGm;vmaomjzpfpOfjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf qifhuJ ajymif;vJwdk;wufjcif; r[kwfyg/ vlom;onf wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk udk;uG,foltjzpfrS acwfumvtoD;oD;wGif tcsdef twdkif;twmt& wjznf;jznf; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;oGm;NyD;? ¤if;onf bk&m; trsm;udk;uG,f&m0g'tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hü ¤if;udk;uG,frIysuf,Gif;vmaomykHpHonf bk&m;ESpfql 0g'? wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m; okH;ql0g'? wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;trsm;udk twl,SOfwGJudk;uG,fjcif;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;tm; acwftvdkuf? EdkifiHtvdkuf? vlrsKd;tvdkuf urÇmha'otoD;oD;odkY apvTwfí wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; udk;uG,f&ef ajzmifh rwfrSefuefaom vrf;pOfudk jyefvnf usifhokH;&ef (tpövmrfudk usifhokH; &ef) vrf;ñTef oifMum;apcJhonf/ tcsdefumv a½GUavsmvmonfESifhtrQ vlom;wdkYonf wrefawmfrsm;\ oifMum;ydkYcsrIrsm;rS vGJacsmfvmMuNyD;? wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;tm; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;rS aoGznfí rlv rSefuefaomvrf;pOfESifh usifhokH;rIrsm;tm; wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmMu onf/ wpfcsKdUrSmum; vrf;vkH;0 aysmufoGm;Muonfvnf; &Sdonf/ þodkY vlom;rsm;rS rdrdwdkY\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk qnf;uyfudk;uG,f jcif;rSwjznf;jznf; aoGznf,drf;,dkifvmcJhaMumif;oufaoudk a&S;a[mif; vlrsKd;pkrsm; tm;vkH;rS tjrifhqkH;? tBuD;qkH;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kH

MunfcJhonf[laom taxmuftxm;rsm;rS oufaocHvQuf &Sdonf/ qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&m 'g0if0g'DwdkY\t,ltqt& bmoma&;\ zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItqifhrsm; rnfokdYyif&Sdaeapumrl? ¤if;onf ta&;BuD; aomtcsuf r[kwfyg/ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm urÇmhvlom;rsKd;EG,frsm; teuf trsm;pkrSm udk;uG,f&mt&SiftcsKyfudk tjcm;aom ewfbk&m;rsm; xufydkí ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcJhMuonfhtcsufuomvQif ta&;BuD;qkH;aom tcsuf jzpfayonf/ A[dktar&dua'o&Sd rm,mvlrsKd;rsm;\ zefqif;&Sifewfbk&m; twfZ rmefem (Atzmna)rSpí qDtm&mvDtGef;EdkifiH&Sd ref;'D;vlrsKd;rsm;\ i,f0l (Ngewo)[kac:aom pMu0Vmrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfrsm;\ zefqif;&Sif?433 [dE´L t,l0g'rS NA[®P434 (t
Dictionary of Religions, p. 93. Ibid., p. 210. Ibid., p. 68. Ibid., p.28

w&m;\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ,kHMunfjcif;ESifh twlwGJí r&SdEdkifacs/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl wpfyg;wnf;aom tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomt&Sif[laom todonmonf tm;vkH;aom bmomw&m;rsm;wGif usef&Sdaeaom aMumifh vlom;trsm;pkonf eAD? wrefawmf rsm;\ oifMum;rIjzpfaom? wpfqlwnf;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunfudk;uG,frIrS wjznf;jznf; vGJacsmfoGm;cJhaMumif; oufaotjzpf awGY&\/ ,if;odkY vrf;vGJrI? wdrf; apmif;rI? aoGznfrIrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmMunfhygu tcsKdUonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmf (*kPf&nfrsm;)udk xdkt&Sif\ tjcm; tzefqif;cHrsm;ESifh zefqif;jcif;\ tcef;u@rsm;odkY ay;rdcJhMujcif; aMumifh jzpfonf/ þenf;vrf;rsm;wGif *kPft&nftaoG;rsm; cGJa0,l xm;aom tenf;i,frQaom ta&twGuf&Sdonfh ewfbk&m;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdvmNyD;? tcsKdUaom tajctaersm;wGif ¤if;ewfbk&m;rsm;u vlom;ESifh udk;uG,f&mt&SiftMum; Mum;0iftoem;cH ay;aom? Mum; yGJpm;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJhjcif;om jzpfonf/ bmomw&m;rsm; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;qkwf,kwfvmjcif; rSefuefaMumif; tjcm; oufaowpf&yfudk ordkif;qdkif&m bmoma&;ul;ajymif;rIwpfck jzpf onfh wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfonfh *sL;0g'rS bk&m;trsm;udk vufcH,kHMunfaeaom c&pf,mef0g'udk ul;ajymif;cJhonfh jzpf&yfwGif awGYEdkifonf/ wrefawmftDqmrS vrf;ñTefoifMum;cJh aom wpfyg;wnf;udk;uG,faom0g'rS bk&m;ESpfyg;udk;uG,faom0g'odkY yxrOD;pGm ajymif;vJoGm;cJh\/ ¤if;wdkY\t,ltqt& El;tl;pf(Nous)ESifh vdk;a*ghpf(Logos)[laom bk&m;ESpfyg;&Sdonf/ El;tl;pf(Nous)onf pMu0Vm udk EId;qGaeaom ½kyfr[kwfonfh tajccHoabmjzpfNyD;? vdk;a*ghpf(Logos)rSm ½kyftjzpfxif&Sm;vmaom o½kyfouef jzpfonf/437 xdkodkY ESpfyg;aom 437

xdktawG;tac:'óeynm&Sifrsm;\ t,ltqt& Nous onf pMu0Vm\ tajccHoabmw&m;udk EId;qGaeaom ½kyfr[kwfonfh tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfNyD;? Logos onf ½kyftjzpfxif&Sm;vmaom o½kyfouef jzpfonf/ ½I- Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p.314.

bk&m;udk udk;uG,frIrSwqifh a&mracwfodkY a&mufaomtcgwGif bk&m; okH;qludk;uG,fjcif;0g'odkY ,dk,Gif;vmcJhonf/438 a&mrvlrsKd;rsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf wpfyg;wnf;jzpfaomfvnf; jyifyA[dE¨ tajctae wGif yk*¾dKvfokH;yg;tjzpf &yfwnfwnf&Sdaeonf/ ¤if;rSm tzbk&m;ocif? om;awmfESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwdkY jzpfonf/ aemufqkH;tqifhü ½dkrmefuufovpf ausmif;awmfrsm;wGif A[kemx0g'ac: bk&m;trsm; vufcHudk;uG,f,kHMunfjcif;udk tjynfht0usifhokH;aeonfudk awGYEdkif onf/ xdkuufovpfausmif;awmfrsm;wGif ar&DESifh olawmfpif[kac:cH& aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; tpOftquftvdkuf pGrf;tm;rsm;ay;í Mum;0ifto em;cHay;rnfhol?umuG,fapmifha&Smufolrsm;tjzpf jyKay;xm;onfudk awGY Edkif\/ tvm;wlyif uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS ,l aqmifvmcJhonfh tpövmrf\ aemufqkH;ESifhoefYpifaom aumif;csD; owif;ESifh ,aeYrkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;&Sd ,kHMunfouf0ifrIrsm;? usifhokH;rI rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmMunfhygu ,kHMunfrIrsm;? usifhokH;rIrsm;onf rlv tajctaerS wjznf;jznf; ,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfvmonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ tpövmrf ay:xGef;ump tcsdefu &SdcJhaom oefYpifonfh wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIonf acwf umvtoD;oD;udk jzwfausmfvmaomtcg rlv aomif[D;'fopömw&m;rS wjznf;jznf; qkwf,kwfysuf,Gif;vmcJhonf/ bmoma&;avmuwGif *kdPf;*Prsm;? tkyfpkrsm; toD;oD;tou ay:aygufvmNyD; aemufydkif; rsKd;qufrsm;twGif;rS ¤if;wdkY\ bmoma&;,kHMunfrIrsm;ü wrefawmf jrwf? udk,fawmfjrwf\ tEG,fawmfrsm;? ouú0gw&m;&Sdaomol 438

uyfyg½dkpD,efrsm;rS zefwD;cJhonfh okH;wpfql0g'udk c&pfouú&mZf (381) ckESpf wGif uGefpwefwDEdky,f\ a&mraumifpDrS aemufqkH;ü vufcH twnfjyK ay;cJhonf/ ,if;okH;yg;wpfql0g'rSm bk&m;ocifonf wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifjzpfNyD;? zcrnf;awmf? om;awmf? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwdkYü udef;0yfaeonf/ ½I- Diction ary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 586.

rsm;? wzef ouú0gw&m; r&Sdaomolrsm;tm; olawmfpifrsm;[k owfrSwf NyD;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udk wyfqifay;NyD;? rsKd;quf tvdkuf udk;uG,fusifhokH;vQuf&Sdonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ 'g0if0g'\ todonmoabmt& atmf*JepfqifhuJajymif;vJjcif; onf ,aeYjzpfay:wnf&Sdaeaom ouf&Sdrsm;tm;vkH;\ rlvtponf qJvf wpfckxJom&Sdaom trD;bm;ESifho@mefwlonfh ouf&Sd tPkZD0 ½kyfypönf;rsm;rS tpjyKcJhonf[k qdk\/ þuJhodkY qJvfac: ½kyfuvyfpnf; wpfck&Sdaomouf&Sdrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtouf&Sifoef&yfwnfrItwGuf vIyf &Sm;½kef;uef&if; ½IyfaxG;aomykHo@meftjzpf zGJYpnf;xm;onfh tqifhjrifh ouf&SdtPkZD0 ½kyfypönf;rsm;tqifhodkY qifhuJajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonf [kqdk\/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Dt& ouf&Sdrsm;onf ½dk;&Sif;aomtajctaerS tqifhjrifh½IwfaxG;aomtajctaeodkY qifhuJhajymif;vJonfhoabmw&m; udk omoema&;twGuf wdkuf½dkuftokH;csvdkufaomtcg qkwf,kwf ,dk ,Gif;vmaomykHpHudk taxmuftuljyKoGm;ayonf/ ¤if;oabmt& bmomw&m;rsm;onf tvGef½dk;&Sif;aomykHpHESifhpwifcJhNyD;? ¤if;rSm wpfyg; wnf;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yfudk;uG,fonfhykHpH jzpfonf/ xdkrSw qifh ¤if;oefYpif&Sif;vif;rIudk qkH;½IH;oGm;NyD; bk&m;ESpfql0g'? bk&m; okH;ql0g'? bk&m;trsm;udk udk;uG,faom0g'? wzef ... ,SOfwGJ udk;uG,f aom0g'rsm;tjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;bmomw&m;rsm;\ qifhuJajymif;vJrIonf trsKd;rsKd;aoma'orsm;ay:rlwnfí vnf;aumif;? xdkt&yfa'owGif BuD;pdk;vTrf;rdk;aeaom vlrIpD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm;ay: rlwnfívnf;aumif;? ykHo@mefwpfckESifhwpfck rwlay/ aemufqkH;wGif ½kyfyGm;½kyfxkrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfonfh ykHo@meftjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;av onf/

&S&D;ufac: wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;\tp

wrefawmfjrwfonf wrefawmftm'rfocifvufxufrS pwifcJhonfh wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;rS A[kemx bk&m;trsm;udk;uG,fjcif;odkY urÇmhacwfumvtvdkuf rnfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;aMumif;udk txift&Sm; tao;pdwf &Sif;jycJhonf/ wref awmfjrwf\ qGm[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS xdkjzpf&yfjrifuGif;udk uREkfyfwdkY tm; pl&[fEl;[f? tm,ofawmf (23) ü tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wrefawmf El;[focifonf ¤if;\vlxktm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf; udk c0yfudk;uG,ftdAm'ofjyK&ef zdwfac:cJhaomtcg ¤if;\trsKd;om; rsm;u rnfokdY wkHYjyefcJhykHESifhywfoufí ¤if;tm,wfawmf\ozfpD;&fudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jycJhonf/           [ ]  

]]¤if;jyif xkduRefawmfrsKd;\trsKd;om;wkdYonf (vufatmufi,f om; vlYAmvwkdYtm;) þokdY ajymqkdcJhMuygonf/ (tcsif;wkdY?) toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&mrsm;ukd pGefYy,fí tvQif; rxm;Muukefvifh/ ¤if;jyif toifwkdYonf ]]0'´f}} qif;wkukdvnf; tvQif; rpGefYy,fMuukefvifh? ]]qk0gtf}} qif;wkukdvnf; pGefYy,fjcif; rjyKMuukefvifh? xkdrSwpfyg; ]],*lqf}} qif;wkukd vnf;aumif;? ]],tluf}} qif;wkukdvnf;aumif;? ]]ewfpf&f}} qif;wkukd vnf;aumif;? pGefYy,fjcif;ukd rjyKMuukefvifh/}}439

439

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 71; 23/

qG[mADBuD; tAÁ'kv’m[ftdAfaeYtAÁm;pfocifrS txufyg usrf; jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmfESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; tus,f zGifhqkd &Sif;vif;jycJh\/ ]]txufazmfjyyg tm,wfawmfwGifyg&Sdonfh ]0'´f}? ]pk0gtf}? ],*lqf}? ],tluf}? ]ewfpf&f} tp&Sdonfh trnfrsm;rSm wrefawmfEl[f\ trsKd;om;rsm; qnf;uyfukd;uG,favh&SdMuaom qif;wkrsm;\ trnfrsm; jzpfayonf/ tm&AftrsKd;om;rsm;onfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif ,if;qif;wk rsm;ukd ukd;uG,fvmcJhMuayonf/ ]0'´f}onf a'gifrokvf *sef'vfa'o½Sd uvfAf rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm; c0yfudk;uG,fonfh bk&m;qif;xk jzpfvmonf/ ]pk0gtf}onf [dkZdkif,D;vfrsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;rSvnf;aumif;? ],*lqf}onf &SDAm EdkifiHteD;&Sd *sK&fzfa'orS *kodGKif;,D;zfrsKd;EG,frsm;rS vnf;aumif;? ],tluf} onf [rf'ef;rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;rSvnf;aumif; toD;oD;arG;pm;í ,if;qif; xkawmfrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fcJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif ]ewfpf&f}onf [difrf,m;&f rsKd;EG,f\ Zkvfumvm440rsKd;EG,fpdwfrS udk;uG,fonfh bk&m;qif;xk jzpf vmonf/ xdk½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;\ trnfrsm;rSm wrefawmfEl;[f\ tGr®oftkyfpktwGif;rS ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomopöm0g'DBuD;rsm;\trnfrsm; udk ay;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkajzmifhrwfrSefuefaom opöm0g'DBuD;rsm; aoqkH;oGm;NyD;onfhaemuf ½IdifoGmefrm&fewfonf usef&pfaomvlwdkYtm; ¤if;wdkY\ ykHyef;o@mefudk qif;xktjzpf xkvkyfapNyD;? ¤if;qif;xkrsm;udk xdkopöm0g'DBuD;rsm;\ trnfemrrsm;jzifh rSnfhac:&ef pdwful; pdwfoef; xnfhoGif;ay;cJhonf/ xdkqif;xkrsm;wnf&Sdonfhae&mtm; rsKd;EG,fpktoD; oD;\ ta&;BuD;aomtpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyf&mae&mrsm;tjzpf jyKvkyf xm;NyD;?aumif;jrwfonfhtusifhoDvrsm; jyKrlusifhBuH&eftwGuf owday; EId;aqmfonfh txdrf;trSwftjzpfom tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYrsKd;EG,fxJ rS rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ,if;olawmfpifopöm0g'DBuD;rsm;twGuf 440

,DrifEdkifiH\ [ifrf,m&D,mbk&ifrif;jrwf/ ½I-rk[r®'ftdAfaeYrefZl;&f tvf-tm&Af? AD½l'fNrdKU? 'g&f qG'D;&fykHESdyfwdkuf? twGJ-8? pm-313/

?

vdpmef

txdrf;trSwftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;onfh qif;xkrsm;udk rc0yf? rudk;uG,fcJh? &Sdckd;ylaZmfyojcif; r&SdcJhacs/ rnfodkYqdkapumrl?xdk½kyfxkrsm;udk xkvkyfcJhMu onfh rsKd;qufrsm; uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;Muaomtcg aemufrsKd;qufrsm; rS xdk½kyfxkqif;xkrsm;udk jyKvkyfwnfxm;cJhMuonfh &nf½G,fcsufudk arh avQmhoGm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;½kyfxkqif;xkrsm;udk xkvkyfcJhMuaomrsKd;EG,frsm; \ aemufrsKd;qufopftm; ¤if;wdkY\ a&S;,cifrsKd;qufrsm; (bdk;? bGm;? bD?bifrsm;)onf xdk½kyfxkqif;xkrsm;udk xkxm;udk;uG,fcJhaMumif;? xdkodkY udk;uG,fylaZmfcJhjcif;aMumifh? rdk;rsm;½GmoGef;í (pm;eyf&du©mayg
qG[mADrk[r®'fAifefudkufpfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&D rS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ 442 ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-6? pm-414-5? ['D;qftrSwf-442/

ordkif;aemufcHtaMumif;w&m;udkvnf; xif[yfazmfjyaeayonf/ xdkYjyif tpövmrfrS vlom;ESifh wd&dpämefwdkY\½kyfykHyef;csDrsm;udk o½kyfazmf a&;qGJ jcif;? rSwfwrf;wifjcif;? ¤if;wdkY\½kyfxk½kyfvkH;rsm;? yef;csD½kyfykHrsm; a&;qGJ jcif;udk cdkifcdkifrmrm tb,fhaMumifh qefYusifcJhaMumif;udkvnf; xif[yf azmfjyaeayonf/ ½kyfykHyef;csDrsm;? ½kyfyGm;½kyfxkrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? ¤if;wdkYudk ylaZmfyojcif;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhaMumif;udk wrefawmfrlpmvuf xuf? ¤if;tm; xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom]ynwfawmf(10)yg;}wGif yg0if aMumif;? or®musrf;a[mif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ayonf/ ]]toifonf oifhudk,foif aoqkH;ol\ ½kyfvkH;? ½kyfxktjzpf rjyK vkyfoifh/ tvm;wl txufrdk;aumif;uif&Sdt&mrsm;? rdk;atmufajrjyif&Sd t&m0w¦Krsm;? urÇmajrBuD;\ twGif;ajratmuftwGif;&Sd t&m0w¦Krsm;? a&twGif;&Sd t&m0w¦rsm;\½kyfykH? ½kyfxk? ½kyfyGm;rsm;udkvnf; rjyKvkyf &/}}443 tapmydkif; c&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;onf txufazmfjyyg ñTefMum; csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;cJhaomfvnf;? *&,fudk-a&mrtawG; tac:rsm; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcgwGif a,½Ic&pfawmf\ oifMum; csufrsm;? vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD; oGm;apcJh onf/ ,if;ajymif;vJrIrS arG;zGm;ay;vdkufaom tarGtESpfwpf&yfrSm ½kyfvkH;½kyfxkrsm; jyKvkyf csef&pfapjcif; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkY\ ol&Jaumif;rsm;? tmZmenfrsm;? olawmfpifrsm;? wrefawmfrsm;? ar&DESifh a,½Ic&pfawmf? aemufqkH; tzbk&m;ocifac: ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif}\ ykHawmfrsm;udkyg ykHazmfa&;qGJcJhMuonf/444 443 444

Exodus, 20:4.

EdkifpD,m(787 CE)\ 'kwd,aumifpDrS vl0ifpm;jcif;tm; ouf0if,kHMunfrI\ vu©Pm&yftjzpf oauFwrsm;udk w&m;0if owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYtqdkt& Logos (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\pum;awmf)onf a,½Ic&pfawmfuJhodkY vlpifppfjzpfvmcJh onf/ ½I- Dictionary of Religions, p. 159.

wpfzufwGif uREkfyfwdkY\ aemufqkH;eADwrefawmf wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'frS ½kyfykHa&;qGJolrsm;? ½kyfyGm;? ½kyfxk? ½kyfvkH;rsm;jyKvkyfolrsm;? ¤if;wdkYudk csdwfqGJjcif;? jyojcif;ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfolrsm;tm; tv’m[f rS xdkolwdkYaoNyD; uA&focFsKdif;twGif;ü tjypf'Pfay;rnfjzpf aMumif; owday;ajymMum;cJhonf/ rktfrifefwdkY\ rdcifrGef tmtd&Sm[f  Aif;efaohtAlAu&frS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]tcgwpfyg;wGif wrefawmfjrwfonf uRefrtm; awGYqkH&efvm aomtcg uRefronf teD;qkH;ae&m&Sd awmifyHygaom jrif;½kyfrsm; yg0if onfh uefYvefYumwpfckaemufwGif 0ifí uG,faerdygonf/ wrefawmf jrwfonf xdkuefYvefYumudk jrifaomtcg udk,fawmfjrwf \ rsufESmawmfrSm ta&mifajymif;oGm;cJhygonf/ ]tdk-tmtd&Sm[f ? ud,mrofw&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif; tjyK trlESifh tvm;wljzpfaom xdkvkyf&yfonf tjyif;xefqkH; jypf'Pfudk cH&rnfht&m jzpfonf/ xdkt&mudk jyKvkyfaomoltm; ¤if;zefwD;xm; aomt&mudk toufoGif;cdkif;rnf jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS qufvufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm rvmtdum[f aumif;uifwrefrsm; onfvnf; xdk½kyfyGm;½kyfxk? ½kyfykHrsm;&Sdaomae&modkY vmrnf r[kwfacs/}} xdkYaemuftmtd&Sm[f ocifrrS qufvufí ajymjycJhonfrSm ]xdkY aMumifh uRefronf uefYvefYumudk tydkif;ydkif;jzwfí acgif;tkH;wpfvkH; (0g) ESpfvkH; jyKvkyfcJhyg onf/}}445 ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomolawmfpifrsm;tm; tvGeftusL; csD;rGrf;jcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJhaom tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&monf wrefawmf El;[f\vufxuf ¤if;\aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ ol 445

½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-7? pm-542? ['D;qftrSwf-838 ESifh pm545-6? ['D;qftrSwf-844? qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1158? ['D;qf trSwf-5254/

awmfpifrsm;tay: tvGeftusL;cspfcifjcif;? tvGeftusL; csD;rGrf;jcif;rsm; aMumifh ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;jyKvkyfudk;uG,fjcif;[laom tajccHoabmw&m; ay: aygufvmEdkifaMumif;? ¤if;onf &S&D;uf\tpyifjzpfaMumif;udk ñTefjyae ayonf/446 Ak'¨0g'ü Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf? ½kyfxkrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;? c&pf ,mef0g'ü c&pfawmf\½kyfyGm;awmf? ½kyfxkrsm;udk xkvkyfqnf;uyfylaZmf &Sdcdk;jcif;onf olrGefoljrwfrsm;tay: tcspfvGefuJrI? xdkolrGefoljrwfrsm; tm; vGefusL;aom csD;rGrf;axmyemjyKjcif;wdkYaMumifh ay:aygufvmaom acwfNydKif½kyfxkudk;uG,frI\ Oyrmrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY vGefuJaomtcspf ESifh vGefusL;pGm csD;rGrf;axmyemjyKjcif;wdkYaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfrS qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;ESifh rkpfvifrfrsm;tm;vkH;udk a,bk ,stm;jzifh rdrdtm; vdkonfxufydkí rcsD;usL;&ef ñTefMum;cJhonf/ xdktaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYMum;csufudk tkr&f tdAfaeY tvfcoGfoGmAfrS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm r&f,rf \om;awmftm; c&pf,mefrsm; tvGeftuRH csD;rGrf;Mu ouJhodkY uREkfyftm; tvGeftuRHcsD;rGrf;jcif; rjyKavESifh/ trSefyif uREkfyf onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tapawmfaus;uRefom jzpfonf/ xdkYtwGuf uREkfyftm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\aus;uRef (tAÁ'kv’m[f)ESifh tv’m[fh &plvfwrefawmf(&plvfvkv’m[f)[kom ac:Muavukef/}}447 c&pf,mefrsm;? *sL;rsm;onf xdkacwfumvrsm;uwnf;u wrefawmf rsm;ESifh olawmfpifrsm;\ ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm; wnf&Sdonfhae&mrsm;ü &Sdcdk; ylaZmfqnf;uyf&ef ae&mrsm;wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD;? uREkfyfwdkY ,aeYacwf vlom;rsm;tm; c0yfudk;uG,fylaZmfyotyfonfht&mrsm;[k xifrSwf ,kH MunfapcJhMuonf/ xdkYodkY txdrf;trSwf ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm; wnfaqmuf í &Sdcdk;ylaZmfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;"avhudk wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS usdefqJ 446

½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-311/ tDrmrfAkdcg&D ESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf ESpfOD;pvkH;rS pkpnf;wifjycJhMu onf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-435? ['D;qftrSwf-654/ 447

cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS aemiftem*gwfwGif xdkuJhodkYaom vkyf&yf rsKd;? tavhtusifhrsKd;udkvkyfrnfh rnfolYudkrqdk usdefqJcJhonf/ þodkY usdefqJ&jcif; taMumif;t&if;rSm tpövmrfonf ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;rsm; xkvkyf udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;udk vkH;0 qefYusifaMumif; odomap&ef jzpfonfh tjyif vlom;rsm;udk olrGefoljrwfrsm;tm; tvGeftusL; csD;usL;jcif; onf tvGef tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;aMumif;udk owdjyKrdap&ef jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ZeD;rktfrifefwdkY\rdcifrGef?tGar®Upvfr[f  ocifrBuD;448rS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ]]wpfcgu uRefronf wrefawmfjrwf tm; tDoD,kd;yD;,m;EdkifiHü c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wpfcktwGif; &Sd eH&Hrsm;ü ½kyfykHrsm;&Sdonfudk jrifawGYcJh&aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ udk,f awmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm]]tu,fí ¤if;wdkYteufrS olrGefoljrwfwpfOD; uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm; ygu ¤if;wdkYonf xdkolrGefoljrwf\ uA&focFsKdif;ay:wGif tdAm'of 0wfjyK&eftwGuf ae&mwpfckudk wnfaqmufMuonfhjyif ,if;udk aq; rsm;okwfvdrf;cs,foNyD; xdkuJhodkYaom ½kyfykHyef;csDrsm; a&;qGJwwfavh&Sd 448

tGar®Upvfrm[f ocifr\ trnfrSm [if;'fAif;efaohtADtkrdkif,m   jzpfonf/ ocifrBuD;onf udk½dkuf&SfrsKd;EG,fpkrSjzpfonf/ ocifrBuD;ESifh ¤if;\cifyGef; tAlpvfrm[f onf udk½Iduf&Sfrk&Sf&dufrsm;\ ñSif;yrf;ESdyfpufrIaMumifh tDoD,dk yD,mEdkifiHodkY ajymif;a½TUaexdkifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf olwdkYonf wrefawmfjrwf r'De[fNrdKUodkY a½TYajymif;[d*sf&ofjyKNyD;onfhaemuf r'DemNrdKUodkY ajymif;a½TU [d*sf&of vkyfcJhonf/ xdkodkY [d*sf&ofajymif;a½TUaexdkifrIjyKNyD; [d*sf&D ouú&mZf (4) ckESpfwGif ocifrBuD;\ cifyGef;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf trdefYawmf cH,loGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf wrefawmfjrwfonf ocifrBuD;tm; vufxyf xdrf;jrm;cJhonf/ tGar®U pvfrm[f  onf ocifrBuD; acwftcgumv&Sd ynm&SiftrsKd;orD;rsm;teufrS wpfOD;jzpf cJhonf/ ocifrBuD;onf wrefawmfjrwf\ acwfumvNyD;onfhaemuf [d*sf&D ouú&mZf 62 ckESpf (684 CE) ocifrBuD; uGefvGefonfhtcsdefwdkifatmif tpövmrfh Oya'ynmudk oifMum; jzefYjzL;ay;cJhonf/ ½I-tv’mr[ftdAfEka*smifZD ? qGz[f tqGf-qGzf0[f? udkif½dkNrdKU? 'g½kvf0gtDykHESdyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 1970? twGJ-2? pm40-2/

onf/ xdkodkY jyKvkyfzefwD;aom vlom;rsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ xHawmf yg;ü tqdk;0g;qkH;aom tzefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/}}449 tGar®Upvfrm[f ocifrBuD;rS tDoD,dk;yD;,m;&Sd c&pf,mefbk&m; &Sdcdk;ausmif;\eH&Hay:&Sd ½kyfykHrsm;taMumif; ajymjyaomtcsdefrSm wref awmfjrwfrk[r®'fonf tvGeftrif; emrusef;jzpfaeNyD;? tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf trdefYawmfcH,l&ef eD;uyfaeonfh tcsdefumvjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS eADwrefawmfrsm;? 0vDatmifvD,m olawmfpifrsm;\ ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;udk txdrf;trSwfae&mrsm;tjzpf wnfaqmufolrsm;tm; t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;wGif tqdk;0g;qkH;aom zefqif;cHrsm; jzpfonf[k rdefYawmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;tajctaewGif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ñTefMum;csufonf xdkokdY ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;ay: wGif txdrf;trSwfae&mrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;"avhrsm;udk rkpfvifrfouf 0if ,kHMunfolrsm; rjyKvkyfMu&ef wif;wif;usyfusyf wm;jrpfxm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;wm;jrpfcsufwGif vkH;0 cRif;csuf[lí r&Sdacs/ wref awmfjrwfBuD;rS txufygvkyf&yftay: jyif;jyif;xefxef usdefqdk cJhjcif;rSm xdkokdY jyKvkyfaomtavhtusifhwGif t"dutjypfjzpfapaom taMumif;t&if;ESpfck&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ½kyfxk ½kyfyGm; udk;uG,fjcif;\ taMumif;t&if;ESpfckvnf; jzpfonf/ 1. ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;ay:wGif Adrmefrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;/ 450 2. ½kyfxk? ½kyfvkH;rsm;? yef;csDrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/

449

rktfrifefwdkY\ rdcifrGefBuD;tmtd&Sm[f rS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D ESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ1? pm-251? ['D;qftrSwf-419 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-1158? ['D;qftrSwf-1076/ 450 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-321 ü ½Idifckvftpövmrf tdAfEkodkifrD ,[f \tqdktm; udk;um;wifjyxm;onf/

þvkyf&yfESpfckpvkH;onf &S&D;ufac: wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;tm; jzpfapaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm;jzpfaMumif;udk wrefawmfEl;[f vuf xufu&SdcJhonfh ½kyfxk? ½kyfyGm;rsm;u oufaocHvQuf&Sdonf/ ocFsKdif;ajrESifh ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;odkY vnfywfjcif;(aZ,m&ofjyKjcif;)tay: wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfjcif;

wrefawmfjrwfonf 'GEéD,mavmuDrS rxGufcGmrD ocFsKdif;tkwf*l udk;uG,frI? ylaZmfyorIESifh ywfoufí wif;wif;usyfusyf owday; ajymMum;csufrS ñTefjyaeYonfhtcsufrSm ocFsKdif;tkwf*l ylaZmfyorIonf udk,fawmfjrwf\ tGr®oftwGif; jyif;xefaom prf;oyfrIwpf&yf jzpf vmrnfudk BudKwifí odjrifjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ tpövmrfomoemudk ykHazmfay;aom tcsdefumvtwGif;ü wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS rdrd\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;tm; ocFsKdif;ajrtm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif; (aZ,m&ofjyKjcif;)tm; wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfcJhonf/ þtrdefYonf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk rkpfvifrftGr®oftwGif;ü cdkifrmpGm rwnf aqmufEdkifrDumvtxd twnf jzpfcJhonf/ aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk cdkifNrJpGm tjrpfwG,foGm;aomtcg ¤if;trdefYudk jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rSmMum;cJhonfudk Munfhygu ]]uREkfyf wrefawmfjrwfonf ,cifu toifwdkYtm; ocFsKdif; ajrodkY vnfywfjcif; (aZ,m&ofvkyfjcif;)udk wm;jrpfydwfyifcJh onf/ odkYaomf ,cktcg toifwdkYtaeESifh ocFsKdif;ajrodkY oGm;a&mufí aZ,m&ofjyKMuavukef/ xdkokdY aZ,m&ofjyKvkyf jcif;onf tmcd&of aemifwrvGefb0twGuf owday; EId;aqmf onfht&mrsm;om jzpfonf[k ESvkH;oGif;Muavmh/ ¤if;tkwf*lrsm;

onf oifwdkYtm; aojcif;w&m;udk rarhavsmh&ef owday; EId; aqmfaomt&mrsm;om jzpfonfudk qifjcifMuavmh/}}451 wrefawmfjrwfBuD;onf txufyguJhodkY cGifhjyKcsufay;cJhaomf vnf; aemifarG;zGm;vmrnfh rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf ocFsKdif;ajrrsm;odkY aZ,m &ofjyKjcif;rS wjznf;jznf; ,dk,Gif;vmNyD;? ocFsKdif;ajrylaZmfyojcif;tjzpf odkY ul;ajymif;roGm;&ef wif;usyfaom uefYowfcsufrsm;xm;cJhygonf/ 1/ ocFsKdif;ylaZmfyorIudk wm;jrpf&ef twm;tqD;tjzpf pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm; owfrSwfcsufrsm; &Sdaeayonf/ txl; &nf½G,fcsufr&SdyJ ykHrSef0wfjyKaom 0wfjyKjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;rsm;udk vkH;0 wm;jrpfonf/ tAlptD;'fck'f&DrS wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYrSmcsufudk atmufyg twdkif; qifhjyefcJhygonf/ ]]urÇmajrjyifwpfckvkH;wGif ocFsKdif;ajrrsm;ESifh tdrfomrsm;rSvGJí tm;vkH;onf toifwdkYtwGuf 0wfjyKqkawmif;&mae&m jzpf onf/}}452 tAÁ'kv’m[fAifeftkr&focifrS wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYrSmcsuf udk qifhjyef&mwGif ]]oif\tdrfwGif oifonf qGvmof0wfjyKyg/ tdrfrsm;udk ocFsKdif; ajruJhodkY rjyKvkyfMuESifh/}}453

451

qG[mADAkd½dkif;'[fAifeftvf-[kqGdKif;AfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-463-4? ['D;qftrSwf2131 ESifh pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-919? ['D;qftrSwf-3229? epmtD usrf;ESifh Adkif[uDusrf;/ 452 tDrmrfod&frdZD ESifh tDrmrftAl'g0l'f ocifwdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½IpkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-125? ['D;qftrSwf-492 ESifh tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;/

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456

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5/ ocFsKdif;ukef;ajray:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom AvD0wfausmif; awmfrsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfrS ajymifajymifwif;wif;? yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qefYusifapcJh\/ wrefawmfjrwf\Muif,mawmf tmtd&Sm[focifr  rS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]wrefawmfjrwf\tay:odkY aojcif;w&m; qdkufa&mufvmaom tcg tv’m[fhwrefawmfonf ol\rsufESmay:wGif tkyfxm;aom rsuf ESmNcKHvTmudk qGJvdkufNyD; ]]*sL;rsm;ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ eAD &plvfwrefawmfrsm;\ ocFsKdif;rsm;tay:wGif tdAm'ofjyKvkyf&eftwGuf taqmuftOD;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMujcif;twGuf ¤if;wdkYtay: tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ vtfeofusdefqJrIoufa&mufygap}}[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh onf/}}463 6/ ocFsKdif;ajrylaZmfyojcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef? wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS rdrdudk,fawmfwdkif\ ajrykHudkyifvQif &moDtvdkuf (0g) ESpfywfvnf tvdkuf pkpnf;jcif;? pka0;jcif;udk wm;jrpfcJhonf/ tAl[l½dkif&[f ocifrS wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYrSmcsufudk qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyf\ocFsKdif;ajrudk tD;'fyGJawmf (tl½GwfpfyGJawmf[k jrefrmjynf wGif em;vnfygonf? tcrf;tem;usif;y&mae&m) tjzpf rjyKvkyfMu vifh/ oifwdkY\tdrfrsm;udkvnf; ocFsKdif;ukef; rvkyfMuESifh/ NyD;vQif oif wdkYonf igwrefawmfjrwftwGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;rS a&Smufolrsm;) (jrefrmjynftac: cgoifrfrsm;) \&yfwnfaerIudk z,f&Sm;&ef vdktyf ayonf/ xdkcgwifrfac: '&f*gtapmifhrsm;tm; vSL'gef;onfh '&f*godkY vma&muf vnfywfolrsm;onf ,if;odkY cgoifrfac: '&f*gtapmifhrsm;tm; &ufa&mpGm vSL'ef; jcif;jzifh olawmfpifrsm;xHwGif awmif;qkjyK&mü taxmuftuljyKrnfjzpfNyD;? qk awmif;vnf; jynfh0rnf[k ,kHMunfMuavonf/ 463 tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-255? ['D;qftrSwf-427 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-269? ['D;qf trSwf-1082? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-917? ['D;qftrSwf-3221 ESifh 'g&drDusrf;/

r*Fvmokctaygif; cajimif;ap&&ef rnfonfhae&mrSrqdk 'dktmqkawmif; yw¦emjyKMuavmh/ ¤if;jyif oifwdkY\ qGvmofonf igwrefawmfxH a&mufygvdrfhrnf/}}464 7/ ocFsKdif;ajrrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef c&D;pOfrsm;csrSwfjcif; tay:üvnf; wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS wm;jrpf ydwfyifcJhygonf/ ,if; odkY ocFsKdif;ajrrsm;odkY vSnhfvnfvnfywfoGm;vmjcif;onf tjcm;bmom w&m;rsm;wGif&Sdaom? ½kyfxk? ½kyfyGm;? qif;xkrsm;? bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;tm; bk&m;zl;MunfndK&ef vSnfhvnfjcif;ESifh oabmw&m;twlwlyifjzpfaom aMumifh jzpfonf/ tAl[l½dkif&[fESifh tAlptD;'fck'f&D ESpfOD;pvkH;rS wrefawmfjrwf\rdefYrSmcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; qifhjyefcJhonf/ ]]urÇmajrjyif0,f&Sdaom AvDokH;vkH;rSvGJí tjcm;ae&mrsm;odkY c&D; roGm;MuavESifh/ xdkrwfpf*sd'fAvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;rSm rwfpf*sd'fa'h [&mrf? rwfpf*sd'fa'heA0DESifh rwfpf*sda'htwfufpGmac: a*s½kpvifrf&Sd twfufpGmausmif;awmf okH;ckrSvGJí oifwdkYonf tjcm;aomAvD0wf ausmif;awmfrsm;odkY vnfywfjcif; rjyKMuavESifh/}}465

464

tDrmrftAl'g0l'f rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-2? pm542-3? ['D;qftrSwf-2037 ESifh rkpfe'ft[fr'fusrf;/ wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGmocFsKdif;awmfü wpfESpfwpfcg pka0;í txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y jcif;tm; wm;jrpfcJhonfqdkvQif qlzDolawmfpifrsm;[k ac:aeMuaomolrsm;\ uA&f ocFsKdif;rsm;tay:wGif '&f*grsm; aqmufvkyfí ,if;ü vltajrmuftrsm;pkpnf;í arG;aeYyGJ tcrf;tem;rsm;? tl½GwfpfyGJawmfrsm;? ESpfywfvnfyGJrsm;pojzifh usif;yjcif; onf tpövmrfhvrf;ñTefoifMum;rIrsm;\ abmiftjyifbufodkY a&muf&SdoGm;avonf/ pwkw¦ajrmufcvDz[fBuD;tvDrS qifhjyefcJhonfh wrefawmfjrwfrS trdefYay;cJh ouJhodkY ,if;'&f*g*lAdr®mefrsm;udk acsrIef;ypf,kHomru txufazmfjyyg tl½GwfpfyGJ usif;yjcif;uJhodkYaom yGJvrf;obif? tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; &yfwefYvdkuf&efoifhay onf/ 465 tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-157? ['D;qftrSwf-281 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-669?

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['D;qftrSwf-3218? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-540? ['D;qftrSwf-2028 ESifh od&frDZDusrf;? epmtDusrf;ESifh tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;/ 466 tDrmrft[fr'f ESifhtDrmrftof-o,mvmpD wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhNyD; tDrmrf ½Idifckvf['D;qf tvf-tvfAmeD rS qG[D;[fppfrSefaom['D;qftjzpf owfrSwfcJh onf/ ½I-t[fumrf tvf-*semtDZfusrf;? ½IdifcfemqGd&f½l'f 'D;ef tvf-tvfAmeD ? pm-226/ 467 tDrmrft[fr'f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

*Ref'kAfAifeftAÁ'kv’m[frS qifhjyefajymMum;cJhonf/ wrefawmf jrwf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf trdefYawmfrcH,lrD 5 &uftvdkwGif rdefY Mum;cJhonfh udk,fawmfjrwf\rdefYMum;csufudk Mum;cJhonfrSm]]toifwdkYtvsifu&SdcJhonfholrsm;onf olwdkY\ eAD&plvfwrefawmf rsm;\ uA&focFsKdif;ajrrsm;udk 0wfjyKqkawmif; tdAm'ofvkyf&m ae&m rsm;tjzpf jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ toifwdkYonf ocFsKdif;ajrrsm;udk 0wfjyK qkawmif;&m ae&mrsm;tjzpf rjyKvkyfMuukefvifh/ igwrefawmfonf trSefyif toifwdkYtm; xdkokdY rjyKvkyf&ef (wif;wif;usyfusyf) wm;jrpf awmfrl\/}}468 txufazmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfNyD;onfh aemuf ]ocFsKdif;ajrrsm;tm; 0wfjyKqkawmif; tdAm'ofjyK&m ae&mrsm; tjzpf jyKvkyfjcif;}[laompum;pkudk wdwdusus t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfay;&ef vdktyfvmayonf/ txufyg tm&ADpum;pkrS jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom teuf t"dyÜg,fokH;cktm; qGJxkwfEdkifonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/ 1/ qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh p*sd'gOD;csjcif;wdkYudk ocFsKdif; rsm; (0g) ajrykHrsm;&Sd&modkY OD;wdkuf^OD;vSnfhí jyKvkyfjcif;/ ocFsKdif;tkwf*lay:wGif qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;udk wif;wif; usyfusyf wm;jrpfxm;aMumif;udk wrefawmfjrwf\ atmufyg ['D;qfawmfudk tdAfEktAÁm;pfocifrS &Sif;vif;pGm qifhjyefcsufrS odEdkifonf/

468

tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-269? ['D;qftrSwf-1083/

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qifhjyefcJhonfh

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tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&meD rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-255? ['D;qftrSwf-427 ESifh twGJ-2? pm-232? ['D;qftrSwf-414 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-269? ['D;qftrSwf-1082? pkeeftAl'g0l;'f usrf;? twGJ-2? pm-917? ['D;qftrSwf-3221 ESifh t[fr'fusrf;/ 470

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tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-7? pm-345? ['D;qftrSwf-484/

aom*Dwudk em;qifjcif;onfvnf; tvdktavsmuf wm;jrpfydwfyifaom t&mrsm; jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf xdkaw;*Dwudk em;qifjcif; onf ¤if;ud&d,mrsm;udk jyKvkyf&aomtaMumif;t&if; jzpfaomaMumifh yif/ tvm;wlyif AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;udk ocFsKdif;ajray:wGif rwnfaqmuf&efwm;jrpfjcif;?0wfausmif;awmfrsm;udk tjcm;ae&mwpfckck wGif wnfaqmuf&ef ñTefMum;jcif;\yifr&nf½G,fcsufonf aqmufvkyf a&;twGufr[kwfyJ? 0wfjyKqkawmif;qk,l&eftwGufjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf onf/ AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;onf cGifhjyKNyD;aomt&m jzpfonf/ AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm; wnfaqmuf&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsuf onf qGvmof (tygt0if tdAm'of) jyKvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ocFsKdif;ajrykHrsm;ay:wGif AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;udk wm;jrpfjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtay:wGif 0wfjyKqkawmif;jcif;udk ydwfyif wm; jrpfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ uA&focFsKdif;rsm;ESifh AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;

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1/ uA&focFsKdif;ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom AvD0wfausmif;awmf jzpfygu ¤if;ausmif;awmfudk NzdKcsNyD;? ocFsKdif;ajrykHudk ajrjyifESifh wpfom; wnf;jzpfatmif jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þuJhodkYaom AvD0wfausmif;awmf\rlvt&if;tjrpfonf uA&focFsKdif;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ¤if;udk rlvtajctaeodkY jyefajymif;ydkYay;&ygrnf/ 2/ AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif;ü uA&focFsKdif;udk xnfhoGif;í wnf aqmufxm;ygu 0wfausmif;awmfudk rNzdKrzsufbJ yuwdtwdkif; ajc&mvuf&mrysuf xm;oifhygonf/ odkYaomf twGif;ü xnfhxm;aom uA&focFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ygrnf/ ¤if;ocFsKdif;tkwf*ludk z,f &Sm;ypfvdkufygu AvD0wfausmif;awmfonf rlvu AvD0wfausmif; awmfom jzpfoGm;ayrnf/ ocFsKdif;tkwf*ludkrl rlvtajctaeodkY jyefydkYay; &rnfjzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ uA&focFsKdif; (a&mifoGmawmf)

rwfpf*sd'deA0Dac: r'De[fNrdKYawmf&Sd wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ AvD 0wfausmif;awmftwGif;&Sdonfh wrefawmfjrwf\ uA&focFsKdif;tkwf *lonf vlom;\½kyftavmif; (wrefawmfrsm;ESifh 0vDolawmfpifrsm;\
vdr®myg;eyfpGm a&SmifMuOfcJhonf/ *zf&[f\olaumif;jyKxm;aomuRef? tkdr&frS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]qG[mA[fBuD;rsm; pk½kH;í wrefawmfBuD; \(
wrefawmf\rdefYrSmcsufudk Mum;cJhygonf/ udk,fawmfjrwf rdefY awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS eADwrefawmfrsm;\toufZD0efudk EIwfodrf; aomae&mrsm;üyif xdkwrefawmfrsm;\ OwkabmZe½kyfuvyfudk oN*FKd[f jr§KyfESHMu&onf/}} xdktcg qG[mA[ftcsKdUu ajymMum;onfrSm ]]tif&Smtv’m[f (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmf&SdvQif) oif\ ajymMum;csufonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; b0ifusapygonf/ ,kHMunfavmufygonf/}} xdkYaemuf qG[mA[fBuD; rsm;onf tmtd&Sm[f ocifr\ tcef; (tdrfxJ wGif&Sdaom) wrefawmfjrwf\ ukwifab;udk pnf;0dkif;csvdkufNyD;? xdkukwifatmuf ae&mü wrefawmfjrwf\ ½kyfuvmyfudk jr§KyfESH&ef wl;cJhygonf/ tvD? tvf-tAÁm;pf? tvf-zoGvfESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ rdom;pkrsm;rS udk,fawmfjrwf\ ½kyfuvmyfudk udkifwG,fí jr§KyfESHcJhygonf/472 tmtd&Sm[focifr \tdrfonf rwfpf*sda'heA0DrS eH&Hwpfcsyfjcm; vQuf &Sdygonf/ xdkeH&HrS rwfpf*sda'heA0DodkY0if&ef wHcg;aygufwpfayguf &SdNyD;? wrefawmfjrwf qGvmof0wfjyK&ef xGufaomtcg xdkwHcg;udk tokH;jyKavh&Sdonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS ¤if; wHcg;udk vkH;0ydwfyifxm;vdkufMuonf/ ,if;odkY ydwfyif&jcif;taMumif; rSm wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGmawmfudk AvD0wfausmif;awmfrS vkH;0 cGJjcm;ypf&efjzpfonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh xdktcsdefwGif wrefawmfjrwf \a&mifoGmawmfudk oGm;a&mufEdkifonfhvrf;onf AvD0wfausmif; awmfjyifyrS jzpfonf/ twGif;rS r[kwfay/ 472

tdAfaeYZef*sL,m[f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhNyD; tDrmrf½Idifckvf['D;qftvftvfAm eD ocifu rdrda&;om;jyKpkonfhusrf;wGif udk;um;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- o[fZD;&f twfpf-pm*sd'fusrf;? pm-13-14/

wrefawmfjrwf\ AvD0wfausmif;awmfudk wdk;csJUaqmufvkyf jcif;vkyfief;udk 'kwd,ajrmuf cvDz[for®wBuD; tdkr&fESifh wwd, ajrmuf cvDz[for®wBuD;tkqfref;ocifwdkY\vufxufwGif aqmif ½GufcJhygonf/ xdkcvDz[for®wBuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;onf rwfpf*sda'heA0D AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif; tmtd&Sm[f ocifr\ tdrfawmfESifh tjcm;Muif,mawmfrsm;\tdrfrsm;? ¤if;Muif,mawmfwpfyg;yg;\tdrf yg 0ifroGm;rdap&ef txl; owdjyKcJhMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf AvD 0wfausmif;awmf\y&0kPfudk wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ Muif,mawmf rsm;\tdrfrsm;bufodkYwdk;csJYygu wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGmocFsKdif; awmfrSm tvdktavsmuf ausmif;awmf\0ef;twGif; a&muf&SdoGm;rnf jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ r'DemNrdKUawmf&Sd qG[mA[fBuD;rsm; tm;vkH; tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf trdefYawmf cH,loGm;aomtcg473 (uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm; aomtcg) cvDz[ftvf-0vD;'fAifef tAÁ'kvfrmvduf(CE 705-715) tkyfpdk;pOfumvtwGif; yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf tjzpf AvD0wfausmif;awmf\ y&0kPftwGif;odkY tmtd&Sm[f ocifr\ tdrfawmfudk oGwfoGif; cJhNyD;? tjcm;aom wrefawmfjrwf\ ZeD;Muif,mawmfrsm;\ tdrf awmfrsm;udk zsufcscJhonf/ xdkodkY wdk;csJUrIonf tkyfcsKyfol tkr&fAifef tAÁ'kvftZD;Zf\ tpD&ifcHwifjycsuft& tvf-0vD;'frS zsufcscJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tmtd&Sm[f ocifr\tdrfawmfonf rwfpf*sd'f AvD0wfausmif; awmftwGif; a&muf&SdoGm;aomtcg jrifhrm;aom puf0dkif;ykHpH? eH&Hjzifh um&Hxm;vdkufMu\/ xdkYaMumifh AvD0wfausmif;awmfrSMunfhvQif twGif;odkY rjrifEdkifacs/ xdkYaemuf eH&HtydkESpfckudk tdrf\ ajrmufzuf axmifhESpfckrS xyfí um&HvdkufNyD;? ¤if;eH&HESpfckonf wpfckESifhwpfck 473

aemufqkH;qG[mADBuD; *smAd&fAifeftAÁ'kv’m[focifonf r'DemNrdKUawmfü tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\trdefYawmf cH,lcJhonf/ ocifonf cvDz[ftAÁ'kvfrmvduf vufxuf? c&pfouú&mZf 699 ü tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf trdefYawmf cH,lcJhonf/

Bwd*HykHo@mef pkpnf;oGm;Muonf/ þodkY eH&Hydk ESpfckxyfí um&Hvdkuf& onfhtaMumif;t&if;rSm wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGmocFsKdif;udk rsufESmpmrS wdkuf½dkufrjrif&ap&ef jzpfonf/474 aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumaomtcg ,ck uREfkyfwdkY jrifawGYaeMu& aom AvDacgifrdk;udk wnfaqmufvdkufMuNyD;? wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGmocFsKdif;awmfonfvnf; rwfpf*sd'fAvD0wfausmif;awmf\ trdk; atmufwGif a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/475 xdkYaemuf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ a&mifoGmocFsKdif;awmfudk wHcg;aygufESifhjyLwif;aygufrsm;ygaom aMu;0g avSmiftdrfESifh cwfvdkufMuonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGmocFsKdif; awmfudk twm;tqD;rsm; wnfaqmuf&m trSm;t,Gif;rsm;&SdcJhí ,ckwdkif topfjyKjyif&ef vdkao;onf/ AvD0wfausmif;awmfESifh a&mifoGmawmf\ tMum;wGif xyfrHí eH&Hrsm;wnfaqmufí cGJjcm;xm;vkdufjcif;jzifh AvDrS a&mifoGmawmfudk OD;wdkufí 0wfjyKqkawmif;jcif; rjyKEdkifovdk? twGif; odkYvnf; 0ifa&mufvnfywfjcif; rjyKEdkifacs/ wrefawmfjrwf\ AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif; qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;

ocFsKdif;rsm; xnfhoGif; wnfaqmufxm;aom AvD0wfausmif;awmf rsm;twGif; qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;udk wm;jrpfjcif;onf wref awmfjrwf\ AvD0wfausmif;awmfrSvGJí tm;vkH;aom 0wfausmif; awmfrsm;twGuf tusKH;0ifonf/ þodkY wrefawmfjrwf\ a&mifoGm 474

tDrmrftvf-uk&fokAD rS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf[rD;'fusrf;? pm-324/ 475 c&pfouú&mZf (1282) ckESpfwGif wrefawmfjrwf\ uA&focFsKdif;ay:wGif *lAdr®mef a&mifoGmawmftm; plvfwefuv0leftwfpf-pvm[drS yxrOD;pGm wnfaqmufcJhyg onf/ c&pfouú&mZf 1837 wGif plvfoGmeftAÁ'kvf[rD;'f\trdefYjzifh yxrOD;pGm tpdrf;a&mifaq;jc,forI jyKcJhygonf/ ½I- Ali Hafiz, Chapters from the History of Madinah, Jeddah: al-Madinah Printing and Publication Co., 1st ed., 1987, Pp. 78-9.

ocFsKdif;awmfyg0ifaeaom AvD0wfausmif;awmfudk cRif;csuftaeESifh cGifhjyK&jcif;rSm tjcm;ocFsKdif;tkwf*l yg0ifaeaom 0wfausmif;awmfrsm; ESifhrwl tvGef xl;jcm;onfh emrfydkif;qdkif&m tqifhtwef;rsm; &&SdEdkif aomaMumifh jzpfonf/476 þtcsufudk wrefawmfjrwf udk,fawmf wdkif\ rdefYrSmcsuft& odEdkifygonf/ ]]okH;ckaom AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;rSvGJí toifwdkYonf 0wfjyK qkawmif;jcif;jyK&ef c&D;rxGufoifhacs/ ¤if;okH;ckaom AvD0wfausmif; awmfrsm;? rwfpf*sda'h[&mrf? rwfpf*sda'heA0DESifh rwfpf*sda'htufqGmwdkY jzpfonf/}}477 wrefawmfjrwfrS qufvufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm]]ig wrefawmfjrwf\ rwfpf*sd'f AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif;ü qGvmofwpfBudrf wnfaqmufjcif;onf rwfpf*sda'h[&mrfrSvGJí tjcm; rnfodkYaom AvD0wfausmif;awmfwGifrqdk qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;xuf tqaygif; 1000 ydkí omvGefjrifhjrwfayonf/}}478 wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS ¤if;0wfausmif;awmftwGif; tjrifhjrwfqkH; ae&mwpfckudk owfrSwfay;cJhygonf/ 476

utfA[fausmif;awmf bkHae&mjzpfaom ][k*sfa&UtDprmtD;vf}[kac:aom ae&m wGif wrefawmftDprmtD;vfESifh ocif\ rdcifBuD; (0g) tjcm; eADwrefawmfrsm; twGif;rS wpfyg;yg;udk jr§KyfESHcJhonfqdkaom tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&mrSm rSefuefrI r&Sdacs/ 477 qGm[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[frS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-157? ['D;qftrSwf-281? qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-669? ['D;qftrSwf-3218ESifh pkeeftAl'g0l;'f usrf;? twGJ-2? pm-540? ['D;qftrSwf-2028/ 478 tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-157? ['D;qftrSwf-282? qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-667? ['D;qf trSwf-3209/

]]igwrefawmf\tdrfawmfESifhrifefbJvfyv’iftMum;ae&monf *sEéof trwokcbkH&Sd O,smOfrsm;teufrS O,smOf jzpfonf/}}479 tu,fí wrefawmfjrwf\ rwfpf*sd'fAvD0wfausmif;awmf twGif; qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;udk ruú½l[f (rESpfoufzG,f&m tjyKtrl) [k owfrSwf,lqygu ¤if;\0wfausmif;awmftwGif; opömw&m; (emrfydkif; qdkif&m tqifhtwef;)\ wefbkd;udk vspfvsL½I&m a&mufayvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;AvD0wfausmif;awmf\ tqifhtwef;onfvnf; tjcm; ausmif;awmf rsm;uJhodkY twlwlyif jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh tcsKdUaom tcsdefrsm;wGif ezdvfqGvmof0wfjyKjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf; tcsKdU (Oyrm-*semZm[fqGvmof)udk 0wfjyKydkifcGifh&Sdavonf/ tvm;wlyif wrefawmfjrwf\ AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif; qGvmof0wfjyKjcif; onf cRif;csufoabm jzpfygonf/480 tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf cGifhvTwfawmfrlygap/ tu,fí ocFsKdif;tkwf*l wpfckckudk rwfpf*sda'h[&mrfESifh rwfpf*sda'htufqGmtwGif; xnfhoGif;í wnfaqmufxm;rnfqdkyguvnf; ¤if;AvD0wf ausmif;awmfrsm;twGif; qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ESpfouf zG,f&myif jzpfayrnf/ ,if;onf ¤if;AvD0wfausmif;awmfwdkY\ (xl; jcm;aom) emrfydkif;qdkif&m opömwefbdk;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/

479

tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-61-2? ['D;qftrSwf-112? qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-696? ['D;qf trSwf-3204/ 480 ½I- o[fZD;&f twfpf-pm*sd'fusrf;? pm-196-200/

tv’m[frS vufcHaom? rSefuefaom tDrmef,kHMunfcsuf[lonf rSm þpmtkyf\ a&SUydkif;tcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwf wifjyxm;cJhonfh twdkif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ ['D;qfawmfrsm; t& tajccHcs ykHazmfay;onfh &S&D;ufrS vkH;0uif;pifaom? oefYpifonfh aomif[D;'fopömw&m;tay:wGif tajccHonfhtDrmef,kHMunfrIrsKd;yif jzpf onf/ vlom;wdkYtaeESifh cGifhrjyKxm;aom? cGifhjyKcsufr&Sdaom bmom a&;tusifhp½dkufwpfckonf ½kyfxkqif;xk udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh aomif[D;'f opömw&m;rS vGJrSm;aom t,ltqwpfckckjzpfaeygu? olwdkYtaeESifh olwdkYonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; rnfrQ ,HkMunfyg onf? ¤if;wdkY\bmoma&; usifhokH;rIrSm rnfrQ aMumif;usKd;cdkifvkHygonf [k uRrf;usifydkifEdkifpGm oufaojyaomfvnf; vufcHEdkifbG,f vkH;0 r&Sd acs/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ wpfyg;wnf;wnf&Sdjcif;[laom aomif[D;'f opömw&m;udk emrfydkif;qdkif&m ,kHMunfcsuft&aomfvnf;aumif;? tod ÓPfydkif;qdkif&m ,kHMunfcsuft&aomfvnf;aumif;? vufawGYusifhokH;rI t&aomfvnf;aumif;? vlom;\ b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOftwGif; xdef; odrf;vdkufem&ef vdktyfonf/ þonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ auseyfESpfoufrIudk &&SdEdkifaom vrf; pOfvnf; jzpfonf/ wpfqlwnf;wpfyg;wnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tm; c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ eADwrefawmfrsm; tm;vkH;rS o,faqmifvmcJhaom opömw&m;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf 'óedu oabmw&m;t& vufcHem;vnftyfaom oDtdk&Doabmw&m;oufouf omr[kwfouJhodkY pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIudk xdef;csKyfrIay;Edkifaom csefyD,H&onfh t,ltqwpf&yfvnf; r[kwfacs/ ¤if;onf vlom;\ b0wnfaqmuf rIESifh vlom;tjzpf &yfwnfwnf&SdrItwGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdk awmfESifhudkufnDatmif rdrdudk,fudkrdrday;qyfwnfaqmuf&rnfh vufawGY usifhokH;&rnfh vlYb0\b0wnfaqmufrI ykHpHi,fjzpfonf/ þtcsuf

onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vlom;tm; zefqif;&jcif; taMumif;t&if;\ txl;jcm;qkH; tjcif;t&m jzpfonf/ ]      [

]]pifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf *sifefowå0gwdkYtm; vnf; aumif;? rEkó vlom;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? igt&Sifjrwftm; qnf;uyf udk;uG,fMu&efomvQif zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/}}481 rnfodkYyifjzpfap? vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \ NyD;jynfpkHaom*kPfawmfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; oufaojyaeaom o½kyf ouef jzpfonf/ tv’m[fonf zefqif;&SifjzpfNyD;? xdkt&SifaMumifh vlom;onf r&SdaomtajctaerS &Sdaomtajctae wenf;tm;jzifh r&Sd&mrS &Sd&modkY jzpfay:a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf tMuifem toem;EdkifqkH;aomt&Sif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh þavmuDurÇm\ aysmf ½TifESpfoufrItm;vkH;onf xdkt&Sifjrwf\vuf0,fwGif&Sdonf/ xdkt&SifrS tm;vkH;aom avmuDurÇm\ aumif;jcif;tpkpkudk tmrcHcsufay;xm;av onf/ xdkYtwl xdkt&Sifonf tvf-[muif;rf (teEÅÓPfawmft&Sif) vnf; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh t&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; xdcdkufepfem 'ku© a&mufaprnfh tajctaersm;? vkyfaqmifrIrsm; tm;vkH;udk wm;jrpf ydwfyifxm;ovdk vlom;tm; xdcdkufepfemrlrjzpfapaom tajctaersm; ESifh vkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;udk cGifhjyKxm;ayonf/ xdkYtwl xdkt&Sifonf tvf-*zl;&f (cGifhvTwfawmfrl aomt&Sif)vnf; jzpfonf/ xdkt&Sifonf rdrdtxHawmfwGif ½dk;om;pGm aemifw&NyD;? jyefvnf 0efcsawmif;yefaom olrsm; tm;vkH;udk cGifhvTwfawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfonf/

481

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 51; 56/

qG[mADBuD; tAltdkif,lAfESifh qG[mADBuD; tAl[l½dlif&[fESpfOD;pvkH;rS wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYawmfcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; qifhjyefcJhMu onf/ ]]tu,fí toifwdkYonf tjypf*dkemrsm;udk rusL;vGefcJhygu tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf oifwkdY\wnf&SdrI^&yfwnfrIudk z,f&Sm; xkwfypfvdkufNyD;? toifwdkY\ae&mwGif tjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefNyD;? aemifw&í tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ cGifhvTwfrIudk toem;cHawmif; yefonfh vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;ypfvdkufayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolwdkY\ tjypf*dkemrsm;tm;vkH;udkvnf; cGifhvTwfay;vdkufrnf/}}482 tvm;wl tjcm;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfrsm;tm;vkH;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmftm;jzifh vlom;wdkY\ zefwD;rI? wDxGifrI wdkYwGif awGYjrifEdkifonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif vlom;wdkYrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tm; c0yfudk;uG,f0wfjyK wnfaqmufjcif;onf ¤if;\vdkvm;awmifhw csuf? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;ay;&ef ¤if;wdkY\tusKd;twGufom jzpf onf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfonfh tv’m[ft&SifjrwftwGufrlum; vdkvm; awmifhwcsuf r&Sday/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; c0yf udk;uG,f 0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;taeESifh ol\ ½kyfydkif; b0? pdwfydkif;(emrfydkif;)qdkif&m pGrf;&nfrsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omt00 udk odjrifem;vnfvmEdkifNyD;? xdkrSwqifh tvGef wdkawmif;vSonfh rNrJ aom vuf&Sd 'GEéD,mavmuDb0\ c&D;tqkH;wGif&Sdonfh tNrJxm0& wnf&Sdaernfjzpfaom csrf;ajrhaysmf½TifrIrsm;? twdokccHpm;&rnfh ae&m XmeodkY pHjref;cGifhvnf; &&SdEdkifayrnf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh udk;uG,f&m t&Sif tvdkt& b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOfjzpfaom tpövmrfonf jrif 482

tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? tm&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-1436-7? ['D;qftrSwf-6620-2/

awGY&aom t&mtm;vkH;onf rnfodkYrQ xl;jcm;rIr&Sdaom aeYw"l0vlom; \jyKrlaqmif½GufrItm;vkH;udk tdAm'ofc0yfudk;uG,f? 0wfjyKwnfaqmuf jcif;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfEdkifonf/ xdkokdY vlom;\ omrnaeYw"l0 b0 &Sifoefa&;jzpfpOfudk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; c0yfudk;uG,fb0 emcHonfh jzpfpOfodkY ajymif;vJ&ef atmufygtajctaeESpf&yfESifh jynfhpkH&ef vdktyf ayonf/ (1) vlom;\ jyKrlaqmif½Gufcsuftm;vkH;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg; wnf;\ ESpfoufvdkvm;rItwGuf owdxm;í (pdwfESvkH;oGif;í) aqmif½Guf&rnf jzpfonf/ (2) ¤if;vkyf&yftoD;oD;onf tv’m[fh&plvf wrefawmfjrwf\ pGEé[fvrf;pOfESifhudkufnD&ayrnf/ vlom;\ b0wnfaqmufrIwpfckvkH;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpf yg;wnf;tm; tdAm'of (b0emcHwnfaqmuf tvkyftauR;) jyKtyf onfh tajctaeodkY vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;0ifa&muf&ef tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vrf;ñTefxm;\/ ]         [

]](tkd-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wkdYtm; wzef þokdY) ajymMum;ygOD;av/ (tcsif;wkdY) ig\ ]]qGvmwf}} 0wfjyKrIonf vnf;aumif;? ig\ (tjcm; tjcm;aom) c0yfukd;uG,frI (t aygif;)wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? ig\ touf&Sifjcif;onfvnf; aumif;? ig\ toufaojcif;onfvnf;aumif;? pMu0Vm

cyfodrf;ukd zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf ESpfoufawmfrl &efomvQif jzpfonf/}}483 rnfodkYqdkap? txufygtajctaeESifh udkufnDí xdkodkYjynfh0aom tdAm'ofjyKjcif;onf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;qdkif&m todynmESifh ouf qdkifygonf/ vlwpfa,mufonf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk tajccHusus em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;? ¤if;opömw&m;udk todw&m;ESifh,SOfNyD;? aemufqkH;wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'fAifeftAÁ'kv’m[f\jyoaom enf; pepft& z0g;ajcxyfvdkufemusifhokH;EdkifygrS jynfh0aomtdAm'ofudk jyK vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; trSefwu,f ½dkom;jzLpifpGm ,kHMunfouf0ifolrSefygu xdk,kHMunfoltaeESifh rdrdwdkY \ ,Ofaus;rItawGYtBuKH rdom;pkrS qufcHvmaom pdwfydkif;qdkif&m qufEG,frI? rdrdwdkY\rsKd;EG,f? EdkifiHwdkY\tpGJtvrf;udk ab;csdwfí tDrmef ,kHMunfjcif;\ tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfonfh aomif[D;'fwpfyg;wnf; aom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emcHwnfaqmuf jcif;[lonfh opömw&m;udk vufudkifxm;í b0udk wnfaqmufoGm; &ayvdrfhrnf/ þopömw&m; \ tajccHoabmudk vufawGY taumiftxnf azmfusifhokH;olomvQif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ u,fwifapmifha&SmufrIudk cH,lEdkif ayrnf/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;tjyif aexdkifvQuf&Sdaom jrefrmjynf zGm; rkpfvifrf? rktfrifef nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;tm;vkH; aMumufrufzG,f aumif;aom &S&D;ufa&m*gqdk;BuD;udk owdxm;í a&SmifMuOfEdkifNyD;? jzLpif oefY&Sif;vSyaom aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk vufudkifxm;NyD;? tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ u,fwifapmifha&Smufjcif;cH,lEdkifaom? rkpfvifrf? rktfrifef tppftrSefrsm;tjzpfodkY a&Smuf&SdEdkifygap/ ......... a'gufwmvSvS0if; 483

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 162/

a0g[m&pm&if;

tm,ofokvfuk&fpD (‫)آية الكرسي‬

pl&[fAu&[f? tm,ofawmf (255)? ¤if;tm,ofawmfonf aomif[D;'fopöm w&m;ESifhywfoufí tvGef em;vnf vG,fulaom tm,ofawmf jzpfonf/ tv’m[f wpfyg;wnf; wnf&Sdawmfrl aMumif;ESifh xdkt&Sif\ tajccHusaom *kPfawmfrsm;udk azmfñTef;xm;onf/

tAf'f (‫)عبد‬

aus;uRef? tapcH/

tv’m[f[ktuúA&f

(‫)اهلل الكبر‬

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfonfomvQif us,fqkH; jzpfawmfrlonf/

tBuD;

tvf-um'd&f (‫)القادر‬

pGrf;tm;rsm; tm;vkH;\ txufwGif&Sd aom pGrf;tm;&Sif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfck/

t&z[f(‫)عرفة‬

Zkvf[d*sf*sm[fv\ (9) &ufajrmufaeY/ xdkaeYwGif [m*sf jyKvkyfolrsm;onf tm& zofvGifjyif (ruúmNrdKU&Sdae&mwpfck) udk jzwfausmf&rnfhaeY&uf/

t&f-&[frmef (‫)الرحمان‬

teEÅu½kPmawmf&Sif/ jrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfck/

t&f-&tl;zf(‫)الرؤف‬

arwÅmw&m; BuD;rm;awmfrlaomt&Sif/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfyg; jzpfonf/

t&f-&d,mtf(‫)الرياء‬

jypm;jcif;/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ auseyf ESpfNrdKUrItwGuf jyKvkyf&rnfhtpm;? vl

tv’m[ft&Sif

om;rsm; od&ef? rdrd\ aumif;csufrsm;? jyKrIcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;? (rdrd\ aumif;rIrsm;udk
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;ESifh *kPfawmfrsm;/ t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmf rsm;jzifh t&nftaoG;? tESpfom&oabm rsm;udk wifjyaompum;vkH;rsm;/

tqGf&f (‫)عصر‬

naecif;? naecif;wGif 0wfjyK&aom qGvmoftrnf? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tcef;u@wpfck/

A&fZcf (‫)برزخ‬

pmayteuft"dyÜg,ft& Mum;ae&m?Mum;? twm;tqD;? ¤if;\rl&if;teufudk ao jcif;w&m;ESifh ud,mrof jyefvnf &Sifjyef xajrmuf&rnfhaeY Mum;umv? Mum; tajctaeudk qdkvdkonf/

Ad'ft[f(‫)بدعة‬

topfwDxGifrI? &S&Dtofw&m;awmfwGif enf;vrf;opfrsm;? topfwDxGifrIrsm;udk pwifrdwfqufay;jcif;/ usrf;jrwf uk&f tmefESifh pGEé[fw&m;awmf (wrefawmf jrwf\ usifhokH;rIvrff;pOf) wdkY\ oifMum;rIrS vGJacsmf? aoGznfNyD; vrf; opfwDxGifrI tpövmrfrS vufcHxm; onfudk ausmfvGefí rdrdwdkY,kHMunfrIudk omoem twGif; xnfhoGif;usifhokH;jcif;/

'GtD;zf (‫)ضعيف‬

pmayteuft&-tm;enf;aom? ['D;qf a0g[m&wGif wrefawmf\ Mo0g'

awmfrsm; (0g) usifhokH;rIrsm;udk wifjy&m ü qifhjyefol\ uGif;qufudk azmfjy&m wGif pmusef? tusrsm; &Sdaejcif;udk &nf ñTef;aom azmfjycsuf/ Zduf&f (‫)ذكر‬

pmayteuf- owd&wrf;wonf/ bm0 empD;jzef;jcif;? pdwfykwD;pdwfjcif;/ tpö vmrfha0g[m&wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfESifh *kPfawmfrsm;udk ESvkH;oGif; ½Gwfqdkjcif;? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk zwf ½Gwfo&ZÑm,fjcif; ponfwdkYESifhqdkifaom a0g[m&/

'd&f[rf (‫)درهم‬

tpövmrfhay:OD;ptcsdefumvwGif tokH;jyK cJhaom aiGaMu;,lepfwpfrsKd;/ ,cktcg tD&wf? ul0dwf? vpfAsm;? armf½dkudk? wleD;&Sm;? ,lattD;paom EdkifiHrsm;wGif vuf&Sd okH;pGJaeaom aiGaMu;pepf/

'dktm (‫)دعاء‬

'dktmjyKjcif;? 'dktmawmif;jcif;? qkawmif; yw¦emjyKjcif;? arwÅmydkYojcif;? rdrdwdkY\ vdktifqE´udk udk;uG,f&mt&SifxH zGifh[ wifjytoem;cHjcif;/

tDrmef (‫)ايمان‬

,kHMunfcsuf? ,kHMunfouf0ifjcif;/

z*sf&f (‫)فجر‬

tm½kPfOD;/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwGif; yg &Sdonfh pl&[fu@wpfck\ trnf/ ae rxGufrD0wfjyK&aom qGvmof/ tm½kPf BudKqGvmof/

zmvf (‫)فال‬

aumif;aomtaqmifvufzGJY/ tcsKdUaom vlrsm;onf aumif;aomtaqmifvufzGJU udk wpfckaomt&mESifhtwl ,laqmifoGm; avh&Sdaom tavhtx/

z&foGf (‫)فرض‬

rjyKrae& wm0ef/

zdoGf&[f (‫)فطرة‬

vlom;\ obm0/ obm0ADZoabm/ vlom;\ arG;&myg obm0? obm0/

[mvmof (‫)حاالت‬

tajctae/ qlzD0g'wGif qlzDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ b0em pD;jzef;aecsdeftwGif; tqifhqifh wufvSrf;&aom tajctae rsm;? pcef;pOfrsm;/

['D;qf (‫)حديث‬

aemufqkH;wrefawmfcsKyf\ Mo0g'? ajymMum;csufrsm;? vufawGYusifhokH;rIESifh usifhxkH;rsm;/

[*sf (‫)حج‬

tpövmrf\yÍörr@dKif/ wwfEdkifpGrf;aomolrsm;twGuf(a,musfm; ?rdef;r) b0oufwrf;wGif tenf;qkH; wpfBudrf ruúm[fNrdKUawmfodkY oGm;a&muf í tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tdrfawmf utfAmausmif;awmfwGif tpövmrfhjyu© 'defwpfESpfwm\ 12 vajrmufjzpfaom Zkvf[d*sf*sm[fv wGif txl; owfrSwfxm;onfh bmoma&;qdkif&m usifhpOfrsm; oGm;a&mufaqmif½Gufjcif;/

[vmvf (‫)حالل‬

tpövmrfh&S&Dtofw&m;Oya't& 0if cGifhjyKxm;aomt&mrsm;/

w&m;

[&mrf (‫)حرام‬

tpövmrfh&S&Dtofw&m;Oya't& wm;jrpf xm;aomt&mrsm;/

tdAm'[f (‫)عبادة‬

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; emcH½dkusKd;rIESifh b0 wnfaqmufjcif;/ tpövmrfhw&m; awmfESifhtnD udk;uG,f&m t&Siftm; 0wfjyK&Sdcdk; qkawmif;qk,ljcif;/

tdAfvD;pf (‫)ابليس‬

½IdifoGmef/ tdAfvD;pf[k trnfay;jcif;cH& aom *sifefowÅ0g/

tpö&mhtf (‫)إسراء‬

aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwf()\ ruú[f NrdKUawmfrS a*s½kpvifNrdKUawmfodkY oGm; a&mufcJhNyD;? xdkrSwqifh aumif;uifbkHodkY qefwufoGm;cJhaom nOfhaumif;uifc&D;/

*sifef (‫)جن‬

vlom;r[kwfaom? rD;jzifhjyKvkyfxm; aom rjrifEdkifonfh tzefqif;cHwpfrsKd;? ¤if;wdkYwGifvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ aumif;^qdk; vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdaeaom owÅ0gwpfrsKd;/ ½dIifoGmefonf *sifef rsKd;EG,fxJrS wpfa,muf jzpfonf/

u&mrof (‫)كرامات‬

ouú0g&Sdaom rkpfvifrfwpfa,mufrS rdrd onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ axmufyHh ulnDrI &&SdaMumif;jyoonfh obm0 vGef pGrf;&nf? vkyfaqmifcsuf? pGrf; aqmifrI? vlrpGrf; tHhzG,f/

cvDz[f (‫)خلفية‬

pmayteuf- 'kwd,? bk&ifcH? udk,fpm; vS,f cvD;zf? tapmydkif; rkpfvifrf tkyf

csKyfolrsm;\ bGJU? aemufqkH; wrefawmf jrwf\ t½dkuft&mudk qufcHol/ cdkif;oGf (‫)خيط‬

csnfuwÅDygBudK;? vufaumuf^ BudK;p? BudK;vkH;ESifh vkyfxm;aom vufaumuf? vufpnf;? vufMuyf/

ukzfzm&f (‫)كفّار‬

wpfckudef;-umzd&f? r,kHMunfol? jiif; qefol? tpövmrfh0g'a&;&m ,kHMunfrIudk vufrcHol? jiif;y,fol? aoGznfjiif;qef ykefuefol/

ukzf&f (‫)كفر‬

jiif;y,fjcif;? aoGznfjiif;qef ykefuef jcif;/

rumrmof (‫)مقامات‬

pcef;rsm;/ qlzD0g'\ a0g[m&pum; vkH; jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aus;uRefwpfa,muftaeESifh w&m;xdkif jcif;? tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;aom bm0em pD; jzef;jcif;jzifh a&muf&Sd jzwfausmf&aom ÓPfpOfpcef;rsm;/

rwfpf*sd'f (‫)مسجد‬

AvD0wfausmif;awmf/ rkpfvifrfrsm;tae ESifh wpfOD;csif;jzpfap? tkyfpkvdkufpk½kH;í jzpfap twlwuGpk½kH;NyD; 0wfjyK&aom ae&mXme? oD;oefYbk&m;&Sdcdk; 0wfjyK qkawmif;jcif; jyKvkyf&ef owfrSwfxm; aomae&m/

rdtf&mh*sf (‫)معراج‬

qefwufjcif;/ [d*sf&ofrjyKrD wrefawmf jrwf\ aumif;uifbkHrsm;ESifh &ifoyf ½IarmzG,f&m tm&wf&Sfyv’ifawmf&Sd&m

ae&modkY
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ aemufqkH; pl&[f ESpfyk'f (pl&[fzvm;ufESifh pl&[fem;pf)/ þodkY trnfay;&jcif; taMumif;t&if; rSm tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;wGif cdkvIHcGifh &&Sd&ef ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,f&aom pl&[frsm;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/

rktf*sdZmof (‫)معجزات‬

xl;qef;axGvm wef;cdk;jym#d[m? wefcdk; jym#d[m? wrefawmfjzpfjcif;udk oufao xl&ef taxmuftxm;tjzpf jyKvkyfjy aom obm0vGef pGrf;aqmifcsuf? vl rpGrf; tHhzG,f/ (Oyrm- wrefawmfrlqm \ awmifa0S;rS a>re*g;BuD; jzpf oGm;jcif;/)

rk&Sf&dul;ef (‫)مشركون‬

wpfckudef;- rk&Sf&D;uf/ vlom;rsm;tm; bk&m;tjzpf rSwf,laomolrsm;? tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrSvGJí tjcm; ouf&Sd oufrJh rsm;udk udk;uG,f&mt&Siftjzpf vufcH ouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;/

rktfoZdv[f (‫)معتزلة‬

rktfoZdvm*dkPf;om;rsm;/*&d'óetawG; tac:udk jyif;xefpGm ,kHMunfvufcHNyD;? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[fvrf;pOfudk ¤if;wdkY\tawG;tac:rsm;rSefuefaMumif;?

usKd;aMumif;oufaoxl&ef BudK;pm; tm; xkwfol vlwpfpk (*dkPf;om;rsm;)/ ezfpf (‫)نفس‬

0dnmOf

u'&f(‫)قدر‬

uHw&m;? b0? uHMur®m? b0jzpfpOf? ezl;pm/

u&D;ef (‫)قرين‬

vlom;wdkif;twGuf xm;aom *sifef/

ud,m;pf (‫)قياس‬

aMumif;usKd;qifjcif aumufcsufqGJjcif;? tajctaeopfwpf&yfwGif aumufcsufcs tokH;jyKEdkifonfh tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'\ tajccHoabmw&m;/

&Af (‫)رب‬

¤if;\t"dyÜg,fudk 1/ t&Sifocif? 2/ xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufol? jznfhpGuf ay;ol? axmufyHay;urf;ol? t[m& auR;arG;olESifh BuD;MuyfuGyfuJ xdef;odrf; ol/ 3/ tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif? tkyfcsKyf ol? t&mcyfodrf;udk vTrf;rdk; cs,fvS,f? ñTefMum;pDrHol[k cGJjcm;í owfrSwfEdkif onf/

&[D;rf (‫)رحيم‬

tMuifemqkH;? toem;qkH;aom r[mu½k Pmawmf&Sif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf awmfwpfyg;

&[frmef (‫)رحمان‬

arwÅm tBuD;rm;qkH;aomt&Sif? arwÅm w&m;? u½kPmw&m; t&SdqkH;aomt&Sif/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfyg;/

wm0efay;cefYtyf

&d*smvf tvf-*dkif;Af (‫)رجال الغيب‬

vlom;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfyl;aygif; jcif;udk ,kHMunfaomolrsm;ESifh ywfouf aoma0g[m&/ qlzDavmu\ a0g[m& avmuDurÇm\ta&;t&m[lorQudk udk; uG,f&mt&Siftm; udk,fpm;jyKí xdef;csKyf apmifha&Smuf aeMuolrsm;[k owfrSwf jcif;? ,kHMunfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;/

½l[f (‫)روح‬

0dnmOf? emrf? pdwf

½lAlAD,m;[f (‫)ربوبية‬

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrI? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tcsKyftjcm tm Pmydkifjcif;\ e,ferdwf? tus,ft0ef;/

qG[mA[f (‫)صحابة‬

wpfckudef;-qG[mAD? aemufqkH;wref awmfjrwfESifhwdkuf½dkuf awGYcGifh&Sdaom wynfh? om0u? aemufvdkufrsm;/ wref awmfjrwf\tazmf? taygif;toif;? om0uBuD;rsm;? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;/

qGvm[f (‫صلوة‬

‫صالة‬

)

tpövmrf\'kwd,r@dKif/ rjzpfrae^ rvkyfrae&? wm0ef&Sdaom 0wfjyKwnf aqmufjcif; (z&foGf)? rdrdqE´tavsmuf 0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif; (ezdvf)? to em;cH avsmufxm;jcif;? qkawmif; qk,l rIjyKjcif;? qkyeftoem;cHjcif;/

pvmrf (‫)سالم‬

tpövmrf\EIwfqufjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;om ,mrI&&Sdap&ef qkawmif;arwÅmydkYojcif;/

aqmifrf (‫)صوم‬

tpövmrf\wwd,r@dKif/ t½G,fa&muf aom usm;^rtm;vkH;twGuf rvkyfrae&

OykofoDvapmifhwnfjcif; wm0ef/ [d*sf&D ouú&mZf(9)vajrmuf &rf'GgefvjrwfwGif usef;rmaomrkpfvifrfwdkif; wnfaqmuf &ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ &S[m'g[f (‫)شهادة‬

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSvGJí c0yf udk;uG,f &mt&Sif r&Sd/ rk[r®'fonf xdkt&Sif \ &plvfwrefawmfjrwf jzpfaMumif;udk rdrdrS ESvkH;om;ESifh ouf0if,kHMunf aMumif;? zGifh[a
&S&Dt[f (‫)شريعة‬

tpövmrfhtajccHw&m;Oya'/

½IdifoGmef (‫)شيطان‬

½IdifoGmef? rm&femwf? raumif;qdk;0g;/

&Sd&fuf (‫)شرك‬

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif xdkt&SifESifh vl yk*¾dKvf^t&m0w¦Kwpfckckudk wky EIdif;,SOf wGJzuf udk;uG,fjcif;/

qGdzmof (‫)ضفات‬

*kPfawmfrsm;/ *kPft*Fgt&nftcsif;rsm;? *kPft&nftaoG;rsm;/

pd[f&f (‫)سحر‬

pkef;ya,m*twwfynm? yÍövuftwwf ynm? arSmftwwf? rsufvSnfh vufvSnfh ynm&yf/

qlzD (‫)صوفي‬

vlom;\0dnmOfESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ 0dnmOf aygif;pnf;oGm;onf[k ,kHMunf aom tawG;tac:udk vufcHonfh vl tkyfpk? txl;ojzifh xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ emhzfpf0dnmOf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f apa&;twGuf rsm;pGmaomxkH;wrf;pOfvm

tjyKtrl?tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk usifhBuH tm; xkwfaomolrsm;/ pl*sL;'f(‫)سجود‬

0wfjyKqkawmif;&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sif jrwftm; ezl; ajrcs ysyf0yfí OD;cs&Sdcdk; jcif;/

omAdtl;ef (‫)تابعون‬

aemufvdkufrsm;? wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkuf awGYqkHcGifh&vdkufaom wynfhrsm;? aemuf vdkufrsm;/

oGm*l;of(‫)طاغوت‬

pmayteuf- owfrSwfxm;aom pnf; urf;abmif e,ferdwfudk usL;vGefol? csKd;azmufol? oDvysufol? avmuxkH; wrf; Oya'udk rvdkufemol/ udk;uG,f&m t&Sif\ tyfESif;xm;aom tcGifhta&; xuf ausmfvGefí rdrdwdkY pdwfBudKuf vdkufí rdrdqE´twdkif; vkyfcsif&mvkyfae aom oDvr&Sdol? oDvusKd;aygufol/

ozfpD;&f (‫)تفسير‬

#DumzGifhjcif;? tzGifh#Dum? usrf;jrwf uk&ftmef\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk tus,f &Sif;vif; zGifhqdkaom twwfynm/

orD;rm[f (‫)تميمة‬

vufzGJY? taqmif/

ouú0g(‫)تقوي‬

bmomw&m; ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;rI? tv’m[f t&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf ½GHUaocefYjim; jcif;/

oG&Du[f (‫)طريقة‬

pmayteuf-enf;vrf;? vrf;pOf/ tpö vmrfh qlzD*dkPf;udkvnf; udk,fpm;jyK onf/

o0g;zf (‫)تواف‬

wpfpkHwpf&mudk A[dkjyKí vSnfhywfjcif;? utfA[fausmif;awmfudk A[dkjyKí vuf0J &pf vSnfhywfjcif;? [*sfESifh tGr®&[f jyK&m ü rjzpfraejyKvkyf&aom xkH;wrf;pOfvm/

o0uúKvf (‫)توكل‬

t&mtm;vkH;twGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tm; ,kHykHtyfESHxm;jcif;/

aomif[D;'f (‫)توحيد‬

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;omvQif udk;uG,fjcif;cHxdkufaomt&SifjzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfjcif;/

oGd,m&[f (‫)طيرة‬

iSufrsm;ysHoef;rIESifh tjcm;t&m0w¦Krsm;? t&mrsm;udk Munfhí twdwfedrdwfaumuf jcif;/

tkvl[D;,m[f(‫)اُلوهية‬

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif jzpfrIwGif udk;uG,fjcif;cHxkdufrItwGuf t
0vD (‫)ولي‬

trsm;udef;-atmifvD,m/ olawmfpif? olrGefoljrwf? tvGef ouú0gw&m;&Sdaom rkpfvifrf/

0kqlvf (‫)وصول‬

a&muf&Sdjcif;? qdkufa&mufjcif;/ qlzD0g' wGif olawmfpif0vD\0dnmOfESifhtv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ tuefYtowfrJh 0dnmOf awmfwdkY aygif;qkHjcif;tajctae/

Zum[f (‫)زكاة زكوة‬

wpfESpfwmtwGuf owfrSwfxm;aom 'geaMu;(0g qif;&Jom;'geaMu;)? txl; ojzifh Zum;ofwm0efonf aiGaMu;
usrf;udk;pm&if; 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

‘Abdul Wahhab, Sulayman ibn, Taysir Al-Aziz Al-Hamid, Beirut, AlMaktab Al-Islamia, 2nd Ed., 1970. Albani, Nasir-ud-Deen Al-, Silsilah Al-Ahadith As-Sahihah, Kuwait, AdDar As-Salafeeyah and Aman: Al-Maktabah Al-Islamiyah, 2nd ed., 1983, Vol.4. ___________, Ahkam Al-Jana’iz, Beirut, Al-Maktab Al-Islami, 1st ed., 1969. ___________, Mukhasar Al-‘Uloom, Beirut: Al-Maktab Al-Islami, 1st ed., 1981. ___________, Sahih Sunan At-Tirmidhi, Riyadh, Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States, 1st ed., 1988. ___________, Tahdheer As-Sajid, Beirut, Al-Maktab Al-Islami, 2nd ed., 1972. ‘Ali, A. Yusuf, The Holy Qur’an (Trans), Beirut, Dar Al-Qur’an AlKareem, n.d. Arberry, A.J, Muslim Saints and Mystics, London, Rouledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. Ash’ari, Abu Hasan ‘Ali Al-, Maqalat Al-Islamiyeen, Cairo: Maktabah An-Nahdah Al-Misreeyah, 2nd ed., 1969. ‘Aqalani, Ahmad ibn ‘Ali ibn Hajar Al-, Tahdheeb At-Tahdheeb, Hyderabad, 1325-7. Ashqar, ‘Umar Al-, Al-‘Aqidah fi Allah, Kuwait: Maktabah Al-Falah, 2nd ed., 1979. Baghdadi, ‘Abdul-Qahir ibn Tahir Al-, Al-Farq bayn Al-Firaq, Beirut: Dar Al-Ma’rifah, n.d. Bayhaqi, Ahmad ibn Al-Husayn Al-, Kitab Al-Asma’ Was-Sifat, Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmeeyah, 1st ed., 1984. Cowan, J.M., The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, New York: Spoken Language Services Inc., 3rd ed., 1976. Essien-Udom., E.U., Black Nationalism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. Ghunayman, ‘Abdullah Al., Sharh Kitab At-Tawhid min Sahih AlBukhari, Madinah: Maktabah Ad-Dar, 1985. Gibb, H.A.R., Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1953. Hafidh, ‘Ali, Chapters from the History of Madina, Jeddah: AlMadinah Printing and Publication Co., 1st ed., 1987.

19. Hasan, Ahmad, Sunan Abi Dawud, English Translation, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf Publishers, 1st ed., 1984. 20. Hinnells, John, Dictionary of Religions, England: Penguin Books, 1984. 21. Hitching, Frances, The Neck of the Giraffe, New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1982. 22. Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version, Nelson, 1951. 23. Hajweeri, ‘Ali ibn ‘Uthman Al-, Kashf Al-Mahjoob, translated by Nicholson, London: Luzac, rep. 1976. 24. Ibn Abil ‘Ezz Al-Hanafi, Sharh Al-‘Aqidah At-Tahawiyah, Beirut: AlMaktab Al-Islami, 8th ed., 1984. 25. Ibn Atheer, An-Nihayah fi Ghareeb Al-Hadeeth wa Al-Athar, Beirut: Al-Maktabah Al-Islamiyah, 1963. 26. Ibn Al-Jawzi, Sifah As-Safwah, Cairo: Dar Al-Wa’ee, 1st ed., 1970. 27. Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, Ar-Rad ‘Ala Al-Jahmeeyah, Riyadh: Dar Al-Liwa, 1st ed., 1977. 28. Ibn Taymiyah, Ahmad, At-Tawassul wal Waseelah, Riyadh: Dar AlIfta, 1984. 29. Johnson-Davies, Denys, An-Nawawi’s Forty Hadith, English Translation, Damascus, Syria: The Holy Koran Publishing House, 1976. 30. Khan, Muhammad Muhsin, Sahih Al-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Riyadh: Maktabah Ar-Riyadh Al-Hadeethah, 1981. 31. Khomeini, Ayatullah Musavi Al-, Al-Hukoomah Al-Islamiyah, Beirut: At-Talee’ah Press, Arabic ed., 1979. 32. Lane, Edward William, Arabic-English Lexicon, Cambridge, England: Islamic Texts Society, 1984. 33. Mandhoor, Muhammad ibn, Lisan Al-Arab, Beirut: Dar Sadir, n.d. 34. Muhammad Elijah, Our Saviour Has Arrived, Chicago: Muhammad’s Temple of Islam, no.2, 1974. 35. Muzaffar, Muhammad Rida Al-, Faith of Shi’a Islam, USA: Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2nd ed., 1983. 36. Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal, Ibn Taymiyah’s Essay on the Jinn, Riyadh: Tawhid Publication, 1989. 37. Rahimuddin, Muhammad, Muwatta Imam Malik, English Translation, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1980. 38. Readers Digest Great Encyclopedia Dictionary, New York, Funk & Wagnalls Publishing Company, 10th ed., 1975. 39. Reese, W. L., Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980. 40. Rizvi, Syed Sa’id Akhtar, Islam, Teheran: A Group of Muslim Brothers, 1973.

41. Shahrastani, Muhammad ibn ‘Abdul Kareem Ash-, Al-Milal Wan-Nihal, Beirut: Dar Al- Ma’rifah, 2nd ed., 1975. 42. Siddiqi, Abdul Hamid, Sahih Muslim, English Translation, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Asraf Publishers, 1987. 43. Tabari, Ibn Jarir At-, Jami’ Al-Bayan ‘An Ta’weel Al-Quran, Egypt: AlHalabi Publishing Co., 3rd ed., 1979. 44. Wilson, Colin, The Occult, New York: Random House, 1971 45. Zirikli, Khairuddeen Az-, Al-A’lam, Beirut: Dar Al-‘Ilm lil-Malayeen, 7th ed., 1984.