Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013

Conventional General Studies-25 Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes

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Contents x

Some theories and doctrines of Geology

x

Earth: Observations of the Early Philosophers

o

Structure of the Magnetosphere

x

Earth: Basic Data

o

Van Allen belts

x

x

x

x

Earth's Magnetosphere

Earthquakes

o

Location

o

Radius

o

Understanding Earthquake

o

Other Data:

o

Seismic Waves

o

Types of earthquakes

o

Earthquake Magnitude and Earthquake

Structure of Earth o

Earth’s Crust

o

Lithosphere versus Asthenosphere verses

Intensity

Earth's Crust

o

Richter Magnitude Scale

o

Composition of Earth Crust

o

Moment magnitude scale

o

Mohoroviÿiý discontinuity

o

Shindo Scale

o

Earth’s Mantle

o

MSK-64 Scale

o

Gutenberg Discontinuity

o

Earthquake Belts

o

Composition of the Earth’s Mantle

o

Convective Material Circulation in Mantle

o

Seismic Zoning of India

o

Earth’s Core

o

Some Great Indian Earthquakes

Earth’s Magnetic Field o

x

x

Earthquakes in India

Impact of Earthquakes – Liquefaction

How it is formed?

Some theories and doctrines of Geology

‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ no real laws in geology „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ƒ† •—†”› ‹–‡• ƒ––ƒ…Š‡† –‘ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰› †‘̵– ™‘” ‹ ƒŽŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– ƒŽŽ –‹‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ DzLaw of Superimpositiondz ‹ ‡‘Ž‘‰› •ƒ›• –Šƒ– ”‘… Žƒ›‡”• ‘ –Š‡ „‘––‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡•–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ –Š‡ –‘’ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘”‡†‘”‡”‡…‡–Ž›Ǥ—––Š‹•Žƒ™‹•not true in case of the mountain formation‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‘…Žƒ›‡”•ˆ‘Ž†‘˜‡”ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‘Ž†‡”Žƒ›‡”•Ž›‹‰‘–‘’‘ˆ›‘—‰‡”Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡›’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‹ ‡‘Ž‘‰›‹• UniformitarianismǤŠ‹•†‘…–”‹‡‹•„ƒ•‡†—’‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡ •ƒ‡ƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ™•ƒ†’”‘…‡••‡•–Šƒ–‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡‘™ǡŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘’‡”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡‹–Š‡ ’ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ –Šƒ•‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ‹•–‹……‘…‡’––Šƒ–̶the present is the key to the past̶ƒ†‹•ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡”ƒ–‡•Ǥ‹ˆ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡›’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ‘–‘Ž›‰‡‘Ž‘‰›„—– ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡ǡ„—–‹…ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ–Š‡‘†‡”•…‹‡–‹•–•†‘̵–Š‘Ž†‹–…‘””‡…–ƒ›‘”‡ǤŠ‡› •ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡’ƒ•––Šƒ–Š—ƒ•Šƒ˜‡‘–‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ Š‡‘•–„ƒ•‹…“—‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•„‡‡‘Š‘™–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘‡ƒ”–Š Šƒ˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ – ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– –‘ †‹•…—•• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ …ƒ’• ™Š‹…Š Šƒ˜‡ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –Š‡‘”‹‡•‹ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‘™‘„•‘Ž‡–‡Ǥ ™ Neptunism

‡’–—‹•™ƒ•‰‹˜‡„› ‡”ƒ•…‹‡–‹•–„”ƒŠƒ‡”‡”Ǥ –Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”Ž†™ƒ•‘…‡ƒŽŽ‘…‡ƒ•ǡƒ†–Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‘…• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•–ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ „ƒ•ƒŽ– ƒ† ‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ •‡‡ –‘†ƒ› ™‡”‡ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒǤ Š‡ –Š‡‘”›™ƒ•”‡„—––‡†Ǥ ™ Catastrophism

Š‹• †‘…–”‹‡ •ƒ›• –Šƒ– ‘•– ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† „› •—††‡ǡ ˜‹‘Ž‡–ǡ …ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹… ‡˜‡–•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡˆŽ‘‘†•ǡƒ•–‡”‘‹†••–”‹‡•ǡƒ†˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡†‹•…ƒ”†‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘™‹–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ……‡’–‡†–Šƒ– ƒ”–Š̵•features are formed by slow natural processes–Šƒ–ǡƒ––‹‡•ǡƒ”‡’—…–—ƒ–‡†„›…‡”–ƒ‹…ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹…‡˜‡–•Ǥ ™ Plutonism / Vulcanism

Š‡‘”›™ƒ•’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†„›…‘––‹•Š‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ‡•—––‘Ǥ –•ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡”‘…•ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡ƒ”–Š™‡”‡ˆ‘”‡† ‹ ˆ‹”‡ „› ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ …‘–‹—‹‰ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ƒ† ‡”‘•‹‘ ™‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ”‘…•ǡ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 2 ™Š‹…Š™‡”‡–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–‡†‘–Š‡•‡ƒ„‡†ǡ”‡Ǧˆ‘”‡†‹–‘Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…„›Š‡ƒ–ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ǡƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ – ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– „ƒ•ƒŽ– ™ƒ• •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡† ‘Ž–‡ ƒ‰ƒǤ Š‡› –Š‡‘”› ™ƒ• ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡” Ž—–‘ǡ –Š‡ …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ”—Ž‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—†‡”™‘”Ž†ǡ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒˆ–‡”—Ž…ƒǡ–Š‡ƒ…‹‡–‘ƒ‰‘†‘ˆˆ‹”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•Ǥ

Earth: Observations of the Early Philosophers –Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”–Š™ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡–Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘•‹•–‡†‘Ž›‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ’Žƒ‡–• ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡

Thales

ƒ‡†‡›‡ƒ†ƒ‘—–Ž›‹‰•’Š‡”‡

Thales is regarded as first philosopher in the Greek tradition. According

‘ˆ ˆ‹š‡† •–ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡

to Bertrand Russell, "Western philosophy begins with Thales." He dared

Geocentric ModelǤ –Š‘•‡–‹‡•ǡ

to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was

™‡ ‡˜‡ †‹† ‘– ‘™ –Šƒ– ƒ”–Š

tremendously influential in this respect. He is called father of science.

™ƒ• ”‘—†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Thales, who is considered to be the Earliest Geographer, proposed that world was a flat disc based on water, and that all things grew out of itǤ‹•†‹•…‹’Ž‡Anaximander,™Š‘‹•‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™™‘”Ž†•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–Earth has shape is that of a cylinder with a height one-third of its diameter and flat top forms the inhabited world, which is surrounded by a circular oceanic mass. —…Š ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—– ƒ”–Š –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž›‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”•Ǥ ”‘—† ˆ‹˜‡ …‡–—”‹‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š”‹•–ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› Pythagorasǡ ™Š‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ›–Šƒ‰‘”ƒ• ™ƒ••‘—…Š…‘˜‹…‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘‘†‡••‘ˆDz„‡‹‰”‘—†dz–Šƒ–ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ƒ•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘•–’‡”ˆ‡…–ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡ ‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ•’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ”–Š™ƒ•‡„”ƒ…‡†„›Žƒ–‘ƒ†”‹•–‘–Ž‡–‘‘Ǥƒ”–Š̵••Šƒ†‘™†—”‹‰ƒ‡…Ž‹’•‡‹•…—”˜‡†ǡƒ† ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–•–ƒ”•‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ•‘‡‘˜‡•‘”–Šǡ–Š‡•‡™‡”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ›–Šƒ‰‘”ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Š Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•‘™ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ”‘—† •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Pythagoras had also probably proposed that the Earth rotates. Š‡ ‡š– ‹’‘”–ƒ– “—‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡• ™ƒ• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–ŠǤ Eratosthenes ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡ ‹–• …‹”…—ˆ‡”‡…‡ „› ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •— ƒ– –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ǤEratosthenes is known to be the first person to use the word "geography" and invented the discipline of geography as we understand it as Today. A system called "latitude and longitude" was also invented by Eratosthenes.Š‡•‡™‡”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ ™Š› –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”‡”• …ƒŽŽ ”ƒ–‘•–Š‡‡• ƒ• Dzˆƒ–Š‡” ‘ˆ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›dzǤ †‡‡†ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’‡”•‘–‘—•‡–Š‡–‡”Dz‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›dz‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Š‡”‡–‘†‹•…—••™Šƒ– †‹ƒ•‡™ ƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ†—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ•–”‘‘›‹•ƒ•‘Ž†ƒ•‡†ƒ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡Atharva Samhita has a list of 27 nakshatrasǤƒ•Š–”ƒ‹†›ƒ™ƒ•‡–‹‘‡†‘Šƒ†‘‰›ƒ’‹•Šƒ†ƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’Žƒ…‡•ǤThe earliest well defined Indian astronomical work is Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• ‘– ›‡– „‡‡ …‘…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› †ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘•– ›‘–‹•Šƒ‡†ƒ‰ƒǡƒŽŽ †‹ƒƒ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ–‡š–•ƒ”‡†ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•‹š–Š…‡–—”›‘”Žƒ–‡”™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š†‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ …‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘†‡” •…‹‡–‹•–• ƒ”‡ ‹ ˆƒ˜‘—” ‘ˆ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ•–”‘‘›Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡Ž‘•–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‹ƒ”›•‘—”…‡•‘™Š‹…Š™‡…ƒ’”‘˜‡ –Š‡•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-25

Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ƒ”–Šƒ”‡‘ˆAryabhattaǤ

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Model Question - 1. Among various scientifically proved conclusions in Astronomy, which among the following was / were given by Aryabhatta? 1. Earth's Rotation on its own axis 2. A Heliocentric Model of Universe 3. Explanation of Eclipses 4. Almost correct calculation of sidereal rotation of Earth Choose the correct option: Answer: 1

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”›ƒ„Šƒ––ƒ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– ̶‡ƒ”–Š ”‘–ƒ–‡• ƒ„‘—– ‹–• ƒš‹• †ƒ‹Ž›̶Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ™”‹–‡• –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• –Š‡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡–ȋ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Ȍ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”–•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–ŠǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‹…‘–”ƒ•–™‹–Š™Šƒ–™ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •› ‹–•‡Žˆ ”‘–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •–‹ŽŽǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡‘…‡–”‹… ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•‡ ‰‹˜‡ „› ”›ƒ„Šƒ––ƒ™ƒ•‘”‡…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ ‡‘…‡–”‹…‘†‡Žƒ† Ž‡•• …Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ …Žƒ‹‡† –‘ „‡ Š‡Ž‹‘…‡–”‹… ‘†‡ŽǤ  –Š‡ ƒ‹–¢ƒŠƒ•‹††Š¢–ƒǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ †‘…—‡–‡† „› ”›ƒ„Šƒ––ƒ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ…Š ‰‘˜‡”‡† „› –™‘ ‡’‹…›…Ž‡•ǡ ƒ •ƒŽŽ‡” manda ȋ•Ž‘™Ȍ ƒ† ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” •highra ȋ ƒ•–ȌǤ Š‡ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡–• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘

Fact Box: Aryabhatta Aryabhatta was a great mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. He wrote Aryabhatiya in 499 AD when he was 23 years old. Arya-siddhanta was another work. He describes the shanku-yantra or Chhyayantra which was a series of development of what was basically the Gnomon, the angle-measuring device. Aryabhatta describes Dhanuryantra (semicircular device), Chakrayantra (Circular device), Yasti-Yantra (Cylindrical device), Chhatra Yantra (the umbrella device) and water clocks of two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical. In the Golapada of the Aryabhatia, he writes about Geometric/trigonometric aspects of the celestial sphere, features of the ecliptic, celestial equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night, rising of zodiacal signs on horizon, etc. In addition, some versions cite a few colophons added at the end, extolling the virtues of the work, etc.

‡ƒ”–Šǡ ƒ• ‹ ”›ƒ„Šƒ–ƒǯ• ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‘‘ǡ ‡”…—”›ǡ ‡—•ǡ –Š‡ —ǡ ƒ”•ǡ —’‹–‡”ǡ ƒ–—”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ•–‡”‹••Ǥ ”›ƒ„Šƒ––ƒ‹•‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ›‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒŽ‘•–…‘””‡…–˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‘Žƒ”ƒ† Ž—ƒ” ‡…Ž‹’•‡• ™‡”‡ •…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› ”›ƒ„Šƒ––ƒǤ ‡ ™”‹–‡• ‹ ‘Žƒ’ƒ†ƒ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž—ƒ” ‡…Ž‹’•‡ ‘……—”• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‘‘ ‡–‡”• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •Šƒ†‘™Ǥ ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‹•ǡ Š‡ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† –Š‡ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• •Šƒ†‘™ ƒ† …‘””‡Žƒ–‡†‹–…‘””‡…–Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Ž‹’•‡Ǥ Š‡Š‡Ž‹‘…‡–”‹…‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒ”–Š™ƒ•ƒ……‡’–‡†‹–Š‡ͳ͹–Š…‡–—”›Ǥ‹…‘Žƒ—•‘’‡”‹…—•™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡ Š‡Ž‹‘…‡–”‹… •›•–‡ǡ –Š—• Š‡ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘™ to have discovered the solar systemǤ ȋ—–‹–‹•‹…‘””‡…––‘…”‡†‹–‘‡’‡”•‘ˆ‘”†‹•…‘˜‡”›‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡ȌǤ ‡ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ƒ”–Š™ƒ•ƒ’Žƒ‡–‘”„‹–‹‰–Š‡—ǡƒ†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ’Žƒ‡–•‘˜‡†‹…‹”…Ž‡•ǡ‘‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‡”…—”› ƒ† ‡—• Šƒ† –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– …‹”…Ž‡•ǡ •ƒŽŽ‡” –Šƒ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Šǡ ƒ† that is the reason is that their position in the sky was always near the Sun's. †‡‡†‹–™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ”‹‰˜‘‹…‡‹ –Š‘•‡–‹‡•Ǥ –†‡‹‡†…‡–—”›ǯ•‘Ž†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ”–Š™ƒ•–Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘’‡”‹…—•™ƒ•‘–‡˜‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡–•Ǥ‘‡…‘””‡…–‹‘•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‡‡†‡†Ǥ ‹• •—……‡••‘” ƒŽ‹Ž‡‘ ƒŽ‹Ž‡‹ǡ –Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ •…Š‘Žƒ” ™ƒ• –Š‡ first to observe the planets through a telescopeǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ–Š‡ •ƒ™…‘˜‹…‡†Š‹ –Šƒ–‘’‡”‹…—• ™ƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‹• ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‡”‹…ƒ –Š‡‘”› –—”‡† –Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹… Š—”…Š ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹ ƒ† …‘•– Š‹ Š‹• ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹…Š—”…Š‹••—‡†ƒ†‡…”‡‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹ˆ‘”†‡…Žƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–—•–‘‘†•–‹ŽŽƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”–Š ‘˜‡†™ƒ•̶ˆƒŽ•‡̶ƒ†̶ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”…‘–”ƒ”›–‘‘Ž›…”‹’–—”‡̶ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘”…‡†Š‹–‘Dz…‘””‡…–dzŠ‹• –Š‡‘”›Ǥ‡™ƒ•’—–—†‡”Š‘—•‡ƒ””‡•–ƒ†ƒ†‡–‘ˆƒ…‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ—–‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡ǡŠ‡‹• •ƒ‹†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘™Šƒ–’Ž‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹…Š—”…Š„—–‹•ƒŽ•‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘—•Ž›Šƒ˜‡ —––‡”‡†DzEppur si muovedz‡ƒ•DzAnd Yes it movesdzǤ ‘‡‘”‡ͳ͹–Š…‡–—”›’Š›•‹…‹•–••—…Šƒ•Johannes Keplerƒ†Isaac Newton†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ’Š›•‹…•–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”–Š‘˜‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡’Žƒ‡–• ƒ”‡‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽƒ™•–Šƒ–‰‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡‹˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ 1 Correct Answer 1, 3 & 4

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 4 †‹•…‘˜‡”›‘ˆˆ—”–Š‡”’Žƒ‡–•ƒ†‘‘•Ǥ ’”‘˜‡‡–•‹–Š‡–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡ƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ—ƒ‡†•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ„Ž‡†–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ•—…Šƒ•‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ†…”ƒ–‡”•ǡƒ†•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ•—…Šƒ•…Ž‘—†•ǡ†—•–•–‘”•ƒ†‹…‡…ƒ’•‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”’Žƒ‡–•Ǥ

Earth: Basic Data Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š‹‰‹•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘̶…‡–‡”̶‘”̶‡†‰‡̶‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡ǡƒ†•‘–Š‡”‡‹•‘’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ””‡ˆ‡”‡…‡’‘‹– ™‹–Š™Š‹…Š–‘’Ž‘––Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡ǤŠ‡ƒ”–Š‹•ƒ––Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡observable universe„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–•‘„•‡”˜ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•†‡–‡”‹‡†„›‹–•†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘ƒ”–ŠǤ Location

ƒ”–Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡Solar Systemǡ™Š‹…Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡Orionȋ‘”Ž‘…ƒŽȌarm of Milky Way Galaxyǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Virgo Super clusterǤ • ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž› ƒ› ƒŽƒš›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ‹• ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‘—–™ƒ”† –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ ‘—–‡” ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”–Š ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” •›•–‡ ƒ”‡ ‘”„‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒŽƒš› ƒ– ƒ„‘—–ʹʹͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•’‡”Š‘—”Ǥƒ”–Š‹•–Š‹”†’Žƒ‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡—ƒ† ‹ˆ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–’Žƒ‡–Ǥ –‹•Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ‘‰–Š‡ ‘Žƒ” ›•–‡̵• ˆ‘—”–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ‡–•ȋ‡”…—”›ǡ ‡—•ǡƒ”–Šǡ ƒ† ƒ”•ȌǤ —’‹–‡”ǡ ƒ–—”ǡ ”ƒ—•ǡ ƒ†‡’–—‡ ƒ”‡‰ƒ•‰‹ƒ–•Ǥ Radius

Š‡‡ƒ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆƒ”–Š‹•͸ǡ͵͹ͳǤͲǤ“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ”ƒ†‹—•‹•͸ǡ͵͹ͺǤͳǡ™Š‹Ž‡’‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹—•‹•͸͵ͷ͸Ǥͺ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ”–Š ‹• ‘– ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž› •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽǢ ‘ •‹‰Ž‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ‹–• ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹—•Ǥ ˜‡ …ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‹– ƒ†‹—• ‹• ˆƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ‹…‘””‡…– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ̶”ƒ†‹—•̶ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹• ƒ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹… ‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‡…– •’Š‡”‡•Ǥ › ƒ”–Š̵• ”ƒ†‹—• ™‡ ”‡ˆ‡”

Why Earth is an oblate spheroid? Rotation of a planet causes it to approximate an oblate spheroid with a bulge at the equator and flattening at the North and South Poles. So the equatorial radius is larger than the polar radius.

–‘–Š‡†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘•‘‡̶…‡–‡”̶‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š–‘ƒ’‘‹–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘”‘ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†•—”ˆƒ…‡–Šƒ–‘†‡Ž•–Š‡ ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡farthest point from Earth's centre is Chimborazo ǡƒ‹ƒ…–‹˜‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‹–Š‡†‡•‘—–ƒ‹•‹…—ƒ†‘”ǡ ‹‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒǤŠ‹„‘”ƒœ‘‹•‘––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‘—–ƒ‹„›‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Žǡ„—–‹–•Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ equatorial bulgeƒ‡•‹–••—‹––Š‡ˆƒ”–Š‡•–’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•…‡–‡”Ǥ Š‡Equatorial Circumference‘ˆƒ”–Š‹•ͶͲǡͲ͹ͷǤͳ͸ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Meridional Circumference‹•ͶͲǡͲͲͺǤͲͲǤ Other Data:

Variable Surface area Land Area Water Area Volume Mass Mean density Equatorial surface gravity Escape velocity Sidereal rotation period Equatorial rotation velocity Axial tilt Albedo Surface temp Surface pressure Composition

Information 510,072,000 km2 148,940,000 km2 (29.2 %) 361,132,000 km2 (70.8 %) 1.08321 × 1012 km3 5.9736 × 1024 kg 5.515 g/cm3 9.780327 m/s2 11.186 km/s 23h 56m 4.100s 1,674.4 km/h 23°26'21".4119 0.36 Minimum о89.4 °C Median=14 °C Maximum =58 °C 101.325 kPa 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, approx. 1% water vapour

Structure of Earth Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š‹•Žƒ›‡”‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ”–Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”ƒŒ‘”Žƒ›‡”•ǣ–Š‡…”—•–ǡƒ–Ž‡ǡ ‹‡”…‘”‡ǡƒ†‘—–‡”…‘”‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†‡ˆ‹‡•‡ƒ…Š†‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ Model Question - 2. Consider the following statements in context with the Crust, Mantle, Inner Core and Outer Core of Earth: 1. Maximum Share in Earth’s mass and volume is shared by Mantle 2. When we move from earth’s crust to core, density increases Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 2 2 Both are correct statements. Although the core and mantle are about equal in thickness, the core actually forms only 15 percent of the Earth's volume, while the mantle comprises 84 percent. The crust makes up the remaining 1 percent. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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™ Crust

Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•…”—•–‹•–Š‡‘—–‡”‘•–Žƒ›‡”ƒ†‹•–Š‡‘•–ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”ǡ•‹…‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹˜‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” •‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …”—•–Ǥ – ‹• ”‹‰‹†ǡ „”‹––Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‹ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–Ž‡ǡ ‹‡” …‘”‡ǡ ƒ† ‘—–‡” …‘”‡Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ˜ƒ”›‹‰…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ–Š‹•‘—–‡”Žƒ›‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ‘…‡ƒ‹… …”—•–•Ǥ ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•– ˜ƒ”‹‡• ‹ –Š‹…‡•• ˆ”‘ ƒ• Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ• ʹ–Š‹…–‘‘˜‡”͹Ͳ–Š‹…™‹–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͵ͷˆ‘”–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–ƒ†ͶǤͷˆ‘”–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–Ǥ ™ Mantle

ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–Ž‡Ž‹‡•„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡…”—•–ƒ†ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‘—–‡”…‘”‡ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ƒ„‘—–ͳǡͺͲʹ‹Ž‡•ȋʹǡͻͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ȍ –Š‹… ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ 68.3 percent of the Earth's mass ƒ† ͺͶΨ ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š̵• ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ  –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ œ‘‡ †‹˜‹†‡•–Š‹•Žƒ›‡”‹–‘–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡”ƒ–Ž‡•Ǥ ™ Outer core

Š‡ liquid outer core ‹• ƒ Žƒ›‡” „‡–™‡‡ ʹǡͺͺͷ ƒ† ͷǡͳͷͷ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• †‡‡’ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹–‡”‹‘”Ǥ – ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ ‘˜‡ „› …‘˜‡…–‹‘ ȋ–Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‰ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ȍǡ

™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ’‘••‹„Ž›

…‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–‡” …‘”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ„‘—– ʹͻǤ͵ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• –‘–ƒŽ

Density of Various Layers The average density of Earth is 5,515 kg/m3. Since the average density of surface material is only around 3,000 kg/m3, it can be concluded that denser materials exist within Earth's core. When we move from earth’s Crust to Core, the density increases. The following table shows the depth as well as the average density of various layers: Depth (Sq. Kms) Layer Density gm per cubic cm. Lithosphere 1.2-2.9 0–60 Crust 2.2–2.9 0–35 Upper mantle 3.4–4.4 35–60 Mantle 3.4–5.6 35–2890 Asthenosphere NA 100–700 Outer core 9.9–12.2 2890–5100 Inner core 12.8–13.1 5100–6378

ƒ••Ǥ ™ Inner core

Š‡‹‡”…‘”‡‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡”‘—‰ŠŽ›–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•‘‘Ǥ –Ž‹‡•ƒ–ƒ†‡’–ŠͷǡͳͷͲ–‘͸ǡ͵͹Ͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• „‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•Š‡ƒ–…Ž‘•‡–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘–Š‡•—̵••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ –”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ„‘—–ͳǤ͹ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ•• ƒ† ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ ƒ •‘Ž‹† ‹”‘Ǧ‹…‡Ž ƒŽŽ‘› •—•’‡†‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž–‡‘—–‡”…‘”‡Ǥ

Earth’s Crust ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•– ‹• –Š‡ ‘—–‡”‘•– Žƒ›‡” …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –›’‡• ‘ˆ ”‘…•Ǥ The boundary between the crust and mantle is gen‡”ƒŽŽ›…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›ǤŠ‡…”—•–‘……—’‹‡•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳΨ‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ”—•– ˜ƒ”‹‡•‹–Š‹…‡••ƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‹‘„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ƒ†…‘–‹‡–•Ǥ Model Question - 3. Consider the following differences between the Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust: 1. The Continental crust is denser in comparison to the Oceanic Crust 2. The Continental crust has more of quartz , while the Oceanic Crust has more of Feldspar 3. The Continental Crust is otherwise called SIMA, while the Oceanic Crust is otherwise called SIAL 4. The rocks that make the continental crust are little denser than those making Oceanic crust. Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 3

Please mug the following observations: 9 Š‡ oceanic crust is thinner than the Continental CrustǤ …‡ƒ‹… ”—•– ‡ƒ•—”‡• ˆ”‘ ͷ –‘ ͳͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ƒ„‘—–͹‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‹–Š‹…‡••Ǣ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–‡ƒ•—”‡•„‡–™‡‡ʹͷ–‘ͳͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ƒ„‘—–͵Ͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•–Š‹…ǤObviously, the thickest continental crust regions are under large mountain ranges. 9 ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡–Š‹…‡••ǡ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…ƒ†…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–•ƒŽ•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‹composition and densityǤŠ‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… …”—•– ‹• …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ †ƒ”ǡ iron-rich rock similar to basaltǤ It is high in silica and magnesium, 3 1 & 2 are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 6 that is why called SIMAǤ –‹•‘ˆ–‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡„›Šƒ˜‹‰‘”‡•‹Ž‹…ƒǤThis implies that Oceanic crust is more basaltic. ‹…‡ƒ‰‡•‹—‹•†‡‘–‡†„›‰ƒ† ”‘‹•†‡‘–‡†„› ‡ǡ–Š‡•‡”‘…• Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ‡†Mafic RocksǤ‘•–…‘‘”‘…Ǧˆ‘”‹‰ƒˆ‹…‹‡”ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–ƒ”‡ olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotiteǤ 9 Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–̵•…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹•‘”‡…‘’Ž‡šǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”‘…•ƒ”‡Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ…‘Ž‘”‡†ǡ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ †‹‘”‹–‡ ȋ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Š‘”„Ž‡†‡ ƒ† ’Žƒ‰‹‘…Žƒ•‡ ˆ‡Ž†•’ƒ” ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ “—ƒ”–œȌ ƒ† ‰”ƒ‘†‹‘”‹–‡ ȋ–Š‡ •ƒ‡ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• †‹‘”‹–‡ǡ „—– ™‹–Š ‘”‡ “—ƒ”–œ ’”‡•‡–ȌǤ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ”‘…•Š‹‰Š‹•‹Ž‹…ƒƒ†ƒŽ—‹‹—ƒ†ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•SIAL.This implies that Continental crust is more felsic. 9 Š‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹†‡•‹–›ƒŽ•‘ǤŠ‡‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–Šƒ•ƒ†‡•‹–›‘ˆ͵ǡͲͲͲ‹Ž‘‰”ƒ•ȀͿ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–Šƒ•ƒŽ‘™‡”†‡•‹–›‘ˆʹǡͷͲͲ‹Ž‘‰”ƒ•ȀͿǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡rocks which make continental crust are slightly less dense than those making the Oceanic CrustǤ Š‡ Ž‡•• †‡•‡ ”‘…••—…Šƒ•‰”ƒ‹–‡‹•‘”‡…‘‘‹…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•––Šƒ‹‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–ǤDensity of Sial is lower than Sima primarily because of the increased amount of aluminium. 9 Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ– ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ †‡’–Šǡ –Š‡   ‘ˆ –Š‡ Continental Crest „‡…‘‡• …Ž‘•‡ ‹ ‹–• ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•–‘ Ǥ 9 Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡…”—•–‹…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š†‡’–Šǡ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–ʹͲͲǦ ͶͲͲιƒ––Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›™‹–Š–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ Lithosphere versus Asthenosphere verses Earth's Crust Model Question - 4. Consider the following statements: 1. Lithosphere is a part of Earth’s Crust 2. Asthenosphere is a part of Earth’s Mantle Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 4

Š‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹–‡”‹‘” Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‡ lithosphere‹•–Š‡—’’‡”ͺͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Žƒ›‡”…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆboth the crust and part of the upper mantleǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ‹–‹•…‘‘Ž‡‘—‰Š–‘„‡–‘—‰Šƒ† ‡Žƒ•–‹…–Šƒ–Š‡‘Ž–‡ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ ‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› –Š‹‡” —†‡” –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• ƒ† ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ…–‹˜‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Žƒ†ƒ••‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ› „”‘‡ —’ ‹–‘ –Š‡ „”‹––Ž‡ǡ ‘˜‹‰ ’Žƒ–‡• …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• …‘–‹‡–• ƒ† ‘…‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…’Žƒ–‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘̶ˆŽ‘ƒ–̶ƒ†‘˜‡ƒ”‘—†‘–Š‡‘”‡†—…–‹Ž‡asthenosphereǤ Š‡ ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› narrow, moving zone in the upper mantle Ž‘…ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ͹ʹ –‘ ʹͷͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ –‹•…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆƒŠ‘–ǡ•‡‹Ǧ•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–‹••‘ˆ–ƒ†ˆŽ‘™‹‰ƒˆ–‡” „‡‹‰•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ†’”‡••—”‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡„‘—†ƒ”›‹•…Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡Ǧ™‹–Š‹ ƒˆ‡™‹Ž‘‡–‡”•—†‡”‘…‡ƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ”‹†Ǧ‘…‡ƒ”‹†‰‡•–Šƒ‹–‹•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ••‡•ǤŠ‡—’’‡”•‡…–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…’Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡ǡ̶…ƒ””›‹‰̶–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ† ‘…‡ƒ‹…’Žƒ–‡•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•Tectonic PlatesǤ Lithosphere versus Pedosphere Lithos means rock. Lithium is an alkali metal and its name is also derived from Lithos. The uppermost

part of the Lithosphere that reacts with the atmosphere, biosphere and Hydrosphere is called as pedospehere. Pedos means soil. Pedospehere is composed of soil and it is the cradle of all the chemical and biogeochemical reactions which leads to soil development. Lithosphere is of two types 9 Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with Oceanic crust and exists in the ocean basins 9 Continental lithosphere, which is associated with Continental crust The Oceanic lithosphere is denser than the continental lithosphere.

4 Only 2 is a correct statement

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Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes

By Chemical Elements

Observations: 9 47% of the Earth's crust consists of oxygen. Most of the rocks in Earth’s crust are all oxides. The principal oxides are silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia & potash. 9 Highest compound in Earth’s Crust: Silica 9 Top 5 Elements in Earth’s Crust: OSAIC 9 Not many iron loving compounds in Earth Crust because they were depleted and relocated deeper. 9 More meteoritic content is found in Earth’s Crust.

Element

Percent

Oxygen

47

Silicon

28

Aluminium

8

Iron

5

Calcium

3.5

Sodium

2.5

Potassium

2.5

Magnesium

2.2

Titanium

0.5

Hydrogen

0.2

Carbon

0.2

Phosphorus

0.1

Sulphur

0.1

By Oxides Compound

Formula

Continental

Oceanic

Silica

SiO2

60.2%

48.6%

Alumina

Al2O3

15.2%

16.5%

Lime

CaO

5.5%

12.3%

Magnesia

MgO

3.1%

6.8%

Iron(II) Oxide

FeO

3.8%

6.2%

Sodium Oxide

Na2O

3.0%

2.6%

Potassium Oxide

K2O

2.8%

0.4%

Iron(III) Oxide

Fe2O3

2.5%

2.3%

Water

H2O

1.4%

1.1%

Carbon Dioxide

CO2

1.2%

1.4%

Titanium Dioxide

TiO2

0.7%

1.4%

Phosphorus Pentoxide

P2O5

0.2%

0.3%

99.6%

99.9%

Total

Composition

Mohorovi?i? discontinuity Model Question - 5. The adjacent graphics shows the waves travelling from a focus A of the Earthquake to a seismometer located at “B”. Which among the following is a correct conclusion in this context: 1. The waves via path ACB reach first to seismometer at point B 2. The waves via path ADB reach first to the seismometer at point B 3. Both waves reach simultaneously 4. Either A or B reaches first to seismometer at point B Answer: 5

Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ …”—•– ƒ† ƒ–Ž‡ ‹• ƒ‡† ‹ Š‘‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ™Š‘ ˆ‹”•– ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹–• ‡š‹•–‡…‡ǡ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– †”‹Œƒ ‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©Ǥ  ͳͻͲͻǡ ‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹© ƒƒŽ›•‡† †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ƒ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰ƒŒ—’‹•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›ƒ–ƒ†‡’–Š‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͷͶ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•…‘…Ž—†‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ „‘—†ƒ”›—†‡”‡ƒ–Š–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–ǡƒ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘™…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘Š‘‘”–Š‡‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›Ǥ Fact box: Seismic Waves The waves generated by the earthquake are called Seismic waves. They are divided into two broad categories viz. Body Waves and Surface Waves. A. Body waves In Body waves the speed decreases with increasing density of rock and increases with increasing rock elasticity. Rock elasticity increases faster than density with depth. There are two kinds of body waves viz. P-waves and S-waves. Primary Waves or P-waves: The Primary waves are Compression waves that vibrate parallel to the direction of wave movement and travel through solid, liquid and gas. ƒ These are the fastest seismic waves. ƒ They are also called push waves or longitudinal waves are similar to sound waves in nature. They have the shortest wavelength among the four . ƒ The velocity of P waves is 5 to 7 km per second . ƒ They can travel through liquids and solids but travel Click to Play faster in denser solid materials. Secondary waves or S-waves: These waves create vibrations perpendicular to the direction of wave movement. ƒ The S waves only travel through solids as liquids I gases have no shear strength (because when these phases of the matter are deformed, they don’t return to the original shape). ƒ The S waves or secondary waves or Transverse Waves are in nature it is similar to light wave. Also known as Shock waves or Shear Waves. ƒ They have a medium wavelength and are also called shake or shear waves. The vibrations are transverse or at right angles to the direction of propagation of waves and can travel only through solid and not through liquids. ƒ S waves is the main evidence to assume that the earth's core liquid. Their velocity is 3 to 4 km per second.

5 Correct answer is 2.

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B. Surface Waves: Surface waves are of two types viz. Rayleigh Waves and Love waves Rayleigh Waves or L-waves L Waves or Surface Waves travel near the earth's surface and within a depth of 30-32 kilometers from the surface. These are also called Rayleigh waves after Lord Rayleigh who first described these waves. Behave like water waves with elliptical motion of material in wave. Generally slower than Love waves. Love waves Love waves make the ground vibrate at right angles to the direction of waves . They are a variety of S-waves where the particles of an elastic medium vibrate transversely to the direction of wave propagation, with no vertical components. Involve shear motion in a horizontal plane. Most destructive kind of seismic wave.

Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ seismic waves varies with the composition of the mediumǤ In earth crust their speed is around 2-8 kilometers per second, while in mantle the speed is up to 13 kilometer per second, because mantle is denserǤ  Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–™Š‡–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‹•‘– –‘‘ †‡‡’ǡ •‘‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ‹• ‹ –Š‡ …”—•–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡” set enters the mantle, speeds up and reaches the seismometer firstǤ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ •‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’Š •–ƒ–‹‘• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒ– ƒ„‘—– ͳͷͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ˆ”‘ ƒ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘…—• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‡’‹…‡–”‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† –Š‘•‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ˆ‹”•– ™Š‹…Š …ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ „‡‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ˜‹ƒ ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‡‘—‰Š–‘…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹••‘‡–Š‹‰„‡Ž‘™‡ƒ”–Š…”—•–™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡•‹–›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡†…‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ –™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”…ƒŽŽ‡†‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›‘”•‹’Ž›‘Š‘Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ–‘Š‘‘•–Ž›Ž‹‡•‡–‹”‡Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ„—–‘Ž›„‡‡ƒ–Š‹†Ǧ‘…‡ƒ”‹†‰‡•‹–†‡ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡Ȃƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡„‘—†ƒ”›ǤŠ‡‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›‹•ͷ–‘ͳͲ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘” ƒ†ʹͲ–‘ͻͲ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•„‡‡ƒ–Š…‘–‹‡–•Ǥ Fact Boxes What is Conrad discontinuity? The Conrad discontinuity (named after the seismologist Victor Conrad) is considered to be the border between the upper continental crust and the lower one. It is not as pronounced as the Mohorovi ÿLýGLVFRQWLQXLW\DQGDEVHQWLQ some continental regions. What is Chikynj Project? Please note that no one has been able to physically drill into the mantle and there are no samples of the Mantle with human beings as of now. Today's drilling technology is not capable to bring out samples from such a depth. In 1956, the Moho Project was developed to drill through the Earth's crust to the Mohorovicic discontinuity. But the project was closed due to lack of funding and other problems. At present, the Japanese project Chikynj or Chikyu Hakken is trying to drill down to Moho.

Earth’s Mantle Š‡ƒ–Ž‡‹•ƒhighly viscous Žƒ›‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…”—•–ƒ†–Š‡‘—–‡”…‘”‡Ǥƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–Ž‡‹•ƒ”‘…›•Š‡ŽŽƒ„‘—– ʹǡͺͻͲ•–Š‹…–Šƒ–…‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ„‘—–ͺͶ’‡”…‡–‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ –‹•’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›•‘Ž‹†ƒ†‡…Ž‘•‡•–Š‡ ‹”‘Ǧ”‹…ŠŠ‘–…‘”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‘……—’‹‡•ƒ„‘—–ͳͷ’‡”…‡–‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ Š‡ƒ–Ž‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‡…–‹‘•˜‹œǤ x

Š‡Upper Mantleǡ™Š‹…Š•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘Š‘”‘˜‹«‹©†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›ƒ”‘—†͹–‘͵ͷǡ†‘™™ƒ”† –‘ͶͳͲȌǡ x Š‡transition zoneȋͶͳͲȂ͸͸ͲȌ x Š‡Lower Mantleȋ͸͸ͲȂʹͺͻͳȌǤ ‹‹Žƒ”–‘‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•–ǡOxygen is most abundant element in Earth’s MantleǤ Š‡ƒ–Ž‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡”ƒ–Ž‡ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›•‡‹•‹…ƒ†…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡Žƒ›‡”Ǥ Š‡ Mantle of Earth is characterised by many boundaries or discontinuities …”‡ƒ–‡† „› •‡‹•‹… ‘” …Š‡‹…ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ Hales discontinuity ‹• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ —’’‡” ƒ–Ž‡ ƒ– †‡’–Š• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ͸Ͳ –‘ ͻͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š •‡‹•‹… ˜‡Ž‘…‹–‹‡• …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ –Š‡” •‡‹•‹… †‹•…‘–‹—‹–‹‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ Gutenberg ƒ† Lehmann †‹•…‘–‹—‹–‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡”†‹•…‘–‹—‹–‹‡•‘……—”‹–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ͶͳͲǡͷʹͲǡƒ†͸͹Ͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥƒ…Š‹•‡‹–Š‡”ƒ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 9 …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ‘” •‡‹•‹… …Šƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ —’’‡” ƒ† Ž‘™‡” ƒ–Ž‡•Ǥ Gutenberg Discontinuity Model Question - 6. What is / are the implications of the liquid outer core on the Earthquake waves? 1. The P waves can not pass through the liquid outer core 2. The S waves can not pass through the liquid outer core 3. The P-waves are deviated 4. The S-waves are deviated Choose the correct option: 6

Model Question - 7. What is / are the implications of the liquid outer core on the Earthquake waves? 1. Absorption of the S-waves 2. Refraction in the S-waves 3. Refraction in the P-waves 4. Absorption of the P-waves Choose the correct options: 7

—–‡„‡”‰ ‹•…‘–‹—‹–› ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ …‘”‡Ȃƒ–Ž‡ „‘—†ƒ”› ȋȌǤ – Ž‹‡• „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵••‹Ž‹…ƒ–‡ ƒ–Ž‡ƒ†‹–•liquid iron-nickelouter coreǤŠ‹•„‘—†ƒ”›‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹͻͲͲ†‡’–Š„‡‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡„‘—†ƒ”›‹•‘„•‡”˜‡†˜‹ƒ–Š‡†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›‹•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–‹‡•ƒ––Šƒ–†‡’–ŠǤ Š‹• †‹•…‘–‹—‹–› ‹• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ…‘—•–‹… ‹’‡†ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Ž‹† ƒ–Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ž–‡ ‘—–‡” …‘”‡. P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while S-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the coreǤ‡‹•‹… ™ƒ˜‡• ”‡…‘”†‡† ƒ– ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ †‹•–ƒ…‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– •‡‹•‹… ˜‡Ž‘…‹–‹‡• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ™‹–Š †‡’–Š ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ However, at arc distances of between about 105° and 140° no P waves are recorded. Furthermore, no S waves are record beyond about 105°. Please note that the S waves are transverse waves that twist rock back and forth, deforming its shape in the direction of the perpendicular to that of wave travel. Swaves can be transmitted only through the solids. They can not travel through the liquids and gases because when these phases of the matter are deformed, they don’t return to the original shape. That is why the S-waves from the earthquake that travels towards earth's centre will be "absorbed" by the liquid outer core. Š‹•™ƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„› —–‡„‡”‰–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ‘Ž–‡…‘”‡„‡‰‹‹‰ƒ–ƒ†‡’–Š‘ˆƒ”‘—†ʹͻͲͲǤ Š‡ƒ”™ƒ˜‡•…‘—Ž†‘–’‡‡–”ƒ–‡–Š‹•‘Ž–‡Žƒ›‡”ƒ†™ƒ˜‡•™‘—Ž†„‡•‡˜‡”‡Ž›•Ž‘™‡†ƒ†”‡ˆ”ƒ…–‡†ȋ„‡–ȌǤ

6 Correct statements are 2 and 3. Statement 3 is correct because the change in the speed of the waves also changes its direction. 7 Correct Statements are 1 & 3

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Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes

www.gktoday.in 10

Composition of the Earth’s Mantle

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ Element O

Amount 44.8

Compound

Amount

Si

21.5

SiO2

46

Mg

22.8

MgO

37.8

Fe

5.8

FeO

7.5

Al

2.2

Al2O3

4.2

Ca

2.3

CaO

3.2

Na

0.3

Na2O

0.4

K

0.03

K 2O

0.04

Total

99.7

Total

99.1

Convective Material Circulation in Mantle

—‡–‘–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†‘—–‡”…‘”‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ”‘…• ƒ– Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –‘ —†‡”‰‘ •Ž‘™ǡ …”‡‡’‹‰ǡ ˜‹•…‘—•ǦŽ‹‡ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡” ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…‘˜‡…–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ‘–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—’™‡ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡…‘‘Ž‡”ȋƒ†Š‡ƒ˜‹‡”Ȍ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹•†‘™™ƒ”†Ǥ‘™™ƒ”†‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘……—”•ƒ–…‘˜‡”‰‡–’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†•—„†—…–‹‘ œ‘‡•ǤŠ‡…‘˜‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–Ž‡‹•ƒ…Šƒ‘–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ‡”‡ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ–‡‘–‹‘‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ†”‹ˆ–™Š‹…Šƒ’’Ž‹‡• ’—”‡Ž›–‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡…”—•–ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•Ǥ

Earth’s Core •‹‰–Š‡•‡‹•‹…†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡•…‹‡–‹•–•ˆ‹”•–’‘•–—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆƒˆŽ—‹†…‘”‡Ǥ ͳͻͳͷǡ —–‡„‡”‰’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘”‡̵•”ƒ†‹—•Ǥ ͳͻ͵͸ǡƒ‹•Š•‡‹•‘Ž‘‰‹•–Inge LehmannȋŽͺͺͺǦͳͻͻ͵Ȍ’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ’ƒ’‡” –‹–Ž‡†ǡ ̶̵̶ ȋ‘”  Ǧ”‹‡ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ •‡‹•‹… ™ƒ˜‡•Ȍǡ which announced the discovery of Earth's inner core. Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹‡”ƒ†‘—–‡”…‘”‡‹•‘™…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡Lehmann discontinuity. Model Question - 8. Arrange the following in the correct order of their existence from Earth's Crust to Inner Core: 1. Lehmann discontinuity 2. Gutenberg discontinuity 3. MohoroviÿLýGLVFRQWLQXLW\ 4. Conrad discontinuity Answer: 8

Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•…‘”‡™ƒ•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†Žƒ–‡”‹ͳͻ͸Ͳ•™Š‡ƒ—†‡”‰”‘—†—…Ž‡ƒ”–‡•–™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†‹‡˜ƒ†ƒǤ ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡’”‡…‹•‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’Ž‘•‹‘™ƒ•‘™ǡ‡…Š‘‡•ˆ”‘•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡•„‘—…‡†‘ˆˆ–Š‡ ‹‡”…‘”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒƒ……—”ƒ–‡‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‡–‡”‹‹‰‹–••‹œ‡ǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ƒ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆƒ”–Šǯ• ‡”•‘Ž‹† ‘”‡ ƒ„‘—– ͳǡʹͳ͸ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ The seismic P-waves passing though the inner core move faster than those going through the outer core-good evidence that the inner core is solidǤ Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ†‡•‹–› ‹”‘ –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ ƒ‡ —’ –Š‡ ‹‡”…‘”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡Š‹‰Š †‡•‹–› ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ„‘—– ͳ͵Ǥͷ–‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Outer Core versus Inner Core

ƒ”–Š̵•…‘”‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘’ƒ”–•˜‹œǤƒ•‘Ž‹†‹‡”…‘”‡™‹–Šƒ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆαͳǡʹͳ͸ƒ†ƒŽ‹“—‹†‘—–‡”…‘”‡ ‡š–‡†‹‰„‡›‘†‹––‘ƒ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ̱͵ǡͶͲͲǤŠ‡•‘Ž‹†‹‡”…‘”‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡…‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ˆ‹”‘ƒ†•‘‡‹…‡ŽǤ How it was formed?

Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‡˜‡– ™Š‹…Š Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ …‘”‡ ™ƒ• iron catastropheǤ ƒ”–Š ƒ• ™‡ ƒŽŽ ‘™ ™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͶͷͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ ˆ–‡” ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹–‘ ƒ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ƒ••ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•‘•–Ž›—‹ˆ‘”‹…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡…‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™Š‹…Šˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ƒ”–Š™ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ǣ 8 Correct order is 4, 3, 2, 1

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 11 Š‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘”ƒ†‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‹•ƒ••ˆ—”–Š‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡—–‹Žƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘™ƒ• ”‡ƒ…Š‡†ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™ƒ• ‘Ž–‡ ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ – –Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ –Š‡ †‡•‡” ‹”‘ ƒ† ‹…‡Ž ‡˜‡Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ƒ•••ƒ–‘–Š‡…‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡––‘ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘”‡Ǧƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘…‡••‘ˆ ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›–Š‡•‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‡‹Ǧ ‡‰Ž‘„—Ž‡• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘–‘’Žƒ‡– ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡Ž–‹‰ ’‘‹– ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ •‹Ž‹…ƒ–‡ ƒ‰ƒ ™Š‹…Š ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ Š‹• ‡˜‡–‘……—””‡†ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ͷͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡– ƒ†‹•‘™ƒ• ”‘…ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡Ǥ ‡…‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‹‡”‘•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘”‡‹•‡”‹…Š‡†‹ ‰‘Ž†ǡ’Žƒ–‹—ƒ†‘–Š‡”Siderophile‡Ž‡‡–•ȋ‹†‡”‘’Š‹Ž‡‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡ –Š‘•‡ Ǯ ”‘ ‘˜‹‰dz ‡Ž‡‡–• –Šƒ– –‡† –‘ „‘† ™‹–Š ‡–ƒŽŽ‹… ‹”‘ ƒ• ’‡”

lithophile (silicate loving)

siderophile (iron loving)

Goldschmidt classification

chalcophile (sulfur loving)

atmophile (gas loving)

Goldschmidt classificationȌǤ

Earth’s Magnetic Field Š‡ •‘Ž‹† ‹‡” …‘”‡ ‹• –‘‘ Š‘– –‘ Š‘Ž† ƒ ’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‘—–‡” …‘”‡ ‰‹˜‡• ”‹•‡ –‘ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡‰‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘‘—–‡”…‘”‡–‘™Š‡”‡‹–‡‡–•–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†Ǥ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ ƒ”–Šǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘ʹͷ–‘͸ͷ‹…”‘–‡•Žƒ•ȋͲǤʹͷ–‘ͲǤ͸ͷ‰ƒ—••ȌǤ How it is generated?

Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹… ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡motion of molten iron alloys in the Earth's outer coreǤ How it protects life on Earth?

Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›’”‘–‡…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†ǡƒ•–”‡ƒ‘ˆ‡‡”‰‡–‹……Šƒ”‰‡†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‡ƒƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ —ǡ „› ‹–• ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ™Š‹…Š †‡ˆŽ‡…–• ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …Šƒ”‰‡† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•Ǥ ˆ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†™‘—Ž†•–”‹’ƒ™ƒ›–Š‡‘œ‘‡Žƒ›‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š’”‘–‡…–•–Š‡ƒ”–Šˆ”‘Šƒ”ˆ—Ž—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡– ”ƒ›•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ–ƒ”•‹•–Šƒ–‹–•ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†‹•–—”‡†‘ˆˆ™Š‹…ŠŽ‡†–‘–Š‡ Ž‘••‘ˆ…ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡†—‡–‘•…ƒ˜‡‰‹‰‘ˆ‹‘•„›–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†Ǥ How it is formed? Model Question - 9. Consider the following: 1. Electric Currents in the Inner Core of Earth 2. Electric Currents in the Outer Core of Earth 3. Coriolis Force Which among the above play role in creation of Earth’s Magnetic Field? Answer: 9

Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡…ƒ—•‡†„›‡Ž‡…–”‹……—””‡–•‹–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†‘—–‡”…‘”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•…‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ›…‘†—…–‹˜‡‘Ž–‡‹”‘ǤŠ‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ—‹†‹••—•–ƒ‹‡†„›…‘˜‡…–‹‘ǡ‘–‹‘†”‹˜‡„›„—‘›ƒ…›Ǥ ––Š‡…‘”‡ǡ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹••‘‰”‡ƒ––Šƒ––Š‡•—’‡”Š‘–‹”‘…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡•‹–‘ƒ•‘Ž‹†ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆŽ—‹†Ž‘™‡”†‘™ƒ‡•‹–„—‘›ƒ–ǤŠ‹•„—‘›ƒ…›‹• ‡Šƒ…‡†„›…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǣ•–Š‡…‘”‡…‘‘Ž•ǡ •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–‡‹”‘•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ†‹•’Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ ‹‡” …‘”‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••ǡ Ž‹‰Š–‡” ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ”‡ Ž‡ˆ– „‡Š‹† ‹ –Š‡ ˆŽ—‹†ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹– Ž‹‰Š–‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘˜‡…–‹‘Ǥ This convection caused by heat radiating from the core, along with the rotation of the Earth (Coriolis

The mechanism of formation of Earth's Magnetic field has not yet been understood fully. The basic physics of electromagnetism can be used to somewhat explain the phenomena. Iron, whether liquid or solid, conducts electricity; when we move a flowing electric current, we generate a magnetic field at a right angle to the electric current direction (Ampère's law) . The molten outer core of our planet

releases heat by convection, which then displaces the flowing electrical currents. This generates the magnetic field that is oriented around the axis of rotation of the Earth, mainly due to the rotational effects on the moving fluid. However, it has not been explained how the charges,

necessary for creation of electric field originate, which in turn give rise to the magnetic field.

force), causes the liquid iron to move in a rotational patternǤ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•‹–Š‡Ž‹“—‹† ‹”‘Žƒ›‡”Ž‡ƒ†–‘™‡ƒƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒš‹•‘ˆ•’‹ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆˆ‡…–‹•–Šƒ–‹–…ƒ—•‡•

9 Correct Answer is 2 & 3.

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 12 ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –‡†• –‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‹–‘ ”‘ŽŽ• ƒŽ‹‰‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š ’‘Žƒ” ƒš‹•Ǥ Reversal of the fields: Model Question - 10. Consider the following statements: 1. Geomagnetic north pole is located near the Geographic South Pole 2. Intensity of the Earth’s Geomagnetic Field is greatest at Equator 3. The compass needle of a vertically held compass at Equator points downwards Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 10

ƒ•‡†‘†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ƒ…‹‡–ƒ†‡™”‘…•ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”–Š̵•‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Šƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†•Šƒ˜‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡† ’‘Žƒ”‹–› ƒ› –‹‡•Ǥ This is because the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field is recorded in sedimentary rocksǤŠ‡•™‹–…Š‹‰ˆ”‘‘”–Š–‘•‘—–Šȋƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‡˜‡–Ȍ•‡‡•–‘–ƒ‡ƒ”‘—†ƒ…‘—’Ž‡–Š‘—•ƒ† ›‡ƒ”• –‘ …‘’Ž‡–‡Ǣ ‘…‡ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ…‡ǡ ’‡”‹‘†• ‘ˆ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› •‡‡ –‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ„‘—– ʹͲͲǡͲͲͲ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘ „‘†› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡• ”‡˜‡”•‡ǡ „—– –Š‡‘”‹‡• ”ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ Ž‘™‡” ƒ–Ž‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–‘–Š‡‹„ƒŽƒ…‡‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ••‡•‘‘—”™‘”Ž†ȋ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ••‹•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ȌǤŠ‡Žƒ•–ƒ‰‡–‹…”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ™ƒ•͹ͺͲǡͲͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‰‹˜‡•—•…—””‡–‘”–Š‡”ƒ†•‘—–Š‡” ƒ‰‡–‹…’‘Ž‡•Ǥ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–‰‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†‹••Ž‘™‹‰™‡ƒ‡‹‰ǡ•‘ƒ”–Š‹‰Š–„‡Š‡ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ ‘˜‡”†—‡ƒ‰‡–‹…”‡˜‡”•ƒŽǤ‡˜‡”•ƒŽ•–‡†–‘‘……—”™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ™‹†‡†‹˜‡”‰‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…’‘Ž‡• ƒ†–Š‡‹”‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ȋƒ•‹–‹•‘™ȌǤ Intensity gradient of the Geomagnetic Field

Š‡ ‹–‡•‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹• greatest near the poles and weaker near the EquatorǤ  ƒ’ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹–› …‘–‘—”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ ‹•‘†›ƒ‹… …Šƒ”–Ǥ •‘†›ƒ‹… …Šƒ”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž† •Š‘™• –Šƒ– minimum intensity of the magnetic field is over South America ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒš‹— ‹• ‘˜‡” ‘”–Š‡”ƒƒ†ƒǡ‹„‡”‹ƒǡƒ†–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ–ƒ”…–‹…ƒ•‘—–Š‘ˆ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ Magnetic Dip

ƒ‰‡–‹…†‹’‘”ƒ‰‡–‹…‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ„›–Š‡…‘’ƒ••‡‡†Ž‡‘ˆƒ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ› Š‡Ž†…‘’ƒ••ǤŠ‹•ƒ‰Ž‡˜ƒ”‹‡•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘‹–•‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤIn the northern hemisphere, the field points downwards. –‹••–”ƒ‹‰Š–†‘™ƒ––Š‡‘”–Šƒ‰‡–‹…‘Ž‡ƒ†”‘–ƒ–‡•—’™ƒ”†•ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡• —–‹Ž‹–‹•horizontal (0°) at the magnetic equator. –…‘–‹—‡•–‘”‘–ƒ–‡—’™ƒ”†•—–‹Ž‹–‹••–”ƒ‹‰Š–—’ƒ––Š‡ ‘—–Šƒ‰‡–‹…‘Ž‡Ǥ‘”–Šƒ‰‡–‹…‘Ž‡‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ–™Š‹…Š–Š‡’Žƒ‡–̵• ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž† ’‘‹–• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ› †‘™™ƒ”†•Ǥ  ʹͲͲͳǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‹ ƒƒ†ƒǡ „—– ‘™ǡ ‹– Šƒ• ‘˜‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒƒ†ƒ̵• –‡””‹–‘”› –‘™ƒ”†• —••‹ƒǤ Š‡ •‘—–Š ƒ‰‡–‹… ’‘Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ‹Ž‡• ƒ† Ȅ ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –ƒ”…–‹…ƒ Ȅ ƒ„‘—–ʹ͹ͷͲˆ”‘‘—–Š‘Ž‡Ǥ Geomagnetic Equator & Equatorial Electrojet

‘–‘—”Ž‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰™Š‹…Š–Š‡†‹’‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ––Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡‹•‡“—ƒŽƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•‹•‘…Ž‹‹…Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡ Ž‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‹–•Šƒ˜‹‰œ‡”‘†‹’‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡magnetic equator or aclinic lineǤ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ǡ–Š‡ ‰”‡‡ Ž‹‡ •Š‘™• –Š‡ magnetic equator, which runs very close the southern tip of our countryǤ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹”ƒ ƒ”ƒ„Šƒ‹ ’ƒ…‡ ‡–”‡ ƒ– Š—„ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• …Ž‘•‡ –‘

‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹…“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…‡“—ƒ–‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ ‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹… ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ ƒ– ƒŽ–‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”‘—† ͳͳͲ  ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡…–”‹… …—””‡–•‡š‹•–•–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ –‹•‘™ƒ•Equatorial Electrojet.

10 All are incorrect statements and myths.

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 13 Š‡…Ž‘•‡”™‡ƒ”‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡„‡––‡”™‡ƒ”‡’Žƒ…‡†–‘•–—†›–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡…–”‘Œ‡–Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ˜‡”› ˆ‡™ ’Žƒ…‡• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† …Ž‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹… ‡“—ƒ–‘” ™‹–Š ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹ –Š‹• ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ –Šƒ– Š—„ƒ ™ƒ•…Š‘•‡Ǥ  Thumba is located in the outskirts

of Thiruvananthapuram. Here, Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) was launched in 1963. Eventually, TERLS  have given birth to the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) and  to the Indian Space Research  Organisation (ISRO).



Earth's Magnetosphere Model Question - 11. Consider the following statements: 1. Magnetosphere is found around only terrestrial planets of the Solar System 2. The shape of Earth’s Magnetosphere is defined by Solar winds Which among the above statements is/ are correct? Answ wer: 11

Š‡ ‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‰‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹… Ž‹‡• •–”‡–…Š ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ’‘Ž‡ǡ …—”˜‡ ˆƒ” ‘—– ‹–‘ •’ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘ „ƒ… –‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡’‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡…—”˜‡†Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡further shaped by the electrically charged particles of the solar wind ‹–‘ ƒ teardrop

shape

called

the

Planets with Magnetosphere Earth is surrounded by a magnetosphere, as are the other planets with intrinsic magnetic fields viz. Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter's moon Ganymede also has a small magnetosphere, but it is situated entirely within the magnetosphere of Jupiter, leading to complex interactions..

magnetosphere.Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•–Š—•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†–Šƒ–’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†•ǡ‘”Š‹‰ŠŽ›‡‡”‰‡–‹… ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•–‘”‡ƒ…Šƒ”–ŠǤ Model Question - 12. The shape of the magnetosphere of Earth keeps changing. Which among the following factors play role in the ever-changing shape of Earth's Magnetosphere? 1. Earth's internal magnetic field 2. Solar winds 3. Interplanetary magnetic field Choose the correct options: Answer: 12 www.gktoday.in

Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š ‹• †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ”™‹†’Žƒ•ƒǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†ȋ  ȌǤ Structure of the Magnetosphere

• ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”–Šǯ•

Video: Earth’s Magnetosphere

ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”’Žƒ›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…Šƒ”‰‡† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ —’’‡” Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‘•‡‘–‹‘‹•‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ƒ†–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•…ƒ””›‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ•’ƒ…‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•from terrestrial originǤ

11 Only 2 is a correct statement. 12 Correct Answer is 1, 2 & 3

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 14 Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š‹‰›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘‘–‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡shape of magnetosphere is not a static shape„—–‹•˜‡”›†›ƒ‹… ƒ†‡‡’•…Šƒ‰‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡†ƒ›ƒ†‹‰Š–ǡ™‹–Šƒ”–Šǯ•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ††—”‹‰•‘Žƒ”•–‘”•ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•—…Š‡˜‡–•™Š‹…Š…ƒƒˆˆ‡…–‹–Ǥ ‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹–•„‘—†ƒ”›ǡ™‡–ƒ‡ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ„‘ƒ––Šƒ–‘˜‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡ƒǤ ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡„‘ƒ–ƒ„‘™™ƒ˜‡ ‹•ˆ‘”‡†ǣ–Šƒ–„‘™™ƒ˜‡†‡ƒ”…ƒ–‡•–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡„‘ƒ–†‹•–—”„•–Š‡ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”„‡Š‹†–Š‡„‘™™ƒ˜‡‹•ˆ‘”…‡†–‘ˆŽ‘™•‘‘–ŠŽ›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ „‘ƒ–̵• Š—ŽŽǤ ‡Š‹† –Š‡ „‘ƒ– ƒ ™ƒ‡ ‹• ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ Š‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ‹† ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ •‘Žƒ”™‹†Ǧƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ •‘Žƒ” ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ – ‹• ’‡”˜ƒ†‡† „› –Š‡ ‹–‡”’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ  „‘™ •Š‘… ‹• ˆ‘”‡† ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š †‡ƒ”…ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” ™‹† ˆŽ‘™ ‹• ‹’‡†‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•Š‡ƒ–Šǡ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„‘™•Š‘…ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‹•ˆ‘”…‡†–‘ˆŽ‘™ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‹•…‘’”‡••‡†Ǥ

Š‡ ‹’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‘—–‡” •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’”‡••‡† •‘Žƒ” ™‹† ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› „ƒŽƒ…‡• –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ magnetopauseǤ • •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰ ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ –Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘’ƒ—•‡Šƒ•ƒ•Šƒ’‡–Šƒ–‹•‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†ƒ†•–”‡–…Š‡†‘—– ‹–Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ•‘Žƒ”†‹”‡…–‹‘ǡˆ‘”‹‰ƒŽ‘‰magnetotailǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‹ ƒ•‡•‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡™ƒ‡„‡Š‹†–Š‡„‘ƒ–Ǥ —‡ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š ‹–‡”’Žƒ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ „‡…‘‡• ”‘—‰ŠŽ› „—ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ’‡†ƒ†‡š–‡†•‘–Š‡night side‹–Š‡̶ƒ‰‡–‘–ƒ‹Ž̶‘” ̶‰‡‘–ƒ‹Ž̶ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ…›Ž‹†‡”™‹–Šƒ”ƒ†‹—•–Šƒ–‹•ƒ”‘—†ʹͲǦʹͷ –‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†‹—•‘ˆƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡–ƒ‹Ž•–”‡–…Š‡•–‘ƒ”‘—†ʹͲͲ–‹‡• –Š‡ ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡ †ƒ› •‹†‡ –‹’ ‘” •—„Ǧ•‘Žƒ” ’‘‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘’ƒ—•‡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† Dz‘•‡ǯ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘’ƒ—•‡Ǥ – ‹• ‘”ƒŽŽ› Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒ–ͳͲȋƒ”–Š”ƒ†‹‹Ȍ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘’‘Žƒ”…—•’”‡‰‹‘•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡DzGeomagnetic PolesdzǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡”‡‰‹‘•™Š‡”‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†…ƒ‡–‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹‡” ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› …‘‡…–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡‹‡””‡‰‹‘ǡ…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡’Žƒ•ƒ•’Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ†‡•‡…‘Ž†’Žƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ž›‘ˆ‹‘‘•’Š‡”‹… ‘”‹‰‹ǡ”‘–‡•‘”‡‘”Ž‡••ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Van Allen belts Model Question - 13. The Van Allen belts are: A. Caused by the refraction of sunlight like rainbows. B. Charged particles trapped in the earth's magnetic field. C. Caused by the reflection of polar snow. D. Caused by precession Answer: 13

 –Š‡ ‹‡” ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ two

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distinct rings ‘ˆ electrically charged ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‡…‹”…Ž‡ ‘—” ’Žƒ‡–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ ŽŽ‡ „‡Ž–• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡‹” †‹•…‘˜‡”. The particles in these belts originate from different sources; some come from the solar wind, some from the Earth's upper atmosphere, some from cosmic rays originating in the distant UniverseǤ Š‡ „‡Ž–• ƒ”‡ •Šƒ’‡† Ž‹‡ ˆƒ– †‘—‰Š—–•ǡ widest above Earth’s equator and curving downward toward Earth’s surface near the Polar Regions. Š‡•‡ …Šƒ”‰‡† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• —•—ƒŽŽ› …‘‡ 13 Correct Answer is option B

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 15 –‘™ƒ”† ƒ”–Š ˆ”‘ ‘—–‡” •’ƒ…‡Ȅ‘ˆ–‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —Ȅƒ† ƒ”‡ –”ƒ’’‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ”–Šǯ• ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ”‡…Šƒ”‰‡†ǡ–Š‡›•’‹”ƒŽƒ”‘—†ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž† Ž‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹‡• Ž‡ƒ† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ƒ”–Šǯ• ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• •Š—ˆˆŽ‡ „ƒ… ƒ† ˆ‘”–Š „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ two magnetic polesǤ Š‡ …Ž‘•‡” ”‹‰ ‹• ƒ„‘—– ͵ǡͲͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ˆ”‘ ƒ”–Šǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆƒ”–Š‡” „‡Ž– ‹• ƒ„‘—– ͳͷǡͲͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› …Šƒ”‰‡† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ŽŽ‡ „‡Ž–• ’‘•‡ ƒ Šƒœƒ”† –‘ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š —•– ’”‘–‡…– –Š‡‹” •‡•‹–‹˜‡ …‘’‘‡–• ™‹–Š ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ •Š‹‡Ž†‹‰ ‹ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘”„‹– •’‡†• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– –‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡Ž–•Ǥ Model Question - 14. In context with the Van Allen Belts, consider the following statements: 1. They are prominently made up of Protons 2. They protect the earth from Electromagnetic Radiation Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 14 www.gktoday.in

Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹‡” „‡Ž– …‘•‹•–• ƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ energetic protonsǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” „‡Ž– …‘•‹•–• ƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ electrons.•ˆƒ”ƒ•’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‡Ž–•ƒ”‡…‘…‡”‡†ǡthey have not much to credit forǤƒ ŽŽ‡ „‡Ž–• protect against charged particle radiation „—– ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ don't not protect against electromagnetic radiationǤ This protection is done by the atmosphere (Inosphere). Š—•ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡„‡Ž–•’”‘–‡…–‡ƒ”–Š‹•–”—‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒŽ•‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤƒŽŽ‡‡Ž–•ƒ”‡ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‹… ˆ‹‡Ž† –Šƒ– †‘‡• –Š‡ ’”‘–‡…–‹‰ǡ ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡„‡Ž–•‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••Ǥ Chapman Ferraro Cavity

–Š‡•—™ƒ”†•‹†‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•…‘’”‡••‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡ ‹–‹•‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ”‘—†–Š”‡‡‡ƒ”–Š”ƒ†‹‹ǤŠ‹•…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ…ƒ˜‹–›…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡Šƒ’ƒ ‡””ƒ”‘ƒ˜‹–›ǡ‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡Ž–”‡•‹†‡•Ǥ Van Allen Belts and Impact on Apollo Mission

There are several (conspiracy) theories on impact of the Van Allen Belts on its impact on astronauts who pass through them. It is said that there is deadly radiation in the Van Allen belts, which could have killed the Apollo astronauts (Thus, claiming that actually Apollo 11 was a fake mission). The NASA claims that the nature of that radiation was known to the Apollo engineers and they were able to make suitable preparations. The principle danger of the Van Allen belts is highenergy protons, which are not that difficult to shield against. And the Apollo navigators plotted a course through the thinnest parts of the belts and arranged for the spacecraft to pass through them quickly, limiting the exposure. The Van Allen belts span only about forty degrees of earth's latitude -- twenty degrees above and below the magnetic equator. Further, The region between two to four earth radii lies between the two radiation belts and is sometimes referred to as the "safe zone". The diagrams of Apollo's translunar trajectory printed in various press releases are not entirely accurate. They tend to show only a two-dimensional version of the actual trajectory. The actual trajectory was three-dimensional. The highly technical reports of Apollo, accessible to but not generally understood by the public, give the three-dimensional details of the translunar trajectory. Magnetospheric storms

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‡ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘– ƒ •–ƒ–‹… •–”—…–—”‡Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• …‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‹ ‘–‹‘ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‹… †‹’‘Ž‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• †ƒ‹Ž› ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ™‹–Š ‹–• ›‡ƒ”Ž› ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—ǡƒ†ƒ•–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ•–”‘‰–‹‡Ǧ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘–‹‡•…ƒŽ‡•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ •‡…‘†•–‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ•ƒ…‘•‡“—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–‹‡Ǧ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–Š‡•‹œ‡•ƒ†•Šƒ’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘•ƒ›…Šƒ‰‡™‹–Š –‹‡ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘ƒ•‘Žƒ”‘”‘ƒŽƒ••Œ‡…–‹‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹–‡”’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›‡†‹—ƒ†Š‹–•–Š‡ ƒ”–Šǡ–Š‡†›ƒ‹…’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†‹••–”‘‰Ž›‡Šƒ…‡†•‘–Šƒ––Š‡bow shock and the magnetopause are pushed inward, producing a Magnetospheric stormǤ

14 Both statements are incorrect.

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Conventional General Studies-25 Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes

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Geocorona

Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒŽ‘•–…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‹‘‹œ‡†…‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘Ž‡••’Žƒ•ƒǤ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡƒŽƒ”‰‡…Ž‘—†‘ˆneutral hydrogen•—””‘—†•–Š‡ƒ”–Šǡ™Š‹…Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ‡‘…‘”‘ƒǤ‹…‡…‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡•‘”ƒ”‡ǡ–Š‹•‡—–”ƒŽ…Ž‘—†…ƒ …‘Ǧ‡š‹•–™‹–Š–Š‡’Žƒ•ƒ‹–Š‡‹‡””‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‹––Ž‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

Earthquakes ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•—††‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡Earth's crustǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‘–‹‘•„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡•…”‡ƒ–‡††—‡–‘–Š‹•‡‡”‰›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‡™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†Seismic WavesǤ‡Šƒ˜‡•–—†‹‡†–Š‡–›’‡• ‘ˆ•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ǤŠ‡•‡•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡‹ƒŽ‹‹–‡†”‡‰‹‘ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘•Ǥ ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘•–—†‹‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–™‡‘™ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ†…‘”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠŠƒ•„‡‡ †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ …‹”…—•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹†‡…‡Ǧ‘•–Ž› –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ •‡‹•‹… †ƒ–ƒǤ …‹‡–‹•–• —•‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ™ƒ˜‡• –‘ „‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹–‡”‹‘”Ǥ • •’‡…—Žƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ •…‹‡–‹•–•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‘……—””‡† •‘‡–‹‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•…”—•–Šƒ†…‘‘Ž‡†‡‘—‰Š–‘„‡…‘‡•‘Ž‹†•‘‡ͶǤͷͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ…‹‡–”‡…‘”†• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ”‡ •…ƒ”…‡ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ™”‹–‹‰ Šƒ† •–ƒ”–‡† ƒ• „ƒ… ƒ• ͺͲͲͲǤ ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ”‡…‘”† ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹•ˆ”‘Š‹ƒ†ƒ–‹‰„ƒ…–‘ͳͳ͹͹Ǥ Š‡ •–ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘†‡” ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ •–—†› ‘……—””‡† –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ ‹†Ǧͳ͹ͲͲ•Ǥ —…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘” ™ƒ• ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡† „› •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰ “—ƒ‡ ƒ† –•—ƒ‹ –Šƒ– •–”—… ‹•„‘ǡ ‘”–—‰ƒŽǡ ‹ ͳ͹ͷͷǤ  ͳ͹͸Ͳǡ

‘Š ‹–…Š‡ŽŽ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‘ –Š‡‘”‹œ‡ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ™‡”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‡– •—„–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ˆ‹”‡•ǡ ƒ ˆ‘”…‡ –Šƒ– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ™ƒ˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•–Ǥ ”‹–‹•Š ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ† ƒ•–”‘‘‡”John MilneǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•̶Earthquake Milne” ™ƒ•–Š‡‹˜‡–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ’‡†—Ž—•‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’ŠȋͳͺͺͲȌǡƒ†‡˜‹…‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰‰”‘—†•Šƒ‹‰†—”‹‰ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘™‘”‡†ˆ‘”–™‘†‡…ƒ†‡•‹ ƒ’ƒǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š”‹–‹•Š•…‹‡–‹•–•‹” ƒ‡•Žˆ”‡†™‹‰ ȋͳͺͷͷǦͳͻ͵ͷȌ ƒ† Š‘ƒ• ”ƒ›ǡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• ˆ‹”•– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ ‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• ˆƒ–Š‡” ‘ˆ ‘†‡”‡‹•‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•…ƒ„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•‘—”…‡•Ǥ‘•–ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ–‡…–‘‹…’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ› …ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–™‘Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ–Š‡”“—ƒ‡•…ƒ„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ ‹• ‹Œ‡…–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‹•Žƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›—…Ž‡ƒ”–‡•–‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•…‘‡ ‹ –Š”‡‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ …Ž—•–‡”• …ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘”‡•Š‘…•ǡ ƒ‹•Š‘…•ǡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡”•Š‘…•Ǥ ‘”‡•Š‘…• ƒ”‡ “—ƒ‡• –Šƒ– ‘……—” „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ƒ”‘—† ƒ “—ƒ”–‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ‹•Š‘…• Šƒ’’‡ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ Š‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆ‘”‡•Š‘…Ǥƒ‹•Š‘…•ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”•Š‘…•ƒ”‡„‡––‡”‘™Ǥƒ‹•Š‘…•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ƒ‰‹–—†‡Ǥˆ–‡”•Š‘…• ƒ”‡ •ƒŽŽ‡” “—ƒ‡• –Šƒ– ‘……—” ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ƒ”‡ƒ ˆ‘” †ƒ›•Ǧƒ† ‡˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǧƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ ƒ‹•Š‘…‡˜‡–Ǥ Understanding Earthquake

Focus / Hypocenter:

Š‡ ’‘‹–ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ˆ‹”•–ǡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘…—• ‘” Š›’‘…‡–‡”Ǥ  Š›’‘…‡–‡” ‹• „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‘… †‹•’Žƒ…‡•ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡ˆƒ—Ž–Ǥ Epicenter:

–‹•–Š‡’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡–Šƒ–‹•†‹”‡…–Ž›ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Š›’‘…‡–‡” ‘” ˆ‘…—•. Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ’‘‹– ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •Š‘… ™ƒ˜‡• ”‡ƒ…Š –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ƒ–†‡’–Š•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–ͷ–‘͹ͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ ‡ƒ”Ž› 9o percent of all earthquakes occur at depths of less than 100 kmǤ ‘•– †‡•–”—…–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ƒ– ‡˜‡ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡” †‡’–Š•Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Seismic Waves

Š‡™ƒ˜‡•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡•ǤŠ‡•–—†›‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ†•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡•‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†‡‹•‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†‡‹•‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǤŠ‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡•˜ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ”–Š …”—•––Š‡‹”•’‡‡†‹•ƒ”‘—†ʹǦͺ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•’‡”•‡…‘†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹ƒ–Ž‡–Š‡•’‡‡†‹•—’–‘ͳ͵‹Ž‘‡–‡”’‡”•‡…‘†Ǥ Š‡ ‹•–”—‡–• –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ •‡‹•‹… ™ƒ˜‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ”‡ seismograph, geophone, hydrophone and accelerometer. How The Earthquakes Occur?

Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–‡ –‡…–‘‹…• ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•– ‹• ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ ’Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡ ˜‡”› •Ž‘™Ž›‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹”‡…–‹‘•‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡•‡’Žƒ–‡•ƒ”‡͸ͲǦʹͲͲ–Š‹…ƒ†ˆŽ‘ƒ–‘–‘’‘ˆƒ‘”‡ ˆŽ—‹† œ‘‡ǡ —…Š ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ‹…‡„‡”‰• ˆŽ‘ƒ– ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒǤ  ‘•– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ‘……—” ‡ƒ” ƒ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡–™‘’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ•‘‡’Žƒ–‡’—•Š‡•’ƒ•–‘”‘˜‡•‘˜‡”ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ‰”‡ƒ–•–”‡••‡•„—‹Ž†—’‹–Š‡”‘…ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‡†‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ˆ”‹…–‹‘ ’”‡˜‡–• –Š‡ ˆ”‘ •Ž‹†‹‰ ’ƒ•– ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ •–”‡••‡• „‡…‘‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ‡‘—‰Š •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‘…• …ƒ ”—’–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡†‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡• •Ž‹’ ƒ •Š‘”– †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹”‡…–‹‘•ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡•–”‡••‡•ǡ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ‘‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ …ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆŽƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š†—”‹‰˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Types of earthquakes

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

Tectonic Earthquakes: Tectonic Earthquakes are most common ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† †—‡ –‘ ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ǡ ˆƒ—Ž–‹‰’Žƒ–‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ

x

Volcanic Earthquakes: ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ …‘ˆ‹‡† –‘ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ƒ† ’ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆ‹”‡ ‹• „‡•– ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ

x

Collapse Earthquakes: Š‡›ƒ”‡‡˜‹†‡–‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‹–‡•‡‹‹‰ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡”‘‘ˆ•‘ˆ —†‡”‰”‘—†‹‡•…‘ŽŽƒ’•‡…ƒ—•‹‰‹‘”–”‡‘”•Ǥ

x

Explosion earthquakes:Š‹•‹•ƒ‹‘”•Š‘…†—‡–‘–Š‡‡š’Ž‘•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—…Ž‡ƒ”†‡˜‹…‡•Ǥ

x

Reservoir Induced Earthquakes:ƒ”‰‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•ƒ›‹†—…‡–Š‡•‡‹•‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ƒ•• ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†”‡•‡”˜‘‹”‹†—…‡†‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•

Types of Plate Movements

The movements are of three kinds: ™

Divergent:

†‹˜‡”‰‡–‘˜‡‡–•–Š‡’Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•‹•‘•–…‘‘–›’‡‘ˆ ‘˜‡‡–‹‹†Ǧ‘…‡ƒ‹…œ‘‡•Ǥ ™

Convergent

 …‘˜‡”‰‡– ‘˜‡‡–• –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡• ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡” ƒ† –Š‡ „‘”†‡” ‘˜‡”Žƒ’Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘•–…‘‘–›’‡‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–‹•—„†—…–‹‘œ‘‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡†‡•‡‘…‡ƒ‹…’Žƒ–‡•…‘ŽŽ‹†‡ƒ† •Ž‹†‡„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ ™

Transformational

–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‘˜‡‡––Š‡’Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡‹‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹†‡ǡ‘’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤ Determination of Epicentre Model Question - 15. To determine the correct location of the epicentre of the Earthquake, it is necessary to get recorded seismograph data of at least how many station/s? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four Answer: 15 www.gktoday.in 15 Three Stations

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Conventional General Studies-25

Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 ‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–™‘–Š‹‰•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†ǣ

x

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‡…‘”†‡† •‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ at least three seismographic •–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹•–ƒ…‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡’‹…‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ‡Ǥ

x

‹‡ ‹– –ƒ‡•ˆ‘”Ǧ™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†Ǧ™ƒ˜‡• –‘ –”ƒ˜‡Ž –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ƒ† ƒ””‹˜‡ ƒ– ƒ •‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

• ™‡ ‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡  ™ƒ˜‡• ”‡ƒ…Š –Š‡ –‘ –Š‡ •‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’Š• ˆ‹”•– ƒ– ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†™ƒ˜‡•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† Ǧ –‡”˜ƒŽǤ The S-P interval increases with increasing distance from the epicentreǤ–‡ƒ…Š •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ…‹”…Ž‡‘ƒƒ’…ƒ„‡†”ƒ™™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•ƒ ”ƒ†‹—•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡’‹…‡–‡”Ǥ Earthquake Magnitude and Earthquake Intensity

Earthquake Magnitudeƒ†Earthquake Intensityƒ”‡–™‘–‡”•‘ˆ–‡‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‹•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰–Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹…‡‡”‰›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ –‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†„› ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹”‡ƒŽ—„‡”‘–Š‡‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡ȋ•—…Šƒ•ƒ‰‹–—†‡͸Ǥͷ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ȌǤ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‹–‡•‹–›‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡extent of shaking ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ –‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†„›ƒ‘ƒ—‡”ƒŽȋ•—…Šƒ• ‘•…ƒŽ‡ȌǤ –‡•‹–›‘ˆ•Šƒ‹‰ƒ–ƒ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ †‡’‡†• ‘– ‘Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ on the distance of the site from the earthquake source and the geology / geography of the areaǤ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ– Isoseismals are the contours of equal earthquake intensityǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Šƒ–•—ˆˆ‡”••–”‘‰•Šƒ‹‰ ƒ†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡†—”‹‰ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‹•–‡”‡†ƒ•meizoseismal region.  Richter Magnitude Scale

Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆearthquake magnitude™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›‹…Š–‡”ƒ†Š‡…‡ǡ–Š‡–‡”Dz‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡dzǤŠ‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ‰‹–—†‡‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ”‡…‘”†‹‰•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‰”‘—†‘–‹‘‘•‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥ ‹…Š–‡” ƒ‰‹–—†‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‹• ƒ „ƒ•‡ǦͳͲ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š‹… •…ƒŽ‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† „› …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ƒ”‹–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–ˆ”‘œ‡”‘‘Wood-Anderson torsion •‡‹•‘‡–‡”Ǥ –™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ ͳͻ͵ͷ„›Šƒ”Ž‡•‹…Š–‡”‹’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š‡‘ —–‡„‡”‰ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Model Question - 16. A difference between Richter scale 4.0 and Richter scale 5.0 denotes that: A. There is a 10 fold increase in energy B. There is a 10 fold increase in the area affected C. There is a 10 fold increase in the waves sizes D. There energy of Earth quake doubles. Answer: 16

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‹…‡‹–Š‹••…ƒŽ‡ǡƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†‘ƒŽ‘‰•…ƒŽ‡ǡƒ•ƒŽŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡”‡…‘”†‹‰ ‘–Š‡‹•–”—‡–•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ—…Š•ƒŽŽ‡”‡””‘”‹ –Š‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡Ǥ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆͳ‹–Š‡‹…Š–‡”ƒ‰‹–—†‡ǡ –Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–‡ˆ‘Ž† increase in the size of the waves also known as shaking amplitudeǤŠ‡‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡ͷǤͲ‹• ͳͲ –‹‡• ‘”‡ •Šƒ‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ͶǤͲǤ —– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Š—‰‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ଷ

‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ †‡‘–‡• –Š‡ †‡•–”—…–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”Ǥ – •…ƒŽ‡• ™‹–Š ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ  †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ଶ

ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆͳǤͲ‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘ƒˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ͵ͳǤ͸ǤŠ‹•‹••Š‘™„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆʹǤͲ‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘ƒ ƒ…–‘”‘ˆͳͲͲͲǤ –‹••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǣ 16 Correct Answer is C. There is a 10 fold increase in the waves sizes

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Conventional General Studies-25 Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes

www.gktoday.in 19

‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‡‡”‰›‘‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡ǣ With increase in magnitude by 1.0, the energy released by the earthquake goes up by a factor of about 31.6. Thus, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake releases about 31 times the energy released by a magnitude 7.0 earthquake, or about 1000 times the energy released by a magnitude 6.0 earthquake. There are no upper or lower bounds on earthquake magnitude. In fact, magnitude of a very small earthquake can be a negative number also. Usually, earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5.0 cause strong enough ground motion to be potentially damaging to structures. Earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8.0 are often termed as great earthquakes

šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– †‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ”‡…‘”†‡† ƒ”‡ †‹ƒ …‡ƒ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ʹͲͲͶǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ—•‡† –Š‡ ʹͲͲͶ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ•—ƒ‹ƒ†–Š‡ Valdivia earthquake ȋŠ‹Ž‡Ȍǡͳͻ͸ͲǤŠ‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ•‘ˆͻǤ͵ ‹–‡•‹–›‹‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Valdivia earthquake of Chile was 9.5Ǥ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘ˆͳͲǤͲ‘‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡ Šƒ•‡˜‡”„‡‡”‡…‘”†‡†„›—ƒ‹†ǤŠ‡ʹͲͳͲǡƒ‹–‹ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ•͹ǤͲ‘–Š‡‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡ǤŠ‡—†‡”•‡ƒ ‡‰ƒ–Š”—•– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ –Šƒ– ‘……—””‡† ‘ ͳͳ ƒ”…Š ʹͲͳͳ ™ƒ• 9.0 ‘ ‘‡– ƒ‰‹–—†‡ …ƒŽ‡Ǥ Moment magnitude scale

Š‡‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡‹•†‡‘–‡†„›MLǤŠ‹••…ƒŽ‡™ƒ•”‡’Žƒ…‡†‹ͳͻ͹Ͳ•„›–Š‡‡™‘‡–ƒ‰‹–—†‡•…ƒŽ‡™Š‹…Š ‹•†‡‘–‡†ƒ•Mw. Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹•ƒŽ‘•–•ƒ‡ƒ†‡†‹ƒ—•‡•–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡”̶‹…Š–‡”…ƒŽ‡̶ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™ƒŽ•‘Ǥ Š‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡‡†‹—‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡••—…Šƒ•ͷǤͲƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽ‘„‘–Š–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ Model Question - 17. A new type of scale called Moment magnitude scale is nowadays being used to measure the magnitude of the Earthquakes. In this context, consider the following statements: 1. The Moment magnitude scale is used for larger magnitude earthquakes while Richter scale is used for smaller magnitude earthquakes. 2. The Moment magnitude scale has no upper limit while the Richter scale has an upper limit. Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 17 www.gktoday.in

Š‡‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‘–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡†„›ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–›’‡‘ˆ•‡‹•‘‡–‡”ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ ͳͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ ƒ† ‹…Š–‡” •…ƒŽ‡ Šƒ• ƒ Š‹‰Š‡•– ‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‘—† ͹ǤͲ ‘ ‹…Š–‡” •…ƒŽ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹…Š–‡” •…ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ —”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• –ƒ‡ ƒ– ƒ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ„‘—– ͸ͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡̵• ‡’‹…‡–‡”ǤŠ‹•’”‘„Ž‡‹••‘Ž˜‡†„›–Š‡ȋ‘‡–ƒ‰‹–—†‡•…ƒŽ‡ȌǤŠ‡‘‡–ƒ‰‹–—†‡•…ƒŽ‡†‘‡•‘– —•‡•–Š‡‰”‘—†‘–‹‘ǡ„—–—•‡†–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•—…Šƒ••‡‹•‹…‘‡–ǤŠ‡•…ƒŽ‡ ™ƒ• ‹–”‘†—…‡† „› Š‘ƒ• Ǥ ƒ• ƒ† ‹”‘‘ ƒƒ‘”‹ ‹ ͳͻ͹ͻǤ Š‡  ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •—”˜‡› —•‡• –Š‡ ‘‡– ƒ‰‹–—†‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ ”ƒ™„ƒ…ǣ ‘‡– ƒ‰‹–—†‡ •…ƒŽ‡ †‡˜‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘™ •…ƒŽ‡ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ Shindo Scale

Š‹†‘•…ƒŽ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ• ƒ’ƒ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‰‡…›ȋ Ȍ•‡‹•‹…‹–‡•‹–›•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ –‹•—•‡†‹ ƒ’ƒƒ† ƒ‹™ƒ–‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ –‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†‹—‹–•‘ˆŠ‹†‘™Š‹…ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ •Šƒ‹‰Ǥ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‘‡– ƒ‰‹–—†‡ •…ƒŽ‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡ƒ•—”‡• –Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡  •…ƒŽ‡†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ•Šƒ‹‰ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ—•‹–‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘‡”…ƒŽŽ‹‹–‡•‹–›•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ Š‡Š‹†‘…ƒŽ‡”ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡Š‹†‘ǦͲ–‘Š‹†‘Ǧ͹ǤŠ‹†‘ǦͲ“—ƒ‡‹•‘–ˆ‡Ž–„›‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Š‹†‘Ǧ͹ 17 Both are correct statements

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 20 ‹•‘•–†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–‡–Šƒ–•ƒ‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Šƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š‹†‘—„‡”•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’Žƒ…‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡʹͲͳͳ ”‡ƒ–ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†Š‹†‘Ǧ͹ ƒ– —”‹Šƒ”ƒǡ‹›ƒ‰‹ ”‡ˆ‡…–—”‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Š‹†‘Ǧ͸ƒ– ——•Š‹ƒǡ „ƒ”ƒ‹ƒ†‘…Š‹‰‹ƒ†Š‹†‘Ǧ͹‹‘›‘Ǥ Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale (MSK-64)

”‹‘”–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‰”‘—†‘–‹‘”‡…‘”†‹‰‹•–”—‡–•ǡ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•™‡”‡•–—†‹‡† „› ”‡…‘”†‹‰ –Š‡ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ •Šƒ‹‰ ‹–‡•‹–›Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹–› •…ƒŽ‡•™Š‹…Š†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘–‹‘‹“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡–‡”•Ǥ‹–‡•‹–›•…ƒŽ‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‹†‡•–‡‘”twelve grades of intensity•–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Š‘•–ˆ‡‡„Ž‡˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‰‘‹‰—’–‘‘•–˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ–‘–ƒŽ†‡•–”—…–‹‘ȌǤŠ‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†‹–‡•‹–›•…ƒŽ‡•ƒ”‡ǣ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡”…ƒŽŽ‹ȋȌ –‡•‹–›…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡‡†˜‡†‡˜Ǧ’‘Š‡‡”Ǧƒ”‹ȋȌ –‡•‹–› …ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‘–Š –Š‡•‡ •…ƒŽ‡• ƒ”‡ “—‹–‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ‡š…‡’– –Šƒ– –Š‡  •…ƒŽ‡ ‹• ‘”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‹ ‹–• †‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ‡†˜‡†‡˜Ǧ’‘Š‡—‡”Ǧƒ”‹•…ƒŽ‡†‡‘–‡†„›‘” Ǧ͸Ͷǡ ‹• ƒ ƒ…”‘ •‡‹•‹… ‹–‡•‹–› •…ƒŽ‡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• —•‡† –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •‡˜‡”‹–› ‘ˆ ‰”‘—† •Šƒ‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‹ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‘……—””‡…‡Ǥ – ™ƒ• ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‡”‰‡‹ ‡†˜‡†‡˜ ȋȌǡ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ’‘Š‡—‡” ȋƒ•– ‡”ƒ›Ȍǡ ƒ† ˆ– ƒ”ˆ ȋœ‡…Š‘•Ž‘˜ƒ‹ƒȌ‹ͳͻ͸ͶǤ MSK-64 is used in Indiaǡ •”ƒ‡Žǡ—••‹ƒǡƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‘‘™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡––ƒ–‡•Ǥ  †‹ƒ–Š‡ •‡‹•‹…œ‘‹‰Šƒ•„‡‡†‘‡‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‹••…ƒŽ‡Ǥ Š‹• •…ƒŽ‡ Šƒ• ͳʹ ‹–‡•‹–› †‡‰”‡‡• ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ ‘ƒ —‡”ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–Ǥ Earthquake Belts

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘ƒŒ‘”„‡Ž–•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ A. Circum-Pacific Belt: Š‹•

„‡Ž–

‹•

ƒŽ‘‰

ƒ

’ƒ–Š

•—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ…‹ˆ‹… …‡ƒ Š‹• œ‘‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ– •‡‹•‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–› •—…Š ƒ• ƒ’ƒǡ –Š‡ Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡•ǡ ƒ† Š‹Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ–Š …‘‹…‹†‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ̶ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹”‡̶Ǥ B. Alpine-Himalayan Belt ‘–Š‡” ƒŒ‘” …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •–”‘‰•‡‹•‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›”—•–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‘—–ƒ‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•–Šƒ–ˆŽƒ–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒƒ†‡š–‡†•–Š”‘—‰Š ”ƒƒ†‘’ƒ•––Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǤŠ‹•œ‘‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ††‡•–”—…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡Ž’‹‡Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ„‡Ž–Ǥ

Earthquakes in India Model Question - 18. India has a very high frequency of great earthquakes. What could be the geological reasons / reasons for this? 1. India is currently penetrating in Asia 2. India is rotating clockwise 3. The molten magma under the earth's crust beneath India is under enormous pressure Choose the correct statements Answer: 18 www.gktoday.in

Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ– †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ˜‡”›high frequency of great earthquakesȋƒ‰‹–—†‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͺǤͲȌ in comparison to the moderate earthquakesȋƒ‰‹–—†‡ ͸ǤͲ–‘͹ǤͲȌǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†—”‹‰ͳͺͻ͹–‘ͳͻͷͲǡ †‹ƒ 18 Only 1 is correct statement.

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 21 ™ƒ•Š‹–„›ˆ‘—”‰”‡ƒ–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–‡–Šƒ–•‹…‡ͳͻͷͲǡ‘Ž›‘†‡”ƒ–‡•‹œ‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Šƒ˜‡‘……—””‡† ‹ †‹ƒ™Š‹…Š•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡ƒ•‘–‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡–”—Ž›‰”‡ƒ–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•‘ˆŠ‹‰Šƒ‰‹–—†‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡Š‹††‡‹–Š‡–‡…–‘‹…•‡––‹‰‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ †‹ƒ‹•…—””‡–Ž› ’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‰‹–‘•‹ƒƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͶͷȀ›‡ƒ”ƒ†rotating slowly anticlockwiseǤŠ‹•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–•‹Ž‡ˆ–ǦŽƒ–‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”•Ž‹’‹ƒŽ—…Š‹•–ƒƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͶʹȀ›‡ƒ”ƒ†”‹‰Š–ǦŽƒ–‡”ƒŽ •Ž‹’”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘•‹ƒ‹–Š‡ †‘Ǧ—”ƒ”ƒ‰‡•ƒ–ͷͷȀ›‡ƒ”Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹•‹ƒ”‡†—…‡• †‹ƒ̵• …‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ™‹–Š ‹„‡– –‘ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳͺ Ȁ›‡ƒ”Ǥ ‹…‡ ‹„‡– ‹• ‡š–‡†‹‰ ‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ • ƒ …‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ƒ…”‘••–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•Ž‹’ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘†”‹˜‡Žƒ”‰‡–Š”—•– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ–”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͳǤͺȀ…‡–—”›Ǥ Seismic Zoning of India

†‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–Šƒ•ƒŽ‘‰Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ– †‹ƒ‹•†”‹˜‹‰ ‹–‘ •‹ƒ ƒ– ƒ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› Ͷ͹ Ȁ›‡ƒ”Ǥ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͷͲΨ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ —„…‘–‹‡– ‹• ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  ͳͺͻ͵ǣʹͲͲʹ ȋ –‹•–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–…‘†‡‘ˆ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ †‹ƒ–ƒ†ƒ”†•ȋ Ȍ™Š‹…ŠŽƒ›•†‘™–Š‡…”‹–‡”‹ƒ‘ˆˆ‘”‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ–†‡•‹‰‘ˆ•–”—…–—”‡•Ȍǡ †‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”•‡‹•‹…œ‘‡•˜‹œǤ‘‡Ǧ ǡǦ ǡǦ ƒ†Ǧ—Ž‹‡‹–•’”‡˜‹‘—•

˜‡”•‹‘ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ œ‘‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ …‘—–”›Ǥ ˆ–‡” •‘‡ ”‡˜‹•‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• œ‘‹‰ǡ ‘‡  ™ƒ• ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡””‡‘˜‡†Ǥ Š‹•œ‘‹‰Šƒ•„‡‡†‘‡‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆǦ͸Ͷ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ†ƒ …‘†‡‘‡ˆƒ…–‘”Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‹‰‡†„›–Š‡ –‘ ‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡œ‘‡ˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆͲǤ͵͸‹•‹†‹…ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ȋœ‡”‘’‡”‹‘†Ȍ’‡ƒŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‰”‘—†ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ͲǤ͵͸‰ȋ͵͸Ψ‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††—”‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‹–Š‹•œ‘‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š …‘†‡Ǥ Seismic Zoning of India Seismic Zone

MSK-64 VI. Stung VII. Strong

Very

VIII. Damaging

IX. Destructive



Zone II This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone Zone III The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this lone. This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. Zone IV This zone is called High Damage Risk Zone anc covers Indogangetic Basin, Delhi, Jammu and Bihar Zone V Zone 5 covers areas with the highest risk zone that suffers earthquakes with intensity of IX and greater. It includes Kashmir, Punjab, Western and central Himalayas, North East India and Rann of Katch

Zone Factor 0.10 0.16

0.24

0.36

Some Great Indian Earthquakes Model Question - 19. Which among the following earthquakes of India is an example of Induced seismicity? A. Katch Earthquake of 1819 B. Assam earthquake of 1897 C. Koyna Earthquake Of 1967 D. Uttarkashi Earthquake Of 1991 Answer: 19

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†‹ƒŠƒ••—ˆˆ‡”‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†™‹–Šƒ‰‹–—†‡‡š…‡‡†‹‰ͺǤͲǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ‹ƒ •Š‘”–•’ƒ‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•ǡˆ‘—”•—…Š‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘……—””‡†ǣ••ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘ˆͳͺͻ͹ȋƒ‰‹–—†‡ͺǤ͹Ȍǡƒ‰”ƒ 19 Correct Answer is option C Koyna

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Conventional General Studies-25 www.gktoday.in Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes Target 2013 22 ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ͳͻͲͷ ȋƒ‰‹–—†‡ ͺǤ͸Ȍǡ ‹Šƒ”Ǧ‡’ƒŽ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ͳͻ͵Ͷ ȋƒ‰‹–—†‡ ͺǤͶȌ  ƒ† –Š‡ ••ƒǦ‹„‡– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘ˆͳͻͷͲȋƒ‰‹–—†‡ͺǤ͹ȌǤ Here are some important notes: ™ Katch Earthquake of 1819

9 Š‹•ͺǤ͵ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡–‘‘ ’Žƒ…‡ ‘–Š‡ ™‡•– …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†…ƒ—•‡† ‰”‘—† ‘–‹‘ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ•’‡”…‡’–‹„Ž‡ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•ƒŽ…—––ƒǤ 9 – …”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ ˆƒ—Ž– •…ƒ”’ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ͳ͸ ‹Ž‡ Ž‘‰ ƒ† ƒ„‘—– ͳͲ ˆ‘‘– Š‹‰Š ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• Žƒ–‡” ƒ‡† ƒ• ̶ŽŽƒŠ —†̶Ǥ ™ Assam earthquake of 1897

9 Š‹• ͺǤ͹ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ …ƒ—•‡† •‡˜‡”‡ †ƒƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ͷͲͲ  ”ƒ†‹—• ƒ† …ƒ—•‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡†‹•–‘”–‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡…ƒ—•‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹“—‡ˆƒ…–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒ–‡† ’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǤ ™ Bihar - Nepal Earthquake Of 1934

9 Š‹•ͺǤͶƒ‰‹–—†‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡…ƒ—•‡†™‹†‡Ǧ•’”‡ƒ††ƒƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‹Šƒ”ƒ†‹‡’ƒŽǤ—‡–‘ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹“—‡ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ‘•–„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‹Ž–‡†ƒ†•Ž—’‡†„‘†‹Ž›‹–‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ„‘—–͵ͲͲ Ž‘‰ƒ†‘ˆ‹””‡‰—Žƒ”™‹†–ŠǤŠ‹•ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ•–‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡̶•Ž—’„‡Ž–̶Ǥ ™ Koyna Earthquake Of 1967

9 Š‹•͸Ǥͷƒ‰‹–—†‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘……—””‡†…Ž‘•‡–‘ͳͲ͵‡–”‡…‘…”‡–‡‰”ƒ˜‹–›†ƒƒ–‘›ƒǤ”‹‘”–‘–Š‹• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—•‡†–‘„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‡‹•‹…Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ —’‘ˆ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”‹ͳͻ͸ʹǡ–Š‡•‡‹•‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ǥ 9 Š‡ƒ‹•Š‘…‘ˆ‡…‡„‡”ͳͲǡͳͻ͸͹…ƒ—•‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ††ƒƒ‰‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–ʹͲͲ’‡”•‘•ƒ†‹Œ—”‹‰ ‘”‡–ŠƒͳͷͲͲ’‡”•‘•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”Ǧ‹†—…‡†•‡‹•‹…‹–›‹ †‹ƒǤ 9 Š‡†ƒǡ†‡•‹‰‡†‡‡’‹‰‹‹†–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡•‡‹•‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†“—‹–‡™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š‘Ž›‘‹ƒŽ †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ †ƒǤ Š‹• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ •‡‹•‹… œ‘‡ ƒ’ ™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ”‘—†‘›ƒ™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š–‹œ‘‡ ˆ”‘œ‘‡ ǡƒ†•‡‹•‹…œ‘‡ˆ‘”‘„ƒ›™ƒ•—’‰”ƒ†‡†ˆ”‘œ‘‡ –‘œ‘‡ Ǥ ™ Uttarkashi Earthquake Of 1991

9 Š‹• ͸Ǥ͸ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ •Š‘‘ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…–• ‘ˆ ––ƒ”ƒ•Š‹ǡ ‡Š”‹ǡ ƒ† Šƒ‘Ž‹  ‘ˆ …—””‡– ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ ™ Killari (Latur) earthquake of 1993

9 Š‹•™ƒ•ƒƒ‰‹–—†‡͸ǤͶ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡–Šƒ–•Š‘‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‡ƒ”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹ŽŽƒ”‹‹ƒ–—”†‹•–”‹…–‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—– ͺǡͲͲͲ ’‡”•‘•Ǥ –‹Ž –Š‹• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ™ƒ• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘Ǧ•‡‹•‹… ƒ† ’Žƒ…‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– •‡‹•‹…œ‘‡ȋœ‘‡ Ȍ„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‘†‡ȋ ǣͳͺͻ͵ǦͳͻͺͶȌǤ 9 Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‘†‡”–‘™•ǡ‘†‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘”ƒŒ‘”‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͵ͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘™ ˆ‘” ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ”‡•…—‡ǡ”‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ™ Jabalpur Earthquake Of 1997

9 Š‹• ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ͸ǤͲ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‹• ‘Ž› ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ •—…Š ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ™Š‹…Š ‘……—””‡† …Ž‘•‡ –‘ ƒ ƒŒ‘” †‹ƒ…‹–›‹”‡…‡––‹‡•Ǥ ™ 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

9 Š‡ ʹͲͲͶ †‹ƒ …‡ƒ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ —†‡”•‡ƒ ‡‰ƒ–Š”—•– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‡’‹…‡–”‡ ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ ™‡•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ—ƒ–”ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒǡƒ†‹–‹•‘™ƒ•—ƒ–”ƒȂ†ƒƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘”ʹͲͲͶ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ –•—ƒ‹ ‘” ‘—–Š •‹ƒ –•—ƒ‹ǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ –•—ƒ‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘š‹‰ ƒ› –•—ƒ‹Ǥ – ‹ŽŽ‡† ʹ͵ͲǡͲͲͲ ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ˆ‘—”–‡‡…‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†‹—†ƒ–‹‰…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•™‹–Š™ƒ˜‡•—’–‘͵Ͳ‡–‡”•Ǥ

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Target 2013

Geology- Earth Basics and Earthquakes

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Impact of Earthquakes – Liquefaction Model Question - 20. One of the impacts of Earthquakes is liquefaction. What is / are the outcome / outcomes of liquefaction? 1. Buildings and slumped and tilted 2. Ground water is forced upward 3. Depth of lakes, ponds and other depressions increases Choose the correct statements: Answer: 20 www.gktoday.in

ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• …ƒ …ƒ—•‡ •‘‹Ž Ž‹“—‡ˆƒ…–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ Ž‘‘•‡Ž› ’ƒ…‡†ǡ ™ƒ–‡”ǦŽ‘‰‰‡† •‡†‹‡–• …‘‡ Ž‘‘•‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‡•Šƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǤŠ‡Ž‹“—‡ˆƒ…–‹‘‹•‘”‡’”‘‹‡–‹ƒ”‡ƒ••—…Šƒ•”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ǡ”‹˜‡”’Žƒ‹• ƒ††‡Ž–ƒ•Ǥ Š‡”ƒ†‘Ž›„—…Š‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”•‘‹Ž’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡ •’ƒ…‡• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘”‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ Š‡•‡•’ƒ…‡•ǡ…ƒŽŽ‡†’‘”‡•ǡ…ƒ„‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š ™ƒ–‡” ‘” ƒ‹”Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ •’ƒ…‡• Š‘Ž†• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ’ƒ”– ƒ† •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‹‰

–Š‡

•‘‹Ž

‹

‹–•

’”‡•‡–

…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆƒ•‡‹•‹…™ƒ˜‡‘‰”ƒ—Žƒ”•‘‹Ž ƒ† ’‘”‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”’”‡••—”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”…‡•–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ’ƒ”– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• †‹•”—’–•  –Š‡ …‘–ƒ…– ’‘‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ––Š‹•’‘‹–‹–‹‡–Š‡ •‘‹Ž™‹ŽŽˆŽ‘™Ž‹‡ƒŽ‹“—‹†ǤŠ‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹• –Š‡ …‘ŽŽƒ’•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‡•••’ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–™ƒ• ‹ –Šƒ– •’ƒ…‡ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘”…‡† —’™ƒ”†Ǥ ‹“—‡ˆƒ…–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹––‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡ǣ 9 ƒ–‡”–ƒ„Ž‡‹•Ž‡••†‡‡’ 9 Š‡•‘‹ŽŠƒ•’‘”‡•’ƒ…‡• 9 Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ•Šƒ‹‰‹–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ‹•˜‹‹‹‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡” Š‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹“—‡ˆƒ…–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ 9 Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‹…Š•ƒ†…‘’ƒ…–•ƒ†•‡†•ƒ…‘Ž—‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ˆ‹‡•ƒ†—’ƒ†‘—– ‘–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•’Š‡‘‡‘‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‘’ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡdepth of lakes, ponds, borrow areas, and other depressions becomes lower,„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•ƒ†‹•’—•Š‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‰”‘—†Ǥ 9 Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰••‹‹–‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ Credits an nd Copyright Information (Credits: NASA, Tasa Graphics, Californiawatch, Geological Survey of India) Copyright © Suresh Soni 2012. All Rights Reserved

20 Correct statements are only 1 & 2

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Contents ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Part I. Rocks and Minerals Types of Rocks Igneous Rocks Magma as source of Igneous Rocks Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks Felsic Rocks and Mafic Rocks Examples of Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Chemically Precipitated and Organic Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Part II. Volcanoes & Volcanism Introduction to Volcanoes Types of Volcanoes by Volcanic Eruption Types of Volcanoes by Periodicity of Eruption Some definitions Pacific Ring of Fire Some other Notes Basics of Magma Types of Magma Gases in Magma Formation of Magma Part III. Megarelief Mega-Relief Basics Relief Features of the Oceans Continental Shelf Continental Slope & Continental Rise Deep Ocean basin & Oceanic Ridges Abyssal Plain Oceanic Trench Seamounts & Guyots Rift valleys Abyssal Fans Archipelago Lagoon Coral Reefs Beach Part IV. Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Evidence of Continental Drift: Wegener's Continental Drift Hypothesis Plate Tectonics and Seafloor Spreading Subduction Movement of Plates – Faulting The Lithospheric Plates System Plate Boundaries Convergent Plate Boundaries

ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Divergent Plate Boundaries Comparison: Divergent and Convergent Plate Boundaries Continental Rift Zones Transform Plate Boundary Part V. Relief Features of the Land Geological Provinces Continental Shields Mountain Formation: Orogeny Causes of Mountain Building Forms of Mountains Types of the Mountains Different Stages of Orogeny Plateaus Part VI. Weathering, Mass Wasting and Erosion Weathering Biological Weathering: Chemical Weathering: Mass wasting: Erosion: Part VII. Land Forms Aeolian landforms Fluvial Landscapes Landforms made by River Erosion Landforms made by River Deposition Landforms made by River Transportations Part VIII. Movements of Earth Earth’s Rotation Concept of Day & Night Apparent Solar Day: Mean Solar Day: Sidereal Day: Grid System: Latitudes and Longitudes Latitudes Longitudes Time and Time Zones GMT versus UTC International Date Line Daylight Saving Time Implications of Daylight Saving Time Earth’s Revolution Perihelion and Aphelion Celestial Poles Seasons Solstices Equinoxes Precession Movement of earth

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Part I.

Rocks and Minerals Types of Rocks ‹‡”ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘……—””‹‰ ‹‘”‰ƒ‹… •—„•–ƒ…‡•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ™‹–Š ƒ …”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ •–”—…–—”‡Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ …‘’‘•‡† Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ƒ„—†ƒ–‡Ž‡‡–•‹–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•–‘š›‰‡Ƭ•‹Ž‹…‘ǡ…‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ•‘”–Š‡‡–ƒŽŽ‹… ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‹”‘ǡ…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ•‘†‹—ǡ’‘–ƒ••‹—ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡•‹—Ǥ ‘…•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–™‘‘”‘”‡‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥˆ–‡ǡƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ǡ„—–ƒˆ‡™”‘… ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ƒŽ‘•– ‡–‹”‡Ž› ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‹‡”ƒŽǤ ‘•– ”‘… ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Šǯ• …”—•– ‹• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‘Ž†ǡ †ƒ–‹‰ „ƒ… ƒ›‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ǡ„—–”‘…‹•ƒŽ•‘„‡‹‰ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––Š‹•˜‡”›Š‘—”ƒ•ƒ…–‹˜‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•‡‹–Žƒ˜ƒ–Šƒ–•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡• ‘…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘”‘…‡ƒǤ Š‡Great Oxygenation Event‘”‘š›‰‡…ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡™Š‹…ŠŠƒ’’‡‡†ʹͶͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘‹–Š‡”‘–‡”‘œ‘‹… ‡‘–”‹‰‰‡”‡†ƒ‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡‰”‘™–Š‹–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•‘ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‘…•ƒ”‡‡†‹‡–ƒ”›ǡ ‰‡‘—•ƒ†‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…Ǥ ™ Igneous rocks

Š‡•‡”‘…•Šƒ˜‡…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†ˆ”‘magma™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰”‘…•ƒ†Šƒ• „‡‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘‡Ž–‹‰‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–•—„†—…–‹‘œ‘‡•‘”™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ ™ Sedimentary rocks

Š‡•‡”‘…•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–ǡ•—…Šƒ••ƒ†‘ƒ„‡ƒ…Š‘”—†‘ƒ”‹˜‡” „‡†ǤŠ‡•‡†‹‡–‹•„—”‹‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹–‹•…‘’ƒ…–‡†ƒ•‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•†‡’‘•‹–‡†‘–‘’Ǥ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –Š‘—•ƒ† –‘ ƒŠ• ‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”• ǡ –Š‡ •‡†‹‡– „‡…‘‡• •‘ †‡•‡ –Šƒ– ‹– „‡…‘‡• ƒ ”‘…Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ‘™ ƒ• Ž‹–Š‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ™ Metamorphic rocks

Š‡•‡”‘…•‘…‡‡š‹•–‡†ƒ•‹‰‡‘—•‘”•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•„—–Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘˜ƒ”›‹‰ †‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵•…”—•–ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†…Šƒ‰‡•–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ† ˆƒ„”‹… ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘… ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ”† –‘ †‹•–‹‰—‹•ŠǤ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ”‘…• ƒ”‡ –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‘—–ƒ‹„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Š”‡‡…Žƒ••‡•‘ˆ”‘…•ƒ”‡…‘•–ƒ–Ž›„‡‹‰–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† ˆ”‘ ‘‡ –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹ ƒ …‘–‹—‘—• ’”‘…‡•• –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ …”—•–ƒŽ‹‡”ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡…›…Ž‡††—”‹‰ƒ›‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…

–‹‡Ǥ

Š‡

ƒ†Œƒ…‡–

†‹ƒ‰”ƒ

•Š‘™•

–Š‡•‡

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Igneous Rocks Š‡—’’‡”ͳ͸‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•…”—•–‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆͻͷΨ ‰‡‘—•”‘…ǡ™‹–Šƒ–Š‹…‘˜‡”‹‰‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ƒ† ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ”‘…•Ǥ ‰‡‘—• ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† ™Š‡ ‘Ž–‡ ”‘… …‘‘Ž•ǡ ˆ‘”‹‰ •‹Ž‹…ƒ–‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ …”›•–ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡Ž•‹…‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡Ž‹‰Š–…‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ†Ž‡••†‡•‡ǡƒ†ƒˆ‹…‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡†ƒ”…‘Ž‘”‡†ƒ†‘”‡†‡•‡ǤŠ‡‹‰‡‘—• ”‘…•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Šƒ”†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”’‡”…‘Žƒ–‡•‹–Š‡‘–•‘‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ Model Question - 1. Consider the following statements: 1. Felsic rocks are rich in silicon 2. Quartz is a Felsic Rock 3. Mafic Rocks are produced by volcanic Eruption Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 1 www.gktoday.in

1 Correct statements are 1, 2 & 3

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9 Š‡›—•—ƒŽŽ›†‘‘–‘……—”‹†‹•–‹…–„‡†•‘”•–”ƒ–ƒŽ‹‡•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•Ǥ 9 ‰‡‘—•”‘…•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘–Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ›ˆ‘••‹Ž• 9 Š‡›ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‰”ƒ—Žƒ”ƒ†…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ǥ 9 Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‡••ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›…Š‡‹…ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ•–Š‡™ƒ–‡”†‘‡•‘–’‡”…‘Žƒ–‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ

Magma as source of Igneous Rocks Š‡‹š–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–‡‘…•™Š‹…Šƒ‡•–Š‡ ‰‡‘—•”‘…•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒǤƒ‰ƒ‹ˆƒ…–‹•ƒ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ ‘Ž–‡ ”‘…•ǡ ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡• ȋ‰ƒ•Ȍ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” •‘Ž‹†•Ǥ – ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” …”—•– ƒ† –Š‡ —’’‡” ƒ–Ž‡ǡ ƒ‹Ž› ƒ– †‡’–Š•‘ˆͳͷǦʹͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ‘•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•ƒ•Š‘–ƒ•͹ͲͲι–‘ͳ͵ͲͲι ƒ† ‹• •‹Ž‹…ƒ–‡ ‹š–—”‡• ‘•–Ž›Ǥ Š‡ …Šƒ„‡”• —†‡” ƒ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ‰ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒ…Šƒ„‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ‰ƒ…Šƒ„‡”•ˆ‡‡† ƒ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘Ǥ —Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰‡‘—• ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘‘Ž‹‰ ƒ† •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ›‹‰ ‘ˆƒ‰ƒǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘’”‘…‡••‡• „›™Š‹…Š ƒ‰ƒ …‘‘Ž•

Most igneous rock consists of silicate minerals. These rocks also contain mostly metallic elements. The mineral grains in

igneous rocks are very tightly interlocked, and so the rock is normally very strong. Quartz, which is made of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is the most common mineral of all rock classes. It is quite hard and resists chemical breakdown.

ƒ† •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Dz’Ž—–‘‹…dz ƒ† Dz‘Ž…ƒ‹… ”—’–‹‘dzǤ Š‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž–‡ ƒ‰ƒ ‰‘‡• †‘™ †‡‡’ ™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ†‰‡–••‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†PlutonismǤ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡‘Ž–‡ƒ‰ƒ…ƒƒŽ•‘…‘‡‘—– ‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š˜‹ƒƒvolcanic eruptionǤ

Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks ƒ‰ƒ –Šƒ– •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡• „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ƒ”–Šǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ‹• •—””‘—†‡† „› ‘Ž†‡”ǡ ’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰ ”‘… ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† intrusive igneous rockǤ‡…ƒ—•‡‹–”—•‹˜‡”‘…•…‘‘Ž•Ž‘™Ž›ǡ–Š‡›†‡˜‡Ž‘’Žƒ”‰‡‹‡”ƒŽ…”›•–ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡ –‘–Š‡‡›‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘Plutonic, Hypabyssal, Batholiths and Laccoliths as follows: Intrusive

Plutonic Hypabyssal Batholiths Laccoliths

Extrusive

Types of Igneous Rocks Generally very large crystal and they were formed due to cooling of magma very deep inside the Earth Consolidated in a zone above the base of Earth’s crust and hence has distinct structural characteristics. They extend to greater depths and larger areas A sheet intrusion that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock Formed at the crust's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust

ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†‡‡”‰‡•ƒ•Žƒ˜ƒǡ‹–ˆ‘”•extrusive igneous rockǤš–”—•‹˜‡‹‰‡‘—•”‘…• …‘‘Ž˜‡”›”ƒ’‹†Ž›‘–Š‡Žƒ†•—”ˆƒ…‡‘”‘…‡ƒ„‘––‘ƒ†–Š—••Š‘™…”›•–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘Ž›‹…”‘•…‘’‹…•‹œ‡Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ–Granite–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ……——Žƒ–‡•‹„ƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š•Ǥ•‹‰Ž‡„ƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š•‘‡–‹‡•‡š–‡†•†‘™•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ†ƒ›‘……—’›ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‘—•ƒ†•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ

Felsic Rocks and Mafic Rocks Šƒ–‡˜‡” ƒ› „‡ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ …‘‘Ž‹‰ ƒ† •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ›‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡ …‘˜‡”–‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ ”‘…ǡ —†‡”‰‘‡• —‡”‘—•…Š‡‹…ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘ƒŒ‘”–›’‡•‘ˆ ‰‡‘—•”‘…•ƒ”‡’”‘†—…‡† ˜‹œǤFelsic Rocksƒ†Mafic RocksǤFelsic rocks are rich in silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium, while the mafic rocks are rich in magnesium and iron. If the rock is highly dominated by Magnesium and Iron, it is called Ultramafic.

Examples of Igneous Rocks 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Granite: Intrusive (batholith generally), Felsic, igneous rock. Worldwide average chemical composition of Igneous Rocks has SiO2 — 72.04% & Al2O3 — 14.42% Diorite: intermediate intrusive igneous rock Gabbro: Mafic igneous rocks equivalent to basalt. Peridotite Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Komatiite Diabase Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Sedimentary Rocks ‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ˆ”‘ Žƒ›‡”•ǡ ‘” •–”ƒ–ƒǡ ‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ˆ‘—† ‹ ‘–Š‡” ”‘…• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†ƒ†ˆ”‘‡™Ž›ˆ‘”‡†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”Ǥ Model Question - 2. (IAS 2001) Consider the following statements made about the sedimentary rocks: 1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at earth’s surface by the hydrological system 2. The formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of pre-existing rocks. 3. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils 4. Sedimentary rocks typically occur in layers Which of these statements are correct? Answer: 2

‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ”‘…• form at Earth’s surface by the hydrologic systemǤ Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ weathering of pre-existing rockǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•‹–‡ǡ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”‘†‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ‘” ‹ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” •‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› …‘’ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ† …‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡…‘‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡ǣ ƒ

Š‡› …‘–ƒ‹ •–”ƒ–ƒ ‘” Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ›‡”• ƒ”‡ rarely horizontal ƒ† generally tilted †—‡ –‘ Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ

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Importance of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are important because they preserve a record of ancient landscapes, climates, and mountain ranges, as well as the history of the erosion of Earth. In addition, fossils are found in abundance in sedimentary rocks younger than 600 million years and provide evidence of the evolution of life through time. Earth’s geologic time scale was worked out using this record of sedimentary rocks and fossils.

…‘’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†–‡•‹Ž‡ˆ‘”…‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘Ž†‡””‘…•ǡ’Žƒ–•ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•”‡ƒ‹Ǥ ƒ

‘•–’ƒ”–ȋƒ”‘—†͹ͷ’‡”…‡–Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡‹•…‘˜‡”‡†„›‡†‹‡–ƒ”›‘…•Ǥ

ƒ

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ƒ”‡’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’‘”‘—•Ǥ

ƒ

‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹œ‡•‘ˆŒ‘‹–•ǡ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›’‡”’‡†‹…—Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ „‡††‹‰’Žƒ‹•Ǥ

Š‡”‘…‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†ǡ–Š‡‹”…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹•…Šƒ‰‡†ǡ™‡ƒ‡‹‰–Š‡•‘Ž‹†”‘…ǤŠ‡”‘… „”‡ƒ•—’‹–‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘ˆƒ›•‹œ‡•ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ”‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†‹ƒˆŽ—‹†•—…Šƒ•ƒ‹”ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡ‘”‰Žƒ…‹ƒŽ ‹…‡ǡ™‡…ƒŽŽ–Š‡sedimentǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘”…Žƒ••‡•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–ǣclastic sedimentǡ…Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ›’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡† •‡†‹‡–ǡƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…•‡†‹‡–Ǥ–Š‹•„ƒ•‹•ǡ–Š”‡‡ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ƒ”‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†˜‹œǤclastic rocks,organic rocksƒ†chemically precipitated”‘…•Ǥ Clastic Organic Chemical

Types of Sedimentary Rocks Made up of discrete fragments or clasts of materials derived from other minerals, largely of quartz and others such as feldspar, amphiboles, clay minerals They contain the materials which are generated by living organisms such as corals, mollusks, and foraminifera, which cover the ocean floor with layers of calcium carbonate, which can later form limestone. Formed by the Chemical & Biological Processes like limestone, rock salt, gypsum and dolostone

2 All are correct statements.

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Model Question - 3. Which one among the following is a mechanically formed sedimentary rock? A. Salt rock B. Limestone C. Sandstone D. Gypsum Answer: 3

Žƒ•–‹… •‡†‹‡– ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ‹‘”‰ƒ‹… ”‘… ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ

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ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǡ…ƒŽŽ‡†…Žƒ•–•ǤŠ‡•‡…ƒ…‘‡ˆ”‘‹‰‡‘—•ǡ•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›ǡ ‘”‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…”‘…•ǡƒ†•‘–Š‡›…ƒ‹…Ž—†‡ƒ˜‡”›™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ —ƒ”–œ ƒ† ˆ‡Ž†•’ƒ” —•—ƒŽŽ› †‘‹ƒ–‡ …Žƒ•–‹… •‡†‹‡–Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ …Žƒ•–‹… •‡†‹‡– „—‹Ž† —’ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” •–”ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ ’—•Š‡† †‘™„›–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡ •‡†‹‡–• ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡Ǥ Š‹• ’”‡••—”‡ …‘’ƒ…–• –Š‡ •‡†‹‡–•ǡ •“—‡‡œ‹‰ ‘—–

‡š…‡••

‹••‘Ž˜‡†

™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‹‡”ƒŽ•

”‡…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡ ‹ –Š‡ •’ƒ…‡• „‡–™‡‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‹ ƒ ’”‘…‡•• …ƒŽŽ‡†…‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š—•‰‹˜‹‰”‹•‡–‘–Š‡Clastic Sedimentary RocksǤ—‡–‘–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡…Žƒ•–‹… •‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘•‘‡–‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†mechanically formed Sedimentary RocksǤSandstoneǡƒ”‘…ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ•ƒ†ǡƒ†shale,ƒ”‘…ƒ†‡‘ˆ…Žƒ›’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡƒ”‡–›’‹…ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŽƒ•–‹…‡†‹‡–ƒ”›‘…•ǤŠƒŽ‡‹•ƒ …Žƒ•–‹…•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘……‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ˜‡”›ˆ‹‡‰”ƒ‹•‘ˆ…Žƒ›‘”—†Ǥ

Chemically Precipitated and Organic Sedimentary Rocks Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ› ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡† •‡†‹‡– ‹• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ •‘Ž‹† ‹‘”‰ƒ‹… ‹‡”ƒŽ …‘’‘—†• –Šƒ– ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ ™ƒ–‡” •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‘” ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „› ‘”‰ƒ‹•• Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–…‘‘•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ˆ‘”‡†„› …Š‡‹…ƒŽ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‹•Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ Š‡–Š‹”†…Žƒ••‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–‹•organic sedimentǤŠ‹• ‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ–Š‡–‹••—‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‡ƒ–‹• ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹… •‡†‹‡–Ǥ Š‹• •‘ˆ–ǡ ˆ‹„”‘—•ǡ „”‘™ ‘” „Žƒ… •—„•–ƒ…‡ ƒ……——Žƒ–‡• ‹ „‘‰• ƒ† ƒ”•Š‡• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” •–‘’• –Š‡ ’Žƒ– ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ‹•ˆ”‘†‡…ƒ›‹‰Ǥ Limestone

‹‡•–‘‡ ‹• „› ˆƒ” –Š‡ most abundant chemically precipitated rockǤ – ‹• …‘’‘•‡† ’”‹…‹’ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹—…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ȋƒ͵‘”…ƒŽ…‹–‡Ȍƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•„› „‘–Š ‹‘”‰ƒ‹… …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ƒ† „‹‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ‹‡•–‘‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ”‘… –‡š–—”‡• •—…Š ƒ• •‡Ž‡–ƒŽŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ‘‘Ž‹–‹…Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ†‹…”‘…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ

3 Correct Answer is C, Sandstone

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 6 ƒ”‹‡•‡†‹‡–•ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡Ž›„›„‹‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤCarbonate sediments dominate at shallow depths and in warm near-shore waters. Elsewhere, siliceous sediment, which eventually forms chert, is typical in deeper water.  Skeletal Limestone

‘‡ ƒ”‹‡ ‹˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• …‘•–”—…– –Š‡‹” •Š‡ŽŽ• ‘” Šƒ”† ’ƒ”–• „› ‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰ …ƒŽ…‹—ƒ†…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‹‘•ˆ”‘•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ‘”ƒŽ•ǡ…Žƒ•ǡƒŽ‰ƒ‡ǡ•ƒ‹Ž•ǡƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡” ƒ”‹‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• …‘•–”—…– –Š‡‹” •‡Ž‡–‘• ‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹— …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡Ǥ ˆ–‡”–Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• †‹‡ǡ –Š‡ •Š‡ŽŽ• ƒ……——Žƒ–‡‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ ˜‡” ƒ Ž‘‰ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –‹‡ǡ –Š‡› „—‹Ž† —’ ƒ †‡’‘•‹– ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ™‹–Š ƒ –‡š–—”‡ …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ •Š‡ŽŽ• ƒ† •Š‡ŽŽ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ›–Š‡„‡…‡‡–‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ•‘”‡…ƒŽ…‹–‡’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ …‘’‘•‡†‘•–Ž›‘ˆ•‡Ž‡–ƒŽ†‡„”‹•ǡ…ƒ„‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ—†”‡†‡–‡”•–Š‹…ƒ†…ƒ‡š–‡†‘˜‡”–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ•“—ƒ”‡ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ " Chalk is a skeletal limestone in which the skeletal fragments are remains of microscopic plants and animals. Oolitic Limestone

–Š‡” Ž‹‡•–‘‡• ƒ”‡ …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ •‡‹ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ‰”ƒ‹• ‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹— …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ ‘™ ƒ• ‘‘Ž‹–‡•Ǥ ‘Ž‹–‡• ˆ‘” ™Š‡”‡ •ƒŽŽ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–• ‘ˆ •Š‡ŽŽ• ‘” ‘–Š‡” –‹› ‰”ƒ‹• „‡…‘‡ …‘ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •—……‡••‹˜‡–Š‹Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆƒ͵ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”„›™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†…—””‡–•Ǥ Microcrystalline limestone

–Š‹”†‹’‘”–ƒ––›’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡•–‘‡ˆ‘”•‹“—‹‡–™ƒ–‡”•™Š‡”‡…ƒŽ…‹—…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‹•’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡† „› ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ ƒ• –‹›ǡ ‡‡†Ž‡ Ž‹‡ …”›•–ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ƒ……——Žƒ–‡ ‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒˆŽ‘‘” ƒ• Ž‹› —†Ǥ ‘‘ ƒˆ–‡” †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•…‘‘Ž›ƒ”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†„›…‘’ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†”‡…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ " Some kinds of algae produce calcium carbonate particles that accumulate to form limestone.These are found near the Kuril Islands of the north Pacific. " Diatoms are the shells of tiny single-celled algae that are made of silica. Some deepmarine sediments are dominated by diatoms. Some accumulations convert to chert. Dolostone / Dolomite

‘Ž‘•–‘‡ ‘” †‘Ž‘‹–‡ ”‘… ‹• ƒ •‡†‹‡–ƒ”› …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ ”‘… –Šƒ– …‘–ƒ‹• ƒ Š‹‰Š ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ †‘Ž‘‹–‡Ǥ‘Ž‘‹–‡‹•ƒ…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‹‡”ƒŽ…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ…ƒŽ…‹—ƒ‰‡•‹—…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ƒ‰ȋ͵ȌʹǤIt is similar to limestone in general appearance, but reacts with acid only when powderedǤ ‘Ž‘•–‘‡ ‹• …‘‘Ž› †—ŽŽ „”‘™‹•Š›‡ŽŽ‘™‘”Ž‹‰Š–‰”ƒ›Ǥ Chert

Š‡”–‹•ƒ…‘‘”‘……‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‹…”‘…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡“—ƒ”–œǤ ƒŠƒ†•’‡…‹‡ǡ‹–‹•Šƒ”†ǡ†‡•‡ǡƒ†–›’‹…ƒŽŽ› „”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡‰Žƒ••ǡ„—–—†‡”ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ’‘™‡”‹…”‘•…‘’‡ǡ‹–Šƒ•ƒ ˆ‹„”‘—•‘”‰”ƒ—Žƒ”–‡š–—”‡Ǥ†‹•–‹…–‹˜‡–›’‡‘ˆ †‡‡’Ǧƒ”‹‡ …Š‡”– †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ˆ”‘ †‡’‘•‹–• ‘ˆ •‹Ž‹…‡‘—• •Š‡ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ‹…”‘•…‘’‹… ‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ”ƒ†‹‘Žƒ”‹ƒ ƒ† †‹ƒ–‘•Ǥ Rock salt

‘…•ƒŽ–‹•ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽŠƒŽ‹–‡ȋƒŽȌǤ –…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡•™Š‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡••‘†‹—ƒ†…ŠŽ‘”‹‡ ‹‘•–‘–Š‡’‘‹––Šƒ–•ƒŽ–‹••–ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡”‡•‹†—ƒŽ„”‹‡Ǥ–”‘‰‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘…”‡ƒ–‡••ƒŽ‹‡Žƒ‡•‹…Ž‘•‡††‡•‡”– „ƒ•‹•ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒŽ–ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ†‡ƒȌǤŠƒ…‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‘……—”•‹”‡•–”‹…–‡†„ƒ›• ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•Š‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒǤ Gypsum

›’•—ǡ ƒͶȈʹʹ –‘‘ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ˆ”‘ ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – …‘ŽŽ‡…–• ‹ Žƒ›‡”• ƒ• …ƒŽ…‹— •—Ž’Šƒ–‡ ‹• ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Hydrocarbons

‘ƒŽ ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‹‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡Ǥ – ˆ‘”• „› –Š‡ †‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹… ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „—”‹‡† ™‹–Š‹ •‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•Ǥ—•Š˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ›ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ…‹‡–•™ƒ’ƒ†–Š‡„‡…‘˜‡”–‡†„›„—”‹ƒŽ‹–‘…‘ƒŽǤŠ‡ …‘ƒŽ„‡†•‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ƒ”‡‹–‡”Žƒ›‡”‡†™‹–Š•ƒ†•–‘‡Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 7 Š‡ ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› †‡…ƒ›‡† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ‡ƒ–Ǥ  ‡ƒ– ‹• ƒ …‘’‘—† ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡ǡ …ƒ”„‘ǡ ƒ† ‘š›‰‡Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘”‡† ˆ”‘ ’Žƒ– ”‡ƒ‹• –Šƒ– „—‹Ž– —’ ‘˜‡” ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ† ™‡”‡ …‘’ƒ…–‡† —†‡” –Š‹… Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ‹‘”‰ƒ‹……Žƒ•–‹…•‡†‹‡–Ǥ›†”‘…ƒ”„‘•…ƒ„‡•‘Ž‹†ȋ’‡ƒ–ƒ†…‘ƒŽȌǡŽ‹“—‹†ȋ’‡–”‘Ž‡—Ȍǡ‘”‰ƒ•ȋƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ•ȌǤ‘ƒŽ‹•–Š‡‘Ž›Š›†”‘…ƒ”„‘–Šƒ–‹•ƒ”‘…Ǥ‡‘ˆ–‡ˆ‹†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ†’‡–”‘Ž‡—‹‘’‡‹–‡”…‘‡…–‡† ’‘”‡•‹ƒ–Š‹…•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…Žƒ›‡”ǡ•—…Šƒ•‹’‘”‘—••ƒ†•–‘‡Ǥ

Metamorphic Rocks Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Šǯ• …”—•– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ –”‡‡†‘—• ’”‡••—”‡• ƒ† Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡š–”‡‡ …‘†‹–‹‘• ƒŽ–‡” ‹‰‡‘—• ‘” •‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ”‘…•ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‘ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ”‘…Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰ ”‘…•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•–„›…Šƒ‰‡•‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ƒ†„›…Š‡‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹‘‘ˆˆŽ—‹†ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‘–Š –Š‡ ‰‡‘—• ƒ† ‡†‹‡–ƒ”› •‘…• —†‡”‰‘ ’”‘ˆ‘—† ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ƒ† …Š‡‹…ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡• —†‡” –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†’”‡••—”‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† Dz‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•̶Ǥ ‘‡ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ‘…• ƒ”‡ …Š‹•–ǡ

‡‹••ǡŽƒ–‡ǡ—ƒ”–œ‹–‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡ƒ† ”ƒ‹–‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘„ƒ•‹…–›’‡•‘ˆ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…”‘…•ǣ ͳǤ ‘Ž‹ƒ–‡† ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ”‘…• •—…Š ƒ• ‰‡‹••ǡ ’Š›ŽŽ‹–‡ǡ •…Š‹•– ƒ† •Žƒ–‡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Žƒ›‡”‡† ‘” „ƒ†‡† appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure. This is called Foliation. 

2. ‘Ǧˆ‘Ž‹ƒ–‡†‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…”‘…••—…Šƒ•ƒ”„Ž‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–œ‹–‡™Š‹…Š†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽƒ›‡”‡†‘”„ƒ†‡† ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡Ǥ –Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ”‘…•™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹–‘•‡†‹‡–Ǥ –Š‡†‡‡’‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡŠ‡ƒ–ƒ†’”‡••—”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘” •‡†‹‡–‹–‘”‘…–Šƒ–‹•‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‡š’‘•‡†ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ

Part II.

Volcanoes & Volcanism Introduction to Volcanoes ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‹••‹’Ž›ƒ‘’‡‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡‹™Š‹…Š‡”—’–‹‘•‘ˆ†—•–ǡ‰ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‘……—”Ǣ–Š‡›ˆ‘” ‘ Žƒ† ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ Š‡ †”‹˜‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡ „‡Š‹† ‡”—’–‹‘• ‹• ’”‡••—”‡ ˆ”‘ †‡‡’ „‡‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ• Š‘–ǡ ‘Ž–‡ ”‘… —’ ™‡ŽŽ• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ƒ”‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†Ǧ—’ ‘ˆ †‡„”‹• –Šƒ– ˆ‘”• ƒ ‘—† ‘” …‘‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‡ …‘‘Ž› ‹ƒ‰‹‡ ™Š‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘Ǥ ‘’‡‹‰‘”˜‡––Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹…Š–Š‡ƒ‰ƒǡ‘Ž–‡ ”‘…•ǡ ƒ•Š‡•ǡ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡• ‡”—’– ‘ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆƒ”–Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ ‘Ž…ƒ‘Ǥ  Š‡ ‘•– ‘™

Factbox: Vulcan Vulcan is Greek God of beneficial and hindering fire. A festival was celebrated in Athens devoted to Vulcan on August 23, and the name of the festival was Volcanalia. Vulcanization is another term derived from the name of Vulcan God. Vulcanization is adding sulfur or other curatives to rubber or other polymers to make them more durable. The rubber so produced is called Vulcanite or ebonite. Vulcano is the name of an island near Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and an autonomous region of Italy.

–›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ƒ”‡ …‘‹…ƒŽ ‘—–ƒ‹• ™Š‹…Š •’‹– Žƒ™ ƒ† ’‘‹•‘‘—• ‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ —– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•Ǥ Š‡‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆType of EruptionǡMaterial eruptedƬPeriodicity of eruptionǤ

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-26

Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements Types of Volcanoes by Volcanic Eruption Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒŒ‘” …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‡”—’–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ magmatic eruptions ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ †‡…‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǤ Š‹•

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Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Magmatic

Phreatomagmatic

Phreatic

Others

†‡…‘’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•’”‘’‡Ž•‹–‘—–™ƒ”†Ǥ  

Phretomagmatic

‡”—’–‹‘•

‹˜‘Ž˜‡•

…‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǤ ‘–Š‡” ‹• Phreatic eruption ™Š‹…Š ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •—’‡”Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ•–‡ƒ˜‹ƒ…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Šƒ‰ƒǤ  Š”‡ƒ–‹… ‡”—’–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ƒ†–Š‡›…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‰”ƒ—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•Ǥ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘–Š‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”–›’‡•‘ˆ‡”—’–‹‘•™Š‹…Š •‘‡–‹‡• †‘ǯ– •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ‘Ž…ƒ‹… ”—’–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Š‘™•–Š‹•…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Icelandic

Surtseyan eruption

Strombolian eruption

Submarine eruption

Explosive eruption

Vulcanian eruption

Subglacial eruption

Subaerial eruption

Phreatic eruption

Effusive eruption

Peléan eruption

Lateral Eruption

Hawaiian eruption

Limnic Eruption

Plinian eruption

Magmatic Eruptions

Š‡ƒ‰ƒǡ–Š‡‹š–—”‡‘ˆ”‘…•ǡ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡•ƒ†•‘Ž‹†•‡”—’–•‹ƒˆ‹••—”‡ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒ–‹…‡”—’–‹‘Ǥ‡”‡ ƒ”‡•‘‡•—„–›’‡•‘ˆ‡”—’–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š›‘—†‘ǯ–‡‡†–‘”‡‡„‡”Ǥ Icelandic Eruption

Š‡ˆ”‡‡ˆŽ‘™‹‰„ƒ•ƒŽ–‹…Žƒ˜ƒ‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›ǤŠ‡‡”—’–‹‘‹•’‘‘”‹‰ƒ• ƒ†‹••—‡•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆŽƒ˜ƒǤŠ‡Žƒ˜ƒˆŽ‘™•ƒ••Š‡‡–•‘˜‡”ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ–‘„—‹Ž†—’ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•Ǥ Strombolian Eruption:

Š‡–‡”‹•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ –ƒŽ‹ƒ‘Ž…ƒ‘Mount Stromboliƒ†•—…Š‹†‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ••—‹–…”ƒ–‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†‡šŠ‹„‹–…‘–‹—‘—•‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•Ǥ ‘•–Ž›Ž‹‰Š–…‘Ž‘”‡†…Ž‘—†•ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ•‹–Š‡’‹…–—”‡ǤMount Stromboli is located in the Stromboli Island, and is best known as “Light House of the Mediterranean”. Vulcanian Eruption:

Š‡•‡–›’‡•‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡‰ƒ•–‘…‘’”‡••„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ƒ‰ƒƒ†–Š‹•”‡•—Ž–‹ ˜‹‘Ž‡–‡”—’–‹‘‘˜‡”“—‹–‡’‡”‹‘†•ǤŠ‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡Œ‡…–•„‘„•ǡƒ†–Š‡Žƒ˜ƒˆŽ‘™•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ƒ‹ ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ ‰‹˜‹‰ ”‹•‡ –‘ ƒ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ˜ƒ ƒ† ƒ•ŠǤ Š‡ …Ž‘—†• ˆ‘”‡† ƒ”‡ …ƒ—Ž‹ˆŽ‘™‡” •Šƒ’‡† ƒ† ‰”‘™• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ…‹† ”ƒ‹•Ǥ Strombolian Eruption and Vulcanian eruptions are sometimes used synonymously. Š‡ ‘Ž› ƒŒ‘” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹• –Šƒ– —Ž…ƒ‹ƒ”—’–‹‘‹•‘”‡˜‹‘Ž‡––Šƒ–Š‡–‘„‘Ž‹ƒ‡”—’–‹‘ƒ†‡”—’–‹‘‘……—”•‘˜‡”Ž‘‰’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ Peléan eruption

Š‡‡Ž±ƒ‡”—’–‹‘”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›˜‹•…‘—•Žƒ˜ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ƒ”‡formation of lava domesǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆglowing cloud of hot volcanic ashǤ Š‹• –‡” ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ‘” ͳͻͲʹ ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—– ‡Ž±‡ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• ƒŽ† ‘—–ƒ‹ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‹„„‡ƒǤ Š‡ ‘Ž…ƒ‹… …‘‡• ‘ˆ •—…Š ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ƒ”‡ …‘’‘•‡†‘ˆŽƒ›‡”•‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…ƒ•Šƒ†Šƒ”†‡‡†Žƒ˜ƒǤ Hawaiian eruption

ƒ™ƒ‹‹ƒ‡”—’–‹‘‹•–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆƒ™ƒ‹‹ƒ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡‘•– …‘‘ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡”—’–‹‘ ‹ ‘•– Š‘–•’‘– ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘™‡” ™ƒ–‡”…‘–‡–ƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘”‡’‡ƒ…‡ˆ—Ž‹‡”—’–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Žƒ˜ƒ‹•„ƒ•ƒŽ– ‹ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡”—’–‹‘• ’”‘†—…‡ ‹”‡ ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ• ‹• ‹‘”Ǥ Plinian Eruption:

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 9 Ž‹‹ƒ”—’–‹‘•ƒ”‡•›‘›‘—•™‹–ŠVesuvian EruptionǤŠ‡–‡”†‡”‹˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ Ž‹›ǤPliny, the younger™ƒ•ƒŽƒ™›‡”ǡ™”‹–‡”ƒ†ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ…‹‡–‘‡Ǥ‹•—…Ž‡™ƒ• Pliny, the elderǤPliny, the elder™ƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡™”‹–‡”™Š‘Šƒ†™”‹––‡ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ’‡”‘” Šƒ†”ƒ‰—’–ƒƒ—”›ƒǤ‡Ž‡—…—•ǡ–Š‡•—……‡••‘”‘ˆŽ‡šƒ†‡”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–™ƒ•‹‰‘‘†–‡”•™‹–Š Šƒ†”ƒ‰—’–ƒ ƒ—”›ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› Pliny, the elderǤ Pliny the elder ™ƒ• ‹ŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”—’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–‡•—˜‹—•‹ –ƒŽ›‘—‰—•–ʹͶǡ͹ͻǤŠ‡ƒ……‘—–‘ˆ Š‹•†‡ƒ–Š™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›Ž‹›–Š‡‘—‰‡”ǤŠ‡’Ž—‡•ƒ”‡˜‡”›Š‹‰Š”ƒ‰‡˜ƒ”›‹‰ˆ”‘ʹͲǦ ʹͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ Phreatomagmatic eruptions

Š‡›ƒ”‡Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡‡”—’–‹‘•‘•–Ž›‘……—”†—‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ‰ƒǤŠ‡–Š‡”ƒŽ…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•™Š‡…‘‡‹–‘—…Š™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”–Š‡”ƒ’‹†…‘‘Ž‹‰ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•™Š‹…Š”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ ƒ›‘……—”—†‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ™Š‡„ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”—’–•ƒ†…‘‡•‹–‘—…Š™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–‘‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‘™„ƒ•ƒŽ–•ǡ ”‘…•‹–Š‡’‹ŽŽ‘™•Šƒ’‡Ǥ Surtseyan eruption

—”–•‡›ƒ‡”—’–‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡‹shallow seas and lakesǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡—”–•‡›ǡƒ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‹•Žƒ†‘ˆˆ –Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ …‡Žƒ†Ǥ Submarine eruption

—„ƒ”‹‡‡”—’–‹‘‘……—”•—†‡”ƒ‘…‡ƒǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–…‘‘‡”—’–‹‘•‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘–†‘…—‡–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‘‹–‘”‹‰Ǥ Subglacial eruption

—„‰Žƒ…‹ƒŽ ‡”—’–‹‘• ‘……—” —†‡” –Š‡ ‹…‡Ǥ They are also known as TuyaǤ Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡”—’–‹‘•ƒ”‡”—’–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘Ž…ƒ‘—†‡”–Š‡–ƒ”…–‹…ƒ‹…‡•Š‡‡–ƒ†—†•‘‘—–ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‡”‘……—””‡† ʹʹͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ2010, Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Island was a Subglacial eruption. Pheratic Eruptions:

Š‡•‡‡”—’–‹‘•—•—ƒŽŽ›‘……—”™‹–Š‡š–”‡‡Ž›Ž‘—†‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•ǤŠ‡‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›…ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡‘”Š›†”‘‰‡•—Žˆ‹†‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‡ˆƒ–ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹••ƒ”‘—†ǤŠ‹•‡”—’–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ ƒ••–‡ƒǦ„Žƒ•–‡”—’–‹‘ƒ†‘•–…‘‘‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•ͳͻ͹ͻ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘‹–Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ •Žƒ†ǡ™Š‹…Š‹ŽŽ‡†‘”‡–Šƒ ͳͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Other Types of Eruptions:

ˆˆ—•‹˜‡‡”—’–‹‘…ƒ—•‡•–Š‡Žƒ˜ƒ–‘ˆŽ‘™‘‰”‘—†•Ž‘™Ž›ǡƒ†‹––”ƒ˜‡Ž••Ž‘™Ž›ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•‹–‡‘ˆ‡”—’–‹‘Ǥ —„ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ‡”—’–‹‘•‘……—”‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‹…‘–”ƒ•–™‹–Š–Š‡•—„ƒ”‹‡‘”•—„‰Žƒ…‹ƒŽ‡”—’–‹‘Ǥ‹‹…”—’–‹‘• ‘……—”„‡Ž‘™–Š‡„‡†‘ˆŽƒ‡•ƒ†‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‡˜‡”–—”ǤŠ‡‰ƒ•‡•ȋ‘•–Ž›ʹȌ•—††‡Ž›‡”—’–ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡†‘ˆ –Š‡Žƒ‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–’‘‹•‘‘—•‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡Žƒ‡–•—ƒ‹•ƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›‹‹… †‹•”—’–‹‘••‘‡–‹‡•ǤLake Monoun & Lake Nyos in CameroonŠƒ˜‡•—ˆˆ‡”‡†–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ‡”—’–‹‘•‹‡ƒ” ’ƒ•–Ǥ

Types of Volcanoes by Periodicity of Eruption Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵‹†•‘ˆ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡…›‘ˆ‡”—’–‹‘˜‹œǤ…–‹˜‡ǡ‘”ƒ–ƒ†š–‹…–Ǥ Active volcanoes

…–‹˜‡ ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ‡”—’– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒ† ‘•–Ž› Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒ”‘—† ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘—– –”‘„‘Ž‹ ‹• ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘ƒ†‹–’”‘†—…‡••‘—…Š‘ˆ ƒ•…Ž‘—†•–Šƒ–‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‹‰Š–Š‘—•‡‘ˆ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒǤ–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ›ŒƒˆŒƒŽŽƒŒÚ—ŽŽ‹‹•Žƒ†ǡ™Š‹…Š‡”—’–‡†‹ʹͲͳͲǡ‘—––Ǥ‡Ž‡•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ–Ǥ–ƒŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‹ ‹…‹Ž›Ǥ Dormant Volcano

‘”ƒ–‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡‘–‡š–‹…–„—–‘–‡”—’–‡†‹”‡…‡–Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‘—–‹Ž‹ƒŒƒ”‘ǡŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘—–ƒ‹ ‹ ˆ”‹…ƒ ‹• ‘™ –‘ „‡ ƒ †‘”ƒ– ‘Ž…ƒ‘Ǥ The dormant volcanoes may erupt in future. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26

Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements

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Extinct Volcano

š–‹…–‘”‹ƒ…–‹˜‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–™‘”‡†‹†‹•–ƒ–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’ƒ•–Ǥ ‘•–…ƒ•‡•–Š‡…”ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž…ƒ‘‹• ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‡Ǥ

Some definitions Tephra

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆƒŽŽ–›’‡•ƒ†•‹œ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡”—’–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ…”ƒ–‡”‘”˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…˜‡–ƒ††‡’‘•‹–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‹”ǤŠ‡ ‡’Š”ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ–Š‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—…Šƒ••ŠǡŽ—‡•ǡ‘Ž…ƒ‹…‘„•ǡ‘Ž…ƒ‹…Ž‘…•ǡŽƒ’‹ŽŽ‹‡–…Ǥ Volcanic Bomb

‹‡…‡•‘ˆ‹•…‘—•Žƒ˜ƒ‘ˆ–‡ʹǤͷ‹…Š•‹œ‡ƒ”‡‡Œ‡…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡˜‹•…‘—•”‘—†‡†•Šƒ’‡†ŠƒŽˆ •‡‹•‘Ž‹†’‹‡…‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘Ž…ƒ‹…‘„•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡””‘—†‘”•’‹†Ž‡•Šƒ’‡†‘””‹„„‘•Šƒ’‡†Ǥ‘‡–‹‡• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‘Ž…ƒ‹… Ž‘…•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘Ž…ƒ‹… „Ž‘…• ƒ”‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒŽ‘•– •ƒ‡ •‹œ‡ǡ ƒ”‡ •‘Ž‹†Ǥ Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡” ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• Ž‡•• –Šƒ ʹǤͷ ‹…Š ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Lapilli. Š‡ ’‹‡…‡• ‘ˆ ”‘…• –Šƒ– ‡”—’– ˜‹‘Ž‡–Ž› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† „ƒŽŽ‹•–‹… ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ Lapilli

ƒ’‹ŽŽ‹ ‡ƒ DzŽ‹––Ž‡ •–‘‡•Ǥ̶ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ”‘—† –‘ ƒ‰—Žƒ” ”‘… ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ͳȀͳͲ ‹…Š –‘ ʹ ͳȀʹ ‹…Š‡• ‹ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›„‡‡Œ‡…–‡†‹‡‹–Š‡”ƒ•‘Ž‹†‘”‘Ž–‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ Volcanic Ash:

Š‡•Šˆ”‘–Š‡‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•‹•Šƒ”†ƒ†ƒ„”ƒ•‹˜‡–›’‡™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ”‘…’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ‹‡–ƒŽ•ƒ†‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‰Žƒ••ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǤŠ‡…Ž‘—†ƒ†‡„›–Š‡‘Ž…ƒ‹…•Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†•ŠŽ‘—†ǤŠ‡–Š‹•ƒ•ŠˆƒŽŽ•‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ǡ‹–‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†‘Ž…ƒ‹…•Š ƒŽŽǤŠ‡…Ž‘—†•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†˜ƒŽƒ…Š‡••‘‡–‹‡•Ǥ Pillow lava

–‡”…‘‡…–‡†ǡ•ƒ…ǦŽ‹‡„‘†‹‡•‘ˆŽƒ˜ƒˆ‘”‡†—†‡”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Pyroclastic Rocks

–‹•–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†ȋ…Žƒ•–‹…Ȍ”‘…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡†„›ƒ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‡š’Ž‘•‹‘‘”‡Œ‡…–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…˜‡–Ǥ Cinder Cone:

…‘‡•Šƒ’‡Š‹ŽŽ‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ……——Žƒ–‡ƒ”‘—†ƒ††‘™™‹†ˆ”‘ƒ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…˜‡–‹•ƒ…‹†‡” …‘‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ„‘™ŽǦ•Šƒ’‡†…”ƒ–‡”ƒ––Š‡–‘’Ǥ•–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǧˆ‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ˜ƒ‡”—’–•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”ǡ–Š‡Žƒ˜ƒˆ”ƒ‰‡–• ƒ†ˆ‘”•…‹†‡”•Ǥ Repose.

Š‡–‹‡Žƒ‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‡”—’–‹‘•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†”‡’‘•‡Ǥ Volcanic Explosivity Index

‘Ž…ƒ‹…š’Ž‘•‹˜‹–› †‡š‹•ƒ•…ƒŽ‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ•—”‡•–Š‡‘Ž—‡‘ˆ‘Ž…ƒ‹…”‘†—…–•ǡ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆŽ—‡ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•–‘†‡…‹†‡™Š‹…Š˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‹•‘”‡‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡Ǥ‹‰Š‡•–ƒ‰‹–—†‡‹•ͺǤ

Pacific Ring of Fire ƒ…‹ˆ‹…‹‰‘ˆ ‹”‡‹•ƒŠ‘”•‡Ǧ•Š‘‡•Šƒ’‡†ͶͲǡͲͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š͹ͷΨ‘ˆƒ”–Š̵• ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ††‘”ƒ–˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•Ǥ –‹•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž…ƒ‹…”—’–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ”–Š “—ƒ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ƒ…–‹˜‡ ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ Š‹Ž‡ǡ ‡š‹…‘ǡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǡ —••‹ƒ ƒ” ƒ•–ǡ ƒ’ƒǡ Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡•ǡ †‘‡•‹ƒǡ ‡™ ‡ƒŽƒ†ǡ Ƭ –ƒ”…–‹…ƒǤ

Some other Notes x Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘”‡–ŠƒͳͷͲͲƒ…–‹˜‡‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•‹–Š‡™‘”†Ǥ x

”ƒ–‡”ƒ‡‹”‡‰ƒ‘™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†™Š‡ƒ‘Ž…ƒ‘Ž‘•–‹–•–‘’‹‡”—’–‹‘–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ

x

The Volcanic Ash is mostly acidic.

x

Š‡Ž›’—•‘•‹•–Š‡–ƒŽŽ‡•–‘™‘Ž…ƒ‘‘Žƒ‡–ƒ”•Ǥ

x

–ƒŽ›̵•–”‘„‘Ž‹‘Ž…ƒ‘‹•‡”—’–‹‰ˆ‘”‘”‡–ŠƒʹͷͲͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

x

Š‡‘—––Ǥ‡Ž‡•‡Šƒ†‡”—’–‡†‹ͳͻͺͲǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ—•‡†–Š‡ƒ•Š–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ…”‘••‡–‹”‡Ǥ

x

Š‡ͳͺͺ͵‡”—’–‹‘‘ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒ̵•”ƒ‘–ƒ‡”—’–‹‘™ƒ••‘Ž‘—†–Šƒ–„Žƒ•–•™‡”‡Š‡ƒ”‡†͵ͲͲͲ‹Ž‡•ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 11 x ƒ—ƒ‡ƒ‹ƒ™ƒ‹‹‹•–Š‡–ƒŽŽ‡•–‘Ž…ƒ‘‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‹–•ƒ‡‹•Š‹–‡‘—–ƒ‹ƒ•‹–‹• •‘™…ƒ’’‡†Ǥ –•Š‡‹‰Š–‹•ͶʹͲͷ‡–‡”ˆ”‘‡ƒ‡˜‡ŽǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹ˆ‹–‡ƒ•—”‡†ˆ”‘‹–•‘…‡ƒ‹…„ƒ•‡ǡ‹–‹• –Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ‘—–˜‡”‡•–ȋ‘˜‡”ͳͲͲͲͲ‡–‡”•ȌǤ

Basics of Magma Model Question - 4. (IAS 2001) Consider the following statements: 1. Most magma are a combination of liquid, solid and gas. 2. Water vapour and carbon dioxide are the principal gases dissolved in magma. 3. Basaltic magma is hotter than the silicic magma. 4. The magma solidified between sedimentary rocks in a horizontal position is known as dike. Which of these statements are correct? Answer: 4 www.gktoday.in

ƒ‰ƒ ‹• ƒ ‹š–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž–‡ ‘” •‡‹Ǧ‘Ž–‡ ”‘…ǡ ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡• ƒ† •‘Ž‹†•Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ‘Ž–‡ ”‘… ‹– ƒ› …‘–ƒ‹ •—•’‡†‡†…”›•–ƒŽ•ƒ††‹••‘Ž˜‡†‰ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡–™‘‘•–ƒ„—†ƒ–‡Ž‡‡–•‹‡ƒ”–Š̵•…”—•–ƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ”‡‘š›‰‡ ƒ†•‹Ž‹…‘™Š‹…Š…‘„‹‡–‘ƒ‡‹Ž‹…ƒ‹Ǥ‡‹ʹǤ

Types of Magma Š‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ• ‹• †‘‡ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• of Silica contentǤ  –Š‹• „ƒ•‹• –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—” –›’‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ•‡–‹‘‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ Magma Type

Silica Content

Fe--Mg Content

Temperature

Eruption

Viscosity

Ultramafic or Picritic

Less than 45%

8-32%

High up to 1500°C

Gentle

Low

Mafic or Basaltic

Around 50%

Less than 10%

Up to 1300°C

Gentle

Low

Andesitic

Around 60%

Around 3%

Up to 1000°C

Explosive

Medium

Felsic / Rhyolitic

Around 70%

Around 2%

Below 900°C

Explosive

High

”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡–ƒ„Ž‡’Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡†‘™–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǣ 9 Increasing silica content is the basis of classifying the Magma from Picritic to Felsic. 9 Increasing Silica content implies a lower temperature of the Magma.

Mug This Please...

9 Increasing silica content implies an explosive eruption behaviour of Magma 9 Increasing silica content implies an increasing viscosity of Magma. ƒ‰ƒ ‘ˆ–‡ …‘ŽŽ‡…–• ‹ ƒ‰ƒ …Šƒ„‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ› ˆ‡‡† ƒ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘ ‘” –—” ‹–‘ ƒ ’Ž—–‘Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ ‹• …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹–”—•‹‘‹–‘ƒ†Œƒ…‡–”‘…•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰”‹•‡–‘Sills and Dikes, ƒ†‡š–”—•‹‘‘–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ•Žƒ˜ƒǡƒ†‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡ ‡Œ‡…–‹‘ ƒ• ‡’Š”ƒ –‘ ˆ‘” pyroclastic rocksǤ Š‡ ‡’Š”ƒ ‹• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •—…Š ƒ• •Šǡ Ž—‡•ǡ ‘Ž…ƒ‹…‘„•ǡ‘Ž…ƒ‹…Ž‘…•ǡŽƒ’‹ŽŽ‹‡–…Ǥ

Gases in Magma Š‡ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ƒ‰ƒ ƒ– Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ „‡‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‰ƒ• ˆ‘”• ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ˜ƒ’‘” ’Šƒ•‡ ™Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ”‹•‡•–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǢ˜‡”›—…Š•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡† „‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡„‘––Ž‡†ƒ–Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ƒ•‰‹˜‡•ƒ‰ƒ•–Š‡‹”‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ‰ƒ• ‡š’ƒ†•ƒ•’”‡••—”‡‹•”‡†—…‡†ǤŠ‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‡•‹ƒ‰ƒ‹•ǣ x

‘•–Ž›ʹȋ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ȌƬ•‘‡ʹȋ…ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡Ȍ

x

‹‘”ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ—Žˆ—”ǡŠŽ‘”‹‡ǡƒ† Ž—‘”‹‡‰ƒ•‡•

Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‰ƒ•‹ƒ‰ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒǤŠ›‘Ž‹–‹…ƒ‰ƒ•—•—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‰ƒ• …‘–‡–• –Šƒ „ƒ•ƒŽ–‹…  ƒ‰ƒ•Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š›‘Ž‹–‹… ƒ‰ƒ ‹• ‘”‡ ‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ•ƒŽ–‹…ƒ‰ƒǤ 

4 In this question, first three statements are correct. The fourth definition is of a sill. A sill is a horizontal sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or even along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. If it vertical, it is called Dike.

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Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements Formation of Magma

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Model Question - 5. Which among the following is/ are the sources of Magma: 1. Molten Outer Core of the Earth 2. Solid Rocks of Earth’s Crust 3. Solid Rocks of Mantle Choose the correct options: Answer: 5 www.gktoday.in

 –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‘†—Ž‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘Ž›’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š –Šƒ– ‹• Ž‹“—‹† ‹• –Š‡ ‘—–‡” …‘”‡Ǥ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ outer core is NOT the source of Magma, because it does not have the right chemical compositionǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡthe outer core is mostly Iron, but magmas are silicate liquidsǤƒ‰ƒ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•– ƒ†‹–Š‡upper portion of the mantleǤŠ‡”‡ǡŠ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ†’”‡••—”‡…ƒ—•‡•‘‡”‘…•–‘‡Ž–ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒ‰ƒǤ ‹…‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹••‘Ž‹†ǡ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ƒ‰ƒ•–‘ˆ‘”ǡ•‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š—•–‰‡–Š‘–‡‘—‰Š–‘ ‡Ž––Š‡”‘…•’”‡•‡–ǤŠ‡ǡƒ‰ƒ†‘‡•‘–‘……—”‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡„‡Ž‘™—•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›•‘‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’Žƒ…‡• ™Š‡”‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ‡š‹•–Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ‰ƒ ‹• ˆ‘”‡† —†‡” •‘‡ •’‡…‹ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡š‹•– ‹ •‘‡ Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ”‡ƒǤ Model Question - 6. Consider the following statements: 1. Most Magmas erupted in the ocean basins are basaltic 2. The melting of rocks of Earth’s mantle generated Basaltic Magma Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 6 www.gktoday.in

‘–Š‡”’‘‹–‹•–Šƒ–‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•ǡƒ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡‘–Ž‹‡Ž›–‘…‘‡ˆ”‘‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–ǡ•‹…‡ most magmas erupted in the ocean basins are basaltic.‘’”‘†—…‡„ƒ•ƒŽ–‹…ƒ‰ƒ•„›‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•ƒŽ–‹… ‘…‡ƒ‹… …”—•– ™‘—Ž† ”‡“—‹”‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͲͲΨ ‡Ž–‹‰ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ ‘– Šƒ’’‡Ǥ  –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–•ǡ „‘–Š „ƒ•ƒŽ–‹… ƒ† ”Š›‘Ž‹–‹… ƒ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‡”—’–‡† ƒ† ‹–”—†‡†Ǥ ƒ•ƒŽ–‹… ƒ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‘– Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ …‘‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ …”—•–ǡ •‹…‡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ‘”‡ •‹Ž‹…‡‘—•ǡ „—– ‘”‡ •‹Ž‹…‡‘—• ƒ‰ƒ• ȋƒ†‡•‹–‹… Ǧ ”Š›‘Ž‹–‹…Ȍ …‘—Ž† …‘‡ˆ”‘‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–Ǥƒ•ƒŽ–‹…ƒ‰ƒ•—•–…‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ǤŠ—•ǡ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–•ǡ magmas are most likely to originate in the mantle from melting of mantle peridotite, (a rock made up of olivine, pyroxene, and garnet) -- evidence comes from pieces brought up by erupting volcanoes. Does Geothermal Gradient causes melting of Rocks?

‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š †‡’–Š ‘” ’”‡••—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‰‡‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–Ǥ  Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‰‡‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ†‹‡– ‹• •‘‡™Šƒ– Š‹‰Š‡” „‡‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• –Šƒ „‡‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–•ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ƒ– •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ  —– ™Š‡ ™‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‰‡‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–•ǡ ™‡ ˆ‹† –Šƒ– —†‡” –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ geothermal gradient is not high enough to melt rocksǡ–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Šƒ–™‹–Š–Š‡‡š…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–‡”…‘”‡ǡ‘•–‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”–Š‹••‘Ž‹†ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡geothermal gradient is not a very substantial factor…‘–”‹„—–‹‰‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒǤ Does Radioactive Heat Cause Melting of Rocks?

Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ ‡Ž‡‡–• •—…Š ƒ• ”ƒ‹—ǡ Š‘”‹— ‡–…ǡ ‡‡’ †‡…ƒ›‹‰ „‡Ž‘™Ǥ —”‹‰ ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ †‡…ƒ›ǡ •—„Ǧ ƒ–‘‹… ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† „› –Š‡ †‡…ƒ›‹‰ ‹•‘–‘’‡ ƒ† ‘˜‡ ‘—–™ƒ”† —–‹Ž –Š‡› …‘ŽŽ‹†‡ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ƒ–‘‹… ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•Ǥ ’‘ …‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹‡–‹… ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡‘˜‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‹•…‘˜‡”–‡† –‘ Š‡ƒ–Ǥ ˆ –Š‹•Š‡ƒ–…ƒ‘– „‡ …‘†—…–‡† ƒ™ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™‹ŽŽ ”‹•‡Ǥ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡Š‡ƒ– ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ †‡…ƒ›ǡ ƒ† –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘ ™Š› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š †‡’–Š ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–ŠǤ  —– ƒ‰ƒ‹ this is not

5 Only 2 & 3. 6 Both 1 & 2 are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 13 enough to prove the melting of the rocksǤ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘™–Šƒ–most the radioactive isotopes are concentrated in the crust.Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–™Š‡”‡Š‹‰Š…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‡‡Ž‡‡–• Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘…ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ‹•‡† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– Š‹‰Š ‡‘—‰Š –‘ …ƒ—•‡ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•ǡ „—– ‹– ‹• ‘”‡ —Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘develop within the mantleǤThus, concentrations of radioactive elements are not likely to cause melting. Does decrease in Pressure cause rock melt?

Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ –Š‹‰•Ǥ ‹”•– ‹• –Šƒ– ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡• ‹ ƒ–Ž‡ ”‘…• ’”‡˜‡– ƒ–‘• ™‹–Š‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ „”‡ƒ‹‰…Š‡‹…ƒŽ„‘†•ƒ†‘˜‹‰ˆ”‡‡Ž›ˆ”‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰ƒǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘•–”‘…•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ–Ž‡†‘‘–‡Ž–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ›„‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘‡Ž––Š‡•ƒ‡”‘…•ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” ’”‡••—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ˆ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘……—”• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ ƒ–Ž‡ ”‘… ‹• †‡…”‡ƒ•‡†Ǣ–Š‡ƒ–‘•ƒ›‘˜‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›ˆ”‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ˜‡”›Š‘–•‘Ž‹†”‘…ǤŠ‹•’”‘…‡••‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†’”‡••—”‡Ǧ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ –‹•ƒ•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‡†–Š‡‘”›ƒ†‹•ˆ‘—† –‘„‡common along divergent plate marginsǡƒ†™‹–Š‹ƒ–Ž‡’Ž—‡•Ǥ Does addition of Water causes melting?

Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ ƒ‘—–• ™ƒ–‡” –‘ ’‡”‹†‘–‹–‡ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‹–• ‡Ž–‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒŽŽ›’‘Žƒ”‹œ‡†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ™ƒ–‡”‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ǡƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—‡“—ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ǤŠ‡‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒŽ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘…ƒ—•‡•ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǧƒ‹‘„‘†•–”‡‰–Š•™‹–Š‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡƒ†•‘ƒ–˜‡”›Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–Š‡„‘†•ƒ›„‡„”‘‡•‘–Šƒ–ƒ–‘•ƒ›‘˜‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›ˆ”‘‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” –‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ‰ƒǤ Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–Ž‡ ”‘…Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‘……—”•™‹–Š‹•—„†—…–‹‘œ‘‡•ƒ•™ƒ–‡”‹•̵•“—‡‡œ‡†̵ˆ”‘–Š‡•—„†—…–‡†‘…‡ƒ‹…Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‹–‘–Š‡‘˜‡”Ž›‹‰ —Ž–”ƒƒˆ‹…ƒ–Ž‡™‡†‰‡Ǥ How Magma is finally formed?

Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ†‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—”…‡”‘…ƒ†–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ    ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–Ž‡ •‘—”…‡ ȋ‰ƒ”‡– ’‡”‹†‘–‹–‡Ȍ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒˆ‹…Ȁ„ƒ•ƒŽ–‹… ƒ‰ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ…”—•–ƒŽ•‘—”…‡•›‹‡Ž†•‘”‡•‹Ž‹…‡‘—•ƒ‰ƒ•Ǥ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘”‡•‹Ž‹…‡‘—•ƒ‰ƒ•ˆ‘”„›Ž‘™†‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ • –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ Ž‡•• •‹Ž‹…‡‘—• …‘’‘•‹–‹‘• …ƒ „‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘ǡ ‡Ž–‹‰ƒƒˆ‹…•‘—”…‡–Š—•›‹‡Ž†•ƒˆ‡Ž•‹…‘”‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ‰ƒǤ‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ—Ž–”ƒƒˆ‹…ȋ’‡”‹†‘–‹–‡•‘—”…‡Ȍ›‹‡Ž†• ƒ „ƒ•ƒŽ–‹… ƒ‰ƒǤ Š‡ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘” †—”‹‰ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ …”—•– …ƒ ƒŽ–‡” –Š‡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹…Ž—†‡••‘‡’”‘…‡••‡••—…Šƒ• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹š‹‰ǡƒ†ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘ƒŽ…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Part III. Megarelief Mega-Relief Basics ˆ–‡”  •–—†›‹‰ ™Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡• „‡Ž‘™ ‡ƒ”–Šǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‘™ •Ž‘™Ž› ‘˜‹‰ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •–”—…–—”‡• ‘ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†•‘ˆƒ†•…ƒ’‡•ǤƒŽƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡•‘ˆ…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡ ‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ …ƒŽŽ‡† MegareliefǤ Š‡ ‡‰ƒ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡• „› •…ƒŽ‡ǡ ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‘—• ‘…‡ƒ „ƒ•‹• ƒ† …‘–‹‡–• †‘™ –‘ Ž‘…ƒŽ Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ •’—”•ǡ …Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ǡ ‰‘”‰‡• ƒ† ”‹˜‡” –‡””ƒ…‡•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡‘”†‡”•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ First Order of Relief:

Š‡ „”‘ƒ†‡•– …ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ† ˆ‘”• ‹…Ž—†‡• Š—‰‡ continental platforms ƒ† ocean basinsǤ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ••‡•‘ˆ…”—•––Šƒ–‡š‹•–ƒ„‘˜‡‘”‡ƒ”•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Žǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡—†‡”•‡ƒ…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Š‡Ž˜‡• ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡…‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡‘…‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•ƒ”‡‡–‹”‡Ž›„‡Ž‘™–Š‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͹ͳ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹• …‘˜‡”‡†„›™ƒ–‡”ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–ʹͻ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ‹–••—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ•…‘–‹‡–•ƒ†‹•Žƒ†•ǤŠ‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”‹‡˜‹†‡…‡–‘†ƒ›†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ†‹•–‹…–™ƒ–‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†…‘–‹‡–ƒŽŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

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Second Order of Relief:

–Š‡‘…‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•ǡ–Š‡•‡…‘†‘”†‡”‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹…Ž—†‡•…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”‹•‡•ǡ•Ž‘’‡•ǡƒ„›••ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•ǡ‹†Ǧ‘…‡ƒ”‹†‰‡•ǡ •—„ƒ”‹‡…ƒ›‘•ǡƒ†•—„†—…–‹‘–”‡…Š‡•Ǥ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡•‡…‘†‘”†‡”‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹…Ž—†‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ••‡•ǡ‘—–ƒ‹ƒ••‡•ǡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•ǡ’Žƒ‹•ƒ†Ž‘™Žƒ†•Ǥˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡŽ’•ǡ‘…›‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ†‡•ǡ‹„‡–ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‘ˆƒ–‘Ž‹ƒȋ—”‡›Ȍǡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹…’Žƒ‹•ǡ‹„‡”‹ƒŽ‘™Žƒ†•ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ‹••‹••‹’’‹ǤŠ‡‰”‡ƒ–”‘… …‘”‡•ȋ•Š‹‡Ž†•Ȍ–Šƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ••ƒ”…‘ˆ–Š‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ Third Order of Relief:

Š‡–Š‹”†‘”†‡”‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹…Ž—†‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’‡ƒ•ǡ…Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ǡŠ‹ŽŽ•ǡ•’—”•ǡ‰‘”‰‡•ǡ•ƒ††—‡•ǡ…ƒ˜‡•ǡ‘”ƒ‹‡•ǡ …‹”“—‡•ǡ”‹’’Ž‡•ǡ„‡ƒ…Š‡•ǡ‡–…ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Ž‘…ƒŽŽƒ†•…ƒ’‡•Ǥ

Relief Features of the Oceans …‡ƒ•ƒ‡—’͹ͳ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‡Ž‹‡ˆ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ “—‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– —…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ͸Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– „—Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ …”—•– ‹• ‘ˆ ”‘–‡”‘œ‘‹… ƒ‰‡Ȅ ‘•–Ž›‘˜‡”ͳ„‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡

Oceans: Quick Facts ƒ Surface area of earth is 510,072,000 km². It comprises of 148,940,000 km² land (29.2 %) & 361,132,000 km² water (70.8 %). ƒ Half of this more than 36 Crore Square Kilometers of total area under oceans is deeper than 3000 meters. ƒ The Average salinity of the oceans is 3.5% or 35ppt i.e. parts per thousand. The volume of all oceans is around 1.3 billion Km3. ƒ Average depth is 3790 meters. Maximum Depth is 10923 meters. ƒ Total mass of ocean water is 1.4 x 1021 kilograms. It is 0.023% of Earth's total mass. ƒ Less than 3% of water available on earth is Fresh water, rest is saline water.

›‘—‰ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… …”—•– ‹• “—‹–‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ …‡ƒ ‹• „Ž—‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ™ƒ–‡” •Š‘™• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› „Ž—‡ …‘Ž‘” ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ‹– ƒ„•‘”„• –Š‡ ‡† ’Š‘–‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘™Š‹…Š‰‹˜‡•™ƒ–‡”‹–•…‘Ž‘”‹•‹–Š‡”‡†‡†‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡•’‡…–”—ǡ ‘‡•‡‡•„Ž—‡ǡ–Š‡…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›…‘Ž‘”‘ˆ”‡†ǡ™Š‡‘„•‡”˜‹‰Ž‹‰Š––Šƒ–Šƒ•’ƒ••‡†–Š”‘—‰Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡–‡”•‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Some Extreme Points

ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be 10,971 meters (plus or minus 11 meters). British naval vessel, Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench, the "Challenger Deep". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.

Š‡‘…‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”–•ƒ••Š‘™‹–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ǣ ƒ

Continental Shelf

ƒ

Continental Slope

ƒ

Continental Rise or Foot

ƒ

Deep Ocean basins

ƒ

Abyssal plains & Abyssal

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Continental margin.

Hills ƒ

Oceanic Trenches

ƒ

Seamounts

ƒ

Guyots.

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Model Question - 7. Consider the following statements: 1. Largest Continental Shelf is in Atlantic Ocean 2. While going down along continental slope, the transition of Continental Crust to Oceanic Crust generally occurs at Continental Rise Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 7 www.gktoday.in

Continental Shelf ‘–‹‡–ƒŽŠ‡Žˆ‹•–Š‡•—„‡”‰‡†‡†‰‡‘ˆƒ…‘–‹‡–Ǥ –‹•ƒ‰‡–Ž›•Ž‘’‹‰’Žƒ‹–Šƒ– ‡š–‡†•‹–‘–Š‡…‡ƒǤŠ‡–›’‹…ƒŽ‰”ƒ†‹‡–‹•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳιǤƒ‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–‘–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ •Š‡Ž˜‡• ‹• ͳͺΨ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• †”› Žƒ† ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ™‹†–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ •Š‡Žˆ ˜ƒ”‹‡• …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›Ǣ there are many places on earth where there is virtually no shelf at allǤ Š‡ largest continental shelf is the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Oceanǡ ™Š‹…Š •–”‡–…Š‡• –‘ ͳǡͷͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‹ ™‹†–ŠǤ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ™‹†–Š ‘ˆ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Š‡Ž˜‡•‹•ƒ„‘—–ͺͲǤŠ‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‡ŽˆƒŽ•‘˜ƒ”‹‡•ǡ„—–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Ž‹‹–‡†–‘™ƒ–‡”•ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡”–ŠƒͳͷͲǤ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Š‡Žˆ‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ ”ƒ‹–‡”‘…‘˜‡”Žƒ‹„›–Š‡•‡†‹‡–•Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡–Ž‡•Ž‘’‡ǡ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Š‡Žˆ‹•‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ

Continental Slope & Continental Rise ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•–‡‡’†‡•…‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡•Š‡Žˆ„”‡ƒ–‘–Š‡†‡‡’•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ …Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡‹•ƒ”‘—†Ͷ郐†—•—ƒŽŽ›„‡–™‡‡ʹι–‘ͷιǤŠ‡Žˆ„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘•–…‘•–ƒ–ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡ƒ† ‹•ƒ”‘—†ͳͷͲ‡–‡”•ǡ‡š…‡’––Š‡–ƒ”…–‹…ƒƒ† ”‡‡Žƒ†…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡•ǤŠ‡•Ž‘’‡’Ž—‰‡•†‘™ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͳ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”ƒ†—•—ƒŽŽ›ʹǦ͵‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‡‘–‹‡–ƒŽ‹•‡…‘‡…–•–Š‡‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡–‘–Š‡†‡‡’•‡ƒ‘”ƒ„›••ƒŽ’Žƒ‹Ǥ –•™‹†–Š‹•ƒ”‘—†ͳͲͲǦͳͲͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǤŽ‘’‡‹•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‘—†ŽȀͺ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡ǤThe transition from continental to oceanic crust commonly occurs within the continental rise.

Deep Ocean basin & Oceanic Ridges Model Question - 8. Consider the following statements in context with the Mid-Oceanic Ridges: 1. They represent geologically young rocks 2. They are found in every ocean 3. Many of them are near Volcanic Hotspots Which among the above statements is/ are correct? Answer: 8

‡‡’…‡ƒƒ•‹‹•–Š‡Ž‘™‡•–Žƒ›‡”‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒǤŠ‡•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”‹•Ž‹‡ ƒ …‘˜‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ •‡†‹‡–• ‘˜‡” ƒ „ƒ•ƒŽ– ”‘… ™Š‹…Š ƒ› „‡ —’ –‘ ͷ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• –Š‹…Ǥ Oceanic ridges ‘” Mid-oceanic Ridges ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ †‹˜‡”‰‹‰ ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ  ‹†‘…‡ƒ‹… ”‹†‰‡ ‘ˆ

www.gktoday.in A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) refers to an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift that runs along its spine, formed by plate tectonics.

•—„ƒ”‹‡ Š‹ŽŽ• †‹˜‹†‡• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹‹ƒ„‘—–ŠƒŽˆǤ”‡…‹•‡Ž› ‹–Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‹†‰‡ǡƒ– ‹–•Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘‹–ǡ‹•ƒƒ””‘™ –”‡…ŠŽ‹‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ axial rift. Š‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‹•”‹ˆ–•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ– –Š‡…”—•–‹•„‡‹‰’—ŽŽ‡†ƒ’ƒ”–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹ˆ–Ǥ 7 Only 2 is a correct statement. 8 All are correct statements

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…Šƒ‹ ‘ˆ young rocks ™Š‹…Š •–”‡–…Š ƒ”‘—† ͸ͷͲͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤͳǤͷ–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š̵• …‹”…—ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ Oceanic ridges are made up of basalt rocksǡǡ ƒ”‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ…–‹˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡™ ƒ‰ƒ …‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘–‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” ƒ……——Žƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ …”—•– ƒ– ƒ† ‡ƒ” ”‹ˆ–• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ”‹†‰‡ ƒš‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ†Œƒ…‡– ‰”ƒ’Š‹… •Š‘™• †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘‡ …‡ƒ‹… ‹†‰‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‹†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

Aden Ridge: —Žˆ‘ˆ†‡ƒ† †‹ƒ…‡ƒƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡‹•—ŽƒǤ

x

Explorer Ridge:‘…ƒ–‡†ʹͶͲ™‡•–‘ˆƒ…‘—˜‡” •Žƒ†ǡ”‹–‹•Š‘Ž—„‹ƒǡƒƒ†ƒǤ

x

Gorda Ridge: ‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ”‡‰‘ƒ†‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ‘”–Š‘ˆƒ’‡‡†‘…‹‘

x

Juan de Fuca Ridge: ‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•

x

Cocos Ridge: –•‹•ƒ‘Ž…ƒ‹…Š‘–•’‘–ǤŽ•‘‘™ƒ• Galapagos hotspotŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•–ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒ responsible for the creation of the Galapagos Islands as well as three major seismic ridge systems. Carnegie, Cocos and MalpelsoǤ

x

Gakkel Ridge: Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”…–‹… …‡ƒ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡‡Žƒ† ƒ† ‹„‡”‹ƒǡ ƒ† Šƒ• ƒ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ͳǡͺͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ –‹• slowest known spreading ridge ‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

x

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge:Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‘—–Šƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒ

x

Southeast Indian Ridge: –‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒƒ†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–Š‡ †‘…‡ƒ’Žƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ –ƒ”…–‹…’Žƒ–‡Ǥ

x

Carlsberg Ridge:‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒǤ

Abyssal Plain „›••ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹ ‹• ˆŽƒ–ǡ …‘Ž† ƒ† •‡†‹‡– …‘˜‡”‡† ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ „›••ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‹ –Žƒ–‹… ƒ† †‹ƒ…‡ƒ•ƒ†Ž‡••‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǤ„›••ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‡’–Š„‡–™‡‡͵ͲͲͲƒ† ͸ͲͲͲ‡–‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆŽƒ––‡•–ǡ•‘‘–Š‡•–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ•–‡š’Ž‘”‡†”‡‰‹‘•‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

Oceanic Trench ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘”†‡‡’‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘…‡ƒ–”‡…ŠǤ –‹•‘”‡‘”Ž‡••ƒ•Šƒ’‡†˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ ™‘”Ž†̵• –”‡…Š‡• ƒ”‡ ‹ ƒ…‹ˆ‹… …‡ƒǤ ”‡…Š‡• ƒ”‡ most active geological features ‘ ‡ƒ”–Š ™Š‡”‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒ”‡•—ƒ‹•ƒ”‡„‘”Ǥ‡”‡‹•ƒ„”‹‡ˆ‹ˆ‘ƒ„‘—–‹’‘”–ƒ––”‡…Š‡•ǣ Mariana Trench

ƒ”‹ƒƒ”‡…Š‹•–Š‡†‡‡’‡•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•‘…‡ƒ•Ǥ –‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǡ‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‹ƒƒ •Žƒ†•Ǥ Š‡ –”‡…Š ‹• ƒ„‘—– ʹǡͷͷͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• Ž‘‰ „—– Šƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ ™‹†–Š ‘ˆ ‘Ž› ͸ͻ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ƒš‹— ‘™ †‡’–Š ‹• ͳͳǤͲ͵ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ‹–›ƒœǦŽ ‡‡’ ƒ† ƒ„‘—– ͳͲ ͻͳ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡” ‡‡’Ǥ Tonga Trench

‘‰ƒ”‡…Š—•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‘—–Šƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒƒ†‹••‡…‘††‡‡’‡•––”‡…ŠǤ –•†‡‡’‡•–’‘‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘”‹œ‘ ‡‡’Ǥ –‹•–‡‡’‡•–”‡…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†Ǥ Factbox: Tonga Trench and Apollo 13 Apollo 13 was the third Apollo mission which was launched to land on the Moon. It was successfully launched toward the Moon, but the landing had to be aborted after an oxygen tank ruptured. It was launched on April 11, 1970 and subsequently failed. Its lunar module re-entered earth's surface on April 17. 1970 and was targeted over the pacific Ocean to reduce the contamination from the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) on board, which would have provided energy to the Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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mission. This RTG was landed in the Tonga Trench. The RTG will remain active for next 2000 years. It has 3.9 kilogram of radioactive plutonium. www.gktoday.in

Puerto Rico Trench

—‡”–‘‹…‘”‡…Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”‹„„‡ƒ‡ƒƒ†–Š‡–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒǤŠ‡–”‡…Š‹• ͺͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ž‘‰ƒ†Šƒ•ƒƒš‹—†‡’–Š‘ˆͺǡ͸Ͳͷ‡–‡”•ƒ–‹Ž™ƒ—‡‡‡‡’Ǥ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡†‡‡’‡•–’‘‹–‹ –Š‡–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒǤ Location of some Mid-Oceanic Trenches in Oceans

North Pacific Ocean

South Pacific Ocean

Mariana Trench (Vityaz-l Deep and Challenger Deep)

Tonga Trench (Horizon Deep)

Japan Trench (Ramapo Deep)

New Hebrides Trench

North Atlantic PuertoRico trench

Aleutian Trench Kurile Trench Philippine pp Trench Atacama Trench

Peru trench

Plate Tectonics

Romanche trench

Indian Ocean

Sunda Trench also known as Java Trench.

Seamounts & Guyots ‡ƒ‘—–• ƒ”‡ ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” ™Š‹…Š Ž‘‘ Ž‹‡ ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •–‡‡’ •Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‘—†ʹʹι–‘ʹͶιǤƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•–‘–ƒŽ•‡ƒ‘—–•ƒ”…‹ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǤ —›‘–•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ…–‹˜‡˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ˆŽƒ––‘’’‡†Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–ƒŽŽ‡‘—‰Š–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘”‡˜‡’‡‡–”ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ —›‘–•ƒ”‡ …‘ˆ‹‡†–‘‡–”ƒŽƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǤ

Rift valleys ”‹ˆ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›‹•Ž‹‡ƒ”Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†Ž‘™Žƒ†„‡–™‡‡Š‹‰ŠŽƒ†•‘”‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•…”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… ”‹ˆ–‘”ˆƒ—Ž–‹‘’’‘•‹–‡‘”’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‘‰•–‡‡’•‹†‡†ǡˆŽƒ–ˆŽ‘‘”‡†˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǤWorld's largest Fresh water lakes are typical rift valleys.šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‹‹„‡”‹ƒǡƒ‡ƒ‰ƒ›‹ƒǡƒ‡ —’‡”‹‘”ǡƒ‡‘•–‘ǡƒ‡‹’‹••‹‰ƒ†ƒ‡‹‹•ƒ‹‰ǤJordan Rift Valleyǡ™Š‹…Š‹•Ž‘™‡•–Žƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘‡ƒ”–Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡ƒ†‡ƒƒ†‹•͹͸Ͳ‡–‡”•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒǤGulf of Aqaba ‹–Š‡‡†‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‹ˆ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ Lake Baikal ‡Lake L k Baikal, B ik l also l known k as "Pearl "P l off Siberia" Sib i " is i located l t d in i Siberia Sib i and d is i second d mostt voluminous l i lake in the world after the Caspian Sea. It is also world's oldest and deepest lake. It’s a Rift valley, created by the Baikal Rift Zone, and a World Heritage site declared in 1996. Lake Baikal is home to Buryats , the largest ethnic minority group and a tribe in Siberia. It was referred as North Sea by ancient Chinese writers. Lake Tanganyika ‡After Aft lake l k Baikal, B ik l Lake L k Tanganyika T ik is i second d deepest d t lake l k in i the th world. ld It is i world's ld' longest l Lake spanning in 4 countries of Africa viz. Burundi, Tanzania, Congo and Zambia. This lake is a Rift Valley and largest rift lake in Africa. Lake Superior ‡Lake L k Superior S i iis llargestt lake l k off North N th America, A i shared h d by b Canada C d as well ll as USA. USA It is i largest l t freshwater lake in the world by surface area if lake Michigan and lake Huron are NOT considered one. Lake Vostok ‡Lake L k Vostok V t k is i in i Antarctica A t ti and d is i a Sub S b Glacial Gl i l lake. l k It is i located l t d below b l the th Vostok V t k Station St ti off Russia R in Antarctica. Lake Nipissing ‡Lake L k Nipissing Ni i i is i llocated t d in i Canada. C d It’ It’s one off the th shallowest h ll t lakes l k off Canada C d

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Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements Abyssal Fans Abyssal fansƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ• deep-sea fansǡunderwater deltas,

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ƒ† submarine fansǤ Š‡› ƒ”‡ †‡Ž–ƒ Ž‹‡ •–”—…–—”‡• ˆ‘”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ †‡‡’•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ„›••ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡†‡’–Š•„‡–™‡‡͵ͲͲͲ ƒ† ͸ͲͲͲ ‡–‡”•Ǥ „›••ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹• …‘˜‡” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͷͲΨ ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š̵• –‘–ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‡•‡”˜‘‹” ‘ˆ „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ

Archipelago ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒ…Ž—•–‡”‘ˆ‹•Žƒ†•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†–‡…–‘‹…ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‹•–‡”™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›—•‡†ˆ‘”‡‰‡ƒ •Žƒ†•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡‰‡ƒ‡ƒ„‡–™‡‡ ”‡‡…‡ƒ†—”‡›Ǥ †‘‡•‹ƒ‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• Žƒ”‰‡•– „› ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ† ‘– „› —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹•Žƒ†•Ǥ †‘‡•‹ƒŠƒ•ͳ͹ǡͷͲͲ ‹•Žƒ†• ™Š‹…Š •’ƒ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͷͲͲͲ ;Ǥ ‘”Ž†̵• Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ „› —„‡” ‘ˆ •Žƒ†• ‹• ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ ‡ƒ ™Š‹…Š ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒŽ–‹… ‡ƒ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ —Žˆ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ —Žˆ ‘ˆ ‹Žƒ†Ǥ – Šƒ• ͷͲǡͲͲͲ •Žƒ†•Ǥ ‘’ ͷ ƒ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†„›—„‡”‘ˆ •Žƒ†•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘‡ƒȋ ‹Žƒ†ȌͷͲǡͲͲͲ

x

ƒƒ†‹ƒ”…–‹…”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘͵͸Ǥͷ͸͵

x

–‘…Š‘Ž”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ʹͶǡͲͲͲ

x

†‘‡•‹ƒ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ͳ͹ǤͷͲͺ

x

Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘͹ǤͳͲ͹

Lagoon ƒ‰‘‘‹•ƒ•ŠƒŽŽ‘™„‘†›‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‘”„”ƒ…‹•Š™ƒ–‡”separated from the sea by some form of barrierǤŠ‡ „‹‰‰‡•–Žƒ‰‘‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‡™ƒŽ‡†‘‹ƒǡ‹•‘—–Š™‡•–’ƒ…‹ˆ‹…Ǥ  †‹ƒǡ Chilika Lake‹”‹••ƒƒ† –Š‡Vembanad Lake‹‡”ƒŽƒƒ”‡„‘–Š…‘‡…–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š ƒƒ””‘™…Šƒ‡Žƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡typical lagoonsǤ Chilika lake C ‡ Chilika Lake is a Brackish water lagoon spanning in 3 districts of Puri, Khurda and Ganjam of Odisha. It is largest Coastal lagoon in India. The lake is an ecosystem with large fishery resources and supports 1.5 Lkh fishermen. Chilka lake has the distinction of being India's First Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. Chilika Development Authority (CDAl is monitoring the water quality of the lagoon every month from 30 different Stations for various physicochemical parameters, which are said to be within the permissible limits.

Vembanad Lake V ‡ Vembanad Lake located in Kerata is India's longest lake, bordered by 3 districts of Kerala viz. Alappuzha, Kottayam, and Ernakulam. Its length is 96.5 kilometers and widest width is 14 kilometers.



Coral Reefs ‘”ƒŽ ”‡‡ˆ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ• ̶”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ƒdzǡ ƒ”‡ —†‡”™ƒ–‡” ”‡‡ˆ• ƒ†‡ „› …ƒŽ…‹— …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ •‡…”‡–‡†„›‘”ƒŽ•Ǥ‘”ƒŽ‹•–Š‡Šƒ”†‡š‘•‡Ž‡–‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž›’•Ǥ‘”ƒŽ‡‡ˆ•‰”‘™„‡•–‹warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated ™ƒ–‡”•Ǥ Model Question - 9. (IAS 2007) The Largest coral reef in the world is found near the coast of which one of the following countries? A. Australia B. Cuba C. Ghana D. Philippines Answer: 9 www.gktoday.in

9 Australia

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 19 ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–†‹˜‡”•‡‡…‘•›•–‡•‘‡ƒ”–Š™Š‹…Š†‡•’‹–‡‘ˆ…‘˜‡”‹‰Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲΨ‘ˆ™‘”Ž† ‘…‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡ȋʹͺͶǡ͵ͲͲ;Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‡Š‘‡–‘ʹͷΨ‘ˆ ƒ”‹‡ •’‡…‹‡• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ˆ‹•Š‡•ǡ ‘ŽŽ—•…• ‡–…Ǥ ‘”ƒŽ ‡‡ˆ•ƒ”‡˜‡”›ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡‡…‘•›•–‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ susceptible to "Surface Temperature" ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†„›–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ǡ‘…‡ƒƒ…‹†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ blast fishingǡ cyanide fishing ˆ‘” ƒ“—ƒ”‹— ˆ‹•Šǡ ‘˜‡”—•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‡ˆ ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ ƒ† Šƒ”ˆ—Ž Žƒ†Ǧ—•‡

Blast Fishing & Cyanide Fishing ‡Blast fishing refers to using the explosives to kill schools of Fishes for easily collection. The underwater shockwaves produced by the blast made by dynamite or a bomb causes the swim bladder of the fish rupture and leave them dead. The practice is Illegal. It is most common in Tanzania and Indonesia. ‡Cyanide fishing refers to capturing the fishes using Sodium Cyanide to kill the schools of the fishes. The fish killed are put in fresh water for 10 days and then supplied to the markets for consumption.

’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ Some Notes " Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒƒ†ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒ”‡‰‹‘‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and the Pacific ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”ͻͳǤͻΨ‘”–‘–ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ " ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–•‹ƒƒ……‘—–•ˆ‘”͵ʹǤ͵Ψǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹…‹…Ž—†‹‰—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ……‘—–•ˆ‘”ͶͲǤͺΨǤAtlantic and Caribbean coral reefs only account for 7.6%Ǥ " Largest Coral reef in the world is Great Barrier Reef. – ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡ƒǡ ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ —‡‡•Žƒ† ‹ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ – ‹• …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ ‘˜‡” ʹǡͻͲͲ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ”‡‡ˆ• ƒ† ͻͲͲ ‹•Žƒ†• •–”‡–…Š‹‰ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ʹǡ͸ͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǤŠ‹•”‡‡ˆ…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘‘—–‡”•’ƒ…‡ƒ†‹•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•„‹‰‰‡•– •‹‰Ž‡ •–”—…–—”‡ ƒ†‡ „› Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‘”Ž† ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ‹–‡ ȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‹…‘ ‘ˆ —‡‡•Žƒ†ǡ ƒ†‡ „› —‡‡•Žƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”—•–Ǥ  Žƒ”‰‡ ’ƒ”– ‹• ’”‘–‡…–‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ƒ””‹‡” ‡‡ˆ ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š ”‡ƒ–ƒ””‹‡”‡‡ˆƒ”‹‡ƒ”…–ͳͻ͹ͷǤ " Belize Barrier Reef is world's second largest Coral Reef ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ͻͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡” ‡•‘ƒ‡”‹…ƒƒ””‹‡”‡‡ˆ›•–‡Ǥ –™ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†„›Šƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”™‹‹ͳͺͶʹƒ•̶–Š‡‘•–”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡‡ˆ‹–Š‡‡•– †‹‡•̶Ǥ " Pulley Ridge is located off the coast of Florida, United States. It is deepest photosynthetic coral reef known so far. " ƒŒƒ’ƒ– •Žƒ†•ǡŽƒ”‰‡•–ƒ”‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”‹ †‘‡•‹ƒƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹ †‘‡•‹ƒƒ†‡™ —‹‡ƒ ƒ† …‘’”‹•‡ ͳǡͷͲͲ •ƒŽŽ ‹•Žƒ†• ǤIt is known for highest recorded marine biodiversity on EarthǤ – ƒ‡• –Š‡‘”ƒŽ ”‹ƒ‰Ž‡™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ –”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ” •Šƒ’‡† ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‹‡ ™ƒ–‡”• ‘ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒǡ ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒǡƒ’—ƒ‡™ —‹‡ƒǡŠ‹Ž‹’’‹‡•ǡ‘Ž‘‘ •Žƒ†•ƒ†‹‘”Ǧ‡•–‡ǤŠ‡•‡™ƒ–‡”•…‘–ƒ‹ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ͷͲͲ •’‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‡‡ˆǦ„—‹Ž†‹‰ …‘”ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ƒ…Š ‡…‘”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‘”ƒŽ ”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒŒƒ ’ƒ– •Žƒ†• ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡’‹…‡–‡”•‘ˆƒ”‹‡„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ  …‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒ•ƒ–‘’’”‹‘”‹–› ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Šƒ•Žƒ—…Š‡†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ”‹ƒ‰Ž‡”‘‰”ƒ‹ʹͲͲ͹

Beach ‡ƒ…Š‹•–Š‡•Š‘”‡Ž‹‡‘ˆƒ‘…‡ƒǡ•‡ƒ‘”Žƒ‡™Š‹…Š…‘•‹•–•‘ˆŽ‘‘•‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡••—…Šƒ••ƒ†ǡ‰”ƒ˜‡ŽǤ’‡„„Ž‡•‡–…Ǥ Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡ƒ…–‹‘„›™Š‹…Š™ƒ˜‡•‘”…—””‡–•‘˜‡•ƒ†‘”‘–Š‡”Ž‘‘•‡•‡†‹‡–•Ǥ Cox's Bazaar

‘š̵•ƒœƒƒ”•ƒ†›„‡ƒ…Š‹ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š̵•Š‹––ƒ‰‘‰‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡™‘”Ž†̵•Ž‘‰‡•–ƒ–—”ƒŽ•ƒ†›„‡ƒ…ŠǤ – Šƒ•ƒ—„”‘‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆͳʹͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ Marina Beach

ƒ”‹ƒ‡ƒ…Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹ †‹ƒ̵•Š‡ƒ‹ƒ†‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–„‡ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ

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Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements

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Part IV. Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Evidence of Continental Drift: Wegener's Continental Drift Hypothesis Model Question - 10. Consider the following statements: 1. Glacial evidence shows that areas now north of the equator were once covered by glaciers moving from the south 2. Fossils show that similar species of land animals once lived in Brazil and Africa, indicating that these land masses were once connected 3. Glossopteris was a marine organism whose fossils are found only in the northern hemisphere. Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 10 www.gktoday.in

Š‡‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ™‘”‹’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ ͳͻͳʹǡƒ ‡”ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ‡†Alfred Wegener …ƒ‡ —’ ™‹–Š ƒ ‘—–Žƒ†‹•Š –Š‡‘”› ‘™ ƒ• continental drift. ‹• –Š‡‘”› ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† —’‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…Ž—‡•Ǥ Continental Fit

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–…Ž—‡•Š‡Šƒ†™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡…‘–‹‡–•™‡”‡‘…‡Œ‘‹‡†‘…‡ǡ„›‘–‹‰ –Š‡ Œ‹‰•ƒ™’—œœŽ‡ȂŽ‹‡‰‡‘‡–”›‘ˆˆ”‹…ƒǯ•™‡•–…‘ƒ•–ƒ†‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒǯ•‡ƒ•–…‘ƒ•–ǤŠ‹• ™ƒ•…ƒŽŽ‡†DzContinental FitdzǤ Fossils

‘••‹Ž•‘ˆ‡•‘•ƒ—”—•ǡƒˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡””‡’–‹Ž‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘Ž› „‡‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ˆ”‹…ƒ ƒ† ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒǤ

Š‡

ˆ‘••‹Ž

”‡ƒ‹•

‘ˆ

›‘‰ƒ–Š—•ǡ ƒ Žƒ† ”‡’–‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ† ˆ”‹…ƒǤ  fern called Glossopteris™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘••‹Ž‹œ‡†‘ƒŽŽ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” …‘–‹‡–•Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡•‡ …‘–‹‡–• ƒŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …Ž‹ƒ–‡• ‘™ǡ ‡‰‡‡”’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›‘…‡ƒŽŽ•Šƒ”‡† ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ƒ• ‘‡ Žƒ†ƒ••Ǥ Š‡ ‡˜‹†‡…‡

‘ˆ

ƒ‘–Š‡”

Žƒ†

”‡’–‹Ž‡ǡ

›•–”‘•ƒ—”—•ǡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‹ ˆ”‹…ƒǡ †‹ƒǡ ƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ Coal Fields

‡‘–‹…‡†–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ…‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–‡”‡‰‹‘•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›…‘—Ž†‘Ž›„‡ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ Glacial Flow:

‡‰‡‡”‘–‹…‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‰Žƒ…‹‡”†‡’‘•‹–•Ž‡ˆ–‘˜‡”ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ †‹ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‘™ Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ •Š‘™••‹‰•‘ˆ ‰Žƒ…‹‡”• ‘˜‹‰ ƒ…”‘•• ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‘—–ŠǤ ‹…‡ǡ ‹– …ƒ ‘– „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ™‹–Š‘—– …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ †”‹ˆ– ™Š› ™‘—Ž† ‰Žƒ…‹‡”• ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”† †‹ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǫ Š‡ …Ž—‡ ‡‰‡‡” Šƒ† ™ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡‰‹ƒ–‹…‡•Š‡‡––Šƒ–‘˜‡†‘—–™ƒ”†ˆ”‘–ƒ”…–‹…ƒǤ Similarity in Rocks

Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›‹–Š‡”‘…•–”—…–—”‡‘‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–Žƒ–‹… ™ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”…Ž—‡Ǥ ‘ǡWegener ’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‡–…‘–‹‡–•™‡”‡‘…‡Œ‘‹‡†‹ƒ•—’‡”…‘–‹‡–ƒ‡†Pangaea ƒ† Žƒ–‡”–Š‡†”‹ˆ–‡†ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ‡‰‡‡”’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Pangaea„”‘‡‹–‘…‘–‹‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‡™…‘–‹‡–•†”‘˜‡

10 Only 1 & 2 are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 21 ƒ™ƒ› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ –™‘ †‹”‡…–‹‘• ˜‹œǤ “—ƒ–‘”™ƒ”† ƒ† ‡•–™ƒ”† ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ ‡ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–• –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”•™‡”‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ„—‘›ƒ…›ǤŠ‡‡•–™ƒ”† ‘˜‡‡–‘……—””‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹†ƒŽˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ•—ƒ†‘‘Ǥ ‡’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‡ƒ„‡‰ƒ–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹–‘–Š‡Gondwanalandƒ†Angaraland‹–Š‡ƒ”„‘‹ˆ‡”‘—• ’‡”‹‘†ƒ†–Š‡•’ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘™ƒ•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–™ƒ•…ƒŽŽ‡†Tethys SeaǤƒ–‡”–Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒŽƒ† †‹•”—’–‡††—”‹‰–Š‡”‡–ƒ…‡‘—•’‡”‹‘†ƒ†™‹–Š–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–ȋ’‡‹•—ŽƒȌǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ•ƒ”ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ† –ƒ”…–‹…ƒ „”‘‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒŽƒ†Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡”‹…ƒ „”‘‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Angaralandƒ††”‹ˆ–‡†™‡•–™ƒ”††—‡–‘‹†ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•Ǥ‡™‡–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘’‘•‹‰–Šƒ–‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒ„”‘‡ ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ˆ”‹…ƒƒ†‘˜‡†™‡•–™ƒ”†•†—‡–‘‹†ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•ǤŠ‹•–Š‡‘”›™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ†–Š”‹ŽŽ‹‰„—–‡‰‡‡” ™ƒ•—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”…‡•„‡Š‹†–Š‹•†”‹ˆ–™‡”‡Ǥ‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–™ƒ•–Šƒ–Alfred Wegener ™ƒ•†‡”‹†‡† „› –Š‡ •…‹‡–‹ˆ‹… …‘—‹–›Ǣ Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ™ƒ• …ƒŽŽ‡† Dz‰‡‘’‘‡–”›dzǤ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡” †‹•…‘˜‡”‹‡• ‹ †‡‡’Ǧ•‡ƒ •…‹‡…‡ Ž‡† ‡‰‡‡”ǯ• „ƒ•‹… ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ „‡ ƒ……‡’–‡† ƒ•ˆƒ…–ǡ ƒ† –‘†ƒ› ƒ ‰‘‘† †‡ƒŽ ‹• ‘™ ƒ„‘—–Š‘™ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ†”‹ˆ–‘……—”•Ǥ Paleomagnetism

ƒ”–ŠŠƒ•ƒƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†–Šƒ–…ƒ—•‡•ƒ…‘’ƒ••‡‡†Ž‡–‘ƒŽ™ƒ›•’‘‹––‘™ƒ”†–Š‡‘”–Šƒ‰‡–‹…’‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡ –Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…‹‡”ƒŽ•…‘‘Ž†‘™ǡ–Š‡†‘ƒ‹•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…‹‡”ƒŽ–ƒ‡‘ƒ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘ƒ› ‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡–Š‡›…‘‘Ž‡†„‡Ž‘™–Š‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ•‹‰–Š‹•ǡ‹–…ƒ„‡†‡–‡”‹‡† ™Šƒ– ™ƒ•–Š‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž† ’”‡•‡– ƒ––Š‡ –‹‡ –Š‡ ”‘… …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ …‘‘Ž‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š—•„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…’‘Ž‡ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡Ǥƒ‰‡–‹–‡‹•–Š‡‘•–…‘‘ƒ‰‡–‹… ‹‡”ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•–Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’‘Ž‡ Šƒ† ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ‘˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –‹‡Ǥ Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•™‡”‡ƒ†‡‘”‘…•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ‰‡•‹‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ–Š‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…’‘Ž‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†ˆ‹”•–‹’Ž›–Šƒ–‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ƒ”–ŠŠƒ•Šƒ†‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡ƒ‰‡–‹…’‘Ž‡ƒ– ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ ‘– Šƒ’’‡Ǥ Š‡ •‡…‘† ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘–‹‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤŠ‹•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡…‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ†”‹ˆ–Ǥ

Plate Tectonics and Seafloor Spreading ‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ƒ †‘œ‡ ‰‹ƒ– ƒ† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •ƒŽŽ‡” •‡…–‹‘• …ƒŽŽ‡† ’Žƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹”‡…–‹‘•‹’”‘…‡••‡•‘™…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•’Žƒ–‡–‡…–‘‹…•ǤŠ‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–‰”ƒ’Š‹…••Š‘™•–Š‡’Žƒ–‡•ƒ† –Š‡‹”‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–Ǥƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…‡˜‡–•ƒ”‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†™Š‡”‡ ’Žƒ–‡• separate, collide, or slide past one another. Š‡”‡ –Š‡› •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ǡ ”‹ˆ–‹‰ ’”‘†—…‡• very low land elevations ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ™‡ŽŽ„‡Ž‘™•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Žƒ––Š‡‡ƒ†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •”ƒ‡Ž ƒ† ‘”†ƒȌ ‘” –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ …”—•– ‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹ –Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒȌǤ Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ ‹–‡ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ‡…–‘‹…• ‹• –Š‡ Mid-Oceanic RidgeǤ The midocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean, making the mid-oceanic ridge system the longest mountain range in the world.Š‡…‘–‹—‘—•‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡‹•͸ͷǡͲͲͲȋͶͲǡͶͲͲ‹ȌŽ‘‰ƒ†–Š‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…”‹†‰‡•›•–‡‹•ͺͲǡͲͲͲȋͶͻǡ͹ͲͲ‹ȌŽ‘‰Ǥ Š‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”••—…Šƒ•‹†Ǧ–Žƒ–‹…‹†‰‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ…‹ˆ‹…‹•‡ǡ‡™Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‹•Dz„‘”dzƒ•‘Ž–‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‹•‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ†…‘‘Ž•‹–‘•‘Ž‹†”‘…ǤŽƒ–‡–‡…–‘‹…•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡—•‡ˆ—Ž Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 22 ƒƒŽ‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒ Dz…‘˜‡›‘” „‡Ž–dz ‹ …‘•–ƒ– ‘–‹‘Ǥ ‡‹–Š‡” •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ǡ ”‘—‰ŠŽ› …‘–‹—‘—• ”‹†‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ –™‘ ›‘—‰’Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ…ƒ””›‹‰‹•Žƒ†•™‹–Š–Š‡Ǣ–Š‹•’”‘…‡••‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†seafloor spreading. ‡ƒˆŽ‘‘” •’”‡ƒ†‹‰ Šƒ• ˆ‡™ ‹’ƒ…–• ‘ —•ǡ „—– ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǯ• ’Žƒ–‡• …‘ŽŽ‹†‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• …ƒ—•‡

ˆ‘”

‰”‡ƒ–

…‘…‡”ǣ

–‡…–‘‹… ˆ‘”…‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡–ǯ•

‰”‡ƒ–‡•–

ƒ–—”ƒŽ

Šƒœƒ”†•Ǥ Š‡ •‡‹•‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ȋ•‡‹•‹…

”‡ˆ‡”•

–‘

‡ƒ”–Š

˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ‹Ž›‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ȍ –Šƒ– …ƒ—•‡• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ† –•—ƒ‹• ȋ–‹†ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡•Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹•

ȋ‘˜‡‡–

‘ˆ

‘Ž–‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȌ‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–†ƒ‰‡”‘—•–‡…–‘‹…ˆ‘”…‡•Ǥ

Subduction ‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •–—†‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Oceanic lithosphere is thinner and denserǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• continental lithosphere is thicker and lighter. ‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ …”—•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡• ˆŽ‘ƒ– ‘ –Š‡’Žƒ•–‹…ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ …ƒ ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‹• ƒ• –™‘ „Ž‘…• ‘ˆ ™‘‘† ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ –Š‹…‡” „Ž‘… ”‹†‡• Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” •—”ˆƒ…‡ –Šƒ ƒ –Š‹‡” „Ž‘…Ǥ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ thicker continental

surfaces

rise

higher above the ocean floors.  –Š‡ ƒ†Œƒ…‡– ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—” ’Žƒ–‡• ˜‹œǤ ǡ ǡ  ƒ† Ǥ  Žƒ–‡  ƒ†  ƒ”‡ ’—ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ’ƒ”– ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡‹” …‘‘„‘—†ƒ”›ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒš‹•‘ˆƒ‹†‘…‡ƒ‹…”‹†‰‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡›’—ŽŽƒ’ƒ”–ǡ‹–…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ‰ƒ’‹–Š‡ …”—•––Šƒ–‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†„›ƒ‰ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡„‡‡ƒ–ŠǤ–‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡’–Š—†‡”–Š‡”‹ˆ–ǡƒ‰ƒ•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡•‹–‘ ’Ž—–‘‹…”‘…•ǤŠ‡„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’Žƒ–‡•ƒ†‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒspreading boundaryǤ –Š‡”‹‰Š–ǡ™‡•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡‹•‘˜‹‰–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡”‡–Š‡•‡–™‘’Žƒ–‡•…‘ŽŽ‹†‡ǡ–Š‡›ˆ‘”ƒconverging boundaryǤ‡”‡ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…’Žƒ–‡‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› –Š‹ ƒ† †‡•‡ǡ ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ –Š‹…ǡ „—‘›ƒ– …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ „‡†• †‘™ ƒ† ’Ž—‰‡•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǤThe process in which one plate is carried beneath another is called subductionǤŠ‡ †‡•…‡†‹‰Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‹•‡Ž–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ•‹–†‹˜‡•‹–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ–Ž‡ƒŽ‘‰ƒ†‡‡’Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†–”‡…Š ȋ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ”‹ƒƒ”‡…Š‘ˆˆ ƒ’ƒȌǤ—„†—…–‹‘‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”•–ƒ‰‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Dz…‘˜‡›‘”„‡Ž–dz’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›•‡‡–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡…›…Ž‡†ƒ•‡™„‘”Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹……”—•–ǤŠ‹••—„†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•‡‘”‘—• ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– •–”‡•• ‘ˆ ‘‡ ’Žƒ–‡ ’—•Š‹‰ „‡‡ƒ–Š ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǤŠ‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡•–”‡…‘”†‡†‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ȅ”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰ͻǤͷȋŠ‹Ž‡ǡͳͻ͸ͲȌǡͻǤʹȋ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡͳͻ͸ͶȌǡ ƒ†ͻǤͳȋ †‘‡•‹ƒǡʹͲͲͶȌǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡‹…Š–‡”•…ƒŽ‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•—”‡•–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ–‹–• •‘—”…‡Ȅstruck along these subduction zonesǤŠ‹••—††‡†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒ•‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ‹…Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 23 ™Šƒ––”‹‰‰‡”•ƒ–•—ƒ‹ƒ†–Š‡ƒ––‡†ƒ–Ž‘••‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†’”‘’‡”–›•—…Šƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž™ƒ˜‡…ƒ…ƒ—•‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ž…ƒ‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘……—”•ƒ–’Žƒ…‡•‡ƒ”–Š‡•—„†—…–‹‘œ‘‡•Ǥ

Movement of Plates – Faulting •‘‡‘–Š‡”’Žƒ…‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…’Žƒ–‡•grind and slide along one another. Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•‘ˆ”‘……”‘™†‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘” ’—ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ’ƒ”– ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ fracture lines ‹• ‘™ƒ• faulting. The ‘˜‡‡–ƒŽ‘‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†•‘ˆ ˆƒ—Ž–• …ƒ—•‡• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ Žƒ†ˆ‘”•ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” …‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–›’‡•ǣ Ǥ ‘”ƒŽȂ–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡…”—•–ȋƒǮ’—ŽŽ‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–dzȌ Ǥ ‡˜‡”•‡Ȃ‘’”‡••‹‘‹…”—•–ȋƒǮ’—•Š‹‰‹ǯȌ Ǥ ‡˜‡”•‡Š”—•– ƒ—Ž– Ǥ ”ƒ•ˆ‘” —„†—…–‹‘ ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š ”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹•ǡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘—–ƒ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‹‡…‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ –Š‡ •—„†—…–‹‰ ’Žƒ–‡ ƒ”‡ ’”‡••‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡””‹†‹‰ ’Žƒ–‡ǡ ‹– ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ”‘‰‡› ‘” ‘—–ƒ‹ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ •—„Œ‡…– –‘ ƒ› ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ Faulting Versus Folding Model Question - 11. Consider the following: 1. Folding of the Rocks 2. Faulting of the Rocks 3. Subduction Which among the above lead to Earthquake? Answer: 11 www.gktoday.in

Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– both faulting of the Rocks and folding of the Rocks ’Žƒ› ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ–‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘†‡’‡†‡–—’‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Ǥƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•—•—ƒŽŽ›‘……—”™Š‡”‡ƒ”–Š̵•…”—•–Šƒ• …”ƒ…• ƒ† ‹• ™‡ƒǤ Š‡ …”ƒ…• –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹…Š –Š‡•‡ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘• ’ƒ•• ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ—Ž–•Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ”‘…• ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•‡ˆƒ—Ž–•…ƒ—•‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡”‘…•‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹”‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹”—’ƒ††‘™„‡†‹‰‹–‘‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š‘ŽŽ‘™•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ”‘…•ǤŠ‡–Š‡ ˆ‘Ž†‹‰…‘–‹—‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ǡ–Š‡„‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•…ƒ‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡ƒ”–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡ǤŠ‡›„”‡ƒ ƒ†–Š‡”‘…•ƒ›„‡–Š”‘™—’‘‘‡•‹†‡ƒ††‘™‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š—•”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ ƒ—Ž–‹‰Ǥ

The Lithospheric Plates System Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡‹•…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ•‹šƒŒ‘”Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…’Žƒ–‡•ǯ˜‹œǤƒ…‹ˆ‹…ǡ‡”‹…ƒǡ—”ƒ•‹ƒǡˆ”‹…ƒǡ—•–”ƒŽǦ †‹ƒǡƒ†–ƒ”…–‹…Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ Ž‡••‡” ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ† •—„ ’Žƒ–‡•ƒŽ•‘ǤŠ‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–‰”ƒ’Š‹…••Š‘™• –Š‡•‡‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…Žƒ–‡•Ǥ Some important notable observations about these plates are as follows: x

‡”‹…ƒ’Žƒ–‡‹…Ž—†‡•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ ‘ˆ ‘”–Š ƒ†‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒǤ

11 Correct Answer 1, 2 & 3

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 24 x ‘•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡—”ƒ•‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡‹•…‘–‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ„—–‹–‹•ˆ”‹‰‡†‘–Š‡™‡•–ƒ†‘”–Š„›ƒ„‡Ž–‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ‹…Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ x

African Plate is also known as the Nubia PlateǤ –‹•ƒ‹š‘ˆ…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ†‘…‡ƒ‹…Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

x

Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ’Žƒ–‡ ‘……—’‹‡• —…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…‹ˆ‹… …‡ƒ „ƒ•‹ ƒ† …‘•‹•–• almost entirely of oceanic lithosphereǤ

x

Š‡–ƒ”…–‹…’Žƒ–‡‹•ƒŽ‘•–…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡…Ž‘•‡†„›ƒ•’”‡ƒ†‹‰’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”›ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ‘˜‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘–‹‡– ‘ˆ –ƒ”…–‹…ƒ ˆ‘”• ƒ …‡–”ƒŽ …‘”‡ ‘ˆ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›•—””‘—†‡†„›‘…‡ƒ‹…Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

x

Š‡ Austral-Indian plate is mostly oceanic lithosphere but contains two cores of continental lithosphere– Australia and peninsular India. Š‡ ”‡…‡– •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ› „‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ

Plate Boundaries Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ †‹•…—••‡† ‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹… Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ„‘—– ͳͲͲ  –Š‹…ǡ –Šƒ– ̶ˆŽ‘ƒ–̶ ‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ•–‹…ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•†‘‹†‡‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘†”‹ˆ–ǡ–Š‡›†‘•‘‘Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡”’Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘ƒ–ƒ†‘˜‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•…ƒ„‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†because they are zones along which maximum earthquakes occurǤŽƒ–‡‹–‡”‹‘”•Šƒ˜‡—…Šˆ‡™‡” ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǣ x

‘˜‡”‰‡–Žƒ–‡‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǣ™Š‡”‡’Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

x

‹˜‡”‰‡–Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǣ™Š‡”‡’Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

x

”ƒ•ˆ‘”Žƒ–‡‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǣ™Š‡”‡’Žƒ–‡••Ž‹†‡’ƒ•–‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ

Convergent Plate Boundaries Model Question - 12. Kindly check the validity of the following statements as true or false: 1. Most volcanoes are found near all convergent plate boundaries 2. Formation of Himalaya is a result of subduction of lithospheric plates 3. Japan is an example of Island Volcanic Arc 4. Subduction is a common activity around pacific ring of fire 5. Subduction is a prerequisite for volcanoes to occur at a plate boundary 6. Metamorphic rocks are common in Himalaya Answer: 12 www.gktoday.in

Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡–’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›75% of Earth’s volcanoesǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –›’‡•‘ˆ‘˜‡”‰‡–‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǣ Ocean-Ocean Convergent Plate Boundary:

Š‡ –™‘ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ’Žƒ–‡• ‡‡– ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‹†‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡†‡•‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘’Žƒ–‡•‹•’—ŽŽ‡†—†‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡” ƒ† ‹• •—„†—…–‡†Ǥ – †‡•…‡†• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ‘” —’’‡” ƒ–Ž‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ ƒ‰ƒǤ —…Š „‘—†ƒ”› ™‘—Ž† „‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ …‡ƒǦ‘…‡ƒ …‘˜‡”‰‡–’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ

12 1. False | 2. False | 3. True | 4. True | 5. True | 6. True

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Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ™Š‡ ‘‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ’Žƒ–‡ ‹• •—„†—…–‡† —†‡” –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡

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”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‡™ ƒ‰ƒ ‹• Ž‡•• †‡•‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ ”‘…Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹– ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ”‹•‡• ƒ† ‡”—’–• ‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘ ‘” ƒ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‹•Žƒ† ‹ –Š‡ •‡ƒǤ ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒǦ‘…‡ƒ …‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ƒ”‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›‘…‡ƒ–”‡…Š‡•ǡ•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ǡƒ†˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‹•Žƒ†•Ǥ Island Volcanic Arc: –‘…‡ƒǦ‘…‡ƒ…‘˜‡”‰‡–„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰„‘†›‘ˆƒ›˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ ‹•Žƒ† ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ”…Ǥ  ‹•Žƒ† ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ”… ƒ› ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹•Žƒ†• –Šƒ– †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†Ǧ—’ ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ”‘…•Ǥ Š—•ǡ •Žƒ† ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ”…• ƒ”‡ ƒ …Šƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‹•Žƒ†• ƒ† ‘—–ƒ‹• –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡””‹†‹‰‘”‘Ǧ•—„†—…–‹‰‘…‡ƒ‹…’Žƒ–‡ǤExamples of such arcs are Japan, the Philippines, the Tonga Islands, the Aleutian Islands, and the West Indies Islands etc. All of them have developed parallel to the direction of subduction. Ocean-Continental Convergent Boundary

‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ’Žƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ƒ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡ ‹• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ‘…‡ƒǦ‘…‡ƒ …‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…Ǥ When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate is always pulled under and subducted because it is denser than the continental plate. Š‡ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ’Žƒ–‡ ‹• •—„†—…–‡†—†‡”–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ–‡ǡ‹–Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘

Here we should also note that Pacific Ring of Fire, where subduction is taking place at numerous trenches that border the continental shores, has 450 volcanoes, more than 75% of all the volcanoes on Earth. This makes plate convergence responsible for nearly all volcanic activity on Earth.

‘ˆ‡™ƒ‰ƒǡ™Š‹…Š—’™‡ŽŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”•˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•‘–Š‡‘Ǧ•—„†—…–‹‰’Žƒ–‡ǡ‘”–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ–‡ǤŠ—• ‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ƒ”‡…‘‘‘…‡ƒǦ‘–‹‡–‘—†ƒ”›ƒŽ•‘Ǥ–‘…‡ƒǦ…‘–‹‡–„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰„‘†›‘ˆ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ”…Ǥ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ƒ”…• ƒ”‡ …Šƒ‹• ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ˆ‘—† ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ•—„†—…–‹‘œ‘‡ƒ–‘…‡ƒǦ…‘–‹‡–„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǤThe most visible example is Andes Mountains off the west coast of the U.S. Continent-Continent Boundary

Š‡–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒ†…‘–‹‡–…‘˜‡”‰‡ǡ–Š‡…”—•–ƒ–„‘–Š–Š‡•‹†‡• ‹•–‘‘Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†„—‘›ƒ––‘„‡•—„†—…–‡†ǡ•‘‡‹–Š‡”’Žƒ–‡‹••—„†—…–‡† ‹ …‘–‹‡–Ǧ…‘–‹‡– …‘˜‡”‰‡– „‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ ‘–Š …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ••‡• ’”‡•• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ ƒ† „‘–Š „‡…‘‡ …‘’”‡••‡† ƒ† —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ—•‡† ‹–‘ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ „Ž‘… ™‹–Š ƒ folded mountain belt forming between themǤ x

This is the type of activity is responsible for forming the Himalayas, and is still going on. The Himalayas are still growing, as we all know.

x

Please note that due to intense pressure between the colliding plates, metamorphic rocks formation is common at such boundaries.

x

Please also note that Volcanoes are not common at Continent-continent convergent boundaries because there is no subduction of plates. Subduction is prerequisite for formation of the new magma.

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Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements Divergent Plate Boundaries

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Model Question - 13. Kindly check the validity of the following statements as true or false: 1. Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary 2. New Crust is formed at the Mid-oceanic Ridge 3. Maximum Rock Material is formed at the Convergent Plate Boundaries 4. Explosive Volcanoes are common at Convergent Boundaries 5. Divergent Plate Boundaries are generally home to shallow focus earthquakes only. Answer: 13 www.gktoday.in

Š‡‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ˆ–Š‡‘”›•ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•™‡”‡‘…‡Œ‘‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡‰‹ƒ–•—’‡”…‘–‹‡– …ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰ƒ‡ƒǤ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡–‡…–‘‹…•ǡƒ‰ƒ‡ƒ„”‘‡ƒ’ƒ”–ƒ†–Š‡…‘–‹‡–• „‡‰ƒ–Š‡‹”•Ž‘™‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡–Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒ‘’‡‡† —’‹„‡–™‡‡‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒƒ†–Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ†ˆ”‹…ƒǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡– ˆ‘”…ƒ—•‹‰–Š‹•‹•–Š‡‹†Ǧ–Žƒ–‹…‹†‰‡ǡƒ†‹˜‡”‰‡–’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”›ǡ™Š‡”‡–™‘ ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ”‹ˆ–‹‰ ƒ† ‘˜‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ  Š—•ǡ †‹˜‡”‰‡– ’Žƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‡š–‡•‹‘ •–”‡••ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ …”—•– ‹• „‡‹‰ ‡š–‡†‡†ǡ –Š‹‡†ǡƒ†”‹ˆ–‡†Ǥ –Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡–’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡destructive plate boundaries™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ …”—•–ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• …‘•—‡† ƒ– –Š‡ •—„†—…–‹‘ œ‘‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ †‹˜‡”‰‡– ’Žƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ constructive boundaries because it leads to formation of new LithosphereǤ Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ …”—•–ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ƒ–‹†Ǧ‘…‡ƒ”‹†‰‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹……”—•–‹•”‹ˆ–‡†‘’‡ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ™‡ŽŽ•—’–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡ ‘’‡‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ –Š‡ Šƒ”†‡• –‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹‰‡‘—• ”‘…• –Šƒ– ƒ‡ —’ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… …”—•–Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹•™Š‹…Šˆ‘”•ƒš‹—ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”‘…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

Comparison: Divergent and Convergent Plate Boundaries Kindly note & remember the following points: Convergent Boundaries x Explosive Volcanoes x High Silicic Magma: The magma comes from the subduction of lithospheric crust so it has more of silicate. x Stratovolcanoes x Consumption of the Ocean Floor x Shallow, Intermediate as well as Deep Focus Earthquakes

Divergent Boundaries x Quite, Non explosive volcanoes x High Basaltic Magma: Oceanic crust is created at the mid-oceanic ridges; it forms from up welling magma that cools and solidifies to igneous rock. Most of this is Basaltic. x Shield Volcanoes x Creation of Ocean Floor x Shallow Focus earthquakes only

Continental Rift Zones Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹˜‡”‰‡– ’Žƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• …ƒƒŽ•‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‘ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–•ǡ ƒ† Š‡”‡ǡ ™‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ƒ• ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ‹ˆ– ‘‡•Ǥ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ …‡ƒ‹… ‹˜‡”‰‡– „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ˜ƒŽ‹† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ •—…Š ƒ• thinned crust; normal faults; shallow earthquakes; basaltic volcanoes etc. Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–‹‡–ƒŽ‹ˆ–‘‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹••–”‡–…Š‡†ƒ†–Š‹‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽ„‘†›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‹ˆ–‹‰‡‡’•…‘–‹—‹‰ǡ–Š‡„‘†› ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‰”‘™•„‹‰‰‡”–‘ˆ‘”ƒŒ—˜‡‹Ž‡‘…‡ƒǤˆ–‡”‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ”‹ˆ–‹‰ǡ–Š‡ „‘†› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” „‡…‘‡• ƒ ƒ–—”‡ ‘…‡ƒ ™‹–Š –™‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ …‘–‹‡–• ‘ ‡ƒ…Š •‹†‡Ǥ ‡†‡ƒƒ† —Žˆ‘ˆ†‡‹•–Š‡„‡•–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ

Transform Plate Boundary ”ƒ•ˆ‘” ’Žƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ…‡• ™Š‡”‡ –™‘ ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ •Ž‹†‹‰ ’ƒ•– ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ – –Š‡•‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡•ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡”…‘’”‡••‹‘‘”‡š–‡•‹‘•–”‡••ǡ„—–ƒ”‡—†‡”•Š‡ƒ”•–”‡••ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‡‹–Š‡”…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘” …‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‘ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ˆƒ—Ž–•ƒ†‘–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡Ǥ 13 1-True, 2-True, 3-False, 4-True, 5-True

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 27 Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” ’Žƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• …ƒ …ƒ—•‡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ †‹•’Žƒ…‡‡– ‘ˆ Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘ˆ Žƒ† ‘ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–• ™Š‹…Š ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –›’‡• ‘ˆ Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡• •—…Š ƒ• ”‹†‰‡• ƒ† –”‘—‰Š•Ǥ  ‘…‡ƒ•ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” ’Žƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡ œ‘‡•Ǥ Earthquakes are most common at transform plate boundaries. Volcanoes rarely develop at transform plate boundaries because transform boundaries do not allow for the upwelling or new creation of magma.

Part V.

Relief Features of the Land

Geological Provinces Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ƒ”–Š Šƒ• „‡‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ”‘˜‹…‡• ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ  ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… ‘” ‰‡‘‘”’Š‹… ’”‘˜‹…‡ ‹• ƒ ‡–‹–› ™‹–Š …‘‘ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… ‘” ‰‡‘‘”’Š‹… ƒ––”‹„—–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹…‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ Continental Shieldǡ Platform-™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•Š‹‡Ž†…‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š•‡†‹‡–ǡOrogenǦ™Š‹…Š Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ Structural BasinsǦ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡

Major geological provinces are:

9 9 9 9 9 9

Continental Shield Platform Orogen Structural Basins Large Igneous province Extended Crust.

‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡’”‡••‹‘•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡‘ˆ†‘‡•ǡLarge igneous provincesǦ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›Žƒ”‰‡ȋ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲ ; Ȍ ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‰‡‘—• ”‘…•Ȅ‹–”—•‹˜‡ǡ ‡š–”—•‹˜‡ǡ ‘” „‘–ŠȄ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•–Ǥ ‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡‹‰‡‘—•’”‘˜‹…‡‹• †‹ƒ̵•‡……ƒ–”ƒ’ǤŠ‡Žƒ•–•—…Š‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’”‘˜‹…‡‹•extended crustǤ



Continental Shields Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ …‘–ƒ‹• ƒ”–Š̵• …‘–‹‡–•ƒ† ‘…‡ƒ „ƒ•‹ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–‡• ‘ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹… •Š‡ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‹‡…‡• …ƒŽŽ‡† lithospheric platesǤ•‹‰Ž‡’Žƒ–‡…ƒ„‡ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ•ƒ…‘–‹‡–ƒ†…ƒ‘˜‡‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ– •—””‘—† ‹–Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ˜‡”› —…Š •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– •Žƒ„ ‘ˆ ‹…‡ ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ” •‡ƒǤ Š‡ …‘–‹‡–• …ƒ „‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡”‹˜‡†‹–‘–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ”‡‰‹‘•˜‹œǤ ͳǤ Active mountain-making beltsƒ† ʹǤ Inactive regions of oldǡ•–ƒ„Ž‡”‘…Ǥ Š‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‡„‡Ž–•‰”‘™–Š”‘—‰Štwo major complex geologic processesǤ x

‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹•volcanism,‹™Š‹…Šƒ••‹˜‡ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…”‘…ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†„›‡š–”—•‹‘‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒǤ

x

‡…‘†’”‘…‡••‹•–Š‡tectonic activity‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡„”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†„‡†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•–under internal Earth forces. Š‹• –‡…–‘‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–› —•—ƒŽŽ› ‘……—”• ™Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹… ’Žƒ–‡• …‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹ …‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘Ǥ  ”—•–ƒŽ ƒ••‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† „› –‡…–‘‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–› …”‡ƒ–‡ ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ† ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•Ǥ – •‘‡ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 28 ’Žƒ…‡•ǡ„‘–Š˜‘Ž…ƒ‹•ƒ†–‡…–‘‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›…‘„‹‡–‘’”‘†—…‡ƒ‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡ǤTectonic activity can not only form mountains but also lower crustal masses to form depressionsǤ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‡‘—–ƒ‹Ǧƒ‹‰„‡Ž–•ƒ”‡ƒ””‘™œ‘‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”‰‹•‘ˆ Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹… ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‹… ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ —…Š ‘Ž†‡”ǡ …‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ƒ…–‹˜‡ ”‘…•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ•–ƒ„Ž‡•–”—…–—”‡•Ȅcontinental shieldsƒ†mountain rootsǤ Š‡continental shieldsƒ”‡”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆŽ‘™ǦŽ›‹‰igneous and metamorphic rocksǤŠ‡•Š‹‡Ž†•ƒ›„‡‡š’‘•‡† ‘” …‘˜‡”‡† „› Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ •‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ”‘…Ǥ Š‡ …‘”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ •‘‡ •Š‹‡Ž†• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ”‘… †ƒ–‹‰ „ƒ… –‘ –Š‡ ”…Š‡ƒ‡‘ǡʹǤͷ–‘͵Ǥͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǤŠ—•ǡ…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Š‹‡Ž†•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†‘ƒ…‹‡–‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…”‘…••—…Š ƒ•‰”ƒ‹–‹…ǡ„ƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š•ǡƒ††‹‡•ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡•–”‘…•‘ƒ”–Šƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•Š‹‡Ž†•Ǥ ‘—–ƒ‹”‘‘–•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›ˆ‘”‡†‘ˆƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹…ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›‡•‘œ‘‹…•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹–‡•‡Ž› „‡–ƒ†ˆ‘Ž†‡†ǡƒ†‹•‘‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•…Šƒ‰‡†‹–‘‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…”‘…•ǤŠ‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ‡–‡”•‘ˆ‘˜‡”Ž›‹‰”‘…• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‘Ž†–‡…–‘‹…„‡Ž–•ǡ•‘–Šƒ–‘Ž›–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‘•–•–”—…–—”‡•”‡ƒ‹Ǥ‘‘–•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ• …Šƒ‹•‘ˆŽ‘‰ǡƒ””‘™”‹†‰‡•ǡ”ƒ”‡Ž›”‹•‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ†‡–‡”•ƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽŠ‹‡†ƒ’



Mountain Formation: Orogeny Model Question - 14. Consider the following: 1. Erosion 2. Sedimentation 3. Faulting of Rocks 4. Folding of Rocks Which among the above play role in Orogenesis? Answer: 14 www.gktoday.in

”‘‰‡› ‹• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹• „› ™Š‹…Š ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ „—‹Ž– ‘ …‘–‹‡–• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›Žƒ–‡‡…–‘‹…•Ǥ”‘‰‡‡•‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Structural deformation of the rocks Faulting of rocks Folding of rocks Igneous Processes Metamorphism Glaciation Erosion

14 1, 2, 3 & 4

Mountains are born and have a finite life span. Young mountains are high, steep, and growing upward. Middle-aged mountains are cut by erosion. Old mountains are deeply eroded and often buried.

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 29 9 Sedimentation ‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‘–‡Š‡”‡–Šƒ––Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹˜‡’”‘…‡••‡•ǡŽ‹‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘Ž†‹‰ǡˆƒ—Ž–‹‰ǡ‹‰‡‘—•’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ† •‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ „—‹Ž† ‘—–ƒ‹• —’Ǥ  –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ †‡•–”—…–‹˜‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• Ž‹‡ ‡”‘•‹‘ ƒ† ‰Žƒ…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –‡ƒ” –Š‡„ƒ…†‘™ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ

Causes of Mountain Building Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡’”‹ƒ”›…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•–—†‹‡†ǣ 9 Convergence at convergent plate boundaries. 9 Continental Collisions 9 Continent Rifting Forms of Mountains  ‘—–ƒ‹ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘”•Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ– ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ǣ ‹Ȍ ‘—–ƒ‹ ”‹†‰‡ǡ ‹‹Ȍ ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ǡ ‹‹‹Ȍ ‘—–ƒ‹…Šƒ‹ǡ‹˜Ȍ‘—–ƒ‹•›•–‡ǡ˜Ȍ‘—–ƒ‹‰”‘—’ǡƒ†˜‹Ȍ…‘”†‹ŽŽ‡”ƒǤ Mountain Ridge M ‡ It is a linear, steep-sided high hill, or spur. The slope of one side of a ridge is steep, while the other side is of moderate slope. A ridge, however, may have symmetrical slopes on both sides. The Shimla Ridge is a good example of mountain ridge.

Mountain Range M ‡ A mountain range is a linear system of mountains and hills having several ridges, peaks, summits and valleys.

Mountain Chain M ‡ A mountain chain consists of several parallel long and narrow mountains of different periods

Mountain System M ‡ A mountain system consists of different mountain ranges of the same period. In a mountain system, different mountain ranges are separated by valleys.

Mountain Group M ‡ A mountain group consists of several unsystematic patterns of different mountain systems

Cordillera C ‡ It is a Spanish term referring to a system or major group of mountains. A cordillera consists of several mountain groups and systems. In other words, cordillera is a community of mountains having different ridges, ranges, mountain chains and mountain systems. It usually refers to an orogenic belt at a continental scale, e.g., the Western Cordillera of the U.S.A., which includes all the ranges between the Pacific and the Great Plains.

Types of the Mountains ‘ –™‘ ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡Ǥ Š‡›ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ …ƒ „‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘•– †‘‹ƒ– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‹–‘ǣ ‹Ȍ ˆ‘Ž†‡† ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ‹‹Ȍ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ‹‹‹Ȍ ˆƒ—Ž–Ǧ„Ž‘… ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ƒ† ‹˜Ȍ —’™ƒ”’‡† ȋ†‘‡Ȍ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ Folded Mountains

‘Ž†‡†‘—–ƒ‹•…‘’”‹•‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†‘•–…‘’Ž‡š‘—–ƒ‹•›•–‡•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šˆ‘Ž†‹‰‹•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…ǡˆƒ—Ž–‹‰ƒ†‹‰‡‘—•ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•’”‡•‡–‹˜ƒ”›‹‰†‡‰”‡‡•‹ˆ‘Ž†‡†‘—–ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡Ž’•ǡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ ‘…‹‡•ǡ †‡•ǡ ’’ƒŽƒ…Š‹ƒ•ǡ ‹‡ Šƒǡ ƒ—…ƒ•—•ǡ Ž„—”œǡ ‹†——•Šǡ ‡–…Ǥǡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –›’‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘Ž†‡†‘—–ƒ‹•’”‡•‡––Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•ƒŒ‘”‘—–ƒ‹•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡›‘—‰‡•–‘—–ƒ‹•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ Volcanic Mountains:

‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š–”—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ ƒ† ’›”‘…Žƒ•–‹… ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹ˆ …‘–‹—‡† Ž‘‰ ‡‘—‰Šǡ’”‘†—…‡•‰‹‰ƒ–‹…˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…’‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‹Ž‹ƒŒƒ”‘ȋˆ”‹…ƒȌǡ‘–‘’ƒš‹ȋ†‡•Ȍǡ–Ǥƒ‹‹‡”ǡ‘‘†ƒ†Šƒ•–ƒ ȋǤǤǤȌǡƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‘—–ƒ‹• Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Fault Block Mountains:

ƒ—Ž–Ǧ„Ž‘… ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ „‘—†‡† „› Š‹‰Š ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘”ƒŽ ˆƒ—Ž–•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ”‹ˆ– ˜ƒŽŽ‡›• •—…Šƒ•–Š‘•‡‹ƒ•–ˆ”‹…ƒǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡ˆ‘”‡†„›˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ—’Ž‹ˆ–‹‰Ǥ‘–ƒ„Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆˆƒ—Ž–Ǧ „Ž‘…‘—–ƒ‹‹•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ•‹ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‘˜‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”ǤŠ‡ƒŽ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒǡ ƒ†‹‡ƒǦ‡˜ƒ†ƒ‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒȋǤǤǤȌƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆˆƒ—Ž–Ǧ„Ž‘…‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ Upwarped (Domed) Mountains

’™ƒ”’‡† ‘” †‘‡† ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ‹–”—•‹‘• ƒ† —’™ƒ”’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …”›•–ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ˜ƒ†‘‡•ǡ„ƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š‹…†‘‡•ǡŽƒ……‘Ž‹–Š‹…†‘‡•ǡ•ƒŽ–†‘‡•ǡ‡–…Ǥǡƒ”‡–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘‡‘—–ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡Žƒ… ‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ƒ‘–ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‹”‘†ƒ… ‘—–ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ‡™ ‘” ƒ› „‡ …‹–‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ —’™ƒ”’‡† ȋ†‘‡•Ȍ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ

Different Stages of Orogeny ‘—–ƒ‹•…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹‰‹Ǥ‡Ǥ”‘‰‡›†—”‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ Pre-Cambrian Orogeny

Š‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‡˜‡” ”‘‰‡› ‘ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡•– ‘—–ƒ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ—”ƒ•‹ƒ‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒǡŽ‘‰‘ƒ‡–…Ǥ Caledonian or Mid Paleozoic Orogeny

– ‘……—””‡† †—”‹‰ ‹Ž—”‹ƒ ƒ† ‡˜‘‹ƒ ’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹• ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ ‹‰ŠŽƒ†• ‹ ‡”‹…ƒǡ…‘–Žƒ†‘ˆ—”‘’‡‡–…Ǥ Harcynian or Late Paleozoic Orogeny

Š‹•‘……—””‡†‹–Š‡‡”‹ƒ’‡”‹‘†Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ƒ”‡’’ƒŽƒ…Š‹ƒ‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒǡŽƒ… ‘”‡•–‘ˆ—”‘’‡‡–…Ǥ Alpine Orogeny

Š‹• –‘‘ ’Žƒ…‡ ‹ ‡”–‹ƒ”› ’‡”‹‘† ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡•– ƒ† ‡™‡•– ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǡ‘…›ǡ†‡•ǡ’‡‹‡•ǡŽ’•‡–…Ǥ

Plateaus Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• ƒ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† –”ƒ…– ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ˆŽƒ– Žƒ†ǡ —•—ƒŽŽ› Ž‹‹–‡† ‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ •‹†‡ „› ƒ •–‡‡’ •Ž‘’‡ ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ ƒ„”—’–Ž› –‘  Ž‘™‡” Žƒ†Ǥ – ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‡Ž‹‹–‡† ‹ ’Žƒ…‡• „› ƒ„”—’– •Ž‘’‡• ”‹•‹‰ –‘ ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ ‘—–ƒ‹• ‘” ‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ•‹–Š‡‹„‡–ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–‘……—”•ƒ•ƒ‹–‡”‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǤŠ‡–‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†–‘ ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ƒ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ…‡ •—…Š ƒ• ‡•‡–ƒ ‘ˆ ’ƒ‹ǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ•‡ ‹– ‹• ƒ –‡…–‘‹… ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† –‘ †‡•…”‹„‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Žƒ˜ƒˆŽ‘™•ȋŽƒ˜ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ȌǤŠ‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•ƒ›„‡’Žƒ‹ǦŽ‹‡‹“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ˜‡”›ˆŽƒ–ǡ”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ‘”Š‹ŽŽ›ǡ‘”–Š‡›ƒ›„‡•‘†‹••‡…–‡†„›•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†‰Žƒ…‹‡”•–Šƒ–‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘”‡…‘‰‹œ‡–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ Diastrophic Plateaus:

‹ƒ•–”‘’Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• …”—•– ™Š‹…Š ’”‘†—…‡• …‘–‹‡–•ǡ ‘…‡ƒ „ƒ•‹• ƒ† ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‡–…Ǥ ŽŽ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ”‡ –Š‡ †‹”‡…– ’”‘†—…–• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ•–”‘’Š‹•Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡‹” —’Ž‹ˆ–•–Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† „› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ ‡”‘•‹‘ƒ† ‹ ƒ›…ƒ•‡• „› ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹• ƒ† ‹‘”‡ƒ”–Š ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ ‘”…‘˜‡‹‡…‡–Š‡›ƒ›„‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ǣ 9 9 9 9 9

Intermontane plateaus Mountain border plateaus Domed plateaus, Volcanic plateaus Erosional plateaus.

Intermontane Plateau:

–‡”‘–ƒ‡ Žƒ–‡ƒ—• ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–ǡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ† ‹ ƒ› ”‡•’‡…–• ‘•– …‘’Ž‡š ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡‹”•—”ˆƒ…‡••Š‘™ƒ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ 9 The best example is the Tibetan Plateau. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometers north to south and 2,500 kilometers east to west. The average elevation is over 4,500 meters (14,800 ft), and all 14 of the world's 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) and higher peaks are found in the region. Sometimes called "the roof of the world," it is the highest and biggest plateau, with an area of 2.5 million sq. km or about four times the size of France. The Tibetan Plateau is bounded on the north by the Kunlun mountains, and in the south by the mighty Himalayas. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 31 These two systems meet to make the western boundary of the plateau, while on the east is the less sharp demarcation between the plateau proper and the lower mountains of western China.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau not only gives rise to most of Asia’s major rivers, it also holds a constellation of salt- and freshwater lakes. 9 Another example of Intermontane Plateau is Plateau of Bolivia and Peru. It lies largely in Bolivia at an average elevation of more than 3,692 metres (12,000 ft) above the sea level. 9 One more example is Mexican Plateau which extends from the United States border in the north to the Cordillera Neovolcánica in the south, and is bounded by the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and east, respectively. Border Plateaus

ƒ› ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—• „‘”†‡” ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‘™‡ –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡– ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ —’Ž‹ˆ–• –Šƒ– ”ƒ‹•‡† –Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ‹‡†‘–’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•ƒ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ„‘”†‡”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•ǤŠ‹•’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•ƒ•–”‹’‘ˆŽƒ†–Šƒ–•–ƒ†• „‡–™‡‡–‹Ž‡–Žƒ–‹……‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•ƒ†–Š‡’’ƒŽƒ…Š‹ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ –•‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‹•ƒ”‡†„›ƒ‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ˆƒŽŽǦŽ‹‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‹••–‡‡’‡•–Ǥ–Š‡™‡•–‹––‡”‹ƒ–‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•‘ˆ –Š‡Ž—‡‹†‰‡ǤŽƒ–‡ƒ—‘ˆ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘”†‡”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ –‹•„‘—†‡†‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–„›–Š‡ ‘…›‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–„›–Š‡ƒ•‹ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‘˜‹…‡Ǥ Domed Plateaus:

Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‘ˆ œƒ” ȋǤǤǤȌ ‹• ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‘‡† ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ œƒ” ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ™ƒ• —’Ž‹ˆ–‡† „› ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ† ˆƒ—Ž–‹‰‹–‘ƒ„”‘ƒ††‘‡•‘‡͸ͷǡͲͲͲ•“ȋͶͲǡͲͲͲ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‡•Ȍ‹ƒ”‡ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡’’ƒŽƒ…Š‹ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ™Š‹…Š‘……—””‡†ƒ––Š‡…Ž‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹…”ƒǤ Volcanic Plateaus

‘Ž…ƒ‘‡• ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ”‡ „—‹Ž– „› –Š‡ Žƒ˜ƒ ˆŽ‘™Ǥ ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ †‡‰”ƒ†‡† ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–Žƒ˜ƒ…ƒ’•–Šƒ–’”‘–‡…––Š‡Žƒ†ˆ”‘‡”‘•‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹–•Š‹‰Š‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰Žƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡™‘”ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Erosional Plateaus

—…Š’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹•‡‹ƒ”‹†”‡‰‹‘•™Š‡”‡•–”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡…—–ƒ™ƒ›’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽƒ†•Ǥ

Part VI. Weathering, Mass Wasting and Erosion Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”•˜‹œǤExogenicƒ†EndogenicǤ †‘‰‡‹… ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• –Šƒ– occur within the earth's surface •—…Š ƒ• Žƒ–‡ –‡…–‘‹…•ǡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ

ƒ

˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•‡–…Ǥ š‘‰‡‹…ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•–Šƒ–‘……—”‘‘”‡ƒ”–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡–‹†ƒŽˆ‘”…‡‹•š‘‰‡‹…ǤŠ‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘

ƒ

ˆ”‘—‹•ƒŽ•‘š‘‰‡‹…Ǥ

—”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵š‘‰‡‹…‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•™Š‹…Š”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ†‹•ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡ ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ Ƭ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ† Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡• •—…Š ƒ• ”‘…• ƒ† ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ͵ ‹’‘”–ƒ–’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ”‡weathering, mass wasting and erosionǤŠ‡•‡ƒŽŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†̶Degradation̶ ‘”̶Denudation̶Ǥ†‘‰‡‹…’”‘…‡••‡•—’Ž‹ˆ–ƒ†‡š’‘•‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•––‘–Š‡š‘‰‡‹…†‡—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥš‘‰‡‹… †‡—†ƒ–‹‘™‘”•‹‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†”‡†—…‡•Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡•–‘•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ Model Question - 15. Consider the following: 1. Weathering 2. Erosion 3. Mass Wasting Which among the above generally occur in-situ? Answer: 15 www.gktoday.in

™ Weathering

Weathering‹•–Š‡„”‡ƒ‹‰†‘™‘ˆ‘…•ǡ•‘‹Ž•ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ•–Š”‘—‰Š̶†‹”‡…–‘–ƒ…–̶™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ –Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ –‘……—”•in situǡ‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•no movement‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ ™ Erosion

15 Correct Answer is Only 1.

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 32 Š‹•‹•†‹•–‹…–ˆ”‘erosion™Š‹…Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ”‘…•ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ••—…Šƒ•™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹…‡ǡ™‹†ƒ† ‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ ™ Mass wasting

Mass wasting‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ…”‘••ƒ•Ž‘’‡due to gravity.

Weathering ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ …‘„‹‡† ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ’”‘…‡••‡• –Šƒ– …ƒ—•‡ ”‘… –‘ †‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ† †‡…‘’‘•‡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ› „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡š’‘•—”‡ near the Earth’s surfaceǤ ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ’”‘†—…‡• regolith. ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒŽ•‘…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•–‹…–‹˜‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”•Ǥ ƒ

Regolith ‹•ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†”‘…’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•–Šƒ–Ž‹‡•ƒ„‘˜‡•‘Ž‹†ǡ—ƒŽ–‡”‡†”‘…Ǥ

‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ‹• –Š‡ in situ †‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† „”‡ƒ†‘™ ‘ˆ ”‘…•ǡ •‘‹Ž• ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰˜‹œǤ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‘”Š›•‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǡŠ‡‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ƭ‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ Physical Weathering:

Š›•‹…ƒŽ ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ …ƒ „‡ …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡”ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡•ǡ ”‘•– …–‹‘ǡ ”‡••—”‡ ‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ ›†”ƒ—Ž‹… ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ† ƒŽ‘…Žƒ•–›ǤŠ‡•‡–‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹•…—••‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ

Types of Weathering 3K\VLFDO0HFKDQLFDO

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Thermal Changes

‡’‡ƒ–‡†…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰Ȍ ‡š‡”– –Š‡ •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘…• ™Š‹…Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•Thermal StressǤŠ‡”‘…•‡š’ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹• ƒ”‹•‡‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†…‘–”ƒ…–™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ In deserts, the phenomena are more

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common as there is large diurnal temperature range. The

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Forest fires can raise the temperature suddenly and this leads to thermal shock. Frost Action

Thermal Expansion versus Thermal Contraction

Please note that all materials respond by changing volumes because of temperature. Most materials expand when there is a rise in temperature. But there are some rare example which contract when temperature increases and expand when temperature decreases. This is called Thermal contraction. The coefficient of thermal expansion is positive for the material which expand when there is a rise in temperature. If the coefficient of thermal expansion becomes zero, there is no expansion or contraction. At negative coefficient, the material contracts when there is a rise in temperature. Best example is water. Water when cooled till 4°C, the coefficient of thermal expansion decreases and become zero at 4°C. After that, when temperature is further reduced, it expands. So, at 4°C, water has maximum density. After that, density is reduced and this is the reason why ice floats and the water bodies are able to retain a temperature of 4°C at sub zero weathers. Similarly, Pure Silicon has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion between -255°C to -153°C.

‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ’”‘…‡••‡•‹…‘Ž†…Ž‹ƒ–‡•‹•ˆ”‘•–ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ•™ƒ–‡”‹ –Š‡ ’‘”‡ •’ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ”‘…• ˆ”‡‡œ‡• ƒ† –Šƒ™• ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ …ƒ „”‡ƒ ‡˜‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› Šƒ”†”‘…•‹–‘•ƒŽŽ‡”ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Ǥƒ–‡”’‡‡–”ƒ–‡• ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡• ‹ „‡†”‘…Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡•ǡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Œ‘‹–•ǡ ƒ”‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ Š‡ƒ– ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ǡ –Š‡ …‘‘Ž ƒ† …‘–”ƒ…–Ǥ ‘‹–• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ‘……—” ‹ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ† ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‰ ’Žƒ‡•ǡ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ–—”ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ‡•• ‹ –Š‡ ”‘…Ǥ ”‘•– ƒ…–‹‘ –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡• Œ‘‹–Ǧ„Ž‘… •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ–‡” ‹˜ƒ†‡••‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹”•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘’Žƒ‡•ǡ‘”„‡††‹‰’Žƒ‡•Ǥ Pressure Release or exfoliation

Š‹•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘—Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰”‘…‘–Š‡”‘…•–Šƒ–Ž‹‡„‡‡ƒ–Š‹–†—‡–‘ ‘–Š‡”’”‘…‡••‡••—…Šƒ•‡”‘•‹‘ǤŠ‡‹‰‡‘—•”‘…•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡††‡‡’‹‡ƒ”–Šƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”‘…•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‰‡– ”‡‘˜‡†ǡ–Š‡‹‰‡‘—•”‘…•‡š’‘•‡ƒ†–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‹•…ƒ—•‡•–Š‡‹”‘—–‡”‘•–•—”ˆƒ…‡•–‘‡š’ƒ†Ǥ Š‹•‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ž‡ƒ†•–‘™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ Hydraulic Action

Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡†—‡–‘˜‡”›Š‹‰Š’‘™‡”‡†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ˜‡•ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡””—•Š‡•‹–‘…”ƒ…•‹–Š‡”‘…• ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‡”› ˆƒ•– •’‡‡†ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ’ ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ‹ –Š‡ …”ƒ…• ‰‡– …‘’”‡••‡† ƒ† –Š—• ™‡ƒ‡• –Š‡ ”‘…•Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡–”‡ƒ–•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ’’‡†ƒ‹”‹••—††‡Ž›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†™‹–Š‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ Salt Crystallization or Haloclasty Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 33 Š‹•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‘…•ƒ”‡†‡—†ƒ–‡††—‡–‘•ƒŽ–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ–™‘•–‡’’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‡ ˆ‹”•– •–‡’ ‹• •–ƒ”–‡† ™Š‡ •ƒŽ‹‡ ™ƒ–‡” •‡‡’• ‹–‘ …”ƒ…• ƒ† ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡• †‡’‘•‹–‹‰ •ƒŽ– …”›•–ƒŽ•Ǥ  –Š‡ •‡…‘† •–‡’ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‘…•ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ–‡†—’ǡ–Š‡…”›•–ƒŽ•‡š’ƒ†’—––‹‰’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰”‘…Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ‹–•’Ž‹–‡”•–Š‡•–‘‡‹–‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ

Biological Weathering: ‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• •—…Š ƒ• Lichens and mossesǡ ™Š‹…Š ‰”‘™ ‘ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› „ƒ”‡ ”‘… •—”ˆƒ…‡• ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘”‡ Š—‹† …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ‹…”‘‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ‹• „‘–Š ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ƒ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ•…Š‡‹…ƒŽ „”‡ƒ†‘™ ‘ˆ–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‹…”‘ Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘…Ǥ Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• •—…Šƒ•‡ƒ”–Š™‘”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ‡Ž‹†•ǡ‘Ž‡•ǡ”ƒ„„‹–•ƒŽŽ…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ

Chemical Weathering: Š‡‹…ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‹–Š‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ Hydration

›†”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ• ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” „› •‘‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ”‘…ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘• ƒ† †‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•„‹†™‹–Š–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‹‡”ƒŽ›†”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Hydrolysis

Š‡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ „”‡ƒ†‘™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘…• …ƒ—•‡† „› ”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡” ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ›†”‘Ž›•‹•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ƒ› „‡ •‡…‘†ƒ”› ‹‡”ƒŽ•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ Oxidation

š‹†ƒ–‹‘‘””—•–‹‰‘……—”•™Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…‘š›‰‡”‡ƒ…–•™‹–Š–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ••—…Šƒ• ”‘”‡•ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ †‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•Ǥ Solutions

Š‹•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘†‹••‘Ž˜‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ•‹™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Carbonation

ƒ”„‘ƒ–‹‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‹™Š‹…Šƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ƒ––ƒ…•–Š‡”‘…•ƒˆ–‡”‹–ƒ‡•™‡ƒƒ…‹† ”‡ƒ…–‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ  Š‡ ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹— …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ •—…Š ƒ• ‹‡•–‘‡ ƒ† ŠƒŽǤ Š‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘

Mass wasting: ƒ••ƒ•–‹‰ǡ–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ…–•†‹”‡…–Ž›‘–Š‡Ž‘‘•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡—•–ƒ„Ž‡•Ž‘’‡• ”‡•—Ž––Š‡•Ž‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•ƒ†”‘…†‡„”‹•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ••‘˜‡‡–ǤŠ‹•‘˜‡‡–ƒ›„‡•Ž‘™‘” ˆƒ•–†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘–Š‡•Ž‘’‡ƒ‰Ž‡ǤŠ‡•–‡‡’‡•–ƒ‰Ž‡–Šƒ–…‘Š‡•‹‘Ž‡•••Ž‘’‡…ƒƒ‹–ƒ‹™‹–Š‘—–Ž‘•‹‰‹–• •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•‘™ƒ•‹–•Critical angle of repose. Š—•ǡƒ••™ƒ•–‹‰‹••’‘–ƒ‡‘—•‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ•‘‹Žǡ”‡‰‘Ž‹–Šǡƒ†”‘…—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ ƒ›ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ••™ƒ•–‹‰ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ Mass wasting is of following types: Creeps

– ‹• ƒ Ž‘‰ –‡” ’”‘…‡••™Š‹…Š ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆ •‘‹Ž ‘” ”‘… ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹”‡…–‹‘• ‘˜‡” –‹‡ǡ †‹”‡…–‡†„›‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǤŠ‡•’‡‡†‹••‘•Ž‘™–Šƒ–ƒ‡†‡›‡‹•‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘•Š‘™–Š‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ Landslides

–‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡”‘…•Ž‹†‡•ǡ•Ž—’•ȋ•Š‘”–†‹•–ƒ…‡‘˜‹‰‘ˆ”‘…•ȌƬ•–—”œ•–”‘•ȋ‘”‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡– ™Š‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ†”‘’). Landslides are most common type of mass wasting. Flows

Ž‘™• ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘‹Žǡ †—•–ǡ ”‘… ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ† „‹‰‰‡” ’ƒ„„Ž‡• ”‡•‡„Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ˆŽ—‹† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘™•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒŽƒ…Š‡•ǡ—†ˆŽ‘™•ǡ†‡„”‹•ˆŽ‘™•ǡ‡ƒ”–ŠˆŽ‘™ǡŽƒŠƒ”•ƒ†•–—”œ•–”‘•ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ† ƒ‹”ƒ›…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡ˆŽ—‹†Ž‹‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ Topples

Š‡”‘…•„”‡ƒƒ™ƒ›ƒ†ˆƒŽŽˆ”‘ƒ•Ž‘’‡ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘’’Ž‡•Ǥ

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Slump

Ž—’”‡ˆ‡”•–‘•Ž‹’’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ Falls

‘…•ˆ‡ŽŽ ˆ”‘–Š‡•–‡‡’•Ž‘’‡••—…Šƒ•ƒ…Ž‹ˆˆˆƒ…‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ƒ›„‡…‘–”‹„—–‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ ”ƒ‹ǡ’Žƒ–Ǧ”‘‘–™‡†‰‹‰ǡ‡š’ƒ†‹‰‹…‡ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǥ Induced Mass wasting

—ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• …ƒ ‹†—…‡ ƒ•• ™ƒ•–‹‰ ’”‘…‡••‡• „› …”‡ƒ–‹‰ —•–ƒ„Ž‡ ’‹Ž‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ•–‡ •‘‹Ž ƒ† ”‘… ƒ† „› ”‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰•—’’‘”–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ••‡•‘ˆ•‘‹Žǡ”‡‰‘Ž‹–Šǡƒ†„‡†”‘…Ǥƒ••‘˜‡‡–•’”‘†—…‡†„› Š—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†‹†—…‡†ƒ••™ƒ•–‹‰Ǥ

Erosion: ”‘•‹‘•”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǦ•…—Ž’–‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡†‡„”‹•’”‘†—…‡†„›™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‹•̶–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†̶Ǥ‘ ‹–ǯ•ƒ‹†‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡•‘‹Ž•„”‡ƒ—’ƒ†‰‡–…ƒ””‹‡†ƒ™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ‡”‘•‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹…‡ǡ™‹†ǡ•‡ƒ™ƒ˜‡•ǡƒ†—†‡”‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ”‘•‹‘‹•ƒ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ––‘’‹…’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†™‡ŽŽƒ•Š—ƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–„›™‹†ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‘”‹…‡Ǣ‡”‘•‹‘ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡†‘™Ǧ•Ž‘’‡…”‡‡’‘ˆ•‘‹Žƒ†‡”‘•‹‘„›–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ•—…Šƒ•„—””‘™‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ„‹‘‡”‘•‹‘ǡƒ†Š—ƒŽƒ†—•‡Ǥ

Part VII. Land Forms ƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ”‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‰‡‘‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹… —‹–• †‡ˆ‹‡† „› ‹–• •—”ˆƒ…‡ ˆ‘” ƒ† Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡Ǥ ƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ”‡ –›’‹…ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” „‘†› ‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡• ƒŽ•‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† Žƒ†ˆ‘”•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ•Ž‘’‡ǡ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‘…‡š’‘•—”‡ǡƒ†•‘‹Ž–›’‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹ƒ†‰Žƒ…‹ƒŽŽƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ ‡‘Ž‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ Ž‘’‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ†‘…‡ƒ‹…Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ ‘Ž…ƒ‹…Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ ”‘•‹‘Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ Ž—˜‹ƒŽŽƒ†ˆ‘”• Aeolian landforms ‡‘Ž‹ƒ Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ†ˆ‘”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ™‹†•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘Ž‹ƒ ƒ†ˆ‘”•˜‹œǤ”‘•‹‘ƒŽƒ†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽǤ Aeolian Landforms: Erosional Zeugen or Rock Mushrooms : They are also known as rock pedestal or a pedestal rock or Zeugen. Usually Found in Desert Areas.

Yardangs Y Y Yardangs form in environments where water is scarce and the prevailing winds are strong, unidirectional a and carry an abrasive sediment load. They consist of an elongated ridge carved by the unidirections erosion. e

Dreikanter D

Dreikanter exhibits a 3 faced Pyramidal Shape. They typically form in Deserts due to wind erosion. D

Blow Outs B B Blowouts refer to sandy depressions in a sand dune ecosystem, which are caused by the removal of ssediments by wind.

IInselbergs I Inselbergs refer to the prominent steep sided hill of solid rock rising abruptly from a plain of low relief. IInselbergs are generally composed of resistant rocks such as Granites.

Desert pavement D D Desert pavement refers to mountain wash containing pebbles, gravels and sand particles exposed to w wind and surface appears as a pavement with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock ffragments of pebble and cobble size Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Aeolian Landforms: Depositional E Erg or Sand Sea : E Erg is a sand sea or a dune sea. They are flat area of desert covered with wind-swept sand with little or n no vegetative cover. The area is generally more than 100 square miles and is deposited by windblown ssand. Largest Hot Desert in the World viz. Sahara has several sand Seas. The Ergs have 85% of Earth’s m mobile sand.

R Ripples: R Ripples are well marked small waves produced on the surface of sand, mud and even rock by the drag of tthe wind / water moving over it. They are most common in deserts.

B Barchan: B Barchan refers to crescent shaped dunes, which have tips or horns pointing downwards. Barchans are ffound in desert areas which have low sand quantity.

L Longitudinal dunes Longitudinal dunes are also known as Seif dunes. Seif is a arabic word for Sword. These are long, slightly L sinuous, ridge shapped dunes which are parellel to the wind direction, elongate parallel to the prevailing s wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested w and a are common in the Sahara.

T Transverse Dunes: Transverse Dunes are asymmatrical sands in deserts which are at right angle to the wind direction. They a most probably caused by a steady build-up of sand on an already existing minuscule mound. are

S Star Dunes: SStar Dunes are giant star shapped dunes with 3 or more sinuous arms extending outwards from the center. T These shapes can alter due to windspeeds.

Fluvial Landscapes Š‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”•™Š‹…Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ”‡‘™ƒ• Ž—˜‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”•Ǥ—‹‰™ƒ–‡”•—…Š ƒ• ”‹˜‡”• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ‰‡– ‘ˆ ‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ –Š‡” ƒ‰‡–• •—…Š ƒ• Žƒ…‹‡”•ǡ ”‘—†™ƒ–‡”ǡ ™‹† ƒ† •‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ”‡ Ž‘…ƒŽŽ› †‘‹ƒ– ƒ‰‡–• ‘ˆ ‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ  The Fluvial processes are most important of all the exogeneric processes as landforms associated with them have overall dominance in the environment of terrestrial lifeǤ Š‡•‡ ˆŽ—˜‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡’Šƒ•‡•˜‹œǤ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ Erosion

Š‡ Erosion …ƒ „‡ normal erosion ™Š‹…Š –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ…‡ „› –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘” –Š‡ Accelerated Erosionǡ™Š‹…Š‹•’”‘†—…‡†„›Š—ƒ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǤŠ‡Sheet Erosion”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡s—”ˆƒ…‡ˆŽ‘™”‡‘˜‹‰•‘‹Ž‹ –Š‹Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ –…ƒ„‡ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡–‡‡’•Ž‘’‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹—‡”ƒ„Ž‡…Ž‘•‡Ž›•’ƒ…‡†…Šƒ‡Ž•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ǡ ™Š‹…Š‰”‘™•Žƒ”‰‡”ˆ‘”‹‰—ŽŽ‹‡•ȋ•–‡‡’Ǧ™ƒŽŽ‡†…ƒ›‘Ž‹‡–”‡…ŠȌǤŠ‡”‘•‹‘…ƒ„‡‘ˆˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–›’‡•ǣ Chemical erosion: Corrosion (Or solution) and carbonation. Mechanical erosion. Impaction (effect of blow upon the river bed or banks by large boulders). Cavitations (shattering and breaking up of the stream load through collisions and mutual abrasion). 9 Hydraulic action (lifting and quarrying effect of rushing water). 9 Corrosion or abrasion (stream uses its load to scrape away its bed, particularly in steep confined sections of stream channels). Landforms made by River Erosion 9 9 9 9

V-shaped Valley

ƒŽŽ‡› •–ƒ”–• ƒ• •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ””‘™ ”‹ŽŽ• ™Š‹…Š ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹–‘ Ž‘‰ ƒ† ™‹†‡ ‰—ŽŽ‹‡•ǤŠ‡‰—ŽŽ‹‡•™‹ŽŽˆ—”–Š‡”†‡‡’‡”™‹†‡ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š‡–‘‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘˜ƒŽŽ‡›•™Š‹…Š ‹•Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†ǤŠ‡River valley‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡”‘•‹‘ƒŽŽƒ†ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹ –Š‡›‘—–Šˆ—Ž•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆŽ—˜‹ƒŽ…›…Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‘•‹‘ǤŠ‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ‡”‘•‹‘‘”˜ƒŽŽ‡›†‡‡’‡‹‰ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Gorge & Canyons:

Š‡ Ǧ•Šƒ’‡† ˜ƒŽŽ‡› …ƒ „‡ ƒ Gorgeǡ ™Š‡”‡ •–‡‡’ ’”‡…‹’‹–‘—•  ™ƒŽŽ ™‹–Š‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ ƒ””‘™ ”‹˜‡” ‹• …‘ˆ‹‡†  ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ Ȃ †—•ǡ —–Ž‡Œǡ ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǡ Š‹‡ǡ ƒ„‡œ‹ȌǤ Š—•ǡ ™‡ …ƒ •ƒ› –Šƒ–

‘”‰‡‹•ƒǦ•Šƒ’‡†˜ƒŽŽ‡›„—–‹–••‹†‡•„‡…‘‡••‘•–‡‡’–Šƒ––Š‡›Ž‘‘ƒŽ‘•–˜‡”–‹…ƒŽǤ”‹– …ƒ „‡ ƒ Canyonǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• „ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ ˜‡”› †‡‡’ ƒ† ‡š–‡†‡† ‰‘”‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ† ƒ›‘ ‹ ”‹œ‘ƒǡ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ›‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ Meander:

Š‡‡ƒ†‡”•‘” ‡ƒ†‡”‹‰ ”‹˜‡”• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Ž‘™•Ž‘’‡ ”‹˜‡”• ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ ‘–…Š‘‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡ •‡†‹‡– ƒ† ‘˜‡ „ƒ… ƒ† ˆ‘”–Š ‹ ƒ œ‹‰Ǧœƒ‰ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ Ž‘‘’•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ†‡” Šƒ• –Š—• ƒ •‡”’‡–‹‡’ƒ–Šƒ†‹–Š‡Ž’•‹ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‹‰‹‡š–”ƒ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‹˜‡”‡””ƒ…‡• ‹˜‡”–‡””ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡†™Š‡ƒ”‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™‡†ƒ–ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž –Šƒ ‹– †‘‡• –‘†ƒ›Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡• –Šƒ– ƒ” ƒ ‘Ž† ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ˆŽ‘‘”‘”ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ Peneplain

Š‡ƒ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ•„‡‡‡”‘†‡†•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ž›–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡Ž‘‘‘ˆƒŽ‘•–ƒ ’Žƒ‹ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‡‡’Žƒ‹Ǥ

Landforms made by River Deposition Alluvial Fans

Š‡–Š‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”—‹‰™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ•‹–…‘‡•‘—–‘ˆŠ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†‡‡–•–Š‡’Žƒ‹ǡ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ ‹–†—’•–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ––Š‡ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ‡•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†‡ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽˆƒ•Ǥ Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽˆƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡††—‡–‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆˆƒƒ†…‘‡• ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘– Š‹ŽŽ• ŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ  …‘‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ …‘ƒ”•‡  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•  –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽˆƒ•Ǥ Natural leaves

ƒ””‘™„‡Ž–‘ˆ”‹†‰‡•‘ˆŽ‘™Š‡‹‰Š–„—‹Ž–„›–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–•„›–Š‡•’‹ŽŽ™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‡ƒ‘‹–• ‡‹–Š‡”„ƒǤ Food plain

—”ˆƒ…‡•‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆƒ•–”‡ƒ–Šƒ–‹•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‹—†ƒ–‡†Ǥ Crevasse splays

‘”‡†„›„”‡ƒ…Š‹‰‘ˆŽ‡ƒ˜‡•™Š‡™ƒ–‡”‡•…ƒ’‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ†‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•…Šƒ‡Ž•Ǥ Back swamps

Žƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰ƒŽ‡˜‡‡ƒ›…‘–ƒ‹ƒ”•Š‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†„ƒ…•™ƒ’•Ǥ Yazoo streams

‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•‘……—’›‹‰Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ Delta

‡Ž–ƒ‹•–Š‡–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆƒ”‹˜‡”†‡„‘—…Š‹‰‹ƒŽƒ‡‘”ƒ•‡ƒǤŠ‡ ƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’‹ †‡Ž–ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ 9 Long courses of rivers. 9 Medium size sediments. 9 Calm or sheltered sea. 9 Suitable place (shallow sea and lake shores). 9 Large amount of sediments. 9 Accelerated erosion. 9 Stable condition of sea coast. –Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ•Šƒ’‡†‡Ž–ƒ…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ 9 Arcuate 9 Bird-foot 9 Estuarine

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Arcuate (lobate form) Delta:

Š‡”…—ƒ–‡†‡Ž–ƒ”‡•‡„Ž‡•–Š‡ˆƒƒ†‹•…‘˜‡š–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡ƒǤ –‹••‡‹…‹”…—Žƒ”‹•Šƒ’‡ƒ†‹•…‘‘Ž› ˆ‘—† ‹ •‡‹Ǧƒ”‹† ”‡‰‹‘Ǣ ‰”‘™‹‰ †‡Ž–ƒ •—…Š ƒ• ‹Ž‡ǡ ‹‰‡”ǡ ƒ‰ƒǡ †—•ǡ ‡‘‰ǡ ””ƒ™ƒ††›ǡ Š‹‡ǡ ‘Ž‰ƒǡ ƒ—„‡ǡŠ‘‡ǡ‡ƒ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ Bird-foot Delta

‹”†ˆ‘‘–‡Ž–ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•ƒˆ‹‰‡”†‡Ž–ƒǤ –Š‡•‡†‡Ž–ƒ•ǡ–Š‡•‡†‹‡–•†‡’‘•‹–‡†ƒ”‡…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ˆ‹‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡”‘…•ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š˜‡Ž‘…‹–›…ƒ””›•—•’‡†‡†ˆ‹‡”Ž‘ƒ†–‘ ‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‹•–ƒ…‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…™ƒ–‡”ȋ•—…Šƒ•‹••‹••‹’’‹ȌǤ Estuarine delta

Š‡ ƒ ”‹˜‡” ‡–‡”• –Š‡ •‡ƒ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ ‘—–Š ‘” ‡•–—ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ •–—ƒ”‹‡ ‡Ž–ƒ ‹• ˆ‘”‡† ™Š‹…Š ‹• •—„‡”‰‡†—†‡”ƒ”‹‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ‘‰‘‹˜‡”ǡƒœ‘‹˜‡”ƒ†—†•‘‹˜‡”Ǥ Cuspate Delta

—•’ƒ–‡ †‡Ž–ƒ ƒ”‡ ’‘‹–‡†Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ •Šƒ’‡† „› ”‡‰—Žƒ”ǡ ‘’’‘•‹‰ǡ ‰‡–Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘˜‡‡– ƒ• •‡‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‹„‡” ”‹˜‡”Ǥ Oxbow lakes

Š‡ š„‘™ Žƒ‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‡”‘•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ…–‹‘•

–ƒ‹‰

’Žƒ…‡

•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‡š…‡••‹˜‡

‡ƒ†‡”‹‰

™‘—Ž†

”‡•—Ž–‹š„‘™Žƒ‡•Ǥ How Oxbow lakes are formed? –Š‡‹•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‘’ǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”–”ƒ˜‡Ž•‘”‡•Ž‘™Ž›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘†‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ •‹Ž–Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡‡†‰‡•–‡†•–‘ˆŽ‘™ˆƒ•–‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‡”‘†‡•–Š‡ „ƒ• ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ†‡” ‡˜‡ ™‹†‡”Ǥ ˜‡” –‹‡ –Š‡ Ž‘‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ†‡” ™‹†‡•—–‹Ž–Š‡‡…˜ƒ‹•Š‡•ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡‡ƒ†‡”‹•”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‹˜‡”̵•…—””‡–ƒ†–Š‡Š‘”•‡•Š‘‡•Šƒ’‡†‘š„‘™Žƒ‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ Black Swamps

Š‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•’‹ŽŽ•‘—–‘–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹•ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜‹‡•–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†”‘’•‘—–ˆ‹”•–ƒ†ˆ‹‡•–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•…ƒ””‹‡† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‹•–ƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•ˆ‹‡‰”ƒ‹‡†ƒŽŽ—˜‹—™‘—Ž†Š‘Ž†—…Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ†™‘—Ž†‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘ƒ™‡–Žƒ†™Š‹…Š ‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Žƒ…•™ƒ’•‘”•‹’Ž›•™ƒ’•Ǥ

Landforms made by River Transportations Š‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡†•‘Ž‹†•‹–Š‡”‹˜‡”•–”ƒ˜‡Ž†‘™•–”‡ƒƒ†„‡…‘‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ…‡ƒǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘ˆ…Žƒ›ǡ•‹Ž–ƒ† ˆ‹‡ ‰”ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ …ƒ””‹‡† ‹ •—•’‡•‹‘Ǥ Š‡‡˜‡” ƒ •‘ˆ– ”‘… ‘„•–”—…–• –Š‡ …‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ •–”‡ƒ ƒ† ‹• ‡”‘†‡† ƒ† •‡†‹‡–•ƒ”‡•…ƒ––‡”‡†ƒŽŽƒ”‘—†ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡…ƒŽŽ‡†Eddies. Š‡•‡Eddies •‘‡–‹‡•Ž‘‘Ž‹‡†‹•…•ƒ†•‘ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡†potholesǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡’‘–Š‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†Ž—‰‡’‘‘Ž•Ǥ

Part VIII. Movements of Earth Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‹˜‡‹†•‘ˆƒ”–Šǯ•‘–‹‘•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

ƒ”–Š‘˜‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹Ž›ƒ›ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‡–‹”‡‹Ž›ƒ›‰ƒŽƒš›‘˜‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ

x

ƒ”–Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•—ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—–”ƒ˜‡Ž•‹–Š‡‹Ž›ƒ›Ǥ

x

ƒ”–Šǯ•’”‡…‡••‹‘‘˜‡‡–™Š‹…Š‹•˜‡”›—…Š•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ•’‹‹‰–‘’Ǥ

x

ƒ”–Š”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—

x

ƒ”–Šǯ•”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘‹–•ƒš‹•

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Earth’s Rotation ‘–ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ”‘—†‹–•‘™ƒš‹•ǤŠ‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡’Š‡‘‡‘‰‹˜‡• ”‹•‡–‘ƒ›ƒ†‹‰Š–•Ǥ Model Question - 16. To an observer in Jaipur, the North Star, Polaris, is always located above the northern horizon at an altitude of approximately___ (Consider latitude of Jaipur is 29.9°N) A. 23½° B. 29.9° C. 60.1° D. 90° Answer: 16

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Š‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š–ƒ” Polaris•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ•Alpha Ursae MinorisEarth turns counter-clockwise. ‘”–Š–ƒ”‘Žƒ”‹••–ƒ†•ƒŽ‘•–‘–‹‘Ž‡••‹–Š‡•›ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ–Š‡•–ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” •› ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ ”‘–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‘—† ‹–Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹– ƒ‡• ƒ ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡– ˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–ˆ”‘™Š‹…Š–‘†”ƒ™‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ˆ‘”…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘” ƒ•–”‘‡–”›ǤŠ‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‘Žƒ”‹•–‘™ƒ”†•ǡƒ†‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ǡ –Š‡…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‡ǡ‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡precession of the equinoxesǤŽ‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ ‘„•‡”˜‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ –Š‡ North Star (Polaris) is

always equal to the observer's latitudeǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘‘Žƒ”‹•̵’‘•‹–‹‘‹•’ƒ…‡™Š‹…Š‹•‘˜‡”–Š‡‘”–Š‡”–‹Ž– ‘ˆƒš‹•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

Concept of Day & Night Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵‹†•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›•”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡†˜‹œǤApparent‘”true solar dayǡmean solar dayƒ† sidereal day.

Apparent Solar Day: ’’ƒ”‡– •‘Žƒ” †ƒ› ‹• –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •—……‡••‹˜‡ ”‡–—”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ — –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‡”‹†‹ƒǢ ‹– …ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡†„›ƒ•—†‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ˜‡”›Ž‹‹–‡†’”‡…‹•‹‘Ǥ –‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–”—‡•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ—†‹ƒŽ™‘—Ž†–‡ŽŽǡ™Š‡”‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‘‘ ‹• ™Š‡ — –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‡”‹†‹ƒǤ Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” †ƒ› varies throughout the yearǤ Š‹• ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–™‘”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Model Question - 17. Which among the following is / are the reasons for varying length of the Apparent Solar day? 1. Earth moves faster at aphelion in comparison to perihelion 2. Earth is tilted on its axis Choose the correct option: Answer: 17 www.gktoday.in

™ Elliptical Orbit of Earth

Earth’s orbit is an ellipseƒ†‘–ƒ…‹”…Ž‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡’Ž‡”ǯ• ‹”•–ƒ™‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›‘–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘”„‹–‘ˆ‡˜‡”› ’Žƒ‡– ‹• ƒ ‡ŽŽ‹’•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ — ƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ˆ‘…‹Ǥ Š‡ •‡…‘† ‡’Ž‡”ǯ• ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘–‹‘• •ƒ› –Šƒ– ƒ Ž‹‡ Œ‘‹‹‰ƒ’Žƒ‡–ƒ†–Š‡—•™‡‡’•‘—–‡“—ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•†—”‹‰‡“—ƒŽ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–‹‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–Earth moves faster, when it is nearest to the Sun (perihelion) and moves smaller when it is farthest from Sun (Aphelion). –Š‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–†‹ƒ‰”ƒǡ†‡‘–‡•™Š‡–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•ƒ–’‡”‹Š‡Ž‹‘ǡ–Š‡…Ž‘•‡•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘–Š‡—ǡƒ†™Š‡‹– ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡•– ƒ™ƒ› ƒ– ƒ’Š‡Ž‹‘Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ‹• …Ž‘•‡” –‘ –Š‡ —ǡ •—…Šƒ•ƒ–perihelion; ‹–™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ˜‡Žˆƒ•–‡”‹‹–•‘”„‹–Ǥ –Š‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ ƒ–’‡”‹Š‡Ž‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠŠƒ•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ”…‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””‘™‹–Š‡–‹‡ ‹––ƒ‡•–‘”‘–ƒ–‡͵͸Ͳ郔‘—†‹–•ƒš‹•ƒ†—•–•–‹ŽŽ”‡˜‘Ž˜‡–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ‰Ž‡„–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›ǤŠ—•–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–•‘Žƒ”

16 29.9° 17 Only 2 is correct statement. 1 is incorrect factually, otherwise hints to elliptical orbit of earth. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 39 †ƒ›‹•Ž‘‰‡”ˆ‘”–Š‹•–‹‡‘ˆ›‡ƒ”Ǥ–ƒ’Š‡Ž‹‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡ƒ–‘”‘–ƒ–‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”…ǡ „—–•‹…‡–Šƒ–ƒ‰Ž‡‹•‘–ƒ•‰”‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ƒ•—…Šˆ‘”–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ ™ Earth’s Axial Tilt

ƒ”–Š̵• ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡…Ž‹’–‹… ’Žƒ‡ǡ ƒ† •‘ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒš‹ƒŽ –‹Ž– ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹“—‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Ž‹’–‹…Ǥƒ”–Š…—””‡–Ž›Šƒ•ƒƒš‹ƒŽ–‹Ž–‘ˆƒ„‘—–ʹ͵Ǥͷιǡƒ††—‡–‘–Š‹•–Š‡ƒš‹•”‡ƒ‹•–‹Ž–‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡…–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡•–ƒ”•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒ›‡ƒ”ƒ†–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–™Š‡ƒŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹•’‘‹–‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡—ƒ–‘‡ ’‘‹–‹–Š‡‘”„‹––Š‡ŠƒŽˆƒ‘”„‹–Žƒ–‡”ȋŠƒŽˆƒ›‡ƒ”Žƒ–‡”Ȍ–Š‹•Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡’‘‹–‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—ǤŠ‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹•–Š‡ƒ‹…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Due to Earth’s tilt, —‘˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰ƒ‰”‡ƒ–…‹”…Ž‡ȋ–Š‡‡…Ž‹’–‹…Ȍ–Šƒ–‹•–‹Ž–‡†–‘ƒ”–Š̵•…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡–Š‡ Sun crosses the equator at both equinoxesǡ–Š‡—‹•‘˜‹‰ƒ–ƒƒ‰Ž‡–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ•‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‹•–‹Ž–‡†‘–‹‘‘–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹••Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ‹–•‡ƒ‘–‹‘Ǣ™Š‡–Š‡Sun is farthest from the equator at both solstices,–Š‡—‘˜‡•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ•‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‘–‹‘‘–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹• ˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ‹–•‡ƒ‘–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Šƒ–ƒ’’ƒ”‡–•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›•ƒ”‡•Š‘”–‡”‹ƒ”…Šȋʹ͸Ȃʹ͹Ȍƒ†‡’–‡„‡” ȋͳʹȂͳ͵Ȍ–Šƒ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹ —‡ȋͳͺȂͳͻȌ‘”‡…‡„‡”ȋʹͲȂʹͳȌǤ

Mean Solar Day: Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”—‡ ‘” ƒ’’ƒ”‡– •‘Žƒ” †ƒ› ‘˜‡” ƒ ‡–‹”‡ ›‡ƒ” ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ‡ƒ •‘Žƒ” †ƒ›Ǥ – Šƒ• ͺ͸ͶͲͲ •‡…‘†•ǤŽ„‡‹–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–˜ƒ”‹‡••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›ǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›†‘‡•‘–…Šƒ‰‡‘ƒ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ „ƒ•‹•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ ‘Žƒ” ƒ› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• „› ͳǤͶ ‹ŽŽ‹•‡…‘†• ’‡” …‡–—”›Ǥ  Š‡ ƒ•–”‘‘‡”•Šƒ˜‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‡ƒ‘Žƒ”ƒ›™ƒ•‡šƒ…–Ž›ͺ͸ǡͶͲͲȋʹͶŠ‘—”•έ͸Ͳ‹—–‡•έ͸Ͳ•‡…‘†•Ȍ  •‡…‘†•‹ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͺʹͲƒ†‘™‹–‹•86400.002 •‡…‘†•Ǥ—”™ƒ–…Š‡•‡‡’‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”–‹‡Ǥ  x

Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›‹•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰†—‡–‘–Š‡tidal acceleration‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘„›–Š‡ƒ”–Šǡƒ† –Š‡…‘””‡•’‘†‹‰†‡…‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š”‘–ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡„›–Š‡‘‘Ǥ

x

Š‡ƒ”–ŠǦ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ‹…‡•›•–‡ƒŽ•‘…ƒ—•‡•ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›Ǥ

Concept of Tidal Acceleration Tidal acceleration refers to the effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite and the primary planet that it orbits. We know that Moon's mass is a considerable fraction of that of the Earth. The Ratio of masses of moon and Earth is about 1:81. So these two bodies can be regarded as a double planet system, rather than as a planet with a satellite. The large mass of moon is sufficient to raise tides in the matter of earth. The water of the oceans bulges out along both ends of the axis, passing through the centers of Moon as well as Earth. This tidal bulge is shown in the adjacent graphics. The average tidal bulge shown in above figure closely follows the Moon in its orbit. However, since earth also rotates, the rotation drags this bulge ahead of the position directly under the Moon. The arrow shown in the earth shows the direction of this drag. Due to the simultaneously forces of moon's gravitational force giving rise to the bulges in ocean water and substantial amount of mass in these bulges of water dragged by earth's rotation, this bulge is deviated from the line through the centers of Earth and Moon. This gives rise to a Torque which is perpendicular to the earth moon line. This torque boosts moon in its orbit and decelerates earth's rotation. The above phenomenon is responsible for the slowing Earth’s rotation. Due to the tidal acceleration, Earth’s mean solar day extends by 2.3 milliseconds every century. However, due to glacial rebound, this extension gets reduced by 0.6 seconds per century. So the net effect on mean solar day every century is 1.7 milliseconds. www.gktoday.in

Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡ƒ”‡”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ—”‹‰‰Žƒ…‹ƒ–‹‘•™ƒ–‡”‹•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ƒ† †‡’‘•‹–‡†ƒ•‹…‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”Žƒ–‹–—†‡•…Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǤŠ‡•‡’‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡…Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡’‘Žƒ”ƒš‹•‘””‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒš‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡‘‡–‘ˆ‹‡”–‹ƒ‘ˆƒ”–ŠǦ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ‹…‡•›•–‡‰‡–•”‡†—…‡†™Š‹…Š‹•˜‡”›—…Š•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ ”‘–ƒ–‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ–‡”„”‹‰‹‰Š‡”ƒ”•…Ž‘•‡”–‘Š‡”„‘†›ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š•Š‘—Ž†•’‹ˆƒ•–‡”ǤŠ‹•’”‘…‡••Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–‘ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ†ƒ›Ǥ

Sidereal Day: Š‡•’‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‘‹–•’‘Žƒ”‹•‹ˆƒ…––ƒ‡•ʹ͵Š‘—”•ǡͷ͸‹—–‡•ƒ†ͶǤͲͻ•‡…‘†•ˆ‘””‘–ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡͵͸Ͳ†‡‰”‡‡ǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†sidereal dayǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘”‡ƒ‹•ǡ͵͸Ͳ锇Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘™Šƒ–ǫ Model Question - 18. Consider the following statements: 1. Sidereal Day is little longer than the Solar Day 2. Sidereal Day is based upon the Earth's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars. Which among the above is / are correct statements:

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www.gktoday.in 40

Answer: 18 www.gktoday.in

Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹†‡”‡ƒŽ‹‡‹•„ƒ•‡†—’‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•”ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†•–ƒ”•Ǥ ”‘ƒ‰‹˜‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘’‘‹–ǡƒ•–ƒ”ˆ‘—†ƒ–‘‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•›™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ–‹‡Ǥ‘–Š•‘Žƒ”–‹‡ƒ†•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ–‹‡ƒ‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵• ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ‹–• ’‘Žƒ” ƒš‹•ǡ solar time following the Sun while sidereal time roughly follows the starsǤ ‡…ƒ—•‡•–ƒ”•ƒ”‡—…Šˆƒ”–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ›ǡEarth's position with respect to them changes only to a miniscule degreeǤ —”‹‰–Š‡–‹‡‡‡†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”–Š–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‘—†‹–•ƒš‹•ȋƒ•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ†ƒ›Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒ”–Š‘˜‡•ƒ •Š‘”–†‹•–ƒ…‡ȋƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳιȌƒŽ‘‰‹–•‘”„‹–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•—Ǥ‘ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒ•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–Š•–‹ŽŽ‡‡†•–‘ ”‘–ƒ–‡ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰—Žƒ”†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•—”‡ƒ…Š‡•‹–•Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘‹–Ǥ•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡ƒ”Ž› Ͷ‹—–‡•Ž‘‰‡”–Šƒƒ•‹†‡”‡ƒŽ†ƒ›Ǥ

Grid System: Latitudes and Longitudes Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ‰”‹† …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ ‘”†‡”Ž› •›•–‡ ‘ˆ …‹”…Ž‡•Ȅ‡”‹†‹ƒ• ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•Ȅ–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ Ž‘…ƒ–‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‘–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡ƒ††‡ˆ‹‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…†‹”‡…–‹‘•ǤŽŽ‘ˆ›‘—‘™ –Šƒ–™Š‡™‡™ƒŽ†‹”‡…–Ž›‘”–Š‘”•‘—–Šǡ™‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ‡”‹†‹ƒǢ™Š‡ ™‡™ƒŽ‡ƒ•–‘”™‡•–™‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹ˆ‹‹–‡—„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• ƒ† ‡”‹†‹ƒ• –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡ †”ƒ™ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”–Šǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ˜‡”›’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ—‹“—‡…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ†‘‡ ‡”‹†‹ƒǤ Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘‹–‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘Ǥ ‘–Š‡”‹†‹ƒ•ƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ…‹”…Ž‡•Ȅgreat and smallǤ Model Question - 19. Consider the following statements: 1. Each meridian is half of a great circle 2. All parallels are not great circles 3. All meridians are of equal length Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer Footnote: 19 www.gktoday.in

‰”‡ƒ–…‹”…Ž‡‹•…”‡ƒ–‡†™Š‡ƒplane passing through the center of the Earth‹–‡”•‡…–•–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ – „‹•‡…–•–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡‹–‘–™‘‡“—ƒŽŠƒŽ˜‡•Ǥ•ƒŽŽ…‹”…Ž‡‹•…”‡ƒ–‡†™Š‡ƒ’Žƒ‡’ƒ••‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”–Šǡ„—–‘– –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…‡–‡”ǡ‹–‡”•‡…–•–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‘ǡ‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹†‹ƒ•‹•ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›ŠƒŽ˜‡‘ˆƒ‰”‡ƒ–…‹”…Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽŽ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•‡š…‡’––Š‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ…‹”…Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ Žƒ„‡Ž ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• ƒ†‡”‹†‹ƒ• „› –Š‡‹” Žƒ–‹–—†‡ƒ† Ž‘‰‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ “—ƒ–‘” †‹˜‹†‡• –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„‡ ‹–‘ –™‘ ‡“—ƒŽ ’‘”–‹‘•Ȅ–Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• ƒ”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡‹” ƒ‰—Žƒ” †‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ™Š‹…Š”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘Ͳι–‘ͻͲιǤŽŽ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†„› ƒ‘”–ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡ȋιȌǡƒ†ƒŽŽ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž••‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ƒ••‘—–ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡ȋιȌǤ

Latitudes ƒ–‹–—†‡ȋ†‡‘–‡†„›߮ሻ‹•–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ equatorial plane and the axisǤ‹‡•Œ‘‹‹‰’‘‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•ǡ™Š‹…Š–”ƒ…‡…‘…‡–”‹……‹”…Ž‡•‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǡ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡ Žƒ”‰‡•–’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹•“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡‘”–Š‘Ž‡‹•ͻͲιǢ–Š‡‘—–Š‘Ž‡‹•ͻͲιǤ“—ƒ–‘”‹•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡ •›•–‡•Ǥ ƒ–‹–—†‡• –‡ŽŽ —• –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†

Length of a Degree of Geodetic Latitude Latitude (º) Miles Kilometers 0 68.71 110.57 10 68.73 110.61 18 Only 2 is correct statements. 20 68.79 110.70 19 1, 2 & 3 are correct statements. All meridians are considered as half of great circles, as is the 30 equator. Lines68.88 of latitude are not great 110.85 circles, because they are smaller than the equator; their centers are not at the center of the Earth. Length is 40,075 111.04 km, while a 40 of Equator 68.99 69.12 111.23 north-south meridian line (which is an ellipse) is almost 40,008 km. The quadratic mean or root 50 mean square of these extremes is about 60 69.23 111.41 40041.5 km. 70 69.32 ( Raz Kr) 111.56 Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service 80 69.38 111.66 GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 69.40 2012 Suresh Soni111.69 | All Rights Reserved 90

…Ž‹ƒ–‹…’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’Žƒ…‡Ǥ

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 41 ‡ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘‹– ‹• –Š‡ ‰‡‘•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡• ƒ”‡ over the equator at a specific point on Earth, in a circular orbit,•‘–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ”–Š‹•‡š’”‡••‡†‹Ž‘‰‹–—†‡†‡‰”‡‡•‘Ž›ǤŠ‡‹”Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•œ‡”‘ǡ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͺͲι‘ˆŽƒ–‹–—†‡•ƒ†‡ƒ…Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆŽƒ–‹–—†‡•’ƒ•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͳͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘”͸ͻ‹Ž‡•‘”͸Ͳƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•Ǥ—––Š‹•†‹•–ƒ…‡˜ƒ”‹‡•because Earth is NOT a perfect sphere. ”‘“—ƒ–‘” –‘ ͶͲι –‘™ƒ”†• „‘–Š ’‘Ž‡• ‹– ‹• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› Ž‡•• –Šƒ ͳͳͳ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ† ˆ”‘ Ͷͳι –‘™ƒ”†• „‘–Š ’‘Ž‡• ‹– ‹• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͳͳͳ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ  ‹…‡ –Š‡ latitudes are based on an ellipsoid earth, they are also called Geodetic LatitudesǤŠ‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡––ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡˜ƒ”›‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳιŽƒ–‹–—†‡ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘’‘Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡‹•ͳǡͺͷʹ‡–‡”•ȋƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͸ǡͲ͹͸ˆ‡‡–Ȍ‘”ͳǤͳͷͲ͹͹‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ͻͲι‘”–Šƒ†ͻͲι‘—–Šƒ”‡ —•‡†ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡’‘‹–•Ǥƒ…Š†‡‰”‡‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘͸Ͳ‹—–‡•ƒ†‡ƒ…Š‹—–‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘͸Ͳ•‡…‘†•Ǥ Model Question - 20. An airplane takes off from a location at 17°S latitude and flies to a new location 55° due north of its starting point. What latitude has the plane reached? A. 28°N B. 38°N C. 55°N D. 72°N Answer: 20 www.gktoday.in

Longitudes ‘‰‹–—†‡™Š‹…Š‹•†‡‘–‡†„›ɉ‹•–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡‡ƒ•–‘”™‡•–‘ˆƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‡”‹†‹ƒ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ’‘Ž‡•–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‡”‹†‹ƒ–Šƒ–’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›’‘‹–ǤŽŽ‡”‹†‹ƒ•ƒ”‡ŠƒŽ˜‡•‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–…‹”…Ž‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘–’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤŠ‡›…‘˜‡”‰‡‘Ž›ƒ––Š‡‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š’‘Ž‡•ǤŽ‹‡’ƒ••‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡‘›ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›ǡ

”‡‡™‹…Š ȋ‡ƒ” ‘†‘ ‹ –Š‡ Ȍ Šƒ• „‡‡ …Š‘•‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽœ‡”‘ǦŽ‘‰‹–—†‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡Ž‹‡ƒ†‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡ ”‹‡ ‡”‹†‹ƒǤ Žƒ…‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•– ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ† ’Žƒ…‡• –‘ –Š‡ ™‡•– ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”

Latitudes and Longitudes in India India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude

Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ–‹’‘†ƒŽ‡”‹†‹ƒ‘ˆ ”‡‡™‹…Š‹•„‘–ŠͳͺͲ郐†ͳͺͲιǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡͵͸Ͳι‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹†‹ƒ•ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ’”‹‡ ‡”‹†‹ƒ ‹• ͲιǤ ‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‡”‹†‹ƒ• ‹• ‡“—ƒŽǤ Š‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ‡”‹†‹ƒ• ‹• ˆƒ”–Š‡•–ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ†‹–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ•™‡‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•’‘Ž‡•ƒ†„‡…‘‡•œ‡”‘ƒ–’‘Ž‡•Ǥ

Time and Time Zones ‹ŽŽ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š…‡–—”›ǡ‡ƒ…Š–‘™—•‡†–‘•‡––Š‡‹”…Ž‘…•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡—Ǥ ˆ–‡”–Šƒ–ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™•‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‡–…ǡ’”‘„Ž‡• •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ƒŒ‘” ’”‘„Ž‡• ‹ …‘•–”—…–‹‰ –‹‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •–‘’•ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡‡ƒ…Š•–‘’Šƒ†‹–•‘™Ž‘…ƒŽ–‹‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” •–ƒ†ƒ”† –‹‡• ƒ”‘•‡Ǥ  ͳͺ͹ͺǡ Sir Sanford Fleming •—‰‰‡•–‡† ƒ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ –‹‡ œ‘‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†•‹’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡‡‡’‹‰‘ˆ–‹‡ƒ…”‘••–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Ž‡‹‰’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‰Ž‘„‡„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ ʹͶ–‹‡œ‘‡•ǡ‡ƒ…Šͳͷ†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‡‹™‹†–ŠǤ‹…‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†”‘–ƒ–‡•‘…‡‡˜‡”›ʹͶŠ‘—”•‘‹–•ƒš‹•ƒ† –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵͸Ͳ†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‡ǡ‡ƒ…ŠŠ‘—”‘ˆƒ”–Š”‘–ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†”‡’”‡•‡–ͳͷ†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‡Ǥ ͳͺͺͶǡ ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‹‡ ‡”‹†‹ƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ ™ƒ• Š‡Ž† ‹ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ –‘ ƒ†‘’– –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡ ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ –‹‡ ‡‡’‹‰ ƒ† †‡–‡”‹‡† –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ‡”‹†‹ƒǤ  –Š‹• …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‡™‹…Šǡ ‰Žƒ†™ƒ•ƒ••‹‰‡†œ‡”‘†‡‰”‡‡•Ž‘‰‹–—†‡ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ʹͶ–‹‡œ‘‡•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡”‹‡‡”‹†‹ƒǤ – ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰”‡‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ–‹‡™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ƒ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ––Š‡ ‘›ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›ƒ– ”‡‡™‹…ŠǤŠ‹•–‹‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†™ƒ•…ƒŽŽ‡†Greenwich Mean Timeȋ ȌǤ

20 If one starts at 17°S and flies 55°N the destination point would be 38°N. First, you would travel to the equator (0°) that would be 17 of the 55 degrees. Then continue traveling northward until you have reached 38 degrees. 38 + 17 equals 55. Correct Answer is 38° N Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 42 GMT versus UTC Š‡ ”‡‡™‹…Š‡ƒ‹‡ȋ Ȍ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”–‹‡ƒ––Š‡‘›ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›‹ ”‡‡™‹…ŠǤŠ‡–‡” ‹•‹…‘‘—•‡‹‹–‡†‹‰†‘ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒǡ †‹ƒǡƒ‹•–ƒƒ†ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ‡–…ǤŠ‡‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† ‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ‹‡ ȋȌ ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ǣ –Š‡ ‘Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹• –Šƒ– UTC is more precisely determined by the international scientific communityǤ Š‡ •›•–‡ ™ƒ• ƒ†Œ—•–‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡• —–‹Ž Ž‡ƒ’ •‡…‘†• ™‡”‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ‹ ͳͻ͹ʹ –‘ •‹’Ž‹ˆ› ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡–‘”‡’Žƒ…‡

UTC is based on atomic time and includes leap seconds. UTC was used beginning in the midtwentieth century but became the official standard of world time on January 1, 1972. UTC is 24-hour time, which begins at 0:00 at midnight. 12:00 is noon, 13:00 is 1 p.m., 14:00 is 2 p.m. and so on until 23:59, which is 11:59 p.m.

™‹–Šƒ‡™•›•–‡™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡Ž‡ƒ’•‡…‘†•„—– ‘…‘•‡•—•Šƒ•›‡–„‡‡”‡ƒ…Š‡†Ǥ Š—•ǡUTC can be called a successor of the GMTǤ‘†ƒ›ǡ–‹‡œ‘‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ”‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆˆ•‡–•ˆ”‘Ǥ Zulu Time ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ‡ ‘ˆ Ǥ Z refers to the "zone description" of zero hours. Phonetic word for Z is Zulu. That is why GMT is called Zulu TimeǤ Š—•ǡ Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), and Zulu Time are three different names for the same time zone.Š‹•–‹‡œ‘‡‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡”‹‡‡”‹†‹ƒǡœ‡”‘ †‡‰”‡‡•Ž‘‰‹–—†‡ǡƒ†”—•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘›ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›ƒ– ”‡‡™‹…Šǡƒ•‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘†‘ǡ‰Žƒ†Ǥ –‹•–Š‡ ”‹‡‡”‹†‹ƒˆ”‘™Š‹…Š‘–Š‡”Ž‘‰‹–—†‡•ƒ”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ǡ‡ƒ•–ƒ†™‡•–Ǥ



International Date Line ‡—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ We take a world map or globe with 15° meridians and start at the Greenwich 0° meridian and count along the 15° meridians in an eastward direction. We will find that the 180th meridian is number 12 and that the time at this meridian is therefore 12 hours later than Greenwich Time. Counting in a similar manner westward from the Greenwich meridian, we find that the 180th meridian is again number 12 but that the time is 12 hours earlier than Greenwich time. Here, we seem to be in a paradox. How can the same meridian be both 12 hours ahead of Greenwich time and 12 hours behind it? The answer is that each side of this meridian is experiencing a different day. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 43 ‘‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŠ‘—”Žƒ–‡”ǡƒ–ͳǣͲͲǤǤǡ•–‡’’‹‰‡ƒ•–›‘—™‡ˆ‹†–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ —‡ʹ͸Ǥ—–‹ˆ™‡•–‡’™‡•–™‡™‹ŽŽˆ‹†–Šƒ–‹†‹‰Š–‘ˆ —‡ʹ͸Šƒ•’ƒ••‡†ǡƒ†‹–‹•‘™–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‘”‹‰‘ˆ

—‡ʹ͹Ǥ‘‘–Š‡™‡•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͲ–Š‡”‹†‹ƒǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ͳǣͲͲǤǤ„—–‹–‹•‘‡†ƒ›Žƒ–‡”–Šƒ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–•‹†‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘ǡ–Š‡ͳͺͲ–Š‡”‹†‹ƒ•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–‡Ž‹‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹ˆ™‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž™‡•–™ƒ”† ƒ…”‘••–Š‡†ƒ–‡Ž‹‡ǡ™‡—•–ƒ†˜ƒ…‡›‘—”…ƒŽ‡†ƒ”„›‘‡†ƒ›Ǥ ˆ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ǡ™‡•‡–‘—”…ƒŽ‡†ƒ”„ƒ… „›ƒ†ƒ›Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡‹‡†‘‡•‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ͳͺͲ–Š‡”‹†‹ƒ‡šƒ…–Ž›Ǥ‹‡ƒ›–‹‡œ‘‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‹– †‡˜‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡”‹†‹ƒˆ‘”’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ••Š‘™‹ƒ„‘˜‡‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ǡ‹–Šƒ•ƒœ‹‰œƒ‰‘ˆˆ•‡–„‡–™‡‡•‹ƒ ƒ†‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†‘ˆˆ•‡–‹–Š‡‘—–Šƒ…‹ˆ‹…–‘‡‡’…Ž‡ƒ”‘ˆ‡™‡ƒŽƒ†ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹•Žƒ†‰”‘—’•Ǥ x

A traveller crossing the International Date Line eastwards subtracts one dayǤ Crossing the IDL westward results in 24 hours being added.

x

Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡•ǡ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ’ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘‰ Šƒ† ‹–• ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š …ƒ’—Ž…‘ ‹ ‡š‹…‘ǡƒ†™‡”‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰Ž›’Žƒ…‡†‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–‡Ž‹‡ǡ†‡•’‹–‡„‡‹‰ƒ––Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǤ

x

Š‡ ƒ‘ƒ •Žƒ†• ȋƒ‘ƒ ƒ† ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ‘ƒȌ ™‡”‡ ™‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ Ž‹‡ —–‹Ž ͳͺͻʹǢ ‹– ™ƒ• Žƒ–‡” •Š‹ˆ–‡†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–‡Ž‹‡†—‡–‘‹–•„—•‹‡••–”ƒ†‹‰™‹–ŠƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǤ ʹͲͳͳǡ‘”‡–Šƒͳͳͻ›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡” –Šƒ–…Šƒ‰‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡ǡƒ‘ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‡†„ƒ…–‘™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–‡Ž‹‡„›•‹’’‹‰ ”‹†ƒ›͵Ͳ‡…‡„‡”ʹͲͳͳǤ Š‹•…Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡–‹‡œ‘‡ˆ”‘Ϋͳͳ–‘Ϊͳ͵ȋƒ†ˆ”‘ΫͳͲ–‘ΪͳͶ†—”‹‰†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–•ƒ˜‹‰ –‹‡ȌǤ Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡ ‹‡ ‘™ ’ƒ••‡• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ‘ƒ ƒ† ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ‘ƒǡ ™‹–Š ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ‘ƒ”‡ƒ‹‹‰‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡‹‡Ǥ

Daylight Saving Time Š‡†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–•ƒ˜‹‰–‹‡•›•–‡„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘cheat standard timeƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒŠ‘—”‘ˆŽ‹‰Š––‘ƒ–‹‡ ™Š‡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘”‡ —•‡ˆ—ŽǤ ‘ǡ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰ …Ž‘…• •‘ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‡ †ƒ›Ž‹‰Š– ƒ† ‘”‹‰•Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••Ǥ Why it is needed? ˆ–‡™‡™ƒ‡—’™‡ŽŽƒˆ–‡”•—”‹•‡ƒ†…‘–‹—‡„‡‹‰ƒ…–‹˜‡—–‹ŽŽ‘‰ƒˆ–‡”•—•‡–ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ™‡Ž‹˜‡‹—”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‘™‡ƒ†Œ—•–‘—”…Ž‘…•†—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒŽ‘‰‡”†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–’‡”‹‘†–‘…‘””‡•’‘†‘”‡ …Ž‘•‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‘†‡”’ƒ…‡‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ›•‡––‹‰ƒŽŽ…Ž‘…•ƒŠ‡ƒ†„›‘‡Š‘—”ǡ™‡•–‡ƒŽƒŠ‘—”ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› ‘”‹‰†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–’‡”‹‘†Ȅ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›™ƒ•–‡†™Š‹Ž‡•…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ‘ˆˆ‹…‡•ǡƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•ƒ”‡…Ž‘•‡†Ȅƒ†‰‹˜‡ ‹––‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡˜‡‹‰ǡ™Š‡‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ‡ƒ†„—•›Ǥ –Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒǡ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–•ƒ˜‹‰–‹‡…‘‡•‹–‘‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–Š‡second Sunday in Marchƒ†‹• discontinued on the first Sunday of NovemberǤ –Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–•ƒ˜‹‰–‹‡‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†•—‡” –‹‡Ǥ –„‡‰‹•‘–Š‡last Sunday in Marchƒ†ends on the last Sunday in OctoberǤ †‹ƒ†‘‡•‘–‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡ ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ˜‹‰‹‡Ǥ

Implications of Daylight Saving Time Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒ††‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒŽ™ƒ›••—„Œ‡…––‘†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‹–•ǡ none of which is proved–‘„‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›…‘””‡…–•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǣ ƒ

š–”ƒ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‹‰Š–”‡†—…‡–Š‡–”ƒˆˆ‹…ƒ……‹†‡–•„‡…ƒ—•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘”‡…ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž†”‹˜‡”•†—”‹‰†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š– Š‘—”•Ǥ

ƒ

—”‹‰–Š‡‘–Š•ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡†Ž‡••‡‡”‰›Ǥ̵•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•ƒ˜‡‡‡”‰›…‘‡•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ”‘‹–• ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘•—‡•ƒ„‘—–͵ǤͷΨ‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–›‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒƒ†ƒǤ‡Žƒ›‹‰ –Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–‹‡‘ˆ•—•‡–ƒ†•—”‹•‡”‡†—…‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‡˜‡‹‰ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹–‹ –Š‡‘”‹‰Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 44 ƒ ƒŽŽ‘™•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘•Š‘’‘”‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹‘”‡•’‘”–‹‰ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ǡ•‘‹• ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Ǥ ƒ›Ž‹‰Š– ƒ˜‹‰ ‹‡ ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ‘”‡ †ƒ›Ž‹‰Š– Š‘—”• ™Š‹…Š ‹†—…‡ –‘—”‹•–• –‘ •–ƒ› ‘—– Žƒ–‡” ƒ† •’‡†

ƒ

‘”‡‘‡›ǤƒŽ•‘„‘‘•–•–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–ƒš‹•ǡ„—•‡•ƒ†–”ƒ‹•‰‡–‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„—•‹‡••ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ –Š‡†ƒ›Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Šƒ˜‡…‘’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–Ž‡•••—Ž‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‘”‹‰•‹•†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—•–‘

ƒ

–Š‡‹”™‘”ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ†Œ—•––‘–Š‡Ž‡••†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‹‘”‹‰Ǥ ƒ

…ƒ—•‡••Ž‡‡’†‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡•Ǥ

ƒ

…ƒ—•‡•…Šƒ‰‡•‹‡‡–‹‰–‹‡•ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Žǡ„‹ŽŽ‹‰ǡ„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•––‹‡•ǡƒ†•‘‘ǡ™Š‹…ŠƒŽŽ…ƒ—•‡ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡…‘‘›Ǥ

Earth’s Revolution Š‡‘”„‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ”‘—†–Š‡—‡˜‡”›͵͸ͷǤʹͶʹͳͻͻ‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”†ƒ›•ǤŠ‡‘”„‹–ƒŽ •’‡‡†‘ˆƒ”–Šƒ”‘—†–Š‡—ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‘—†͵Ͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”’‡”•‡…‘†‘”ͳͲͺǡͲͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•’‡”Š‘—”ǤŠ‹• •’‡‡†‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘…‘˜‡”‡ƒ”–Šǯ•‘”„‹–‹͹ ‹—–‡•ƒ††‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‘‘–‘—‹Ͷ Š‘—”•Ǥ

Perihelion and Aphelion ƒ”–Š –”ƒ˜‡Ž• ͻ͵ͻǡͺͺ͸ǡͶͲͲ • ƒŽ‘‰ ‹–• ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽ ‘”„‹– ‹ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‹•–ƒ…‡‹•ͳͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘•ǡ„—––Š‡ ‘”„‹–‹•‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹ˆ ʹǤͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ •Ǥ   ƒ”‘—† ƒ—ƒ”› ͵”†ǡ ƒ”–Š ‹• …Ž‘•‡•– –‘ •— ƒ† –Š‹• ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ‡”‹Š‡Ž‹‘Ǥƒ„‘—– —Ž›Ͷ–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹• ƒ”–Š‡•–ˆ”‘—ƒ†–Š‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†’Š‡Ž‹‘Ǥ’‡‡†‘ˆƒ”–Š‹•ˆƒ•–‡•–ƒ– ‡”‹Š‡Ž‹‘ƒ†•Ž‘™‡•–ƒ–’Š‡Ž‹‘ȋ‡’Ž‡”ǯ•‡…‘†ƒ™ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡—ƒ†ƒ”–Š˜ƒ”‹‡•‘Ž›„›ƒ„‘—–3 percent†—”‹‰‘‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽ‘”„‹–‹••Šƒ’‡†˜‡”›—…ŠŽ‹‡ƒ…‹”…Ž‡Ǥ ‘”‘•–’—”’‘•‡•™‡…ƒ”‡‰ƒ”†–Š‡‘”„‹–ƒ•…‹”…—Žƒ”Ǥ Model Question - 21. A person somewhere in space, looking down on the north pole of Earth, would see that ___ 1. Earth rotates anti-clockwise 2. Earth revolves around sun clock wise 3. Moon revolves around Earth clockwise Which among the above statements is are correct? Answer: 21

ˆ ™‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ •’ƒ…‡ǡ Ž‘‘‹‰ †‘™ ‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‘Ž‡Ǣ ˆ”‘ –Š‹•

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˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š –”ƒ˜‡Ž• …‘—–‡”Ǧ…Ž‘…™‹•‡ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ —Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘‘ǯ•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ”‘—†‡ƒ”–Šƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‘—†‹–•‘™ƒš‹•Ǥ

Celestial Poles ‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡–™‘‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›’‘‹–•‹–Š‡•› ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒš‹• ‘ˆ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‡”•‡…–• –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”› ”‘–ƒ–‹‰ •’Š‡”‡‘ˆ•–ƒ”•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”†‹”‡…–Ž›‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡”ƒ––Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•‘”–Š‘Ž‡ ƒ† ‘—–Š ‘Ž‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ …‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‡• †‘ ‘– ”‡ƒ‹ 21 Only 1 is a correct answer.

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Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 45 ’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›ˆ‹š‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ’Š‡‘‡‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡’”‡…‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡“—‹‘š‡•ǡ–Š‡’‘Ž‡•–”ƒ…‡‘—–…‹”…Ž‡•‘–Š‡…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆƒ„‘—–ʹͷǡ͹ͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒš‹• ‹• ƒŽ•‘ •—„Œ‡…– –‘ ‘–Š‡” …‘’Ž‡š ‘–‹‘• •—…Š ƒ• —–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘Žƒ” ‘–‹‘ ƒ† ƒš‹ƒŽ –‹Ž–Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘˜‡” ˜‡”› Ž‘‰ ’‡”‹‘†•–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•…Šƒ‰‡ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”•̵’”‘’‡”‘–‹‘•Ǥ

Seasons Š‡’ƒ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ”‘—†–Š‡—‹•‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽ ƒ† •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ǥ  …‘•–ƒ– ƒ‰Ž‡ ‹• ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒš‹•ƒ†‹–•’Žƒ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† angle of inclinationǤ ƒ”–Š̵• ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒš‹• ‹• –‹Ž–‡† „› ʹ͵ǤͶͶι ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ǡ ƒ† ‹• pointed towards –Š‡ …‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‡• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‘˜‡• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ —Ǥ Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘‰‹˜‡•”‹•‡to two solstices and two equinoxes‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ǡ–Š—•…ƒ—•‹‰ˆ‘—”•‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ

Solstices Š‡ •‘Ž•–‹…‡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‡–• ™Š‡ –Š‡ —̵• ƒ’’ƒ”‡– ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ •› ”‡ƒ…Š‡• ‹–• ‘”–Š‡”‘•– ‘” •‘—–Š‡”‘•– ‡š–”‡‡•Ǥ  ‡…‡„‡” ʹʹǡ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ’‘Žƒ” ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Šǯ• ƒš‹• Ž‡ƒ• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒš‹— ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —ǡ ʹ͵ ΦιǤ Š‹• ‡˜‡– ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ December solstice, or winter solstice ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ – –Š‹• –‹‡ǡ –Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹• –‹Ž–‡† –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ — ƒ† ‡Œ‘›••–”‘‰•‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ ‹š ‘–Š• Žƒ–‡”ǡ ‘ —‡ ʹͳǡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š Šƒ• –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘”„‹–Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ June solstice, or summer solstice ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Model Question - 22. Consider the following statements: 1. Northern Solstice represents the longest day in Northern Hemisphere 2. Southern Solstice causes Midnight sun on North Pole Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 22

– ‘”–Š‡” •‘Ž•–‹…‡ǡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ…‡• ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒ– ”…–‹……‹”…Ž‡ǡ’‘•‹–‡†ƒ–Žƒ–‹–—†‡͸͸Ǥͷ͸鐑”–Š™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Š‡ — Œ—•– ‘ –Š‡ Š‘”‹œ‘ †—”‹‰ ‹†‹‰Š–Ǥ † ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’Žƒ…‡• ‘”–Š ‘ˆ ”…–‹… ‹”…Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ •‡‡ — ƒ„‘˜‡ Š‘”‹œ‘ ˆ‘”ʹͶŠ‘—”•ǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‹†‹‰Š–—‘”ƒ‘Žƒ”ƒ›Ǥ –‘”–Š‡”•‘Ž•–‹…‡™Š‹…Šƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒ––ƒ”…–‹……‹”…Ž‡ǡ ’‘•‹–‡† ƒ– Žƒ–‹–—†‡ ͸͸Ǥͷ͸ι •‘—–Š ™‹ŽŽ •‡‡ –Š‡ — Œ—•– ‘

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Uttarayan & Dakshinayan For 6 months of the year, the Sun appears to be moving north. This Northward migration of Sun appears to begin after December 22 and is completed on June 21, when the Sun is directly overhead 23.44° North. Due to this, In India we call this Uttarayan. After June 21, for the next 6 months, Sun appears to be moving South and this southward migration appears to get finished , when Sun is directly overhead the 23.44° South. In India we call this apparent migration Dakshinayan.

–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘†—”‹‰‹††ƒ›Ǥ†ƒŽŽ–Š‡’Žƒ…‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ–ƒ”…–‹…‹”…Ž‡™‹ŽŽ•‡‡ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ǤŠ‹•‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†‘Žƒ”‹‰Š–Ǥ–‘—–Š‡”•‘Ž•–‹…‡ǡ‘Žƒ”†ƒ›‘……—”•ƒ–‘—–Š‡”‘Ž‡ƒ†‘Žƒ”‹‰Š–‘……—”•ƒ–‘”–Š‡” ‘Ž‡Ǥ

22 None of them is a correct statement.

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-26 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Volcanoes, Rocks, Megarelief, Ocean Relief, Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift, Landforms and Earth Movements 46 Š‡ — ‹• †‹”‡…– ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ† ‘ ʹ͵ǤͶͶι ‘”–Šǡ ‹– ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‰‡•– ƒ› ‹ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘ ‘—–Š‡” ‘Ž•–‹…‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ — ‹• †‹”‡…– ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ† ‘ ʹ͵ǤͶͶι •‘—–Šǡ ‹– ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‰‡•– ƒ› ‹ ‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘ ‘”–Š‡” ‘Ž•–‹…‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†•ƒŽŽ‡•–‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡†ƒ•„‡Ž‘™ǣ  Comparison of December Solstice and June Solstice June Solstice

Variable

December Solstice

Date of Occurring Also Known As Sun Directly Over North Pole South Pole Longest Day

December 21/22 Winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere / Northern Solstice Tropic of Capricorn Midnight Sun Polar Night Southern Hemisphere

June 21/22 Summer Solstice in Northern hemisphere / Southern Solstice Tropic of Cancer Polar Night Midnight Sun Northern Hemisphere

Equinoxes Š‡‡“—‹‘š‡•‘……—”‹†™ƒ›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‘Ž•–‹…‡†ƒ–‡•Ǥ–ƒ‡“—‹‘šǡ–Š‡Earth’s axis is not tilted toward the Sun or away from it.Š‡ƒ”…Š‡“—‹‘šȋ˜‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹‘š‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ȍ‘……—”•‡ƒ”ƒ”…Šʹͳǡƒ† –Š‡‡’–‡„‡”‡“—‹‘šȋƒ—–—ƒŽ‡“—‹‘šȌ‘……—”•‡ƒ”‡’–‡„‡”ʹ͵ǤŠ‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡–™‘‡“—‹‘š‡•ƒ”‡ ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”–ŠȂ—”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‹•…‘…‡”‡†ǤŠ‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ›•‘Ž•–‹…‡‘”‡“—‹‘š‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”›‡ƒ” ƒ›˜ƒ”›„›ƒ†ƒ›‘”•‘ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’‡”‹‘†‹•‘–‡šƒ…–Ž›͵͸ͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ – ‡“—‹‘šǡ — ‹• ƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ’‘‹–• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ …‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ† ‡…Ž‹’–‹… ‹–‡”•‡…–Ǥ — …ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –‘ „‡ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ† –Š‡ “—ƒ–‘”Ǥ “—‹‘š Šƒ’’‡• ƒ”‘—† ƒ”…Š ʹͲȀʹͳ ƒ† ‡’–‡„‡” ʹʹȀʹ͵ ‡ƒ…Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ

Precession Movement of earth Š‡”‡…‡••‹‘‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ”–Š‹•˜‡”›•Ž‘™ƒ†’”‘…‡‡†•‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆƒ”–Šǯ•‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡‘‡…›…Ž‡…‘’Ž‡–‡•‹ʹͺͲͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘‘ˆ’”‡…‡••‹‘‘˜‡‡–‹•‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‘‘ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•—ǤŠ‡•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒš‹•†—‡–‘’”‡…‡••‹‘‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ References,, Credit & Copyright Information 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

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Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons http://www.tulane.edu http://www.csulb.edu http://www.pa.msu.edu Physical Geography by Strahler Physical Geography.net BBC Earth © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

Part I. Concepts in Oceanography Ocean Sediment o Lithogenous Sediment o Biogenous Sediment / Ooze o More on Diatoms o Hydrogenous Sediment o Resources from Ocean Sediments Ocean Temperature o Daily Range of Temperature o Annual Range of Temperature o Distribution Pattern of Temperature o Horizontal Distribution of Temperature o Vertical Distribution of Temperature Salinity of Ocean Water o Horizontal Distribution of Salinity of Ocean Water o Vertical Distribution of Salinity of Ocean Water Ocean Currents o General Observations about Ocean Currents o Coriolis Effect and Coriolis Force o Impact of Physical Properties of Ocean on Ocean Currents Impact of Air Pressure and Winds on Ocean Currents Types of Oceanic Currents o Currents of the Atlantic ocean o Currents of the Pacific ocean o Currents of the Indian ocean Tides o Stages of Tides o Spring Tides and Neap Tides o Daily Frequency of Tides o Duration and Frequencies of Daily Tides o Various Concepts related to Tides Part II. Atmosphere and Winds Circulation Troposphere o Chemical Composition of Troposphere o Temperature of Troposphere: o Tropopause o Stratosphere o Ozone Layer o Mesosphere

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o Ionosphere o Concept of Aurora o Exosphere Atmosphere and Insolation o Effects of the Atmosphere on Solar Radiation o Radiation as method of Heat Energy Transfer o Conduction as Method of Heat Transfer o Convection as Source of Heat Transfer o Advection as Source of Heat Transfer o Latent Heat of Condensation Earth’s Energy Budget Distribution of Temperature o Three Broad Temperature Zones o Frigid Zones Patterns of Global Isotherms o Vertical Distribution of Temperature o Inversion of the Temperature o Mean Thermal Equator o Annual temperature range Atmospheric Pressure & Global Winds o Pressure Belts of Earth o Pressure and Winds o Intertropical Convergence Zone / Doldrums o Subtropical High / Horse Latitudes o Other Belts o Trade winds o Westerlies o Polar Easterlies o Local Winds o Monsoon ƒ Origin of Monsoon: Traditional View ƒ Origin of Monsoon: Modern View Rainfall o Cooling o Convectional Rainfall o Cyclonic / Frontal Rainfall o Orographic Rainfall o Distribution of Rainfall o Air Mass & Fronts o Frontogenesis and Frontolysis o Types of Fronts

Part I.

Concepts in Oceanography Ocean Sediment …‡ƒ•‡†‹‡–•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ†‹”–ǡ†—•–ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”†‡„”‹•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•‡––Ž‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ† ƒ……——Žƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ The first importance of marine sediments is that they reveal much about Earth s history. ƒ”‹‡ •‡†‹‡–• ’”‘˜‹†‡ …Ž—‡• –‘ ’ƒ•– …Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǡ‘…‡ƒ…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒ† —–”‹‡–•—’’Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ ƒ”‹‡•‡†‹‡–•…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‹ƒ•…‡”–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡–‹‹‰‘ˆƒŒ‘”‡š–‹…–‹‘•ǡ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ

‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•‡š’‘•‡†‘–Š‡…‘–‹‡–• ƒ”‡ •‡†‹‡–ƒ”› ”‘…• †‡’‘•‹–‡† ‹ ƒ…‹‡– ‘…‡ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ƒ†—’Ž‹ˆ–‡†‘–‘Žƒ†„›’Žƒ–‡–‡…–‘‹… ’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‡ –ƒŽŽ‡•– ‘—–ƒ‹• ‘ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–• ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ ƒ› ‘…‡ƒ…‘–ƒ‹ ƒ”‹‡ ˆ‘••‹Ž•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ”‘…• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” ‹ –Š‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… ’ƒ•–Ǥ ‘—– ˜‡”‡•– …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ”‘… –Šƒ– ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ƒ••‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ

˜‡”–‹‡ǡ•‡†‹‡–•…ƒ„‡…‘‡Ž‹–Š‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†–—”‡†–‘”‘… ƒ†ˆ‘”sedimentary rockǤƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–…‘‡ˆ”‘™‘”’‹‡…‡•‘ˆ”‘…•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ ‹‡”ƒŽ•†‹••‘Ž˜‡†‹™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†‘—–‡”•’ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–›’‡•‘ˆƒ”‹‡•‡†‹‡–••—…Šƒ•ǣ ƒ

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Lithogenous Sediment Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–‹•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰”‘…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•‘”‹•Žƒ†•ˆ”‘ ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‡”—’–‹‘•ǡ ‘” „Ž‘™ †—•–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” –‡” —•‡† ˆ‘” Ž‹–Š‘‰‡‘—• •‡†‹‡– ‹• terrigenous •‡†‹‡–Ǥ „˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ ‹–Š‘‰‡‘—• ‡†‹‡– „‡‰‹• ƒ• ”‘…• ‘ …‘–‹‡–• ‘” ‹•Žƒ†•Ǥ ˜‡” –‹‡ǡ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 2 ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ƒ‰‡–• •—…Š ƒ• ™ƒ–‡”ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‡š–”‡‡•ǡ ƒ† …Š‡‹…ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• „”‡ƒ ”‘…• ‹–‘ •ƒŽŽ‡” ’‹‡…‡•Ǥ Š‡”‘…•ƒ”‡‹•ƒŽŽ‡”’‹‡…‡•ǡ–Š‡›…ƒ„‡‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›‡”‘†‡†ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ǤŠ‹•‡”‘†‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–Š‡ „ƒ•‹……‘’‘‡–‘ˆ™Š‹…ŠƒŽŽŽ‹–Š‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–‹•…‘’‘•‡†Ǥ”‘†‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•‹•…ƒ””‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• „› •–”‡ƒ•ǡ ™‹†ǡ ‰Žƒ…‹‡”•ǡ ƒ† ‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–‡† •‡†‹‡– …ƒ „‡ †‡’‘•‹–‡† ‹ ƒ› ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ „ƒ›• ‘” Žƒ‰‘‘• ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒǡ ƒ• †‡Ž–ƒ•ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š•‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•ǡƒŽ‘‰„‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ––Š‡•Š‘”‡Ž‹‡ǡ ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ”‰‹Ǥ –…ƒƒŽ•‘ „‡…ƒ””‹‡†„‡›‘†–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ”‰‹–‘–Š‡†‡‡’Ǧ‘…‡ƒ „ƒ•‹ „› –—”„‹†‹–› …—””‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ

Neritic Deposits versus Pelagic Deposits ƒ”‹‡ •‡†‹‡–ƒ”› †‡’‘•‹–• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡† ƒ• ‡‹–Š‡” ‡”‹–‹…‘”’‡Žƒ‰‹…Ǥ ‡”‹–‹… †‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‘ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ •Š‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† ‹ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ ™ƒ–‡” ‡ƒ” ‹•Žƒ†•Ǣ –Š‡•‡ †‡’‘•‹–• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› …‘ƒ”•‡ ‰”ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ’‡Žƒ‰‹… †‡’‘•‹–• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ †‡‡’ ‘…‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•ƒ†ƒ”‡–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹‡‰”ƒ‹‡†Ǥ

Ž‹–Š‘‰‡‘—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ˆ‘—† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ƒ”‰‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‹• …‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‘˜‡† „› Š‹‰ŠǦ‡‡”‰› …—””‡–• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ •Š‘”‡Ž‹‡ ƒ† ‹ †‡‡’‡” –—”„‹†‹–› …—””‡–• The majority of lithogenous deposits such as beach sands are composed primarily of quartzǤ

Biogenous Sediment / Ooze ‹‘‰‡‘—• •‡†‹‡– ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹• ‘ˆ Šƒ”† ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ‘…‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ ”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ ‹‘‰‡‘—• ‡†‹‡–‹‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–„‡‰‹•ƒ•–Š‡Šƒ”†’ƒ”–•ȋ•Š‡ŽŽ•ǡ„‘‡•ǡƒ†–‡‡–ŠȌ‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ ‹—–‡ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ƒ†’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‹•Šƒ†™ŠƒŽ‡•ǤŠ‡‘”‰ƒ‹••–Šƒ–’”‘†—…‡Šƒ”†’ƒ”–•†‹‡ǡ–Š‡‹””‡ƒ‹••‡––Ž‡ ‘–‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ƒ†…ƒƒ……——Žƒ–‡ƒ•„‹‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–Ǥ‹‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–…ƒ„‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‡‹–Š‡” ƒ…”‘•…‘’‹… ‘” ‹…”‘•…‘’‹…Ǥ ƒ…”‘•…‘’‹… „‹‘‰‡‘—• •‡†‹‡– ‹• Žƒ”‰‡ ‡‘—‰Š –‘ „‡ •‡‡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ ‹…”‘•…‘’‡ƒ†‹…Ž—†‡••Š‡ŽŽ•ǡ„‘‡•ǡƒ†–‡‡–Š‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ Oo ze

Š‡ ‹…”‘•…‘’‹… ‘”‰ƒ‹•• ’”‘†—…‡ –‹› •Š‡ŽŽ• …ƒŽŽ‡† tests –Šƒ– „‡‰‹ –‘ •‹ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• †‹‡ ƒ† …‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›”ƒ‹†‘™‹‰”‡ƒ–—„‡”•‘–‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‡•‡‹…”‘•…‘’‹…–‡•–•…ƒƒ……——Žƒ–‡‘–Š‡†‡‡’ ‘…‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” ƒ† ˆ‘” †‡’‘•‹–• …ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‘œ‡Ǥ ‘œ‡ ”‡•‡„Ž‡• ˜‡”› ˆ‹‡ ‰”ƒ‹‡†ǡ —•Š› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Ž‹‡ —†Ǥ  Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹••–Šƒ–…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘„‹‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–ƒ”‡…Š‹‡ˆŽ›ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ƒ†’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•ǤŽ‰ƒ‡ƒ”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ“—ƒ–‹…ǡ ‡—ƒ”›‘–‹…ǡ’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡–‹…‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰‹•‹œ‡ˆ”‘‹…”‘•…‘’‹…•‹‰Ž‡…‡ŽŽ•–‘Žƒ”‰‡‘”‰ƒ‹••Ž‹‡‰‹ƒ– ‡Ž’Ǥ ”‘–‘œ‘ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ…‡ŽŽ‡†ǡ ‡—ƒ”›‘–‹…ǡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ‹…”‘•…‘’‹… ‘”‰ƒ‹•• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘–’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡–‹…Ǥ Opal

Š‡ –™‘ ‘•– …‘‘ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ …‘’‘—†• ‹ „‹‘‰‡‘—• •‡†‹‡– ƒ”‡ …ƒŽ…‹— …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ ȋ™Š‹…Š ˆ‘”• –Š‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ…ƒŽ…‹–‡Ȍƒ†•‹Ž‹…ƒǤ‹Ž‹…ƒ‹•‘ˆ–‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”–‘’”‘†—…‡–Š‡Š›†”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆ•‹Ž‹…ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† opalǤ Diatoms and Diatomaceous Earth

‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹Ž‹…ƒ ‹ „‹‘‰‡‘—• ‘‘œ‡ …‘‡• ˆ”‘ ‹…”‘•…‘’‹… ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† †‹ƒ–‘• ƒ† ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ• …ƒŽŽ‡† ”ƒ†‹‘Žƒ”‹ƒ•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡†‹ƒ–‘•’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹œ‡ǡ–Š‡›‡‡†•–”‘‰•—Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‘Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡—’’‡”ǡ •—Ž‹–•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒǤ‘•–†‹ƒ–‘•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡‡ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ǡ‘”’Žƒ–‘‹…ǤŠ‡Ž‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹•„—‹Ž†•ƒ‰Žƒ•• ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ •‹Ž‹…ƒ ƒ• ƒ ’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡ …‘˜‡”‹‰ ƒ† Ž‹˜‡• ‹•‹†‡Ǥ  Š‡”‡ †‹ƒ–‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ„—†ƒ– ƒ– –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ–Š‹…†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ†‹ƒ–‘”‹…Š‘‘œ‡…ƒƒ……——Žƒ–‡„‡Ž‘™‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‡–Š‹•‘‘œ‡Ž‹–Š‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ‹– „‡…‘‡•diatomaceous earthǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒŽ‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–™Š‹–‡”‘……‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ†‹ƒ–‘–‡•–•ƒ†…Žƒ›Ǥ

More on Diatoms ‹ƒ–‘• ƒ”‡ ‹…”‘•…‘’‹… •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ…‡ŽŽ‡† photosynthetic ‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ ƒ…Š ‘‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‹•‹†‡ ƒ ’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡ •‹Ž‹…ƒ –‡•–ǡ ‘•–‘ˆ™Š‹…Š…‘–ƒ‹–™‘ŠƒŽ˜‡•–Šƒ–ˆ‹––‘‰‡–Š‡”˜‡”›—…Š•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ•Š‘‡„‘šƒ†‹–•Ž‹†Ǥ Š‡ –‡•–• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ–‘• ƒ”‡ ‡š“—‹•‹–‡Ž› ‘”ƒ‡–‡† ™‹–Š Š‘Ž‡•ǡ ”‹„•ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰ •’‹‡• unique to individual speciesǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 3 ‹ƒ–‘•Ž‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡™†ƒ›•–‘ƒ•—…Šƒ•ƒ™‡‡ǡ…ƒ”‡’”‘†—…‡•‡š—ƒŽŽ›‘”ƒ•‡š—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†‘……—”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›‘” Ž‹‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹–‘ Ž‘‰ …‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‰”‡ƒ– ƒ„—†ƒ…‡ ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡‘…‡ƒ ƒ† ‹ …‡”–ƒ‹ ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” Žƒ‡•„—– …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒ› †‹˜‡”•‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‘ –Š‡

Š‡ˆ‘••‹Ž”‡…‘”†‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–†‹ƒ–‘•Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡‘ƒ”–Š•‹…‡–Š‡ —”ƒ••‹…‡”‹‘†ȋͳͺͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͹ͲǡͲͲͲ •’‡…‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ƒ–‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ

—†‡”•‹†‡• ‘ˆ ’‘Žƒ” ‹…‡ǡ ‘ –Š‡ •‹• ‘ˆ ™ŠƒŽ‡•ǡ ‹ •‘‹Žǡ ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ •’”‹‰•ǡƒ†‡˜‡‘„”‹…™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ †‹ƒ–‘• †‹‡ǡ –Š‡‹” –‡•–• ”ƒ‹ †‘™ ƒ† ƒ……——Žƒ–‡ ‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” ƒ• siliceous oozeǤ ƒ”†‡‡† †‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ•‹Ž‹…‡‘—•‘‘œ‡ǡ…ƒŽŽ‡††‹ƒ–‘ƒ…‡‘—•‡ƒ”–Šǡ…ƒ„‡ƒ•—…Šƒ•ͻͲͲ‡–‡”•–Š‹…Ǥ‹ƒ–‘ƒ…‡‘—•‡ƒ”–Š …‘•‹•–•‘ˆ„‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ‹—–‡•‹Ž‹…ƒ–‡•–•ƒ†has many unusual properties•—…Šƒ•ǣ x

–‹•Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†Šƒ•ƒinert chemical compositionǤ

x

–‹•resistant to high temperaturesǡƒ†

x

–Šƒ•‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–filtering propertiesǤ

—‡–Š‡•‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ†‹ƒ–‘ƒ…‡‘—•‡ƒ”–Š‹•—•‡†–‘’”‘†—…‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ…‘‘’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ•filtersǡmild abrasivesȋ‹–‘‘–Š’ƒ•–‡ǡˆƒ…‹ƒŽ•…”—„•ǡƒ–…Š‡•ǡƒ†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†…Ž‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†’‘Ž‹•Š‹‰…‘’‘—†•Ȍabsorbents ȋˆ‘”…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•’‹ŽŽ•ǡ‹…ƒ–Ž‹––‡”ǡƒ†ƒ•ƒ•‘‹Ž…‘†‹–‹‘‡”Ȍchemical carriersȋ‹’Šƒ”ƒ…‡—–‹…ƒŽ•ǡ’ƒ‹–ǡƒ†‡˜‡ †›ƒ‹–‡Ȍ –Š‡” ’”‘†—…–• ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ–‘ƒ…‡‘—• ‡ƒ”–Š ‹…Ž—†‡ optical-quality glass ȋ„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—”‡ •‹Ž‹…ƒ …‘–‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ–‘•Ȍ ƒ† space shuttle tiles ȋ„‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰‘‘† ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ‹ƒ–‘ƒ…‡‘—• ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† ƒ• ƒ additive in concreteǡ ƒ filler in tiresǡ ƒ anticaking agentǡ ƒ natural pesticideǡƒ†ƒ•„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‘‡‹–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘—•‡•Ǥ ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‹•ǡ‡ƒ…ŠŽ‹˜‹‰†‹ƒ–‘…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ–‹›†”‘’Ž‡–‘ˆ‘‹ŽǤŠ‡†‹ƒ–‘•†‹‡ǡ–Š‡‹”–‡•–•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰†”‘’Ž‡–• ‘ˆ‘‹Žƒ……——Žƒ–‡‘–Š‡•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ƒ†–Š—•–Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡beginnings of petroleum depositsǤ

Hydrogenous Sediment ›†”‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–‹•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ…–‹‘•™‹–Š‹•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”…ƒ—•‡ …‡”–ƒ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ• –‘ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡ǤPrecipitation usually occurs when there is a change in conditions, such as a change in temperature or pressure or the addition of chemically active fluidsǤ Manganese Nodules

ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡‘†—Ž‡•ƒ”‡”‘—†‡†ǡŠƒ”†Ž—’•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ‡•‡’Ž—•‹”‘’Ž—•‘–Š‡”‡–ƒŽ•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ͷ…•–‘ʹͲ…• ‹ †‹ƒ‡–‡”Ǥ Š‡ …—– ‹ ŠƒŽˆǡ –Š‡› ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ƒ Žƒ›‡”‡† •–”—…–—”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „› ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‘—† ƒ …‡–”ƒŽ —…Ž‡ƒ–‹‘‘„Œ‡…–ǡ™Š‹…Š‹‰Š–„‡ƒ’‹‡…‡‘ˆŽ‹–Š‘‰‡‘—••‡†‹‡–ǡ…‘”ƒŽǡ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…”‘…ǡƒˆ‹•Š„‘‡ǡ‘”ƒ•Šƒ”• –‘‘–ŠǤ ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡‘†—Ž‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡†‡‡’Ǧ‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘†—Ž‡•ƒ”‡manganese dioxide ȋƒ”‘—†͵ͲΨ„›™‡‹‰Š–Ȍƒ† iron oxideȋƒ”‘—†ʹͲΨȌǤ–Š‡”ƒ……‡••‘”›‡–ƒŽ•’”‡•‡–‹ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ ‘†—Ž‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ …‘’’‡”ǡ ‹…‡Ž ƒ† …‘„ƒŽ–Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ……‡••‘”› ‡–ƒŽ• ‹• —•—ƒŽŽ› Ž‡•• –ŠƒͳΨǡ–Š‡›…ƒ‡š…‡‡†ʹΨ„›™‡‹‰Š–ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘–ƒ”‰‡–•‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ Phosphates

Š‘•’Šƒ–‡• ‘……—” ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž› ƒ• …‘ƒ–‹‰• ‘ ”‘…• ƒ† ƒ• ‘†—Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ •Š‡Žˆ ƒ† ‘ „ƒ• ƒ– •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ †‡’–Š•Ǥ ‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡• ‹ •—…Š †‡’‘•‹–• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ ƒ„—†ƒ– „‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‹ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‘˜‡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ……——Žƒ–‡Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ ƒ…‹‡– ƒ”‹‡ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ †‡’‘•‹–•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—’Ž‹ˆ–‡†‘–‘Žƒ†ƒ”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›‹‡†–‘•—’’Ž›ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡‡†•Ǥ Carbonates

Š‡–™‘‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‹‡”ƒŽ•‹ƒ”‹‡•‡†‹‡–ƒ”‡aragonite and calciteǤ‘–Šƒ”‡…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹—…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡„—–ƒ”ƒ‰‘‹–‡Šƒ•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡•–”—…–—”‡–Šƒ–‹•Ž‡•••–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡•‹–‘…ƒŽ…‹–‡ ‘˜‡” –‹‡Ǥ  ‘•– …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ †‡’‘•‹–• ƒ”‡ „‹‘‰‡‘—• ‹ ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š›†”‘‰‡‘—• …ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ †‡’‘•‹–• …ƒ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡†‹”‡…–Ž›ˆ”‘•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹–”‘’‹…ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡•–‘ˆ‘”ƒ”ƒ‰‘‹–‡…”›•–ƒŽ• Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27

Target 2013

Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

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Metal Sulfides

‡’‘•‹–• ‘ˆ metal Sulfides are associated with hydrothermal vents and black smokers along the mid-ocean ridgeǤ Š‡•‡ †‡’‘•‹–• …‘–ƒ‹ ‹”‘ǡ ‹…‡Žǡ …‘’’‡”ǡ œ‹…ǡ •‹Ž˜‡”ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‡–ƒŽ• ‹ ˜ƒ”›‹‰ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•Ǥ ”ƒ•’‘”–‡† ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹†Ǧ‘…‡ƒ”‹†‰‡„›•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”•’”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡†‡’‘•‹–•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†throughout the ocean floor ƒ†…ƒ‡˜‡„‡—’Ž‹ˆ–‡†‘–‘…‘–‹‡–•Ǥ

Resources from Ocean Sediments …‡ƒ„‡†•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹‡”ƒŽƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ—…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ”‡‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž› ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ǡ•‘–Š‡‹””‡…‘˜‡”›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†Š‹‰Š…‘•–Ǥ Energy

Š‡ ƒ‹ ‡‡”‰› ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ”‹‡ •‡†‹‡–• ƒ”‡ ’‡–”‘Ž‡— ƒ† ‰ƒ• Š›†”ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ…‹‡– ”‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ‹…”‘•…‘’‹…‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ„—”‹‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ”‹‡•‡†‹‡–•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡›…‘—Ž††‡…‘’‘•‡ǡƒ”‡–Š‡•‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ–‘†ƒ›•’‡–”‘Ž‡—ȋ‘‹Žƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ȍ†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ‡–”‘Ž‡—’”‘†—…–•ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”ͻͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ –Š‡‘…‡ƒ„‡†•ǤŠ‹•ƒ‹Ž›‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡‘‹Ž’”‘†—…‡†ˆ”‘‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ƒŒ‘”‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•‡š‹•– ‹–Š‡‡”•‹ƒ —Žˆǡ‹–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ǡ‘ˆˆ‘—–Š‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒǤ

ƒ•Š›†”ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡——•—ƒŽŽ›…‘’ƒ…–…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ†‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘”‘Ž›™Š‡ Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡• •“—‡‡œ‡ …Š‹ŽŽ‡† ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‰ƒ• ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡• ‹–‘ ƒ ‹…‡Ž‹‡ •‘Ž‹†Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Š›†”ƒ–‡• …ƒ …‘–ƒ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰…ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ǡŠ›†”‘‰‡•—Žˆ‹†‡ǡƒ†Žƒ”‰‡”Š›†”‘…ƒ”„‘••—…Šƒ•‡–Šƒ‡ƒ†’”‘’ƒ‡Ǣ ‡–Šƒ‡Š›†”ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡„›ˆƒ”–Š‡‘•–…‘‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•‹ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

ƒ• Š›†”ƒ–‡• ‘……—” „‡‡ƒ–Š Arctic permafrost areas on land and under the ocean floorǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ †‹•…‘˜‡”‡† ‹ ͳͻ͹͸Ǥ  †‡‡’Ǧ‘…‡ƒ •‡†‹‡–•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ’”‡••—”‡• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‘™ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•…‘„‹‡‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡‰ƒ•‹•–”ƒ’’‡†‹•‹†‡ƒŽƒ––‹…‡Ž‹‡…ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•Ǥ Sand and Gravel

Š‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡•ƒ†ƒ†‰”ƒ˜‡Ž‹†—•–”›‹••‡…‘†‹‡…‘‘‹…˜ƒŽ—‡‘Ž›–‘–Š‡’‡–”‘Ž‡—‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡”‘…ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡™ƒ•Š‡†‘—––‘•‡ƒƒ†•Š‡ŽŽ•‘ˆƒ”‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ‹•‹‡†„›‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡„ƒ”‰‡•—•‹‰ ƒ•—…–‹‘†”‡†‰‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‹…‘…”‡–‡ǡƒ•ƒˆ‹ŽŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ†‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡƒ† ‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ Evaporative Salts

Š‡•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ–•‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘—–‹Ž–Š‡›…ƒ‘Ž‘‰‡””‡ƒ‹†‹••‘Ž˜‡†ǡ•‘–Š‡› ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡‘—–‘ˆ•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–†‡’‘•‹–•ǤŠ‡‘•–‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›—•‡ˆ—Ž•ƒŽ–•ƒ”‡‰›’•—ƒ†ŠƒŽ‹–‡‹Ǥ‡ǡ …‘‘•ƒŽ–Ǥ Manganese Nodules and Crusts

ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ ‘†—Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ”‘—†‡†ǡ Šƒ”†ǡ ‰‘ŽˆǦ –‘ –‡‹•Ǧ„ƒŽŽǦ•‹œ‡† Ž—’• ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ• –Šƒ– …‘–ƒ‹ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡ‹”‘ǡƒ†•ƒŽŽ‡”…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ…‘’’‡”ǡ‹…‡Žǡƒ†…‘„ƒŽ–ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‡…‘‘‹…—•‡•

Ocean Temperature Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– phytoplanktons

as

well

as

zooplanktonsǤ

Š‡

–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡”ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡…–• –Š‡ climate of coastal lands and plants and animalsǤŠ‡•–—†›‘ˆ„‘–Šǡ•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ† •—„•—”ˆƒ…‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹•–Š—••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ǥ Measurement of Temperature

–ƒ†ƒ”† –›’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡”‘‡–‡” ‹• —•‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‡˜‡”•‹‰ –Š‡”‘‡–‡”• ƒ† thermograph• ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ •—„•—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ –Š‡”‘‡–‡”• ”‡…‘”† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡

Phytoplanktons and Zooplanktons Žƒ–‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• ‹ ™ƒ–‡” ™Š‹…Š –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‹…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•™‹‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ…—””‡–ǤŠ‡›’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›™‘” ƒ• ƒ …”—…‹ƒŽ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ˆ‘” ƒ“—ƒ–‹… ‘”‰ƒ‹•• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ’Žƒ–•ǡ ”…Šƒ‡ƒǡ ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ǡ „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ ‡–…Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ –›’‡•‘ˆŽƒ–‘•ǣ ͳǤ Phytoplankton, ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ƒ—–‘–”‘’Š‹… ƒ† ’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡–‹… ƒŽ‰ƒ‡–Šƒ– Ž‹˜‡ ‡ƒ”–Š‡™ƒ–‡” •—”ˆƒ…‡™Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹••—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– Ž‹‰Š– –‘ •—’’‘”– ’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹•Ǥ ‹ƒ–‘•ǡ …›ƒ‘„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒǡ †‹‘ˆŽƒ‰‡ŽŽƒ–‡• ƒ† …‘……‘Ž‹–Š‘’Š‘”‡• ƒ”‡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘•Ǥ”‘ƒ”›‘–‹…Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ• ƒ…–‡”‹‘’Žƒ–‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹…Ž—†‡ „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒǤ Š‡•‡ ’Žƒ› ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ”‡‹‡”ƒŽ‹•‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤǤ ʹǤ Zooplanktonǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ •ƒŽŽ ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•ǡ …”—•–ƒ…‡ƒ• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ˆ‡‡†‘‘–Š‡”’Žƒ–‘Ǥ‘‘’Žƒ–‘•ƒŽ•‘ ‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡‡‰‰•‘ˆˆ‹•Šǡ…”—•–ƒ…‡ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ‡Ž‹†•Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27

Target 2013 —’–‘–Š‡ƒ……—”ƒ…›‘ˆάǤͲʹι…‡–‹‰”ƒ†‡Ǥ

Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

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Layers of Temperature in tropics

‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ Žƒ›‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• ˆ”‘ •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‘ –Š‡ „‘––‘ ‹ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Žƒ›‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ –‘’ǦŽƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ™ƒ”ǡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‹• ͷͲͲ –Š‹… ™‹–Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ ʹͲι ƒ† ʹͷιǤ Š‹• Žƒ›‡” ‹• ’”‡•‡– ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” „—– ‹– †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ‹ ‹†ȉ Žƒ–‹–—†‡• ‘Ž›

…‡ƒ• ƒ„•‘”„ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• Š‹‰Š‡•– •’‡…‹ˆ‹… Š‡ƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ •–‘”‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ uppermost 10% of the oceans has more heat –Šƒ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–ŠǨ

†—”‹‰•—‡”Ǥ x

Š‡ thermocline layer ”‡’”‡•‡–• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ œ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ™ƒ–‡” „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Žƒ›‡” ƒ† ‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†by rapid rate of decrease of temperature with increasing depthǡ

x

Š‡–Š‹”†Žƒ›‡”‹•˜‡”›…‘Ž†ƒ†‡š–‡†•—’–‘–Š‡†‡‡’‘…‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‡polar areas have only one layer of cold water from surface (sea level)to the deep ocean floorǤ

Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡”‰›–”ƒ•‹––‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’Š‘–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘ƒ‰‡–‹…•Š‘”–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ† ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† insolationǤ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ •‘‡ ‡‡”‰›ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ǡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ˆ”‘below the bottom and through the compression of sea waterǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘–‘„‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ– –Š‡•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ•—̵•”ƒ›•ǡŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ†ƒ›ǡ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šˆ”‘–Š‡•—ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡‡…Šƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹•‘Žƒ† „‡…ƒ—•‡„‡•‹†‡•horizontal and vertical movements of water, the evaporation is most active over the oceansǤ

Daily Range of Temperature Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒš‹— ƒ† ‹‹— –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ †ƒ› ȋʹͶ Š‘—”•Ȍ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• †ƒ‹Ž› ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡†ƒ‹Ž›”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•‹• almost insignificantƒ•‹–‹•ƒ”‘—† ͳ鑐Ž›ǤŠ‡†ƒ‹Ž›”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ͲǤ͵ι ‹–Š‡Ž‘™Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ƒ†ͲǤʹι–‘ͲǤ͵鋐Š‹‰ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ Š‡†‹—”ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ 9 Conditions of sky (cloudy or clear sky), 9 Stability or instability of air and 9 Stratification of seawater. Š‡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† …‘‘Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ”ƒ’‹† —†‡” …Ž‡ƒ” •› ȋ…Ž‘—†Ž‡••Ȍ ƒ† Š‡…‡ –Š‡ †‹—”ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡…‘‡•ƒ„‹–Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ—†‡”‘˜‡”…ƒ•–•›ƒ†•–”‘‰ƒ‹”…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š†‡•‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” „‡Ž‘™ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ–‡” …ƒ—•‡• ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– –Š”‘—‰Š …‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† Š‡…‡ –Š‡ †‹—”ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡…‘‡•Ž‘™Ǥ

Annual Range of Temperature Š‡ ƒš‹— ƒ† ‹‹— ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ”‡ ”‡…‘”†‡† ‹ —‰—•– ƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”› ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ‹• Ǧ ͳʹι „—– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹• †—‡ –‘ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ•ǡ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•ǡŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ƒ•‡–…Ǥ —ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”‹–Š‡‡…Ž‘•‡†•‡ƒ•–Šƒ‹–Š‡‘’‡•‡ƒȋƒŽ–‹…‡ƒ”‡…‘”†•ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͶǤͶι‘”ͶͲι ȌǤŠ‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡…–•ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ bigger the size, lower the annual range and vice versaǤŠ‡–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒ”‡…‘”†•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǤ

Distribution Pattern of Temperature Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹••–—†‹‡†‹–™‘™ƒ›•˜‹œǤ 9 Horizontal distribution (temperature of surface water) and 9 Vertical distribution (from surface water to the bottom). Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 6 ‹…‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒŠƒ•–Š”‡‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•Šƒ’‡ǡ–Š‡ depth of oceans, besides latitudes,‹•ƒŽ•‘–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—– ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒˆˆ‡…– –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Latitudes

Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ–‡” †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ equator toward the poles „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •—̵• ”ƒ›• „‡…‘‡ ‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ†–Š—•–Š‡amount of insolation decreases pole wardƒ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ–‡” „‡–™‡‡ ͶͲι ƒ† ͶͲι ‹• Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ ƒ‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ „—– ‹– „‡…‘‡• Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡–™‡‡ͶͲιƒ–‹–—†‡ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‡•‹„‘–Š–Š‡Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ Unequal distribution of land and water Model Question - 1. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‡ƒ•‹•Š‹‰Š‡”‹‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘‘—–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ʹǤ Š‡ •‘–Š‡”•†”ƒ™‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘”‡”‡‰—Žƒ” ͵Ǥ ‹‰Š‡•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ…‡ƒ•‹•‘“—ƒ–‘” Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 1 www.gktoday.in

Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹‡•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”ƒ†–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‘‹ƒ…‡‘ˆ Žƒ† ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ  • ˆƒ” ƒ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• …‘…‡”‡†ǡ‹–Šƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǣ , The oceans in the northern hemisphere receive more heat due to their contact with larger extent of land –Šƒ –Š‡‹” …‘—–‡”’ƒ”–• ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† –Š—•

–Š‡

temperature

of

surface

water

is

comparatively higher in the northern hemisphere –Šƒ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ , Š‡‹•‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡‘–”‡‰—Žƒ”ƒ††‘‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Žƒ–‹–—†‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ™ƒ” ƒ† …‘Ž† Žƒ†ƒ••‡• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡› ȋ‹•‘–Š‡”•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ” ƒ† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ Žƒ–‹–—†‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡…Ž‘•‡†•‡ƒ• ‹ Ž‘™ Žƒ–‹–—†‡• „‡…‘‡• Š‹‰Š‡” „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰ Žƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ• –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘’‡ •‡ƒ• ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ– –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ‹• ʹ͸Ǥ͹ι ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹–‹•͵͹Ǥͺ鋐–Š‡‡†‡ƒƒ†͵ͶǤͶιȋͻͶι Ȍ‹–Š‡‡”•‹ƒ —ŽˆǤ Prevailing wind

‹††‹”‡…–‹‘Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ† –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ƒ†•‡ƒ•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†•Ȍ†”‹˜‡™ƒ”•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘ƒ•–”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹–‘ —’™‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ …‘Ž† „‘––‘ ™ƒ–‡” ˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™Ǥ  Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡’Žƒ…‡‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒ” ™ƒ–‡” „› …‘Ž† ™ƒ–‡” ‹–”‘†—…‡• Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘–”ƒ”›–‘–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡‘•Š‘”‡™‹†•’‹Ž‡—’™ƒ”™ƒ–‡”‡ƒ”–Š‡…‘ƒ•–ƒ† –Š—•”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Ocean currents

—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† „› ™ƒ” ƒ† …‘Ž† …—””‡–•Ǥ ƒ” …—””‡–• ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡ƒ•…‘‘Ž…—””‡–•Ž‘™‡”†‘™–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Other factors

–Š‡”ˆƒ…–‘”•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ  9 Submarine ridges 9 Local weather conditions such as storms, cyclones, hurricanes, fog, cloudiness, evaporation and condensation 1 Only 1 is correct answer. The Third statement is incorrect and will be discussed later in these modules. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 7 9 Location and Shape of area: The enclosed seas in the low latitudes record relatively higher temperature than the open seas whereas the enclosed seas have lower temperature than the open seas in the high latitudes. 9 Horizontal Distribution of Temperature Model Question - 2. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‹‰Š‡•–•—”ˆƒ…‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ…‡ƒ•‹•”‡…‘”†‡†‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ʹǤ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹‘”–Š‡”–Žƒ–‹…”‹•‡•™Š‡‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘“—ƒ–‘”–‘‘”–Š‘Ž‡ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 2 www.gktoday.in

˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• ‹• ʹ͸Ǥ͹ι ƒ† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Žƒ–‹–—†‡•‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ͲǤͷι’‡” Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„‡…‘‡ʹʹιƒ–ʹͲ郐†Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡͳͶιƒ–ͶͲ郐†Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡƒ†Ͳι ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ”‡…‘”† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Šƒ ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ highest temperature is not recorded at the equator rather it is a bit north of it.

90

Ž•‘™‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽ

80

60

ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡

50

ͳͻǤͶι ƒ† ͳ͸Ǥͳι ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡

20

˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”

10

ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡• ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ

22.5 25.2

17

23.2 21.2

40 30

0 -10

Atlantic Ocean

26.9

70

–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•‹•ͳ͹ǤʹιǤŠ‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡• ƒ”‡

Pacific Ocean

27

17

26

25

21.5

17

8.7 9

11.1

1.6 1.8

-1.5

5

00-10°

10-20°

20-30°

30-40°

40-50°

50-60°

-1.3 60-70° -1.3

—‡“—ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ† ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ƒ• ‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ‘”‡Žƒ†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ‘”‡‘…‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡”–Žƒ–‹…ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒvery low decrease of temperature™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Žƒ–‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‘”–ŠǤŠ‹• ‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒ…—””‡–•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡™ƒ”…—””‡–•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•‘—–Š‡”–Žƒ–‹…ǡ–Š‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹•‘”‡’”‘‘—…‡†ǤŠ‡–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘”‘…‡ƒ•ǣ Latitudes 00-10° 10-20° 20-30° 30-40° 40-50° 50-60° 60-70°

Pacific Ocean 26 25 21.5 17 11.1 5 -1.3

Atlantic Ocean 25.2 23.2 21.2 17 9 1.8 -1.3

Indian Ocean 27 26.9 22.5 17 8.7 1.6 -1.5

Vertical Distribution of Temperature Š‡ƒš‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–†‹”‡…–Ž›”‡…‡‹˜‡•–Š‡‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ Š‡ƒ–‹•–”ƒ•‹––‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹•‘ˆconductionǤ ‘Žƒ” ”ƒ›• ˜‡”› ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ’‡‡–”ƒ–‡ —’ –‘ ʹͲ †‡’–Š ƒ† –Š‡› •‡Ž†‘ ‰‘ „‡›‘† ʹͲͲ †‡’–ŠǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™‹–Š ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ †‡’–Š „—– –Š‡ rate of decrease of temperature with increasing depth is not uniform everywhereǤ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆƒŽŽ• ˜‡”› ”ƒ’‹†Ž› —’ –‘

2 Only 1 is a correct statement. Regarding statement 2, it’s the gradient which is steep in southern Atlantic. The water is kept warm to greater latitudes because of Gulf Stream.

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Conventional General Studies-27

Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 –Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆʹͲͲƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹••Ž‘™‡††‘™Ǥ

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–Š‹•„ƒ•‹•ǡ‘…‡ƒ•ƒ”‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡œ‘‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Photic Zone or Euphotic Zone

Š‹•‹•–Š‡—’’‡”Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›…‘•–ƒ–ƒ†‹• ͳͲͲ‡–‡”•†‡‡’Ǥ Thermocline

Š‡”‘…Ž‹‡ Ž‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͲͲǦͳͲͲͲ ‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •–‡‡’ ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”ƒ’Š•Š‘™•–Š‡–Š‡”‘…Ž‹‡Ǥ Deep Zone

‡Ž‘™ͳͲͲͲ‡–‡”•‹•–Š‡†‡‡’œ‘‡Ǥ‡”‡ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹•‡ƒ”œ‡”‘ιǤŽ‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ”„‘––‘ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‡˜‡”‰‘‡•–‘ͲιǤ –‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ʹǦ ͵ιǤ Model Question - 3. Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‡ƒ„‘––‘‹•Ž‘™‡•–„‡‡ƒ–Š̴̴̴̴ǫ Ǥ “—ƒ–‘” Ǥ ”…–‹……‡ƒ Ǥ ‘—–Š‡”…‡ƒ Ǥ ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒ •™‡”ǣ 3 www.gktoday.in

Kindly note the following observations:

9 Sea temperature decreases with increasing depth but the rate of decrease of temperature is not uniform. 9 The change in sea temperature below the depth of 1000m is negligible. The maximum change in temperature is between 100-1000 meters which is called Thermocline or Pycnocline. 9 Diurnal and annual ranges of temperature cease after a depth of 30 feet and 600 feet respectively. 9 The rate of decrease of temperature with increasing depth from equator towards the poles is not uniform. Š‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ• †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ temperature at the ocean bottom is uniform at all latitudes. ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‘‡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ coldest bottom temperatures, just below — 0.25°C, occur at 60-70°S, near the Antarctic continentǤȋŠ––’ǣȀȀ„‹–ǤŽ›Ȁšʹʹ•Ȍ

Salinity of Ocean Water ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹•„‡–™‡‡͵Ǥ͵Ǧ͵Ǥ͹’‡”…‡–ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•ƒŽ–‹•…‘‘•ƒŽ–‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘†‹— ŠŽ‘”‹†‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•followed by Magnesium ChlorideǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”•ƒŽ–•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Salt Sodium Chloride Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Sulphate Calcium Sulphate Potassium Chloride Potassium Bromide Others

%0 (parts per thousand) ʹǤ͸ ͲǤ͵ ͲǤʹ ͲǤͳ ͲǤͳ ͲǤͲͲͳ ͲǤͲͲͳ

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ…‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘Žƒ†ƒ†™ƒ•…ƒ””‹‡†„›–Š‡ ”ƒ‹ǡ”—‹‰™ƒ–‡”ǡ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”ǡ™‹†ǡ•‡ƒ™ƒ˜‡•ǡ‰Žƒ…‹‡”•‡–…Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–•…‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡‡’‡”Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ‘Ž…ƒ‹…Žƒ˜ƒǡ†‡ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”•ƒŽ•‘…‘–”‹„—–‡‹–Š‡…‡ƒ•ƒŽ‹‹–›ǤŠ‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡” †‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ Evaporation

‹‰Š‡”–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”‹••ƒŽ‹‹–›ǤŠ‡‹‰Š‡•–‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡”‡…‘”†‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡–”‘’‹…‘ˆ ƒ…‡” ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• –Šƒ– ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡† ‡ƒ ƒ† ‡”•‹ƒ —Žˆ Šƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– •ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ ‘–Š‡””‡ƒ•‘‹•–Šƒ–‡…Ž‘•‡†•‡ƒ•–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹–Š‡‹”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Temperature

Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹”‡…–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‘…‡ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ‘–Š‡™ƒ”‡”’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡‘”‡•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ† ˆ”‹‰‹†’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡Ž‡•••ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ 3 Southern Ocean

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Precipitation

”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹˜‡”•‡Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ ‹‰Š‡” ‹• –Š‡ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‘™‡” ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘”‡…‘”†•Š‹‰Š‡•–”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†–Šƒ–‹–‹•™Š›‹–Šƒ•Ž‘™•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‘•‡™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ ‡ƒ”–‘–”‘’‹…•Ǥ Influx of Freshwater

‘™•ƒŽ‹‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•ǤŠ‹••ƒŽ‹‹–›‹•‹‹—‹–Š‡”ƒ‹‹‰•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Atmospheric Pressure

‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š•ƒŽ‹‹–›ƒ†˜‹…‡˜‡”•ƒǤ Circulation of Ocean water

…‡ƒ…—””‡–•’Žƒ›ƒƒŒ‘””‘Ž‡‹†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ

Horizontal Distribution of Salinity of Ocean Water • ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ”—Ž‡ǡ –Š‡•ƒŽ‹‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡‘…‡ƒ•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ‘ „‘–Š •‹†‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡–”‘’‹…‘ˆ ƒ…‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ ‹‰Š‡•– •ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”Šƒ•„‡‡”‡…‘”†‡†„‡–™‡‡ʹͲι–‘ͶͲιǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ –Š‡‘”–Š‡”ƒ†‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹•͵Ǥͷƒ†͵ǤͶΨͲ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹•Žƒ††‘‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ

Vertical Distribution of Salinity of Ocean Water Š‡”‡‹•‘†‡ˆ‹‹–‡–”‡†‹–Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ǡ•‘–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– the salinity of the ocean increases with increasing depth in the higher latitudes and polar areasǤ  –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ƒŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡–”‡†•‹••‡‡„—–—’–‘ƒ†‡’–Š‘ˆ͵͹Ͳ‡–‡”•ƒˆ–‡” –Šƒ–‹–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡’–ŠǤ

Ocean Currents Model Question - 4. (IAS 2002) ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ …‡ƒ…—””‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‡•Ž‘™•—”ˆƒ…‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ ʹǤ …‡ƒ…—””‡–•ƒ••‹•–‹ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•Š‡ƒ–„ƒŽƒ…‡ ͵Ǥ …‡ƒ…—””‡–•ƒ”‡•‡–‹‘–‹‘’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„›’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†• ͶǤ …‡ƒ…—””‡–•ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 4 www.gktoday.in

General Observations about Ocean Currents …‡ƒ…—””‡–‹•–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒƒ••‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ‹…™ƒ–‡”‹ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹–‡†‹”‡…–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ™ƒ–‡” •–”‡ƒ• ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ† •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ …‡ƒ …—””‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘•– ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ‹…™ƒ–‡”•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡†”‹˜‡‘…‡ƒ‹…™ƒ–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ…‡ƒ…—””‡–• ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–‘™ƒ”…—””‡–•ƒ†…‘Ž†…—””‡–•Ǥ –Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ˜‡Ž‘…‹–›ǡ†‹‡•‹‘ƒ††‹”‡…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘†”‹ˆ–•ǡ…—””‡–•ƒ†•–”‡ƒ•Ǥ The forward movement of surface water of the oceans under the influence of prevailing winds is called drift whereas the ocean current involves the movement of Oceanic water in a definite direction with greater velocity. …‡ƒ •–”‡ƒ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡” ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” Ž‹‡ „‹‰ ”‹˜‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡– ‹ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”˜‡Ž‘…‹–›–Šƒ–Š‡†”‹ˆ–•ƒ†…—””‡–••—…Šƒ•‹ —Žˆ–”‡ƒǤ

4 Statements 2, 3 & 4 are correct. The First statement seems to be correct but actually judges whether a student has read something about the currents or not. Ocean currents are not always slow; in fact most of them are swift, deep and narrow. The slow and shallow currents are called Drifts. Then, this statement is also incorrect in the sense that when we talk only about the surface currents, we miss the more important Global Thermohaline circulation. Surface Currents are generally wind driven movements of water at or near the ocean's surface. Thermohaline currents (which are caused by variation of temperature and salinity and density) are slow deep currents that affect bulk of the seawater beneath the Pycnocline.

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Model Question - 5. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ͳǤ ‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–Š ʹǤ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–Š ͵Ǥ ”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—ŽŽ„›—ƒ†‘‘ ͶǤ ”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰‹†• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒ…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘ǫ Answer: 5

Š‡…—””‡–•‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ƒ”‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡††—‡–‘…‘„‹‡†‡ˆˆ‡…–•

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‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘–”‘Ž –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”•ǡ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡…Šƒ‹• ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǡ‡š–‡”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•‘”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–•ƒ†‘…‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ •‘‡ˆƒ…–‘”•™Š‹…Š…ƒ‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•Ǥ , Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‹–•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡ ƒ† †‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ˆ‘”…‡ „› ‡ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•Coriolis forceǤ , …‡ƒ‹… ˆƒ…–‘”• ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ pressure

gradient,

temperature variations and salinity differencesǤ šǦ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒ”‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ† ™‹†•ǡ ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ , ‹†‡•…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘ƒ†–Š‡— ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‹‰‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ‹… …—””‡–•Ǥ , Š‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• –Šƒ– …ƒ ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ …—””‡–• ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ƒ† •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ coastlinesǡ bottom reliefs of the ocean basins, seasonal variationsƒ†rotation of the earthǤ , …‡ƒ …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• †”‹˜‡ „› ™‹†• ƒ† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ™ƒ–‡” †‡•‹–›Ǥ Ž‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‹†•ǡ ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• †‹•–”‹„—–‡ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ Š‡ƒ– ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ǡ –Š—• –Š‡› ’Žƒ› ƒ ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ”–Šǯ•Š‡ƒ–„ƒŽƒ…‡Ǥ , Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ–™ƒ–‡”ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‡•–”ƒ˜‡Ž•‹•Ž‘™…”‡‡’•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”–‘™ƒ”†•‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ™Š‹…Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† …‡ƒ ”‡‡’Ǥ Ocean Creep ‹• ‘– ƒ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ – ‹• ƒ —†‡”…—””‡– ˆŽ‘™ ‘……ƒ•‹‘‡† „› –Š‡ •‹‹‰ ‘ˆ cold and heavy waterǤ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‘ „‡…‘‹‰ …‘Ž†ǡ …‘–”ƒ…–• ƒ† ‹–• †‡•‹–›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ , Š‘•‡…—””‡–•–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ”‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ† •‘they are called warm currentsǤŠ‡‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡ polar areas towards the Equator are cooler compared to the surrounding water, so they are called cold currentsǤ Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒ†…‘Ž†…—””‡–•‹•‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™†‡‰”‡‡•Ǥ , The cold currents are usually found on the west coast of the continents in the low and middle latitudes in both the hemispheres and on the east coast in the middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. , The warm currents are usually observed on the east coast of the continents in the low and middle latitudes in both the hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere they are found on the west coasts of the continents in the high latitudes.

5 Correct Answer 1, 3 and 4. Here, we don’t include Revolution because as such directly it does not cause the currents. However, one thing must be noted that Revolution does affect the

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 11 , Š‡ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‘……—”•‹ƒ‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š†‹”‡…–‹‘‹Ǥ‡Ǥˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘ ’‘Ž‡•Ǥ ƒ” ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡”• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘˜‡ •Ž‘™Ž› ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹‡” …‘Ž† ™ƒ–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ” ƒ”‡ƒ• …”‡‡’ •Ž‘™Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ “—ƒ–‘” ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ „‘––‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ƒǤ Š—•ǡ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”•…ƒ—•‡•‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡convectional currents ‰‹˜‹‰”‹•‡–‘ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆexcess to the areas of deficit heat energyǤ , Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘’Žƒ…‡–‘’Žƒ…‡ǡƒ‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”•‘……—”•†—‡–‘ –Š‹•Ǥ , ‰›”‡‹•ƒ›Žƒ”‰‡•›•–‡‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ…‡‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›–Š‘•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡™‹† ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ ›”‡•ƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆˆ‡…–Ǣ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›˜‘”–‹…‹–›ƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽƒ†˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ ˆ”‹…–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‹†…—”Žȋ–‘”“—‡ȌǤ

Coriolis Effect and Coriolis Force ‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆˆ‡…–‹•ƒ†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‹‰‘„Œ‡…–•™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‡†‹ƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‰”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ˆ”ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ˆ”ƒ‡ ™‹–Š …Ž‘…™‹•‡ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ deflection is to the left of the motion of the objectǢ ‹ ‘‡ ™‹–Š …‘—–‡”Ǧ …Ž‘…™‹•‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡deflection is to the rightǤ‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆˆ‡…–‹•…ƒ—•‡•‹ƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‰”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ˆ”ƒ‡ǤŠ‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ˆ‘”…‡ …ƒ—•‡• „› –Š‡ ‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆˆ‡…– ‹• …ƒ—•‡† ‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ – Šƒ• ‹–• ‘™ •ƒ› ‹ ƒ› ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡ƒǡ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–„‡‹‰–Š‡†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•Ǥ Important Observations: , Š‡…—””‡–•ˆŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡

Coriolis force Video            Video source: [email protected]

‘”–Š‘Ž‡ƒ†ˆ”‘‘”–Š‘Ž‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ”‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†–‘–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡…—””‡–•ˆŽ‘™‹‰‘”–ŠǦ •‘—–Š ƒ† •‘—–ŠǦ‘”–Š ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‹”Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ , Š‡ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š …ƒ—•‡• ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ‹ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ –‘ 'the west to east rotation of the earth ƒ† –Š—• ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡•‡ …—””‡–• ˆŽ‘™ ˆ”‘ east to westǤ ‘‡ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ‘˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹Ǥ‡Ǥˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•– ƒ†–Š—•…‘—–‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ , Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ ‘” ̶‘”‹‘Ž‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ̶ ˜ƒ”‹‡• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ™‹–Š Žƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ Coriolis Effect is zero at the equator ƒ† increases to a maximum at the polesǤ Š‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ ‹• proportional to wind speed; that is, deflection increases as wind strengthensǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–„ƒŽƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡’”‡••—”‡ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡‹••—…Š–Šƒ–ǡ‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘ǡƒ‹”‘˜‡•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž to isobars (lines of equal pressure).Š‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‰‡‘–”‘’‹…™‹†Ǥ , Š‡ ‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆ‘”…‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• ™Š› ™‹†• …‹”…—Žƒ–‡ ƒ”‘—† Š‹‰Š ƒ† Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ •›•–‡• ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ „Ž‘™‹‰‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–Ǥ

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 12 Impact of Physical Properties of Ocean on Ocean Currents ‘…ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ •—…Š ƒ• ’”‡••—”‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ •ƒŽ‹‹–›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ†‡•‹–›˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‡–…Ǥ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•Ǥ Temperature

Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ† …‘•‡“—‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•Ǥ —‡ –‘ Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” †‡•‹–› †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ †‡•‹–› ‘ˆ •‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡” „‡…‘‡• …‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ” ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž› ™ƒ–‡” ‘˜‡• †—‡ –‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡ ˆ”‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ ȋ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ–‘’‘Žƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ•ȋ…‘Ž†‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ȍ‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›˜‡”›Ž‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡”‡‹•‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”„‡Ž‘™–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•—„•—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–ˆ”‘…‘Ž†‡”’‘Žƒ” ƒ”‡ƒ•–‘™ƒ”‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹‘”†‡”–‘„ƒŽƒ…‡–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡’‘Ž‡™ƒ”† •—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–ƒ†“—ƒ–‘”™ƒ”†•—„•—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡…‹”…—Žƒ–‘”›•›•–‡‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡

—Žˆ–”‡ƒƒ†—”‘•Š‹‘™ƒ”…—””‡–•‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘™ƒ”†•‘”–Šƒ”‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•—…Š…—””‡–•Ǥ Salinity

…‡ƒ‹…•ƒŽ‹‹–›ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ††‡•‹–›˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘…ƒ—•‡•‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•ǤƒŽ‹‹–›‹…”‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ˆ–™‘ƒ”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰‡“—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›˜ƒ”›‹‰•ƒŽ‹‹–›ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š •ƒŽ‹‹–› ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” †‡•‹–› –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ Ž‘™ •ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ Š‡ †‡•‡” ™ƒ–‡” •‹• ƒ† ‘˜‡• ƒ• •—„•—”ˆƒ…‡ …—””‡– ™Š‡”‡ƒ• Ž‡•• •ƒŽ‹‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘˜‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” •ƒŽ‹‡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ …—””‡–Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ocean currents on the water surface are generated from the areas of less salinity to the areas of greater salinity. Such system of surface and subsurface currents caused by salinity variation is originated in open and enclosed seas. ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –Žƒ–‹… …‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ‡ƒ ˜‹ƒ ‹„”ƒŽ–ƒ” –”ƒ‹–‹•…ƒ—•‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹•ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ Š‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒ‹•—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒǤ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ™ƒ–‡”•‹• ‹–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒǤ ‘”†‡”–‘…‘’‡•ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–Žƒ–‹…™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™•ƒ••—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–‹–‘–Š‡ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒǤŠ‡•‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒ‘˜‡•ƒ••—„•—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡–Žƒ–‹… …‡ƒǤ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ •—…Š •›•–‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ† •—„•—”ˆƒ…‡ …—””‡–• ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡† ‡ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ˜‹ƒƒ„Ǧ‡ŽǦƒ†‡„–”ƒ‹–Ǥ Š‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ–‹…‡ƒ‹•Ž‘™‡”‡††—‡–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”„›–Š‡”‹˜‡”•„—––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•”ƒ‹•‡†Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ™ƒ–‡” ‘˜‡• ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ƒ• ƒ •—”ˆƒ…‡ …—””‡– ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡ƒ ƒ† •—„•—”ˆƒ…‡ …—””‡–‘˜‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ–‘–Š‡ƒŽ–‹…‡ƒǤ

Impact of Air Pressure and Winds on Ocean Currents ‹” ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ™ƒ–‡” …ƒ—•‡• ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• –Š”‘—‰Š †‡•‹–› ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›Ž‘™˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†–Š—•Ž‘™‡”‹‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ‘–”ƒ”›–‘–Š‹• –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆŽ‘™ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…’”‡••—”‡”‡…‘”†Š‹‰Š‡”˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡ŽǤŠ—•ǡ™ƒ–‡”‘˜‡• ƒ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ …—””‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” ™ƒ–‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ȋ‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ȍ –‘ Ž‘™ ™ƒ–‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ”‡ƒ• ȋŠ‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ȌǤ ”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ‘” ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› ™‹†• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•ǡ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• ƒ† ’‘Žƒ” ™‹†•Ȍ ’Žƒ› ƒŒ‘” ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•ǤŠ‡™‹†„Ž‘™‹‰‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒŽ•‘‘˜‡•™ƒ–‡”‹‹–•†‹”‡…–‹‘†—‡–‘‹–•ˆ”‹…–‹‘™‹–Š –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ™‹†•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–• ˆŽ‘™ ™‡•–™ƒ”† —†‡” –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ ǤǤ ƒ† ǤǤ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•Ǥ Š‡ —Žˆ –”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ –Žƒ–‹… ƒ† –Š‡ —”‘•Š‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ‘˜‡ ‹ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” †‹”‡…–‹‘ —†‡” –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡‹••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ…—””‡–•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ–™‹…‡ƒ›‡ƒ”ȋƒˆ–‡”‡˜‡”›͸‘–Š•Ȍ†—‡ –‘•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘•‘‘™‹†•Ǥ ”‹…–‹‘…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡™‹†•‡–•–Š‡•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹‘–‹‘Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 13 Types of Oceanic Currents …‡ƒ…—””‡–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡ǯ•˜‹œǤSurface Currentsƒ† Deep CurrentsǤ—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–•ƒˆˆ‡…–•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡pycnoclineȋδͳͲΨ‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ȌǤŠ‡•‡…—””‡–•ƒ”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†”‹˜‡„›ƒŒ‘”™‹†„‡Ž–•ǤŠ‡‡‡’ …—””‡–• ƒˆˆ‡…– †‡‡’ ™ƒ–‡” „‡Ž‘™ ’›…‘…Ž‹‡ ȋͻͲΨ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ™ƒ–‡”Ȍ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› †”‹˜‡ „› density differencesǤŠ‡†‡‡’…—””‡–•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡”ƒ†•Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–•Ǥ Š‡ •–”‡•• ‘ˆ ™‹† „Ž‘™‹‰ ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ •‡ƒ …ƒ—•‡• ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” –‘‘˜‡Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘™ ˜‹•…‘•‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‹••–”‡••‹•‘–†‹”‡…–Ž›…‘—‹…ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹–‡”‹‘”ǡ„—–‹•„ƒŽƒ…‡†„›–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡™‹–Š‹ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›–Š‹•—”ˆƒ…‡Žƒ›‡”ǡͳͲǦʹͲͲ–Š‹…ǤThis layer is called the Ekman layer and the motion of this layer is called the Ekman transportǤ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘„›–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–‹•‘–‹–Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†ǡ„—–‹•ͻͲι–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†ͻͲι–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰‹–Š‹•Žƒ›‡”†‡’‡†•‘Ž›—’‘–Š‡™‹†ƒ†–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†‹• ‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽƒ›‡”ƒ†–Š‡˜‹•…‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”•—”ˆƒ…‡…—””‡–•ƒ”‡•Š‘™ „‡Ž‘™ǣ

Currents of The Atlantic Ocean North Equatorial Current (warm)

‘”–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– ‹• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ƒ† –Žƒ–‹… …‡ƒ …—””‡––Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•–Ǧ–‘Ǧ™‡•–„‡–™‡‡ƒ„‘—–ͳͲ鐑”–Šƒ†ʹͲ鐑”–ŠǤ Š‹• …—””‡– ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ —’™‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ …‘Ž†Ǧ™ƒ–‡” ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ™‡•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆˆ”‹…ƒǤŠ‹•™ƒ”…—””‡–‹•ƒŽ•‘’—•Š‡†™‡•–™ƒ”†„›–Š‡ …‘Ž†ƒƒ”›…—””‡–Ǥƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ™ƒ”…—””‡– ˆŽ‘™• ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ•– –‘ ™‡•– „—– –Š‹• •ƒŽ‹‡ …—””‡– ‹• †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ™Š‡‹–…”‘••‡•–Š‡‹†Ǧ–Žƒ–‹…‹†‰‡‡ƒ”ͳͷιŽƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ –ƒ‰ƒ‹–—”• •‘—–Š™ƒ”† ƒˆ–‡” …”‘••‹‰ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ”‹†‰‡Ǥ Š‹• …—””‡–ǡ ƒˆ–‡” „‡‹‰ ‘„•–”—…–‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ†„ƒ””‹‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ”ƒœ‹Žǡ‹•„‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ „”ƒ…Š‡• ˜‹œǤ –‹ŽŽ‡• …—””‡– ƒ† ƒ”‹„„‡ƒ …—””‡–Ǥ Š‡ –‹ŽŽ‡•…—””‡–‹•†‹˜‡”–‡†‘”–Š™ƒ”†ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‡•– †‹‡•‹•Žƒ†•ǡƒ†Š‡Ž’•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ”‰ƒ••‡ƒ‡††›™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡…‘†„”ƒ…Š‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”‹„„‡ƒ…—””‡–‡–‡”•–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ƒ†„‡…‘‡•

—Žˆ–”‡ƒǤ

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Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

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South Equatorial Current (warm)

Š‡‘—–Š“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ—””‡–‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ…‹ˆ‹…ǡ–Žƒ–‹…ǡƒ† †‹ƒ…‡ƒ…—””‡––Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•–Ǧ–‘Ǧ™‡•–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ†ƒ„‘—–ʹͲ†‡‰”‡‡••‘—–ŠǤ –Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹…ƒ†–Žƒ–‹… …‡ƒ•ǡ ‹– ‡š–‡†• ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘ ƒ„‘—– ͷ †‡‰”‡‡• ‘”–ŠǤ ‘—–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– ˆŽ‘™• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ˆ”‹…ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ† ʹͲι Žƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‹• …—””‡– ‹• ‘”‡ …‘•–ƒ–ǡ •–”‘‰‡” ƒ† ‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‡š–‡––Šƒ–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–Ǥ ˆƒ…–ǡ–Š‹•…—””‡–‹•–Š‡ …‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘Ž†Benguela current.Š‹•™ƒ”…—””‡–‹• „‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‡†‹–‘–™‘„”ƒ…Š‡•†—‡–‘‘„•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†„ƒ””‹‡”‹ –Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ”ƒœ‹ŽǤ Š‡‘”–Š™ƒ”†„”ƒ…Šƒˆ–‡”–ƒ‹‰‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”Ž›…‘—”•‡‡”‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–‡ƒ””‹‹†ƒ† ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡…‘†„”ƒ…Š–—”••‘—–Š™ƒ”†ƒ†…‘–‹—‡•ƒ•”ƒœ‹Ž™ƒ”…—””‡–’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹•„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†—†‡”–Š‡•–”‡••of trade winds. Equatorial Counter Current

“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ‘—–‡”—””‡–‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–‹–Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹…ƒ† †‹ƒ ‘…‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ˆŽ‘™• ™‡•–Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ•– ƒ– ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‹˜‡ †‡‰”‡‡• ‘”–ŠǤ Š‡‘—–‡” —””‡–•”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘„ƒŽƒ…‹‰–Š‡™‡•–™ƒ”†ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹‡ƒ…Š‘…‡ƒ„›–Š‡ ‘”–Šƒ†‘—–Š“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–•Ǥ In El Niño years, Equatorial Counter current intensifies in the Pacific Ocean. Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ‘—–‡”…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡™‡•–™ƒ”† ˆŽ‘™‹‰•–”‘‰‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–•ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–•‹•Ž‡••†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹–Š‡™‡•–†—‡–‘•–”‡••‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡™‹†•Ǥ ˆƒ…–ǡ–Š‡…‘—–‡”…—””‡–‹š‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•– „—– ‹– ‹• ‘”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•– ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‹• ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ Guinea StreamǤ Š‡ “—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ‘—–‡” …—””‡– …ƒ””‹‡• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† Ž‘™‡” †‡•‹–› –Šƒ –Š‡ –™‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–•Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’—–ˆ‘”–Š–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ‘—–‡”…—””‡–Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰–‘•‘‡•…‹‡–‹•–•–Š‹•…—””‡–‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•™Š‹…Š„Ž‘™ˆ”‘ ™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡…ƒŽœ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‘Ž†”—•‘”‹–Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡œ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†•‘—–Š‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•Ǥ Gulf Stream

Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…—””‡–•‘˜‹‰‹‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–•›•–‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ‹–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ƒ”‘—†ʹͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡ƒ†‘˜‡•‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‘”–Š ‡”‹…ƒƒ†”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ—”‘’‡‡ƒ”͹ͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ‹••›•–‡ǡ ƒ‡† —Žˆ–”‡ƒ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ ‹–•‘”‹‰‹‹–Š‡‡š‹…ƒ —Žˆǡ…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ ͳǤ Ž‘”‹†ƒ…—””‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”ƒ‹–‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒ–‘ƒ’‡ƒ––‡”ƒ•ǡ ʹǤ —Žˆ–”‡ƒˆ”‘ƒ’‡ƒ––‡”ƒ•–‘–Š‡ ”ƒ†ƒǡƒ† ͵Ǥ ‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹…”‹ˆ–ȋ…—””‡–Ȍˆ”‘ ”ƒ†ƒ–‘–Š‡‡•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ…‘ƒ•–Ǥ ‘”–Š“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•™‡•–™ƒ”†‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”ˆ”‹…ƒǤŠ‡–Š‹•…—””‡–‹–‡”ƒ…–•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒǡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ˆ‘”• ‹–‘ –™‘ „”ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ ‡ ’ƒ••‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‹„„‡ƒ ‡ƒǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ•‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡–‹ŽŽ‡•—””‡–ǡˆŽ‘™•‘”–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡•– †‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡–™‘„”ƒ…Š‡•”‡Œ‘‹‘”–Š‘ˆ –Š‡–”ƒ‹–•‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒǤŠ—•ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ…—””‡–‹•‹ˆƒ…–ǡ–Š‡‘”–Š™ƒ”†‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 15 Š‹•…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š—…ƒ–ƒ…Šƒ‡Ž‹–‘–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡…—””‡–‘˜‡•ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–Š”‘—‰Š Ž‘”‹†ƒ–”ƒ‹–ƒ†”‡ƒ…Š‡•͵ͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ™ƒ”…—””‡–…‘–ƒ‹•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ –Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”ƒ••Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• „Ž‘™ ™‡•–™ƒ”† ‹ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• „Ž‘™ ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”† ƒ– ‹†ǦŽƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ Š‹• ™‹† ’ƒ––‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ƒ•–”‡••–‘–Š‡•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ‘…‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡™‹–Š‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡…—”Žƒ…”‘••–Š‡‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒǤŠ‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ˜‡”†”—’ –”ƒ•’‘”– ‹• “—ƒ–‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ …‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˜‘”–‹…‹–› …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ‘”–Š™ƒ”†Ǧ‘˜‹‰ ™‹†• ‘ –Š‡ •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‹†‰‡̵• ™‡•–‡” ’‡”‹’Š‡”› ƒ† –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‘”–‹…‹–› ‘ˆ ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ‘˜‹‰ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”– ‹•„ƒŽƒ…‡† „› ƒ ƒ””‘™ǡ ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰ ’‘Ž‡™ƒ”† …—””‡–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ˆŽ‘™• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡™‡•–‡”„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ„ƒ•‹ǡ‘—–™‡‹‰Š‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆˆ”‹…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡™‡•–‡”„‘—†ƒ”›…—””‡– ‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ„”ƒ†‘”—””‡–ǤŠ‡…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ˜‘”–‹…‹–›ƒŽ•‘…ƒ—•‡•„‡†•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›„”‡ƒ‘ˆˆ†—‡–‘ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒ̵•’‘•‹–‹‘ǡˆ‘”‹‰•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡™ƒ”ƒ†…‘Ž†‡††‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ’”‘…‡••ǡ ‘™ ƒ• ™‡•–‡” ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ …ƒ—•‡• …—””‡–• ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” „‘—†ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒ ‘…‡ƒ „ƒ•‹ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒǡ–‘„‡•–”‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ •ƒ…‘•‡“—‡…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰ —Žˆ–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ•–”‘‰‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–Ǥ ––”ƒ•’‘”–•™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͵Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘ …—„‹…‡–‡”•’‡”•‡…‘†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ•‹–’ƒ••‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ‡™ˆ‘—†Žƒ†ǡ–Š‹•”ƒ–‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–‘ ͳͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘…—„‹…‡–‡”•’‡”•‡…‘†Ǥ Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‹•ʹͶι™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹•͵Ǥ͸ΨǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡˜‡”ˆƒŽŽ• „‡Ž‘™ ͸Ǥͷι Ǥ Š‡ …—””‡– „‡…‘‡• ƒ””‘™ ™Š‹Ž‡ ’ƒ••‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ •–”ƒ‹– „—– –Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ‹–• ™‹†–Š ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•…Ž‘•‡–‘…‘ƒ•–Ǥ Canary Current (Cold)

Š‡ ƒƒ”› …—””‡–ǡ ƒ …‘Ž† …—””‡–ǡ ˆŽ‘™• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ‘”–Š ˆ”‹…ƒ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ†‡”‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ’‡ ‡”†‡Ǥ  ˆƒ…–ǡ –Š‹• …—””‡– ‹• –Š‡ …‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”–Š –Žƒ–‹… ”‹ˆ– ™Š‹…Š –—”• •‘—–ǤŠ™ƒ”† ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ’ƒ‹•Š …‘ƒ•– ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• –‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ƒƒ”‹‡• •Žƒ†Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˜‡Ž‘…‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‹• …—””‡– ‹• ͺ –‘ ͵Ͳ ƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•’‡”†ƒ›ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–„”‹‰•…‘Ž†™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡•–‘–Š‡™ƒ”™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™Žƒ–‹–—†‡• ƒ† ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ‡”‰‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–Ǥ Š‡ ƒƒ”› …‘Ž† …—””‡– ƒ‡Ž‹‘”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ Š‘– ™‡ƒ–Š‡”…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ‘”–Šˆ”‹…ƒǤǯ Labrador Current (Cold)

Š‡ƒ„”ƒ†‘”—””‡–ǡƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž†…—””‡–ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡ƒˆˆ‹ƒ›ƒ†ƒ˜‹•–”ƒ‹–ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡”• ‘ˆ ‡™ˆ‘—†Žƒ† ƒ† ”ƒ† ƒ ‡”‰‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ —Žˆ –”‡ƒ ƒ”‘—† ͷͲι Ž‘‰‹–—†‡ǤŠ‡ˆŽ‘™†‹•…Šƒ”‰‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–‹•͹Ǥͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ž‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”’‡”•‡…‘†ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–„”‹‰•™‹–Š‹– ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‹‰‹…‡„‡”‰•ƒ•ˆƒ”•‘—–Šƒ•‡™ˆ‘—†Žƒ†ƒ† ”ƒ†ƒǤŠ‡•‡‹…‡„‡”‰•’”‡•‡–‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ Š‹†”ƒ…‡•‹–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•‡ˆ‘‰•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‘†—…‡††—‡–‘–Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„”ƒ†‘”…‘Ž† …—””‡–ƒ†–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒ‡ƒ”‡™Ǧˆ‘—†Žƒ†Ǥ Brazil Current (Warm)

Š‡”ƒœ‹Ž…—””‡–‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š•ƒŽ‹‹–›ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ „‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘„•–”—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ …‘ƒ•– ‡ƒ” — ‘…Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” „”ƒ…Š ˆŽ‘™• ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ƒ† ‡”‰‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” „”ƒ…Š ‘™ƒ•–Š‡”ƒœ‹Ž…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™••‘—–Š™ƒ”†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒ—’–‘ͶͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ‹–‹•†‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†‡ƒ•–™ƒ”††—‡–‘–Š‡†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ†ˆŽ‘™•‹‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘—†‡” –Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡ ƒŽŽƒ†…‘Ž†…—””‡–…‘‹‰ˆ”‘•‘—–Š‡”‰‡•™‹–Š”ƒœ‹Ž…—””‡–ƒ–ͶͲιǤ Falkland Current (Cold)

Š‡ …‘Ž† ™ƒ–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ”…–‹… ‡ƒ ˆŽ‘™• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒŽŽƒ† …‘Ž† …—””‡– ˆ”‘ •‘—–Š –‘ ‘”–Š ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒ—’–‘”‰‡–‹ƒǤŠ‹•…—””‡–„‡…‘‡•‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‡ƒ”͵Ͳι Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–ƒŽ•‘„”‹‰•—‡”‘—•‹…‡„‡”‰•ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒ”…–‹…ƒ”‡ƒ–‘–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒ…‘ƒ•–Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

www.gktoday.in 16

South Atlantic Drift (Cold)

Š‡‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†…‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒœ‹Ž…—””‡–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘—–Š–Žƒ–‹…”‹ˆ–ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‡†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒœ‹Ž™ƒ”…—””‡–‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ƒ–ͶͲιͺŽƒ–‹–—†‡†—‡–‘–Š‡†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡‘—–Š–Žƒ–‹…”‹ˆ–ǡ–Š—•ǡˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ƒ•–Š‡‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•”‹ˆ–‘”–Š‡–ƒ”…–‹…”‹ˆ–Ǥ Benguela Current (Cold)

Š‡‡‰—‡Žƒ…—””‡–ǡƒ…‘Ž†…—””‡–ǡˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘•‘—–Š–‘‘”–ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ•‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒǤ ˆƒ…–ǡ –Š‡ ‘—–Š –Žƒ–‹… ”‹ˆ– –—”• ‘”–Š™ƒ”† †—‡ –‘ ‘„•–”—…–‹‘ …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” –‹’ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹…ƒǤ —”–Š‡” ‘”–Š™ƒ”†ǡ–Š‹•…—””‡–‡”‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘—–Š“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ—””‡–Ǥ

Currents of The Pacific Ocean North Equatorial Current (Warm)

Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ‡š‹…‘ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ™‡•–‡”Ž› †‹”‡…–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡•…‘ƒ•–ƒˆ–‡”…‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ͹ͷͲͲ ƒ—–‹…ƒŽ ‹Ž‡•Ǥ Š‹• …—””‡– ‹• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ …—””‡– ƒ† ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– ‘•‘‘Ǥ Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ™‡•–™ƒ”† „‡…ƒ—•‡ —‡”‘—• ‹‘” „”ƒ…Š‡• Œ‘‹ –Š‹• …—””‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǤ  ˆ‡™ „”ƒ…Š‡•ƒŽ•‘…‘‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹…—””‡–ƒ†–—”–‘™ƒ”†•Ǧ ‘”–Š ƒ† •‘—–ŠǤ ‡ „”ƒ…Š ‡‡”‰‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– ‡ƒ” ƒ‹™ƒ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• ‘”–Š™ƒ”† –‘ Œ‘‹ Kuroshio current ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” „”ƒ…Š –—”• ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”† –‘ˆ‘”…‘—–‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–Ǥ –‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ– ‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•ƒ•ƒ…‘–‹—‘—•…—””‡–‹–Š‡ ‘”–Š ƒ…‹ˆ‹… …‡ƒ „—– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‹–• ‘”–Š‡”ƒ†•‘—–Š‡”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–”ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡ͳʹƒ†ͳͺƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•’‡” †ƒ›Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ȋ‘”–Š‡” •—‡”Ȍ ƒ† •‘—–Š™ƒ”† ȋ•‘—–Š ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ƒ† •‘—–Š™ƒ”† „—– ‹– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡ƒ‹•–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ South Equatorial Current (Warm)

Š‡•‘—–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡††—‡–‘–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ•‘—–ŠǦ‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡™‹†•ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘‡ƒ•––‘ ™‡•–ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹••–”‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‹•ʹͲƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•’‡”†ƒ› ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘…‹–›„‡…‘‡•ͳͲͲƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ›Ǥ—‡”‘—•‹‘”…—””‡–•Œ‘‹–Š‹•…—””‡–Ǥˆ”‘ –Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ƒ†–Š—•Ǥ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•™‡•–Ǧ™ƒ”†ǡŠ‡…—””‡–‹•„‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‡†‹–‘‘”–Š‡” ƒ†•‘—–Š‡”„”ƒ…Š‡•‡ƒ”‡™ —‹‡ƒǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”„”ƒ…Š–—”•‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•ƒ•…‘—–‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–™”—Ž‡–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”„”ƒ…ŠȂ‘˜‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘”–Š‡”ƒ†‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ Counter Equatorial Current (Warm)

Š‡…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™‹‰™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–•‹•–‡”‡†…‘—–‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡™‹†•‹‡•‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•’‹Ž‡†—’‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒǡ ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž––Š‡”‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‹•Š‹‰Š‡”™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‹–Š‡ ™‡•–ƒ††‡•…‡†‹‰•Ž‘’‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ƒ‡–Š‡‘…‡ƒ‹…™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‡ƒ•–‡”Ž› †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡‘ˆ …‘—–‡” ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡–™Š‹…Š ‹•–Š‡ ‘•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† …‘—–‡”…—””‡– ‹–Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹… …‡ƒǤŠ‹•…‘—–‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–‹•‡š–‡†‡†—’–‘–Š‡ƒƒƒƒ›Ǥ Kuroshio System (Warm)

Š‡—”‘•Š‹‘›•–‡…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…—””‡–•ƒ††”‹ˆ–•‹• •‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Žƒ–‹… …‡ƒǤ Š‹• •›•–‡ ”—• ˆ”‘ ƒ‹™ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‡”‹‰ –”ƒ‹– ƒ† …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”‘•Š‹‘ …—””‡–ǡ –Š‡ —”‘•Š‹‘ ‡š–‡•‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘”–Šƒ…‹ˆ‹…†”‹ˆ–ǡ–Š‡•—•Š‹ƒ…—””‡–ƒ†–Š‡…‘—–‡”—”‘•Š‹‘…—””‡–Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

www.gktoday.in 17

Oyashio Current (Cold)

Š‡›ƒ•Š‹‘…‘Ž†…—””‡–‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•—”‹Ž‡…‘Ž†…—””‡–ǤŠ‹•…‘Ž†…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡”‹‰–”ƒ‹–‹ •‘—–Š‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘ƒ†–Š—•–”ƒ•’‘”–•…‘Ž†™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”…–‹…‡ƒ‹–‘–Š‡ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‡ƒǤ‡ƒ”ͷͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡–Š‹• …—””‡–‹•„‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‡†‹–‘–™‘„”ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ‡„”ƒ…Š–—”•‡ƒ•–Ǧ™ƒ”†ƒ†‡”‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡—–‹ƒƒ†—”‘•Š‹‘ …—””‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†„”ƒ…Š‘˜‡•—’–‘–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡…‘ƒ•–•ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡…‘Ž†Labrador Current ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š –Žƒ–‹… …‡ƒǤ Š‡ …‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ‘ˆ …‘Ž† ›ƒ•Š‹‘ ȋ—”‹Ž‡Ȍ ƒ† ™ƒ” —”‘•Š‹‘ —””‡– …ƒ—•‡•†‡•‡ˆ‘‰•™Š‹…Š„‡…‘‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠƒœƒ”†•ˆ‘”ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ California Current (Cold)

Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ…—””‡–ǡƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž†…—””‡–ǡ‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ƒƒ”›…‘Ž†…—””‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–Žƒ–‹……‡ƒ‹ ‘•–‘ˆ‹–•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ ˆƒ…–ǡ–Š‹•…—””‡–‹•–Š‡‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†‡š–‡†‡†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Šƒ…‹ˆ‹…†”‹ˆ–ǤŠ‡…‘Ž† ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ…—””‡–‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ‹…™ƒ–‡”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ…‘ƒ•–ˆ”‘‘”–Š –‘•‘—–Š‹‘”†‡”–‘…‘’‡•ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™Š‹…Š‹•…ƒ—•‡††—‡–‘Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘ˆˆ–Š‡ …‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‡š‹…‘—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡™‹†•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡‡š‹…ƒ…‘ƒ•––—”•™‡•–Ǧ™ƒ”†ƒ†‡”‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…—””‡–Ǥ Peru Current (Cold)

Š‡…‘Ž†…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™‹‰ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒˆ”‘•‘—–Š–‘‘”–Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‡”—…—””‡–‘” —„‘Ž†–…—””‡–ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–‹•‘™ƒ•‡”—…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ…—””‡–‡ƒ”–Š‡…‘ƒ•–™„‹Ž‡‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‡”—‘…‡ƒ‹… …—””‡–‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–Ǥ‡ƒƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡ͳͶ郐†ͳ͹郐†–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ˆ‘˜‹‰ ™ƒ–‡”‹•ͳͷƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•ȋʹ͹Ȍ’‡”†ƒ›ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘ƒ•––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ ‘…‡ƒǤ East Australia Current (Warm)

‘—–Š ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ …—””‡– ‹• „‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ” –Š‡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ …‘ƒ•– ‹–‘ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” „”ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‘—–Š‡”„”ƒ…ŠˆŽ‘™•ƒ•‡ƒ•–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ…—””‡–ˆ”‘‘”–Š–‘•‘—–ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ‡™ ‡ƒŽƒ†‹••—””‘—†‡†„› –Š‹•…—””‡–Ǥ –‹•†‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†‡ƒ”ͶͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡†—‡–‘†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šƒ†ˆŽ‘™•‹‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ™ƒ”ƒ†‘”‡…‘•‹•–‡– …—””‡–Ǥ –”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ…‘ƒ•–ˆ‘”…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–ƒ…‡•‘—–Š™ƒ”†Ǥ

Currents of The Indian Ocean Model Question - 6. (IAS -1997) Š‹…Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”•‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ”†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒǫ ƒǤ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ‹•ǮŠƒŽˆƒ‘…‡ƒ „Ǥ †‹ƒ…‡ƒŠƒ•‘•‘‘†”‹ˆ– …Ǥ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ‹•ƒŽƒ†ǦŽ‘…‡†‘…‡ƒ †Ǥ †‹ƒ…‡ƒŠƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŽ‹‹–› Answer: 6 www.gktoday.in

Š‡…—””‡–•›•–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ† modified by landmasses and monsoon windsǤ †‹ƒ …‡ƒ

„‡‹‰•—””‘—†‡†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–ǡˆ”‹…ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ †‘‡•‘–’”‡•‡–‘•–ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ…‘•‹•–‡–•›•–‡‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•ǤThe currents in the northern Indian Ocean change their flow direction twice a year due to northeast and south-west monsoon windsǤ North-East Monsoon Current (Warm)

‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– ‘•‘‘ ™‹†• „Ž‘™ ˆ”‘ Žƒ† –‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ †—”‹‰ ™‹–‡” •‡ƒ•‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† –Š—• ™‡•–™ƒ”† „Ž‘™‹‰ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– ‘•‘‘ …—””‡–• ƒ”‡ ’”‘†—…‡† ‹ †‹ƒ

6 Corrent Answer is B.

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 18 …‡ƒǤŠ‹•…—””‡–ˆŽ‘™•–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‘ˆͷιŽƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ•‘‡‹†‡’‡†‡–…—””‡–•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒ•‡ƒƒ†ˆŽ‘™‹•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥ S.W. Monsoon Current (Warm)

Š‡”‡ ‹• …‘’Ž‡–‡ ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•‘‘ ™‹†• †—”‹‰ •—‡” •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž› †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‹–‡” ‘•‘‘™‹†•„‡…‘‡••‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”Ž›†—”‹‰•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹• ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•‘‘ ™‹†•ƒŽ•‘”‡˜‡”•‡•–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•‘ˆ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ †—”‹‰ •—‡” •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– ‘•‘‘ ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ†•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‘•‘‘‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•‘‘ …—””‡–• ‹• ˆ”‘ •‘—–ŠǦ™‡•– –‘ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– „—– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹‘” „”ƒ…Š‡• ‡‡”‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ „”ƒ…Šƒ†‘˜‡‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤŠ‡ †‹ƒ …‘—–‡”…—””‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡††—”‹‰™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”•†—‡–‘–Š‹•…—””‡–Ǥ

Tides ‘‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ƒ–—”ƒŽ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š ‹• ƒ– ͵ͺͶͶͲ͵ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‹• †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹• ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͵Ͳ –‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ‡–‡” ‘ˆ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ‘‘ ”‡˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ”‘—† ƒ”–Š ‹ ƒ ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ–Š ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†ˆƒ”–Š‡•–’‘‹–•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†‡”‹‰‡‡ȋ͵͸͵ǡ͵ͲͲȌ ƒ†’‘‰‡‡ȋͶͲͷǡͷͲͲȌǤŠ‡‡ƒ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ‘‘‹•ͳǡ͹͵͹ǤͳͲǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ͲǤʹ͹͵ ‘ˆ ƒ”–Šǯ• ‡ƒ ƒ†‹—•Ǥ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‘‘ ‹• ૚

͹Ǥ͵Ͷ͹͹έͳͲʹʹ‰™Š‹…Š‹•ͲǤͲͳʹ͵‘”ૡ૚‘ˆƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ••Ǥ Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘’—ŽŽ‘ˆ‘‘‹•ͳȀ͸ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ”–Šǡ•‘ƒ‘„Œ‡…– ™‡‹‰Š‹‰ͳ‰‘‡ƒ”–Š™‘—Ž†™‡‹‰Šͳ͸͸ •‘‘‘Ǥ’‡”•‘™Š‘ …ƒ Š‹‰Š Œ—’ ͳ ‡–‡” ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Œ—’ ͸ ‡–‡”• ‘ ‘‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ ™‡ •‡‡ –Šƒ– •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ ‘‘ ‹• …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹’ƒ…– •‘‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ‘ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‹•…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ‘‘’—ŽŽ•ƒ”–Š–‘™ƒ”†•‹– ƒ†ƒ”–Š’—ŽŽ•‘‘–‘™ƒ”†•Š‡”•‡ŽˆǤ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡

‘‡ “—ƒ•‹Ǧ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’”‘’‘•‡†ǡ „—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•„‡‡˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ͵͹ͷ͵ ”—‹–Š‡‹••‘‡–‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”–Š̵••‡…‘†‘‘ǡ „—–•‘ˆƒ”ǡ‹–‹•‘–…‘””‡…––‘…ƒŽŽ‹–‡ƒ”–Š̵••‡…‘† ‘‘Ǥ ‘‡ ‘–Š‡” “—ƒ•‹•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡• ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ”‡ ͷͶͷͲͻǡȋͺͷ͹͹ͲȌͳͻͻͺͳǡʹͲͲʹʹͻǡʹͲͲͲ  ͷǡʹͲͲͲͳͲǤ ‘‘‹• ‹ˆ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡‹–Š‡•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡Ǥ

ƒ›‡†‡ ‘ˆ —’‹–‡” ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ‹ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” •›•–‡Ǥ ‡…‘† Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹• ‹–ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ǡ Š‹”† Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹• ƒŽŽ‹•–‘ ‘ˆ —’‹–‡” ƒ† ˆ‘—”–Š Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹• ‘ ‘ˆ —’‹–‡”Ǥ ˆ–‡” ‘‘ǡ —”‘’ƒ ‹• Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†‹–‹•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡‘ˆ —’‹–‡”Ǥ

Corresponding weights of 1000gms at other planets and moon Jupiter ʹ͵͸Ͷ Saturn ͳͲ͸Ͷ Venus ͻͲ͹ Mercury ͵͹ͺ Mars ͵͹͹ Moon ͳ͸͸

‹•—ǯ•‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”…‡Ǥ Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘’—ŽŽ‹•‡˜‹†‡–ƒ•”‹•‡ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† –‹†‡•Ǥ ‹†‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’—ŽŽ „› both Sun and Moonǡ„—––Š‡’—ŽŽ‡š‡”–‡†„›—‹•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›™‡ƒǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” †‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡ ‹• ‹˜‡”•‡Ž› ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ‹‰‡– ‘ˆ — ƒ† ‘‘ ƒˆˆ‡…–• –Š‡ •‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹†‡•Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹‡•–‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”–‘•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡–‹†‡•ƒ”‡ …ƒ—•‡†„›‘‘™ƒ•›–Š‡ƒ•ǡƒ‡ƒ”Ž› ”‡‡

Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––”ƒ…–‹‘ ˆ‘”…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ’‘‹– ƒ••‡• ‹• †‹”‡…–Ž› ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ••‡• ƒ† ‹˜‡”•‡Ž› ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ †‹•–ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”…‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ…–• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‡ Œ‘‹‹‰ –Š‡ Ȃ Inverse Square LawǤ

Tides and Ancient Indians  –Š‡ †—• ƒŽŽ‡›‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ †‘…›ƒ”† ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‹ ‘–ŠƒŽ ‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ Ͷ ™ƒŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‘… –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‡•–—ƒ”› ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ‹Ž „—”– „”‹…•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘– ‘Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡† „—– ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‡† •–”—…–—”‡•ƒ•’‡”–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒƬ‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–‹†‡•Ǥ –ǯ•™‘”–Š‘–‡–Šƒ–‹‹‰Ǧ‡†ƒ –Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘”‡…‘”†ƒ„‘—–‹†‡•ǡ„—–‹ƒ˜‡†ƒŠƒ’–‡”ͳͲǡƒ”– ǡʹͲǡ‡–‹‘• Soma….samudravardhanam,Ž‹•‘‘–‘–‹†‡•Ǥ

‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”ƒ”‘—†͵ͲͲǤ—–Š‡…‘—Ž†‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ•‘™ƒ•Ǥ‡™–‘ǯ•ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ

Stages of Tides Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ͷ†‹•–‹…–•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–‹†‡•ǣ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 19 –ƒ‰‡ ǣ‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž”‹•‡•‘˜‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ‘—”•ǡ…‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”–‹†ƒŽœ‘‡ƒ†–Š‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†flood tideǤ –ƒ‰‡ ǣŠ‡™ƒ–‡””‹•‡•–‘‹–•Š‹‰Š‡•–Ž‡˜‡Žǡ‘™ƒ•high tideǤ –ƒ‰‡ ǣ‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽˆƒŽŽ•‘˜‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ‘—”•ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”–‹†ƒŽœ‘‡ǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ebb tideǤ –ƒ‰‡ ǣŠ‡™ƒ–‡”•–‘’•ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ǡ–Š‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†low tideǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ–Š‡”‹•‹‰–‹†‡•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†flood tidesƒ†ˆƒŽŽ‹‰–‹†‡•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ebb tidesƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘™ƒ• ™ƒ”Ƭ Šƒ–ƒ ‹ ‹†‹ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ  ƒ•–”‘‘›ǡ –Š‡ ƒŽ‹‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ‘” ‘”‡ …‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒŽ‘‰ƒŽ‹‡‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Syzygyƒ†‡…Ž‹’•‡•‘……—”ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ›œ›‰›Ǥ›œ›‰›ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡…–•–‹†‡• ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹‰Š–‹†‡•ƒ†‘™‹†‡•Ǥ

Spring Tides and Neap Tides Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ƒ†Ž‘™–‹†‡•ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†’”‹‰‹†‡•ǤGulf of Fundy‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡•– –‹†‡• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ȋƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͷͲ ‡–‡”•ȌǤ  – •’”‹‰ –‹†‡ǡ —ǡ ‘‘ ƒ† ƒ”–Š ƒ”‡ ‹ ƒ Ž‹‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• •ƒŽŽ‡•– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡Š‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™ƒ–‹†‡ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‡ƒ’–‹†‡Ǥ –‘……—”•™Š‡—ǡ‘‘ ƒ†ƒ”–Šƒ”‡ƒ–”‹‰Š–ƒ‰Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ’‹†‡•‘……—”™Š‡‘‘‹•ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”’Šƒ•‡ ’”‹‰–‹†‡•‘……—”‘ —ŽŽ‘‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡™‘‘Ǥ Spring tide has higher than normal high tides and lower than normal low tides. —”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ’ ‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š –‹†‡ ‹• Ž‘™‡” ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘™ –‹†‡ ‹• Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ—•—ƒŽǤ Model Question - 7. ™Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹†‡•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒš‹—ǫ Ǥ ƒ—ƒ”›͵ǡ‡™‘‘ Ǥ ƒ—ƒ”›͵ǡ‘‘‹•‡…‘†“—ƒ”–‡” Ǥ —Ž›͸ǡ —ŽŽ‘‘ Ǥ ‡…‡„‡”ʹͳǡ‡™‘‘ Answer: 7 www.gktoday.in

Daily Frequency of Tides ƒ”–Š”‘–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‘—†‹–•‘™ƒš‹•ƒ†‹––ƒ‡•ʹͶŠ‘—”•–‘ˆ‹‹•Š‹–•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–Š”‘–ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‘‘ ”‡˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ”‘—† ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘‘ ”ƒ‹•‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘ –™‘‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹†‡• ‘ˆƒ”–ŠǢ –Š‡•‡ ’‘‹–• ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†—„ǦŽ—ƒ” ƒ† ƒ–‹’‘†ƒŽ ’‘‹–•Ǥ Š‡ –‹†ƒŽ „—Ž‰‡ •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†Œƒ…‡– ‰”ƒ’Š‹…• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ”‘–ƒ–‡• ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ „—Ž‰‡ ‘…‡ ‡˜‡”›24 hours and 50 minutesǤȋŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡†‹•–ƒ…‡…‘˜‡”‡† „› ‘‘ ‹ ‹–• ‘”„‹–ȌǤ Š‹• –‹†ƒŽ „—Ž‰‡ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘…‡ƒ‹•’—ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡‘‘̵•‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ both theopposite side of the earth simultaneously there is a high tide.Š‹• Š‹‰Š–‹†‡‹•‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•†—‡–‘‹‡”–‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹•„‡‹‰’—ŽŽ‡†–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡‘‘ „›‹–•‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†–Š‡‘…‡ƒ™ƒ–‡””‡ƒ‹•Ž‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ”–Š‹•’—ŽŽ‡†Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ –Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‹•…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒŠ‹‰Š–‹†‡‘–Š‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‘’’‘•‹–‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡†‹”‡…–’—ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘Ǥ

7 Correct Answer is A. On New Moon or Full moon, the tides will have higher amplitude. In the given dates, on January 3, Earth is at perihelion. This means that Earth on January 2 0r 3 is at closest distance from Sun. So, the tide would be highest in the year on Perihelion-New Moon. This spring tide would be the highest in the entire year.

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 20 Duration and Frequencies of Daily Tides ‘•–…‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡two high and two low tides per dayǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•‹•ƒ––Š‡’‘‹–‘–Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š™Š‹…Š‹•…Ž‘•‡•––‘–Š‡‘‘ȋ•—„Ž—ƒ”Ȍƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‹‰Š–‹†‡‹•ƒ––Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡’‘‹–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šȋƒ–‹’‘†ƒŽȌǤ ‡ –‹†ƒŽ …›…Ž‡ …‘’”‹•‡• –™‘ Š‹‰Š –‹†‡• ƒ† –™‘ Ž‘™ –‹†‡•Ǥ ‡ –‹†ƒŽ …›…Ž‡ …‘’Ž‡–‡• ‹ ʹͶ Š‘—”• ƒ† ͷͲǤͶ ‹—–‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‘ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ† „‘–Š ‡ƒ”–Šǯ• ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘‘ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‡‹•ƒ‡†‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥȋ‘‘‹•‘–•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ǡ•‘–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ‹ˆ‘‘™‡”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›–Š‡Š‹‰Š –‹†‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘……—””‡†‡šƒ…–Ž›‹ͳʹŠ‘—”•ȌǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•‘……—”ƒ–ƒ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆͳʹŠ‘—”•ƒ†ʹͷǤʹ‹—–‡•Ǥ Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‹‰Š–‹†‡‹•ƒ–͹ǤͲͲƒǡ‡š–Š‹‰Š–‹†‡™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ–͹Ǥʹͷ’ƒ†‡š–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ–͹ǤͷͲ ƒǡƒ†•‘‘ǤŠ‡–‹‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Dz‹†ƒŽ –‡”˜ƒŽdzǤŠ‡–‹†ƒŽ…›…Ž‡‹–Š‹•’ƒ––‡” ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† semidiurnal. ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Ž‘•‡† ™ƒ–‡” „‘†‹‡• ‘” ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘’‡ ‘…‡ƒ •—…Š ƒ• ƒ”‹„„‡ƒ•‡ƒ‘”ƒ•’‹ƒ‡ƒǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›‘‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡ƒ†‘‡Ž‘™–‹†‡ǤŠ‹•’ƒ––‡”‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‹—”ƒŽ–‹†‡•Ǥ– –Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ›„‡–™‘Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ǡ‘ˆ—‡“—ƒŽŽ‡‰–ŠǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‹š‡†‹†‡•Ǥ

Various Concepts related to Tides Model Question - 8. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ —Žˆ•™‹–Šƒ””‘™ˆ”‘–•ƒ†™‹†‡””‡ƒ”•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡• ʹǤ ‹†ƒŽ…—””‡–•–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡™Š‡ƒ‰—Žˆ‹•…‘‡…–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘’‡•‡ƒ„›ƒƒ””‘™…Šƒ‡Ž ͵Ǥ ‹†ƒŽ„‘”‡‘……—”•™Š‡ƒ–‹†‡‡–‡”•–Š‡ƒ””‘™ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡•–—ƒ”›‘ˆƒ”‹˜‡” ͶǤ Š‡–‹†ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‘‘‰‰Ž›‹•‘ˆ…”—…‹ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–‘‘Žƒ–ƒƒ•’‘”– Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 8 www.gktoday.in

Tidal datum

…Šƒ”–‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘‰’‡”‹‘†‘ˆƒ–‹†ƒŽ”‡…‘”†‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–‹†ƒŽ†ƒ–—Ǥ Tidal Flat

Š‡•ƒ†•—…‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡Ž‘™–‹†‡•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–‹†ƒŽˆŽƒ– Tidal Range

‹†ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡height of water at low and high tides. Tidal Bore

‹†ƒŽ „‘”‡ ‹• ƒ ‹†ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹…‘‹‰ –‹†‡ ˆ‘”• ƒ ™ƒ˜‡ ȋ‘” ™ƒ˜‡•Ȍ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”–Šƒ––”ƒ˜‡Ž—’ƒ”‹˜‡”‘”ƒ””‘™„ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‘”„ƒ›̵•…—””‡–Ǥ Intertidal Zone

–‡”–‹†ƒŽœ‘‡‹••‘‡–‹‡•‘™ƒ•Ž‹––‘”ƒŽœ‘‡ƒ†‹–‹•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•Š‘”‡‘”•Š‘”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”„‘†›•—…Š ƒ•’‡…‡ƒǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‡š’‘•‡†–‘ƒ‹”ƒ–Ž‘™–‹†‡•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ƒ–Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ǤŠ‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡”‘…›…Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ•ƒ†› „‡ƒ…Š‡•ǡ‘”™‡–Žƒ†•ǤBay of Fundy is an excellent Intertidal Zone Ecosystem. Apogean Tides and perigean tides

Š‡‘‘‹•ƒ–…Ž‘•‡•–’‘‹––‘ƒ”–Š†—”‹‰‹–•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‘—†‡ƒ”–Š‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‡”‹‰‡‡ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ—•—ƒŽƒ†Ž‘™–‹†‡•ƒ”‡Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ—•—ƒŽƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–ǤŠ‡‘‘‹•ˆƒ”–Š‡•–ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ’‘‰‡‡ƒ† –Š‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ƒ”‡Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ—•—ƒŽƒ†Ž‘™–‹†‡•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ—•—ƒŽƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ Tidal Power

‘™‡”…ƒ„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰–Š‡Š—‰‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡–‹†‡•ǤŠ‹•…ƒ„‡†‘‡„›ƒ‹‰†ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡–‹†ƒŽ œ‘‡• ™Š‡”‡ „‡•– –‹†‡• ‘……—” ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” –‘ ‡–‡” ƒ† ‡š‹– –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ –—”„‹‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†™‘”ƒ†‘–—…Š•—……‡••ƒ•„‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ•‘ˆ‘™Ǥ Earth's Tides

8 Correct statements are 1, 3 & 4. Regarding statement 1, please note that one such example of gulfs with narrow fronts and wider rears is Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf of Mexico has high tides because all the water must get in and out of the Gulf through the narrow Florida Straits. The second statement gives a wrong definition of Tidal Currents. In general, the range of tide and the velocity of tidal current are at a minimum in the open ocean or along straight coasts. The greatest tidal effects are usually encountered in estuaries, bays, and other coastal indentations. A vessel proceeding along an indented coast may encounter a set toward or away from the shore; a similar set is seldom experienced along a straight coast.

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 21 ƒ”–Š̵•–‹†‡•ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ–‹†‡•ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡‡–‹”‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ••ǤŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ”–Š̵• …”—•–‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘•ǡ†—‡–‘•‘Žƒ”ƒ†Ž—ƒ”‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ World's first Tidal Power Station

–‹•ƒ…‡‹†ƒŽ‘™‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡‡•–—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…‡‹˜‡”ǡ‹”‹––ƒ›ǡ ”ƒ…‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘™‘”Ž†̵• Žƒ”‰‡•––‹†ƒŽ’‘™‡”•–ƒ–‹‘™Š‹…Š•–ƒ”–‡†™‘”‹‰‹ͳͻ͸͸Ǥ –•ƒ—ƒŽ‘—–’—–‹•͸ͲͲ ŠǤ Tides affect Earth's Magnetic Field

‡•Ǥ Š‡ –‹†ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ …—””‡–• ‹ …‘†—…–‹‰ ˆŽ—‹†• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ‹–‡”‹‘” ƒ† –Š‡› ƒˆˆ‡…– –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ There are no ocean tides at Equator

‘”ƒ›’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹”Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ†ˆŽ—…–—ƒ–‹‘‹–‹‡†‡’‡†•–‘˜ƒ”›‹‰†‡‰”‡‡•‘–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ — ƒ† –Š‡‘‘ǡ ƒ† –‘–Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡ƒ…Šǡ …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ǡ …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ †‡’–Š ƒ†’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–•Ǥ Š‡ –‹†ƒŽ „—Ž‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™Š‹…Š ‹–‡”•‡…–• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘”„‹–ƒŽ’Žƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘ǤŠ‹•’Žƒ‡‹•–‹Ž–‡†ƒ„‘—–ʹ͵†‡‰”‡‡•™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ Š‹‰Š –‹†‡ ƒ† Ž‘™ –‹†‡ ‹• ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ–Š‡” •ƒŽŽǡ …‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”Žƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ƒŽ•‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡–Žƒ–‹…ƒ†ƒ…‹ˆ‹……‘ƒ•––‹†‡•ƒ”‡‘––Š‡•ƒ‡ǤŠ‹•‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–‹†‡•‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•‘…‡ƒ•‹•˜‡”›…‘’Ž‡šǤ˜‡”›…‘ƒ•–ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‹–• ‘™—‹“—‡–‹†ƒŽ•‹‰ƒ–—”‡†‡’‡†‹‰‘‹–•Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡŽ‘‰‹–—†‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”†‡’–Šƒ†•ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ If there is no moon:

ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‘‘ǡŽ—ƒ”™ƒ–‡”–‹†‡•‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š‰‘ƒ™ƒ›ǡ„—––Š‡•‘Žƒ”™ƒ–‡”–‹†‡••–‹ŽŽ‘……—”Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ –Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡‘̵’”‹‰̵‘”̵‡ƒ’̵–‹†‡•Ǥ Highest Spring tides

Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‹‰–‹†‡•‘……—”™Š‡–Š‡‘‘‹•ƒ–‹–•…Ž‘•‡•––‘–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤǤǤ–Š‡•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†‡”‹‰‡‡‹†‡Ǥ The Tides Which Are Not Tides

Š‡ –‹†‡ •—ˆˆ‹š Šƒ• „‡‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’Š‡‘‡ƒǤ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ not at all related to the tidesǤ Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™ǣ ™ Storm Tides: –‘”–‹†‡•‹•–Š‡ƒ‡‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡”‹•‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠƒŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” •›•–‡Ǥ ‹† …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” –‘ ’‹Ž‡ —’ Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘™Š‡”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–‹†‡•Ǥ ™ Rip Tides:‹’–‹†‡•ƒ”‡•–”‘‰…Šƒ‡Ž‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰•‡ƒ™ƒ”†ˆ”‘‡ƒ”–Š‡•Š‘”‡ǡ–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡•—”ˆŽ‹‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡™‹†•ƒ†‘–”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹†‡•Ǥ ™ Tsunami:•—ƒ‹•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†̵Šƒ”„‘—”™ƒ˜‡̵ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ „‘†›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‘…‡ƒ†—‡–‘ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‡”—’–‹‘•ƒ†‘–Š‡”—†‡”™ƒ–‡”‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•Ǥ Model Question - 9. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‹†‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–Š‡Ž’‹ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ʹǤ ‹‰Š–‹†‡‡ƒ„Ž‡•„‹‰•Š‹’•–‘‡–‡”‘”Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡Šƒ”„‘—”•ƒˆ‡Ž›Ǥ ͵Ǥ ‹†‡’”‡˜‡–••‹Ž–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Šƒ”„‘—”•Ǥ ͶǤ ƒ†Žƒƒ†‹ƒ‘†ƒ”„‘—”ƒ”‡–‹†ƒŽ’‘”–•Ǥ Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 9

Tides and navigation

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‹†ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹†ƒŽ Š‡‹‰Š–• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‘—† ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‹ ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˜‡”› •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‡””‘”• ‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‘……—” ‹ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—–Ǥ ƒ› ”‹˜‡”• ƒ† Šƒ”„‘—”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ ̶ „ƒ”̶ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡–”ƒ…‡™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ’”‡˜‡–•‘‡„‘ƒ–•™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†”ƒ—‰Š–ˆ”‘‡–‡”‹‰ƒ–…‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–‹†‡ǤŠ‡ –‹‹‰•ƒ†˜‡Ž‘…‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–‹†ƒŽˆŽ‘™…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†„›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–ƒ–‹†ƒŽ…Šƒ”–‘”–‹†ƒŽ•–”‡ƒƒ–Žƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” Ž‘…ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ

9 Correct statements are 1, 2, 3 & 4

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Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

www.gktoday.in 22

Tides and Fishing

‹†‡•‘˜‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ„”‹‰‹‰™ƒ–‡”‹ƒ†–ƒ‹‰™ƒ–‡”‘—–Ǥ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡…›…Ž‡•ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–‹†‡•‘ˆ‹•Š Š‡Ž’•‹„‡––‡”ˆ‹•Š‹‰ǤŠ‡ˆ—ŽŽƒ†‡™‘‘•‘”ƒŽŽ›…”‡ƒ–‡„‡––‡”ˆ‹•Š‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰ –‹†‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘„‡Š‹†–Š‹•‹•–Šƒ–ˆ‹•Šƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘…ƒ–…Š™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‡‡†‹‰ƒ†‹–ǯ•–Š‡–‹†‡ƒ†…—””‡–• –Šƒ–†‹…–ƒ–‡–Š‹•ǤŠ‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”„‡‰‹•–‘‘˜‡ǡ•ƒŽŽ‡”ˆ‹•Š‡•ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡‡”…›‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–ƒ†‰‡–…‘ˆ—•‡† ‹–Š‡–—”„—Ž‡–™ƒ–‡”Ǥƒ”‰‡”ˆ‹•Š‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‡“—‹’’‡†–‘ˆ‡‡†‹–Š‹•–—”„—Ž‡–™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡•‡Žƒ”‰‡”ˆ‹•Š‡•‰‡–‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›–”ƒ’’‡†™Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–‹†‡•Ǥ Tidal Ports

—”‹‰Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ǡ™ƒ–‡””—•Š‡•‹–‘Šƒ”„‘—”•ȋ‹†ƒŽ‘”‡ȌǤŠ‹•Š‡Ž’••Š‹’•‡–‡”ƒ†‡š‹–Šƒ”„‘—”••ƒˆ‡Ž›Ǥ‹‰Š –‹†‡•ƒ‡‘…‡ƒȀ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡””—•Š‹–‘–Š‡‘—–Š•‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•ǤŠ‹•Š‡Ž’••Š‹’•–‘‡–‡”’‘”––‘™•Ž‹‡‡™‘”ǡ ‘†‘ǡ ‘––‡”†ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ„—”‰Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž› ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—• ˆ‘” •‘‡ ’‘”–• ‹ †‹ƒ •—…Š ƒ• Kandla, Mangalore and Kolkata’s diamond harbour. Tides and Siltation

‹†‡• –ƒ‡ ƒ™ƒ› –Š‡ –‡””‹‰‡‘—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „”‘—‰Š– „› –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ”‹˜‹‡ Šƒ”„‘—”• ƒ† –Š—• Š‡Ž’ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ•‹Ž–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Tides and Prevention of Rivers from Freezing

Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–™Š‹…Š•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‡‡œ‡•‹•—…ŠŽ‘™‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ …‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡‘†‘ǡ†—‡–‘ –Š‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‡–‡”•–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ†’”‡˜‡–•‹–ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰Ǥ Application in Hydel Power

Š‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•…ƒ„‡•–‘”‡†„‡Š‹†•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡†ƒ•ǤŠ‹•…ƒ–Š‡„‡—•‡†ˆ‘” Š›†‡Ž’‘™‡”Ǥ

Part II.

Atmosphere and Winds Circulation

ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹Ž›…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ǡ‘š›‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ”‰‘ǡ™Š‹…Š –‘‰‡–Š‡” …‘•–‹–—–‡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‰ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–”ƒ…‡‰ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡––ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”› ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ —’’‡” „‘—†ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘– …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‡ˆ‹‡†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒž”žŽ‹‡‘”̶†‰‡‘ˆ•’ƒ…‡̶ǡƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡”Š‡‘†‘”‡˜‘ ž”žǡ –Šƒ– Ž‹‡• ƒ– ͳͲͲ  ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• ‡ƒ ‡˜‡Ž ƒ† ƒ‡• ƒ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†—–‡”•’ƒ…‡ˆ‘”aeronautical purposesǤ Š‡ž”žŽ‹‡†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„‡›‘†–Š‹•Ž‹‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ͳͲͲ  Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒŽ•‘ ‹…Ž—†‡• ƒ‹Ž› –Š‡ ‹–”‘‰‡ ƒ† ‘š›‰‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ —†‡” –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” —Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡…—Ž‡••’Ž‹–‹–‘ƒ–‘•ƒ†‘š›‰‡„‡…‘‡ ƒ–‘‹…ǤŠ‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆœ‘‡ƒ›‡”Ǥ ‡Ž‘™–Š‡ͳͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‘”•‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„‡Šƒ˜‡•Ž‹‡ƒ ˆŽ—‹†Ǥ Š‡ outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen and heliumǤ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ’ƒ”– –Šƒ– –Š‡› …ƒ –”ƒ˜‡Ž Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ™‹–Š‘—–

Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere Gas Volume Nitrogen (N2) 78.08% Oxygen (O2) 20.95% Argon (Ar) 0.93% Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.04% Neon (Ne) 0.00% Helium (He) 0.00% Methane (CH4) 0.00% Krypton (Kr) 0.00% Hydrogen (H2) 0.00% Nitrous oxide (N2O) 0.00% Carbon monoxide (CO) 0.00% Xenon (Xe) 0.00% Ozone (O3) 0 to 7×10оϲй Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.00% Iodine (I2) 0.00% Ammonia (NH3) trace

Aeronautics versus Astronautics Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆž”ž‹‡‹• ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ……‡’–‡† ƒ† ‹• —•‡† –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ‡”‘ƒ—–‹…• ƒ† ƒ•–”‘ƒ—–‹…•Ǥ • ’‡” ±†±”ƒ–‹‘ ±”‘ƒ—–‹“—‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ȋ  Ȍǡ ‡”‘ƒ—–‹…• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒŽŽ ƒ‹” •’‘”–•ǡ ™‹–Š‹ ͳͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ •–”‘ƒ—–‹…• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͳͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ

…‘ŽŽ‹†‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ”ƒ”‡Ž› …‘ŽŽ‹†‡ǡ –Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡Šƒ˜‡•Ž‹‡ƒˆŽ—‹†ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ”‡‡Ǧ‘˜‹‰’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™„ƒŽŽ‹•–‹…–”ƒŒ‡…–‘”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ› ‹‰”ƒ–‡‹–‘ƒ†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

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‹Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ†•‘‡‘–Š‡”ˆƒ…–‘”••—…Šƒ•…Šƒ‰‡‹…Ž‹ƒ–‡‡–…ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋ–Š‡ Ž‘™‡”‘•–Ȍǡ –”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋ•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†Ȍǡ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ Š‡”‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ š‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋ‘—–‡” •’ƒ…‡ȌǤ ‡–™‡‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡• –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† –”ƒ•‹–‘”› Žƒ›‡”•ǡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯǯ ™Š‡”‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡• „—– Ž‹––Ž‡ ™‹–Š Š‡‹‰Š– Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ƒ† …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡…Šƒ‰‡•ƒ•™‡‰‘Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡…ƒ„‡ †‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ›‡”•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ Ͷ ‹’‘”–ƒ– •’Š‡”‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ͵ ’ƒ—•‡• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ ™ ”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡™‹–Š–”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ ™ –”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡™‹–Š•–”ƒ–‘’ƒ—•‡ ™ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡™‹–Š‡•‘’ƒ—•‡ǡƒ† ™ ‘‘•’Š‡”‡‘”–Š‡”‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

Troposphere ”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡Ž‘™‡•–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡̵• ƒ••ƒ†ͻͻΨ‘ˆ‹–•™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ƒ†ƒ‡”‘•‘Ž•ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳ͹‹ –Š‡‹††Ž‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ Model Question - 10. Š‡Š‹…‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒš‹—ƒ–‡“—ƒ–‘”†—‡–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘Ȁ”‡ƒ•‘•–Šƒ–̴̴ǣ ͳǤ ‹‰Š‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†•–”‘‰…‘˜‡…–‹‘…—””‡–•‘……—”‹–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‘˜‡”–Š‡“—ƒ–‘” ʹǤ ‹”‹•Ž‡••†‡•‡ƒ–“—ƒ–‘” ͵Ǥ “—ƒ–‘”‡š‡”–•‘”‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—ŽŽ‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…‰ƒ•‡• ͶǤ Š‡…‡–”‹ˆ—‰ƒŽˆ‘”…‡†—‡–‘ƒ”–Šǯ•”‘–ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒš‹—ƒ–“—ƒ–‘” Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 10 www.gktoday.in

It thickness of the Troposphere is maximum at equator, deeper in the tropics,—’–‘ʹͲǡƒ†shallower near the polar regionsǡ at 7 km in summerǡ ƒ† indistinct in winterǤ  †‹ƒǡ ‹– ‹• –ƒ‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ”‘—† ͳ͸ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǤŠ‡–Š‹…‡••‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†…‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒš‹—ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”†—‡ –‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•†‹•…—••‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ High insolation and strong convection currents occur over the Equator

‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™•‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†Šƒ”Ž‡•ǯŽƒ™•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‹ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ǡdensity decreases with increasing temperatureǡ™Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•…‘•–ƒ–ǤŠ‡Š‘–ƒ‹””‹•‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•‘–‡“—ƒŽŽ›Š‡ƒ–‡†‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‹•–Š‹…‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–Šƒ–Š‡’‘Ž‡•because the equator is warmerǤ‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‘–Š‡ ’Žƒ‡–̵••—”ˆƒ…‡…ƒ—•‡•…‘˜‡…–‹‘…—””‡–•–‘ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡™ƒ”‡” –Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡–Š‹…‡”‹•–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ—•–Š‡•‹’Ž‡”‡ƒ•‘‹•–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ––Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘‡ƒ”–Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ Air is less dense at Equator

Over equatorial regions, where the surface is being heated strongly throughout the year and air warmed by contact with it is expanding and rising, the air all the way up to the tropopause is less dense than air to the north and south. Thus, density of the air is maximum at the equator. But here, you must note that almost same amount of atmospheric mass exists at both equator and poles but only the density of the air is less at equator and greater at poles

10 1, 2, 3 & 4

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Equator exerts more gravitational pull on atmospheric gases

”ƒ˜‹–›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘’‘Ž‡•ƒ•–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹•‘–ƒ’‡”ˆ‡…–•’Š‡”‡ǤŠƒ–‡ƒ•–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”…‡‹• more over polesǤ‡…‡–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•’—ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š‘”‡ˆ‘”…‡‡ƒ”–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†•–‘…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ The centrifugal force due to Earth’s rotation is maximum at Equator

‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ”–Š‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–‡†•–‘„—Ž‰‡‘—–†—‡–‘ˆ”‹…–‹‘ ƒ†‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ –”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ǡ ‹• ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ  Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹… ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹–• great densityǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ‹–”‘‰‡ ƒ† ‘š›‰‡ǡ …ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ǡƒ†™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ȋnearly all of the water vapour contained in the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphereȌƒ†‘ˆ—‡”‘—•’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘”‹‰‹Ǥ

Chemical Composition of Troposphere Š‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›—‹ˆ‘”ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡‡š…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”Ǥ Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”†‡…”‡ƒ•‡••–”‘‰Ž›™‹–ŠƒŽ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ—•–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”‹•‘”ƒŽŽ› greatest near the surfaceƒ††‡…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–Ǥ

Temperature of Troposphere: ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡decreases with heightǤ Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ƒ– ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡

Environmental

Lapse

Rate

ȋȌǤ

Š‡

‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽƒ’•‡Ǧ”ƒ–‡ȋȌ‹•ƒ„‘—–ͲǤ͸ι’‡”‡˜‡”› ͳͲͲ ‡–‡”•Ǥ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ– ƒ nearly uniform rate™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒŽ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” Žƒ’•‡ ‹• –Šƒ– maximum absorption of the sun's energy occurs at the ground ™Š‹…Š Š‡ƒ–• –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‘……—”• ƒ– –Š‡ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ …‘‘Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǡ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ Š‡ƒ– „ƒŽƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

Tropopause Model Question - 11. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡‹•ƒš‹—ƒ–‡“—ƒ–‘” ʹǤ

”‡•‡…‡‘ˆƒ…›…Ž‘‡‹–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡

Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 11 www.gktoday.in

”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽ–‹–—†‡ ƒ– ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• •–ƒŽŽ‡†Ǥ Š‹• Žƒ›‡” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ȋ–Š‡•‡…‘†Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ȌǤŠ‹•Žƒ›‡”‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›“—‹‡–ƒ†‘ƒŒ‘” ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ‹”–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡‹‹–Ǥ –•Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ–”‘’‹…‘ˆƒ…‡”ƒ†”‘’‹…‘ˆƒ’”‹…‘”‹•”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͳͲ–‘ͳͷǡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ƒ– –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ͳͺ  ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡• ‹– ‹• ƒ„‘—– ͺ  ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ  †‹ƒǡ –Š‡ –”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ–ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ”‘—†ͳ͸ǤŠ‡ƒŽ–‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡˜ƒ”‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•‡ƒȄ•—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ •‡ƒ•‘ǡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ ƒ† ™‡ƒ–Š‡” •›•–‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ …›…Ž‘‡• ƒ† ƒ–‹Ǧ…›…Ž‘‡•Ǥ ‘ǡ ”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ ‹• ‘– ƒ Šƒ”† Ž‹‡† „‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡ higher is the temperature of the lower layers, the higher is the height of this layerǡ–Š‡layer is lower where there is a cyclone below it. Ž•‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡–‘’•‘ˆ…——Ž—•Ǧ‹„—• …Ž‘—†•‘ˆ–‡ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹Š‹•”‡‰‹‘Ǥ

11 Only 1 is correct.

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Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

www.gktoday.in 25

Stratosphere Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ •‡…‘† ƒŒ‘” Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ Œ—•– ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ† „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ –‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„‡…ƒ—•‡it is stratified in temperatureǡ ™‹–Š warmer layers higher up ƒ† cooler layers farther downǤ ‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ Šƒ• ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–Ϋ͵ιǡŒ—•–•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›„‡Ž‘™–Š‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰’‘‹– ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‹•‹•‹…‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• …‘‘Ž‡” Š‹‰Š‡” —’ ƒ† ™ƒ”‡” ˆƒ”–Š‡” †‘™Ǥ Š‹•inversion begins in tropopause. Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• •‹–—ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ƒ„‘—– ͳͲ  ƒ† ͷͲ  ƒŽ–‹–—†‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ– ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•‹–•–ƒ”–•ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ͺȋͷ‹ȌƒŽ–‹–—†‡ǤŠ—•ǡ•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•‡ƒ”‡•––‘’‘Ž‡•ƒŽ–‹–—†‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Absence of Vertical Winds in Stratosphere

Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–‹–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ‡•–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘˜‡”›•–ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ…‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ‹” –‡†•‘––‘‘˜‡”–—”˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ—•˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ™‹†•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒ„•‡–‹–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Model Question - 12. (IAS 2011) Š‡Œ‡–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•ˆŽ›˜‡”›‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ†•‘‘–ŠŽ›‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǫ ͳǤ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘…Ž‘—†•‘”™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ʹǤ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ™‹†•‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‰‹˜‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–‹–Š‹•…‘–‡š–ǫ ȋƒȌͳ‘Ž›Ǥ ȋ„Ȍʹ‘Ž›Ǥ ȋ…Ȍ‘–Šͳƒ†ʹǤ ȋ†Ȍ‡‹–Š‡”ͳ‘”ʹ Answer: 12 www.gktoday.in

 …‘–”ƒ•– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ ™‹† •’‡‡†• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‡–‡”• ’‡” •‡…‘†ǡ ‹ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡•‡Ž†‘‘”‡–Šƒƒˆ‡™…‡–‹‡–”‡•’‡”•‡…‘†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•ƒ‹”ƒ˜‡”›Ž‘‰ –‹‡–‘„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ—Ž‡••–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–Š”—•–‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡••—…Šƒ•–Šƒ–†—”‹‰ –Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‡”—’–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹” –‘ ‹š ‹ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘why the Ozone depleting Chloro-Fluoro Carbons take so long to reach the altitudes where the Sun's energy is sufficient enough to break them apart.Š‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘œ‘‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‰•—„•–ƒ…‡•™‹ŽŽ•–‹ŽŽ„‡ –Š‡”‡ƒ…‡–—”‹‡•Žƒ–‡”ˆ”‘‘™Ǥ Water vapour Methane Interaction in Stratosphere Model Question - 13. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ

‡–Žƒ†”‹…‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ‡–Šƒ‡‹ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡

ʹǤ

‡–Šƒ‡…‘–”‹„—–‡•‹œ‘‡Ž‘••

Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 13 www.gktoday.in

Š‡ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Šƒ‡ ‹ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ …ƒ „‡ –”ƒ…‡† –‘ ‹–• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ •‘—”…‡• •—…Š ƒ• ™‘‘† …‘„—•–‹‘ǡ …‘ƒŽ ‹‹‰ǡ ‘‹Ž ƒ† ‰ƒ• †”‹ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ˆ‹‹‰ǡ Žƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ•ǡ wetland rice

12 Correct answer is Only 2. Please note that in a much generalized sense, the statement 1 is also correct explanation because hardly there is any water vapor or clouds in Lower stratosphere. But if we further analyze this standalone statement, it stands incorrect, because stratosphere is known for complex water vapor-methane reactions and clouds too are present there. Via this question, what UPSC wanted to check in your knowledge remains an illusion to me. If you check this class IX Book of ICSE, it seems that the question was lifted from here: http://bit.ly/UHJpi2. The planes really rise high in the sky because they don’t want clouds to come in their way. Stratosphere gives them such ambience. 13 Both 1 & 2 are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 26 cultivationǡ…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡„—”‹‰ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡†‹‰‡•–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹‘„›‰”ƒœ‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ•—…Šƒ•…‘™ ˆŽƒ–—Ž‡…‡Ȍƒ†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–Š—ƒˆŽƒ–—Ž‡…‡„‡…ƒ—•‡around half of us’”‘†—…‡‡–Šƒ‡‹ˆƒ”–•Ǩ Š‡–”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡‹•–Š‡˜‡”›…‘Ž†„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—”‹•ˆ”‘œ‡‘—–™Š‡‘‹•–ƒ‹”‹•Ž‘ˆ–‡†—’™ƒ”†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ǤThis means that the air that enters stratosphere is almost dryǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‡–Šƒ‡”‡ƒ‹•—ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡…‘Ž†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ•‹–’ƒ••‡• –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹•„‘—†ƒ”›ǤŽ›™Š‡‡–Šƒ‡”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡—’’‡”•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‹–‹•†‡’Ž‡–‡†˜‹ƒ‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ…–‹‘• ™‹–Š Ǥ Š‡•‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ ‡ƒ…Š ‡–Šƒ‡ ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‹•…‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘–™‘‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡–‘—’’‡”•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡˜‹ƒ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š‡–Šƒ‡‹•…‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”„›ƒ”‡ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡Š›†”‘š›Ž”ƒ†‹…ƒŽǤ CH4+OH ЍCH3 +H2O Š‡•‡…‘†”‡ƒ…–‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•–‡’•–Šƒ–„‡‰‹•™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Šƒ‡”‡ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ”‡‡‘š›‰‡ˆ‘”ƒ Š›†”‘š›Ž ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ȋȌǤ Š‹• Š›†”‘š›Ž ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ…– ™‹–Š ‘Ǧ•‘Ž—„Ž‡ …‘’‘—†• Ž‹‡ …ŠŽ‘”‘ˆŽ—‘”‘…ƒ”„‘•ǡƒ† Ž‹‰Š– „”‡ƒ•‘ˆˆ …ŠŽ‘”‹‡ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ• ȋŽȌǤ Š‡•‡ …ŠŽ‘”‹‡ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ• „”‡ƒ ‘ˆˆƒ‘š›‰‡ ƒ–‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘œ‘‡ ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ǡ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‘š›‰‡ ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ ȋʹȌ ƒ† ƒ Š›’‘…ŠŽ‘”‹–‡ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ȋŽȌǤ Š‡ Š›’‘…ŠŽ‘”‹–‡ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–• ™‹–Š ƒ–‘‹… ‘š›‰‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘š›‰‡ ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” …ŠŽ‘”‹‡ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽǡ–Š‡”‡„›’”‡˜‡–‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‘ƒ–‘‹…‘š›‰‡™‹–Šʹ–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‘œ‘‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ›ǡ‡–Šƒ‡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ Š‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ œ‘‡ Žƒ›‡”Ǥ „‘˜‡ ƒ„‘—– ͸ͷ ǡ ’Š‘–‘†‹••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–Šƒ‡ „‡…‘‡•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡…Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”Ozone lossǤ The temperature stratification in Stratosphere

–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Šƒ•ƒ–‡†‡…›–‘”‹•‡ǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆœ‘‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•––Š‹‰™‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘‘–‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹”‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›”ƒ”‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›‡‹‰Š–‘œ‘‡‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•–‘ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘ǤŠ‡‘œ‘‡ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡”‡ƒ„•‘”„•Š‹‰Š‡‡”‰›Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–‡‡”‰›™ƒ˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡—ƒ†‹•„”‘‡†‘™‹–‘ƒ–‘‹…‘š›‰‡ȋȌƒ† †‹ƒ–‘‹…‘š›‰‡ȋʹȌǤ–‘‹…‘š›‰‡‹•ˆ‘—†’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‹–Š‡—’’‡”•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡†—‡–‘–Š‡„‘„ƒ”†‡–‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š– ƒ† –Š‡ †‡•–”—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‘œ‘‡ ƒ† †‹ƒ–‘‹… ‘š›‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹† •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ Šƒ• Ž‡••  Ž‹‰Š– ’ƒ••‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š‹–ǡƒ†ʹƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘…‘„‹‡ǡƒ†‹•™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‘œ‘‡‹•’”‘†—…‡†Ǥ –‹•™Š‡–Š‡•‡ –™‘ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘š›‰‡ ”‡…‘„‹‡ –‘ ˆ‘” ‘œ‘‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡Š‡ƒ– ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘™‡” •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡• ˜‡”› Ž‘™ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ǡ –Š—• ƒ–‘‹… ‘š›‰‡ ‹• ‘– ˆ‘—† Š‡”‡ ƒ† ‘œ‘‡ ‹• ‘– ˆ‘”‡† ȋ™‹–Š Š‡ƒ– ƒ• –Š‡ „›’”‘†—…–ȌǤ Š‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ •–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‹–Š ™ƒ”‡” Žƒ›‡”• ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ† …‘‘Ž‡” Žƒ›‡”• „‡Ž‘™ǡ ƒ‡• –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ †›ƒ‹…ƒŽŽ› •–ƒ„Ž‡ǣ –Š‡”‡ ‹• no regular convection and associated turbulence in this part of the atmosphere. Š‡ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘’ƒ—•‡ǡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–Ǥ Aviation & Jet Streams in Stratosphere

–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‹‘Ž‡–™‡ƒ–Š‡”…Šƒ‰‡•™Š‹…Š‘……—”„‡Ž‘™‹–Š‡”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ‘ǡ‹–‹•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†„› …‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ‹”Ž‹‡”•ǤŠ‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ‹”Ž‹‡”•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›…”—‹•‡ƒ–ƒŽ–‹–—†‡•‘ˆͻȂͳʹ‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‡ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡› †‘ –Š‹• –‘ optimize fuel burnǤ ‡– Ž‹‡”•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˆƒ…‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ…‡ ‹ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ‡Ž›Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š˜‡Ž‘…‹–›horizontalƒ‹”…—””‡–•ǤŠ‡ƒ‹Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‡ƒ” –Š‡ –”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋ™Š‡”‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ƒŽ–‹–—†‡Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ȋ™Š‡”‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–ŠƒŽ–‹–—†‡ȌǤŠ‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ‹•‡š–”‡‡Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡– •–”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡  ƒŽ™ƒ›• Šƒ”ˆ—Žˆ‘” ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ „‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ ƒ†—•‡† …‘‡”…‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ• ‹– ”‡†—…‡†–Š‡–”‹’–‹‡ƒ†ˆ—‡Ž…‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ‘‡”…‹ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ„‡‰ƒ‹ͳͻͷͲ•™Š‡ƒƒ‡”‘’Žƒ‡ ˆŽ‡™ˆ”‘‘›‘–‘‘‘Ž—Ž—ƒ–ƒƒŽ–‹–—†‡‘ˆ͹ǡ͸ͲͲ‡–‡”•…—––‹‰–Š‡–”‹’–‹‡„›‘˜‡”‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”†Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‡–•ˆ—‡Ž •ƒ˜‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹”Ž‹‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 27 Ozone Layer •†‹•…—••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡Ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. –Š‹•Žƒ›‡”‘œ‘‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ„‘—– ʹ –‘ ͺ ’ƒ”–• ’‡” ‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• —…Š Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ „—– •–‹ŽŽ ˜‡”› •ƒŽŽ …‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‹…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ‹Ž›Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–ͳͷȂ͵ͷǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡–Š‹…‡••˜ƒ”‹‡••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ„‘—–ͻͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘œ‘‡‹‘—” ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡œ‘‡Žƒ›‡”ƒ„•‘”„•—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•—ƒ†…‘˜‡”–•‹–‹–‘Š‡ƒ–ƒ†…Š‡‹…ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ –‹•–Š‹• ƒ…–‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ›‡” ‹•  ‘ˆ —‹ˆ‘” –Š‹…‡••Ǥ Height at the equator is maximum and lowest at the poles.

Mesosphere Model Question - 14. Š‹Ž‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ”–Šǡ‘•–‡–‡‘”‹–‡•‰‡–„—”–‹–Š‡̴̴̴̴ǣ Ǥ ”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ Ǥ –”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ Ǥ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡ Ǥ ‘‘•’Š‡”‡ Answer: 14 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡‡•‘•’Š‡”‡‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘’ƒ—•‡–‘ͺͲȂͺͷǤ‘•–‡–‡‘”‘‹†•‰‡–„—”–‹–Š‹•Žƒ›‡”Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ decreases with height in the mesosphereǤŠ‡mesopauseǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹‹—–Šƒ–ƒ”•–Š‡–‘’‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ‹• –Š‡ …‘Ž†‡•– ’Žƒ…‡ ƒ”‘—† ƒ”–Š ƒ† Šƒ• ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‘—† Ϋͺͷ ι

Ǥ – –Š‡

‡•‘’ƒ—•‡ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ› †”‘’ –‘ ΫͳͲͲ ι Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ …‘Ž† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” ‹• ˆ”‘œ‡ǡ ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹…‡ …Ž‘—†•Ǥ Š‡•‡ …Ž‘—†• ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† noctilucent cloudsǤ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡noctilucent clouds are–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–…Ž‘—†•‹–Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡•‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ– ƒŽ–‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”‘—†͹͸–‘ͺͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ȋͶ͹–‘ͷ͵‹ȌǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽŽ›–‘‘ ˆƒ‹––‘„‡•‡‡ǡƒ†ƒ”‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡‘Ž›™Š‡‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‡†„›•—Ž‹‰Š– ˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •Šƒ†‘™Ǥ ‘…–‹Ž—…‡– …Ž‘—†• ƒ”‡ ‘– ˆ—ŽŽ› —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ ”‡…‡–Ž› †‹•…‘˜‡”‡† ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ ‡•‘’ƒ—•‡ǡ ƒ –Š‹ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› …‘Ž† ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡• –Š‡‡•‘•’Š‡”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ

Ionosphere ‘‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† •‘ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• ‹‘‹œ‡† „› •‘Žƒ” ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ’Žƒ›• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’ƒ”– ‹ atmospheric electricity ƒ† ˆ‘”• –Š‡ ‹‡” ‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘‘•’Š‡”‡ •–”‡–…Š‡• ˆ”‘ ͷͲ –‘ ͳǡͲͲͲ  ƒ† –›’‹…ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡”Žƒ’•„‘–Š–Š‡‡š‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡–Š‡”‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ –Šƒ•’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•ǡˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ”ƒ†‹‘’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘responsible for auroras. ‘‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ•  „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š  –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•  ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ –Š‡”‡  ƒ• —…Š ƒ• 870°C over the equator ƒ† 1427°C over the north poleǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡—’’‡”„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ›„‡…‘‡Š‹‰Š‡”–ŠƒͳͲͲͲǦͳͷͲͲιǤŽ‘‰™‹–Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‹•‡•Šƒ”’…Šƒ‰‡•…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡…‘”’—•…—Žƒ”ƒ†—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹‹–Ǥ ‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘ †‡’‡†• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ –Š‡ — ƒ† ‹–• ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡˜ƒ”‹‡•‰”‡ƒ–Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘”‡…‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘

14 Mesosphere

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 28 –Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ ‘‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–ƒ†•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǤŠ‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡— ‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š‹–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘”„‹–ǡ•—•’‘–…›…Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š‘”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‘……—””‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘”‡ •—•’‘–•Ǥ ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒŽ•‘ ˜ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ȋ’‘Žƒ”ǡ ƒ—”‘”ƒŽ œ‘‡•ǡ ‹†Ǧ Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ ƒ† ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘•ȌǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡…Šƒ‹•• –Šƒ– †‹•–—”„ –Š‡ ‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† †‡…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹•–—”„ƒ…‡• •—…Š ƒ• •‘Žƒ” ˆŽƒ”‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ …Šƒ”‰‡† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ •‘Žƒ”™‹†™Š‹…Š”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–•™‹–Š‹–•‰‡‘ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ ‘‘•’Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡–•‘ˆŽƒ›‡”•†—”‹‰†ƒ›ƒ†‹‰Š–™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ –Š‹•‰”ƒ’Š‹…ǣ

Š‡Žƒ›‡”‡š’Žƒ‹• why the AM Radio gets disturbed during day timeǡ„—–“—‹–‡•‘‘–Š‹‹‰Š––‹‡Ǥ‡•‡‡ ‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‰”ƒ’Š‹…•–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ›‡”‹•–Š‡‹‡”‘•–Žƒ›‡”ǡ͸Ͳ–‘ͻͲƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ– –Š‹• Žƒ›‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡– ‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹• Ž‘™ǡ „—– Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡ ‡‡”‰› ‹• ‰”‡ƒ– †—‡ –‘ ˆ”‡“—‡– …‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘•ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡Š‹‰ŠǦˆ”‡“—‡…›ȋ Ȍ”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‘–”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ›‡”„—–•—ˆˆ‡” Ž‘••‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–Š‡”‡‹ǤŠ‡ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‹••ƒŽŽƒ–‹‰Š–ƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ƒ„‘—–‹††ƒ›ǤŠ‹•…ƒ—•‡•–Š‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ†‹•–ƒ–„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–„ƒ†•–ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡†ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ Š‡Žƒ›‡”‹•–Š‡‹††Ž‡Žƒ›‡”ǡͻͲ–‘ͳʹͲƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǡ™‹–Š’”‹ƒ”›•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘ „‡‹‰•‘ˆ–Ǧ”ƒ›ȋͳǦͳͲȌƒ†ˆƒ”—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”‘š›‰‡ȋʹȌǤŠ‹•Žƒ›‡” †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡‹‰Š–„‡…ƒ—•‡’”‹ƒ”›•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”’”‡•‡–ǤŠ‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‹•Žƒ›‡” ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• Ž‘‰ ”ƒ†‹‘Ǧ™ƒ˜‡• „ƒ… –‘ ‡ƒ”–Šǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –Š‡ –‘ „‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒ– ƒ †‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–‘•’ƒ…‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ• ǦǤ Why E-layer is important? Š‡Žƒ›‡”‹•ƒ”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡™Š‹…Š‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•Ž‘‰Ǧ†‹•–ƒ…‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•„›•–”‘‰Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•‹–Š‡ ͳǦ͵‡‰ƒŠ‡”–œǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†”‡‰‹‘ǡ‡ƒ˜‹•‹†‡Žƒ›‡”ǡ‘”‡‡ŽŽ›Ǧ‡ƒ˜‹•‹†‡Žƒ›‡”ǤŠ‹•”‡‰‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡…–•”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ‡†‹— ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡‹””‡…‡’–‹‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡Žƒ›‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡ƒ”–Š„›†ƒ›ƒ†”‡…‡†‡•ˆ”‘‹– ƒ–‹‰Š–Ǥ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ‹–‹•ƒ…›Ž‹†‡”‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•–‹…‡Ž‡…–”‘•‰›”ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ™Š‹…Š’”‘†—…‡•ƒ•‡Žˆˆ‹‡Ž†•–”‘‰ ‡‘—‰Š–‘†‘‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†’”‘†—…‡•ŠƒŽˆ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡‹†̵ʹͲ•ǡƒ‘–Š‡”…‘‡…–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡†–Šƒ–Ž‹‰Š–‹‰…ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›ǡ –Š—†‡”•–‘”•…‘—Ž†‘†—Žƒ–‡–Š‡–”ƒ•‹‡–ǡŽ‘…ƒŽ‹œ‡†’ƒ–…Š‡•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰ŠǦ‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡•‹–›‹–Š‡‹†Ǧ‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡Žƒ›‡”ǡ ™Š‹…Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–•”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡F LAYER‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–ʹͲͲ–‘‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲͲƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡ǦŽƒ›‡”ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡ ’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•Š‘”–Ǧ”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘–‹—‡—–‹Ž–Š‡›”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡ǤǤ’’Ž‡–‘Žƒ›‡””‡ˆŽ‡…–• •Š‘”–Ǧ”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•ȋ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡’‡‡–”ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ǦȌ„ƒ…–‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŽ•‘•—’’‘•‡† –‘„‡–Š‡”‡‰‹‘™Š‡”‡’‘Žƒ”‘……—”ƒ†™Š‡”‡‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡‘”•„—”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘—–Ǥ

Concept of Aurora Š‡ Ž—‹‘—• ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡…–”‘Ǧƒ‰‡–‹… ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• Auroraǡ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ in high latitudesƒ•”‡†ǡ‰”‡‡ƒ†™Š‹–‡ƒ”…•ǡ†”ƒ’‡”‹‡•ǡ•–”‡ƒ‡”•ǡ”ƒ›•ƒ†•Š‡‡–•‹–Š‡‹‰Š–•›ǡ„‡•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ–ƒ Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͻͲǤ”‘„ƒ„Ž›ǡƒ—”‘”ƒ‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹…•–‘”•ƒ†‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒŽ†‹•…Šƒ”‰‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•— †—”‹‰’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ•—Ǧ•’‘–ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•‹••–‹ŽŽƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ –‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡Aurora Borealisȋ‘”‘”–Š‡”Ž‹‰Š–•Ȍ‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡Aurora Australis ‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ —”‘”ƒ „‘”‡ƒŽ‹• ‹• •‡‡ ‹ ‰Žƒ†ǡ „—– ‹– ‹• ‘”‡ …‘‘ ‹ ‘”–Š‡” …‘–Žƒ†ǡ ’”‡•‡–•ƒƒ‰‹ˆ‹…‡–•’‡…–ƒ…Ž‡‹‘”–Š‡”…ƒ†‹ƒ˜‹ƒƒ†‘”–Š‡”ƒƒ†ƒǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 29 Exosphere Š‡‡š‘•’Š‡”‡Ž‹‡•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ƒŽ–‹–—†‡‘ˆͺͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”ƒ†‹–‡‡†•ˆ—”–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•ǤŠƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆ‡š‘•’Š‡”‡‹• ƒ ‡š–”‡‡ ”ƒ”‡ˆƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹”Ǣ ‰ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ ‘˜‹‰ ™‹–Š –”‡‡†‘—• ˜‡Ž‘…‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ‡‡– ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ†–Š‡”‡–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ƒ‘—–ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‰ƒ•’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡”•’ƒ…‡Ǥ

Atmosphere and Insolation —‹•–Š‡ƒŒ‘”•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡‡ƒ”–Š•›•–‡ǤŠ‡‡ƒ”–Š†‘‡•”‡…‡‹˜‡˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ ‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”•–ƒ”•ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹–•‡Žˆȋ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘‡•ƒ†‰‡›•‡”•’”‘˜‹†‡…‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‡‡”‰›ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™Š‡ …‘’ƒ”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‘–Š‡” •‘—”…‡• •‡‡‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ‡‹––‡† „› –Š‡ •— ™Š‹…Š ”‡ƒ…Š‡• –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† InsolationǤ Š‡ •—ǡ ƒ ƒ••‘ˆ‹–‡•‡Ž›Š‘–‰ƒ•‡•ǡ™‹–Šƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ––Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡„‡͸ͲͲͲ量‹–•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‹•–•  ‘ˆ ˜‡”› •Š‘”– ™ƒ˜‡ǦŽ‡‰–Š šǦ ”ƒ›•ǡ‰ƒƒ”ƒ›•ǡƒ†—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–”ƒ›•Ǣ–Š‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ž‹‰Š–

Earth’s Albedo Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ȋ‹…‹†‡–Ȍ—’‘ ƒ •—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ™‹–Š‘—– Š‡ƒ–‹‰  –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†ȋ‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒ†‡…‹ƒŽ‘”ƒ•ƒ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ȌǤŠ‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒŽ„‡†‘‹•ƒ„‘—–ͲǤͶȋͶͲ’‡”…‡–ȌǢ–Šƒ–‹•ǡͶȀͳͲ‘ˆ –Š‡•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†„ƒ…‹–‘•’ƒ…‡Ǥ –˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘ͲǤͲ͵ ˆ‘” †ƒ” •‘‹Ž –‘ ͲǤͺͷ ˆ‘” ƒ •‘™Ǧˆƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ ƒ–‡” Šƒ• ƒ Ž‘™ ƒŽ„‡†‘ ȋͲǤͲʹȌ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ”Ǧ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ ”ƒ›•ǡ „—– ƒ Š‹‰Š ƒŽ„‡†‘ ˆ‘” Ž‘™Ǧƒ‰Ž‡ •Žƒ–‹‰ ”ƒ›•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ˆ‘” ‰”ƒ•• ‹• ƒ„‘—– ͲǤʹͷǤ ˜‡”Ǧ’ƒ•–—”‡† Žƒ† ƒ† „ƒ”‡ •‘‹Ž ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ •‘Žƒ” ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒƒ”‡ …”‘’• ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  †‡•‡”– ‹• —…Š ‘”‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ –Šƒ ƒ •ƒ˜ƒƒ ‘” ˆ‘”‡•–Ǥ ˆ ‡…‘‘‹… ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ •‘‹Ž ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ††”‘—‰Š––Š‡‘……—”•ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ƒŽ„‡†‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ

”ƒ›• ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘‰‡” ‹ˆ”ƒ”‡† ”ƒ›•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ”‡…‡‹˜‡• ‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–‘‡two-thousand-millionth‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘’‘—”‡†‘—–„›–Š‡•—ǡ„—––Š‹•‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘‹–Ǣ–Š‡ ƒ‘—–”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—–‡”Ž‹‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Solar ConstantǤŠ—•Solar Constant‹•–Š‡”ƒ–‡ ’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒƒ–™Š‹…Š•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—–‡”Ž‹‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

Effects of the Atmosphere on Solar Radiation Model Question - 15. ‹ˆˆ—•‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡†—‡–‘̴̴̴ǣ Ǥ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ Ǥ —•–ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• Ǥ ‡Ž‹— Ǥ ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”• Answer: 15 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡ –Š‡ •—ǯ• ‡‡”‰› ’ƒ••‡• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –Š‹‰• Šƒ’’‡ –‘ ‹–Ǥ ”‘—† ‘‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡‡”‰›‹•†‹”‡…–Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†„ƒ…–‘…Ž‘—†•ƒ†–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ”‘—†ͺ’‡”…‡–‹••…ƒ––‡”‡†„›‹—–‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡–—”‡† –‘ •’ƒ…‡ ƒ• †‹ˆˆ—•‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘‡ ʹͲ ’‡”…‡– ”‡ƒ…Š‡• –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ• †‹ˆˆ—•‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒˆ–‡”„‡‹‰•…ƒ––‡”‡†Ǥ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹ͹’‡”…‡–”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ•†‹”‡…–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ͳͻ ’‡”…‡–‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›–Š‡‘œ‘‡Žƒ›‡”ƒ†„›™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”‹–Š‡…Ž‘—†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡͶ͹’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›ƒ””‹˜‹‰ƒ––Š‡‘—–‡”Ž‹‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡƒ†ͳͻ’‡”…‡–‹•”‡–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹•ͳͻ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•”‡–ƒ‹‡†„› –Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•Ž‘…‡†—’‹–Š‡…Ž‘—†•ƒ†–Š‡‘œ‘‡Žƒ›‡”ƒ†‹•–Š—•‘–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘Š‡ƒ––Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡™ƒ”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡Ͷ͹’‡”…‡–‘ˆ‹…‘‹‰•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›”‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ „‘–Š Žƒ† ƒ† „‘†‹‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ȍ ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‡‡”‰› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š „ƒ… –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š •—…Š ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡• •—…Š ƒ• Long-Wave Radiation, Conduction and Conve…–‹‘Ǥ ‘‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’Š‡‘‡ƒ •—…Š ƒ• advection ƒ† Latent Heat of Condensation ƒŽ•‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

15 Correct Answer is B, Dust Particles.

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Radiation as method of Heat Energy Transfer Model Question - 16. Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‰‡–Š‡ƒ–‡††—‡–‘̴̴̴ǣ Ǥ ‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ–‡”‰›„›–‘•’Š‡”‡ Ǥ ‘˜‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ–‡”‰› Ǥ ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ”–Š Ǥ „•‘”’–‹‘‘ˆ‘Žƒ”Ž‹‰Š– Answer: 16 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Model Question - 17. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ –‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š†‘‡•‘–‰‡–Š‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘†‹”‡…–Ž› ʹǤ ‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•‘•–Ž›•Š‘”–‡”™ƒ˜‡•‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘ƒ”–Šǯ•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 17 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡’”‘…‡••„›™Š‹…Š‘•–‡‡”‰›‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–Š”‘—‰Š•’ƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•—–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹• ‰‹˜‡‘ˆˆ„›ƒŽŽ„‘†‹‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰‡ƒ”–Šƒ†Š—ƒ„‡‹‰ǤŠ‡hotter is the body, shorter are the wavesǤ ‡…ƒ•‹’Ž›•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘—…‘‡•–‘‡ƒ”–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‡”™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†‡ƒ”–Š„‡‹‰…‘‘Ž‡” „‘†›ǡ‰‹˜‡•‘ˆˆ‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ™ƒ˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„ƒ…–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹•‘‰Ǧƒ˜‡ ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡•Š‡ƒ–•–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ –‹•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›Š‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™„›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ”–Š•—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ • ™‡ †‹•…—••‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—Ǥ Š‡ atmosphere of the earth does not heat up directly as solar radiation is in the form of short waves and air cannot absorb the short waves.Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ„•‘”„•–Š‡•Š‘”–™ƒ˜‡‡‡”‰›ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆŽ‘‰™ƒ˜‡–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‹”Ǥ‘ǡƒ‹”Š‡ƒ–•—’™Š‡…‘‡•‹…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Š–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ

Conduction as Method of Heat Transfer ‘†—…–‹‘‹•–Š‡‡ƒ•„›™Š‹…ŠŠ‡ƒ–‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ˆ”‘‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ„‘†›–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‘”„‡–™‡‡–™‘–‘—…Š‹‰ ‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒ”‡”–‘–Š‡…‘‘Ž‡”ȋ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒȌ„‘†›‹‘”†‡”–‘‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ‘……—”• –Š”‘—‰Š ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ™‹–Š ‘‡ ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ „—’‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ –‘•’Š‡”‹… …‘†—…–‹‘‘……—”•ƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆȋœ‘‡‘ˆ…‘–ƒ…–„‡–™‡‡Ȍ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹–‹•ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‡–Š‘†‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆ™ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡•‹…‡‹–ƒˆˆ‡…–•‘Ž›–Š‡ Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆƒ‹”…Ž‘•‡•––‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ‹”‹•ƒ˜‡”›’‘‘”…‘†—…–‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ

Convection as Source of Heat Transfer Š‡ –Š‡ ’‘…‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ‡ƒ” –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ–‡†ǡ –Š‡› ‡š’ƒ† ‹ ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ „‡…‘‡ Ž‡•• †‡•‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ƒ‹”ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‹•‡ǤŠ‹•˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†…‘˜‡…–‹‘ǡƒ† ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘…‡••„›™Š‹…ŠŠ‡ƒ–‡†™ƒ–‡”…‹”…—Žƒ–‡•‹ƒ’ƒ™Š‹Ž‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǤŠ‡…—””‡–••‡–‹–‘‘–‹‘ „›–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆƒˆŽ—‹†ȋŽ‹“—‹†‘”‰ƒ•Ȍƒ‡—’ƒ…‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ‘•–˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ƭ…‡ƒ•‘……—”•˜‹ƒ‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒ†‹•ƒƒŒ‘”…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ…Ž‘—†•ƒ†’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Advection as Source of Heat Transfer †˜‡…–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ „˜‹‘—•Ž› –Š‡ ™‹† ‹• –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ƒ‰‡– ‘ˆ ƒ†˜‡…–‹‘Ǥ ‹† „”‹‰• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ž‘™‡” ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒ†˜‡…–‹‘ –”ƒ•’‘”–• ™ƒ”‡” ‘” ƒ……‘—–• ˆ‘” ƒ ƒŒ‘” ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” –Šƒ– –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ…‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…•›•–‡Ǥ

16 Correct Answer is C. 17 Both statements are True

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 31 Latent Heat of Condensation ’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›‹•—•‡†–‘…Šƒ‰‡Ž‹“—‹†™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘”‹˜‡”•ǡŽƒ‡•ǡƒ†‘…‡ƒ•–‘™ƒ–‡”Ǧ˜ƒ’‘—”Ǥ Š‡•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›—•‡†–‘†‘–Š‹•‹•–Š‡•–‘”‡†‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ǧ˜ƒ’‘—”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–‘”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥƒ–‡”–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ǧ ˜ƒ’‘—”‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ›…Šƒ‰‡–‘ˆ‘”Ž‹“—‹†™ƒ–‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‘…‡••…ƒŽŽ‡† ǤŠ‡ ‡‡”‰› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ Latent Heat of CondensationǤ ‹‡‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š•›•–‡ǡŽƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ…‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘’Žƒ›•ƒƒŒ‘””‘Ž‡‹™ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹•ƒsource of energy for STORMSǤ

Earth’s Energy Budget Earth’s Energy Budget Incoming Heat Energy ‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ȋͻͻǤͻ͹ΨȌ

‡‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȋͲǤͲʹͷΨȌ ‹†ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȋͲǤͲͲʹΨȌ ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž…‘•—’–‹‘ȋƒ„‘—–ͲǤͲͲ͹ΨȌ ‹‘”‘—”…‡•ǣ”‡ƒ‹•’ƒ”–



Outgoing Heat Energy Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒŽ„‡†‘ȋ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‹–›Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š‹•ƒ„‘—– ͲǤ͵ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ͵ͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹…‹†‡– •‘Žƒ” ‡‡”‰›‹•”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†‹–‘•’ƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡͹ͲΨ‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡† „›–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ†”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†ǤŠ‹•͵ͲΨ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹…‹†‡– ‡‡”‰› ‹• ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†ǡ …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ͸Ψ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ʹͲΨ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ˆ”‘ …Ž‘—†•ƒ†ͶΨ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Žƒ†ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‹…‡ȌǤ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ͹ͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹…‹†‡– ‡‡”‰› ‹• ƒ„•‘”„‡†ǡ ‘—– ‘ˆ ͷͳΨ ‹• ƒ„•‘”„‡† „›Žƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡‡‡”‰‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ™ƒ›•ǣ ʹ͵Ψ‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†„ƒ…‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ•Žƒ–‡– Š‡ƒ– „› –Š‡ ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Žƒ–‡– Š‡ƒ– ˆŽ—š ͹Ψ‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†„ƒ…‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„›Š‡ƒ–‡† ”‹•‹‰ƒ‹”ǡ…ƒŽŽ‡†‡•‹„Ž‡Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ—š ͸Ψ‹•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡††‹”‡…–Ž›‹–‘•’ƒ…‡ ͳͷΨ‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‘•’ƒ…‡ ͳͻΨ ‹• ƒ„•‘”„‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† …Ž‘—†•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǣ ͳ͸Ψ”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‘•’ƒ…‡ ͺǤ͵Ψ–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘…Ž‘—†•ǡˆ”‘™Š‡”‡‹–‹•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡† „ƒ…‹–‘•’ƒ…‡Ǥ

Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‡ƒ”–Š‘˜‡”ƒ›‡ƒ”ǯ•–‹‡Ǥ Model Question - 18. ƒ”–Šǯ•‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›„—†‰‡–‹•‘•–„ƒŽƒ…‡†‡ƒ”̴̴̴̴ǫ Ǥ “—ƒ–‘” Ǥ ”‘’‹…‘ˆƒ’”‹…‘”Ƭƒ…‡” Ǥ ”‘—†ͶͲ郐†ƒ–‹–—†‡• Ǥ ‘Ž‡• Answer: 18

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‘”ƒ›’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•†‹•…—••‡†ƒ›‘–„‡„ƒŽƒ…‡†ǡƒ†ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•—•–„‡ƒ†‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‡ƒ”–Š •›•–‡Ǥ ‘‡ ’Žƒ…‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •—”’Ž—• ‘ˆ ‹…‘‹‰ •‘Žƒ” ‡‡”‰› ‘˜‡” ‘—–‰‘‹‰ ‡‡”‰› Ž‘•• ‹ –Š‡‹” „—†‰‡–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‡ˆ‹…‹–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‹• –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽˆŽ—…–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ‹• †‹”‡…–Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ œ‘‡ ™Š‡”‡ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‹Š‹‰Š–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǣ‘”‡•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›‹•”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ –Šƒ …ƒ „‡ ‡‹––‡† „ƒ… ‹–‘ •’ƒ…‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ”…–‹… ƒ† –ƒ”…–‹… œ‘‡• –Š‡”‡ ‹• •‘ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ™‹–‡”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹••–‹ŽŽ‡‹––‹‰Ž‘‰Ǧ™ƒ˜‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡†‡ˆ‹…‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡›‡ƒ”ǤŽƒ…‡•‹–Š‡ ‹†Žƒ–‹–—†‡œ‘‡Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™‡”†‡ˆ‹…‹–•‘”•—”’Ž—•‡•ǡ„—–‘Ž›ƒ–ƒ„‘—–latitude 38° is the budget balancedǤ –‹•–Š‡ heat energy transfer within the atmosphere that prevents a situation whereby the tropical zones get hotter and hotter and the arctic and Antarctic zone get colder and colder.

18 Correct Answer is C.

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Conventional General Studies-27 Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

www.gktoday.in 32

Distribution of Temperature ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ‹…‡ •‘Žƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‹…•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž††‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ—•latitude, altitude, distance from sea, features of the surface, nature of the landscapeƒ”‡•‘‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‹…‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• Š‹‰Š‡•– ƒ– ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǣ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ƒ– –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ† Ž‘™‡•– ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡” ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ‹– ‹• ‘–Ǥ Highest temperature on earth is recorded at a few degrees north of equatorǤ Ž–‹–—†‡ ‹• –Š‡ •‡…‘† ƒŒ‘” …‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’Žƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡’‡†• —’‘ ƒŽ„‡†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ƒŽ•‘Ǥ ‡ƒŒ‘”ˆƒ…–‘”ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ”–Š‹•†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆƒ†ƒ†…‡ƒ•Ǥ‹…‡ –Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡Žƒ†‹‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‘”‡™ƒ–‡”•‹‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†there is a big difference between the specific heat of land and water; –Š‡loss of heat from the continents is bigger than the oceansǤŠ‡ …‘–‹‡–• ‰‡– Š‡ƒ–‡† ˆƒ•–‡” ƒ† ‰‡– …‘‘Ž‡† ˆƒ•–‡” ‹ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘ –Š‡ …‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ temperatures of the Oceans are moderate while that of continents is extremeǤŠ‡‘†‡”ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ††—‡–‘’”‘š‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Maritime influenceǤŠ‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ†ƒ–‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Continental InfluenceǤ

Three Broad Temperature Zones Š‡‡ƒ”–Š…ƒ„‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡„”‘ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡œ‘‡•Ǥ Model Question - 19. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‹‰Š‡•––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‡ƒ”–Š‹•”‡…‘”†‡†‹–Š‡‘””‹†‘‡• ʹǤ ‘””‹†œ‘‡•Šƒ˜‡ ‘—”‡ƒ•‘• ͵Ǥ —‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†‹‘””‹†‘‡• ͶǤ —‹•‡˜‡”‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†‹‡’‡”ƒ–‡‘‡• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 19 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Torrid Zone:

‘””‹† ‘‡ ‹•–Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹• Š‹‰ŠǤ — ‹• †‹”‡…–Ž› ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘…‡†—”‹‰–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ –Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ† —‘˜‡•‘”–Šˆ”‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”—–‹Ž‹–”‡ƒ…Š‡•ʹ͵Ǥͷι‘”–Šȋ”‘’‹…‘ˆƒ…‡”Ȍ ˆ‘” –Š‡ —‡ •‘Ž•–‹…‡ ƒˆ–‡” ™Š‹…Š ‹– ‘˜‡• „ƒ… •‘—–Š –‘ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ‹• …‘•‡“—‡–Ž› †‹˜‹†‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹–‘ ˆ‘—” ‡“—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–• „› –Š‡ –™‘ –‹‡• ƒ– ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ •— …”‘••‡• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ȋ“—‹‘š‡•Ȍ ƒ† –Š‘•‡ –™‘ ƒ– ™Š‹…Š ‹– ƒ––ƒ‹• ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– †‡…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘Ž•–‹…‡•ȌǤŠ‡‘””‹†‘‡ˆ‘”•–Š‡Š‘––‡•–”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†™‹–Š two annual seasons namely a dry and a wet seasonǤŠ‹•œ‘‡‹…Ž—†‡•‘•–‘ˆ ˆ”‹…ƒǡ•‘—–Š‡”•‹ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒǡ‡™ —‹‡ƒǡ‘”–Š‡”—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ•‘—–Š‡”‡š‹…‘ǡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡”‹…ƒƒ†‘”–Š‡”‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒǤ Temperate Zones:

‡’‡”ƒ–‡ œ‘‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‹† Žƒ–‹–—†‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ˜‹œǤ ‘”–Š ƒ† ‘—–ŠǤ  –Š‡ –™‘ ‡’‡”ƒ–‡ ‘‡•ǡ …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‹† Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ –Š‡ Sun is never directly overheadǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹• ‹Ž†ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ™ƒ” –‘ …‘‘ŽǤ Š‡ four annual seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter occur in these areas.Š‡‘”–Š‡’‡”ƒ–‡‘‡‹…Ž—†‡• ”‡ƒ–”‹–ƒ‹ǡ —”‘’‡ǡ ‘”–Š‡” •‹ƒǡ ‘”–Š ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ† ‘”–Š‡” ‡š‹…‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–Š ‡’‡”ƒ–‡ ‘‡ ‹…Ž—†‡• •‘—–Š‡” —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ‡™‡ƒŽƒ†ǡ•‘—–Š‡”‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒƒ†‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒǤ

19 Correct statements are 1 and 4. Second statement is for temperate Zones.

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 33 Frigid Zones Š‡–™‘ ”‹‰‹†‘‡•ǡ‘”’‘Žƒ””‡‰‹‘•ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–Š‡‹†‹‰Š–•—ƒ†–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‹‰Š–ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǧ–Š‡ …Ž‹ˆˆ‘ˆ–Š‡œ‘‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•‘‡†ƒ›ƒ––Š‡•‘Ž•–‹…‡™Š‡–Š‡—†‘‡•̵–”‹•‡‘”•‡–ˆ‘”ʹͶŠ‘—”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡ …‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡œ‘‡ȋ–Š‡’‘Ž‡Ȍǡ–Š‡†ƒ›‹•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‘‡›‡ƒ”Ž‘‰ǡ™‹–Š•‹š‘–Š•‘ˆ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†•‹š‘–Š•‘ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ”‹‰‹†‘‡•ƒ”‡‘––Š‡…‘Ž†‡•–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǡƒ†ƒ”‡…‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š‹…‡ƒ†•‘™ǤŠ‡ coldest temperature on earth has been recorded a few degrees below the 90°N.

Patterns of Global Isotherms Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‹•‘–Š‡”•Ǥ •‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡Ž‹‡•–Šƒ– Œ‘‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ…‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‹•‘–Š‡”• ƒ”‡ †”ƒ™ ƒˆ–‡” …‘””‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ place to the sea level so that the differences due to altitude can be minimized. Š‡ Isotherms on the earth run parallel to the latitudesǤ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…Š‡ƒ–„‡–™‡‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†Žƒ†ǡƒ– ƒ› Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ†ƒ••‹•Š‹‰Š‡”‹•—‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡” ‹™‹–‡”‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ•Ǥ‡”‡ ™‡ †‹•…—•• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‹•‘–Š‡”• †”ƒ™‹–Š‡‘–Š‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›ƒ† —Ž›Ǥ • •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ’‹…–—”‡ǡ •‘–Š‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–Š ‘ˆ —Ž› „‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘˜‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ –‘ ƒ†Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‘–Š ‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ ‹•‘–Š‡”• „‡† –‘™ƒ”†• •‘—–Š ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘˜‹‰ ˆ”‘ •‡ƒ –‘ Žƒ†Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› –Š‹‰ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘–‡ƒ„‘—– •‘–Š‡”•‹•–Šƒ–water ‹–Š‡ ‘—–Š –Žƒ–‹… ƒ† ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ‹• ƒ„•‘”„‹‰ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› †—”‹‰

ƒ—ƒ”› ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ† ‹• ”ƒ’‹†Ž› Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ–†—‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…Š‡ƒ–ǡ „‘–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡•–ƒ†Ž‘™‡•––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‹‡–•Ǥ

Vertical Distribution of Temperature Š‡ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ —‡“—ƒŽǤ • ™‡ •–—†‹‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž –Šƒ– ‹ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆƒŽŽ•—‹ˆ‘”Ž›™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–ƒ•’‡”–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ’•‡ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡‘”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’•‡ƒ–‡‹•͸ǤͶι’‡”‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ’ƒ”…‡Ž‘ˆƒ‹””‹•‡•—’™ƒ”†•ƒ†…‘‘Ž•–Š‹•‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹… …‘‘Ž‹‰ǤŠ‹•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹……‘‘Ž‹‰‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ•‹–‹•Ž‹ˆ–‡†—’™ƒ”†•ǤŠ‡–Š‡ƒ‹”†‡•…‡†•ǡ‹– ‰‡–•™ƒ”‡†ƒ†–Š‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹…™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ

Inversion of the Temperature –Š‡‘—–ƒ‹˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”‹•found increasing with increasing altitudeǤŠ—•–Š‡”‡‹• ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‰Š–ǡ –Š‡ “—‹… ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —’’‡” ‡š’‘•‡† Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 34 •Ž‘’‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹• …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ‹” ‘˜‡” ‹– –‘ …‘‘Ž ”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥ Š‹• …‘‘Ž‡” ƒ‹” ‹• †‡•‡” ƒ† ‰‡–• †”ƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› •Ž‘’‡• ƒ† †‹•’Žƒ…‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ”‡” ƒ‹” –‘™ƒ”† —’Ǥ ‘ǡ ™Š‡ ™‡ ‰‘ —’ ‹ ƒ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‡‡•–‘‰‡––‹‰‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‹•’Š‡‘‡‘‹•ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†drainage inversionǤ

Mean Thermal Equator Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ‹• ƒ global isotherm having the highest mean annual temperature at each longitude around the globe. Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‘” †‘‡• ‘– …‘‹…‹†‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ Š‡ highest absolute temperatures are recorded in the Tropics „—– –Š‡ highest mean annual temperatures are recorded at equatorǤ —– „‡…ƒ—•‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ”‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– •‘‘–Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–•ȋ•—…Šƒ•‹‰Š–„‡ˆ‘—†‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š™‡”‡ —‹ˆ‘” ‹ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† †‡˜‘‹† ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹•‘–‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ–‘ –Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ™‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”–Š”‡ƒ…Š‡•’‡”‹Š‡Ž‹‘ȋ–Š‡‹‹— †‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ — ‹ ‹–• ‘”„‹–Ȍ ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ—ƒ”› ƒ† ‹• ƒ– ƒ’Š‡Ž‹‘ȋƒš‹—†‹•–ƒ…‡Ȍ‹‡ƒ”Ž› —Ž›Ǥ—”‹‰™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘

Some Iso Words NOT worth cramming: ƒ •ƒŽŽ‘„ƒ”•ǡ‹•ƒ‘ƒŽǡ‹•‘„ƒ”ȋ’”‡••—”‡ȌǢ ƒ •‘„ƒ•‡ȋ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘‘”†‡’”‡••‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†ȌǢ ƒ •‘…Š”‘‡•ȋ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰–‹‡ȌǢ ƒ •‘‰‘ǡ ‘” ‹•‘‰‘‹… Ž‹‡• ȋƒ‰‡–‹… ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ ƒ •‘ŠƒŽ‹‡ȋ•ƒŽ‹‹–›ȌǢ ƒ •‘Š‡Žȋ•—•Š‹‡ȌǢ ƒ •‘Š›‡–•ȋ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽȌǢ ƒ •‘‡” ȋ–Š‡ ‡ƒ ‘–ŠŽ› ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽƒ‘—–ȌǤ ƒ •‘‡’Šȋ…Ž‘—†‹‡••ȌǢ ƒ •‘’Š‡‡ ȋˆŽ‘™‡”‹‰  †ƒ–‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” „‘–ƒ‹…ƒŽƒ†„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘……—””‡…‡•ȌǢ ƒ •‘”›‡ȋˆ”‘•–ȌǢ ƒ •‘•‡‹•ƒŽȋ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‹–‡•‹–›ȌǢ ƒ •‘•–ƒ†‡ȋ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†ƒ–‡•ȌǢ ƒ •‘–Š‡”ȋ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȌǢ ƒ •‘–ƒ…Šȋ‡“—ƒŽ™‹†Ǧ•’‡‡†ȌǢ

‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹…‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—ǯ• ”ƒ›• ‹• Ž‘™ ‹ –”‘’‹…•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‹…ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‡ƒ”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡƒ•–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ‹…‹†‡…‡‹•‹‹—ƒ–‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‘”•Š‹ˆ–•–‘™ƒ”†•‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š™‹–Š‘”–Š•‘—–Š•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ”ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡ •—Ǥ However, annual average position of the Thermal equator is 5° N latitudeǤ Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ‹• –Šƒ– Š‹‰Š‡•– ‡ƒ ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Š‹ˆ–•–‘™ƒ”†•‘”–Š™ƒ”†•†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”•‘Ž•–‹…‡–‘ƒ—…Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡š–‡––Šƒ‹–†‘‡• –‘™ƒ”†••‘—–Šƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ™‹–‡”•‘Ž•–‹…‡Ǥ Daily variation of Temperature Model Question - 20. Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–†ƒ‹Ž›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‡ƒ”–Š‹•‘–”‡…‘”†‡†ƒ–ͳʹͲͲŠ‘—”•†—”‹‰•—‡”ǤŠƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡‘•–…‘””‡…–‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ –‘–Š‹•ǫ Ǥ Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…Š‡ƒ–‘ˆƒ†‹•‘”‡–Šƒ™ƒ–‡” Ǥ Š‡Žƒ†–ƒ‡••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ–‹‡–‘‰‡–Š‡ƒ–‡†‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘‹–‰‡–•…‘‘Ž‡† Ǥ –‘•’Š‡”‡†‘‡•‘–‰‡–Š‡ƒ–‡††‹”‡…–Ž›„›—ǯ•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ Ǥ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•ƒ…‘””‡…–‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ Answer: 20 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

— ‹• ƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’‘‹– ƒ– ‘‘ „—– –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‘‡• ‘– ‘……—” ƒ– ͳʹͲͲ Š‘—”• „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ atmosphere does not get the heat directly from the SunǤ –”‡…‡‹˜‡•Š‡ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡•Ž‘™Ž›ƒ†–Šƒ– ‹•™Š›ƒš‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ––ƒ‹‡†„›ͳͶͲͲŠ‘—”•ȋʹǤͲͲ’ǤǤȌǤŠ‡†ƒ‹Ž›‹‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ– ƒ’Žƒ…‡†‘‡•‘–‘……—”ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ͲͶͲͲŠ‘—”•ȋͶǤͲͲ’ǤǤȌ‹–Š‡‘”‹‰„‡…ƒ—•‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–…‘–‹—‡•—’–‘ –Š‡•—”‹•‡Ǥ Model Question - 21. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‹‰Š‡•–”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ˆ‘—†‹‡•‡”–• ʹǤ ‘™‡•–”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ˆ‘—†‹•‘™„‘—†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ• ͵Ǥ ‘–‹‡–•”‡…‘”†Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ‹Ž›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘…‡ƒ• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 21 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹ 20 C is the correct answer. 21 All are correct answers.

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ƒ‹Ž› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• low in clouded areas „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ …Ž‘—†• ‘„•–”—…– –Š‡ ”‡…‡‹’– ƒ† Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •› ‹• …Ž‡ƒ” ‹ Š‘– †‡•‡”–ǯ• ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ •‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ‘„•–”—…–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ› ƒ† Ž‘•– ™‹–Š‘—–‘„•–”—…–‹‘‹–Š‡‹‰Š–ǤŠ‹•…ƒ—•‡•high temperature range in deserts. …‡‘” •‘™ ƒ„•‘”„• Ž‡•• ƒ† ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• –Š‡ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‘”‡Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• Ž‘™ ‹• •‘™„‘—†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹” ‹• –Š‹ ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ƒŽ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‰”‡ƒ– Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‹‰Š–Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‘„•–”—…–‹‘‹–Š‡”‡…‡‹’–‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡†ƒ›Ǥ—…Š’Žƒ…‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡‹–Šƒ‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ…‘–‹‡–•–Šƒƒ–•‡ƒ•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡ƒŠ‡ƒ–• ƒ†…‘‘Ž••Ž‘™Ž›„—––Š‡Žƒ†Š‡ƒ–•ƒ†…‘‘Ž•”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥ ƒ”ƒ†…‘‘Ž™‹†•ƒŽ•‘†‹•–—”„–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Annual temperature range Model Question - 22. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‘™‡•–ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡‹•ˆ‘—†‹‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ• ʹǤ ‹„‡–™‹ŽŽ”‡…‘”†Š‹‰Šƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘ †‘‡•‹ƒ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 22 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

On Equator

Š‡†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›‘”‹‰Š–‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡‹‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ…‘—–”‹‡•ǤŠ‡•—ǯ•”ƒ›•ƒ”‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽƒŽŽ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ›‡ƒ”Ǥ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—‡”ƒ†™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ– –Š‡lowest annual temperature range is found in equatorial areas. On Poles

‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ƒ›•‰‘‘‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥ –…ƒ—•‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ‡…‡ǡ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡ ‰‘‡•‘‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥ Near Oceans

‡ƒ”–Š‡•‡ƒ•ƒ†‘…‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ‡•–Š‡™‹–‡”Ž‡••…‘Ž†ƒ†–Š‡•—‡”Ž‡••Š‘–Ǥ Š‹•”‡†—…‡•–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡•‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”…ƒ‘–”‡ƒ…Š Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡…‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡‘‰‘Ž‹ƒƒ†‹„‡–™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†ˆƒ”‹–‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‹‰Š ƒ—ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• ‡ƒ” –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–• ƒŽ•‘ ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡™ƒ”‰—Žˆ•–”‡ƒǡ–Š‡™‹–‡”‘ˆ™‡•–‡”—”‘’‡‹•Ž‡••…‘Ž†–Šƒ™Šƒ–‹–—”‘’‡‹• Ž‡••…‘Ž†–Šƒ™Šƒ–‹–•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‰—Žˆ•–”‡ƒǤŠ‹•”‡†—…‡•–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ …—””‡–• Šƒ• ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†•‡ƒ•‘•Šƒ˜‡–‘—†‡”‰‘‰”‡ƒ–‡”…Šƒ‰‡•‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ†—‡–‘–Š‡ •Š‹ˆ–‹‰‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ…—””‡–•Ǥ –‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡‘–Š‡•‡…‘ƒ•–•ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ–‘–Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹†‡…‘ƒ•–•Ǥ Impact of Winds

Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ‹†•ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ†„Ž‘™‹ ”ƒ„‹ƒ…‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‹†•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ƒ†•‡ƒ•„Ž‘™ ‹–‘‡•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ†”‡†—…‡–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡‹ ™‡•– ƒ† ‡ƒ•– —”‘’‡ƒ …‘—–”‹‡• ‹• †—‡ –‘ Žƒ† ƒ† •‡ƒ ™‹†•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ™‹†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ Šƒ• ƒ ˆƒ” •ƒŽŽ‡” ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ –Šƒ ‹ ‡•–‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ – ‹• ™Š› –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ ‡ƒ•–‡”–Šƒ‹‡•–‡”—”‘’‡Ǥ 22 Both are correct statements.

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Atmospheric Pressure & Global Winds ‹”Šƒ•™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†ƒ…‘Ž—‘ˆƒ‹”‡š–‡†‹‰˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡”ƒ ‰‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡‡š‡”–•’”‡••—”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”…‡ ’‡” —‹– ‘ˆ ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ† ‘•– …‘‘ —‹– ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ‹ŽŽ‹„ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ‹•–”—‡– —•‡† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ƒ”‘‡–‡”Ǥ ‘‡ „ƒ”‘‡–‡”•ƒ”‡…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡†–‘•Š‘™’”‡••—”‡‹‡”…—”›‹…Š‡•Ǥ – …‘•–ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ Ͳ°C and latitude of 45°, 1049 millibar is equal to 31 inches of mercury. Barograph is used to take

Measuring Atmospheric Pressure ƒ” ‹• ƒ —‹– ‘ˆ ’”‡••—”‡ ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ ͳͲͲ ‹Ž‘’ƒ•…ƒŽ• ƒ† ”‘—‰ŠŽ› ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ ƒ”–Šƒ–•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ–Š‡”—‹–•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡„ƒ” ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ„ƒ” ȋ•›„‘Žǣ „ƒ”Ȍǡ ‹Ž‘„ƒ” ȋ•›„‘Žǣ „ƒ”Ȍǡ †‡…‹„ƒ” ȋ•›„‘Žǣ †„ƒ”Ȍǡ …‡–‹„ƒ” ȋ•›„‘Žǣ …„ƒ”Ȍǡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹„ƒ” ȋ•›„‘Žǣ „ƒ” ‘” „ȌǤ ƒ” ‹• ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ   —‹– ‘” ƒ   —‹–Ǥ ͳ „ƒ” ‹• ͳΨ •ƒŽŽ‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋ•›„‘Žǣ ƒ–Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š ‘™ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† –‘ „‡ ͳǤͲͳ͵ʹͷ „ƒ” ‡šƒ…–Ž›Ǥ ‡ ‹ŽŽ‹„ƒ”‹•ƒŽ•‘‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͳͲͲͲ†›‡•’‡”…;Ǥ

continuous readings of air pressure.

Pressure Belts of Earth Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‡••—”‡ on earth is unevenǤ •—ƒŽŽ› ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ‹˜‡”•‡Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ”‡†—…‡† ™‹–Š ƒŽ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǯ• ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ•…‡– ƒ† †‡•…‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‹” –‘ ƒˆˆ‡…– †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ Creation of the Pressure Belts

—‡ –‘ Š‹‰Š ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ƒ•…‡†• ƒ† –Š‹• ƒ‹” ”‹•‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ †‡•…‡†•ƒ–ƒ”‘—†͵Ͳ鐑”–Šƒ†•‘—–ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘‹•–Š”‘™ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ† ƒ‹” ƒ– –Š‡ ‘Žƒ” ‡‰‹‘• ‹• ’—ŽŽ‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ This implies that there is a low pressure is on equator and there is a high pressure area on polesǤŠ‹•‰‹˜‡•”‹•‡–‘–™‘„‡Ž–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡‘‘Žƒ”‡‰‹‘• ‡ƒ…Šƒ†‘‡„‡Ž–‘ˆŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡‘‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ‹”–Šƒ–†‡•…‡†•ƒ–͵Ͳι ƒ†͵ͲιƒŽ•‘…”‡ƒ–‡†–™‘„‡Ž–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡•‹–Š‡•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š’—ŽŽ•–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ– ‘Žƒ”‡‰‹‘•…ƒ—•‡•ƒ”ƒ”‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”’”‡••—”‡ƒ–•—„Ǧ’‘Žƒ””‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘†—…‡• –™‘ „‡Ž–• ‘ˆ Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‘—† ͸Ͳι ƒ†  Žƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͹„‡Ž–•‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡ƒ••Š‘™‹–Š‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǥ Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡ǡ‹–Š‡͹„‡Ž–•‹•†‡–‡”‹‡†„›–™‘ ƒŒ‘”ˆƒ…–‘”•˜‹œǤthermal factor and dynamic factorǤŽ‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ–‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ„‡Ž–‘ˆŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ†’‘Žƒ” „‡Ž–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡•ƒ”‡†—‡–‘–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”™Š‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ„‡Ž–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡ƒ†•—„’‘Žƒ” „‡Ž–•‘ˆŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†—‡–‘earth’s rotation or dynamic factorsǤ

Pressure and Winds Š‡ ƒ‹” ‘˜‡• ‹ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ǡ ‹– ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ™‹†Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ™‹†• ‘˜‡‹™‡•–ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†westerliesǤ ˆ–Š‡›‘˜‡‹‡ƒ•––Š‡›ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† easterlies. Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ™‹†• „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ’”‡••—”‡•ǤŠ‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ™‹†‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›…‘”‹‘Ž‹•ƒˆˆ‡…–ǤŠ‹• ƒˆˆ‡…–ǡƒ•™‡•–—†‹‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‹•…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ—‡ –‘‘”‹‘Ž‹• ‘”…‡ǡ–Š‡™‹†ˆŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘”–Š‘Ž‡ ƒ† ˆ”‘ ‘”–Š ‘Ž‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ”‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‹‰Š– ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ™‹†• ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š ƒ† •‘—–ŠǦ‘”–Š ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡‹” Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ ‘” ̶‘”‹‘Ž‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ̶ ˜ƒ”‹‡• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ™‹–Š Žƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ Š‡ Coriolis Effect is zero at the equatorƒ†increases to a maximum at the polesǤ Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ ™‹† •’‡‡†Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ• ™‹†•–”‡‰–Š‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ– „ƒŽƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ˆ‘”…‡ ƒ† –Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆ‘”…‡‹• •—…Š Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 37 –Šƒ–ǡ‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘ǡƒ‹”‘˜‡•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘‹•‘„ƒ”•ȋŽ‹‡•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ȌǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ geotropic windǤ Š‡ ‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆ‘”…‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• ™Š› ™‹†• …‹”…—Žƒ–‡ ƒ”‘—† Š‹‰Š ƒ† Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ •›•–‡• ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡†–‘„Ž‘™‹‰‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–Ǥ‡–”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ„‡Š‹†–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡‹•–Šƒ–™Š‡ –Š‡‡ƒ”–Š”‘–ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǡ‹–’”‘†—…‡•–Š‡…‡–”‹ˆ—‰ƒŽˆ‘”…‡ƒ††—‡–‘–Š‹•ˆ‘”…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†ǤŠ‡”‡‹• ‡””‡Žǯ•Žƒ™†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆˆ‡…–ǡ™Š‹…Š•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‹‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•ǡ ™‹† †‡ˆŽ‡…–• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒ† ‹ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ™‹† †‡ˆŽ‡…–• –‘™ƒ”†• Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹ ‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ™‹††‡ˆŽ‡…–•…Ž‘…™‹•‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ™‹††‡ˆŽ‡…–•ƒ–‹Ǧ…Ž‘…™‹•‡Ǥ

Intertropical Convergence Zone / Doldrums Š‡’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ͳι–‘ͷ郐†‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† Equatorial Low Pressure BeltǤŠ‹•„‡Ž–‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› ‹–‡•‡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ ™‹–Š ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ ƒ‹” ƒ† ƒ•…‡†‹‰ …‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒŽ …—””‡–•Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ‹• Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‘˜‹‰ —’™ƒ”†ǡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‰Š– ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡doldrums. Š‡–‡”†‘Ž†”—•Šƒ•„‡‡—•‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‹Ž‘”•ƒ•‹–Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ”‡† „› ‡””ƒ–‹… ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ’ƒ––‡”• ™‹–Š •–ƒ‰ƒ– …ƒŽ•ƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡––Š—†‡”•–‘”•Ǥ ‘Ž†”—•ƒ”‡belt of calms and variable winds‘……—””‹‰ ƒ– –‹‡• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ –”‘—‰ŠǤ ‘Ž†”—• ƒ”‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•‡†„›ǣ , ‘™ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…”‡••—”‡ , ‹‰Š—‹†‹–› , Š—†‡”•–‘”• Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ Intertropical Convergence Zoneȋ Ȍ‘”DoldrumsǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ ‡…‹”…Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”

™Š‡”‡

™‹†•

‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡• …‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–’”‡…‹•‡Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”–”‘’‹…ƒŽ …‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ œ‘‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡• ‘˜‡” –‹‡Ǥ ˜‡” Žƒ†ǡ ‹– ‘˜‡• „ƒ… ƒ† ˆ‘”–Š ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•—̵•œ‡‹–Š’‘‹–Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡‘…‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡œ‘‡‹•„‡––‡”†‡ˆ‹‡†ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ…›…Ž‡ ‹•‘”‡•—„–Ž‡ǡƒ•–Š‡…‘˜‡…–‹‘‹•…‘•–”ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‘…‡ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•ǡƒ†‘—„Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ǡ™‹–Š‘‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘”–Šƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡–Š‹•‘……—”•ǡƒƒ””‘™”‹†‰‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ˆ‘”•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡œ‘‡•ǡ‘‡‘ˆ™Š‹…Š‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›•–”‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡–™‡‡ͳͲι ƒ†ͳͷι‘”–Šƒ†‘—–Šǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‹”‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›†”›ǡŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†…ƒŽǤŠ‹•”‡‰‹‘ ‹•„‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹–‹‡–”ƒ†‡Ǥ

Subtropical High / Horse Latitudes Horse Latitudes‘”—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ‹‰Šƒ”‡•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽŽƒ–‹–—†‡•„‡–™‡‡͵Ͳƒ†͵ͷ†‡‰”‡‡•„‘–Š‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–ŠǤ Š‹•”‡‰‹‘ǡ—†‡”ƒ”‹†‰‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡”‡…‡‹˜‡•Ž‹––Ž‡’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Šƒ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡™‹†•‹š‡†™‹–Š…ƒŽǤ Š‡ƒ‹”‹•comparatively dry and calmǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ†‡•…‡†‹‰ƒ‹”…—””‡–ƒ†‹•ƒ”‡†„›•‘‡ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 38 …›…Ž‘‹… ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ …‘•‹•–‡–Ž› warm, dry conditions of the horse latitudes also contribute to the existence of temperate deserts, such as the Sahara Desert in Africa, the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and parts of the Middle East in the Northern Hemisphere; and the Atacama Desert, the Kalahari Desert, and the Australian Desert in the Southern Hemisphere.

Other Belts 30°-60°North and South Belt ”‡‰‹‘‹•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–‡Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–‘”ƒ–‹Ǧ–”ƒ†‡™‹†ƒ”‡ƒǤ –‹•ƒ”‡†„› …›…Ž‘‡•ƒ†ƒ–‹…›…Ž‘‡•Ǥ͸Ͳι‘”–Šƒ†‘—–Šƒ”‡–Š‡–™‘‡’‡”ƒ–‡‘™”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡† œ‘‡•‘ˆ…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡™‹–Š›…Ž‘‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡ͻͲ° North and South are called Polar High belts.

Trade winds Model Question - 23. …‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡”ƒ†‡‹†•ǡ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡›ƒ”‡‘•–”‡‰—Žƒ”™‹†•‘ƒ”–Š ʹǤ Š‡›„Ž‘™–‘™ƒ”†•‡ƒ•– ͵Ǥ Š‡›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ƒ–Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ• ͶǤ Š‡›ƒ”‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‹Ž‘”• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 23

”ƒ†‡• ™‹† „Ž‘™ ‘—– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‹‰Š ”‡••—”‡ „‡Ž–•Ǥ  –Š‡

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡›„Ž‘™–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ†…ƒŽŽ‡†North East Trade Winds.  –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ –Š‡› „Ž‘™ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ Ž‘™ ƒ† „‡…‘‡ –Š‡ South East Trade windsǤ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• „Ž‘™ ˆ”‘ ‘”–Š ‡ƒ•– –‘™ƒ”†• ‡“—ƒ–‘” ‹ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ†‘—–Šƒ•–‘™ƒ”†•‡“—ƒ–‘”‹•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡•Š‘™‹ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ most regular winds of all kinds on earthǤ Š‡› „Ž‘™ ™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†‹…‘•–ƒ–†‹”‡…–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡›ƒ”‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡ •ƒ‹Ž‘”•ǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‡™‹†•„”‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹–‡•‡ †‡’”‡••‹‘•Ǥ Trade winds and Hadley cells

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡’”‹ƒ”›…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘…‡ŽŽ•‘‡ƒ”–Š‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†Ž‡›…‡ŽŽǡ ‡””‡Ž…‡ŽŽǡƒ†‘Žƒ”…‡ŽŽǤŠ‡ƒ†Ž‡› …‡ŽŽ‡…Šƒ‹•’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ†‡™‹†•Ǥ ƒ†Ž‡› …‡ŽŽ ‹• ƒ …Ž‘•‡† …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘ Ž‘‘’ǡ ™Š‹…Š „‡‰‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ™‹–Š ™ƒ”ǡ ‘‹•– ƒ‹” Ž‹ˆ–‡† ƒŽ‘ˆ– ‹ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ȋ–Š‡ –‡”–”‘’‹…ƒŽ‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘‡ǡ Ȍ–‘ –Š‡ –”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ ƒ† …ƒ””‹‡† ’‘Ž‡ ™ƒ”†Ǥ – ƒ„‘—– ͵ͲιȀ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ ‹– †‡•…‡†• ‹ ƒ Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒǤ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡•…‡†‹‰ƒ‹”–”ƒ˜‡Ž•‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ…Ž‘•‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†Ž‡› …‡ŽŽ ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‡ ‹†•Ǥ ƒ†Ž‡›‡ŽŽ•‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†–‘„‡Ž›‹‰‘‡“—ƒ–‘”„—–‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• •—ǯ•œ‡‹–Š’‘‹–ǡ‘”™Šƒ–‹•–‡”‡†–Š‡̶–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‘”dzǤ Origin of Trade Winds

”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†Ž‡› …‡ŽŽ …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ – –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ ƒ Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ …ƒŽǡ Ž‹‰Š– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ™‹†• ‹• ‘™ –‡”–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ‘‡ ƒ• ™‡ †‹•…—••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹”Ž‹ˆ–•ˆ”‘Š‡”‡ƒ†ƒ–ƒ”‘—†͵Ͳι‘”–Šƒ†‘—–Šǡ–Š‡ƒ‹”„‡‰‹•–‘†‡•…‡†–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‹ •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽŠ‹‰ŠǦ’”‡••—”‡ „‡Ž–• ‘™ ƒ••—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‹†‰‡•Ǥ – –Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹”ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ 23 1, 3 & 4 are correct answers. They blow from East and not to East.

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 39 •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽŠ‹‰ŠǦ’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–•–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡“—ƒ–‘”„—–‹•†‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡™‡•–‹„‘–ŠŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡•„›–Š‡ ‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆˆ‡…–ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•‡™‹†•„Ž‘™’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•– ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ ƒ‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡™‹† ‹• „Ž‘™‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡™‹†•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡™‹†•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǤThe trade winds meet at the doldrums. ‘—…ƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡‘”‡ƒ„‘—––”ƒ†‡™‹†•Ƭƒ†Ž‡›‡ŽŽ•‹–Š‹•ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǣhttp://bit.ly/UfHnbt Implications of Trade winds

, ”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ™‹†• ‹ Ž‘™Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘™ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ƒ‹”ˆŽ‘™Ǥƒ… ‹ Š‹•–‘”›ǡ –™‘Žƒ”‰‡„‡Ž–•‘ˆ™‹†•™‡”‡†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†„Ž‘™‹‰–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”…ƒŽŽ‡†‘”–Šƒ•–ƒ†‘—–Šƒ•– –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”† –”ƒ†‡ ‹ –Š‘•‡ †ƒ›• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ •–‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ† ™ƒ• •›‘›‘—• ™‹–Š ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–•ƒ‹Ž‹‰ǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‡™‹†•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡•ƒ‹Ž‹‰˜‡••‡Ž•–‘ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›Ȅƒ†ǡ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ–‘•‡–—’ ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ›‘——•–‘–‡–Šƒ––”ƒ†‡™‹†•ƒ”‡‘––‘–ƒŽŽ›•–‡ƒ†›‹ˆ‘”…‡‘” †‹”‡…–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‡›†‘–”‡†‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ•‘—–Š™‡•–ƒ†‘”–Š™‡•–Ǥ , ƒ™ƒ‹‹ ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† •‘—–Š ‘ˆ ”‘’‹… ‘ˆ ƒ…‡”ǡ ›‡–ǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ”‡ ’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† Š—‹†‹–›–‡†•–‘„‡ƒ„‹–Ž‡••‡š–”‡‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ‡•‹–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ˆƒ‘—•–‘—”‹•–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǤŠƒ–ƒ‡•—…Šƒ…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ”‡”ƒ†‡‹†•Ǥ

Westerlies Model Question - 24. (IAS 2011) ‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•‹•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•–”‘‰‡”ƒ†’‡”•‹•–‡––Šƒ‹‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ›ǫ ͳǤ ‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Šƒ•Ž‡••Žƒ†ƒ••ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ʹǤ ‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”‹•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‰‹˜‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 24 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡‘’’‘•‹–‡–‘–”ƒ†‡™‹†•ƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†antitrade windsǤ ‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• „Ž‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡• „‡–™‡‡ ͵Ͳ ƒ† ͸Ͳ †‡‰”‡‡• Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ ƒ† ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ Š‘”•‡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ†‡”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘”…‡ǡ–Š‡› „‡…‘‡–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‘”–Š‡” ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘”‡ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ ƒ† Ž‡•• ‘ˆ Žƒ† ‹ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‹• ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• „Ž‘™ ™‹–Š —…Š ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˆ‘”…‡ ‹ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ‹ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ• ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ …‡ƒ …—””‡–•Ǥ Š‡ …—””‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ™‡ƒ‡” –Šƒ –Š‘•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡†—‡–‘–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹•–”‡‰–Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ…ŠŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Model Question - 25. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ –”‘‰‡•–™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•„Ž‘™‹–Š‡™‹–‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ʹǤ ‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•’Žƒ›”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”‘’‹…ƒŽ…›…Ž‘‡• ͵Ǥ ‘ƒ”‹‰ ‘”–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‹†‘ˆ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 25 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ Westerlies are strongest in the winter hemisphereƒ†ƒ––‹‡•™Š‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•Ž‘™‡”‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ™‡ƒ‡•– ‹ –Š‡ •—‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† ™Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•Ǥ

24 Only 1 is correct. 25 Only 1 & 3 are correct answer.

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 40 Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡̶extra tropical̶…›…Ž‘‡•™Š‹…Š”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‹• –›’‡‘ˆ…›…Ž‘‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘……—”•‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‹…•ǡ‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• •–‡‡”–Š‡•›•–‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡‡˜‡”–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘Ž†ƒ††‡•‡”’‘Žƒ”™‹†• ƒ†™ƒ”ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—…Š˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǤŠ‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•‹…”‡ƒ•‡• •‘—–Š™ƒ”† ƒ† –Š‡› „‡…‘‡ •–‘”›Ǥ Š‡ ™‡ ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ’‘Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘…‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• ‹• ‰‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡”•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ , ‘ƒ”‹‰ ‘”–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ͶͲǦͷͲι , —”‹‘—• ‹ˆ–‹‡•ƒ––Š‡ͷͲ郐†Š”‹‡‹‰‹š–‹‡•ƒ–͸ͲιǤ

Polar Easterlies ‘Žƒ” ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž‹‡• „Ž‘™ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ” Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ „‡Ž–• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ „‡Ž–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž›…‘Ž†™‹†•–Šƒ–…‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—†”ƒƒ† …‡…ƒ’”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‘Žƒ”ƒ•–‡”Ž‹‡•are more regular in the southern hemisphere in comparison to the northern hemisphereǤ Š‡•‡ ’‘Žƒ” …‘Ž† ™‹†• …‘˜‡”‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ”‡ƒ•–‡”Ž‹‡•‡ƒ”͸ͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Žƒ”ˆ”‘–‘”‹†ƒ–‹–—†‡ˆ”‘–ǤŠ‹•‹†Ǧ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ˆ”‘–„‡…‘‡•–Š‡…‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡‡’‡”ƒ–‡›…Ž‘‡•Ǥ

Local Winds How they are formed?

Š‡ ‘…ƒŽ ™‹†• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ heating of landǤ  …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ •‡ƒ„”‡‡œ‡•ƒ†Žƒ†„”‡‡œ‡•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–‘”•‹ ƒ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘̵• ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ™‹†•Ǥ Š‡ •‡ƒ ‹• ™ƒ”‡† „› –Š‡ •— ‘”‡ •Ž‘™Ž› „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”̵• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” •’‡…‹ˆ‹…Š‡ƒ–…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Žƒ†Ǥ•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† ”‹•‡•ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ† Š‡ƒ–• –Š‡ ƒ‹” ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹– „› …‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ” ƒ‹” ‹• Ž‡•• †‡•‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† •‘ ‹– ”‹•‡•Ǥ Š‹• …ƒ—•‡• ƒ ’”‡••—”‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡– ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ʹ ‹ŽŽ‹„ƒ” ˆ”‘–Š‡‘…‡ƒ–‘–Š‡Žƒ†ǤŠ‡…‘‘Ž‡”ƒ‹”ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ •‡ƒǡ‘™™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž’”‡••—”‡ǡˆŽ‘™•‹Žƒ† ‹–‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”’”‡••—”‡ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ…‘‘Ž‡”„”‡‡œ‡‡ƒ” –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–Ǥ  – ‹‰Š–ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ† …‘‘Ž• ‘ˆˆ ‘”‡ “—‹…Ž› –Šƒ–Š‡‘…‡ƒ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹–Š‡‹”•’‡…‹ˆ‹… Š‡ƒ– ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ Š‹• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ …Šƒ‰‡ …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ †ƒ›–‹‡ •‡ƒ „”‡‡œ‡ –‘ †‹••‹’ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘•Š‘”‡ …‘‘Ž• „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†ǡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ Žƒ† „”‡‡œ‡ǡ ƒ• Ž‘‰ ƒ• ƒ ‘•Š‘”‡ ™‹† ‹• ‘– •–”‘‰ ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‘’’‘•‡‹–Ǥ Local winds near Mountains

Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Ž‘…ƒŽ™‹†•‡ƒ” ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ ˜‡” ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† •—”ˆƒ…‡•ǡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†‡š…‡‡†•–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ‹”ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒŽ–‹–—†‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡”ƒŽ Ž‘™ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ –‡””ƒ‹ ƒ†

Major Local Winds ƒ Abroholos:  •“—ƒŽŽ ˆ”‡“—‡– ™‹† –Šƒ– ‘……—”• ˆ”‘ ƒ› –Š”‘—‰Š —‰—•– „‡–™‡‡ ƒ„‘ †‡ ƒ‘ ‘‡ ƒ† ƒ„‘ ”‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ”ƒœ‹Ž ƒ Amihan : ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›™‹†ƒ…”‘••–Š‡Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡• ƒ Bayamo : ˜‹‘Ž‡–™‹†‘—„ƒ̵••‘—–Š‡”…‘ƒ•– ƒ Bora : ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›ˆ”‘‡ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡–‘‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” –ƒŽ› ƒ Calima :  †—•–ǦŽƒ†‡ •‘—–Š –‘ •‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž› ™‹† „Ž‘™‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒŠƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ›‡”ƒ…”‘••–Š‡ƒƒ”› •Žƒ†• ƒ Cape Doctor :  †”› •‘—–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž› ™‹† –Šƒ– „Ž‘™• ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹…ƒ…‘ƒ•–‹•—‡” ƒ Chinook :™ƒ”†”›™‡•–‡”Ž›‘ˆˆ–Š‡‘…›‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ Elephanta :•–”‘‰•‘—–Š‡”Ž›‘”•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›™‹†‘–Š‡ƒŽƒ„ƒ” …‘ƒ•–‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ Föhn :™ƒ”†”›•‘—–Š‡”Ž›‘ˆˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž’•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘”–Š –ƒŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ‡‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡ˆ±Ǧˆµ‰‘”̵„—”‹‰™‹†̵‘ˆ ƒ‹™ƒ ƒ Fremantle Doctor :  ƒˆ–‡”‘‘ •‡ƒ „”‡‡œ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹ƒ …‡ƒ ™Š‹…Š…‘‘Ž•‡”–Šǡ‡•–‡”—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ†—”‹‰•—‡” ƒ Gregale :‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›ˆ”‘ ”‡‡…‡ ƒ Habagat :•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”Ž›™‹†ƒ…”‘••–Š‡Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡• ƒ Harmattan :†”›‘”–Š‡”Ž›™‹†ƒ…”‘••…‡–”ƒŽˆ”‹…ƒ ƒ Karaburan :̶„Žƒ…•–‘”̶ǡƒ’”‹‰ƒ†—‡”ƒ–ƒ„ƒ–‹…™‹†‘ˆ …‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒ ƒ Khamsin :  •‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž› ˆ”‘ ‘”–Š ˆ”‹…ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ƒ Khazri :  …‘Ž† ‘”–Š ™‹† ‹ –Š‡ „•Š‡”‘ ‡‹•—Žƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ‡’—„Ž‹… ƒ Kona :  •‘—–Š‡ƒ•– ™‹† ‹ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ǡ ”‡’Žƒ…‹‰ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•ǡ „”‹‰‹‰ Š‹‰ŠŠ—‹†‹–›ƒ†‘ˆ–‡”ƒ‹ ƒ Košava :•–”‘‰ƒ†…‘Ž†•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›•‡ƒ•‘™‹†‹‡”„‹ƒ ƒ Lodos :  •‘—–Š™‡•–‡”Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• —”‡›Ǥ –”‘‰ ̶‘†‘•̶ ‡˜‡–• ‘……—”͸Ǧ͹–‹‡•ƒ›‡ƒ”„”‹‰‹‰͵ͷ–™‹†•‹–‘ƒ”ƒ”ƒ‡ƒǤŠ‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ ˆ—‡Ž‡†  ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ”†ƒ‡ŽŽ‡•–”ƒ‹–Ǥ ƒ Loo :  Š‘– ƒ† †”› ™‹† ™Š‹…Š „Ž‘™• ‘˜‡” ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ† ’ƒ‹•–ƒǤ ƒ Mistral :  …‘Ž† ‘”–Š‡”Ž› ˆ”‘ …‡–”ƒŽ ”ƒ…‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž’• –‘ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ƒ Monsoon :ƒ‹Ž›•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”Ž›™‹†•…‘„‹‡†™‹–ŠŠ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ ‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ”‡ƒ•…Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ North wind :‘”–Š‡”…‘Ž†™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ –‘–Š‡ •–Š—•‘ˆ‡Š—ƒ–‡’‡… ƒ Nor'easter :  •–”‘‰ •–‘” ™‹–Š ™‹†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡”‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‡™‰Žƒ† ƒ Nor'wester :™‹†–Šƒ–„”‹‰•”ƒ‹–‘–Š‡‡•–‘ƒ•–ǡƒ†™ƒ”†”› ™‹†•–‘–Š‡ƒ•–‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‡™‡ƒŽƒ†̵•‘—–Š •Žƒ†ǡ…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡ ‘‹•–’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•„‡‹‰—’Ž‹ˆ–‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡‘—–Š‡”Ž’•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒ†‹•–‹…–‹˜‡ƒ”…Š‡†…Ž‘—†’ƒ––‡” ƒ Pampero :”‰‡–‹ƒǡ˜‡”›•–”‘‰™‹†™Š‹…Š„Ž‘™•‹–Š‡ƒ’ƒ ƒ Simoom :•–”‘‰ǡ†”›ǡ†‡•‡”–™‹†–Šƒ–„Ž‘™•‹–Š‡ƒŠƒ”ƒǡ •”ƒ‡Žǡ

‘”†ƒǡ›”‹ƒǡƒ†–Š‡†‡•‡”–‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ƒ ƒ Sirocco :•‘—–Š‡”Ž›ˆ”‘‘”–Šˆ”‹…ƒ–‘•‘—–Š‡”—”‘’‡ ƒ Sundowner :•–”‘‰‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†‘ˆˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ…‘ƒ•– Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) ƒ Zonda wind : ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹”‰‡–‹ƒ

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 41 ‡Šƒ…‹‰ƒ›–Š‡”ƒŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‡š‹•–‡†ǡƒ†…Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡™‹†…‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ  ƒ”‡ƒ• ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ ‹• ”—‰‰‡† –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š› –Šƒ– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ‹–‡””—’–•–Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ™‹†ˆŽ‘™ǡ –Š‡ ™‹† …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ†˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘–”‹„—–‘”–‘–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•Ǥ Barrier Jet

Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ†˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ”‡…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹•–‘”––Š‡ƒ‹”ˆŽ‘™„›‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ˆ”‹…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ† Žƒ†ƒ••„›ƒ…–‹‰ƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„Ž‘…–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘™ǡ†‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰–Š‡™‹†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡”ƒ‰‡Œ—•–—’•–”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‘™ƒ•ƒbarrier jetǤŠ‹•„ƒ””‹‡”Œ‡–…ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž™‹†Ǥ‹††‹”‡…–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ …Šƒ‰‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’ƒ••‹–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡ǡ™‹†•™‹ŽŽ”—•Š–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ’ƒ••™‹–Š…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡•’‡‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‘—ŽŽ‹’”‹…‹’Ž‡–Šƒ–†‡•…”‹„‡•ƒ‹˜‡”•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ •’‡‡† ƒ†’”‡••—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹”ˆŽ‘™ …ƒ ”‡ƒ‹ –—”„—Ž‡– ƒ† ‡””ƒ–‹… ˆ‘” •‘‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ †‘™™‹† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ––‡” …‘—–”›•‹†‡ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡†ƒ‰‡”‘—•–‘ƒ•…‡†‹‰ƒ††‡•…‡†‹‰ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•Ǥ

Monsoon Š‡™‘”†‘•‘‘†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”ƒ„‹…™‘”†mausim‡ƒ••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ™‹†•Ǥ –Š‹••›•–‡ǡ–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡™‹†•”‡˜‡”•‡••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•––Š‹‰™‡‘–‡‹•–Šƒ–‘•‘‘‹•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ•‘—–Š•‹ƒǡ„—–‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†‘˜‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒƒ†ˆ”‹…ƒǤ

Origin of Monsoon: Traditional View ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘•‘‘Šƒ•„‡‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒǤ ƒ

•—‡”ǡ•‘—–Š‡”•‹ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’•ƒŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”Ǥ• ƒ”‡•—Ž––Š‡ƒ‹”•–ƒ”–•ˆŽ‘™‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•Žƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘…‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡™‹†•…‘‹‰ˆ”‘‘…‡ƒ…ƒ””› ‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†–Š—•…ƒ—•‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•—‡””‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ‹•‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘‘”•—‡” ‘•‘‘Ǥ

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™‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘˜‡”Žƒ†‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡ƒƒ†…‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡ƒ‹”•–ƒ”–•ˆŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”‘ Žƒ†–‘•‡ƒǤŠ‡ƒ‹”…‘‹‰ˆ”‘Žƒ†„‡‹‰†”›ǡ–Š‡•‡™‹†•†‘‘–…ƒ—•‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ

Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‘•‘‘ǤŠ‹•–Š‡‘”›‡š’Žƒ‹•‘•‘‘ƒ•ƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡‘ „—– ˆƒ‹Ž• –‘  ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› Ȁ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘•‘‘ …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Origin of Monsoon: Modern View Š‡‘†‡”‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹•–••‡‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ‘•‘‘‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆseasonal shift in the position of the global belts of pressure and windsǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•Dynamic TheoryǤ ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†›ƒ‹…–Š‡‘”›ǡ‘•‘‘•ƒ”‡ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡shift of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) under the influence of the vertical sun. Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹• –ƒ‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ ‹– ‡‡’• •Š‹ˆ–‹‰˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ•—–‘™ƒ”†•™‹–Š–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ•—–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡–”‘’‹…•†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ƒ

—”‹‰•—‡”‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹–Š‡‘–Š•‘ˆƒ›ƒ† —‡ǡ–Š‡•—•Š‹‡•˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡” –Š‡–”‘’‹…‘ˆ…ƒ…‡”Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‘”–Š™ƒ”†•Š‹ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡œ‘‡‘ˆƒš‹—Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ––Š‹• –‹‡–Š‡ ƒŽ•‘•Š‹ˆ–•‘”–Š™ƒ”†•ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡ–Š‡–”‘’‹…‘ˆ…ƒ…‡”ǤŠ‡ „‡‹‰–Š‡œ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– ’”‡••—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ †‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• „Ž‘™‹‰ ˆ”‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ

ƒ

‹–Š  •‹–—ƒ–‡† …Ž‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ –”‘’‹… ‘ˆ …ƒ…‡” –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ …‘ˆ‹‡† –‘ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‡š–‡†‹‰–‘‹–•‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ …”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘”‡ƒ…Š–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ƒ•–Š‡™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡…”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–Š‡‹”†‹”‡…–‹‘‹•ƒŽ–‡”‡††—‡–‘‘”‹‘Ž‹•‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‹•–Š‡‹” ”‹‰Š–ƒ†–Š—•‹–‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‡Ž–‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡‘–Š•‘ˆƒ›‘ˆ

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 42 ƒ • –Š‡  ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‘˜‡• •‘—–Š™ƒ”†• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”  ™Š‹…Š ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†  –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ  ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ •—‡” •‡ƒ•‘ …‘‡ —†‡” –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž› ™‹†• ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– ‘•‘‘•ǤŠ‡‘•‡–‘ˆ™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘–Š‡ •Š‹ˆ–••‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ†”‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ•ˆƒ”•‘—–Šƒ––Š‹• –‹‡Ǥ‹–Š‹••‡ƒ•‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡•„Ž‘™‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘…”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘™ƒ”†• •‘—–Š ƒ† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– –Š‡› ‰‡– †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ‰‹˜‹‰ ”‹•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ–Š‡•‡™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡•„Ž‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•––‘–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–ǡ”‡’Žƒ…‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ†‡™‹†•‘ˆ–Š‡ •‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ†–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡•—‡”‘•‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡…ƒ•ƒ›–Šƒ–†—‡–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†„‡Ž–•—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ•—–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡–”‘’‹…ƒŽœ‘‡‹–Š‡„‘–Š–Š‡Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡…‘‡—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ ™‹–‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ™‡•–‡”Ž‹‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡  •—‡” •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†•‹•–Š—•”‡˜‡”•‡†•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹–ƒ‡•—’–Š‡‘•‘‘•›•–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‘—‰Šǡ†›ƒ‹…–Š‡‘”›’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ—…Š„‡––‡”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‘•‘‘ƒ•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ‹–†‘‡•‘–‡‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒǤ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‹‰•–‹ŽŽ’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹ƒ‹‰‘•‘‘—…Š•–”‘‰‡”‹…‡”–ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•– ‘•‘‘ˆƒ…–‘”–Šƒ–‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘‡˜‡–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‹…‘ˆ…ƒ…‡”‹ ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ

Rainfall Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡‹ƒ‹”‹•…‘‘Ž›”‡…‘”†‡†ƒ•relative humidityǢ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” ƒ‹” …ƒ Š‘Ž† ƒ– ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ƒ‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ”ǡ ‘‹•– ƒ† —•–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‹” ƒ† •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡Š›‰”‘•…‘’‹…—…Ž‡‹‹•ƒ’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡…‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤŠ‡™ƒ”ƒ†‘‹•–ƒ‹”ƒˆ–‡” „‡‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‡†—’™ƒ”†•„‡…‘‡••ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†ƒ†…Ž‘—†•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒˆ–‡”…‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ Š›‰”‘•…‘’‹…—…Ž‡‹•—…Šƒ•†—•–’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•Ǥ ‘™—…Š™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ƒ’ƒ”…‡Ž‘ˆƒ‹”…ƒ…‘–ƒ‹„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–„‡…‘‡••ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†ȋͳͲͲΨ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Š—‹†‹–›Ȍƒ† ˆ‘”• ‹–‘ ƒ …Ž‘—† ȋƒ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ† –‹› ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‹…‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• •—•’‡†‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ…‡Ȍ †‡’‡†• ‘ ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ƒ”‡” ƒ‹” …ƒ …‘–ƒ‹ ‘”‡ ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” –Šƒ …‘‘Ž‡” ƒ‹” „‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡…‘‹‰ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†Ǥ

Cooling Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ…‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘„‡‰‹•‘Ž›™Š‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Š—‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•…‡†‹‰ƒ‹”„‡…‘‡•ͳͲͲΨƒ†ƒ‹”‹• …‘‘Ž‡†–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‘—”ƒ‹‡…Šƒ‹••–‘‹–•†‡™’‘‹–ǣƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹……‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ…‘†—…–‹˜‡…‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ ƒ†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ ƒ

Adiabatic cooling ‘……—”• ™Š‡ ƒ‹” ”‹•‡• ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹” …ƒ ”‹•‡ †—‡ –‘ …‘˜‡…–‹‘ǡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…‘–‹‘•ǡ‘”ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”•—…Šƒ•ƒ‘—–ƒ‹ȋ‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…Ž‹ˆ–ȌǤ

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Conductive cooling‘……—”•™Š‡–Š‡ƒ‹”…‘‡•‹–‘…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Šƒ…‘Ž†‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›„›„‡‹‰„Ž‘™ ˆ”‘‘‡•—”ˆƒ…‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒŽ‹“—‹†™ƒ–‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡–‘…‘Ž†‡”Žƒ†Ǥ

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Radiational cooling‘……—”•†—‡–‘–Š‡‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‹–Š‡”„›–Š‡ƒ‹”‘”„›–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ —†‡”‡ƒ–ŠǤ

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Evaporative cooling ‘……—”•™Š‡‘‹•–—”‡‹•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”–Š”‘—‰Š‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Šˆ‘”…‡•–Š‡ƒ‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘…‘‘Ž–‘‹–•™‡–Ǧ„—Ž„–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‘”—–‹Ž‹–”‡ƒ…Š‡••ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

—”–Š‡”ǡ ™‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˜‡”› •ƒŽŽ ”ƒ‹ †”‘’• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ‘•– •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ‹ •Šƒ’‡Ǥ • †”‘’• „‡…‘‡ Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ –Š‡› „‡…‘‡ˆŽƒ––‡‡†‘–Š‡„‘––‘ǡŽ‹‡ƒŠƒ„—”‰‡”„—Ǥ‡”›Žƒ”‰‡”ƒ‹†”‘’•ƒ”‡•’Ž‹–‹–‘•ƒŽŽ‡”‘‡•„›ƒ‹” ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡™Š‹…Šƒ‡•–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›—•–ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”†”‘’Ž‡–•ˆ—•‡–‘…”‡ƒ–‡Žƒ”‰‡”™ƒ–‡”†”‘’Ž‡–•ǡ‹– ‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘ƒŽ‡•…‡…‡ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”†”‘’Ž‡–•ˆ”‡‡œ‡‘–‘ƒ‹…‡…”›•–ƒŽǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡Bergeron processǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 43 ‹” ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” †”‘’Ž‡–• ‹ ƒ …Ž‘—† –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹” –—”„—Ž‡…‡ ‘……—”•ǡ ™ƒ–‡”†”‘’Ž‡–•…‘ŽŽ‹†‡ǡ’”‘†—…‹‰Žƒ”‰‡”†”‘’Ž‡–•Ǥ•–Š‡•‡Žƒ”‰‡”™ƒ–‡”†”‘’Ž‡–•†‡•…‡†ǡ…‘ƒŽ‡•…‡…‡…‘–‹—‡•ǡ •‘–Šƒ–†”‘’•„‡…‘‡Š‡ƒ˜›‡‘—‰Š–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡ƒ‹””‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ†ˆƒŽŽƒ•”ƒ‹Ǥ‘ƒŽ‡•…‡…‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Šƒ’’‡• ‘•–‘ˆ–‡‹…Ž‘—†•ƒ„‘˜‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ǡƒ†‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡™ƒ””ƒ‹’”‘…‡••Ǥ

Convectional Rainfall Š‡…‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘……—”•†—‡–‘–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ…‘˜‡…–‹‘…—””‡–•…ƒ—•‡††—‡ –‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ‰”‘—††—‡–‘‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡…‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‹ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ –Š‡•‡ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ” ƒ‹” ”‹•‡•—’ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†• –Š‡ǡ ”‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ– ƒ …‘‘Ž‡” Žƒ›‡” ƒ† •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ …‘†‡•‡• ƒ‹Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ cumulus or cumulonimbus cloudsǤ  –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘ …‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘……—”•‹–Š‡ƒˆ–‡”‘‘ǤŠ‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•‘ˆ˜‡”›•Š‘”–†—”ƒ–‹‘ „—–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›•Š‘™‡”•Ǥ

Cyclonic / Frontal Rainfall ”‘–ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘……—”•†—‡–‘–Š‡—’™ƒ”†‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‹”ƒ••‡• ™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǤŠ‡™ƒ”ƒ‹””‹•‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡…‘Ž†ƒ‹”ƒ†…›…Ž‘‹…”ƒ‹‘……—”•ǤŠ‡…‘Ž†ƒ‹”’—•Š‡•—’ –Š‡™ƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ†•›‰‡–•…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ

Orographic Rainfall Š‡ ‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‘……—”• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•…‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ˆ‘”…‡† „› –Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹ „ƒ””‹‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹ „ƒ””‹‡” •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ™‹† †‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥ ‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘‹•–ƒ‹” ‹• ˆ‘”…‡† ‹‘„•–”—…–‹‘ –‘ ‘˜‡ —’™ƒ”† ƒ† ‰‡–…‘‘Ž‡†Ǥ  ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹ ‹• ‘– ƒ ‘„•–”—…–‹‰ „ƒ””‹‡” –‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘‹•– ƒ‹” …‘‹‰ ˆ”‘ ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡›†‘ǯ–’Žƒ›˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•ǤŠ—• –Š‡›’”‘†—…‡ƒƒ‹•Šƒ†‘™ƒ”‡ƒǤ”ƒ‹•Šƒ†‘™‹•ƒ†”›ƒ”‡ƒ‘–Š‡Ž‡‡•‹†‡‘ˆƒ ‘—–ƒ‹‘—• ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹• „Ž‘… –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹Ǧ’”‘†—…‹‰ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” •›•–‡•ǡ …ƒ•–‹‰ ƒ ̶•Šƒ†‘™̶ ‘ˆ †”›‡•• „‡Š‹† –Š‡Ǥ  •‘—–Š †‹ƒǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ™‹†™ƒ”†•Ž‘’‡ƒ†‰‡–•ʹͲͲͲ‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ—–ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡‹•‹”ƒ‹•Šƒ†‘™ƒ”‡ƒƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š›”‡…‡‹˜‡•Ž‡•• –ŠƒͷͲͲ‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ””‹‡”•—…Šƒ•‘—–ƒ‹ǡ„—– –Š‹•‹•—’–‘ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹Ž‹‹–Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ”‡††‡…”‡ƒ•‡†—‡–‘Ž‡••‡”‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ†–Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†DzInversion of Rainfalldz

Distribution of Rainfall Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘• Šƒ˜‹‰

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–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ƒ„—†ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡…‡‹˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ

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‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ

™‡•–‡”

’ƒ”–•

”‡…‡‹˜‡ Ž‡••‡” ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• †—‡–‘ƒ–‹…›…Ž‘‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ ƒ—ƒŽ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• ͻ͹ͲǤ Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘—– –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘• ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ”‡‰‹‘”‡…‡‹˜‡•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ

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Conventional General Studies-27 www.gktoday.in Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Target 2013 44 Air Mass & Fronts ‹”ƒ••‹•ƒ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‹”†‡ˆ‹‡†„›‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”…‘–‡–Ǥƒ‹”ƒ••ƒ›„‡‘ˆƒ› Š—†”‡†•‘”–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‡•ǡƒ†ƒ†‘’––Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡„‡Ž‘™–Š‡Ǥƒ‹”ƒ••…ƒ „‡•‘‡š–‡•‹˜‡–Šƒ–‹–ƒ›…‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ…‘–‹‡–„‡Ž‘™‹–ƒ†ƒ›„‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‘–Š‹…–Šƒ–ƒ› …‘˜‡”–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ƒƒ‹”ƒ••ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ƒ”‡–Š‡–™‘’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ‹”ƒ••™Š‹…Š…‘–”‘Ž–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆƒƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ƒ‹” ƒ••ǤŠ‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡…‘Ž†ƒ‹”ƒ••‹ˆ‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰•—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒƒ‹”ƒ••‹•–‡”•™ƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ••™Š‡‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰•—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡„‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡front.  ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘Žƒ–‹–—†‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ‘”ƒ”‹–‹‡•‘—”…‡”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ‘Ž†‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••‡• ƒ”‡–‡”‡†’‘Žƒ”‘”ƒ”…–‹…ǡ™Š‹Ž‡™ƒ”‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡†‡‡‡†–”‘’‹…ƒŽǤ‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ†•—’‡”‹‘”ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡ †”›™Š‹Ž‡ƒ”‹–‹‡ƒ†‘•‘‘ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡‘‹•–Ǥ‡ƒ–Š‡”ˆ”‘–••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹–› ȋ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”‘‹•–—”‡Ȍ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ…‡ƒƒ‹”ƒ••‘˜‡•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‹–••‘—”…‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ—†‡”Ž›‹‰ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•…ƒ“—‹…Ž›‘†‹ˆ›‹–•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǥ

Frontogenesis and Frontolysis Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ‹” ƒ••‡• ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ front.   –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ”‘–„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ†‡•‹–›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹–‹‡•†‘ǯ–‹š”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ†–‡†–‘”‡–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•™‡…ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡ǤŠ‡ˆ”‘–”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘œ‘‡„‡–™‡‡ –™‘ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹–›Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡƒƒ‹”ƒ••ˆ”‘‘‡”‡‰‹‘‘˜‡•–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘™Š‹…Š‹• ‘……—’‹‡†„›•‘‡‘–Š‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••ǤŠ‡ƒ™ƒ”‡”ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••‘˜‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ…‘Ž†ƒ††‡•‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••ǡ –Š‡ˆ‘”‡””‹†‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†warm front. ˆ–Š‡…‘Ž†ƒ‹”ƒ••ˆ‘”…‡•‹–•™ƒ›—†‡”ƒ™ƒ”ƒ‹” ƒ••ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†cold front.Š‡‡™ˆ”‘–•ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†‘”‘Ž†ˆ”‘–•ƒ”‡”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† ”‘–‘‰‡‡•‹•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ–ˆ”‘–•†‘ǯ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒŽŽ‘ˆƒ•—††‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ ”‘–‘‰‡‡•‹•™Š‹…Š‹• –Š‡”‡‹’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘”“—‹–‡•‘‡–‹‡ǤŠ‡™‹†•…‘˜‡”‰‡–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ’‘‹–‹–™‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘FrontogenesisǤ Frontogenesis–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡‘Ž›™Š‡–™‘…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡–Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–™‘ƒ‹” ƒ••‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹–‹‡•—•– ‡š‹•–ƒ†Œƒ…‡––‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǣƒ†•‡…‘†ǡƒ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†ˆ‹‡Ž†—•–‡š‹•––‘„”‹‰–Š‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ „ƒ•‹… •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ …‘†—…‹˜‡ –‘ ”‘–‘‰‡‡•‹• ƒ† •ƒ–‹•ˆ› –Š‡ –™‘ „ƒ•‹… ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ™‹† ˆŽ‘™‹•…”‘••‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽƒ†ˆŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”‘…‘Ž†ƒ‹”–‘™ƒ”‡”ƒ‹”ǤŠ‡ˆŽ‘™—•–„‡…”‘••‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹•‘–Š‡”•ȋ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–ȌǤŠ‡ˆŽ‘™†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ ’‡”’‡†‹…—Žƒ”Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ’‡”’‡†‹…—Žƒ” –Š‡ …”‘•• ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™ǡ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹–› ‘ˆ ”‘–‘‰‡‡•‹•Ǥ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡†›‹‰‘ˆƒˆ”‘–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†Frontolysis. ”‘–‘Ž›•‹•ƒŽ•‘†‘‡•‘–Šƒ’’‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆƒ•—††‡ǤŠ‡ ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ ”‘–‘Ž›•‹•—•–Šƒ’’‡ˆ‘”“—‹–‡•‘‡–‹‡–‘†‡•–”‘›–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ˆ”‘–Ǥ 

Types of Fronts Cold Front

Š‡ƒ…‘Ž†ƒ‹”‹˜ƒ†‡•–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ‹”ǡ‹–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ––Š‡‰”‘—†ƒ†ˆ‘”…‹„Ž›uplifts the warmer and lighter air mass.Š‹•‹•‘™ƒ•Cold front.Š‹•—’™ƒ”†‘–‹‘…ƒ—•‡•Ž‘™‡”‡†’”‡••—”‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡…‘Ž†ˆ”‘–ƒ†…ƒ …ƒ—•‡–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ””‘™Ž‹‡‘ˆ•Š‘™‡”•ƒ†–Š—†‡”•–‘”•™Š‡‡‘—‰Š‘‹•–—”‡‹•’”‡•‡–Ǥ‘Ž†ˆ”‘–• …ƒ‘˜‡—’–‘–™‹…‡ƒ•ˆƒ•–ƒ•™ƒ”ˆ”‘–•ƒ†…ƒ’”‘†—…‡•Šƒ”’‡”…Šƒ‰‡•‹™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ‹…‡…‘Ž†ƒ‹”‹•†‡•‡” –Šƒ™ƒ”ƒ‹”ǡ‹–”ƒ’‹†Ž›”‡’Žƒ…‡•–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ‹”’”‡…‡†‹‰–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ‘Ž†ˆ”‘–•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‘Ž† ˆ”‘– —•—ƒŽŽ› …ƒ—•‡•ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‘ˆ ™‹†ˆ”‘ •‘—–Š‡ƒ•– –‘ ‘”–Š™‡•–ǡƒ† ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘‘”–Š‡ƒ•––‘•‘—–Š™‡•–Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Warm front

Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡”ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••‘˜‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ…‘Ž†ƒ††‡•‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡””‹†‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡” ƒ†‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†warm front.‡‹‰Ž‹‰Š–‡”ǡ–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ‹” ƒ•• ‹• —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‹•’Žƒ…‡ –Š‡ …‘‘Ž‡” ƒ‹” ƒ•• ƒ† ‹•–‡ƒ† ‹• ˆ‘”…‡† —’™ƒ”† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ —’’‡” „‘—†ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘Ž†‡” ƒ‹” ‹ ƒ ’”‘…‡•• ‘™ ƒ• ‘˜‡””—‹‰Ǥ Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ‹” ƒ••‡• Šƒ• ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ •Ž‘’‡‘ˆͳ͵Ͳƒ†Ž‹ˆ–‹‰‹••Ž‘™„—–’‡”•‹•–‡–Ǥ•–Š‡ƒ‹” ƒ••”‹•‡•‹–‘”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆŽ‘™‡”’”‡••—”‡ǡ‹–‡š’ƒ†•ƒ† …‘‘Ž•Ǥ • ‹– …‘‘Ž•ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” …‘†‡•‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”• ‡š–‡•‹˜‡…Ž‘—†…‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–…Ž‘—†•–‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡•Ž‘’‹‰•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘Ž†ƒ‹”ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š…‹””—•ǡ™Š‹…Š –Š‹…‡–‘…‹””‘•–”ƒ–—•ƒ†ƒŽ–‘•–”ƒ–—•Ǥ Occluded front

‘……Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–‹•ƒˆ”‘––Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘”‡†™Š‡ƒ…‘Ž† ˆ”‘– ‘˜‡”–ƒ‡• ƒ ™ƒ” ˆ”‘–Ǥ Š‡ …‘Ž† ˆ”‘– ‘˜‡• ”ƒ’‹†Ž› –Šƒ –Š‡ ™ƒ” ˆ”‘–Ǥ Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ …‘Ž† ˆ”‘– ‘˜‡”–ƒ‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ” ˆ”‘– ƒ† …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‹•’Žƒ…‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ––Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ

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Contents ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Part I. Some Concepts in Climatology Cyclones Tropical Cyclones Anticyclones Tornado Temperate Cyclones Part II. Concepts of Biogeography Biosphere Ecosystem Biomes Ecozones Major Biomes and Ecozones of the World Arctic Tundra Alpine Tundra Antarctic Tundra Taiga Biome Montane grasslands and shrublands Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The Rainforest Complex Ecosystem of Rainforests

Part I.

ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Tropical Monsoon Forests Temperate rainforests Tropical & Temperate Deciduous Forests Savannahs Temperate grasslands Mediterranean Shrublands Desert biome Part III. Soil Basics Origin and types of soils Soil Texture Sandy Soil Clayey Soil Silty Soil Loamy Soil Soil pH Soil Air Soil fertility Soil horizons Soil Taxonomy

Some Concepts in Climatology

Cyclones Cyclone is a system of low atmospheric pressure in which the barometric gradient is steep. Cyclones represent circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. This means that the inward spiralling winds in a cyclone rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth. Most large-scale cyclonic circulations are centred on areas of low atmospheric pressure. The cyclones can be tropical cyclones or temperate cyclones (extra-tropical cyclones). Model Question - 1. Consider the following statements in context with Tropical Cyclones and Extra-tropical cyclones: 1. While tropical cyclones are warm core, the extra tropical cyclones are cold core 2. While tropical cyclones extract much of their energy from the upper layer of the ocean, Extratropical cyclones derive much of energy from land Which among the above statements is / are correct? Answer: 1 www.gktoday.in

Basic difference between Tropical Cyclone and Extra-tropical Cyclone

The term “tropical cyclone” is used to refer to warm-core, low-pressure systems that develop over tropical or subtropical oceans. This definition differentiates tropical cyclones from extra tropical (midlatitude) cyclones that exhibit a cold-core in the upper troposphere and often form along fronts in higher latitudes. Subtropical cyclones are hybrid systems that exhibit some characteristics of tropical cyclones and some characteristics of extra-tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones extract much of their energy from the upper layer of the ocean, while extratropical cyclones derive much of their energy from the baroclinic temperature gradients in which they form.

Tropical Cyclones The tropical cyclone is a system of low pressure occurring in tropical latitudes characterized by very strong winds. Here are the important notes which you must note about the Tropical Cyclones: Distribution

, The tropical cyclones are found over the North Atlantic Ocean, Southern Atlantic Ocean, the eastern, central and western North Pacific Ocean, the central and western South Pacific Ocean and the northern and southern Indian Ocean. Formation in Low Pressure areas

, All tropical cyclones are formed in areas of low atmospheric pressure in the Earth's atmosphere. Minimum Pressure is at centre

, The pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest that occur on Earth's surface at sea level. 1 Only 1 is a correct statement.

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Driver is the Large Heat of Condensation

, Tropical cyclones are driven by the release of large amounts of latent heat of condensation, which occurs when moist air is carried upwards and its water vapour condenses. This heat is distributed vertically around the center of the storm. Thus, at any given altitude, environment inside the cyclone is warmer than its outer surroundings. Eye is the sinking air

, There is an area of sinking air at the center of circulation, which is known as Eye. Weather in the eye is normally calm and free of clouds, although the sea below it may be extremely violent. Eye is normally circular in shape, and is typically 30–65 km in diameter. Stadium Effect

, The mature tropical cyclones sometimes exhibit an outward curving of the eye wall’s top, making it resemble an arena football stadium. It is called Stadium Effect. Greatest Wind speeds are at eye walls

, Greatest wind speeds in a tropical cyclone is found at the eye wall, which is a circle of strong thunderstorms that surrounds the eye. Here, the clouds reach the highest, and precipitation is the heaviest. The heaviest wind damage occurs where a tropical cyclones eye wall passes over land. Source of the huge Energy

, Primary energy source is the release of the heat of condensation from water vapour condensing, with solar heating being the initial source for evaporation. So a tropical cyclone can be visualized as a giant vertical heat engine supported by mechanics driven by physical forces such as the rotation (Coriolis force) and gravity of the Earth. Inflow of warmth and moisture from the underlying ocean surface is critical for tropical cyclone strengthening. Impact of Earth's Rotation

, The rotation of the Earth causes the system to spin (Coriolis Effect) giving it a cyclonic characteristic and affecting the trajectory of the storm. In Northern Hemisphere, where the cyclone's wind flow is counterclockwise, the fastest winds relative to the surface of the Earth occur on the eastern side of a northward-moving storm and on the northern side of a westward-moving one; the opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere, where the wind flow is clockwise. Movement of Clouds

, In Lower troposphere, motion of clouds is toward the center. At upper-level, there is outward flow of clouds. Formation in Northern Atlantic Ocean

, Northern Atlantic cyclone season occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September. The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September. Formation in North East Pacific

, The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic. Formation in North West Pacific

, The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. Formation in North Indian basin

, Storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November. Formation in Southern Hemisphere

Tropical cyclone year begins on July 1 and runs all year-round and encompasses the tropical cyclone seasons, which run from November 1 until the end of April, with peaks in mid-February to early March. Requirements for formation:

Water temperatures of at least 26.5 °C down to a depth of at least 50 m, so that it may cause the overlying atmosphere to be unstable enough to sustain convection and thunderstorms. Rapid cooling with height, so that it may cause release of the heat of condensation that powers a tropical cyclone. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Low amounts of wind shear as high shear is disruptive to the storm's circulation. A distance from the Equator is necessary, which should be at least 555 km or 5° of latitude, so that it allows the Coriolis effect to deflect winds blowing towards the low pressure center and creating a circulation. Because the Coriolis effect initiates and maintains tropical cyclone rotation, tropical cyclones rarely form or move within about 5° of the equator, where the Coriolis effect is weakest. A pre-existing system of disturbed weather. Movement

Coriolis Effect causes cyclonic systems to turn towards the poles in the absence of strong steering currents. The pole ward portion of a tropical cyclone contains easterly winds, and the Coriolis effect pulls them slightly more pole ward. The westerly winds on the Equatorward portion of the cyclone pull slightly towards the equator, but, because the Coriolis effect weakens toward the equator, the net drag on the cyclone is pole ward. Thus, tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere usually turn north (before being blown east), and tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere usually turn south (before being blown east) when no other effects counteract the Coriolis Effect. High speed of rotation

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It is caused by Coriolis effect as well as energy released by heat of condensation.

Fujiwhara effect

When two cyclones approach one another, their centers will begin orbiting cyclonically about a point between the two systems. The two vortices will be attracted to each other, and eventually spiral into the center point and merge. When the two vortices are of unequal size, the larger vortex will tend to dominate the interaction, and the smaller vortex will orbit around it. This phenomenon is called the Fujiwhara effect. Impact on passing over land

We should note that the deep convection is a driving force for tropical cyclones. The convection is strongest in a tropical climate; it defines the initial domain of the tropical cyclone. This is a major difference between the Tropical cyclones with other mid-latitude cyclones as the later derive their energy mostly from pre-existing horizontal temperature gradients in the atmosphere. To continue to drive its heat engine, a tropical cyclone must remain over warm water, which provides the needed atmospheric moisture to keep the positive feedback loop running. When a tropical cyclone passes over land, it is cut off from its heat source and its strength diminishes rapidly. The moving over land deprives it of the warm water it needs to power itself, quickly losing strength. Thus, most strong storms lose their strength when the pass on to land, but if it manages to move back to ocean, it will regenerate. Impact of passing over cold water

When a tropical storm moves over waters significantly below 26.5 °C, it will lose its strength. This is because of losing its tropical characteristic of the warm core. Project Stormfury

The United States Government attempted in 1960s and 1970s to artificially weaken the Cyclones. During this project, Cyclones were seeded with silver iodide. It was thought that the seeding would cause supercooled water in the outer rainbands to freeze, causing the inner eye wall to collapse and thus reducing the winds. The Hurricane Debbie lost as much as 31% of its strength, when seeded with Silver Iodide in this project but Debbie regained its strength after each of two seeding forays. So, it was not a good idea. There were some more ideas applied which were as follows: ƒ

Cooling the water under a tropical cyclone by towing icebergs into the tropical oceans and covering the ocean in a substance that inhibits evaporation

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 4 ƒ Dropping large quantities of ice into the eye at very early stages of development (so that the latent heat is absorbed by the ice, instead of being converted to kinetic energy that would feed the positive feedback loop) ƒ

Blasting the cyclone apart with nuclear weapons.

ƒ

A Project called Project Cirrus involved throwing dry ice on a cyclone.

ƒ

None of the idea was very much practical because the tropical storms are too large and too momentary.

Naming of Cyclones

Tropical cyclones are classified into three main groups, based on intensity: tropical depressions, tropical storms, and a third group of more intense storms, whose name depends on the region. If a tropical storm in the Northwestern Pacific reaches hurricane-strength winds on the Beaufort scale, it is referred to as a typhoon. If a tropical storm passes the same benchmark in the Northeast Pacific Basin, or in the Atlantic, it is called a hurricane. Neither "hurricane" nor "typhoon" is used in either the Southern Hemisphere or the Indian Ocean. In these basins, storms of tropical nature are referred to simply as "cyclones". Types of the Tropical Cyclones

There are three kinds of Tropical cyclones: ƒ

Tropical Depression: A tropical depression is a system with low pressure enclosed within few isobars and with the wind speed of 60 kmph. It lacks marked circulation

ƒ

Tropical Storm: It is a system with several closed isobars and a wind circulation of 115 kmph.

ƒ

Tropical Cyclone: It is a warm core vortex circulation of tropical origin with small diameter , circular shape and occurs in oceanic areas.

Anticyclones An ‘anticyclone’ is opposite to a cyclone, in which winds move into a low-pressure area. In an anticyclone, winds move out from a high-pressure area with wind direction clockwise in the northern hemisphere, anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Such a high pressure area is usually spread over a large area, created by descending warm air devoid of moisture. The absence of moisture makes the dry air denser than an equal quantity of air with moisture. When it displaces the heavier nitrogen and oxygen, it causes an anti-cyclone.

Tornado Basically, hurricanes and typhoons form over water and are huge, while tornados form over land and are much smaller in size. A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. In the United States, twister is used as a colloquial term for tornado. What is it?

Technically, a tornado is a rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cloud, which is generally cumulonimbus and occasionally cumulus. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour and travel several kilometers before dissipating. How it is formed?

First the rotating cloud base lowers. This lowering becomes a funnel, which continues descending while winds build near the surface, kicking up dust and other debris. Finally, the visible funnel extends to the ground, and the tornado begins causing major damage. Where they are seen?

Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica. How they are detected?

Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of Pulse-Doppler radar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data. What is Fujitsa Scale?

Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused, and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 is the weakest tornado, while F5 or EF5 is the strongest tornado. What is Torro Scale?

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 5 TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes. Funnel Cloud as predecessor

Tornadoes often begin as funnel clouds with no associated strong winds at the surface, although not all evolve into a tornado. However, many tornadoes are preceded by a funnel cloud. Most tornadoes produce strong winds at the surface while the visible funnel is still above the ground, so it is difficult to discern the difference between a funnel cloud and a tornado from a distance. Infrasonic signature

Tornadoes produce identifiable inaudible infrasonic signatures. Due to the long distance propagation of lowfrequency sound, efforts are ongoing to develop tornado prediction and detection devices with additional value in understanding tornado morphology, dynamics, and creation. Electromagnetic Spectrum

Tornadoes emit on the electromagnetic spectrum. There are observed correlations between tornadoes and patterns of lightning. When they occur?

Tornadoes are most common in spring and least common in winter. Spring and fall experience peaks of activity as those are the seasons when stronger winds, wind shear, and atmospheric instability are present. Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day, because of solar heating. Worldwide, most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon, between 3 pm and 7 pm local time, with a peak near 5 pm.

Temperate Cyclones Temperate cyclones are generally called depressions. The have low pressure at the centre and increasing pressure outwardly. They are of varying shapes such as circular, elliptical. The formation of tropical storms as we read above are confined to oceans, the temperate cyclones are formed over land and sea alike. Temperate Cyclones are formed in 35-65° North as well as South Latitudes. While the tropical cyclones are largely formed in summer and autumn, the temperate cyclones are formed in generally winter. Rainfall in these cyclones is low and continuous not as furious as in case of tropical cyclones.

Part II.

Concepts of Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals and related eco-system, the geographical relationship with related environments over time. Biogeography is an integrative field of inquiry that unites concepts and information from ecology, evolutionary biology, geology, and physical geography.

Some

fundamental concepts in biogeography include ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Biospheres: global sum of all ecosystems. Evolution: Change in genetic composition of a population Extinction: Disappearance of a species Dispersal: Movement of populations away from their point of origin, related to migration Geodispersal: The erosion of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that permit range expansion and the merging of previously isolated biotas Vicariance : The formation of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that tend to subdivide species and biotas, leading to speciation and extinction

Biosphere Biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. Biosphere is the zone of life on earth and is a closed (apart from solar and cosmic radiation) and selfregulating system. So, Biosphere is the

global

ecological

system

integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere,

hydrosphere

and

atmosphere. The origin of Biosphere

Biosphere-2 and BIO-3 There is a man made Biosphere developed for research purposes in Arizona of United States. This manmade Biosphere is known as Biosphere-2. Biosphere-2, which is enclosed by Glass structures, is the largest closed system ever created. It studies the possibility of creating artificial Biospheres in space. Apart from this Biosphere-2, we have one BIOS-3 developed by Russia. It has been constructed by Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The work on BIOS-3 started in 1965 and finished in 1972. BIOS-3 consists of a 315-cubic-metre habitat suitable for up to three persons, and was initially used for developing closed ecosystems capable of supporting humans. The Chlorella algae were used to recycle air breathed by humans, absorbing carbon dioxide and replenishing it with oxygen through photosynthesis. The BIOS-3 was used for conducting 10 manned closure experiments with a one to three man crew.

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 6 was through Biogenesis or Biopoesis. Biopoesis started 3.5 billion years ago. Since, Humans have not been able to discover life beyond earth as of now, Earth's life system is the only biosphere currently known. This has been fashionably named as Biosphere-1. Biospheres contain the smaller units known as Ecosystems. The ecosystems may be natural or artificial. Elements of Biosphere

Elements of the biosphere are divided in four categories on functional basis: Abiotic or Physical Elements

These include basic elements of the habitats and dead organic compounds. Producers

These are primarily autotrophic green plants and are intermediaries between abiotic and biotic components of the biosphere because they manufacture their food through photosynthesis and derive nutrients from the soils through root osmosis. Herbivores and carnivores (consumers) depend for their food on producers. Consumers

Consumers are heterotrophic organisms which include animals and man and are further divided into primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores) and omnivores. Decomposers

Decomposers are microorganisms which decompose dead plants and animals.

Ecosystem An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms (biota) living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving (abiotic), physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight. Organisms (plants and animals) or biotic communities interact among themselves as well as with their physical environment like soil, air and water. The living organisms interact with one another through their food chains in which one organism consumes another organism. The living organisms like plants interact with soil to get essential nutrients; with air to get carbon dioxide and also with water bodies, for carrying out the process of photosynthesis. Types of Ecosystems

We can say that the Biotic Communities like plants and animals along with soil, air and water of that region form a self-sustaining or functional unit of the living world. This 'functional unit' or 'system' made up of living + nonliving components which is capable of independent existence is called an Ecosystem. In an Ecosystem, the Biotic and Non-Biotic components are linked to each other via nutrient cycle and energy flow. An ecosystem can be natural or manmade. The Natural ecosystems are Terrestrial ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystem, Lentic Ecosystem-the ecosystem of a lake, pond or swamp or Lotic Ecosystem- the ecosystem of a river, stream or spring. The Artificial Ecosystems are manmade. Best example of an artificial ecosystem is an aquarium. Ecosystem Services

Services derived from ecosystems are referred to as Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem services may include facilitating the enjoyment of nature, which may generate many forms of income and employment in the tourism sector, often referred to

as

eco-tourisms,

Water

retention,

thus

facilitating a more evenly distributed release of water, Soil protection, open-air laboratory for scientific research, etc. When new elements are introduced in an ecosystem, whether biotic or abiotic, they tend to

There are four categories of Ecosystem Services as follows: Supporting services Ȉ Nutrient dispersal and cycling Ȉ Seed dispersal Ȉ Primary production Provisioning services Ȉ Food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices Ȉ Water Ȉ Minerals (including diatomite) Ȉ Pharmaceuticals, biochemical, and industrial products Ȉ Energy (hydropower, biomass fuels) Regulating services Ȉ Carbon sequestration and climate regulation Ȉ Waste decomposition and detoxification Ȉ Purification of water and air Ȉ Crop pollination Ȉ Pest and disease control Cultural services Ȉ Cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration Ȉ Recreational experiences (including ecotourism) Ȉ Facebook ScientificGroup: discovery Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 7 have a disruptive effect. In some cases, this can lead to ecological collapse or "trophic cascading" and the death of many species within the ecosystem.

Biomes Model Question - 2. What is / are the difference(s) between an Ecosystem and a Biome? 1. An ecosystem comprises biotic as well as abiotic components , while a biome has only biotic components 2. An ecosystem is generally larger part of Biosphere, while a Biome is a smaller part. Which among the above statements is/ are correct? Answer: 2 www.gktoday.in

Biomes are groups of ecosystems that share similar conditions in an environment. The first thing we have to note that a Biome is a larger part that may comprise many ecosystems. Technically, Biomes are groups of ecosystems that share similar conditions in an environment. A biome is a large area with similar flora, fauna, and microorganisms. Most of us are familiar with the tropical rainforests, tundra in the arctic regions, and the evergreen trees in the coniferous forests. Each of these large communities contains species that are adapted to its varying conditions of water, temperature, and soil. For instance, polar bears thrive in the arctic while cactus plants have a thick skin to help preserve water in the hot desert. So, the typical characteristics of the Biomes are that they have: Ȉ

Similar climatic conditions

Ȉ

Same kind of abiotic and biotic factors spread over a large area creating a typical ecosystem over that area.

However, please note that a Biome as well as an ecosystem may have many species. In fact, the biomes are divided on the basis of factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needle leaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate. Please note that Earth is often divided into generally six terrestrial biomes and two aquatic biomes, each of which contains a number of distinct ecosystems. Terrestrial biomes are those that occur on the land and include deserts, grasslands, tropical forests, temperate forests, taiga, and tundra. Ȉ

The Aquatic Biomes occur in water and are often divided into the marine and freshwater biomes, depending on the salinity of the water.

Ȉ

Each biome may contain several different ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, kelp forests, and salt marshes.

Ecozones Model Question - 3. Question: What is the difference between an Ecozone and a Biome? 1. An Ecozone comprises only land parts of Earth surface, while the Biomes comprise both aquatic and land parts 2. Each Ecozone has some finite number of species , while each biome has infinite number of species 3. Ecozone is a larger ecosystem. A biome is a group of ecosystems. Which among the above statements is/ are correct? Answer: 3 www.gktoday.in

Ecozones are the Biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. This means that they include ONLY terrestrial part of the Biosphere and that is why they are alternatively called "Terrestrial Ecozones". Further, Ecozones are defined by genetic, taxonomic, or Geological similarities, rather than the Morphology, plant structures, leaf types, plant spacing or climates. Then, an Ecozone can include a number of different biomes. They both are groups of ecosystems. Types of Ecozones

There are 8 Ecozones on earth as shown in the following table:

2 Both are incorrect. 3 Only first statement is correct.

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Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography

Ecozone Palearctic Nearctic Afrotropic Neotropic Australasia

Area Km² 54.1 22.9 22.1 19.0 7.6

Indo-Malaya Oceania Antarctic

7.5 1.0 0.3

Included regions Includes the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa, This is largest Includes most of North America Includes Sub-Saharan Africa Includes South America and the Caribbean Includes Australia, New Guinea, and neighbouring islands. The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line. Includes the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia Includes Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand and some parts of Australia Includes Antarctica.

Each Ecozone has been further subdivided into the bioregions. The WWF defines the bioregions as “geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)”. For example, Indomalaya Ecozone has three bioregions viz. Indian subcontinent, Indochina and Sunda Shelf and Philippines

Major Biomes and Ecozones of the World The following tables mentions the major Biomes and Ecozones of the world. Terrestrial Biomes Polar/montane

Temperate

(Sub)tropical

Dry Wet

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3.

Tundra Taiga, Boreal forests Montane grasslands and shrublands Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland

Aquatic Biomes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Pond Littoral Intertidal zone Mangrove forest Kelp forest Coral reef Neritic zone Continental shelf Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Ecozones

Endolithic zone Afrotropic Antarctic Australasia Indomalaya Nearctic Neotropic Oceania Palearctic

The word Montane is derived of Mountain. The Montane biome lies between 1800-2000 metres above mean sea level and has cooler temperatures and often have high rainfalls in comparison to the adjacent lowland areas. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 9 Arctic Tundra The word Tundra is derived of a Finnish word "tunturi" which means treeless mountain tract. In Tundra Biome, the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The vegetation in Tundra is composed of Dwarf Shrubs, mosses, lichens etc. Some scattered trees are also found. The ecological boundary (ecotone) between the tundra and taiga forests is called tree line or timberline. Ȉ

There are three types of Tundra Regions in the world viz. Arctic Tundra, Alpine Tundra and Antarctic Tundra. In Northern hemisphere, the Tundra occurs north of the Taiga belt.

Ȉ

The most important characteristic of Tundra is the Permafrost. Permafrost is the permanently frozen soil. Permafrost is consisting mostly of gravel and finer material. The soil is frozen from 25-90 cms down and very few plants can grow in it, so the permafrost is plain without many trees. Some parts of the permafrost are bare and support growth of some lichens.

Ȉ

There are ONLY two seasons in Polar Tundra regions viz. summer and winter. During winter, it is very cold and dark, while during summer, the temperature rises a bit and the permafrost melts at some points, making the ground soggy.

Ȉ

The Arctic Tundra is known for its cold, desert-like conditions. In winter the temperature of Arctic Tundra regions may drop as down as -50°C. The average winter temperature is -34° C (-30° F), but the average summer temperature is 3-12° C (37-54° F) which enables this biome to sustain life. Rainfall may vary in different regions of the arctic. Annual precipitation, including melting snow, is 15 to 25 cm.

Ȉ

In summer, the upper layer of Permafrost gets melted and when water saturates the upper surface, bogs and ponds may form, providing moisture for plants. There are no deep root systems in the vegetation of the arctic tundra; however, there are still a wide variety of plants that are able to resist the cold climate. There are about 1,700 kinds of plants in the arctic and subarctic, and these include low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liverworts, and grasses, more than 400 varieties of flowers and crustose and foliose lichen.

Ȉ

The plants of the Arctic Tundra region are adapted to sweeping winds and disturbances of the soil. Plants are short and group together to resist the cold temperatures and are protected by the snow during the winter. They can carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low light intensities. The growing seasons are short and most plants reproduce by budding and division rather than sexually by flowering.

Ȉ

The fauna in the arctic is also diverse. They include herbivorous mammals such as lemmings, voles, caribou, arctic hares and squirrels, Carnivorous mammals such as arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears, Migratory birds such as ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, sandpipers, terns, snow birds, and various species of gulls, Insects such as mosquitoes, flies, moths, grasshoppers, black flies and arctic bumble bees and Fishes such as cod, flatfish, salmon, and trout.

Ȉ

The animals of the Arctic Tundra are adapted to handle long, cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the summer. Animals such as mammals and birds also have additional insulation from fat. Many animals hibernate during the winter because food is not abundant. Another alternative is to migrate south in the winter, like birds do. Reptiles and amphibians are few or absent because of the extremely cold temperatures. Because of constant immigration and emigration, the population continually oscillates.

Fragile Ecosystem of the Arctic Tundra

From the above description, it is quite evident that the ecosystem of Arctic Tundra is extremely fragile because of the lack of abundant plant life so if the primary consumers can't find enough food, the predators can't eat. In the Arctic Ecosystem, the primary producers, or the plants are on the bottom of the pyramid. These are very limited resources, which are thrown off by the slightest lack of sunlight and water available to them. The permafrost in the ground also throws off the drainage of the water leaving the plants there hard to digest. In the Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 10 middle are the primary consumers such as lemmings, musk oxen and insects who feed on the limited plant life available. On top are the small predators such as the snowy owl and arctic fox and polar bears. Due the scarcity of the primary producers, the fragile ecosystem and food chain causes the population continually oscillate. This means that extinction of just one species has the capability to destroy the entire ecosystem in Tundra regions. Global Warming & Tundra Climate

Due to global warming, the future of the tundra becomes more uncertain. The global warming has caused spread of more woody plants by the increasing temperatures, and it has been feared that it may endanger moss and lichen species in two fifths of the biome in the years to come. Oil Drilling in Tundra

Oil Drilling is popular in the tundra because it is rich in mineral resources. The pollution caused by Oil drilling would kill the habitats of fish, and animals. The major problem of oil drilling is the risk of oil spills. When a large spill occurs, it can kill many tiny organisms when it comes in contact with it. As a result, plants will die and will not be able to produce oxygen that we need to live. Also, the herbivores in the ecosystem will die because they will have no food to eat. This can cause major damage to the food chain.

Alpine Tundra Model Question - 4. Consider the following statements about the Alpine Tundra: 1. The Alpine Tundra is located on latitudes which are south of Arctic Tundra and North of Antarctic Tundra. 2. The soil of Alpine Tundra is frozen in winters known as Permafrost 3. The plants and animals of Alpine Tundra are almost similar to that of Arctic Tundra Which among the above statements is/ are correct? Answer: 4 www.gktoday.in

While the Arctic Tundra is located in Polar regions, the Alpine tundra is located on mountains throughout the world at high altitude where trees cannot grow. Alps and Pyrenees of Europe, the Rift Mountains of Africa (such as Mount Kilimanjaro), and a large portion of the Tibetan Plateau are best examples of Alpine Tundra. The growing season is approximately 180 days. The night-time temperature is usually below freezing. The major difference between the arctic Tundra and Alpine Tundra is that unlike the arctic tundra, the soil in the alpine is well drained. The Alpine Tundra does not have permafrost. The plants of Alpine Tundra are very similar to those of the arctic ones, however there is a major difference in the fauna of Arctic Tundra and Alpine Tundra. Kea parrot, marmot, mountain goats, chinchilla, woodland caribou, and pika are some of the best known species of Alpine Tundra.

Antarctic Tundra Antarctic Tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands. Most of it is too cold and dry to support vegetation. In some portions of Antarctica, there are areas of rocky soil that support plant life. The flora presently consists of around 300–400 lichens, 100 mosses, 25 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algae species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. The major difference between Arctic Tundra and Antarctic Tundra is that Antarctic Tundra lacks a large mammal fauna, while in Arctic Tundra we find an array of mammals as mentioned above. The reason is that Antarctica is physically isolated from other continents. However, the shores are inhabited by Sea mammals and sea birds, including seals and penguins. Further, some small mammals, like rabbits and cats, have been introduced by humans to some of the subantarctic islands.

4 All are incorrect statements

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 11 Taiga Biome Taiga is also known as Boreal Forest. Taiga is earth’s largest terrestrial biome, covering 29% of World's Forest cover and is characterized by coniferous forests. It covers in North America most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States; and in most of Sweden, Finland, inland and northern Norway, much of Russia (Siberia), northern Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia, and northern Japan ȋ‘ƒ‹†Û •Žƒ†ȌǤ Ȉ

As mentioned above, Taiga is the world's largest land biome, and makes up 29% of the world's forest cover.

Ȉ

Largest areas under Taiga are located in Russia and Canada. Please note that there is no Taiga on Southern hemisphere.

It accounts for lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps. Please note that the extreme minimums temperatures of Taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. In Tundra it is around -50°C, in Taiga it has been recorded -68°C at Verkhoyanks in Siberia. Model Question - 5. Despite being located at southern latitudes than Tundra, why the extreme minimum temperatures have been recorded lowest in Taiga? A. Because winters of Taiga get colder due to Polar winds B. Because Tundra is near to Arctic Ocean C. Because Taiga has clearer skies in comparison to Tundra D. All of above reasons. Answer: 5 www.gktoday.in

In winter, there are long periods of frozen Ice on Polar Tundra, yet the nearby Arctic Ocean contains enough heat to tweak the temperature a little bit. This is the reason that lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia. The soil in Taiga is young with little development and profile. This is mainly because of the fact that cold hinders the development of soil. The taiga soil is also poor in nutrients. Taiga: Nutrient Poor Soil

The Taiga soil is poor in nutrients in comparison to the temperate deciduous forests. This is because the fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor, without decomposing for a long time in the cool, moist climate. This would result in poor organic contribution to the soil. Further, the Taiga soil is acidic due to the falling pine needles. Since the soil is acidic, the acidity aids in the decomposition of the mineral components and the minerals are washed away in the lower horizons. This leaching of the minerals makes them inaccessible to the tree roots. This causes infertility of the soil. The leaching of the nutrients, along with the permeability of the soil gives Taiga a light colored eluvial soil horizon leached of most base forming cations such as Calcium. Since the soil is acidic due to the falling pine needles, the forest floor has only lichens and some moss growing on it. However, please note that diversity of soil organisms in the boreal forest (southern Taiga) is high, comparable to the tropical rainforest. The Taiga soils are dominated by the microscopic fungi. These microscopic fungi play an important role in the decomposition of the dead phytomass. So, the above mentioned infertility is compensated by the activity of the microorganisms in the upper soil horizons. In summary the soil of the Taiga Biome and Boreal forests is 9 Young with little development 9 Poor in Nutrients 9 Rich with Soil organisms in comparison to Tropical Forests 9 Acidic due to fallen leaves 5 Correct Answer is B.

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Taiga Flora

The first thing we note about Taiga is that - it is spread over both Asia and North America. Both of them were connected by the 1600 kilometers wide Bering land bridge at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages in the Geological history. (It connected Alaska to Siberia). So, due to this reason, a number of animal and plant species were able to colonize both continents and are distributed throughout the taiga biome that spreads in both of them like Tundra. The forests of the taiga are largely coniferous, dominated by larch, spruce, fir, and pine. There are also some small-leaved deciduous trees like birch, alder, willow, and poplar; mostly in areas escaping the most extreme winter cold. Southernmost parts of the taiga has trees such as oak, maple, elm, and tilia scattered among the conifers, and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate mixed forest. The Southern Taiga is a closed canopy forest consisting closely spaced trees with mossy ground cover. It also has shrubs and wildflowers such as the fireweed. Wherever the trees are located at a father space, land is covered by lichens and mosses. These lichens and mosses are more common in the northernmost taiga. In northernmost taiga the forest cover is not only more sparse, but often stunted in growth. The trees are coniferous which an adaptation to cold harsh climate is. Most of the species of Taiga such as spruce, fir, and pine are Evergreen. This is because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year; it is difficult for plants to generate energy from photosynthesis. The trees do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence. The leaves are needle shaped to curb loss of water and with dark green color to increase absorption of sunlight. However, Larch, which seems to be most cold-tolerant, is deciduous. The roots of Taiga Trees are shallow, which is basically to take advantage of the young thin soils. The conical shape and downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow. Further, there are also some broadleaf plants found in Taiga. Examples are birch, aspen, willow, and rowan. Taiga : Wildfires

One of the most important environmental factors that affect the Taiga Forests is Wildfires. Wildfires have been an integral part of the Taiga environment for several thousand years. The main natural reason of the wildfires in Taiga is lightening strikes. However, the spread of the fire is dependent on weather, soil conditions, topography and the amount of dry organic matter (fuel) on the soil surface. The combination of these factors forms the fire regime, which is characterized by the intensity, pattern of distribution and type of fire (i.e. ground or crown fire). By knowing a specific site’s forest type, habitat and local climate, it is possible to determine the natural frequency of fire, which can vary from just a few years to hundreds of years. For example, wildfires develop more often in forests under a more continental climate (e.g. in Eastern Siberia) and in drier habitats with sandy soils (e.g. on the fluvial-glacial plains of Western Siberia). Plant Adaptations to Wildfires

Where fires occur more frequently, plant communities often have special ecological mechanisms to make them more resistant or even adapted to fire. For example the older trees of the Taiga Zones have thicker bark. There are some plants in which the seed cones open just after a wildfire (.g. Jack Pine, an excellent adoption to pioneer the development of new trees. Advantage Wildfires

Due to heavy and thick bark, and due to the canopy made by the trees, usually, the wildfire would burn away the upper canopy of the trees and let sunlight reach the ground. New plants will grow and provide food for animals that once could not live there because there were only evergreen trees. This is how even wildfires add in development of new forests in Taiga environment. Many smaller herbaceous plants that grow closer to the ground may survive in the Crown wildfires that eliminate only the canopies. The periodic wildfires clear out the Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 13 tree canopies, allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor. That is why the wildfires have become a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga. Taiga Environment Challenges

The Taiga is being destroyed everyday by both humans and nature. Nature causes forest fires with lighting, diseased by parasites or herbicides, and spruce trees that grow on top thick moss are frequently blown over by strong winds. Large-scale clear cutting, plantation forestry, introduction of exotic tree species, soil scarification, ditching, and use of pesticides or herbicides have led to habitat loss. Large-scale industrial forestry, or logging, is the greatest important threat effecting the boreal forest. Other threats to the Taiga are oil and gas exploration, road building, mining, human triggered forest fire, and climate change. Animals of the Taiga are being hunted and trapped for their fur which decreases their population greatly. Hydroelectric power has ruined the water system. Many fish have mercury poisoning. The Taiga is being destroyed equal to that of the rainforest.

Montane grasslands and shrublands This biome is defined in the WWF Classification. It includes all the high altitude (montane, subalpine, and alpine) grasslands and shrublands around the world. They are located in plenty of subtropical and tropical regions. In India, the elevations of Western Ghats are included in Montane grasslands and shrublands. Plants of these habitats display adaptations such as rosette structures, waxy surfaces, and hairy leaves.

Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The Rainforest The tropical rainforest is earth's most complex biome in terms of both structure and species diversity. It occurs under optimal growing conditions: abundant precipitation and year round warmth. The World Wildlife Fund's biome classification puts the tropical rainforests under Tropical Moist Broadleaf Forest. The Tropical rain forests is roughly located within 28° north or south of the equator , spread in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands. They roughly cover 6-7% of earth’s area and are home to half of its biodiversity. The largest rainforests are in Brazil (South America), Democratic Republic of Congo (Africa), and Indonesia. Other tropical rainforests lie in Southeast Asia, Hawaii, and the Caribbean Islands. The Amazon rainforest in South America is the world’s largest, covering an area about two-thirds the size of the continental United States. Etymology: Rainforests

Rainforests are called so because they are wet due to round the year rains. There are apparently no seasons in Tropical rain forests near the equator, yet the tropical rainforests which are away from equator have only wet and dry seasons. Tropical rainforests receive 175 to 300 inches precipitation annually. Tropical rain forests are found in regions where temperatures and precipitation are high year-round. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C during all months of the year, due to location near to equator. Please note that there is no annual rhythm to the forest; rather each species has evolved its own flowering and fruiting seasons. Sunlight is a major limiting factor. Layers of Trees:

A tropical rainforest consists of four layers: the emergent trees, canopy, the understory, and the forest floor. 9 The emergent and canopy layers make up the very top of the rainforest, where a few trees, called emergent, poke out above the green growth to reach the sun. Most of the plant growth in rainforests is here, close to the sun. 9 Most rainforest animals, including monkeys, birds, and tree frogs, live in the canopy. 9 Below the canopy are the young trees and shrubs that make up the understory. The plants in this layer cannot grow to large sizes because the canopy blocks most of the sunlight. 9 The forest floor is almost bare because very little sunlight can get through the canopy and understory to reach the ground. This is where fallen leaves and branches rot quickly to release nutrients for other plants to grow. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 14 9 Large mammals such as South American tapirs and Asian elephants who are too heavy to climb up into the canopy layer live in the dim light of the understory and forest floor.

Complex Ecosystem of Rainforests In Rainforests, the plants and animals depend on each other for survival. For example, some insects can only survive in one type of tree, while some birds only eat one type of insect. If this tree is destroyed, the insects will have no home. If the insects die, the birds who rely on them for food will starve to death. Because of this interdependence, if one type of plant or animal becomes extinct, several others could be in danger of extinction as well. Rainforest Soils: Model Question - 6. (IAS 2011) If a tropical rain forest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because? A. The soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients. B. Propagules of the trees in a rain forest have poor viability. C. The rain forest species are slow-growing. D. Exotic species invade the fertile soil of rain forest. Answer: 6 www.gktoday.in

It would appear to us that tropical soils are very fertile in order to support this high productivity. But, it is incorrect to say so. If we closely look at the system, we find that soils of Tropical Rain Forests are very thin and the rock below them highly weathered. An analysis of soils of tropical regions shows them to be virtually devoid of soluble minerals. Rocks weather rapidly due to high temperatures and abundant moisture, and millennia of rapid weathering and torrential rains to wash away nutrients from the soils have left the soils very low in nutrient stocks. It has also been supported by the analysis of stream water draining tropical regions, which likewise reveals a scarcity of dissolved nutrients. Most tropical soils are clays with little soluble mineral content, and moderate to strong acidity which interferes with the ability of roots to take up nutrients. Only about 20% of the humid tropics has soils that can support agriculture, and most of this area is already in use. In soils of the Tropical Rain Forests, the nutrients are found mainly in living plant biomass and in the layer of decomposing litter; there is little nutrient content of the deeper soil, as there is in temperate-zone ecosystems. This suggests that plants are intercepting and taking up nutrients the moment they are released by decomposition. Many organisms play role in decomposition process: termites, bacteria, fungi, various invertebrates. Recycling of Nutrients

Due to the above mentioned reasons, the rainforest reuses almost everything that falls to the ground and decays. When leaves fall from the trees, when flowers wilt and die, and when any animal dies on the forest floor, it decays and all of the nutrients in the decayed species are recycled back into the roots of the trees and plants. Only the top few inches of rainforest soil have any nutrients. Most of the nutrients are in the biomass, the bulk of animal and plant life above the ground. The roots of rainforest trees are not very deep; that way they can collect all of the nutrients in the top few inches of the soil. Rainforests even recycle their own rain. As water evaporates in the forest it forms clouds above the canopy that later fall as rain. Why a Tropical Rain Forest cannot be replaced very quickly?

A rainforest cannot be replaced. Once it is destroyed it is gone forever (almost thousands of years). We have read above that only the top few inches of rainforest soil have any nutrients. Below that it is deficient in nutrients. There is a high temperature and this high temperature leads to decomposition of the organic material as well as the inorganic parent material of the soil. There are frequent rains and these rains leach the decomposing material off the soil, out of the root zone quickly. So, the result is that the Tropical rain Forests have adapted themselves and quickly take up the nutrients and most nutrients in the tropical rain forests is stored in the vegetation. 6 Correct Answer is A

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 15 When the forest is harvested for timber or other plant products, or the forest is burned, nutrients will be lost from the ecosystem, but the outputs cannot exceed inputs for very long because the stock of nutrient capital in the system will be depleted. When forests are burned, or the cut timber is removed as in logging, the nutrients that were in the tree biomass are either washed out in the case of burning or simply removed from the system. Because there was only a small stock of nutrients in the soil and most of the nutrients were in the biomass, there is little nutrient stock remaining to support regrowth. Thus, we can't simply "regrow" tropical forests once they are burned -- once they are lost they are gone forever (or at least for 1000s of years, and even then the species that regrow will be different from the original forest species). Biodiversity in Rainforests

Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. High biodiversity appears related to high ecological specialization of species. The rainforests are home to more worldwide species than all other biomes added together.

Tropical Monsoon Forests Throughout the world, the tropical monsoon climate experiences abundant rainfall like that of the tropical rain forest climate, but it is concentrated in the high-sun season. Such forests are called Tropical Monsoon Forests. They are located in the monsoon climate beyond the equatorial region between 10ƕ and 25 ƕ and North and South of the equator. The countries are along the coastal regions of southwest India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, South western Africa, French Guiana, and northeast and south-eastern Brazil. Please note that the major controlling factor over the monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. Monsoon circulation of Asia exhibits an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean towards land) during the summer or high-sun season, and offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) during the winter or low-sun season. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat. In India, the west coastal lowlands, the Western Ghats, and southern parts of Assam have this climate type. It is characterized by high temperatures throughout the year, even in the hills. The rainfall here is seasonal, but heavy and is above 78 cm in a year. Most of the rain is received in the period from May to November, and is adequate for the growth of vegetation during the entire year. December to March are the dry months with very little rainfall. The heavy rain is responsible for the tropical wet forests in these regions, which consists of a large number of species of animals. Evergreen forests are the typical feature of the region. The adjacent graphics shows the location of Tropical Rain Forests and Tropical Monsoon Rainforests throughout the world.

Temperate rainforests Temperate rainforests are dense rainforests that occur in the regions of high rainfall in the temperate zone. We know that the north temperate zone extends from the Tropic of Cancer (at about 23.5 degrees north latitude) to the Arctic Circle (at approximately 66.5 degrees north latitude). The South Temperate Zone extends from the Tropic of Capricorn (at

approximately

latitude)

to

the

23.5

degrees

Antarctic

Circle

south (at

approximately 66.5 degrees south latitude). Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies es Papers of Civil Servicess Examinations Exa E xxaminati at ons | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 16 The regions in these latitudes, with annual precipitation over 1400 mm and mean annual temperature between 4 and 12 °C. (39 and 54 °F) are called Temperate Rain Forests. The adjacent graphics shows the distribution of the Temperate Rainforests throughout the world.

Tropical & Temperate Deciduous Forests The deciduous biomes lie on the margin of equatorial and tropical rain forest. The deciduous trees lose their leaves during the dry season just a few months before the advent of summer rains. The monsoon forest average 15m high with no continuous canopy of leaves. Caatinga of Brazil is a suitable example. The others are Chaco in Paraguay and northern Argentina, the brigalow scrub of Australia, and the dorveld of South Africa. The tropical deciduous forest are also found in Angola, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, North-Eastern Thailand, Zambia, And Zimbabwe. The wood of the trees, especially teak wood is valuable for fine cabinetry. In addition, some of the trees with dry season adaption produce usable waxes and gums, such as carnauba and palm-hard waxes. Trees include Maple, many Oaks, Elm, Aspen, and Birch, among others, as well as a number of coniferous genera, such as Larch and Metasequoia. Deciduous shrubs include honeysuckle, viburnum, and many others. Most temperate woody vines are also deciduous, including grapes, poison ivy, virginia creeper, wisteria, etc. The characteristic is useful in plant identification; for instance in parts of Southern California and the American Southeast, deciduous and evergreen oak species may grow side by side. Temperate deciduous forest has a temperate of 4 seasons. Temperate deciduous forests get about 950 to 1500 millimeters of rain annually, which is the second most of all the biomes. They have summer highs of about 27 to 32° Celsius with winter highs temperatures of around -1 to -15° Celsius.

Savannahs A savannah is a grassland ecosystem. In Savannah, the trees are sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting grasses. Please note that some classifications put only those lands in Savannahs which don't have trees. However, most classifications characterize Savannah which is grassy woodland with a significant woody plant component. The water availability in Savannahs is season and majority of the rainfall is confined to one season. Savanna covers approximately 20% of the Earth's land area. The largest area of savanna is in Africa. The following graphics shows Savannah as well as Rainforests so you are able to distinct the two regions. The above discussions make it clear that Savannahs are the grasslands with trees. But this is not a strict definition and savanna biome also includes treeless tracts of grasslands. Please note that forest fires are common in Savannahs also but that is mainly because of human interference and not because of the natural reasons as the lightning in case of Taiga Biome. In Taiga, usually the forest fires are crown fires which destroy the canopy, but in Savannahs, these fires are usually confined to the herbaceous layer and do little long term damage to mature trees. These fires either kill or suppress tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Large areas of savanna have been cleared of trees, and this clearing is continuing today. For example until recently 480,000 ha of savanna were cleared annually in Australia alone primarily to improve pasture production. There are several types of Savannahs as following: Tropical and subtropical savannas Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 17 Tropical and subtropical grasslands and shrublands as the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. The savannas of Africa, including the Serengeti, famous for its wildlife, are typical of this type. Temperate savannas

Mid-latitude savannas with wetter summers and drier winters. Examples are Great Plains of the United States. Mediterranean savannas Mid-latitude savannas in Mediterranean climate regions, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, part of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. The oak tree savannas of California, part of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion are examples. Flooded savannas

That are flooded seasonally or year-round. Montane savannas

These are high-altitude savannas; example is highland savannas of the Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands ecoregions. Savannah covered more than 40 per cent of the earth’s surface once upon a time, before the human caused fire started damaging them. Fire occurs annually throughout the biome. The timing of these fires is important. Early in the dry season, they are beneficial and increase tree cover; if late in the season, they are very hot and kill trees and seeds. Adaptations in Savannahs

Savanna shrubs and trees are xerophytes or drought resistant, with various adaptations like small thick leaves, rough bark, or waxy leaf surface to protect them from the dryness.Africa has the largest region of this biome, including the famous Serengeti plains and the Sahel region. Some of the local names of these grasslands include the 9 Llanos in Venezuela, 9 Campo cerrado in brazil, and 9 Pantanal of southern brazil. They are also found in Australia, India, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. Soil of Savannahs:

Savannah grasslands are much richer in humus than the equatorial forests. The C4 grasses are found in majority in Savannah. Animals in Savannahs

Savanna are the home of large mammals that graze on savanna grasses or the savanna grasses or feed upon the grazers themselves ; these are lions, cheetah, zebra, giraffe, buffalo, gazelle, wild beast, antelope, rhinoceros, and elephant. Some of the animal species like the black and white rhino have become extinct during recent time.

Temperate grasslands Temperate grasslands are found in the regions with temperate and semi-arid to semi-humid climates. The most important characteristic of the Temperate Grasslands is that they have almost no trees and large shrubs and have grasses as the dominant vegetation. Please note that the amount of rainfall is less in temperate grasslands than in savannas. The Veldts of South Africa, the Puszta of Hungary, the Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, the Steppes of the former Soviet Union, and the plains and Prairies of Central North America are Temperate Grasslands. Climate in Temperate Grasslands

Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall is moderate. The amount of annual rainfall influences the height of grassland vegetation, with taller grasses in wetter regions. Akin to Savannah, seasonal drought and occasional fires are very important to biodiversity. However, their effects aren't as dramatic in temperate grasslands as they are in savannas. Few natural prairie regions remain because most have been turned into farms or grazing land. This is because they are flat, treeless, covered with grass, and have rich soil. Prairies are grasslands with tall grasses while steppes are grasslands with short grasses. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Soils of Temperate Grasslands:

The soil of the temperate grasslands is deep and dark, with fertile upper layers. It is nutrient-rich from the growth and decay of deep, many-branched grass roots. The rotted roots hold the soil together and provide a food source for living plants. Each different species of grass grows best in a particular grassland environment (determined by temperature, rainfall, and soil conditions). The seasonal drought, occasional fires, and grazing by large mammals all prevent woody shrubs and trees from invading and becoming established. However, a few trees, such as cottonwoods, oaks, and willows grow in river valleys, and some nonwoody plants, specifically a few hundred species of flowers, grow among the grasses. The various species of grasses include purple Needlegrass, Blue Grama, Buffalo Grass, and Galleta. Flowers include asters, blazing stars, coneflowers, goldenrods, sunflowers, clovers, psoraleas, and wild indigos. Rainfall in the Temperate Grasslands

Precipitation in the temperate grasslands usually occurs in the late spring and early summer. The annual average is about 50.8 to 88.9 cm. The temperature range is very large over the course of the year. Summer temperatures can be well over 38° C (100 degrees Fahrenheit), while winter temperatures can be as low as -40° C (-40 degrees Fahrenheit). Fauna in the Temperate Grasslands

Animals include gazelles, zebras, rhinoceroses, wild horses, lions, wolves, prairie dogs, jack rabbits, deer, mice, coyotes, foxes, skunks, badgers, blackbirds, grouses, meadowlarks, quails, sparrows, hawks, owls, snakes, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, and spiders. The following graphics sourced from Britannica online shows grasslands of the World.

Grasslands of the World © 2010 EB Inc.

Mediterranean Shrublands This biome is found along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, California, Central Chile, south-western part of South Africa and southwestern parts of Australia. They have been shown in the adjacent graphics as darker green patches. The Mediterranean climate has hot and dry summers and mild-wet winters. The natural vegetation of this biome adapted ac-cording to the dry and hot summer conditions. Plant ecologists are of the opinion that this biome is well Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 19 adapted to frequent fires, for many of its characteristically deep-rooted plants have the ability to re-sprout from their roots after a fire. The dominant shrubs that occupy these regions are stunted and tough in their ability to with-stand hot- summer drought. The vegetation is called sclerophyllous. it averages as metre or two in height and has deep, well developed roots, leathery and uneven low branches. Location:

Mediterranean-type climate regions occur roughly between 30° and 40° latitude on the west coasts of continents, where offshore there are cold ocean currents. Each region in which the Mediterranean shrublands and woodlands occur is island-like in character and thus there is frequently a high degree of endemism. Climate:

In Mediterranean regions, wet season coincides with the low sun or winter period. Summers are dry. Total annual precipitation ranges between 40 and 90 cms per year. Temperatures are those of the subtropics moderated by maritime influence and fogs associated with the cold ocean currents. The result is a very limited, but predictable, growing season when there is both sufficient soil moisture and adequately warm temperatures. Many plants are adapted to withstand drought. Flora:

Throughout the world, the Mediterranean biome is characterized by shrubs. In most regions these shrubs are evergreen and have small, leathery (sclerophyllous) leaves with thick cuticles. Sometimes the leaves are so reduced as to appear needle-like. Many typical members of the shrub flora are aromatic (for example, sage, rosemary, thyme, and oregano) and contain highly flammable oils. Mediterranean regions have long been impacted by humans especially through the use of fire and the grazing of livestock. Regional Names:

9 In the Mediterranean proper--Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, they are known as Maquis. 9 In California they are called Chaparral 9 In Chile, they are known as Matorral 9 In Australia, they are expressed by the Mallee scrub vegetation of subtropical Australia. The Mediterranean region of Europe and Asia has a significant concentration of cork-oak, olive, fig, and citrus fruits. In Australia the bulk of the eucalyptus species is sclerophyllous in form and structure.

Desert biome Deserts and xeric shrublands are characterized by small amount of moisture. They receive an annual average rainfall of ten inches (25 cms) or less, and have an arid or hyperarid climate, characterized by a strong moisture deficit, where annual potential loss of moisture from evapotranspiration well exceeds the moisture received as rainfall. The desert biome of the earth covers about 35 per cent of the total land area of the world. Deserts are very dry, receiving less than 25cm. In the desert of Atacama of northern Chile, only a negligible amount of rain has ever been recorded-a 30-year annual average of only 0.005cm, making it driest part of Earth. The area of the desert biome is increasing as there is increasing desertification because of human over interaction. Deserts and xeric shrublands occur in all tropical, subtropical, and temperate climate regions. Desert soils tend to be sandy or rocky, and low in organic materials. Soil is generally saline or alkaline. Adaptations in Desert Biome

Plants and animals in deserts and xeric shrublands are adapted to low moisture conditions. Hyperarid regions are mostly devoid of vegetation and animal life, and include rocky deserts and sand dunes. Vegetation in arid climate regions can include sparse grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands. Deserts are inhabited by the Xerophytes which include succulent plants, geophytes, sclerophyll, and annual plants. Animals, including insects, reptiles, arachnids, birds and mammals, are frequently nocturnal to avoid moisture loss. In the southern Arizona, the unique Saguaro Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 20 cactus grows to many metres in height and can survive up to 200 years of age if left undisturbed. First blooms do not appear until it is 50 to 75 years old. Cold Deserts:

Cold desert occur where seasonal shifting of the subtropical high is of some influence less than six months of the year. Specifically interior locations are dry because of their distance from moisture sources or their location in rain shadow areas on the leeward side of mountain ranges such as Himalayas and Andes. Winter snows occur in the cold deserts but are generally light. Summers are hot-with highs varying between 30° and 40°C. Night time lows-even in the summer, can cool 10° to 20°C from the daytime high.

Part III.

Soil Basics

Origin and types of soils The fine particles of the solid rocks along with the organic / inorganic matter are called soil. The naturally occurring soil is influenced by parent material, climate, relief and the physical, chemical and biological agents such as microorganisms living in it. The naturally occurring soil is influenced by , Parent rocks , Climate , Organic content , Topography , Land use practices/ Human interference , Time Soil contains mineral particles, decayed organic material, soil water, soil atmosphere, and living organisms, which exist in a complicated and dynamic relationship with one another. Soil is a dynamic natural body made up of the materials covering the earth’s surface in which plants grow. It is composed of both mineral and organic matter. Complex Nature of Soil

The above mentioned factors do not work on soil independently or in isolation, but in close association with each other, leading to a whole network of inter-relationships of quite a complex nature. The material of the soil or the parent material is derived from the rocks ex-posed on the surface. The relief and slope along with the work of various materials. Soils weathering determine conditions for the disintegration of the rock materials. Soils may be transported by the running water, wind or other agents of the rock materials. Soils remain in the original position. When the soil remains in its original position, it is said to be in situ, and in that state it is further modified by the climate, particularly moisture supply, plant growth ,and bacterial activity dependent on these factors .

A brief

supply, plant growth ,and bacterial activity dependent on these factors. A soil is made up of four elements: inorganic or mineral fraction (derived from the parent material), organic material, air and water. The abundance of each component and its importance in the functioning of the soil system

vary

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horizon

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Humus: The end-product of the breakdown of dead organic material is known as Humus. Humus is a structure-less, darkbrown or black jelly found beneath the soil surface. In uncultivated land, the humus is derived from the natural decay of previous generations of plants, while in the ploughed and cultivated land it is supplied as some kind of manure. The humus of ordinary soil is black, and is thus responsible for making the soil darker than the subsoil. It plays an important but very complicated part in maintaining the fertility of soil. The amount of humus in different Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 21 soils varies considerably; some, like the peat soil, consist largely of slightly decomposed organic matter which has not yet become humus.

Soil Texture A soil is generally characterized by the size of its particles. A clayey soil may thus be described as fine, a sandy soil as coarse, while a silly soil is intermediate. If one handles a moist soil sample of each of these he feels gritty, sticky and silky, respectively. The standard unit for the measurement of soil particles is the millimeter, but a smaller unit is the micron (1 micron= 0.001 mm), which is applicable, for instance, to the measurement of soil colloids.

Sandy Soil Sandy soil is a light soil that consists mainly of sand, i.e., grains of quartz with considerable air spaces between them. The sand may either be 'coarse' where the particles are between 0.2 and 2 mm in diameter, or 'fine' where the grains between 0.05 and 0.2 mm are just visible to the naked eye. These light soils allow water to drain through rapidly, taking soluble plant foods with it. Sandy Soils are known as ‘hungry’ soils, which not only need constant manuring but may dry out completely during a period of drought so that shallow-rooted crops fail and pastures 'burn'. They are good for horticulture (vegetables and fruits), legumes (such as moth and pulses), ground nut and bajra.

Clayey Soil Clayey soil is an exceptionally fine grained soil, very retentive of moisture. It often becomes plastic when mixed with water. The individual grains of clayey soil are 0.002 mm in diameter. These particles consist mainly of hydrated aluminum silicates. Clay contains little air and can hold more water, so forming a sticky mass, but when it dries out completely, it forms a hard, concrete like surface, seamed with numerous cracks. Sometimes, a compacted solid layer of clay in the subsoil is formed, which is known as claypan, and is often hard and difficult to dig or plough. Clayey soils are often rich in plant food and give much better yields than that of sandy soils. They are devoted to rice, perennial grasses other crops such as clover. Efficient drainage methods, modern machinery and careful liming enable clayey soils to grow roots, green crops and cereals.

Silty Soil Silty soil is finer than sand but coarser than clay. Its particles are assumed to have a diameter between 0.02 and 0.002 mm. These soils are rich in humus contents and are devoted to numerous cereal and non-cereal crops.

Loamy Soil It is highly fertile soil consisting mainly of a mixture of sand and day, together with silt and humus. It has the good qualities of both sand and clay, but not their bad qualities. It comprises an almost equal mix of sand and silt with less than 30 per cent clay. It can retain some moisture and plant food even under the adverse weather and climatic conditions. It is well· aerated and drained, and can be readily worked. It is generally devoted to wheat, barley, legumes, sugarcane, sugar beet, maize, millets, rice, grasses, vegetables and orchards.

Soil pH Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity in soils. As we know, the pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic. Soil pH is considered a master variable in soils as it controls many chemical processes that take place. It specifically affects plant nutrient availability by controlling the chemical forms of the nutrient. The optimum pH range for most plants is between 6 and 7.5, however many plants have adapted to thrive at pH values outside this range. The first thing we should note that in cool and moist areas, percolating groundwater leaches out the soluble bases (such as calcium). As a result, the soils gradually become lime-deficient which increases the acidity of the soil. Both the highly acidic and alkaline soils are injurious to crops. If the soil becomes unduly acidic, the farmers apply lime in various forms to meet the requirements of the soil. In practice, a pH value between 6 and 6.5, i.e., Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 22 very slightly acidic, is desired. Lime not only helps to neutralize the excess adds and so 'sweeten' the soil, but it also encourages bacteria and helps to improve the physical , texture of heavy soils. High soil acidity is typical of cold, humid climates. In arid climates, soils are typically alkaline. How to Increase soil pH?

Acidity can be corrected by the application of lime, a compound of calcium, carbon and oxygen (CaCO3), which removes add ions and replaces them with the base calcium. How to Decrease soil pH?

To decrease the pH of the soil, the Iron sulphates or aluminium sulphate as well as elemental sulfur (S) are used through the formation of sulphuric acid.

Further, Urea, urea phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium

phosphates, ammonium sulphate and monopotassium phosphate fertilizers have a organic matter in the form of plant litter, compost, and manure will decrease soil pH through the decomposition process. Certain acid organic matter such as pine needles, pine sawdust and acid peat are effective at reducing pH. The problem of Alkaline Soils

Alkali or alkaline soils are the soils with high pH (> 9). The fist visible impact of Alkaline soil is that it has a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. The Alkali soil is generally having a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils have dominated presence of minerals such as Sodium Carbonate which causes the soil to swell. Please note that all alkaline soils are basic, but NOT all basic soils are alkaline. This is because even presence of basic salts, the soil may not become alkaline due to other chemical reactions. For example, pH of a solution can be lowered by the addition of CO2. This will reduce the basicity; however, the alkalinity will remain unchanged. The reason is that net reaction produces the same number of equivalents of positively contributing species (H+) as negative contributing species (HCO3- and/or CO32-). How Gypsum helps in Treatment of Alkali soils?

Gypsum (calcium sulphate, CaSO4. 2H2O) can be applied as a source of Ca++ ions to replace the sodium at the exchange complex in the soil. However, there must be enough natural drainage to the underground, or else an artificial subsurface drainage system must be present, to permit leaching of the excess sodium by percolation of rain and/or irrigation water through the soil profile, while using Gypsum.

Soil Air Soil air is vital both to soil itself and to organic life within it. A certain amount of air is contained between the individual particles except for the waterlogged soils. The air in the soil helps in the process of oxidation which converts part of the organic material into nitrogen in a form readily available to the plants. On the other hand, too high degree of oxidation may consume so much organic material that the soil becomes increasingly sterile.

Soil fertility Soil fertility is the ability of soil to sustain plants. Soil has fertility when it contains organic substances and clay minerals that absorb water and certain elements needed by plants. The boundary between horizons is usually visible in the field, using the properties of colour, texture consistency, porosity, the presence or absence of certain minerals, moisture, and chemical processes.

Soil horizons Soil horizons are the building blocks of soil classification. The various layers exposed in a pedon; roughly parallel to the surface and identified as O,A,E,B, and C are known as soil horizon. The O horizon is the topmost layer of most soils. It is composed mainly of plant litter at various levels of decomposition and humus. The O horizon is the topmost layer of most soils. It is composed mainly of plant litter at various levels of decomposition and humus. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-28 www.gktoday.in Concepts in Climatology and Biogeography Target 2013 23 A horizon is found below the O layer. This layer is composed primarily of mineral particles and has two characteristics: it is the layer in which humus and other organic materials are mixed with mineral particles, and it is a zone of translocation from which eluviation has removed finer particles and soluble substances, both of which may be deposited at a lower layer. Thus the A horizon is dark in color and usually light in texture and porous. The A horizon is commonly differentiated into a darker upper horizon or organic accumulation, and a lower horizon showing loss of material by eluviation. The B horizon is a mineral soil layer which is strongly influenced by illuviation. Consequently, this layer receives material eluviated from the A horizon. The B horizon also has a higher bulk density than the A horizon due to its enrichment of clay particles. The B horizon may be colored by oxides of iron and aluminium or by calcium carbonate illuviated from the A horizon. The C horizon is composed of weathered parent material. The texture of this material can be quite variable with particles ranging in size from clay to boulders. The C horizon has also not been significantly influenced by the pedogenic processes, translocation, and/or organic modification. The final layer in a typical soil profile is called the R horizon. This soil layer simply consists of unweathered bedrock.

Soil Taxonomy Soil classification based on observable soil properties actually seen in the field is known as soil taxonomy. There are a number of soil classifications presented by the experts of soil science. The major types of the soils have been discussed here: Oxisols

These soils develop in the hot and humid climates of the equatorial region. These soils are called oxisols because they have distinctive horizon with a mixture of iron and aluminium oxides. Related vegetation is the luxuriant and diverse tropical and equatorial rain forest. Typical are red-dish and yellowish from the iron and aluminium oxides left behind, with a weathered clay-like texture. In fact, these are the lateritic soils in which the leaching process is very strong. The Laterite can be quarried in blocks and used as building material. They are traditionally being used for shifting cultivation. When oxisols are disturbed, soil loss can exceed a thousand tones per sq km per year. The regions dominated by oxisols by oxisols and rain forests are attracting the much worldwide environmental attention. Aridisols (desert soils)

The largest single soil order occurs in dry regions of the world. These soils occupy nearly 19 per cent of the earth’s land surface. Pale and light near the surface, deficit in moisture. Lack in organic matter. Salinisation is the main problem of these soils. Salinisation complicates farming in Aridisols. Mollisols (grassland soils)

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They are most productive soils of the earth. They are rich in humus content. They have dark –colored surface.

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Mollisols are soft, even when dry, with granular pads, loosely arranged when dry. These humus rich organic soils are high in basic cations and have high fertility.

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Soils of the steppes and prairies of the world belong to this group. These soils are being utilized for large-scale commercial grain farming and grazing.

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Conventional General Studies-29 Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography

www.gktoday.in 1

Contents ƒ ƒ ƒ

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Introduction to Geography of India Part I. Geology, Plate Tectonics & Rock System of India Geological History Rock Formations (Stratigraphy) o Archean formations o Dharwar system o The Cudappah System & Vindhyan System o The Gondwana System or Carboniferous period System or Dravidian System o The Cretaceous system or the Deccan Trap o The Tertiary System o The Gondwana and Tertiary Coal Deposits of India o Gondwana Coal o Tertiary Coal Part II. Physiographic Features of India The Himalayan Mountains o Himalayan Orogeny o Classification of the Himalaya System o Geographical Regions of Himalaya o Regional Divisions of Himalayas o Geological Divisions of Himalayas o Important Mountain passes in Himalayas o Important Peaks of Himalayas o Eastern Himalayas versus Western Himalayas o The Northern Slopes and Southern Slopes of Himalayas Great Plains o Divisions of Great Plain o Importance of Great Plains The Thar Desert o Origin of Thar Desert Part III. Peninsular India o Central Highlands o Aravallis: o Malwa Plateau o Vindhyan Range o Vindhyachal Plateau o Satpura Range o The Chhotanagpur Plateau

o Karbi-Meghalya plateau o Deccan Plateau o Western Ghats o Eastern Ghats ƒ Important Observations: Mountains, Hills and Hill Ranges of India ƒ Part IV. Indian River System ƒ Basics of Drainage System ƒ Indian River System o Indus River System o Indus River o Beas River o Jhelum River o Chenab River o Ravi River o Sutlej River ƒ The Ganga River System o Understanding Course of Ganga o Tributaries of Ganga ƒ Brahmaputra River System o Important Tributaries of Brahmaputra ƒ Rivers of Peninsular India o Mahanadi River Basin o Brahmani River ƒ Krishna River ƒ Origin & Course: o Important places on banks of River Krishna: ƒ Kaveri River Basin o Cauvery River Basin: o Tributaries of Cauvery ƒ Godavari River Basin o Course of Godavari River o Important Places on the Bank of River Godavari o Tributaries of Godavari ƒ Other important Rivers of India o Narmada River o Mahi River o Tapti River o Ghaggar-Hakra River

Introduction to Geography of India †‹ƒ‹•‘•–Ž›Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡Indian Plateǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘”–Š‡”’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‘Ǧ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ Žƒ–‡Ǥ †‹ƒ‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡ͺιͶ̵ƒ†͵͹ι͸̵Žƒ–‹–—†‡ƒ†͸ͺι͹̵ƒ†ͻ͹ιʹͷ̵Ž‘‰‹–—†‡ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ– †‹ƒ ‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†ƒ•–‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘–ƒŽ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹• ‘ˆ ͵ǡʹͺ͹ǡʹͶͲ •;ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ‡• ‹– ͹–Š Žƒ”‰‡•– …‘—–”› ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒˆ–‡” —••‹ƒǡ ƒƒ†ƒǡ Š‹ƒǡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ǡ ”ƒœ‹Ž ƒ† —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ͵ǡʹͳͶ • ˆ”‘ ‘”–Š –‘ •‘—–Š ƒ† ʹǡͻ͵͵ • ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ•– –‘ ™‡•–Ǥ  †‹ƒǯ• Žƒ† „‘”†‡” ‹• ͳͷʹͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹–• …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ ‹• ͹ͷͳ͹

Indian Plate †‹ƒ Žƒ–‡ ‹• ƒ –‡…–‘‹… ’Žƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…‹‡– …‘–‹‡– ‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒ ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹– •’Ž‹– ‘ˆˆǡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› „‡…‘‹‰ ƒ ƒŒ‘” ’Žƒ–‡Ǥ „‘—– ͷͷ –‘ ͷͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ ‹– ˆ—•‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ–‡Ǥ –‹•–‘†ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘” †‘Ǧ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ Žƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ‹…Ž—†‡• ‘•– ‘ˆ ‘—–Š •‹ƒ Ȃ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ •—„…‘–‹‡– Ȃ ƒ† ƒ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹ —†‡” –Š‡ †‹ƒ …‡ƒǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘—–ŠŠ‹ƒƒ†ƒ•–‡” †‘‡•‹ƒǡƒ†‡š–‡†‹‰ —’ –‘ „—– ‘– ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ†ƒŠǡ ‘Š‹•–ƒ ƒ† ƒŽ‘…Š‹•–ƒǤ ȋ‹‹’‡†‹ƒȌ

‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ †‹ƒ •Šƒ”‡• ‹–• Žƒ† „‘”†‡”• ™‹–Š China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmarǡ ȋˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ™Š‡™‡…‘—–‘Ȍ™Š‹Ž‡‹–•Šƒ”‡•‹–•ƒ”‹–‹‡„‘—†ƒ”›™‹–ŠBurma, Thailand and IndonesiaǤ ƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹‹•–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”‘•––‹’‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ‹Žƒ†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡southernmost point in India is Indira Point‘ ”‡ƒ–‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†Ǥ †‹ƒ̵• „‘”†‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ‹•–ƒ ƒ† ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† —’‘ –Š‡ ƒ†…Ž‹ˆˆ‡ ‹‡Ǥ Š‡ „‘”†‡” ™‹–Š ƒ‹•–ƒ ‹• ͵ǡ͵ʹ͵ •Ǥ  †‹ƒ ƒŽ•‘ …Žƒ‹• ‹–• ͳͲ͸  „‘”†‡” ™‹–Š ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ ‹ ‘Ǥ Š‡ „‘”†‡” ™‹–Š ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š ”—• Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 2 ͶǡͲͻ͸Ǥ͹Ͳ •Ǥ Š‹• „‘”†‡” ‹• •’‘––‡† „› Chitmahals ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ‘™ ƒ• Enclaves ‘” Indo-Bangladeshi Enclaves. †‹ƒ ƒ† Š‹ƒ „‘”†‡” ”—• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹‡ ‘ˆ …–—ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ˆ‘” ͶǡͲͷ͹  ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ— ƒ† ƒ•Š‹”ǡ ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡ ‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ‹‹ ƒ† ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ  †‹ƒǯ• „‘”†‡” ™‹–Š ›ƒƒ” ”—• ͳǡ͸Ͷ͵  ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” •–ƒ–‡• ˜‹œǤ ‹œ‘”ƒǡ ƒ‹’—”ǡ ƒ‰ƒŽƒ† ƒ† ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ †‹ƒ̵•„‘”†‡”™‹–ŠŠ—–ƒ”—•͸ͻͻǤŠ‡„‘”†‡”™‹–Š‡’ƒŽ”—•ͳǡ͹ͷͳƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‹ ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ Š‡ Siliguri Corridor, ƒ””‘™‡† •Šƒ”’Ž› „› –Š‡ „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ Š—–ƒǡ ‡’ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡ…‘‡…–•”‡•–‘ˆ †‹ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ Story of Chitmahals

†‘Ǧƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š‡…Žƒ˜‡•‘”Š‹–ƒŠƒŽ•ƒ”‡–Š‡‡…Žƒ˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠȂ †‹ƒ„‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ͳͲʹ †‹ƒ‡…Žƒ˜‡•‹•‹†‡ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š ƒ†͹ͳƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š‹‘‡•‹•‹†‡ †‹ƒǡ™‹–Šƒ…‘„‹‡†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ͷͲǡͲͲͲ–‘ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲǤ •‹†‡–Š‘•‡‡…Žƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ʹͺ…‘—–‡”Ǧ‡…Žƒ˜‡• ƒ† ‘‡…‘—–‡”Ǧ…‘—–‡”Ǧ‡…Žƒ˜‡ǡ …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒŠƒŽƒ Šƒ‰”ƒ„ƒ”‹Ǥ  ‡’–‡„‡” ʹͲͳͳǡ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡–™‘…‘—–”‹‡• ȋƒ‘Šƒ ‹‰Š ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†Š‡‹Šƒ•‹ƒ‘ˆƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠȌ•‹‰‡†ƒƒ……‘”†‘„‘”†‡”†‡ƒ”…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›Š‡Ž†‡…Žƒ˜‡•Ǥ†‡”–Š‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ ‡…Žƒ˜‡ ”‡•‹†‡–• ƒ› …‘–‹—‡ ”‡•‹†‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡– Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‘˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ …‘—–”› ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” …Š‘‹…‡Ǥ Š‡ •–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹–ƒŠƒŽ•‹• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Š‡ƒŒƒ‘ˆ‘‘…Š‡Šƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ™ƒ„‘ˆƒ‰’—”ǡ–Š‡”—Ž‡”•‘ˆ–™‘‹‘”‹‰†‘•–Šƒ–ˆƒ…‡†‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”–Š‡‡‡•–ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ•–ƒ‡†‰ƒ‡• ‘ˆ…Š‡••™‹–Š ’Ž‘–•‘ˆ Žƒ†Ǥ‘ •‡––Ž‡ –Š‡‹” †‡„–•ǡ–Š‡› ’ƒ••‡†…Š‹–• Ȅ ’‹‡…‡•‘ˆ ’ƒ’‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›™‘ ‘” Ž‘•– Ȅ „ƒ… ƒ† ˆ‘”–ŠǤ Š‡ ‹”›”‹Žƒ†…Ž‹ˆˆ‡ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ™ Ž‘”†™Š‘ ’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‡† †‹ƒǡ †”‡™ –Š‡ ͳͻͶ͹„‘”†‡”ǡ‘‘…Š ‡Šƒ” ™‡––‘ †‹ƒ ƒ†ƒ‰’—” –‘ ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š Ȅ ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ž‹˜‡†‘–Š‡–™‘‹‰•̵ͳ͸ʹ̶…Š‹–ƒŠƒŽ•ǡ̶‘”’ƒ’‡”’ƒŽƒ…‡•ǤŠ‡‹”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ…ƒ—‰Š–‘–Š‡™”‘‰•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘”†‡”ǡƒ”‡ ‘™•ƒŽŽ‹•Žƒ†•‘ˆ †‹ƒ•—””‘—†‡†„› ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š ‘”˜‹…‡ ˜‡”•ƒǤŽ•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‹• •ƒ‡ •–”‡–…Š ‘ˆ „‘”†‡” ƒ”‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•–Šƒ– •‹’Ž› ”‡ˆ—•‡ –‘ ƒ……‡’––Š‡Ž‹‡•†”ƒ™„›ƒ†…Ž‹ˆˆ‡̵•’‡Ǥ‡™‡ŽŠ‹„ƒ…•–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–™ƒ––‘•–ƒ›‹ †‹ƒǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ…Žƒ‹‘ˆƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡƒ†Šƒƒ†‘‡• Ž‹‡™‹•‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ͳǡ͸ͻ͸ ƒ…”‡• ȋ͸ͻͲ Š‡…–ƒ”‡•Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ̶ƒ†˜‡”•‡ ’‘••‡••‹‘•ǡ̶ ™Š‡”‡ †‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ‘……—’› ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”̵• –‡””‹–‘”›ǤŠƒ–‡ƒ•ʹͳ‹Ž‡•ȋ͵ͶǤͷȌ‘ˆ„‘”†‡”–Šƒ–…ƒ‘–„‡ˆ‡…‡†ǡ…ƒ‘–„‡ˆŽ‘‘†Ž‹–‘”‰ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•‹••‹’Ž›‘–’‘Ž‹…‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ ȋ‘—”…‡ǣ‹‡ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ȍ

Part I.

Geology, Plate Tectonics & Rock System of India Geological History

Model Question - 1. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ †‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•Šƒ”‡ƒ…‘‘‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹•–‘”› ʹǤ †‹ƒ™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒ•—’‡”…‘–‹‡–‹‹–•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”› ͵Ǥ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•™‡”‡–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‘•–„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒ—’‡”…‘–‹‡– Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 1

†‹ƒ •—„…‘–‹‡–ǡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ ‡™

—‹‡ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ•ƒ‹ƒǡ ‡™ ‡ƒŽƒ† ‡–…Ǥ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ …‘‘ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”› „› ˜‹”–—‡ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•‘œ‘‹… Gondwana super-continent —–‹Žͳ͸Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• Ͷ͹ͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž† ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– •—’‡”…‘–‹‡– Vaalbara •–ƒ”–‡† ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ”‘—† ͵͸ͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ – –‘‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͶͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹ Indo-Australian Plate

Indo-Australian plate‹•ƒƒŒ‘”–‡…–‘‹…’Žƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ‹…Ž—†‡• —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ† •—””‘—†‹‰ ‘…‡ƒ ƒ† ‡š–‡†• ‘”–Š™ƒ”†• –‘ …‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ †‹ƒ •—„…‘–‹‡– ƒ† ‹–• ƒ†Œƒ…‡– ™ƒ–‡”•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‹• †‘Ǧ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ ƒ› „‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ „”‡ƒ‹‰ —’ ‹ two separate plates †—‡ –Š‡ •–”‡•• …ƒ—•‡† „› …‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘Ǧ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ Žƒ–‡ ™‹–Š —”ƒ•‹ƒ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ –™‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ‘™ ƒ• †‹ƒ Žƒ–‡ ƒ† —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ–‡Ǥ

 †‹ƒŽƒ–‡‹•…—””‡–Ž›‘˜‹‰‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ–ͷ…Ȁ›”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—”ƒ•‹ƒŽƒ–‡‹•‘˜‹‰ ‘”–Šƒ–‘Ž›ʹ…Ȁ›”ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Šƒ––Š‡—”ƒ•‹ƒŽƒ–‡‰‡–•†‡ˆ‘”‡†–Š‹•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ –Š‡ †‹ƒŽƒ–‡–‘…‘’”‡••ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆͶȀ›”ǤŠ‹•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ

›‡ƒ”• –‘ ‰‡– …‘’Ž‡–‡† ƒ† ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ†› „› ͵ͳͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ Š‡ǡ ƒ”‘—† ʹͷͲͲ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ǡ ƒƒŽ„ƒ”ƒ•–ƒ”–‡† „”‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‹• „”‡ƒ‹‰ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ‘–Š‡”•—’‡”…‘–‹‡–Kenorlandˆ‘”‡†ƒ”‘—†ʹ͹ͲͲǦʹͷͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ Š‡„”‡ƒ‹‰‡’–‘ƒ†–Š‡—’‡”…‘–‹‡–Columbia ˆ‘”‡†ƒ”‘—†ͳͺͲͲǦ ͳͷͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ”‘—†͹ͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡƒ‡™•—’‡”…‘–‹‡–™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡† –Šƒ– ™ƒ• …ƒŽŽ‡† RodiniaǤ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹… ’‡”‹‘†ȋͷͶʹ ǦʹͷͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ȍ •—’‡” …‘–‹‡– Pangaea ™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡† –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹… ƒ† ‡•‘œ‘‹… ‡”ƒ•Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ‡ƒ •–ƒ”–‡† „‡‰‹‹‰ –‘ „”‡ƒ —’

1 Only 1 & 2 are correct statements

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 3 ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ʹͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ …‘’‘‡– …‘–‹‡–• ™‡”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡‹” …—””‡– …‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –ˆ‹”•–„”‘‡‹–‘‘”–Š‡”LaurasiaȋAngaralandȌƒ†‘—–Š‡”GondwanalandǤ ƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—”ƒ•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘†™ƒƒ †”‹ˆ–‡† ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ ‘†™ƒƒ ‹…Ž—†‡† –ƒ”…–‹…ƒǡ ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒǡ ˆ”‹…ƒǡ ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ•…ƒ”ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǦ‡™ —‹‡ƒǡƒ†‡™‡ƒŽƒ†ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”ƒ„‹ƒƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡ ‘™‘˜‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›‹–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š—•ǡˆ”‘‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›–™‘ƒ‹•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ”‡–Š‡Himalayan Mountain Chainǡwhich is a part of Laurasia or Angaralandƒ†–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ…ƒŽŽ‡† ‘†™ƒƒŽƒ†‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ ˆ‘”‡† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Ž‘…•Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‡‹‰ •’ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡–™‘‰‹ƒ–…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ„Ž‘…•™ƒ•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”Ǥ –™ƒ• ƒ•ŠƒŽŽ‘™•‡ƒ…ƒŽŽ‡† Tethy's SeaǤ—”‹‰–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡–‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†•ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡‹•—Žƒ”„Ž‘… „‡‰ƒ†”‹ˆ–‹‰‘”–Š™ƒ”†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒŠ—‰‡‰ƒ’ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”™Š‹…Š–”—Ž›…ƒ‡–‘ „‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒǤ •–Š‡ ’‡‹•—Žƒ” „Ž‘……‘–‹—‡† ‹–•†”‹ˆ– ‘”–Š™ƒ”†ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒ…‘–‹—‡†–‘ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†—’–Š‡†‡’”‡••‹‘•‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ••™Š‡‹–…‘’”‡••‡†–Š‡‡–Š›̵•‡ƒǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ™‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†ǤŠƒ– ™ƒ•‘…‡–Š‡‡–Š›ǯ•‡ƒhas become the Mediterranean SeaǤ–Š‡””‡ƒ–•ƒ”‡–Š‡Žƒ…ǡƒ•’‹ƒǡƒ†”ƒŽ ‡ƒ•ȋ˜‹ƒƒˆ‘”‡”‹Žƒ†„”ƒ…Š‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š›•ȌǤ Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›‹–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘†—…‡†‘”‡‘”Ž‡•••‹‹Žƒ”–›’‡‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ™‡ƒŽ–Š‹„‘–Š †‹ƒƒ† —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡‹–Š‡„‹‘–‹…Ž‹ˆ‡„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡…‡”–ƒ‹‡†‡‹…’Žƒ–ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•’‡…‹‡•ǡ’‘‹–‹‰–‘–Š‡•—’‡”…‘–‹‡–…‘‡…–‹‘Ǥ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– Strait of Lombok ‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹‘‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ—ƒ ‘ˆ †‘ƒŽƒ›ƒ ‡…‘œ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡†‹•–‹…–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ—ƒ‘ˆ—•–”ƒŽƒ•‹ƒǤŠ‡„‘—†ƒ”›‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡Wallace Lineǡˆ‘”Žˆ”‡† —••‡ŽƒŽŽƒ…‡ǡ™Š‘ˆ‹”•–”‡ƒ”‡†—’‘–Š‡•–”‹‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ †‘ǦƒŽƒ›•‹ƒˆ”‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆ —•–”ƒŽƒ•‹ƒƒ†Š‘™ƒ„”—’––Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›™ƒ•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘„‹‘‡•Ǥ

Rock Formations (Stratigraphy) –”—…–—”ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ †‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ••‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡ƒ‹†‹˜‹•‹‘•…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ o

Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‘—–ƒ‹Šƒ‹

o

Š‡‘”–Š †‹ƒŽƒ‹Ǣƒ†

o

Š‡‡‹•—Žƒ”Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •–”ƒ–‹‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ †‹ƒ …ƒ „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹˜‹•‹‘•ǣ 1.

Archean System

2.

Dharwar System

3.

Cudappah

4.

Vindhyan

5.

Paleozoic

6.

Mesozoic

7.

Gondwana

8.

Deccan Trap

9.

Tertiary

10. Alluvial

†‹ƒǡ „‡‹‰ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ …‘—–”›ǡ Šƒ• †‹˜‡”•‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡‰‹‘•‹ †‹ƒ…‘–ƒ‹”‘…•‘ˆƒŽŽ–›’‡•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… ’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘…• ƒ”‡ „ƒ†Ž› †‡ˆ‘”‡† ƒ† –”ƒ•—–‡†™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡”‡…‡–Ž›†‡’‘•‹–‡†ƒŽŽ—˜‹—–Šƒ–Šƒ•›‡––‘—†‡”‰‘†‹ƒ‰‡‡•‹•Ǥ‹‡”ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•—„…‘–‹‡–‹Š—‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 Archean formations

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Model Question - 2. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‡……ƒ’‡‹•—Žƒ‹•ƒ†‡—’”…Š‡ƒ‘…• ʹǤ ”…Š‡ƒ‘…•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‹‰‡‘—• ͵Ǥ ”…Š‡ƒ”‘…•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹‹‡”ƒŽ• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 2

Archean rocksǡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• Pre-Cambrian rocks ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡•– ”‘…• ‘ˆ

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•…”—•–ǤŠ‡”…Š‡ƒ’‡”‹‘†…‘˜‡”•ͺ͸Ǥ͹Ψ‘ˆ‘–ƒŽ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”› –‹‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹• ˜‡”› •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ǥ Š‹• ’‡”‹‘† ƒ”• –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆˆ‹”•–’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡•—’’‘”–ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹… ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”…Š‡ƒ ”‘…• ‹• –Šƒ– they are azoid, ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ devoid of any form of remnants of life in them. Š‡› •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ „ƒ•‡‡–…‘’Ž‡š‘”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‰‡‹••‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”…Š‡ƒ ”‘…• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† Purana Rocks means the oldest rocksǤ Š‡”…Š‡ƒ‘”—”ƒƒ”‘…•›•–‡‹ †‹ƒ‹•ˆ‘—†‹”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹•‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ʹȀ͵”†‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒ’‡‹•—Žƒƒ†•‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡•‡”‘…•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ„—†ƒ–‡–ƒŽŽ‹…ƒ†‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽŽ‹…‹‡”ƒŽ••—…Šƒ•‹”‘ǡ…‘’’‡”ǡƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡ„ƒ—š‹–‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†ǡœ‹…ǡ‰‘Ž†ǡ•‹Ž˜‡”ǡ–‹ǡ –—‰•–‡ǡ‹…ƒǡƒ•„‡•–‘•ǡ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ǡ‡–…Ǥ

Dharwar system Model Question - 3. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ †‹ƒǯ•ˆ‹”•–‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•ƒ”‡ˆ”‘Šƒ”™ƒ”›•–‡ ʹǤ Šƒ’‹‘••‡”‹‡•ƬŠƒ’ƒ‡”•‡”‹‡•„‡Ž‘‰–‘Šƒ”™ƒ”›•–‡‘ˆ‘…• ͵Ǥ  †‹ƒǡŠƒ”™ƒ”‘…•ƒ”‡‘™ˆ‘”ˆ‹†‹‰‘ˆ ‘Ž† Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 3

Šƒ”™ƒ”•›•–‡‹•Žƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”…Š‡ƒ•›•–‡„—–‘Ž†‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

•›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ”™ƒ” ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ”‘… ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ˆ‹š‡† ˆ”‘ ʹͷͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ –‘ ͳͺͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ  Šƒ”™ƒ” ‘… ›•–‡‹••’‡…‹ƒŽ„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•–Š‡first metamorphic sedimentary rocks ‹ †‹ƒǤ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ‡† Šƒ”™ƒ” •›•–‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†‹‡† ‹ Šƒ”™ƒ””‡‰‹‘‘ˆƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ—––Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹•ǡƒ‹Ž ƒ†—ǡŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡ‡ŽŠ‹ǡƒ†–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•”‡‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡Šƒ”™ƒ””‘…•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹‹”‘‘”‡ǡƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†ǡœ‹…ǡ‰‘Ž†ǡ•‹Ž˜‡” ‡–…Ǥ Š‡Champions series …‘–ƒ‹‹‰‰‘Ž†‹‡•Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹–Š‹••›•–‡ǤŠ‹• Šƒ’‹‘ •›•–‡ ‹• ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Šƒ’‹‘ ”‡‡ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Žƒ” ‘Ž† ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Žƒ” ‘Ž† ‹‡Ž†• …‘–ƒ‹ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡‡’‡•– ‰‘Ž† ‹‡• ‘ˆ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡‘–Š‡”•‡”‹‡•‘ˆŠƒ”™ƒ”•›•–‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

Šƒ’ƒ‡”•‡”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘—†‡ƒ”ƒ”‘†ƒǤŠ‹•‹••‘—”…‡‘ˆƒŽ—•Š‰”‡‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡Ǥ

x

Ž‘•‡’‡–•‡”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘—†‹ƒŽƒ‰Šƒ–ƒ†ŠŠ‹†™ƒ”ƒ‘ˆƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ –‹•”‹…Š‹‘’’‡”‘”‡•Ǥ

2 All are correct statements 3 All are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 5 x Š‹Ž’‹‡”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘—†‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡Ž‘•‡’‡–•‡”‹‡•‹ƒŽƒ‰Šƒ–ƒ†ŠŠ‹†™ƒ”ƒ x

”‘Ǧ”‡•‡”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‹‰Š„Š—ǡƒ›—”„ŠƒŒƒ†‡‘ŒŠƒ””ƒ‰ƒ‡•Ǥ

The Cudappah System & Vindhyan System Model Question - 4. Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‘…••›•–‡‹ †‹ƒ‹••’”‡ƒ†ˆ”‘Š‹––‘”‰ƒ”Š‹ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ‹™‡•––‘ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹‹Šƒ”‹‡ƒ•–ǫ Ǥ ‘†™ƒƒ Ǥ Šƒ”™ƒ” Ǥ ‹†Š›ƒ Ǥ —†ƒ’’ƒŠ •™‡”ǣ 4 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Cudappah System

—†ƒ’’ƒŠ ›•–‡ ”‘…• ƒ”‡ ”‹…Š ‹ ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹… ”‘…• •—…Š ƒ• •ƒ†•–‘‡ǡ•ŠƒŽ‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ“—ƒ”–œ‹–‡ǡƒ†•Žƒ–‡ǤŠ‡›…‘–ƒ‹‹”‘ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆ‡”‹‘” “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ‘”‡• ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ‹Ž› ˆ‘—† ‹ —†ƒ’’ƒŠ †‹•–”‹…– ‘ˆ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ…‡• •—…Š ƒ• ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ‡ŽŠ‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‡••‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ—†ƒ’’ƒŠ›•–‡‹•ƒ’ƒ‰Šƒ‹•‡”‹‡•ǡƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡”‹˜‡”‘ˆ•ƒ‡ƒ‡‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ Vindhyan System

Š‡‹†Š›ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ˆ‘”ƒ†‹˜‹†‹‰Ž‹‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ‰‡•’Žƒ‹ ƒ† ‡……ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ Š‡ ‹†›ƒ •›•–‡ ‹• ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‹†Š›ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǤŠ‹••›•–‡”‘…•ƒ”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†‹ †‹ƒˆ”‘ Š‹––‘”‰ƒ”Š ȋƒŒƒ•–ŠƒȌ –‘ ƒ•ƒ”ƒ ȋ‹Šƒ”ȌǤ Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒ ›•–‡ ‹• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹•„›–Š‡Great Boundary FaultǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ˆƒ‘—• •‘—”…‡•‘ˆ‡†ƒ†•–‘‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡™‡ŽŽ‘™ƒƒƒ† ‘Ž…‘†ƒ†‹ƒ‘†•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—† ‹–Š‹•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‹••›•–‡ƒ”‡Bhander series, Bijwar series and Kaimur seriesǤŽŽ ƒ”‡”‹…Š•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ

The Gondwana System or Carboniferous period System or Dravidian System • –Š‡ ƒ‡ •—‰‰‡•–•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ major coal deposits of India. Š‹••›•–‡ …‘–ƒ‹• ˆƒ‘—• Damuda and Panchet series ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ famous for coal deposits (discussed below). Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– …‘ƒŽ „‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •‡”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‰ƒŒǡ Šƒ”‹ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ’—”ǡ ƒ† ‘ƒ”‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‘†ƒ” „ƒ•‹ ‹ †‹•Šƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡…Š ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ‹ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ†ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ–Š‡ŒŠ‹‰—”†ƒ…‘ƒŽ•‡ƒȋŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”ŠȌǤŠ‡ ‘†™ƒƒ—’‡”‰”‘—’ˆ‘”•ƒ —‹“—‡•‡“—‡…‡‘ˆˆŽ—˜‹ƒ–‹Ž‡”‘…•†‡’‘•‹–‡†‹‡”‘Ǧƒ”„‘‹ˆ‡”‘—•–‹‡Ǥƒ‘†ƒ”ƒ†‘‡”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›ƒ† ƒŒƒŠƒŽŠ‹ŽŽ•‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒ‹•†‡’‘•‹–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒ”‘…•Ǥ

The Cretaceous system or the Deccan Trap Model Question - 5. …‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡‡……ƒ”ƒ’ǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‡……ƒ–”ƒ’‹••’”‡ƒ†‹ƒŽŽ•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ ʹǤ Š‡”‘…•‹‡……ƒ–”ƒ’ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‰‡‘—• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 5 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡„”‘ƒ†Ž›†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹–‘–Š”‡‡’ƒ”–•˜‹œǤ‡……ƒ–”ƒ’ǡ ‘†™ƒƒƒ† ‹†Š›ƒǤŠ‡‡……ƒ”ƒ’…‘˜‡”•ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ•‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ›†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ‡……ƒ”ƒ’‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ•—„Ǧƒ‡”‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡•‘œ‘‹… ‡”ƒǤ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡rocks of Deccan Trap are igneousǤ 4 Correct Answer is C. 5 Only 2 is a correct statement

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 6 Š‡ ‡……ƒ •›•–‡ ‹• ƒ”‡† „› ƒ –”ƒ•‰”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ƒ– ‘”‘ƒ†ƒŽ …‘ƒ•– ƒ† ƒ”ƒ†ƒ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ƒ† –Š‡ —’™‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆŠ—‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆƒ˜ƒȀ„ƒ•ƒŽ–ǡ•‘–Š‡”‡–ƒ…‡‘—••›•–‡‘”‡……ƒ”ƒ’‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆƒ•ƒŽ–”‘…•Ǥ Š‹••›•–‡‹•ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†Žƒ˜ƒ–”ƒ’ƒ†‹•͵ͲͲͲ‡–‡”• †‡‡’Ǥ Š‡ ”‘…• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •›•–‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ

Šƒ”Šƒ†ǡ”‹••ƒǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ How it was formed? Š‡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ Žƒ–‡ ‘„„‡† ‘”–Š™ƒ”† ƒˆ–‡” „”‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆˆˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒǡ‹–’ƒ••‡†‘˜‡”ƒ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… Š‘–•’‘–ǡ –Š‡ ±—‹‘ Š‘–•’‘–ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ—•‡†

Deccan Trap and Paleontological Murder Mystery ‘‡ •…‹‡–‹•–• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘—‡–ƒŽ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‡”—’–‹‘• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‹ŽŽ‡† –Š‡ †‹‘•ƒ—”• ͸ͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ǡ‘–ƒ‡–‡‘”‹’ƒ…–‹–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ǤŠ‡‡”—’–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š …”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‰‹‰ƒ–‹… ‡……ƒ ”ƒ’• Žƒ˜ƒ „‡†• ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ƒ”‡ ‘™ –Š‡ ’”‹‡ •—•’‡…– ‹ –Š‡ ‘•– ˆƒ‘—• ƒ† ’‡”•‹•–‡– ’ƒŽ‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ —”†‡”›•–‡”›ǡ •ƒ› •…‹‡–‹•–• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ …‘†—…–‡† ƒ •Ž‡™‘ˆ ‡™ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•Š‘‹‰†‘™‡”—’–‹‘–‹‹‰ǤŠ‡ƒ‹’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡……ƒ ‡”—’–‹‘• •’‡™‡† ͺͲ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ˜ƒ™Š‹…Š•’”‡ƒ†‘—– ˆ‘” Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ ‹Ž‡•Ǥ – ‹• …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† –‡ –‹‡• ‘”‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ƒŽ–‡”‹‰ ‰ƒ•‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› …‘…—””‡– Š‹…š—Ž—„ ‡–‡‘” ‹’ƒ…–ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ˜‘Ž…ƒ‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‹…‡–‘—”–‹ŽŽ‘–Ǥ

‡š–‡•‹˜‡‡Ž–‹‰—†‡”‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ †‹ƒ…”ƒ–‘ǤŠ‡‡Ž–‹‰„”‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ–‘‹ƒƒ••‹˜‡ ˆŽ‘‘†„ƒ•ƒŽ–‡˜‡–ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰™Šƒ–‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡‡……ƒ”ƒ’•Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ––Š‡‡—‹‘Š‘–•’‘–…ƒ—•‡† –Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†ƒ‰ƒ•…ƒ”ƒ† †‹ƒǤ

The Tertiary System Š‡‡”–‹ƒ”›”‘…•›•–‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘‡‘œ‘‹…‡”ƒǤŠ‡‡‘œ‘‹…‡”ƒŠƒ•–™‘’‡”‹‘†•ǯ˜‹œǤ–‡”–‹ƒ”›ƒ†“—ƒ–‡”ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”–‹ƒ”›’‡”‹‘†‹•ƒ„‘—–͸͸‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• „ƒ…Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ „”‡ƒǦ—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒ Žƒ† ‘……—””‡†‹–Š‹•‡”ƒƒ†–Š‡‡–Š›••‡ƒ‰‘–Ž‹ˆ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǤŠ‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘…•‘ˆ–Š‹••›•–‡ƒ”‡ ‹ ‘”–Š‡” ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ƒ”‡™ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ•Š‹” ƒ† „Šƒ†ƒ”™ƒŠǡ Bhangar, ƒ† Khadar ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– Žƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡ –‡””ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡Ž— ƒ”ƒ†ƒǡ ƒ’–‹‹ǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡ ”‹•Šƒǡƒ˜‡”‹ǡ‡–…Ǥƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‡”‘…•‘ˆ–Š‹•

Bhangar Plains Versus Khadar Plains Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– „‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‡‘œ‘‹… ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ‰ƒ” ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ —’Žƒ† ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ –”ƒ…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡” ƒŽŽ—˜‹—• ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‡™ ƒŽŽ—˜‹— –”ƒ…–• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘™ ƒ• Šƒ†ƒ”Ǥ‘ǡŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡŠƒ‰ƒ”‹•‘Ž†‡”™Š‹Ž‡Šƒ†ƒ”‹•‡™Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ‰ƒ” •‘‹Ž ‹• †ƒ” ‹ …‘Ž‘”ǡ ”‹…Š ‹ Š——• ƒ† ‹• ‘”‡ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ” ‹• ‡”‹…Š‡† „› ˆ”‡•Š †‡’‘•‹–• ‘ˆ •‹Ž– ‡˜‡”›”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘ǤŠƒ†ƒ”…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ•‹Ž–ǡ…Žƒ›ƒ†—†ƒ†‹• Ž‡•• ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ ‹ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘ Šƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ  †‹ƒǡ „‘–Š Šƒ‰ƒ”ƒ†Šƒ†ƒ”ƒ”‡—†‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›‹’‘”–ƒ– …”‘’•Ǥ

•›•–‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹…‘ƒ•–‘ˆƒ…Š…ŠŠǡƒ–‹ƒ™ƒ”ǡ‘ƒǡƒŽƒ„ƒ”ǡ‹Ž‰‹”‹ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ

The Gondwana and Tertiary Coal Deposits of India Model Question - 6. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ…‘ƒŽ‹ †‹ƒ‹•‘”‡ƒ„—†ƒ–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ ʹǤ ‘•–…‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…‡†‹ †‹ƒ‹•ˆ”‘ ‘†™ƒƒ‘ƒŽ ‹‡Ž†• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 6 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡ †‹ƒ …‘ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž†• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –™‘ ’ƒ”–• ˜‹œǤ ‘†™ƒƒ …‘ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ† ‡”–‹ƒ”› …‘ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ Š‡

‘†™ƒƒ ‹‡Ž†•ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”ͻͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡ƒ†ͻͻΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ…‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ‡•–ʹΨ‹• –Š‡ –‡”–‹ƒ”› …‘ƒŽǤ Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– distribution of coal in India is more abundant on the eastern side of the countryǤ Š‹Ž‡ ‘†™ƒƒ…‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ„‘—–ʹͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǡ–‡”–‹ƒ”›†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†Ǥ Gondwana Coal

Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒ …‘ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž†• occur mostly in the river valleys •—…Š ƒ• ƒ‘†ƒ”ǡ ƒŠƒƒ†‹ǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡ ƒ† ƒ”ƒ†ƒǤŠ‡ ‘†™ƒƒ…‘ƒŽ‹•ƒlaminated bituminous coal within which dull and bright layers alternateǤ Š‹• …‘ƒŽ ‹• almost free from moisture but it contains variable quantities of sulphur and phosphorousǤ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ

‘†™ƒƒ…‘ƒŽ‹•‰‘‘†•–‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ•…‘ƒŽǤThis is also known as metallurgical coal. Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ”‡•‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒ …‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‘†ƒ” ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ȋ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽǡ Šƒ”Šƒ†Ȍǡ Šƒ”‹ƒǡ ƒ‹‰ƒŒƒ†‘ƒ”‘ǤŠ‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡƒŠƒƒ†‹ǡ‘ƒ†ƒ”†Šƒ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹…‘ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ   6 Both are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-29

Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒ‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•‹ †‹ƒǣ

State West Bengal Bihar

Madha Pradesh

Area Damodar Valley Darjeeling District Damodar Valley Rajmahal Area Deogarh Area Hazaribagh District Palamu Region South Rawa Region North Chattishgarh Region South Chattishgarh Region Satpura Region

Maharashtra

Wardha Valley

Orissa Andhra Pradesh

Mahanadi Valley Pranhita – Godavari Valley

Uttar Pradesh Assam Sikkim

Tertiary coal

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Coalfields Raniganj (Trans Barakar),Bankura Bagrakote, Tindharia Ranigunj (Cis Barakar), Jharia, Bokaro, Chandrapura, South Karampura, North Karampura, Ramgarh Hura, Gilhuria and Jilbari, Chuparbhita, Pachwara, Brahmini Kundit Kuria, Sahajuri, Jainti Giridhi, Chope, Itkhori. Anuranga, Daltongunj, Hutar Singrauli, Korar, Johilla river, Umaria, Sohagpur Jhilmili, Tatapani-Ramkola, Sanhat, Jharkhand, Chirimiri-Kurasia, Koreagarh, Bassar, Bisrampur, Lakhanpur, Panchbhaini, Dambhamunda, Sendargarh Hasdo -Rampur, Korba, Raigarh, Mand River, Kankani. MOhpani, Sonada, Sahpur (Tawa), Dulhara (Tawa), Pathakera, Bamhanwara, Upper Tawa Valley, Kanhan Valley, Pench Valley. Kamptee, Bandar, Warora, Rajur (Wun), Ghugus – Telwasa, Chanda, Ballarpur, Wamanapalli, Antargaon – Aksapur, Sasti – Rajpura. Talcher, Ib river (Rampur – Hingir). Tandur Kanala, North Godavari, South Godavari, Jangam, Chinur-Sendrapalli, Kamavaram, Bandala – Alapalli, Singareni (yellendu), Lingala, Kothagudium, Damar-cherla, Kannergiri, Beddadanuru. Kota (in Mirzapur District) Abor, Aka and Daphla Hills Ranjit Valley

‡”–‹ƒ”›…‘ƒŽƒ……‘—–•ˆ‘”only 2% of coal in India.‡”–‹ƒ”›…‘ƒŽŠƒ•Ž‘™’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ‹š‡†…ƒ”„‘ƒ†Š‹‰Š ‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡‹‰‹–‡ǤŠ‡‡”–‹ƒ”›…‘ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹••ƒǡ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡƒ‰ƒŽƒ†ǡ ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒ— Ƭ ƒ•Š‹” ƒ† ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—Ǥ Out of them, Neyveli is the biggest lignite deposit of tertiary period. Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ y

Assam:ƒ—…‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†‹‹„”—‰ƒ”Š†‹•–”‹…–‹•–Š‡ƒ‹…‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ–Š‡”‹…Ž—†‡ƒŠ‘”ƒ–‹›ƒǡ‘‹‰”—‰ǡ ƒ„‘”ƒ†‘‰‘‹Ǥ

y

Meghalaya:Šƒ•‹ ƒ‹–‹ƒƒ†‹‹”Š‹ŽŽ•ǡƒŽ›‘‰ǡ‘‹‰”‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‘‰…‘ƒŽǦˆ‹‡Ž†•

y

Arunachal Pradesh:ƒ…Š‹…Ǧƒ’Š—ȋ‹”ƒ’Ȍ„‘”Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ‹”‹ǡƒ’ŠŽƒǡƒŠ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†‹ƒ‘—

y

Nagaland:ƒœ‹”ƒǡ ƒŒ‹ǡ‹•ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ”Œƒƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆƒ‰ƒŽƒ†Ǥ

y

Jammu and Kashmir:ƒŽƒ‘–ǡ‘Š‘‰ƒŽƒǡ‡–ƒǡƒ††ƒƒ†ƒ—‰ƒ”ƒ”‰

Part II.

Physiographic Features of India

†‹ƒ…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‹š’Š›•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…”‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ y

Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•

y

‘”–Š‡”Žƒ‹•

y

Š‡ ”‡ƒ– †‹ƒ‡•‡”–

y

Š‡‡‹•—Žƒ”Žƒ–‡ƒ—

y

‘ƒ•–ƒŽŽƒ‹•

y

•Žƒ†•

The Himalayan Mountains ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ‰‡‘”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡ƒ”ƒ‘”ƒǡ–Š‡‹†——•Šǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ǡŽ‡••‡”ǡ”ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ– ‡š–‡† ‘—– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ‘–Ǥ Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹ •›•–‡ ‹• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• Š‹‰Š‡•–ǡ ƒ† Š‘‡ –‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• Š‹‰Š‡•– ’‡ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ‹‰Š–Ǧ–Š‘—•ƒ†‡”•ǡ ™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡‘—–˜‡”‡•–ƒ†ʹǤ After Himalayan peaks, it is Aconcagua, in the Andes, at 6,962 metres, known to be the highest peak outside Asia. Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘˜‡”ͳͲͲ‘—–ƒ‹•‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•›•–‡–Šƒ– ‡š…‡‡†•͹ǡʹͲͲǤŠ‡ƒ‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡•”—ˆ”‘ †—•”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›‹–Š‡™‡•––‘–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›‹‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”‹‰ƒƒ”…ʹǡͶͲͲŽ‘‰ǡ™Š‹…Š˜ƒ”‹‡• ‹™‹†–Šˆ”‘ͶͲͲ‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”ƒ•Š‹”Ǧ‹Œ‹ƒ‰”‡‰‹‘–‘ͳͷͲ‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”‹„‡–Ǧ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Š Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 8 ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ –Š‹•ʹͶͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”Ž‘‰ƒ”…ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡three coextensive sub-ranges, with the northernmost, and highest, known as the Great or Inner HimalayasǤ‘‡‘–Š‡”…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹–‘ˆ‘—”‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡• ˜‹œǤ–Š‡Trans-Himalaya or the Tethys Himalayaǡ–Š‡Greater Himalaya, Lesser Himalayaƒ†Ȁ‘”Shivalik Himalaya. ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ •›•–‡ ‰‹˜‡• ”‹•‡ –‘ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”Ž†̵• ƒŒ‘” ”‹˜‡” •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡ …‘„‹‡† †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ „ƒ•‹ ‹• Š‘‡ –‘ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ž‡••–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ™‘”Ž†̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡ƒ˜‡”‡•–‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‡’ƒŽǤ‘–Š‡”’‡ƒʹ‹•‘ –Š‡„‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒƒ†Š‹ƒǤƒ…Š‡Œ—‰ƒ‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡„‘”†‡”‘ˆ‡’ƒŽƒ† †‹ƒǤƒ†ƒ‡˜‹‹•–Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡ƒ™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒǤ

Himalayan Orogeny

‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹•–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ–‡…–‘‹…’Žƒ–‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‘”–Š™ƒ”†ƒ–ͳͷ… ’‡” ›‡ƒ” –‘ ‹’ƒ…– –Š‡ —”ƒ•‹ƒ …‘–‹‡–ǡ ƒ„‘—– ͶͲǦͷͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ƒ”… ”‡•—Ž–‡†•‹…‡–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‡””‘…‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ„‡†•‘ˆ–Šƒ––‹‡™ƒ•‡ƒ•‹Ž›—’Ž‹ˆ–‡†‹–‘ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡’”‘‘ˆ…‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•ˆƒ…–‹•–Šƒ–summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone. †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–™ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‘†™ƒƒƒ†™ƒ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘—”ƒ•‹ƒ„› –Š‡ Paleo-Tethys Ocean †—”‹‰ ƒ–‡ ”‡…ƒ„”‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹… ’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ Š‡ǡ‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ”„‘‹ˆ‡”‘—•ǡƒ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”‹ˆ–‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‘–‹‡–ƒ†–Š‡Cimmerian Superterranes,™Š‹…Š•—””‘—†‡† †‹ƒ‹ –Š‡”‡…ƒ„”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‘™ƒ”†•‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‡ƒ”Ž›‡”‹ƒǡ–Š‹•”‹ˆ–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–‘–Š‡Neotethys OceanǤ ”‘–Šƒ– –‹‡ ‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹‡”‹ƒ —’‡”–‡””ƒ‡• †”‹ˆ–‡† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‘†™ƒƒ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǤ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ ”ƒǡˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒƒ†‹„‡–ƒ”‡’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡””‡‡•Ǥ ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹͳͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘‡ƒ”•‰‘ǡƒƒŒ‘””‹ˆ–‹‰‡’‹•‘†‡•’Ž‹– ‘†™ƒƒ‹–™‘ ’ƒ”–•ǤŠ‡ †‹ƒ…‘–‹‡–„‡…ƒ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•– ‘†™ƒƒǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ†–ƒ”…–‹…ƒǤƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡„”‘‡‘ˆˆˆ”‘—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ†–ƒ”…–‹…ƒ‹–Š‡ ƒ”Ž› ”‡–ƒ…‡‘—• ȋͳ͵ͲǦͳʹͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‡ƒ”• ‰‘Ȍ ™‹–Š –Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡̶‘—–Š †‹ƒ…‡ƒ̶Ǥ ”‘—† ͺͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‡ƒ”• ‰‘ǡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ’’‡” ”‡–ƒ…‡‘—•ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ „‡‰ƒ ‹–• ˜‡”› ”ƒ’‹† ‘”–Š™ƒ”††”‹ˆ–…‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–͸ͲͲͲǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹…Ǧ‘…‡ƒ‹… •—„†—…–‹‘ …‘–‹—‹‰ —–‹Ž –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ …Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… „ƒ•‹ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘…‡ƒ‹… ‘’Š‹‘Ž‹–‡ ‘–‘ †‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ …‘–‹‡–Ǧ…‘–‹‡– –‡…–‘‹… ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ •–ƒ”–‹‰ƒ–ƒ„‘—–͸ͷƒ‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǤ Š‹•”ƒ’‹†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•’‡‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ†•‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡•™ƒ•˜‡”›ˆƒ•–ȋͳͺǦ ͳͻǤͷ …Ȁ›”Ȍǡ ƒ† ‹– Žƒ–‡” „‡…ƒ‡ ˆƒ•– ȋͶǤͷ …Ȁ›”Ȍ ƒ– ͷͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‡ƒ”• ‰‘Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ„‘—–ʹͷͲͲ‘ˆ…”—•–ƒŽ•Š‘”–‡‹‰ƒ†”‘–ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ †‹ƒ„› Ͷͷι…‘—–‡”…Ž‘…™‹•‡‹‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ–‘ͳͲιǦͳͷι…‘—–‡”…Ž‘…™‹•‡‹‘”–Š‡–”ƒŽ‡’ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘ •‹ƒǤ —”‹‰ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡••ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹… …”—•– ™ƒ• ̶•‹’Ž›̶ •—„†—…–‡† „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ‹„‡–ƒ „Ž‘… †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”–Š™ƒ”†‘–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ —–ƒ“—‡•–‹‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–‘ˆʹͷͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‰‘‡ǡ™Š‹…Š †‹ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡††—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†Šƒ• „‡‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›—†‡”•–—†‹‡•Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†ǡ•‹…‡…‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ǡ–‘ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 9 –Š‡ʹͷͲͲ‘ˆ̶‹••‹‰…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–̶ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‡…Šƒ‹••ƒ›•–Šƒ–‹•ʹͷͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ…”—•–ƒŽ•‘ ‰‘–•—„†—…–‡†„‡Ž‘™‹„‡–Ǥ ‡…‘†‹•–Š‡‡š–”—•‹‘‘”‡•…ƒ’‡–‡…–‘‹…•‡…Šƒ‹•ȋ‘Žƒ”Ƭƒ’’‘‹‡”ͳͻ͹ͷȌ™Š‹…Š•‡‡•–Š‡ †‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡ ƒ•ƒ‹†‡–‡”–Šƒ–•“—‡‡œ‡†–Š‡ †‘…Š‹ƒ„Ž‘…‘—–‘ˆ‹–•™ƒ›ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†’”‘’‘•‡†‡…Šƒ‹•‹•–Šƒ–ƒŽƒ”‰‡’ƒ”– ȋ̱ͳͲͲͲ  ȋ‡™‡›ǡ ƒ†‡ Ƭ ‹–ƒ ͳͻͺͻȌ ‘” ̱ͺͲͲ –‘ ̱ͳʹͲͲ Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹͷͲͲ  ‘ˆ …”—•–ƒŽ •Š‘”–‡‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡† „› –Š”—•–‹‰ ƒ† ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡†‹‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ••‹˜‡ †‹ƒ ƒ”‰‹ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹„‡–ƒ …”—•–Ǥ —–‘ˆ –Š‡ǡ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ•– ‡…Šƒ‹• ™Š‹…Š ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǤ

Classification of the Himalaya System Š‡ †‹ƒ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘ȋ Ȍ™‹–ŠʹͷͲǦ͵ͲͲƒ…”‘•••–”‡–…Š‡•‘˜‡”ʹǡͷͲͲˆ”‘ ƒ—Ƭƒ•Š‹”‹ –Š‡™‡•––‘”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Š‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‹•‰”‡ƒ–…Šƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘—–ƒ‹• ‹ †‹ƒ –‡””‹–‘”› ‡š–‡†• ƒŽŽ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”„‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”„‘”†‡”‘ˆ ƒ‹•–ƒ‘–Š‡™‡•––‘–Š‡ˆ”‘–‹‡”•‘ˆ›ƒƒ”‹–Š‡‡ƒ•– …‘˜‡”‹‰’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›Ȁˆ—ŽŽ›–™‡Ž˜‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ˜‹œǤǡ ƒ—Ƭ ƒ•Š‹”ǡ‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ––ƒ”ƒ…ŠƒŽǡ‹‹ǡ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒ‰ƒŽƒ†ǡ ƒ‹’—”ǡ ‹œ‘”ƒǡ ”‹’—”ƒǡ ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒ ƒ† Š‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ••ƒ Ƭ ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽǤ Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ„‘—–ͳ͸ǤʹΨ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒƒ†͵Ǥͺ͸Ψ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‹• ˜ƒ•–ǡ ”—‰‰‡† ƒ† ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡Ǥ – •—’’‘”–• ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡–Š‹… ƒ† „‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‡–Š‹… …‘’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ •–”‹‹‰ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘Ǣ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ –Š‹”† ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ •…Š‡†—Ž‡† –”‹„‡• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹Šƒ„‹– –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ –Š‹… •’‡…–”ƒ ‘ˆ …‡–”ƒŽ ƒ† ™‡•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡” …‘•’‹…—‘—•Ž› ˆ”‘ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǤŠ‡”‡‰‹‘‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›‘—–ƒ‹ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹–‹‡•˜‹œǤ‹ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡ǡƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹–›ǡ†‹˜‡”•‹–› ȋŠ‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–›Ȍǡ‹…Š‡ȋƒ–—”ƒŽ•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȍƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘……—’‹‡• –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹… ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–‹”‡ ‘”–Š‡” „‘—†ƒ”› ȋ‘”–ŠǦ‡•– –‘ ‘”–ŠǦƒ•–Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† …‘–ƒ‹• •‘™Ǧ…Žƒ† ’‡ƒ•ǡ ‰Žƒ…‹‡”• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ††‡•‡ˆ‘”‡•–…‘˜‡”‘ˆ‹†Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǤ ‘‡•…Š‘Žƒ”•†‘̵–…‘ˆ‹‡–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ †—•ƒ†”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ”‹˜‡”•ƒ†‘’‹‡–Šƒ– ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‡š–‡†„‡›‘† †—•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒœƒ”ƒǡ—Žƒ‹ƒǡ—‰ƒ–‹ƒ†ƒƒ”ƒ”ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–•’”‡ƒ†—’–‘–Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ –Š‡•ƒ‡‘’‹‹‘ǡ‹‡ƒ•–ǡ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‡š–‡†–‹ŽŽƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ †‘Ǧ›ƒƒ”Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ ”ƒƒ‘ƒƒ†‡ƒ•‹”‹”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”•˜‹‡™ǡ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‡š–‡†ˆ”‘ †—•‹–Š‡™‡•––‘„‡›‘†–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒGorge‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ǥ Model Question - 7. (IAS 2012) Š‡›‘—–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ͳǤ ‡‡’‰‘”‰‡• ʹǤ Ǧ–—””‹˜‡”…‘—”•‡• ͵Ǥ ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡• ͶǤ –‡‡’‰”ƒ†‹‡–•…ƒ—•‹‰Žƒ†•Ž‹†‹‰ Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡…ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡–Š‡‡˜‹†‡…‡•ˆ‘”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•„‡‹‰young fold mountainsǫ Answer: 7 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

7 1, 2, 3 & 4

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 10 Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‡š–‡†•Ž‹‡ƒ…—”˜‡‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž”ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›ʹͷͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•ƒ…”‘•••‘—–Š‡”•‹ƒǤŠ‡›‘—‰ ˆ‘Ž† ‘—–ƒ‹• …‘•‹•– ‘ˆ ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ”ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š †‡‡’ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ ‡‹‰ young fold mountainsǡ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒŠƒ•˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‘…•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ†‡‡’‰‘”‰‡•ƒ†Š‹‰Š’›”ƒ‹†ƒŽ’‡ƒ•Ǥ ‹‰Š‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• Šƒ˜‡ •–‡‡’ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ —’Ž‹ˆ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰Š ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ – Šƒ• „‡‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽ‘‰ƒ†ƒ””‘™ƒ”…‘ˆ‹‰Š‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Šƒ•„‡‡—’Ž‹ˆ–‡††—”‹‰“—ƒ–‡”ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ‰‡•‹•†‘‡‘–Š”‡‡„ƒ•‡•˜‹œǤGeographicalǡRegionalƒ†Geological.

Geographical Regions of Himalaya ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‹•–‹…–‹ˆŽ‘”ƒƒ†ˆƒ—ƒƒŽ•‘ǤŠ‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘•ǡ †‡ƒ”…ƒ–‡†ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•–Š”—•–ƒ†ˆƒ—Ž–•ǡƒ‡–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•†‹˜‡”•‡ǤŠ‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘tropical at the base of the mountains –‘ permanent ice and snow at the highest elevationsǤ Š‡ amount of yearly rainfall increases generally from west to east along the front of the range.Š‹•†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡƒŽ–‹–—†‡ǡ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ† •‘‹Ž …‘†‹–‹‘• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• ‡‘”‘—• „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ‹‰ ‹– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘–•’‘–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡‡”ƒ‹„‡Ž– ʹǤ Šƒ„Šƒ”„‡Ž– ͵Ǥ Š‹™ƒŽ‹‹ŽŽ•Ƭ ‡”‡”ƒ‹ ͶǤ ‡••‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ͷǤ ‹†Žƒ†• ͸Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ͹Ǥ ”ƒ•Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ Terai belt

‡”ƒ‹ „‡Ž– ‹• –Š‡ œ‘‡ ‘ˆ •ƒ† ƒ† …Žƒ› •‘‹Ž• ƒ– –Š‡ Œ—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”–Š‡” ’Žƒ‹• ƒ† ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ • –Š‡ ƒ‡ •—‰‰‡•–•ǡ‡”ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘‰‡–•Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–Šƒ–Š‡’Žƒ‹•ǤŠ‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹˜‡”•‹••Ž‘™‡††‘™‹ –Š‡‡”ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•‡rivers deposit fertile silt during the monsoonsǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”–ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘‹•Š‹‰Šƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›•ƒ˜ƒƒŠ‹ƒ‘•ƒ‹…‘ˆ†‡…‹†—‘—•ƒ†‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ˆ‘”‡•–•…ƒŽŽ‡†Terai-Duar forestsǤ Bhabhar belt

Šƒ„ƒ” „‡Ž– ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‡Ž–ǡ ƒŽ•‘ •‘‡–‹‡• ‘™ ƒ• Himalayan foothillsǤ – ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ’‘”‘—• ƒ† ”‘…› •‘‹Ž• –Šƒ– ‰‡– ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡„”‹• ™ƒ•Š‡† †‘™ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ Š‡”‡ ‹• •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•Himalayan subtropical pine forestsƒ†Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forestsǤŠ‡ Himalayan subtropical pine forestsƒ”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›Chir treesƒ†Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forestsƒ”‡ †‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•ƒŽ–”‡‡(Shorea robusta)Ǥ Shivalik Hills & Inner Terai

Shivaliks or Churia or Margalla Hills ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘—–‡”‘•– ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ• ‡š–‡†‹‰ ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ”‡‰‹‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡ †‹ƒǡ‡’ƒŽƒ†Š—–ƒǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‹Ž›Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰ƒ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ”‘–ƒŽŠ”—•–ȋ ȌǤ Š‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Š‡”‡‹•†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ’‹‡ƒ†„”‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆˆ‘”‡•–•ǤŠ‡ ‡”‡”ƒ‹˜ƒŽŽ‡›• ƒ”‡‘’‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‘”–Š‘ˆŠ‹™ƒŽ‹‹ŽŽ•‘”‡•–Ž‡†„‡–™‡‡Š‹™ƒŽ‹•—„”ƒ‰‡•Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‹…Ž—†‡‡Š”ƒ—‹ †‹ƒƒ†Š‹–™ƒ‹‡’ƒŽǤ Lesser Himalaya

Lesser Himalaya is also known as Mahabharat ZoneǤŠ‡Š‹ŽŽ•Š‡”‡”ƒ‰‡ʹͲͲͲ–‘͵ͲͲͲ‡–‡”•ƒ†ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘—†ƒ”› Š”—•– ȋȌ ˆƒ—Ž– œ‘‡Ǥ Š‹• œ‘‡ ‹• Š‘‡ –‘ some of the deepest canyons in the worldǤŠ‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Š‡”‡‹•‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ Midlands

Š‹•”‡‰‹‘‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠƒ„Šƒ”ƒ–ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘”‡••‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǤ –‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ‹‡–”ƒŽ Š”—•–ˆƒ—Ž–œ‘‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ„‡‰‹Ǥ‡”‡–Š‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š…‘‹ˆ‡”‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š„”‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Greater Himalaya

Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ single range and the oldest ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ”ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š ƒŠ‡‹‰Š– ƒ„‘˜‡ ͸ǡͲͲͲ  ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‘—– ˜‡”‡•–ǡ ʹ ƒ† ƒ…Š‡†œ‘‰ƒ ƒ† ‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͶ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’‡ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‘”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‡–”ƒŽ Š”—•–Ǥ ‡”‡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ”ƒ‰‡• ”‹•‡ ƒ„”—’–Ž› ‹–‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’‡”’‡–—ƒŽ •‘™ ƒ† ‹…‡Ǥ Š‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ƒŽ’‹‡ •Š”—„ ƒ† ‡ƒ†‘™•Ǥ Š‡ •Š”—„Žƒ†• ƒ”‡ …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ Œ—‹’‡”• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ”Š‘†‘†‡†”‘•Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ’‘••‡•• ƒ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ™‹Ž†ˆŽ‘™‡”•Ǥ Valley of Flowers National Park ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ƒŽ’‹‡ •Š”—„ ƒ† ‡ƒ†‘™• …‘–ƒ‹• Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ•’‡…‹‡•ǤŠ‡—’’‡”Ž‹‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ••Žƒ†•‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǡ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘͵ǡͷͲͲ‡–‡”•–‘ ͷǡͷͲͲ‡–‡”•Ǥ Trans-Himalayas

Š‡–”ƒ•Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹•–Š‡”ƒ‹Ǧ•Šƒ†‘™”‡‰‹‘Œ—•–„‡Š‹†–Š‡ƒ‹’‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™‡”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ’Žƒ…‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ•Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‹„‡–ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†ƒŠ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ȋ †—• ƒŽŽ‡›Ȍ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒŠƒ—ŽǦ‹ƒ—”Ǧ’‹–‹ ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ† ‹ ‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡” ‡’ƒŽ –Š‡ ‘Ž’‘Ȁ‘Ž’ƒǡ—•–ƒ‰ǡƒƒ‰ǡ—Žƒƒ†—‰—ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡”ƒ•Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡƒ‹Ž›…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹–‡•ƒ† ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…”‘…•‘ˆ‡‘‰‡‡ƒ†ƒŽ‡‘‰‡‡ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡„‘—†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ•ȋ•‘—–Š™‡•–Ȍǡ‰ƒ‰Ž‘‰ƒ‰”‹ȋ‘”–ŠȌǡ ƒ†›ƒ‹“²–ƒ‰ŽŠƒȋ•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–Ȍ‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•ƒ†„›–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ‹˜‡”Ǥ

Regional Divisions of Himalayas ”‘™‡•––‘ƒ•–ǡ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ǣ y

Š‡ƒ•Š‹”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•

y

Š‡‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•

y

Š‡—ƒ—‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•

y

Š‡‡–”ƒŽƬ‹‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•

y

Š‡”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†—”˜ƒ…ŠƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•

The Kashmir Himalayas

Š‡ ƒ•Š‹” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Šƒ• –Š‡ largest number of Glaciers in IndiaǤ Š‡ƒ†ƒŠ”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š‹”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹• †‹ƒ̵•‘Ž†‡•‡”– ‹‘•’Š‡”‡”‡•‡”˜‡Ǥ •’‡…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‘ˆƒ•Š‹”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹•–Š‡ƒ”‡™ƒ †‡’‘•‹–•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ•‹Ž–ǡ…Žƒ›ƒ†•ƒ†ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡™ƒ•ƒ”‡ ‘™ ˆ‘” •ƒˆˆ”‘ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ‘”…Šƒ”†• ‘ˆ ˆ”—‹–• ƒ† †”› ˆ”—‹–• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ’’Ž‡ǡ ’‡ƒ…Šǡ ƒŽ‘†ǡ ƒ† ™ƒŽ—–Ǥ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ•Š‹” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ”‡ Žƒ…‹‡”•ǡ •‘™ ’‡ƒ•ǡ †‡‡’ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›• ƒ† ‹‰Š ‘—–ƒ‹ ’ƒ••‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’ƒ••‡• ƒ”‡ ‹”Ǧ ƒŒƒŽǡƒ‹ŠƒŽǡ‘Œ‹Ǧƒǡƒ•‡”ǦƒǡŠƒ‰Ǧƒǡ ƒ”ƒǦƒ‡–…Ǥ The Himachal Himalayas

‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡•’”‡ƒ†‹‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤŠ‡‘Š–ƒ‰ǡƒ”ƒǦƒ…ŠƒǡŠ‹’‹Ǧƒƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ••‡• Œ‘‹‹‰ †‹ƒ ƒ† Š‹ƒǤ  Š‡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‘ˆ —ŽŽ—ǡ ƒ‰”ƒǡ ƒƒŽ‹ǡ ƒŠƒ—Žǡ ’‹–‹ ƒ”‡ ‘™ˆ‘” ‘”…Šƒ”†•ƒ† –‘—”‹•– •’‘–•Ǥ The Kumaun Himalayas / Central Himalayas / Garhwal Himalayas Model Question - 8. (IAS 2003) ƒ†ƒ‡˜‹’‡ƒˆ‘”•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ̴̴̴ǣ Ǥ ••ƒ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Ǥ —ƒ‘‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Ǥ ‡’ƒŽ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Ǥ —Œƒ„‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• •™‡”ǣ 8 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹ 8 Correct Answer is B.,

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Conventional General Studies-29

Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 —ƒ—‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡—–Ž‡Œƒ†

www.gktoday.in 12

Garhwal Himalaya versus Kumaon Himalaya

ƒŽ‹ ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ Š‘‡ –‘ India's highest peak

Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ —ƒ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• ƒ”Š™ƒŽ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ•– ƒ• —ƒ‘Ǥ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ”Š™ƒŽ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒŽ‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Žƒ–Ǥʹͻι͵ͳ̵ͻ̵̵ƒ†͵ͳιʹ͸̵ͷ̶ƒ†Ž‘‰Ǥ ͹͹ι͵͵̵ ͷ̶ ƒ† ͺͲι͸̵ Ͳ̶ ™‹–Š ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ʹͻǡͲͺͻ Ǥ

Nanda DeviǤ –Š‡” ’‡ƒ• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ —ƒ— ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒ‡–ǡ ”‹•Š—Žǡ ƒ†”‹ƒ–Šǡ ‡†ƒ”ƒ–Šǡ —ƒ‰‹”‹ǡ ƒ‰‘–”‹ ‡–…Ǥ ƒ‰‘–”‹ ƒ† ‹†ƒ” ƒ”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–‰Žƒ…‹‡”•Ǥ The Sikkim (Central) Himalayas

‹‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†„‡›‘†–Š‡ƒŽ‹‹˜‡”—’–‘–Š‡‡‡•–ƒ‹˜‡”Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‡’ƒŽƒ† ‘™ ƒ• ‡–”ƒŽ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ”‡ Š‘‡ –‘ highest peaks of Himalayas such as Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna‡–…ǤIt is characterized by very few passesǤ™‘’ƒ••‡•˜‹œǤƒ–Š— ƒƒ† ‡Ž‡’Ǧƒƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•–Š‡›…‘‡…– †‹ƒǯ•‹‹–‘‹„‡–‘ˆŠ‹ƒǤ Eastern Himalayas & Purvanchal Hills

Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‘……—’› –Š‡ ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ† Š—–ƒǤ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– Š‹ŽŽ• ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ”‡ Aka Hills, Daphla Hills, Miri Hills, Mishmi Hills, Namcha Barwa ‡–…Ǥ Š‡ Dihang and Debang passes of Arunachal Pradesh are its parts.  ƒ••‹‰

Syntaxial bends in Himalayas ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹•ƒ”‡†ƒ––Š‡„‘–Š–Š‡™‡•–‡”ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”‡†•„› ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ›–ƒš‹ƒŽ „‡†• ‹ ”‘… •–”—…–—”‡ ™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡ –‹‰Š–ǡ ˆƒ—Ž– „‘—†‡†ǡ –”ƒ’†‘‘” ‘” ’‘’Ǧ—’ —’Ž‹ˆ–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒƒ”„ƒ– ‘–Š‡ ™‡•– ƒ† ƒ…Š‡ ƒ”™ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ•– Šƒ˜‡ ‘……—””‡† ‹ ’ƒ•– ˆ‡™ ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”–Š‡‡†‘ˆ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ–„‘–Š‡†ǡ‘”‡ ’”‘‹‡–Ž›ƒ––Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†Ǥ

ˆ”‘ ”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”† ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡” ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ Š‹• ‹• ‘™ ƒ• —”˜ƒ…ŠƒŽ ‹ŽŽ•Ǥ —”˜ƒ…ŠƒŽ ‹ŽŽ• …‘’”‹•‡• –Š‡ Patkai hills, the Manipur hills, Bairal range, the Mizo hills and the Naga hillsǤ – ‹• ƒ †‡•‡Ž› ˆ‘”‡•–‡†ƒ”‡ƒǡƒ‹Ž›…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ•–”‘‰•ƒ†•–‘‡•Ǥ

Geological Divisions of Himalayas ”‘ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™ǡ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”œ‘‡•ǤŠ‡•‡œ‘‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹• ‘ˆƒ‰‡ƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘…•Ǥ ƒ

Tibetan Region: Š‹•”‡‰‹‘Ž‹‡•‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ‘…•‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘†ƒ–‡„ƒ…ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒŽƒ‡‘œ‘‹…”ƒ–‘Ž‡‹•–‘…‡‡’‘…ŠǤ

ƒ

Central or Himalayan Zone:Š‹•œ‘‡Šƒ•Isoclinal foldsƒ†‹–‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†•‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ‡••‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ The Isoclinal folds are essentially parallel to each other ƒ† –Š—• ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡ƒš‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‡ǤŠ‹•”‡‰‹‘Šƒ•ƒ„—†ƒ–”‘…••—…Šƒ•‰”ƒ‹–‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹…”‘…•Ž‹‡ •…Š‹•–•ƒ†‰‡‹••ǤŠ‹•”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•‘Šƒ••‡†‹‡–ƒ”›”‘…•Ǥ

ƒ

Himalayan Nappe Zone:   ƒ’’‡ ȋŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ• –ƒ„Ž‡…Ž‘–ŠȌ ‹• ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ •Š‡‡–Ž‹‡ „‘†› ‘ˆ ”‘… –Šƒ– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘˜‡† •‘‡ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‹–• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ƒ’’‡• ˆ‘” †—”‹‰ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡ …‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡ ˆ‘Ž†• ƒ”‡ •Š‡ƒ”‡† •‘ —…Š –Šƒ– –Š‡› ˆ‘Ž† „ƒ… ‘˜‡” ‘ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† „”‡ƒ ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰•–”—…–—”‡‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡”‡…—„‡–ˆ‘Ž†ǤŠ‡ƒ’’‡•ƒ”‡‘•–…‘‘‹ƒ•Š‹”ƒ†—ƒ— ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ

ƒ

Outer or Sub-Himalayan Zone: Š‹• œ‘‡ ‹…Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ‹™ƒŽ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ‹Ž› …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ •‡†‹‡–ƒ”›†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ—’’‡”–‡”–‹ƒ”›’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡Š‹˜ƒŽ‹Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ‹Ž›†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡‡”‘†‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

Important Mountain passes in Himalayas Š‡”—‰‰‡†–‡””ƒ‹ƒ‡•ˆ‡™”‘—–‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‘—–‡•‹…Ž—†‡ǣ 9 Banihal is an important pass connecting the hill areas of Jammu to the Kashmir Valley. The Jawahar Tunnel (named after Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru), inaugurated in December 1956, was constructed for round-the-year surface transport 9 Zoji La lies between the valley of Kashmir and the Kargil district, and is the only Western entrance to the highlands of Ladakh.

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 13 9 Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh, India. 9 Mohan Pass is the principal pass in the Shiwalik Hills, the southernmost and geologically youngest foothills running parallel to the main Himalayas in Sikkim. 9 Kora La at 4,594 meters elevation on the Nepal-Tibet border at the upper end of Mustang. The Kali Gandaki Gorge transects the main Himalaya and Transhimalayan ranges. Kora La is the lowest pass through both ranges between K2 and Everest, but some 300 metres higher than Nathula and Jelepla passes further east between Sikkim and Tibet. 9 Aghill Pass: Situated to the north of K2 in the Karakoram at an elevation of 5000 meters, joins Ladakh with the Xinjiang Province of China. 9 Bara-Lacha: Bara-lacha la also known as Bara-lacha Pass is located in the Zanskar range connecting Lahaul district in Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, situated along the Leh-Manali highway. 9 Bomdi-La: It connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. 9 Chang-La: The Changla Pass or Chang La Pass (el. 5,360 m is located in Ladakh, India. It is the third highest motorable road in the world. 9 Debsa Pass: Debsa Pass is a 5,360-metre (17,590 ft) high mountain pass in the Himalaya mountains between the Kullu and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh. 9 Dihang-Debang: Situated in the state of Arunachal Pradesh at an elevation of about 4000 feet this pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Mandalay (Myanmar). The Dihang-Debang Biosphere reserve is located around this area. Important Peaks of Himalayas Peak Name Everest K2 Kangchenjunga Lhotse Makalu Cho Oyu Dhaulagiri Manaslu Nanga Parbat Annapurna Gasherbrum I Broad Peak Gasherbrum II Shishapangma Gyachung Kang Gasherbrum IV Masherbrum Nanda Devi Rakaposhi Tirich Mir Gangkhar Puensum Ismoil Somoni Peak Machapuchare Ama Dablam Kailash (Don’t Cram)

Other names and meaning Elevation Sagarmatha (Nepali), "Head of the World", 8,848 Chogo Gangri, Qogir Feng, Mount Godwin Austen, Dapsang 8,611 Kangchen Dzö-nga, "Five Treasures of the Great Snow" 8,586 South Peak 8,516 The Great Black 8,462 Qowowuyag, "Turquoise Goddess" 8,201 White Mountain 8,167 Kutang, "Mountain of the Spirit" 8,156 Diamir, "Naked Mountain" 8,126 Goddess of the Harvests 8,091 Beautiful Mountain 8,080 Faichan Kangri 8,047 – 8,035 Xixiabangma, "Crest Above The Grassy Plains", Gosainthan 8,013 unknown 7,952 – 7,925 unknown 7,821 Bliss-giving Goddess 7,817 Shining Wall 7,788 King of Shadows or "King of Tirich Valley" 7,708 Gankar Punzum, "Three Mountain Siblings" 7,570 Stalin Peak 1933–1962 7,495 Fish Tail 6,993 Mother And Her Necklace 6,848 6,638 Sanskrit: KailǙsa Parvata, Tibetan: Kang Rinpoche (Precious Snow Peak), Mandarin Chinese: GǙngrénbȅqí fǟng source wikipedia

Eastern Himalayas versus Western Himalayas Model Question - 9. (IAS 2007) Š‡ƒŽ’‹‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹•ˆ‘—†‘Ž›—’–‘ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ͵ͲͲͲ‡–‡”•™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹–‹• ˆ‘—†—’–‘ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆͶͲͲͲ‡–‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡‹•–Šƒ– Ǥ ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Ǥ ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡‡ƒ”‡”–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ†•‡ƒ…‘ƒ•––Šƒ™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Ǥ ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‰‡–‘”‡‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–Šƒ–Š‡™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Ǥ ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‘…•ƒ”‡‘”‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡–Šƒ–Š‡™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‘…• Answer: 9 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ•–‡”ƒ†‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ–Š‡–™‘’ƒ”–•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›™ƒ›•Ǥ   9 Correct Answer is C

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Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‡•–Š‡•‡‹’‘”–ƒ–†‹•–‹…–‹‘•ǣ

Western Himalayas

y y

Extends till west of River Kali (around 80°E Longitude). Height of the mountains from the plains in this part rises in a number of stages. The high mountain ranges are at a long distance from the plains y Amount of rainfall here is less and is 1/4th of that of Eastern Himalayas. y The dominant vegetation in the western Himalayas is Coniferous forests and alpine vegetations. The Natural vegetation reflects the impact of lower rainfall. y The altitude of the Western Himalayas is higher than the Eastern Himalayas y Snowline is HIGHER than Eastern Himalayas y Western Himalayas receive more precipitation from northwest in the winters y Less biodiversity in comparison to eastern Himalayas Some more observations:

y

www.gktoday.in 14

Eastern Himalayas

y y y y y y

Š‹•‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰ƒŽ‹Žƒ ”ƒ‰‡• ‹ ‹‹ ȋͺͺι ‘‰‹–—†‡•Ȍ –‘ ‡ƒ•–‡” „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ”– ”‹•‡• ƒ„”—’–Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹•ǡ –Š—• ’‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‘–ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡’Žƒ‹•ȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣƒ…Š‡Œ—‰ƒȌ Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡†Ͷ –‹‡•‘”‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ –Šƒ ™‡•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ—‡–‘Š‹‰Š”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•ǡ‹–‹•…‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š†‡•‡ ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ ‘™Ž‹‡‹•–Šƒ‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• Eastern Himalayas receive more precipitation from south-eastern monsoon‹–Š‡•—‡”•Ǥ Much ahead from western Himalayas in terms of Biodiversity and is one of the Biodiversity hotspots

‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ„‘˜‡͵͸ιƒ–Ǥȋ–Ǥ ‘†™‹Ǧ—•–‹Ȍǡƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡„‡Ž‘™ʹͺιƒ–Ǥ ȋƒ…Š‡Œ—‰ƒȌǤŠ—•–Š‡ͺ醋ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹–Š‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Šƒ•ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† –Š‡ƒŽ–‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•‘™Ž‹‡•‘–Šƒ–‹–‹•Ž‘™‡”‹™‡•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–ǤǤ

y

Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘™Ž‹‡ ‹ ™‡•–‡” ƒ† ‡ƒ•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‹• ƒŽ•‘ †—‡ –‘ ›‡ƒ”Ž›…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ –Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ›‡ƒ” –‘ ›‡ƒ”ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒŽ–‹–—†‡ ƒ– ™Š‹…Š •‘™ ˆƒŽŽ• ƒŽ•‘ …Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ˆ–‡•‘™ˆƒŽŽ•ƒ–Ž‘™‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡–Šƒ–Š‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆŽ‘™’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

y

‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡‘”‹‡–‡†‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•–ƒ†–Š‡‹”•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•ƒ”‡‹†‹”‡…–•—•Š‹‡ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‰‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡•‘™Ž‹‡‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹†‰‡•‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ

y

‘Ž—‡‘ˆ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘”–Šǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•‘—–Š‡””ƒ‰‡•‹‡ƒ•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™‡”•‘™Ž‹‡–Šƒ–Š‡‘”–Š‡””ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

y

‘Ž—‡‘ˆ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘increases with altitude.

The Northern Slopes and Southern Slopes of Himalayas Model Question - 10. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•ƒ†‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǣ ͳǤ ‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‹‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡…‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‹…˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„ƒ””‡ ʹǤ Š‡•‘™Ž‹‡‘•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 10 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡• ‹ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹… ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› „ƒ””‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹• –Šƒ– ‘—–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡• ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ‘”‡ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ™‡ ƒŽŽ ‘™ƒ†‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‹ƒ”ƒ‹•Šƒ†‘™ƒ”‡ƒǤ —”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•—•—ƒŽŽ›”‡…‡‹˜‡•—”ƒ›•‘Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ ˆ‡™ Š‘—”• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ› ƒ– ƒ Ž‘™ ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡• ”‡…‡‹˜‡ …‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ ”ƒ›• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•„‡‹‰™ƒ”‡”ˆƒŽŽ‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡˜ƒ’‘–”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† –Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•—’–‘ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡‹•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ‘‰‡”’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ•—•Š‹‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ•‘™ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ—‡–‘Ž‘‰‡”’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•—•Š‹‡ǡŽ‡•••‘™ ƒ……——Žƒ–‡•‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•–Šƒ‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•™Š›Ǣ–Š‡•‘™Ž‹‡‘•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‹• Ž‘™‡”‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ

Great Plains Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹…’Žƒ‹•‘”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š”‡‡ƒ‹”‹˜‡”•ǡ–Š‡ †—•ǡ

ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǤŠ‡‰”‡ƒ–’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ †‹ƒ”—’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡˆ”‘ ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”‹–Š‡

10 Only 1 is correct

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 15 ™‡•––‘••ƒ‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–ǡƒ††”ƒ‹‘•–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒǤŠ‡’Žƒ‹••–”‡–…ŠʹͶͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ˆ”‘ ™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ƒ†‡…‘’ƒ••ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͹ͲͲǡͲͲͲ;Ǥ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‹˜‡”• ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•ǡ †—•ǡ ƒ† ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•Ȃ ƒ—ƒǡ Šƒ„ƒŽǡ ‘–‹ǡ Šƒ‰Šƒ”ƒǡ ‘•‹ǡ —–Ž‡Œǡ ƒ˜‹ǡ ‡ƒ•ǡ Š‡ƒ„ǡ ƒ† ‡‡•–ƒȄƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡

ƒ‰‡•‡Ž–ƒǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡‡‰ŠƒǤŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–’Žƒ‹‹•Š‘‡–‘‡ƒ”Ž›ͳȀ͹‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‹•„‘—†‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š „› –Š‡ ƒ„”—’–Ž› ”‹•‹‰ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ˆ‡‡† ‹–• —‡”‘—• ”‹˜‡”• ƒ† ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ƒŽŽ—˜‹—†‡’‘•‹–‡†ƒ…”‘••–Š‡”‡‰‹‘„›–Š‡–™‘”‹˜‡”•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‹‹•ƒ”‡†„›–Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒǦ ƒ† ƒ–’—”ƒ ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ŠŠ‘–ƒ ƒ‰’—” Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ  –Š‡ ™‡•– ”‹•‡• –Š‡ ”ƒ‹ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǤŠ‡ ”‡ƒ– Žƒ‹•‘ˆ †‹ƒ…‘•‹•–•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘ˆalluvial deposits„”‘—‰Š–†‘™„›–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ† –Š‡’‡‹•—Žƒ””‡‰‹‘ǤŠ‡‡šƒ…–†‡’–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ—˜‹—Šƒ•‘–›‡–„‡‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†Ǥ•’‡””‡…‡–‡•–‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‡’–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ—˜‹—‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‹ȋ‘”–Š‘ˆ—†‡ŽŠƒ†Ȍ˜ƒ”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ͳ͵ͲͲ–‘ͳͶͲͲ ‡–‡”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡Š‹˜ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ—˜‹—‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—†‡’–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ—˜‹—Šƒ•„‡‡ ”‡…‘”†‡†‹ƒ”›ƒƒ‡ƒ”„ƒŽƒƒ†ƒ—ƒƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ

Divisions of Great Plain Model Question - 11. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…‘’ƒ”‹•‘•‘ˆŠƒ„ƒ”„‡Ž–ƒ†Šƒ‰ƒ”„‡Ž–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”Žƒ‹•‘ˆ †‹ƒǣ ͳǤ Šƒ„ƒ”‹•ƒƒ””‘™„‡Ž–Šƒ‰ƒ”‹•ƒ™‹†‡”„‡Ž– ʹǤ Šƒ„ƒ”Šƒ•‡™ƒŽŽ—˜‹—†‡’‘•‹–•ǡŠƒ‰ƒ”Šƒ•‘Ž†ƒŽŽ—˜‹—†‡’‘•‹–• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡…‘’ƒ”‹•‘•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 11

”‡ƒ–’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”†‹˜‹•‹‘•ǣ

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

The Bhabar belt

Šƒ„ƒ”„‡Ž–‹•ƒ†Œƒ…‡––‘–Š‡ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†…‘•‹•–•‘ˆboulders and pebbles™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ …ƒ””‹‡††‘™„›–Š‡”‹˜‡”•–”‡ƒ•Ǥ•–Š‡’‘”‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•„‡Ž–‹•˜‡”›Š‹‰Šǡ–Š‡•–”‡ƒ•ˆŽ‘™—†‡”‰”‘—†ǤŠ‡ Šƒ„ƒ”‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ””‘™ƒ„‘—–͹Ȃͳͷ™‹†‡Ǥhabar is wider in the western plains in comparison to the eastern plans of AssamǤŠ‡’‘”‘•‹–›‘ˆŠƒ„ƒ”‹••‘Š‹‰Š–Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””‘™•–”‡ƒ•‰‡–†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‹•„‡Ž–‘Ž› ƒ†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘—†‡”‰”‘—†ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŽ•‘‘‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”…”‘’•ƒ†‘Ž›„‹‰–”‡‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘•—”˜‹˜‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ Šƒ„ƒ” „‡Ž– ‹• ƒ narrow belt –Šƒ– ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‡Ž–ǡ ƒŽ•‘ •‘‡–‹‡• ‘™ ƒ• Himalayan foothills. – ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ’‘”‘—• ƒ† ”‘…› •‘‹Ž• –Šƒ– ‰‡– ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡„”‹• ™ƒ•Š‡† †‘™ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ”ƒ‰‡•ǤStreams disappear in this belt. The Terai belt

Š‡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‡Ž– Ž‹‡• ‡š– –‘ –Š‡ Šƒ„ƒ” ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ† ‹• …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ ‡™‡” ƒŽŽ—˜‹—Ǥ Š‡ —†‡”‰”‘—† •–”‡ƒ• ”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‹• ‡š…‡••‹˜‡Ž› ‘‹•– ƒ† –Š‹…Ž› ˆ‘”‡•–‡†Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡• Š‡ƒ˜› ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”ƒ†‹•’‘’—Žƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡‡”ƒ‹–”ƒ…–Ž‹‡••‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ„ƒ”„‡Ž–ǤŠ‡ –”ƒ…– ‹• marshy and lots of mosquitoes thrive thereǤ Š‡ Terai belt is wider in eastern side especially in the Brahmaputra valley. Š‡Š‹‰Š”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ‡™‡”ƒŽŽ—˜‹—ƒ‡•‹–‡š…‡••‹˜‡†ƒ’ƒ†Ž‘–•‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–‡”ƒ‹„‡Ž–‹•”‹…Š‹„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡…Ž‡ƒ”‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—• •–ƒ–‡••—…Šƒ•––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ”›ƒƒǡ—Œƒ„ǡƒ† ƒ—‹˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…”‘’•Ǥ‡”ƒ‹ „‡Ž–‹•‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘‘†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”Ǧ…ƒ‡ǡ”‹…‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ‹œ‡ǡ‘‹Ž•‡‡†•ǡ’—Ž•‡•ǡƒ†ˆ‘††‡”Ǥ The Bhangar belt

Š‹•‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Žƒ‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆold alluvium ƒ†ˆ‘”•–Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ–‡””ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘† ’Žƒ‹•ǤŠ‡•‘‹Ž‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘…‘•‹•–•‘ˆcalcareous deposits called kankarǤŠ‡ƒ‰ƒ”‘”Šƒ‰ƒ”„‡Ž–…‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ older alluviumǤ  –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’Žƒ‹•ǡ ‹– Šƒ• ƒ Ž‘™ —’Žƒ† …‘˜‡”‡† „› ƒ–‡”‹–‡ †‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ‰ƒ” ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡†‡’‘•‹–‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‹††Ž‡Ž‡‹•–‘…‡‡‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‡Šƒ‰ƒ”Žƒ†Ž‹‡•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†Ž‹‹–•‘ˆ 11 Both are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 16 –Š‡”‹˜‡”•ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡”ƒŽŽ—˜‹—•‘‹Ž‹•†ƒ”‹…‘Ž‘—”ǡ”‹…Š‹Š——•…‘–‡–ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ǤŠƒ‰ƒ”‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ ™‡ŽŽ†”ƒ‹‡†ƒ†–Š‡most productive land of the Great Plains of IndiaǤ The Khadar belt

Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ” „‡Ž– Ž‹‡• ‹ Ž‘™Žƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Šƒ‰ƒ” „‡Ž–Ǥ – ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡•Š ‡™‡” ƒŽŽ—˜‹— ™Š‹…Š ‹• †‡’‘•‹–‡†„›–Š‡”‹˜‡”•ˆŽ‘™‹‰†‘™–Š‡’Žƒ‹ǤŠ‡Šƒ†ƒ”–”ƒ…–•ƒ”‡‡”‹…Š‡†„›ˆ”‡•Š†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ•‹Ž–‡˜‡”››‡ƒ” †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹› •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ” Žƒ† …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ •ƒ†ǡ •‹Ž–ǡ …Žƒ› ƒ† —†Ǥ ˆ–‡” †‡’‡†‡…‡ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ†ƒ”Žƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡„”‘—‰Š–—†‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‘–‡†–‘•—‰ƒ”…ƒ‡ǡ”‹…‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ‹œ‡ǡ‘‹Ž•‡‡†•ǤŽ‡‰—‡•ǡ ƒ†ˆ‘††‡”…”‘’•Ǥ The Delta Plains

Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ‹…’Žƒ‹‹•ƒ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ†ƒ”Žƒ†Ǥ –…‘˜‡”•ƒ„‘—–ͳǤͻŽƒŠ•“‘ˆƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‡ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‡”Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ˆŽ‘™• ‹ –Š‹• –”ƒ…– •Ž—‰‰‹•ŠŽ›Ǥ Š‡ †‡Ž–ƒ‹… ’Žƒ‹ …‘•‹•–• ƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ ‘Ž† —†ǡ ‡™ —† ƒ† ƒ”•ŠǤ In the delta region, the uplands are called 'Char' while marshy areas are known as 'Bili.Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ„‡‹‰ƒƒ…–‹˜‡‘‡ǡ‹•‡š–‡†‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ

Importance of Great Plains Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹…„‡Ž–‹•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡‡š’ƒ•‡‘ˆ—‹–‡””—’–‡†ƒŽŽ—˜‹—ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ•‹Ž–„›–Š‡—‡”‘—•”‹˜‡”•ǤŠ‡’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡ˆŽƒ–ƒ†‘•–Ž›–”‡‡Ž‡••ǡƒ‹‰‹–…‘†—…‹˜‡ˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š …ƒƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘”‹…Š‹‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡•ǤŠ‡’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•‘•–‹–‡•‡Ž›ˆƒ”‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡ ƒ‹…”‘’•‰”‘™ƒ”‡”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‰”‘™‹”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡”•‹…Ž—†‡ƒ‹œ‡ǡ•—‰ƒ”…ƒ‡ƒ†…‘––‘Ǥ Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’Žƒ‹• ”ƒ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• ‘•– †‡•‡Ž› ’‘’—Žƒ–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ– Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡”‡† ™‹–Š ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ •‘‹Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ –••‘‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› –‘ ‰”‘™ ƒ›…”‘’‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–‡”‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ‡’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡–‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡̵ ”ƒƒ”›‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”•–”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡ ’‡”‡‹ƒŽ ‹ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ  —„‡” ‘ˆ …ƒƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ …ƒ”˜‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ”‹˜‡”• ™Š‹…Š ƒ‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‘”‡ ”‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” –ƒ„Ž‡ ‹• Š‹‰Š ƒ†•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” –—„‡ ™‡ŽŽ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‰‡–Ž‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–ƒ‡•‹–ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡‘˜‡”Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ…‡•Ǥ

The Thar Desert Šƒ”‡•‡”–‘” ”‡ƒ– †‹ƒ‡•‡”–‹•–Š‡world's ninth largest desertǤ –ˆ‘”•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ƒ† …‘˜‡”• ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ʹͲͲǡͲͲͲ ; –‘ ƒ„‘—– ʹ͵ͺǡ͹ͲͲ ;Ǥ  ƒ‹•–ƒ ‹• …‘–‹—‡• ƒ• Cholistan DesertǤ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ”‡•‡”–‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ…‘˜‡”‹‰͸ͳΨ‘ˆ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤ„‘—–ͳͲ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ …‘’”‹•‡• •ƒ† †—‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ͻͲ ’‡”…‡– …‘•‹•– ‘ˆ …”ƒ‰‰› ”‘… ˆ‘”•ǡ …‘’ƒ…–‡†•ƒŽ–ǦŽƒ‡„‘––‘•ǡƒ†‹–‡”†—ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹š‡††—‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•…ƒ”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘Ͳ鋐 –Š‡™‹–‡”–‘‘˜‡”ͷͲι†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ”‡…‡‹˜‡†‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•Š‘”–

—Ž›Ȃ‡’–‡„‡”•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘–Šƒ–„”‹‰•ƒ”‘—†ͳͲͲȂͷͲͲ‘ˆ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ–‡”‹••…ƒ”…‡ƒ†‘……—”• ƒ–‰”‡ƒ–†‡’–Š•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͵Ͳ–‘ͳʹͲ„‡Ž‘™–Š‡‰”‘—†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•’”‡…ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ†‡””ƒ–‹…ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ ͳʹͲ  ‹ –Š‡ ‡š–”‡‡ ™‡•– –‘ ͵͹ͷ  ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†Ǥ Š‡ •‘‹Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‹† ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› •ƒ†› –‘ •ƒ†›ǦŽ‘ƒ‹–‡š–—”‡ǤŠ‡…‘•‹•–‡…›ƒ††‡’–Š˜ƒ”›ƒ•’‡”–Š‡–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‘™ǦŽ›‹‰Ž‘ƒ•ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹‡”ƒ†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒŠƒ”†’ƒ‘ˆ…Žƒ›ǡ…ƒŽ…‹—…ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‘”‰›’•—Ǥ

Origin of Thar Desert Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ”‡•‡”–‹•ƒ…‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–Ǥ‘‡…‘•‹†‡”‹––‘„‡ͶͲͲͲ–‘ͳͲǡͲͲͲ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‘–Š‡”• •–ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‹†‹–› •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ —…Š ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ ‘–Š‡” –Š‡‘”› •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ƒ –—”‡† –‘ †‡•‡”– ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ”‡…‡–Ž›ǣ ’‡”Šƒ’• ƒ”‘—†ʹͲͲͲ ǦͳͷͲͲǤ”‘—† –Š‹•–‹‡ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‰ƒ”Ǧƒ”ƒ …‡ƒ•‡†–‘ „‡ ƒƒŒ‘” ”‹˜‡”Ǥ –‘™–‡”‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡†‡•‡”–„—–ƒ–‘‡–‹‡™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ †—•ƒŽŽ‡›‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘…‡–”‡‘ˆ ‘Š‡Œ‘†ƒ”‘Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š”‡‘–‡•‡•‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•–Šƒ–Late Quaternary climatic changes and neotectonics have played a significant role in modifying the drainage courses in this part and a large number of palaeochannels Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 17 exist.‘•–•–—†‹‡•†‹†‘–•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‘’‹‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒŽƒ‡‘…Šƒ‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ•˜ƒ–‹‹˜‡”…‘‹…‹†‡™‹–Š–Š‡„‡†‘ˆ –Š‡’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ› Šƒ‰‰ƒ”ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡—–Ž‡ŒƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ—ƒ‘…‡ˆŽ‘™‡†‹–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡–”‹˜‡”„‡†Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡’‘•–—Žƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡—–Ž‡Œ™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹–”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ‰‰ƒ”ƒ†–Šƒ–•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡–‡…–‘‹… ‘˜‡‡–•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”…‡†–Š‡—–Ž‡Œ™‡•–™ƒ”†•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—ƒ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†•ƒ†–Š—•†”‹‡†—’–Š‡ Šƒ‰‰ƒ”Ǧƒ”ƒǤ –—†‹‡• ‘ ƒŽ‹„ƒ‰ƒ ‹ –Š‡ †‡•‡”– ”‡‰‹‘ „› ‘„‡”– ƒ‹‡• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” †”‹‡†—’Ǥ”‘ˆǤǤǤƒŽȋ”‡–†Ǥ‹”‡…–‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ—”˜‡›‘ˆ †‹ƒȌ•—’’‘”–•–Š‹•˜‹‡™„›ƒ••‡”–‹‰ǣ "Radiocarbon dating indicates that the Mature Harappan settlement at Kalibangan had to be abandoned around 2000-1900 BCE. †ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ Š›†”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‹• ƒ„ƒ†‘‡– –‘‘ ’Žƒ…‡ ‘ ƒ……‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †”›‹‰ —’ ‘ˆ –Š‡

Šƒ‰‰ƒ”Ǧƒ”ƒǤŠ‹•Žƒ––‡”’ƒ”–‹•†—Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ‹‡•ǡƒ –ƒŽ‹ƒŠ›†”‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡƒ†‘ˆŠ‹• †‹ƒ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”•̶Ǥȋ•‘—”…‡ǣ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒȌ

Part III.

Peninsular India

Š‡‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ…‘’”‹•‡•–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡–‘’‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‹…’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ‘—–Š †‹ƒǤŠ‡‡‹•—Žƒ‹•‹ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ˜ƒ•– ‹˜‡”–‡† –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ „‘—†‡† ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•– „›–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǡ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–„›–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ† ‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š „› –Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒ ƒ† ƒ–’—”ƒ ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† „›–Š‡ ƒ”ƒ†ƒ ‹˜‡” ƒ† ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ”‹˜‡” ‹• –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ‘˜‡”‹‰ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳ͸ƒŠ;ǡ –Š‡ ’‡‹•—Žƒ” —’Žƒ† ˆ‘”• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’Š›•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ – ‹• „‘—†‡† „› –Š‡ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡•–ǡ ƒœƒ”‹„ƒ‰Š ƒ† ƒŒƒŠƒŽ ‹ŽŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ȋƒŠƒ›ƒ†”‹‘—–ƒ‹•Ȍ‹ –Š‡™‡•–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ǥ , Š‡ highest peak of Peninsular India is Anamudi–Šƒ–‹•ʹ͸ͻͷ‡–”‡•ƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡ƒ””‘™•–”‹’‘ˆ˜‡”†ƒ–Žƒ†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡•–‡”

Šƒ–• ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒ ‹• –Š‡ ‘ƒ ”‡‰‹‘Ǣ –Š‡ –‡”‡…‘’ƒ••‡•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒƒ•ˆƒ” ƒ• ‘ƒǤŠ‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•…‘–‹—‡•‘—–Šǡˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡ƒŽƒ†ȋƒƒ”ƒȌ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ…‘ƒ•–ǡƒ† –‡”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‹Ž‰‹”‹ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ƒ ‹™ƒ”† ȋ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›Ȍ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ ‹Ž‰‹”‹• ”— ‹ ƒ …”‡•…‡– ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†— ™‹–Š ‘”–Š‡” ‡”ƒŽƒ ƒ† ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ ‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰ –Š‡ ƒŽƒƒ† ƒ† ƒ›ƒƒ† Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–›ƒƒ‰ƒŽƒ ”ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†‡š–‡†‹‰‘–‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™ǦŽ›‹‰Š‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—Ȃ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š„‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡‹”—’ƒ–‹ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽƒ‹ Š‹ŽŽ•ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•”ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡……ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ …‘˜‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ† ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—ǡ ‹• –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ”‡‰‹‘ „‘—† „› –Š‡ Ǧ•Šƒ’‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† „› ƒŽŽ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 18 –Š‡•‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ‘ƒŒ‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•„‘”†‡”–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–ǡƒ†‹–•Ž‘’‡•‰‡–Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡•–‡”

Šƒ–•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–Ǥ Š‡‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ Ǥ ‡–”ƒŽ‹‰ŠŽƒ†• Ǥ ‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ— Ǥ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘”ƒŠƒ›ƒ†”‹ Ǥ Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•

Central Highlands Š‡‘”–Š‡”…‡–”ƒŽŠ‹‰ŠŽƒ†• ‘ˆ ’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ ‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹•ǡ –Š‡ƒŽ™ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ ƒ† •‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ ‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ

Aravallis: ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹• ƒ‰‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ‹‰ ̵Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ•̵ ”—‹‰ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͺͲͲ  ˆ”‘ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– –‘ •‘—–Š™‡•– ƒ…”‘•• •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ– ƒ† ƒ‹•–ƒǯ• ’”‘˜‹…‡•‘ˆ—Œƒ„ƒ†‹†ŠǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ …‘–‹—‡•ƒ•‹•‘Žƒ–‡†Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ†”‘…›”‹†‰‡•‹–‘ƒ”›ƒƒ•–ƒ–‡ǡ ‡†‹‰‹‡ŽŠ‹ǤŠ‡ˆƒ‘—•Delhi Ridge‹•–Š‡Žƒ•–Ž‡‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹ ƒ‰‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š –”ƒ˜‡”•‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ‘—–Š ‡ŽŠ‹ ƒ† –‡”‹ƒ–‡•‹–‘‡–”ƒŽ‡ŽŠ‹ǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡”‡†‹•ƒ–Palanpur near Ahmadabadǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡ƒ‹• —”—Š‹Šƒ”‹‘—–„—Ǥ‹•‹‰–‘ͳ͹ʹʹ‡–‡”•ǡ‹–Ž‹‡•‡ƒ”–Š‡ •‘—–Š™‡•–‡”‡š–”‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ…Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡„‘”†‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǤŠ‡…‹–›‘ˆ†ƒ‹’—”™‹–Š‹–•Žƒ‡•Ž‹‡• ‘–Š‡•‘—–Š•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤ—‡”‘—•”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‹•‡•ƒ‹†•––Š‡”ƒ‰‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰ǡƒƒ•‹˜‡”ǡ —‹ ‹˜‡”ǡ ƒŠ‹ǡ ƒ„ƒ”ƒ–‹ ‹˜‡”Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‘—†ƒ”› ƒ—Ž– ȋ  Ȍ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡• –Š‡”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹•ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ Origin of Aravallis:

Š‡”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹•ƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡‡”‘†‡†•–—„‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ…‹‡–ˆ‘Ž†‡†‘—–ƒ‹•–Šƒ–”‘•‡‹ƒ”‡…ƒ„”‹ƒ‡˜‡– …ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡Aravalli-Delhi OrogenyǤŠ‡”ƒ‰‡Œ‘‹•–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…‹‡–•‡‰‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ‡—’–Š‡ †‹ƒ…”ƒ–‘ǡ –Š‡ƒ”™ƒ”•‡‰‡––‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†–Š‡—†‡ŽŠƒ†•‡‰‡––‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡ ’‘•–—Žƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹ ’‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› Š‹‰Š ‘…‡ „—– •‹…‡ Šƒ˜‡ ™‘” †‘™ ƒŽ‘•– …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› „› ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ  •–ƒ” …‘–”ƒ•– ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ”‡ …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ”‹•‹‰ ›‘—‰ ˆ‘Ž† ‘—–ƒ‹• ‘ˆ –‘†ƒ›Ǥ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹• ‹• ”‹…Š ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡”‘•‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹ Šƒ• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– …‘…‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ” †‡•‡”– ‘”–Š™ƒ”†• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’Žƒ‹•‹–Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹…„ƒ•‹ƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ

Malwa Plateau Š‡ƒŽ™ƒ”‡‰‹‘‘……—’‹‡•ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹™‡•–‡”Madhya Pradeshƒ†•‘—–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”Rajasthan with Gujarat‹ –Š‡™‡•–Ǥ , Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ ‡™ƒ•ǡ Šƒ”ǡ †‘”‡ǡ Šƒ„—ƒǡƒ†•ƒ—”ǡ‡‡—…Šǡ ƒŒ‰ƒ”Šǡƒ–ŽƒǡŠƒŒƒ’—”ǡŒŒƒ‹ǡƒ†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ —ƒƒ†‡Š‘”‡ǡƒ† , ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ ŠƒŽƒ™ƒ”ƒ†’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ•™ƒ”ƒƒ†Š‹––‘”‰ƒ”ŠǤ , Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•„‘—†‹‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–„›–Š‡ƒ†‘–‹”‡‰‹‘ǡ‹–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–„›–Š‡‡™ƒ””‡‰‹‘ǡ‹–Š‡ ™‡•–„›–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ‘–Š‡•‘—–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‹•–Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‹•–Š‡ —†‡ŽŠƒ†—’Žƒ†ǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•ͶͷͲǦͷͲͲǤ Š‡™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ™ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—‹•†”ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒŠ‹‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Šƒ„ƒŽ‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹•–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–ǡƒ†–Š‡‡–™ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ†™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•ƒƒ†‡”‹˜‡”•†”ƒ‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡Š‹’”ƒ‹˜‡”‹•‘ˆ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 19 Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Šƒ•–Š ‡Žƒǡ Š‡Ž† ‡˜‡”› ͳʹ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ –Š‡” ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ”‹˜‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ”„ƒ–‹ǡ

ƒ„Š‹”ƒ†Š‘–‹ƒŽ‹‹†ŠǤ , Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡ƒ”•–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡƒ†‹•–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆƒ›”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽ™ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• –”‘’‹…ƒŽ †”› ˆ‘”‡•–ǡ ™‹–Š •…ƒ––‡”‡† –‡ƒ ȋTectona grandisȌ ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ‹–”‡‡•ƒ”‡—–‡ƒǡ‘„ƒšǡ‘‰‡‹••—•ǡ…ƒ…‹ƒǡ—…Šƒƒ‹ƒƒ†‘•™‡ŽŽ‹ƒǤŠ‡•Š”—„•‘”•ƒŽŽ–”‡‡•‹…Ž—†‡ •’‡…‹‡•‘ˆ rewia, Ziziphus mauritiana, Casearia, Prosopis, Capparis, Woodfordia, Phyllanthus, ƒ† Carissa. Š‡ƒŽ™ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒ”ƒ’•ƒ†™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ”‡–ƒ…‡‘—• ’‡”‹‘†ǤŽƒ…ǡ”‘™ƒ†Š–ƒ–‘”‹‘”•–‘›•‘‹Ž‹•ƒ„—†ƒ–‹–Š‡ƒŽ™ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ǤŠ‡„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž”‡“—‹”‡•Ž‡•• ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• Š‹‰Š …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ˆ‘” ‘‹•–—”‡ ”‡–‡–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –™‘ •‘‹Ž –›’‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‰Š–‡” ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‹‰Š‡”’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒ†Ǥ

Vindhyan Range Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• „‘—†‡† „› –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‹‰ŠŽƒ†• ‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ˜ƒŽ‹• ‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š™‡•–Ǥ – ‡š–‡†• ˆ”‘ ‘„ƒ– ȋ —Œƒ”ƒ–Ȍ ƒ† Š‹––‘”‰ƒ”Š ȋƒŒƒ•–ŠƒȌ –‘ ƒ•ƒ”ƒ ‹ ‹Šƒ” ˆ‘” ƒ„‘—– ͳͲͷͲ  ™‹–Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ͶͷͲ–‘͸ͲͲ‡–”‡•ǤŠ‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹†Š›ƒ”ƒ‰‡‹•‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ –Š‡ —Œƒ”ƒ–’‡‹•—Žƒǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡„‘”†‡”™‹–ŠƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ†ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡•—„Ǧ…‘–‹‡–’”‘’‡”ǡ –Š‡”ƒ‰‡”—•‡ƒ•–ƒ†‘”–Š‡ƒ”Ž›–‘–Š‡ ƒ‰‡•‹˜‡”ƒ–‹”œƒ’—”ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ–‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ƒ”‹†ƒ†‹Š‘•’‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡•Šƒ†‘™‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹”ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š „Ž‘…‹‰–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•Ǥ Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡ƒ”‡†”ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š’”‘…‡‡†•™‡•–™ƒ”†–‘–Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ‹–Š‡™‹†‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ–’—”ƒƒ‰‡ˆƒ”–Š‡”–‘–Š‡•‘—–ŠǤ Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡†”ƒ‹‡†„›–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒŽ‹‹†Šǡƒ”„ƒ–‹ǡ‡–™ƒǡ Ƭ ‡ ȋ„‘–Š ƒ”‡ –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒǡ Ȍǡ ‘ Ƭ ƒ•ƒ ‘” ‘• „‘–Š ƒ”‡ –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡•ǡ †”ƒ‹• –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ–‹–•‡ƒ•–‡”‡†Ǥ

Vindhyachal Plateau Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒ…ŠƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— Ž‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ …‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‘’ƒŽǡ –Š‡ …ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ† †‘”‡Ž‹‡‘–Š‹•’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ™Š‹…Š”‹•‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹…’Žƒ‹–‘‹–•‘”–ŠǤ

Satpura Range Š‡ ƒ–’—”ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• –Š‡ ‹†Š›ƒ ƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Šǡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•– ”ƒ‰‡• †‹˜‹†‡ †‹ƒ —„…‘–‹‡–‹–‘–Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹…’Žƒ‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–ŠǤƒ–’—”ƒ”ƒ‰‡ ”‹•‡• ‹ ‡ƒ•–‡” —Œƒ”ƒ– •–ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒ …‘ƒ•–ǡ ”—‹‰ ‡ƒ•– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ „‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ƒ† ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•––‹ŽŽŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”ŠǤ , Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”‡†‘ˆƒ–’—”ƒƬ”—•‹–Š‡†‡’”‡••‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ–’—”ƒ ƒ† ‹†Š›ƒ ”ƒ‰‡•ǡ †”ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–’—”ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡• ‘ˆ ‹†Š›ƒ”ƒ‰‡ǡ”—‹‰™‡•––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ , Š‡ƒ’–‹‹˜‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘‡ƒ•–‡”Ǧ…‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ–’—”ƒǡ…”‘••‡•–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡…‡–‡”Ƭˆ—”–Š‡” ”—•ƒ––Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆƒ–’—”ƒ–‘™ƒ”†•™‡•–‡‡–‹‰–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ–—”ƒ–ǡ†”ƒ‹‹‰…‡–”ƒŽƬ –Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–’—”ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ , Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ–‘—–Š—’‰ƒ”Š‘”Š‘‘’‰ƒ”Š‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘‹–‹–Š‡ƒ–’—”ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†‹ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ †‹ƒǤ‘…ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”ƒ…Šƒ”Š‹ǡ‹–Šƒ•ƒ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳǡ͵ͷͲ‡–”‡•Ǥ

The Chhotanagpur Plateau ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—”Žƒ–‡ƒ—…‘˜‡”•—…Š‘ˆ Šƒ”Šƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘…‘˜‡”•–Š‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǡ ‹Šƒ” ƒ† ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”ŠǤ Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’Žƒ‹ Ž‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ƒ† ‡ƒ•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ „ƒ•‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ‹˜‡” Ž‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ •‘—–ŠǤ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—” Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͸ͷǡͲͲͲ •“—ƒ”‡ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 20 ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•Ǥ Š‹• Žƒ–‡ƒ— …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ •–‡’•Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– •–‡’ ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘͵ǡͲͲͲǦ͵ͷͲͲˆ‡‡–ǤŠ‡‡š–’ƒ”–…‘–ƒ‹•Žƒ”‰‡”’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ…Š‹ƒ†ƒœƒ”‹„ƒ‰Š†‹•–”‹…–•ƒ†•‘‡ ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘Ž†ƒŽƒ—†‹•–”‹…–ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‡™‡”‡„”‘‡—’‹–‘•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡—‹–•ǤŠ‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŠ‡‹‰Š–‹• ʹǡͲͲͲˆ‡‡–ǤŠ‡Ž‘™‡•–•–‡’‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•ƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ”‘—†ͳǡͲͲͲˆ‡‡–ǡ…‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ„Š— ƒ†‹‰Š„Š—†‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Š‡ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—”Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆArchaean granite and gneiss rocks with patches of Dharwarƒ†ƒ—†ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒ ‡”‹‘†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ˜ƒ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡–ƒ…‡‘—• ‡”‹‘†Ǥ Š‡ ™‡•–‡” Š‹‰Š‡” ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—”Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ–”‡‰‹‘Ǥ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‡……ƒŽƒ˜ƒǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—”Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† Ranchi PlateauǤƒ‘†ƒ”‹˜‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•Š‡”‡ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‹ˆ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ ƒ‘†ƒ”„ƒ•‹ˆ‘”•ƒ–”‘—‰Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ…Š‹ƒ†ƒœƒ”‹„ƒ‰Š’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘‡‘”‘—•ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡•ƒ– –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡– ‡†‰‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ—•‡† –Š‡ Žƒ† „‡–™‡‡ –‘ •‹ –‘ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– †‡’–Š ƒ† ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽŽ› ’”‡•‡”˜‡† ˆ”‘ †‡—†ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ’—”ƒǡ ƒ‰ƒ”Š ƒ† ‘ƒ”‘ …‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• …‘˜‡”‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ƒ† •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ†”›„”‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆˆ‘”‡•–•‘ˆ™Š‹…ŠƒŽˆ‘”‡•–‹•’”‡†‘‹ƒ–ǤŠ‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•Š‘‡–‘–Š‡ƒŽƒƒ—‹‰‡” ‡•‡”˜‡Ǥ ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—” ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• ƒ •–‘”‡ Š‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ• Ž‹‡ ‹…ƒǡ „ƒ—š‹–‡ǡ …‘’’‡”ǡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ‹”‘ ‘”‡ ƒ† …‘ƒŽǤ Š‡ ƒ‘†ƒ” ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ‹• ”‹…Š ‹ …‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‹– ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‹‡ …‡–”‡ ‘ˆ …‘‹‰ …‘ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ …‘—–”›Ǥ ƒ••‹˜‡…‘ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•’”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘˜‡”ʹǡͺͺ͵ʹǤŠ‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•‹–Š‡ „ƒ•‹ƒ”‡ Šƒ”‹ƒǡƒ‹‰ƒŒǡ‡•–‘ƒ”‘ǡƒ•–‘ƒ”‘ǡƒ‰ƒ”Šǡ‘—–Šƒ”ƒ’—”ƒƒ†‘”–Šƒ”ƒ’—”ƒǤ

Karbi-Meghalya plateau ƒ”„‹Ǧ‡‰ŠƒŽ›ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• ‹ ˆƒ…– ƒ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹ƒ ’‡‹•—Žƒ” ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•Ǧƒ”„‹‰Ž‘‰’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ†‡‰ŠƒŽ›ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡‡š‡”–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†Ž› ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ‘”‹‰‹ǡ ƒ Š—‰‡ ˆƒ—Ž– ™ƒ• …”‡ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒŒƒŠƒŽ Š‹ŽŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”„‹Ǧ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ ƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‹• †‡’”‡••‹‘ ™ƒ• ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† —’ „› –Š‡ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ—‡”‘—•”‹˜‡”•Ǥ‘†ƒ›–Š‡ƒ‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒƒ†ƒ”„‹‰Ž‘‰’Žƒ–‡ƒ—”‡ƒ‹•†‡–ƒ…Š‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡ƒ‹‡‹•—Žƒ”„Ž‘…ǤŠ‹•ƒ”‡ƒ”‡…‡‹˜‡•ƒš‹—”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–ŠǦ‡•–‘•‘‘Ǥ

Deccan Plateau Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—…‘˜‡”•–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ –‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š”‡‡‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡•ƒ†‡š–‡†•‘˜‡”eight Indian statesǤŠ‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—…‘˜‡”•ͶǡʹʹǡͲͲͲ•“ǤǤǡ43 percent of India's landmassǤ –Š‡™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ”‡–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ǤŠ‡•‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡• ”‹•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹””‡•’‡…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”„›…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›‡‡–ƒ––Š‡•‘—–Š‡”–‹’‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ‡‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ‡ –Š‡ •‘—–Š™ƒ”†Ǧ’‘‹–‹‰ ˜‡”–‡š ‘ˆ ƒ –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” „‘—†ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ „› –Š‡ ƒ–’—”ƒ ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‹†Š›ƒ ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘”–Š‡” ”ƒ‰‡• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ’‘’—Žƒ–‡† ”‹˜‡”‹‡ ’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ Important Observations:

, Š‹•Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ‡•—’ƒ–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡‡•–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”†‘™™ƒ”†Ǧ’‘‹–‹‰–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„Ǧ …‘–‹‡–̵•…‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡Ǥ , –Š‡•‘—–Šǡ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•‘•–Ž›‘˜‡”ͳǡͲͲͲ‡–”‡•ƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ –Š‡‘”–Š‹–‹•‘•–Ž›ƒ„‘—–ͷͲͲ ƒ„‘˜‡ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  Š‡ ‡……ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• higher in the west and slopes gently eastwardsǤ Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ‹’Ž› –Šƒ– most Deccan plateau rivers flow from west to eastǤ Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ˆŽ‘™‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡……ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Šƒ˜‡…—–†‡‡’˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ††‹˜‹†‡†–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•ƒŽŽ‡”’Žƒ–‡—••—…Šƒ•–Š‡ƒŠƒ”ƒ•–”ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ†Š”ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ†ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ , Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹• ˜‡”› „‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ› Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǣ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘•›•–‡• ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‘”–• ‘ˆ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ forests on the plateau are older than the Himalayan mountainsǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 21 , Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• –ƒŽŽ ƒ† „Ž‘…• –Š‡ ‘‹•–—”‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š™‡•– ‘•‘‘ ˆ”‘ ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—”‡‰‹‘”‡…‡‹˜‡•˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ , Š‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‹˜‡”ƒ†‹–•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ †”ƒ˜ƒ–‹‹˜‡”ǡ†”ƒ‹‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ”‹•‹‰‹–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†ˆŽ‘™‹‰east towards the Bay of BengalǤŠ‡—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒ ‹˜‡”ǡ”‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”ƒ†‹–•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Š‹ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹…ŠƒŽ•‘”—ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǡ†”ƒ‹ –Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ , Š‡•‘—–Š‡”‘•–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•†”ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ˜‡”‹‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š”‹•‡•‹–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ‘ˆƒ”ƒ–ƒƒƒ†„‡†••‘—–Š–‘„”‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹Ž‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•ƒ–‘‰‡ƒƒŽ ƒŽŽ•‹–‘ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ–Š‡ ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ Sivasamudram Falls ƒ– –Š‡ ‹•Žƒ† –‘™ ‘ˆ Š‹˜ƒƒ•ƒ—†”ƒǡ –Š‡ •‡…‘†Ǧ„‹‰‰‡•– ™ƒ–‡”ˆƒŽŽ ‹ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡•‹š–‡‡–ŠǦŽƒ”‰‡•–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡ˆŽ‘™‹‰‹–‘–Š‡–ƒŽ‡›‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ†–Š‡‡––—”ƒ –Šƒ–…”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›‡’–›‹‰‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ , Š‡–™‘ƒ‹”‹˜‡”•™Š‹…Š†‘‘–ˆŽ‘™‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒƒ†ƒ’–‹ǤŠ‡›•–ƒ”–‹ –Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†ˆŽ‘™‹–‘–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ , All Deccan plateau rivers depend on the rains and dry up in the summers.

Western Ghats Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘”ƒŠ›¢†”‹”—•‘”–Š–‘•‘—–ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ǡƒ†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡• –Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ˆ”‘ƒƒ””‘™…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ Š‡”ƒ‰‡•–ƒ”–•‡ƒ”–Š‡„‘”†‡”‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ† ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’–‹‹˜‡”ǡƒ†”—•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳ͸ͲͲ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ‘ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ†‡”ƒŽƒ‡†‹‰ƒ–ƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹ǡƒ––Š‡•‘—–Š‡”–‹’‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡Š‹ŽŽ•…‘˜‡”ͳ͸ͲǡͲͲͲ ; ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ …ƒ–…Š‡– ƒ”‡ƒ ˆ‘” …‘’Ž‡š ”‹˜‡”‹‡ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ •›•–‡• –Šƒ– †”ƒ‹ ƒŽ‘•– ͶͲΨ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ”‘—†ͳǡʹͲͲǦͳ͵ͲͲ‡–”‡•Ǥ Observations about Western Ghats

,  †‹ƒǡ–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘–•’‘–• ˜‹œǤ ƒ•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ƒ”‡ Š‘‡ –‘ ‘˜‡” ͷͲͲͲ •’‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘™‡”‹‰ ’Žƒ–•ǡ ͳ͵ͻ ƒƒŽ •’‡…‹‡•ǡ ͷͲͺ „‹”† •’‡…‹‡• ƒ† ͳ͹ͻ ƒ’Š‹„‹ƒ•’‡…‹‡•ǡƒ›—†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†•’‡…‹‡•Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ–Ž‡ƒ•–͵ʹͷ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†•’‡…‹‡•‘……—”‹–Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ , Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ”‡Block Mountainsˆ‘”‡††—‡–‘–Š‡†‘™™ƒ”’‹‰‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ Žƒ†‹–‘–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ•’‡”‘–Š‡”˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘––”—‡‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ„—–ƒ”‡–Š‡faulted edge of the Deccan Plateau.  , ŽŽ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡ”‹•Šƒƒ†ƒ˜‡”‹”‹•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡•–‡”

Šƒ–•Ǥ , ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ƒ”‡ Š‘‡ –‘ ƒ› Š‹ŽŽ •–ƒ–‹‘• Ž‹‡ ƒ–Š‡”ƒǡ ‘ƒ˜ƒŽƒǦŠƒ†ƒŽƒǡ ƒŠƒ„ƒŽ‡•Š™ƒ”ǡ ƒ…Š‰ƒ‹ǡ„‘Ž‹ Šƒ–ǡ—†”‡—Šƒ†‘†ƒ‰—Ǥ , Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† o

ƒŠ›ƒ†”‹‹‘”–Š‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ

o

ƒŠ›ƒƒ”˜ƒ–ƒ‹‡”ƒŽƒ

o

‹Žƒ‰‹”‹ƒŽƒ‹‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—

, Š‡…‘ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‹•ƒ–‹Ž‹‰‹”‹”ƒ‰ƒ‹ŽŽ•‹ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ , ƒ—†‹ ʹǡ͸ͻͷ ‡–”‡• ‹ ‡”ƒŽƒ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’‡ƒ ‹ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ Š‡„”ƒ ‡ƒ ʹǡͳͲͲ ‡–”‡•ǡ ƒƒ•—”ƒ ‡ƒ ʹǡͲ͹͵ ‡–”‡•ǡ ‡ŽŽƒ”‹ƒŽƒ ʹǡʹͲͲ ‡–”‡• ƒ† ‰ƒ•–Š›ƒ ƒŽƒ ͳǡͺ͸ͺ ‡–”‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ‡”ƒŽƒǤ—ŽŽƒ›ƒƒ‰‹”‹‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡ƒ‹ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒͳǡͻͷͲ‡–‡”•Ǥ    Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography

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Model Question - 12. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ„‘—–ƒ”†ƒ‘‹ŽŽ•ǣ ͳǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ʹǤŠ‡›ƒ‡ƒ„‘”†‡”„‡–™‡‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†— ͵ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‹‘”Ž†‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‹–‡•Ž‹•– Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ ȏȐŽ›ͳ‹•…‘””‡…– ȏȐͳƬʹƒ”‡…‘””‡…– ȏȐͳǡʹƬ͵ƒ”‡…‘””‡…– ȏȐͳƬ͵ƒ”‡…‘””‡…– •™‡”ǣ 12 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

, Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡””ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒ”†ƒ‘‹ŽŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‹Ž‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•Ǥƒ”†ƒ‘Š‹ŽŽ• ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ƒŽƒƒ†•‘—–Š™‡•–ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǤŠ‡›…‘˜‡”ƒ„‘—–ʹǡͺͲͲ;‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹‘—• –‡””ƒ‹ ™‹–Š †‡‡’ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ǡ ƒ† ‹…Ž—†‡• –Š‡ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡•– ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‡”‹›ƒ”ǡ —ŽŽƒ›ƒ” ƒ† ƒ„ƒ ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ –‹…Ž—†‡• †—‹ƒƒ†—ŽŽƒ’‡”‹›ƒ”ƒǤŠ‡›…‘Œ‘‹–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽƒ‹‹ŽŽ•–‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–ǡ –Š‡ƒŽ‹‹ŽŽ•–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†–Š‡‰ƒ•–Š›ƒƒŽƒ‹‹ŽŽ•–‘–Š‡•‘—–Šƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡”‹ƒƒ˜—’ƒ••ǤŠ‡ …”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹ŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ ‡”ƒŽƒ ƒ† ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—Ǥ ƒ—†‹ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ”†ƒ‘‹ŽŽ•Ǥ , Š‡‹Ž‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡Š‘‡–‘–Š‡Š‹ŽŽ•–ƒ–‹‘‘–›Ǥ –Š‡•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽƒ‹‹ŽŽ•ǡ ‹™‡•–‡”ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ†‡”ƒŽƒǤ , Š‡ƒŒ‘”‰ƒ’•‹–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘ƒ ƒ’ǡ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒƒ†ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ•‡…–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ƒŽ‰Šƒ– ƒ’‘–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†—Ȁ‡”ƒŽƒ„‘”†‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹Ž‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽƒ‹‹ŽŽ•Ǥ , Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ””‘™ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘ƒ ‘ƒ•– ‘” •‹’Ž› ‘ƒǡ –Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ ’‘”–‹‘ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† ƒƒ”ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” ’‘”–‹‘‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒŽƒ„ƒ””‡‰‹‘‘”–Š‡ƒŽƒ„ƒ”‘ƒ•–Ǥ , Š‡ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ”‡‰‹‘‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ–•‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ‹•‘™ƒ•‡•Šǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ•–ƒ–‡‹•‘™ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†—ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–…‹–›™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•‹•–Š‡—‡‹–Š‡ ‡•Š”‡‰‹‘‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ , Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•‹–‡”…‡’––Š‡”ƒ‹Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰™‡•–‡”Ž›‘•‘‘™‹†•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡…‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‘ –Š‡‹” ™‡•–‡”•‹†‡Ǥ Š‡†‡•‡ ˆ‘”‡•–• ƒŽ•‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ –Š‡ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ „› ƒ…–‹‰ ƒ• ƒ •—„•–”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” …‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‹•– ”‹•‹‰ ‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ™‹†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒǡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰—…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡„ƒ…‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”˜‹ƒ–”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹––‘Žƒ–‡”…‘†‡•‡ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ• ”ƒ‹Ǥ Š‡ ‘‰ ƒŽŽ• ‹ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– •’‡…–ƒ…—Žƒ” ™ƒ–‡”ˆƒŽŽ• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ , Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•Š—‹†ƒ†–”‘’‹…ƒŽ‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‡ƒ…Š‡•–‡’‡”‡†„›–Š‡’”‘š‹‹–›–‘–Š‡•‡ƒǤŽ‡˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ͳǡͷͲͲ  ƒ† ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ƒ† ʹǡͲͲͲ  ƒ† ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘”‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ”‘—† ͳͷ ιǤ  •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ˆ”‘•– ‹• …‘‘ǡ ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• –‘—…Š–Š‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰’‘‹–†—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”‘–Š•Ǥ‡ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ʹͲ鋐–Š‡•‘—–Š–‘ʹͶ 鋐–Š‡‘”–ŠǤ –Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡…‘Ž†‡•–’‡”‹‘†•‹–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”‰Šƒ–•…‘‹…‹†‡™‹–Š –Š‡™‡––‡•–Ǥ , —”‹‰–Š‡‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘„‡–™‡‡ —‡ƒ†‡’–‡„‡”ǡ–Š‡—„”‘‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•…Šƒ‹ƒ…–•ƒ•ƒ „ƒ””‹‡”–‘–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡Žƒ†‡…Ž‘—†•ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ˜›ǡ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†Ǧ‘˜‹‰”ƒ‹Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰…Ž‘—†•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”…‡†–‘”‹•‡ ƒ†‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••†‡’‘•‹–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹””ƒ‹‘–Š‡™‹†™ƒ”†•‹†‡Ǥƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•͵ǡͲͲͲȂ ͶǡͲͲͲǤŠ‡‡ƒ•–‡””‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•™Š‹…ŠŽ‹‡‹–Š‡”ƒ‹•Šƒ†‘™ǡ”‡…‡‹˜‡ˆƒ”Ž‡••”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ƒ„‘—–ͳǡͲͲͲ„”‹‰‹‰–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽˆ‹‰—”‡–‘ʹǡͷͲͲǤ 12 ͳ Ƭ ʹ ƒ”‡ …‘””‡…– ƒ”†ƒ‘ ‹ŽŽ• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ‡”ƒŽƒ ƒ† ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—Ǥ ƒ‘—• ˆ‘” …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

…ƒ”†ƒ‘ǡ’‡’’‡”ƒ†…‘ˆˆ‡‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘–›‡–ǡ„—–—†‡”…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡‘”Ž†‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘‹––‡‡ˆ‘”•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒ• ƒ‘”Ž† Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 23 , Š‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ‹• –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ƒ† •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‘‹•– „”‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆ ˆ‘”‡•– ‡…‘”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›†”‹‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”’‘”–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ–Ž‘™‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡• —’–Š‡‘”–Š‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘‹•–†‡…‹†—‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–•‡…‘”‡‰‹‘•ǡ™‹–Š‘•–Ž›†‡…‹†—‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ†‡—’ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ‘ˆ –‡ƒǤ „‘˜‡ ͳǡͲͲͲ ‡–‡”• ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ …‘‘Ž‡” ƒ† ™‡––‡” ‘”–Š ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ‘–ƒ‡”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ™Š‘•‡‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ”‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›–”‡‡•‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ—”ƒ…‡ƒ‡Ǥ , Š‡‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ƒ›ƒƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–•‘ˆ‡”ƒŽƒƒ”–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘œ‘‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘”–Š‡”ƒ†•‘—–Š‡” ‡…‘”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡”‡…‘”‡‰‹‘•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›™‡––‡”ƒ†‘”‡•’‡…‹‡•Ǧ”‹…ŠǤ– Ž‘™‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‡‘—–Š‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘‹•–†‡…‹†—‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–•ǤŠ‡‘‹•–ˆ‘”‡•–•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ †”‹‡”‘—–Š‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—†”›†‡…‹†—‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‹‡‹‹–•”ƒ‹•Šƒ†‘™–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ǥ , „‘˜‡ͳǡͲͲͲ‡–‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡‘—–Š‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘–ƒ‡”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡƒŽ•‘…‘‘Ž‡”ƒ†™‡––‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰Ž‘™Žƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡƒ††‘‹ƒ–‡†„›‡˜‡”‰”‡‡–”‡‡•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š•‘‡‘–ƒ‡‰”ƒ••Žƒ†•ƒ† •–—–‡†ˆ‘”‡•–•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ , Š‡‘—–Š‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘–ƒ‡”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–•’‡…‹‡•Ǧ”‹…Š‡…‘”‡‰‹‘‹’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒǢ ‡‹‰Š–› ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™‡”‹‰ ’Žƒ– •’‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ”ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‹• ‡…‘”‡‰‹‘Ǥ , Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–‹–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Šƒ•„‡‡•‡˜‡”‡Ž›ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡††—‡–‘Š—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›…Ž‡ƒ” ˆ‡ŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘”–‡ƒǡ…‘ˆˆ‡‡ǡƒ†–‡ƒ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•†—”‹‰ͳͺ͸Ͳ–‘ͳͻͷͲǤ , ’‡…‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”ƒ”‡ǡ ‡†‡‹… ƒ† Šƒ„‹–ƒ– •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž› ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† ƒ† –‡† –‘ „‡ Ž‘•– ˆƒ•–‡” –Šƒ ‘–Š‡” •’‡…‹‡•Ǥ ‘’Ž‡š ƒ† •’‡…‹‡• ”‹…ŠŠƒ„‹–ƒ–• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•– ƒ”‡ —…Š ‘”‡ ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†–Šƒ‘–Š‡”Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‘—‰Š–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ …‘˜‡”• „ƒ”‡Ž› ˆ‹˜‡ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• Žƒ†ǡ ʹ͹Ψ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ •’‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” ’Žƒ–• ‹ †‹ƒ ȋͶǡͲͲͲ ‘ˆ ͳͷǡͲͲͲ •’‡…‹‡•Ȍƒ”‡ˆ‘—†Š‡”‡ǤŽ‘•–ͳǡͺͲͲ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‡†‡‹…–‘–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǤŠ‡”ƒ‰‡‹•Š‘‡–‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͺͶ ƒ’Š‹„‹ƒ •’‡…‹‡•ǡ ͳ͸ „‹”† •’‡…‹‡•ǡ •‡˜‡ ƒƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ͳǡ͸ͲͲ ˆŽ‘™‡”‹‰ ’Žƒ–• ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ‘– ˆ‘—† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ , ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‹•Š‘‡–‘ †‹ƒ̵•ʹ„‹‘•’Š‡”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡͳ͵ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”•ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡•ƒ…–—ƒ”‹‡•ƒ† ƒ›‡•‡”˜‡ ‘”‡•–•Ǥ , Š‡ ‹Ž‰‹”‹ ‹‘•’Š‡”‡ ‡•‡”˜‡ …‘’”‹•‹‰ ͷͷͲͲ ; ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ ˆ‘”‡•–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ”ƒŠ‘Ž‡ǡ †‡…‹†—‘—• ˆ‘”‡•–• ‘ˆ ƒ†‹’—” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” ƒ† —‰— ‹ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ† ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ›ƒƒ† ƒ† —†—ƒŽƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”ƒŽƒƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†—ˆ‘”•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–…‘–‹‰—‘—•’”‘–‡…–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ , Š‡ ‹Ž‡– ƒŽŽ‡› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” ‹ ‡”ƒŽƒ ‹• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –”ƒ…–• ‘ˆ ˜‹”‰‹ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ ˆ‘”‡•– ‹ †‹ƒǤ , …”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ›‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†ƒƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‹•–Š‡‘…–—”ƒŽƒŽƒ„ƒ”ƒ”‰‡Ǧ•’‘––‡†‹˜‡–ǤŠ‡ ƒ”„‘”‡ƒŽ ‹‘Ǧ–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒ…ƒ“—‡ ‹• ‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†Ǥ Ž› ʹͷͲͲ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •’‡…‹‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‘ ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒ…ƒ“—‡ ‹• ‹ ‹Ž‡– ƒŽŽ‡› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”Ǥ —†”‡—Š ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘–‡…–•ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ , Š‡•‡Š‹ŽŽ”ƒ‰‡••‡”˜‡ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡…‘””‹†‘”•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†•‹ƒ Ž‡’Šƒ–•Ǥ , Š‡Nilgiri Bio-sphere is home to the largest population of Asian Elephantsƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Œ‡…– Ž‡’Šƒ– ƒ† ”‘Œ‡…– ‹‰‡” ”‡•‡”˜‡Ǥ ”ƒŠƒ‰‹”‹ ƒ† —•Š’ƒ‰‹”‹ ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ…–—ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡Ž‡’Šƒ–Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ̵• Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ•Š‘Ž†‘˜‡”•‹š–Š‘—•ƒ†‡Ž‡’Šƒ–•ȋƒ•‘ˆʹͲͲͶȌƒ†–‡’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•…”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ›‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†–‹‰‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 24 Eastern Ghats ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•‘”󔄃‰Š¢৬ƒƒ”‡ƒdiscontinuous range ‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘‰ †‹ƒ̵•‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–ǤŠ‡›”—ˆ”‘ ‡•–‡‰ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š ”‹••ƒ ƒ† †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š –‘ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†— ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š’ƒ••‹‰ •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ Š‡›ƒ”‡‡”‘†‡†ƒ†…—––Š”‘—‰Š„›–Š‡ˆ‘—”ƒŒ‘””‹˜‡”•‘ˆ•‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒǡ–Š‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡƒŠƒƒ†‹ǡ”‹•Šƒǡƒ† ƒ˜‡”‹ǤŠ‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•”—’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤŠ‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—Ž‹‡•–‘–Š‡™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats. Š‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” Š‹ŽŽ ”ƒ‰‡• ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› …‘‘Ž‡” ƒ†™‡––‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰’Žƒ‹•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡Š‘‡–‘…‘ˆˆ‡‡’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡…Žƒ˜‡•‘ˆ†”›ˆ‘”‡•–Ǥ Š‡‹Ž‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‹…Š”—‡ƒ•–ˆ”‘–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•–‘–Š‡‹˜‡”ƒ˜‡”‹ǡˆ‘”•ƒˆ‘”‡•–‡†‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘””‹†‘” –Šƒ–…‘‡…–•–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•‡…‘†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•–™‹Ž†‡Ž‡’Šƒ–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ–‘ ”ƒ‰‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘—–Šƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰‹”‹ ƒ†‹Ž‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†–Š‡‘—–Š‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǤŠ‡ˆƒ‘—• –‡’Ž‡ƒŽƒ‹ƒŠƒ†‡•Š™ƒ”ƒ‹ŽŽ•‡’Ž‡‹••‹–—ƒ—–‡†‹Šƒƒ”ƒŒƒƒ‰ƒ”‹•–”‹…–‹–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ•–ƒ–‡‘–Š‡ ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–Ǥ Some other Observations

, ‹†Šƒ‰ƒ†ƒ ‹• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘—–ƒ‹ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–• •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‹ ”ƒ—ǡ †‹•–”‹…– ‹•Šƒƒ’ƒ–ƒ ‹ †Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ , Š‡”‡‰‹‘„‘ƒ•–•‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‡•‘‹Ž„—–Š›†”‘’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Š‡”‡‹•‘–ƒ•’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•‹–‹•‹–Š‡‡•–‡”

Šƒ–•Ǥ , ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–• ƒ”‡ ‘Ž†‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ …‘’Ž‡š ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹… Š‹•–‘”›ǡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ƒ† „”‡ƒǦ—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…‹‡– •—’‡”…‘–‹‡– ‘ˆ ‘†‹‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒ •—’‡”…‘–‹‡–Ǥ , Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•‹•–Š‡Š‘‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ›—††Š‹•–”—‹•ˆ”‘”‹••ƒ–‘•‘—–Šƒ†Š”ƒǤ , Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•Šƒ”„‘—” ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‘‹•–†‡…‹†—‘—• ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡’”‡•‡–•  •’‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ –‹„‡”ǡ ‡†‹…‹ƒŽ  ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‹–• „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥˆ–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†͵ǡʹͲͲˆŽ‘™‡”‹‰’Žƒ––ƒšƒǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—– , ͷʹͺ–”‡‡–ƒšƒ—†‡”ʹ͹ͳ‰‡‡”ƒ„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘ͺͲˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•†‹•–”‹„—–‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ –‘–ƒŽͶͷͶ•’‡…‹‡•—†‡”ʹͶ͵‰‡‡”ƒƒ†͹ͺˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡‡†‡‹…–‘ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ , ƒ•‡†‘‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†–‡…–‘‹……‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•‹”‹••ƒ•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘‘”–Š‘ˆ‹‹Ž‹’ƒŽ ‹ƒ›—”„ŠƒŒ†‹•–”‹…–ƒ†”—•–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŽƒ‰‹”‹Ǥ , ‡˜‡–‡‡ †‹•–”‹…–• ‘ˆ ”‹••ƒ …‘‡ —†‡” –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ͳͶ ’”‘–‡…–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ• ȋͳ͵ ™‹Ž† Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ…–—ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‘‡‹‘•’Š‡”‡”‡•‡”˜‡ǡ‘‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”ǡ–™‘–‹‰‡””‡•‡”˜‡ƒ†‘‡ƒ•‡”‡–Žƒ†ȌǤ

Important Observations: Mountains, Hills and Hill Ranges of India Mount Abu

9 Highest peak in the Aravalli Range 9 Located in Sirohi district, Rajasthan. 9 Highest peak on the mountain is Guru Shikhar, at 1,722 metres 9 Ancient name of Mount Abu is "Arbudaanchal" 9 Only hill station in Rajasthan 9 Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1960 and covers 290 km² of the mountain. 9 Mount Abu is home to a number of Jain temples. The Dilwara Temples are a complex of temples, carved of white marble, that were built between the 11th and 13th centuries AD. The oldest of these is the Vimal Vasahi temple, built in 1021 AD by Vimal Shah and dedicated to the first of the Jain Tirthankaras. 9 Home to famous Nakki Lake. 9 The Achalgarh fort, built in the 14th century by Rana Kumbha of Mewar, stands nearby. It encloses several Jain temples Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 25 9 Location of Madhuban which is the headquarters of the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University. Cardamom Hills

9 Part of the southern Western Ghats located in southeast Kerala and southwest Tamil Nadu. 9 Name comes from the cardamom spice grown in much of the hill's cool elevation, which also grows pepper and coffee. 9 Home to drainages of the west flowing Periyar, Mullakudy and Pamba rivers. It includes Idukki Dam and Mullaperiyar Dam. 9 They conjoin the Anaimalai Hills to the northwest, the Palni Hills to the northeast and the Agasthyamalai Hills to the south as far as the Ariankavu pass. The highest peak in the range is Anamudi, with a height of 2,695 metres. 9 The central part of the hills comprises the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary covering an area of 777 km². The 350 km² core zone of the sanctuary is the Periyar National Park and Tiger Reserve. Periyar is a major ecotourism destination. Anamudi

9 Located in Kerala, Highest peak of western Ghats and also in south India. 9 Elevation 2695 meters. 9 Anamudi literally translates to "elephants forehead," a reference to the resemblance of the mountain to an elephant's head. 9 Highest point in India outside the Himalaya-Karakoram mountain range. Anginda peak

9 Anginda peak is in the Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats in Kerala. 9 Highest peak in Silent Valley National Park. Phawngpui

9 Phawngpui or the Blue Mountain of Mizoram is a highly revered peak, considered to be the abode of the Gods. 9 Phawngpui Peak is the highest mountain peak in Mizoram (2165 metres). 9 Famous for orchids and rhododendrons. Doddabetta

9 Doddabetta is highest mountain in the Nilgiri Hills, at 2637 metre. Kangchenjunga

9 Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain of the world with an elevation of 8,586 m. 9 Located along the India-Nepal border in the Himalayas. 9 Kangchenjunga is also the name of the section of the Himalayas and means "The Five Treasures of Snows", as it contains five peaks, four of them over 8,450 m 9 The treasures represent the five repositories of God, which are gold, silver, gems, grain, and holy books. 9 Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations made by the Great Trigonometric Survey of India in 1849 came to the conclusion that Mount Everest (known as Peak XV at the time) was the highest and Kangchenjunga the third-highest Nanda Devi

9 Second highest mountain in India and highest entirely within the country. 9 Part of the Garhwal Himalayas, and is located in the state of Uttarakhand, between the Rishiganga valley on the west and the Goriganga valley on the east. 9 Peak is regarded as the patron-goddess of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. Garo Hills

9 Part of the Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, India.It is one of the wettest places in the world. The range is part of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion. 9 Two mountain ranges - the Arabella range and the Tura range, pass through the Garo Hills, forming the great Balpakram valley in between. 9 Largest town Tura. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 9 Shillong also located in Garo Hills.

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Khasi Hills

9 Khasi Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi range in the Indian state of Meghalaya, and is part of the Patkai range and of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion. Jaintia Hills

9 Tribal region located in HImalaya. 9 Home to Monolith in Nartiang which is touted as one of the tallest monolith in the world. Mizo Hills

9 Lushai Hills (or Mizo Hills) are part of the Patkai range in Mizoram and partially in Tripura, India. Naga Hills

9 Located on India Myanmar border, 9 Naga hills, reaching a height of around 3825 metres, lie on the border of India and Burma (Myanmar). These hills are part of a complex mountain system, and the parts of the mountain ranges inside the Indian state of Nagaland and the Burmese region of Sagaing are called the Naga Hills. 9 In British India, the major part of the hills came under the Naga Hills district. 9 The hills, due to their complexity and position form a barrier between the two countries. The Naga Hills are part of the Arakan Range (Rahkine Range) which to the north rise to 12,552 feet. Palni Hills

9 Palni Hills or Palani Hills are in Tamil Nadu. 9 They are eastward extension of the Western Ghats ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. 9 Home to one of the shrines of Lord Karthikeyan or Murugan. Patkai Hills

9 Located on India's North Eastern border with Burma. 9 Mawsynram and Cherrapunji, on the windward side of these hills are the world's wettest places, having the highest annual rainfall. 9 Climate ranges from temperate to alpine due to altitude. Shivalik Hills

9 Was known as Manak Parbat in ancient times. 9 Also known as Churia and Margalla hills. 9 Southernmost and geologically youngest east-west mountain chain of the Himalayas ranging from Indus to Brahamputra. 9 Chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate rock formations, which are the solidified detritus of the great range in their rear, but often poorly consolidated. 9 Bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. 9 Sivapithecus or Ramapithecus is among many fossil finds in the Siwalik region. 9 The Siwalik Hills are also among the richest fossil sites for large animals anywhere in Asia. Zanskar Range

9 Located in Jammu & Kashmir of India , seperates Zanskar from Ladakh. 9 Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya, an approximately 100-km-wide synclinorium formed by strongly folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series. 9 The average height of the Zanskar Range is about 6,000 m (19,700 ft). 9 Its eastern part is known as Rupshu.

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Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography

Part IV.

Indian River System

Basics of Drainage System  †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ •›•–‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡” ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ •–”‡ƒ•ǡ ”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒ† Žƒ‡• ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” drainage basinǤ  †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡„ƒ•‹‹•ƒ‡š–‡–‘”ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽƒ†™Š‡”‡•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘”ƒ‹ƒ†‡Ž–‹‰•‘™‘”‹…‡…‘˜‡”‰‡•–‘ ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘‹–‘”™Š‡”‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•Œ‘‹ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ–‡”„‘†›ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡŽƒ‡ǡ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ǡ‡•–—ƒ”›ǡ™‡–Žƒ†ǡ•‡ƒǡ ‘”‘…‡ƒǤ Model Question - 13. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•‹ †‹ƒŠƒ˜‡‘’‡„ƒ•‹ ʹǤ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•‹ †‹ƒ†”ƒ‹‹ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 13 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡„ƒ•‹…ƒ„‡closed basin or open Basin. open basinǡ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”„‘†›‹•Š›†”‘ǦŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡•‡ƒǤ The rivers which drain to oceans and seas have open basins.  …Ž‘•‡† †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ „ƒ•‹•–Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” …‘˜‡”‰‡• –‘ ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ’‘‹– ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹ǡ ‘™ ƒ• ƒ •‹ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ› „‡ ƒ ’‡”ƒ‡– Žƒ‡ǡ †”› Žƒ‡ǡ ‘” ƒ ’‘‹– ™Š‡”‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”‹•Ž‘•–—†‡”‰”‘—†Ǥ Š‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡„ƒ•‹‹…Ž—†‡•„‘–Š–Š‡•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†”‹˜‡”•–Šƒ–…‘˜‡›–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ Žƒ† •—”ˆƒ…‡• ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ–‡” †”ƒ‹• ‹–‘ –Š‘•‡ …Šƒ‡Ž•ǡ ƒ† ‹• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ†Œƒ…‡– „ƒ•‹• „› ƒ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ †‹˜‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†• —•‡† ˆ‘” „ƒ•‹ ƒ”‡ catchment, catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin ƒ† watershed.Š‡†ƒ•Š‡†Ž‹‡‹–Š‡ƒ†Œƒ…‡–‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Š‘™•ƒ„ƒ•‹. Š‡ ”‹˜‡” „ƒ•‹• ƒ”‡ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† „› –Š‡ –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† •—…Š ƒ• ”‘… –›’‡•ǡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–ǡ •‘‹Ž –›’‡ ‡–…Ǥ Š‡ •–”‡ƒ‹ƒ„ƒ•‹…ƒ„‡”—‘ˆˆǡ–Š”‘—‰ŠˆŽ‘™‘”—†‡”‰”‘—†ˆŽ‘™ǤŠ‡–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†•Ǥ ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†™‘—Ž†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒŽŽ–Š‡•–”‡ƒ–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™–‘•‘‡†‹•–ƒ…‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǤAlmost all of India’s rivers are of open basin as more than 90% of total surface water runoff would go to Bay of BengalǤ ‡•– ‰‘‡•–‘”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤŠ‡”‡‹•Œ—•–ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ†ƒŠǡ‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹”ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹† ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ”‡•‡”–ǡ–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‹Žƒ††”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Indian River System ŽŽƒŒ‘””‹˜‡”•‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘‘‡ India's River System

‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†•ǣ

The Himalayan River System

Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ‘”ƒ ”ƒ‰‡•

Ganges River System

Indus River System

The Peninsular River System Narmada

‹†Š›ƒ ƒ† ƒ–’—”ƒ ”ƒ‰‡• ƒ†

Ganga

Indus

ŠŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—” ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹ …‡–”ƒŽ

Yamuna

Beas

Godavari

Son

Jhelum

Cauvery

Gandak

Chenab

Krishna

Ghaghara

Ravi

†‹ƒ ƒŠ›ƒ†”‹ ‘” ‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ‹ ™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ

Sutlej

13 Both are correct statements.

Brahamputra River System

Tapti

Mahandi

Vaigai

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Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography

Indus River System Indus River †—•‹˜‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹‹„‡–ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ–Bokhar Chuȋ‰Žƒ…‹‡”Ȍ‹‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Ǥƒ‹Žƒ•ǡ‹–Š‡ ˜‹…‹‹–›‘ˆƒ‡ƒ•ƒ”‘˜ƒ”‹‹„‡–ǡ”—•ƒ…‘—”•‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ†ƒŠ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‡–‡”•ƒ‹•–ƒ ˜‹ƒ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ”‡ƒ• ȋ ‹Ž‰‹–ǦƒŽ–‹•–ƒȌǡ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‹ ƒ •‘—–Š‡”Ž› †‹”‡…–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒǡ–‘‡”‰‡‹–‘–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒ”ƒ”ƒ…Š‹Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ‹• ͵ǡͳͺͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹– ƒ‹•–ƒ̵• Ž‘‰‡•– ”‹˜‡” ƒ† ™‘”Ž†ǯ•  ʹͳ•– Žƒ”‰‡•–”‹˜‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ—ƒŽˆŽ‘™ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”„ƒ•‹‹•ͳͳǡͳ͸ͷǡͲͲͲ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ †—•‹˜‡”‹ƒ‹•–ƒ•‹†‡ƒ”‡ƒ‰ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ•–‘”‹˜‡”ǡƒŽ”ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ”ƒ•‹˜‡”ǡ

ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ Š‹œƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ ‹Ž‰‹–‹˜‡”ǡ —ƒŽ‹˜‡”ƒ„—Ž‹˜‡”ǡ—””ƒ‹˜‡”ǡƒŒƒ†‹˜‡”ǡŠ‹‰ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ Š›‘‹˜‡”ǡ‘Šƒ‹˜‡”ǡƒ—„ƒŽ‹˜‡”ǡƒ•ƒ”‹˜‡”‡–…Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡ǡ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‹–†‘‡•”—–Š”‘—‰Š †‹ƒ–‡””‹–‘”›ǡƒ•†‘’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—”•‡•‘ˆ‹–•ˆ‹˜‡ ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•˜‹œǤ‡ƒ•ǡŠ‡ƒ„ǡ Š‡Ž—ǡƒ˜‹ƒ†—–Ž‡ŒǤŠ‡•‡–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡—Œƒ„”‡‰‹‘Ǥ Indus Water Treaty ˆ–‡”–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡…‡‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒ‹ͳͻͶ͹ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †—•ƒ†‹–•ˆ‹˜‡‡ƒ•–‡”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•„‡…ƒ‡ƒ ƒŒ‘”†‹•’—–‡„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤŠ‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘…ƒƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡—–Ž‡Œ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹‘ƒ„™‡”‡•’Ž‹–Ǧ™‹–Š–Š‡…ƒƒŽ• Ž›‹‰’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‹ƒ‹•–ƒƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ†™‘”†ƒ•‹ †‹ƒ†‹•”—’–‹‰•—’’Ž›‹•‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒǤŠ‡…‘…‡”‘˜‡” †‹ƒ „—‹Ž†‹‰Žƒ”‰‡†ƒ•‘˜‡”˜ƒ”‹‘—•—Œƒ„”‹˜‡”•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†—†‡”…—––Š‡•—’’Ž›ˆŽ‘™‹‰–‘ƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ– †‹ƒ…‘—Ž††‹˜‡”–”‹˜‡”•‹–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ™ƒ”ǡ…ƒ—•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ…‘•–‡”ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ‹•–ƒǤ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒ•‹‰‡†–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‡”• ”‡ƒ–›‹ͳͻ͸ͲǤŠ‡–”‡ƒ–›ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•„”‘‡”‡†„›‘”Ž†ƒǡ‰ƒ˜‡ †‹ƒ…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡‡ƒ•–‡”‘•–”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡—Œƒ„ǡ –Š‡—–Ž‡Œǡ–Š‡‡ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ˜‹ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ‹•–ƒ‰ƒ‹‡†…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡™‡•–‡””‹˜‡”•ǡ–Š‡ Š‡Ž—ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ„ƒ†–Š‡ †—•Ǥ †‹ƒ”‡–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡””‹˜‡”•ˆ‘”‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ

Beas River ”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ‹”ƒŒƒŽ”ƒ‰‡•‡ƒ”‘Š–ƒ‰ƒ••‹‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ –ˆŽ‘™••‘—–Š’ƒ•–ƒƒŽ‹ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—ŽŽ—ƒŽŽ‡›„‡ˆ‘”‡‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡—Œƒ„’Žƒ‹•Ǥ –‡‡–•–Š‡ —–Ž‡Œ‹˜‡”‡ƒ”–Š‡Harike Wetland•‘—–Š‘ˆ”‹–•ƒ”ǤŠ‡—–Ž‡Œ…‘–‹—‡•‹–‘ƒ‹•–ƒ‹—Œƒ„ƒ† Œ‘‹• –Š‡ Š‡ƒ„ ‹˜‡” ƒ– …Š ‡ƒ” ƒŠƒ™ƒŽ’—” –‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒŒƒ† ‹˜‡”Ǣ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ‹ –—” Œ‘‹• –Š‡ †—•‹˜‡”ƒ–‹–Šƒ‘–Ǥ‘ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰‹ †‹ƒƒ†”—‹‰ˆ‘”Ͷ͹Ͳ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡‡–•—–Ž‡Œ‹—Œƒ„‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ Š‡”‹˜‡”‹•‘ˆ‹•–‘”‹…ǡ‘™ƒ•Arjikujaƒ†Vipasa‹ƒ…‹‡––‹‡• ƒ†Hyphasis to ancient Greeks.  ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ• o

Parbati™Š‹…Š”‹•‡•‹–Š‡•‘™›™ƒ•–‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ‹ƒ”ƒǤ – Œ‘‹•–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡ƒ•‡ƒ”Šƒ•Š‹‹–Š‡—Ž—˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǣ

o

Haria™Š‹…ŠŒ‘‹•–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡ƒ•‡ƒ”Š—–ƒ”Ǣ

o

Sainj™Š‹…Š”‹•‡•‹–Š‡•‘™•‘ˆƒ‘ˆˆǦ•Š‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒŒƒŽ”ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–ƒ”•–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†‘ˆ –Š‡‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–Ž—Œ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ –Œ‘‹•–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡ƒ•‡ƒ”ƒ”Œ‹Ǣ

o

Tirthan ™Š‹…Š ”‹•‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘™• ‘ˆ ƒ‘ˆˆǦ•Š‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹” ƒŒƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ – Œ‘‹• –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ‡ƒ• ‡ƒ”ƒ”Œ‹Ǥ

Jhelum River

Š‡Ž— ”‹•‡• ˆ”‘ northern slopes of Pir Panjal ranges at Verinag spring

(which is main source)

™Š‹…Š

‰‹”†Ž‡• –Š‡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ‘ˆ ƒ•Š‹”Ǥ – ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š ”‹ƒ‰ƒ” ƒ† –Š‡ —Žƒ” ƒ‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡–‡”‹‰ ƒ‹•–ƒ –Š”‘—‰Šƒ†‡‡’ƒ””‘™‰‘”‰‡Ǥ The Kishenganga (Neelum) River, the largest tributary of the Jhelumǡ Œ‘‹• ‹–ǡ ƒ– ‘‡Ž —œƒˆˆƒ”ƒ„ƒ†ǤŠ‡ Š‡Ž—‡–‡”•–Š‡—Œƒ„‹–Š‡ Š‡Ž—‹•–”‹…–Ǥ ”‘–Š‡”‡ǡ‹–ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒ̵•—Œƒ„ǡˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ŠƒŒƒ†‹†Šƒ‰ƒ”‘ƒ„•Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 – ‡†• ‹ ƒ …‘ˆŽ—‡…‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡ƒ„ ƒ– ”‹— ‹ ‹•–”‹…–

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Šƒ‰ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ„‡”‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡—–Ž‡Œ–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Panjnad River ™Š‹…ŠŒ‘‹•–Š‡ †—•‹˜‡”ƒ–‹–Šƒ‘–ǤŠ—•ǡ  †‹ƒ‹– ˆŽ‘™•‘‹ ƒ—Ƭƒ•Š‹”–ƒ–‡Ǥ Jhelam is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab. Š‡ƒ„ ‹• ‹–• –”‹„—–ƒ”›Ǥ – ™ƒ• …ƒŽŽ‡† Vitasta in Rigveda ƒ† Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks.Ž‡šƒ†‡”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒ†Š‹• ƒ”›…”‘••‡†–Š‡ Š‡Ž—‹͵ʹ͸ƒ––Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡›†ƒ•’‡• ‹˜‡” ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– Š‡ †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‹‰ǡ ‘”—•Ǥ ‡”‹ƒ‰ ‹• •‹–—ƒ–‡† ƒ– ƒ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͺͲ  ˆ”‘ ”‹ƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡” Š‡Ž—ǡ‘ˆ–‡ –‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘˜‹…‡‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”ǡ–Š‡ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”‹ƒ‰ ƒ ™‡‡‡† ‰‡–ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ”‹ƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– †ƒ• ƒ† „ƒ””ƒ‰‡• ‘

Š‡Žƒ”‹˜‡”ƒ”‡Mangla Dam, Rasul Barrage, Trimmu Barrage. –•ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡Ȃ o

‹††ƒ” ™Š‹…Š ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘™› ™ƒ•–‡• ƒ– Šƒ†ƒ™ƒ”‹Ǥ – Œ‘‹• –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” Š‡Ž— ‹ –Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•Š‹”˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǣ

o

‹†‹˜‡”™Š‹…Š‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡™Š‹…ŠŠ‡•–Š‡ ƒ•Š‹”˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǣ

o

‹•Š‡‰ƒ‰ƒ™Š‹…ŠƒŽ•‘‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Kishenganga Power Project ‹•Šƒ ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‡”‹•‘™ƒ•‡‡Ž—‹˜‡”‹ƒ‹•–ƒƒ†‘ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ–‘ƒ‹•–ƒǤ †‹ƒ‹•„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ͵͵ͲŠ›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…’‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡…–ǤŠ‹•’”‘Œ‡…–™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–‘‹†—•–ƒ‘•–”—…–‹‘‘’ƒ› –†ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ –‹‡Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ͹ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ †‹˜‡”–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” –‘ Š‡Ž— –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ʹ͹ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”–—‡ŽǤ ƒ‹•–ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒͻ͸ͻŠ›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…’‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡…–ǤŠ‹•’”‘Œ‡…–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡•‡…‘•‘”–‹—Ǥ ƒ‹•–ƒ•ƒ›•–Šƒ– †‹ƒ‹•˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ †—•ƒ–‡””‡ƒ–›„›†‹˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡”‘—–‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ †‹ƒ†‡‹‡•–Š‹•Ǥ ƒ‹•–ƒŠƒ•–ƒ‡–Š‹•‹••—‡–‘–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰–‘ †‹ƒǡ–Š‡–”‡ƒ–›ƒŽŽ‘™•‹––‘†‹˜‡”–‹•Šƒ‰ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ–‡”•–‘–Š‡‘ƒ”ƒ†ƒ–‹ƒŽŽƒŠǡƒ‘–Š‡”–”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡Ž—ǡ™Š‹…ŠˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘–Š‡—ŽŽƒ”ƒ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡Œ‘‹‹‰–Š‡ Š‡Ž—ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥƒ‹•–ƒŠƒ•‘„Œ‡…–‡†–‘–Š‹••ƒ›‹‰ †‹ƒ̵• ’Žƒ•–‘†‹˜‡”–™ƒ–‡”•™‹ŽŽ‘„•–”—…––Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰‹–•‡‡Ž—Ǧ Š‡Ž—’”‘Œ‡…–†‘™•–”‡ƒǤ ƒ‹•–ƒ…ƒ–ƒ‡–Š‹•‹••—‡‹„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‡”–”‡ƒ–›„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒ™ƒ••‹‰‡†‹ͳͻ͸Ͳ—†‡” –Š‡ƒ‡‰‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•–”‡ƒ–›’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘…‘—”–ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•–‘Šƒ˜‡•‡˜‡‡„‡”•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡…Šƒ‹”ƒǤ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ‡†–™‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•‡ƒ…Š–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡‹••—‡…‘—Ž†‘– „‡ •‘Ž˜‡† „› –Š‡ „‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –ƒŽ•ǡ ‹– ‹• —†‡” ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ͵Ͳ–Š …–‘„‡” ʹͲͳͲǡ —†‰‡ –‡’Š‡ Ǥ …Š™‡„‡Žǡ ˆ‘”‡” ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—”–‘ˆ —•–‹…‡ǡŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‘—”–‘ˆ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘„‡‹‰…‘•–‹–—–‡†–‘ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ‹•Šƒ‰ƒ‰ƒ Š›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹… ’”‘Œ‡…– †‹•’—–‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹•–ƒǤ —†‰‡ …Š™‡„‡Ž ‹• ƒ ‡š’‡”– ‘ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ™ƒ††‹•’—–‡•‡––Ž‡‡–Ǥ ƒ‹•–ƒ̵• „‹† –‘ •–ƒŽŽ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ™‘” ƒ– –Š‡ ‹•Š‡‰ƒ‰ƒ ’‘™‡” ’”‘Œ‡…– ‹ ƒ— ƒ† ƒ•Š‹”ǡ ™ƒ• –Š™ƒ”–‡† ‘

ƒ—ƒ”› ͳͶǡ ʹͲͳͲ ™Š‡ ‹– ™ƒ• ˆ‘”…‡† –‘ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ƒ ’‡–‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰ƒ”† ƒ– –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”– ‘ˆ ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹•Š‡‰ƒ‰ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘‘—”–‹Š‡ƒ‰—‡‹Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•‹†‡’—–—’ƒ •’‹”‹–‡†ƒ”‰—‡–ˆ‘”…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡͵͵ͲǦ’”‘Œ‡…–‘‹•Š‡‰ƒ‰ƒǡƒ–”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‡Ž—”‹˜‡”Ǥ Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹••Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†„›ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ

Chenab River Š‡ƒ„ ‹˜‡” ™ƒ• …ƒŽŽ‡† Ashkini in Vedic times. – ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– •‘™ ‡Ž– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Bara Lacha Pass in the Himachal PradeshǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”•ˆŽ‘™‹‰•‘—–Šˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ”‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡Chandra River ƒ†–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™ ‘”–Š ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ Bhaga River. ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ Šƒ‰ƒ ˆŽ‘™• ƒ”‘—† –‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š Œ‘‹‹‰ –Š‡ Šƒ†”ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ†‹ǡˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡Chandrbhaga River at Tandi. –„‡…‘‡•–Š‡Š‡ƒ„™Š‡‹–Œ‘‹•–Š‡ƒ”ƒ—‹˜‡”ƒ–Šƒ†‡”ƒ‘–ǡͳʹˆ”‘‹•Š–™ƒ”‘™‹ ƒ—ƒ† ƒ•Š‹”Ǥ – ˆŽ‘™• ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ— Ƭ ƒ•Š‹”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹•–ƒ ”‘˜‹…‡ ‘ˆ —Œƒ„ ƒ† ‡”‰‡• ™‹–Š

Š‡Ž—‹˜‡”ƒ–”‹—ǡƒ˜‹‹˜‡”Š‡†’—”‹ƒŽƒ†—–Ž‡Œ‹˜‡”‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ”‹ˆǡƒ‹•–ƒ–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒƒ† ‘”–Š‡̵ ‹˜‡‹˜‡”•̵ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š„‡‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ•‹˜‡”™Š‹…ŠŒ‘‹•–Š‡ƒ–Ž—Œ‡ƒ” ‡”‘œ‡’—”ǡ †‹ƒǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ„–Š‡ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 30 Œ‘‹•–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‹–Šƒ‘–ǡƒ‹•–ƒǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ„‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͻ͸Ͳ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”• ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ„ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‹•–ƒ—†‡”–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‡”•”‡ƒ–›ǤIt was known as Acesines to the Ancient Greeks. Baglihar Dam Project ƒ ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ” ƒ ‘” ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ” ›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹… ‘™‡” ”‘Œ‡…– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹• ‘ Š‡ƒ„ ‹˜‡” ‘†ƒ ǡ ƒ— ƒ† ƒ•Š‹”Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…–™ƒ•…‘…‡‹˜‡†‹ͳͻͻʹǡƒ’’”‘˜‡†‹ͳͻͻ͸ƒ†…‘•–”—…–‹‘„‡‰ƒ‹ͳͻͻͻǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘…‘•– ̈́ͳ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ”ƒ™ƒ•…‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ʹͲͲͶǤ‹–Š–Š‡•‡…‘†’Šƒ•‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ‘ͳͲ…–‘„‡” ʹͲͲͺǡ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” ƒ‘Šƒ ‹‰Š ‘ˆ †‹ƒ †‡†‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ͶͷͲǦ ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ” Š›†”‘ ‡Ž‡…–”‹… ’‘™‡” ’”‘Œ‡…– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Baglihar Dam Controversy ƒ Š‡ƒŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ…‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ‹••—‡„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤŠ‡–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•†ƒ„‡‰ƒ‹ͳͻͻͻǡ ƒ‹•–ƒ…Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–†‡•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ”’”‘Œ‡…–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‡””‡ƒ–›‘ˆͳͻ͸ͲǤŠ‡ †—•ƒ–‡” ”‡ƒ–› ’”‘˜‹†‡† †‹ƒ ™‹–Š ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡ …‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡” –Š”‡‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ”‹˜‡”• ǡ‡ƒ” ‡ƒ…‘ –—‡Ž ™Š‹Ž‡ ‰”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ‹•–ƒ ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡…‘–”‘Ž–‘–Š”‡‡™‡•–‡””‹˜‡”•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰Š‡ƒ„‹˜‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”‹–…‘–ƒ‹‡†’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘” †‹ƒ–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ”‹˜‡”Ǧ”—’‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡…–•™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†”‡•‡”˜‘‹”…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ƒ†ˆŽ‘™…‘–”‘Ž‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ –Š‹•’”‘˜‹•‹‘ †‹ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”—Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ”‹˜‡”’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ™‹–Šƒ‹•–ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‹‰–‘–Š‡•‡ǤŽ•‘‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ”ƒ†‹•Š‡‰ƒ‰ƒ›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…Žƒ–•ǡƒ‹•–ƒ…Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡†‡•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•™‡”‡–‘‘Žƒš–Šƒ™‡”‡ ‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡† †‹ƒ™‹–Š‡š…‡••‹˜‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ǡ†‡…‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡‘”„Ž‘…ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ –Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡ–Š—•‰‹˜‹‰ †‹ƒƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ–‡•‹‘‘”™ƒ”Ǥ ƒ Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‘—†•‘ˆ–ƒŽ•„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤ ••—‡™ƒ•–ƒ‡–‘‘”Ž†ƒǡƒ„”‘‡”ƒ† •‹‰ƒ–‘”› ‘ˆ †—• ƒ–‡” ”‡ƒ–›Ǥ ‘”Ž† ƒ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ ‡—–”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”– ƒ›‘† ƒˆ‹––‡ǡ ƒ ™‹•• …‹˜‹Ž ‡‰‹‡‡”ǡ –‘ ƒ†Œ—†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ ƒ Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ”†ƒ„‡‹‰„—‹Ž–„› †‹ƒ‘ –Š‡Š‡ƒ„ƒ•ƒ”—Ǧ‘ˆǦ”‹˜‡”’Žƒ–™ƒ•—’Š‡Ž†„›”‘ˆǤ ƒ›‘†ƒˆ‹––‡ǡ–Š‡‡—–”ƒŽš’‡”–ȋȌƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ‹•–ƒǯ•‘„Œ‡…–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‹Šƒ” ’”‘Œ‡…–ǡ‹Š‹•†‡…‹•‹‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‘ͳʹǦ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͲ͹‹‡”‡–‘–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤ ƒ Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† †‹ƒǯ•”‹‰Š––‘—–‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”‹˜‡”•‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ„‹–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ–›ǡˆ‘”’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡•‹…‡–Š‡•‹‰‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‡”•”‡ƒ–›ͳͻ͸Ͳ–Šƒ–ƒ‡—–”ƒŽš’‡”–™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Ǥ

Ravi River Š‡ƒ˜‹‘”Iravati or Purushni of ancient India‹••ƒŽŽ‡•–‘ˆ ‹˜‡—Œƒ„‹˜‡”•Ǥ –‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹ƒ”ƒŠƒ‰ƒŽǡ ‹•–”‹…–ƒ‰”ƒ‹‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†‰‡–•Š‡‡†„›Šƒ—Žƒ†Šƒ””ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡•‘—–Šƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒŒƒŽ‹–Š‡ ‘”–ŠǤ –‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹ƒ”ƒƒ‰ƒŠƒŽƒ•ƒŒ‘‹–•–”‡ƒˆ‘”‡†„›ǣ ƒ

Š‡Šƒ†ƒŽǤ™Š‹…Š‹•ˆ‡†„›‰Žƒ…‹‡”•Ǥ

ƒ

Š‡ƒ– ƒ”‹ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡†„›‰Žƒ…‹‡”•Ǥ

Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ˜‹ˆŽ‘™•‹‘”‡‘”Ž‡••™‡•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡…–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–…—–•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡Šƒ—Žƒ†Šƒ””ƒ‰‡–‘‡–‡”–Š‡ ’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ—Œƒ„Ǥ –•ƒ‹‘”–Š‡”„ƒ–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡•‘™ˆ‡†‹—Žƒ†ƒ‹”ƒ•–”‡ƒ•Ǥ –ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒ‘”–ŠǦ ™‡•–‡”Ž› …‘—”•‡ǡ ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”ƒ„Šƒ‰ƒŽǡ ƒ”ƒ ƒ•— ƒ† Šƒ„ƒ †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ – ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ”ƒ’‹†• ‹ ‹–• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ…Š‡• ™‹–Š „‘—Ž†‡”• •‡‡ •…ƒ––‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ „‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡ —†Š‹Ž ‹˜‡”ǡ ‹ ‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Š ‹• ƒ ƒŒ‘” –”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‹‹˜‡”Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”›–Šƒ–Œ‘‹•–Š‡ƒ˜‹‹˜‡”ǡŒ—•–„‡Ž‘™Šƒ”‘—”ǡ–Š‡‘Ž†…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆŠƒ„ƒǡ‹•–Š‡‡—Ž‹˜‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”†‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡”‹˜‡”™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†ˆ‘”‹–•”‹…Š–‹„‡”–”‡‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›Šƒ•Žƒ”‰‡–‡””ƒ…‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡˜‡”›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ƒ†‘™ƒ•̶–Š‡‰ƒ”†‡‘ˆŠƒ„ƒ̶Ǥ…”‘’•‰”‘™Š‡”‡•—’’Ž›‰”ƒ‹•–‘–Š‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ†–‘ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‡–‘™ƒ†‹–••—””‘—†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‡‘”‡ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”›–Šƒ–Œ‘‹•–Š‡ƒ˜‹‹˜‡”‡ƒ”‹••‘Ž‹ ‹•–Š‡‹ƒ™ƒǤ –‡–‡”•–Š‡—Œƒ„’Žƒ‹‡ƒ”ƒ†Š‘’—”ƒ†ƒ–Šƒ‘–Ǥ ––Š‡ˆŽ‘™•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ †‘Ȃƒ„‘”†‡” ˆ‘”ͺͲ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•ȋͷͲ‹Ȍ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡–‡”‹‰ƒ‹•–ƒƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ„‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹• ƒ„‘—–͹ʹͷ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‹• ”‹˜‡” ˆŽ‘™• ƒ– –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹•–ƒǡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ‹• …Šƒ‰‹‰ ‹–• …‘—”•‡–‘™ƒ”†• †‹ƒ†—‡–‘Š‡ƒ˜›…‘•–”—…–‹‘•‹‹–•™ƒ›„›ƒ‹•–ƒǤ Major Dams and Projects on Ravi ƒ ƒ‹”ƒ—‹Ž›†”‘‡Ž‡Ž‡…–”‹…‘™‡””‘Œ‡…–‘ˆͳͻͺ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‘Œ‡…–‘ƒ˜‹‹˜‡”Ǥ ƒ Šƒ‡”ƒǦ ‘ˆͷͶͲ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›…‘‹••‹‘‡†‹ͳͻͻͶǡ ƒ ƒŒ‹–•ƒ‰ƒ”—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡”‘Œ‡…–ȋ͸ͲͲȌ…‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ͳͻͻͻƒ†–Š‡Šƒ‡”ƒǦ ‘ˆ͵ͲͲ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‹–Š‡—’•–”‡ƒ ‘ˆŠƒ‡”ƒǦ …‘‹••‹‘‡†‹ʹͲͲͶǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•Š‡‹†ƒƒ•‹–‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹Š‡‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ

Sutlej River —–Ž‡Œ‹˜‡”™ƒ•‘™ƒ•c—–—†”‹‹ƒ…‹‡– †‹ƒƒ†‹•Ž‘‰‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ—Œƒ„Ǥ –‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‡ƒ” ƒ‡ ƒ•Šƒ•–ƒŽ ‹ ‹„‡–Ǥ – ˆŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ƒ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡–‡”‹‰ †‹ƒ ‡””‹–‘”› ‡ƒ” Š‹’‹ ƒǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 31 Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ‹–†”ƒ‹•’ƒ•––Š‡–”ƒ•Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒœ‘‡‘ˆ’‹–‹ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”›™Š‹…ŠŒ‘‹•–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ–Ž—Œ‹–Š‹• –”ƒ…–‹•–Š‡”‹˜‡”’‹–‹ǤŠ‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”›”‹•‡•‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡™Š‹…ŠŠ‡•–Š‡ ƒŠƒ—Ž ƒ† ’‹–‹ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•Ǥ – †”ƒ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ƒ ‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š ™‡•–‡”Ž› †‹”‡…–‹‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Œ‘‹‹‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ–Ž—ŒǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”ƒ–Ž—ŒŠƒ•…—–ƒ…”‘••–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†‡‡’‰‘”‰‡Ǥ

—•– —’•–”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‰‘”‰‡ǡ ‹– ‹• Œ‘‹‡† „› –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ƒ•’ƒ ™Š‹…Š †”ƒ‹• –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‡ƒ•–‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤˆ–‡”…”‘••‹‰–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ–Ž—ŒˆŽ‘™•‹ƒ‘”‡‘”Ž‡••†‹”‡…–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰‹–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‹•‡ƒ”Šƒ”ƒǤ ƒ‹•–ƒǡ‹–™ƒ–‡”•–Š‡ƒ…‹‡–ƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽˆ‘”‡”ƒŠƒ™ƒŽ’—”•–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡”‡‰‹‘–‘‹–••‘—–Šƒ†‡ƒ•–‹•ƒ”‹†ǡƒ†‹•‘™ƒ•Š‘Ž‹•–ƒǡ‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŠƒ™ƒŽ’—”‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —–Ž‡Œ ‹• Œ‘‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ƒ• ‹˜‡” ‹ ƒ”‹Ǧ‡Ǧƒ–ƒǡ ”‹–•ƒ”ǡ —Œ¢„ǡ †‹ƒǡ ƒ† …‘–‹—‡• •‘—–Š™‡•– ‹–‘ ƒ‹•–ƒ–‘—‹–‡™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ„‹˜‡”ǡˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡ƒŒƒ†‹˜‡”‡ƒ”ƒŠƒ™ƒŽ’—”ǤŠ‡ƒŒƒ†Œ‘‹•–Š‡ †—• ‹˜‡”ƒ–‹–Šƒ‘–Ǥ †—•–Š‡ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‰‘”‰‡‡ƒ”——”ǡˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡’Žƒ‹•”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‹†Šǡ ƒ†–‡”‹ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒ”–Š‡’‘”–…‹–›‘ˆƒ”ƒ…Š‹‹ƒ‹•–ƒǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡—–Ž‡Œƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‡† –‘ †‹ƒ—†‡”–Š‡ †—•ƒ–‡”•”‡ƒ–›„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ†ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›†‹˜‡”–‡†–‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘…ƒƒŽ• ‹ †‹ƒǤ Projects on Sutlej River ƒ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒŒ‘” Š›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹… ’”‘Œ‡…–• ‘ –Š‡ —–Ž‡Œǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ͳǡͲͲͲ  Šƒ”ƒ ƒǡ –Š‡ ͳǡͲͲͲ  ƒ”…ŠƒǦƒ‰–‘‘ƒ†–Š‡ͳǡͷ͵Ͳƒ–Š’ƒ Šƒ”‹›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒǤ ƒ Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–‘„—‹Ž†ƒʹͳͶǦ‹Ž‘‡–”‡ȋͳ͵͵‹ȌŽ‘‰Š‡ƒ˜›ˆ”‡‹‰Š–…ƒƒŽǡ‘™ƒ•–Š‡—–Ž‡ŒǦƒ—ƒ‹ ȋȌǡ‹ †‹ƒ–‘…‘‡…––Š‡—–Ž‡Œƒ†ƒ—ƒ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‡–‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡•ƒ† ™ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡ —’”‡‡‘—”–Ǥ

The Ganga River System Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‹˜‡” ƒ‰ƒ ƒ† ‹–• –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡• Ž‹‡ ƒ—ƒǡ ‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ ƒ‡ –Š‡ „‹‰‰‡•– …—Ž–‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ ‘”–Š ƒ† ‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒǡ ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’Žƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ”‹˜‡”ǡ ƒ‰ƒ ˆ‘”• „› –Š‡ Œ‘‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ†Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹‹˜‡”ƒ–‡˜’”ƒ›ƒ‰ǤŠ‡Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ̵–”—‡•‘—”…‡ǡ •–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘ ‘—ŠǤ

Understanding Course of Ganga

ƒ‰‘–”‹ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡” ƒ‰ƒ ƒ† •‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘††‡•• ƒ‰ƒǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ •‘—”…‡‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǯ•6 headstreams ‘™ƒ• Bhagirathi. Bhagirathi itself is joined by two headstreams called Bhilangna River and Jahnavi River.

‘–Š‡” ‹‰Š–› Š‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ ‹• ”‹˜‡”

AlaknandaǤ Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹ ƒ† Žƒƒ†ƒ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ”‹˜‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”Š™ƒŽ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǡ „‘–Š ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‰Š–› Chaukhamba range of glaciersǤ Šƒ—Šƒ„ƒ ‹• ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹ ƒ••‹ˆ ‹ –Š‡

ƒ‰‘–”‹ ”‘—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”Š™ƒŽ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒǤ –• ƒ‹ •—‹–ǡChaukhamba I,‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡ƒ‹–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ –Ž‹‡•ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰‘–”‹ Žƒ…‹‡”ƒ†ˆ‘”•–Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ…Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ–Š‡”’‡ƒ•ƒ”‡Šƒ—Šƒ„ƒ ǡŠƒ—Šƒ„ƒ ƒ†Šƒ—Šƒ„ƒ Ǥ Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹Šƒ•‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒ– ƒ‰‘–”‹ȋ™Š‹…Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ‰‘–”‹ Žƒ…‹‡”Ȍ‘–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆŠƒ—Šƒ„ƒǤ Žƒƒ†ƒ ”‹•‡• ƒ– –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ—‡…‡ ƒ† ˆ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers, ‘ –Š‡ •‘—–ŠǦ ‡ƒ•–‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ‰Žƒ…‹‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆŠƒ—Šƒ„ƒǤ Gangotri & Gaumukh

ƒ‰‘–”‹ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘—” •‹–‡• ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ” Šƒ ’‹Ž‰”‹ƒ‰‡ …‹”…—‹–ǡ ‘–Š‡” „‡‹‰ ƒ—‘–”‹ǡ ‡†ƒ”ƒ–Š ƒ† ƒ†”‹ƒ–ŠǤ Š‡ ƒ‰‘–”‹ Žƒ…‹‡” ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ––ƒ”ƒ•Š‹ ‹•–”‹…–ǡ ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ Š‡ –‡”‹—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‘–”‹

Žƒ…‹‡”‹••ƒ‹†–‘”‡•‡„Ž‡ƒ…‘™̵•‘—–Šǡƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ…‡‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† ‘—ŠǤ ƒ——Š‹•–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆŠƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 32 ”‹˜‡”Ǥ ‘—Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆŠ‹˜Ž‹‰Ǣ‹„‡–™‡‡Ž‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’‘˜ƒ‡ƒ†‘™ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹ ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘ ƒ‰‘–”‹ƒ†ƒ–‡˜’”ƒ›ƒ‰ǡ‹–‡‡–•ƒ‘–Š‡”Š‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ…ƒŽŽ‡†Žƒƒ†ƒǤ Alaknanda

•™”‹––‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡŽƒƒ†ƒ”‹•‡•ƒ––Š‡…‘ˆŽ—‡…‡ƒ†ˆ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘’ƒ–Šƒ†Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–ŠŠƒ”ƒ‰Žƒ…‹‡”•ǡ‘ –Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ‰Žƒ…‹‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆŠƒ—Šƒ„ƒǤ –‡‡–•–Š‡Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹”‹˜‡”ƒ–‡˜’”ƒ›ƒ‰ƒˆ–‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͻͲ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Žƒƒ†ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥˆ–‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ǡ‹–ˆ‹”•–‡‡–•–Š‡ƒ”ƒ•™ƒ–Š‹‹˜‡”ƒ† –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†”‹ƒ–Š –‡’Ž‡Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‹•ǡ ‹– ‡‡–• ‹–• –”‹„—–ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” Š‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ …ƒŽŽ‡† DhauligangaǤ Š‡ Žƒƒ†ƒ ‡‡–• Šƒ—Ž‹‰ƒ‰ƒǡ ‹– ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† Vishnu Prayag. Š‡ –™‘ •–”‡ƒ• ‘™ „‡…‘‡‘‡ƒ†‰‘ƒŠ‡ƒ†Ǥ‡š–Š‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ†ƒ‹‹ǡ™Š‹…Š‡‡–•Žƒƒ†ƒƒ–ƒ†ƒ’”ƒ›ƒ‰Ǥ ƒ

”‘Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒƒ†ƒ”‹˜‡”„‡…‘‡•‹‰Š–›ƒ†‘™‡‡–•‹†ƒ”‹˜‡”ƒ–ƒ”ƒ’”ƒ›ƒ‰Ǥ

ƒ

ˆ–‡”ƒ”ƒ’”ƒ›ƒ‰ǡ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ‹‹”‹˜‡”‡‡–•–Š‹••–”‡ƒƒ†‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†—†”ƒ’”ƒ›ƒ‰Ǥ

ƒ

‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡Žƒƒ†ƒ‡‡–•Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹ƒ–‡˜’”ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ†ˆ”‘Š‡”‡ǡ‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ‰ƒǤ

ƒ

Š‡•‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ”ƒ›ƒ‰• ‘” …‘ˆŽ—‡…‡• ƒ”‡ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› …ƒŽŽ‡† PanchaprayagǤ Š‡ Žƒƒ†ƒ …‘–”‹„—–‡• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Žƒ”‰‡”’‘”–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹Ǥ

Š—•‹ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͸Š‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–…‘–”‹„—–‡‹–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡Žƒƒ†ƒǡŠƒ—Ž‹‰ƒ‰ƒǡ ƒ†ƒ‹‹ǡ‹†ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ‹‹ǡƒ†Šƒ‰‹”ƒ–Š‹”‹˜‡”•Ǥ Further Course of Ganga Till Kanpur

ˆ–‡” ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ʹͷͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ ƒ‰ƒ ‡‡”‰‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ– ‹•Š‹‡•Šǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‡„‘—…Š‡• ‘–‘ –Š‡

ƒ‰‡–‹…Žƒ‹ƒ–ƒ”‹†™ƒ”Ǥ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ƒ”‹†™ƒ”‹•†‹˜‡”–‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒƒƒŽǡ™Š‹…Š‹””‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡‘ƒ„”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ‹ŽŽƒ”‹†™ƒ”ǡ–Š‡”‘—–‡‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‹•Ž‹––Ž‡•‘—–Š™‡•–ǡˆ”‘Š‡”‡‹–„‡‰‹•–‘ˆŽ‘™•‘—–Š‡ƒ•––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ – ˆŽ‘™•ͺͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ’ƒ••‹‰ ˜‹ƒ ƒƒ—Œǡ ƒ”—Šƒ„ƒ†ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ…Š‡• ƒ’—”Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡

ƒ‰ƒ”‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ’—”ǡ–™‘‹’‘”–ƒ–”‹˜‡”•Œ‘‹‹–Ǥ‡‹•Kali River ƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•ƒ‰ƒ‰ƒǤƒŽ‹‹˜‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘™™‹–Š–Š‹•ƒ‡‹‡’ƒŽ„—–‹•‘™ƒ•Sharda River in IndiaǤ –‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ƒ–ƒŽƒ’ƒƒ‹‹‹–Š‘”ƒ‰ƒ”Š †‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǤƒŽ‹‹˜‡”ƒ‡• †‹ƒ̵•‡ƒ•–‡”„‘—†ƒ”›™‹–Š‡’ƒŽƒ–•‘‡’Žƒ…‡•ƒ†™Š‡‹–”‡ƒ…Š‡• –Š‡’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ƒ†––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•Šƒ”†ƒǤ ‡š–‹•ƒ‰ƒ‰ƒǤŽ‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘ƒ‰ƒ‰ƒ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘‘‘†Šƒ–‘Ž‹”ƒ‰‡•‹ ƒ—”‹ ƒ”Š™ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” ˆ”‘ ƒ‹ Žƒ…‹‡” ‘ˆ ‹–Š‘”ƒ‰ƒ”ŠǤ Š‡ ƒ”‡‹ŽŽ› ‘ˆ ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Š ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ”‡‹ŽŽ›ǡ‹–‡‡–•ƒŽ‹‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡ƒŽ‹”‹˜‡”‡‡’•ˆŽ‘™‹‰–‹ŽŽƒŠ”ƒ‹…Šǡ„›–Š‡‹–‹•‘™ ƒ•Saryu River.ƒ”›—‹˜‡”‡‡–• ƒ‰ƒ‹–Š‡ƒŠ”ƒ‹…Š‘ˆ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǤ After Kanpur

ˆ–‡” ƒ’—”ǡ ƒ‰ƒ Œ‘‹• –Š‡ ƒ—ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ Triveni Sangam ƒ– ŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†ǡ ƒ Š‘Ž› …‘ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ ‹†—‹•Ǥ – –Š‡‹”…‘ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡ƒ—ƒ‹•Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǤˆ–‡”–Š‹•ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–”‡ƒ•—…Šƒ•ƒ•ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ Šƒ‰Šƒ”ƒ ”‹˜‡”ǡ ƒ†ƒ‹‹˜‡”ǡ‘•‹‹˜‡”Œ‘‹‹–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’Žƒ…‡•™Š‹…Š•ŠƒŽŽ„‡†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‹•‘†—Ž‡Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ”‡ƒ‹• ‘‡ •–”‡ƒ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ •‘—–Š‡ƒ•– –‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰ƒŽ’—”Ǥ ”‘ ƒ—” ‹  Šƒ”Šƒ†ǡ ƒ‰ƒ •–ƒ”–• †‹˜‹†‹‰ ‹–‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ —”•Š‹†ƒ„ƒ† ‹•–”‹…– ‘ˆ ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ”ƒƒ ƒ””ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ‰ƒ̵• ˆ‹”•– †‹•–”‹„—–‘” Š¢‰‹”ƒ–Š‹-Hooghly ‰‡–• „”ƒ…Š‡† ‘—–Ǥ Š‹• Š¢‰‹”ƒ–Š‹Ǧ‘‘‰ŠŽ› ”‹˜‡” Žƒ–‡” „‡…‘‡• ‘‘‰ŠŽ› ”‹˜‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‡”•–Š‡–™‹…‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘Žƒ–ƒƒ†‘™”ƒŠǤ–—”’—”‹–‡–‡”•ƒ‘Ž†…Šƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒƒ†–—”••‘—–Š–‘ ‡’–›‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ Š‡ ƒ”ƒƒƒ””ƒ‰‡…‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǡ†‹˜‡”–‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‹–‘ƒˆ‡‡†‡”…ƒƒŽŽ‹‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘‘‰ŠŽ›ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‡‡’‹‰‹–”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•‹Ž–Ǧˆ”‡‡Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘‘‰ŠŽ›”‹˜‡”‡’–‹‡•‹–‘ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǡ‹– ‡‡–•ƒ‘†ƒ”‹˜‡”Ǥ—–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹„”ƒ…Š‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒŠƒ•–‘‰‘ƒŽ‘‰™ƒ›•–‹ŽŽǤ –‡–‡”•ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šˆ”‘ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ” Šƒ’ƒ‹ ƒ„ƒ„‰ƒŒ ƒ† ‘™ ‹–• ƒ‡ ‹• Padma RiverǤ ‡”‡ ƒ†ƒ ‡‡–• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ…ƒŽŽ‡† Jamuna or JomunaǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 33 Š‹• …‘„‹‡† •–”‡ƒ ‡‡–• ‡‰Šƒ ”‹˜‡”ǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” †‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ƒ– Šƒ†’—” ‹ ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǤŠ‡‡‰Šƒ‹˜‡”ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆŽ‘™•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ‡•‹–…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒƒ†”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ‡‡–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ‡‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ largest delta in the world called Gangaes Delta ‘” Ganges-Brahmaputra †‡Ž–ƒǤ Š‡›ƒŽ•‘…”‡ƒ–‡—†‡”™ƒ–‡”‡‰ƒŽ ƒǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–•—„ƒ”‹‡ˆƒ•‘ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡ˆƒ‹•ƒ„‘—– ͵ͲͲͲ  Ž‘‰ǡ ͳͲͲͲ  ™‹†‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒš‹— –Š‹…‡•• ‘ˆ ͳ͸Ǥͷ Ǥ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡†‹‡– ‹• •—’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ—‡– ƒ‰ƒ ƒ† ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ‹˜‡”• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ ‡Ž–ƒ ‹ ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š ƒ† ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽǡ †‹ƒǡ ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”Žƒ”‰‡”‹˜‡”•‹ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šƒ† †‹ƒ’”‘˜‹†‹‰•ƒŽŽ‡”…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥ

Tributaries of Ganga Son River

‘‹˜‡”‹•Žƒ”‰‡•–‘ˆsouthern tributaries of Ganga–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‡ƒ”ƒ”ƒ–ƒ‹ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š‡ƒ” –Š‡ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ†ƒ ‹˜‡”ǡ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• ‘”–ŠǦ‘”–Š™‡•– –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š „‡ˆ‘”‡ –—”‹‰ •Šƒ”’Ž› ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†™Š‡”‡‹–‡…‘—–‡”•–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–Ǧ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–Ǧ”—‹‰ƒ‹—”ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ

Š‡ ‘ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• –Š‡ ƒ‹—” Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‡ƒ•–Ǧ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– –Š”‘—‰Š ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ Šƒ”Šƒ† ƒ† ‹Šƒ” •–ƒ–‡•–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒŒ—•–ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ–ƒǤ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡Ž‘™‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹•ƒ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”ƒ†ƒƒŽŽ‡›ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹—”ƒ‰‡ƒ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ

ƒ

Š‹‡ˆ–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ‘”‹˜‡”ƒ”‡Rihand and the North Koel.Š‡‘Šƒ•ƒ•–‡‡’‰”ƒ†‹‡–ȋ͵ͷȂͷͷ… ’‡”Ȍ™‹–Š“—‹…”—Ǧ‘ˆˆƒ†‡’Š‡‡”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‡•ǡ„‡…‘‹‰ƒ”‘ƒ”‹‰”‹˜‡”™‹–Š–Š‡”ƒ‹Ǧ™ƒ–‡”•‹–Š‡ …ƒ–…Š‡–ƒ”‡ƒ„—––—”‹‰“—‹…Ž›‹–‘ƒˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡•–”‡ƒǤ

ƒ

Š‡‹Šƒ†‹˜‡”‹•ƒ–”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹˜‡”ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ †‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ† ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǤ –”‹•‡•‹ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ–ƒ–‹”ƒ‰ƒŠ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹Šƒ†ƒ–Šƒ–™ƒ•…‘•–”—…–‡† ƒ–‹’”‹‹‘„Šƒ†”ƒ†‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ‹”œƒ’—”†‹˜‹•‹‘‹ͳͻ͸ʹˆ‘”Š›†”‘’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”‘ˆ –Š‹•†ƒ‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† ‘˜‹†ƒŽŽƒ„Šƒ–ƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ‹Šƒ†‡‡–•‘ƒ–‘„Šƒ†”ƒ‘ˆ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǤ

Ghaghara River

ƒ”ƒŽ‹‘” Šƒ‰Šƒ”ƒ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹‰Žƒ…‹‡”•‘ˆƒ’…Šƒ…Š—‰‘‘–Š‡‹„‡–ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—‡ƒ”ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ”‘˜ƒ”ǡ…—–• –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹‡’ƒŽƒ†Œ‘‹•–Š‡ƒ”†ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ–”ƒŠƒ‰Šƒ–‹ †‹ƒǤ ‹–Š ƒ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ͷͲ͹ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‹– ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ”‹˜‡” ‹ ‡’ƒŽǤ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ Šƒ‰Šƒ”ƒ ‹˜‡” —’ –‘ ‹–• …‘ˆŽ—‡…‡™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒƒ–‘”‹‰ƒŒ‹‹Šƒ”‹•ͳǡͲͺͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ –‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•––”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ„›˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†–Š‡•‡…‘†Ž‘‰‡•––”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ„›Ž‡‰–Šƒˆ–‡” ƒ—ƒǤ Š‹‡•‡‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†K'ung-ch'iao Hoǡ‹‡’ƒŽ‹‹–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ—”‹ƒŽƒƒ†ƒ”ƒŽ‹Ǥ ƒ

‡ˆ‘”‡ Šƒ‰Šƒ”ƒŒ‘‹•–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǡ”‹˜‡”West Rapti Œ‘‹•‹–ƒ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ––”‹„—–ƒ”›Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-29

Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 ƒ ‡•–ƒ’–‹‹•‘™ƒ•̶ ‘”ƒŠ’—”̵•‘””‘™̶Ǥ

o

www.gktoday.in 34

‡•–ƒ’–‹‹•‹–•‡Žˆ–”‹„—–‡†„›‘Š‹‹˜‡”‹ ‘”ƒŠ’—”Ǥ

Gomti River

Š‡ ‘–‹‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘ ‘ƒ–ƒƒŽ™Š‹…Šˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ• —ŽŠƒƒ”ŒŠ‡‡Žǡ‡ƒ”ƒ†Š‘ƒ†ƒǡ‹Ž‹„Š‹–ǡ †‹ƒǤ –‡š–‡†•ͻͲͲ–Š”‘—‰Š––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šƒ†‡‡–•–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‡”‡ƒ”ƒ‹†’—”ǡƒ‹–Š‹‹ Šƒœ‹’—”Ǥ Yamuna River

†‹ƒ̵•ƒ—ƒ‹˜‡”‹•Žƒ”‰‡•––”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š̵• ƒ—ƒ‹˜‡”‹•Žƒ”‰‡•–†‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”› …Šƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ‹˜‡”Ǥƒ—ƒ‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”•ƒ…”‡†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ †‹ƒ–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹•ˆ”‘ƒ—‘–”‹ Žƒ…‹‡”ƒ– Š‡‹‰Š–͸ǡ͵ͺ͹‡–”‡•ǡ‘–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆBanderpooch peakǡ‹–Š‡‘™‡”‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ ”‘–Š‡”‡‹––”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ–‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆͳǡ͵͹͸‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•›•–‡‘ˆ͵͸͸ǡʹʹ͵;ǡͶͲǤʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ƒ‰ƒƒ•‹ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡”‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒƒ–”‹˜‡‹ƒ‰ƒ‘””ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ–ŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†Ǥ ƒ

”‘ ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡ ƒ—ƒ ”‹˜‡” ˆŽ‘™• ˆ‘” •‘‡ ʹͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‹ ‘™‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ†  Š‹˜ƒŽ‹ ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

ƒ

–•Žƒ”‰‡•––”‹„—–ƒ”›Tons RiverˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”Š™ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘‹––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡƒ†‡‡–•ƒ—ƒ‡ƒ” ‡Š”ƒ†—Ǥ

ƒ

Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ”‹˜‡”• •—…Š ƒ• ‹”‹ǡ ‹•Š‹ ƒ‰ƒǡ —–ƒǡ ƒ—ƒ ƒ‰ƒ ƒ† ƒ–ƒ –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡• ‡‡– ƒ—ƒǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡‹–†‡•…‡†•‘–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ‘‘ƒŽŽ‡›ǡƒ–ƒƒ–Šƒ”‡ƒ”‡Š”ƒ†—Ǥ

ƒ

—”–Š‡”†‘™ǡƒ—ƒ‹•‡–„›–Š‡••ƒ‹˜‡”ǡŽ‹‡•–Š‡••ƒ„ƒ””ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠ‘•–•ƒ‹”†ƒ…–—ƒ”›ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ

ƒ

ˆ–‡”’ƒ••‹‰ƒ‘–ƒƒŠ‹„ǡ‹–”‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒŒ‡™ƒŽƒ‹ƒ—ƒƒ‰ƒ”†‹•–”‹…–ǡ‘ˆƒ”›ƒƒǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ†ƒ„—‹Ž– ‹ͳͺ͹͵ǡ‹•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ–™‘‹’‘”–ƒ–…ƒƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒ—ƒƒƒŽƒ†ƒ•–‡”ƒ—ƒ ƒƒŽǡ™Š‹…Š‹””‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ”›ƒƒƒ†––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǤ

ƒ

Š‡ ‡•–‡” ƒ—ƒ ƒƒŽ ȋȌ …”‘••‡• ƒ—ƒ ƒ‰ƒ”ǡ ƒ”ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ‹’ƒ– „‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹†‡”’—”–”‡ƒ–‡–’Žƒ–ǡ™Š‹…Š•—’’Ž‹‡•’ƒ”–‘ˆ—‹…‹’ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›–‘‡ŽŠ‹ǡˆ—”–Š‡”‹–ƒŽ•‘”‡…‡‹˜‡• ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘ƒ—ƒƒ‰ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‹’ƒ–…‹–‹‡•Ǥ

ƒ

ƒ—ƒ‹•”‡’Ž‡‹•Š‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒˆ–‡”

–Š‹•

„›

•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ

•–”‡ƒ• ƒ† ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡” ƒ……”—ƒŽǡ‹ˆƒ…–†—”‹‰–Š‡†”› •‡ƒ•‘ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ‹• †”› ‹ ƒ›

•–”‡–…Š‡•

ˆ”‘

ƒŒ‡™ƒŽƒ –‹ŽŽ ‡ŽŠ‹ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‡–‡”•‡ƒ”ƒŽŽƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒˆ–‡” –”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰ʹʹͶǤ Ž‘‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‰ƒ –‘ ™Š‹…Š ”— ƒŽ‘•– ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒˆ–‡” ‹– –‘—…Š‡• –Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹… ’Žƒ‹ ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‡• –Š‡

ƒ‰ƒǦƒ—ƒ‘ƒ„”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ”‘‡ŽŠ‹‘™ƒ”†•ƒ—ƒ‰‡–•’‘ŽŽ—–‡††—‡–‘†‹•…Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”–Š”‘—‰Š ͳͷ†”ƒ‹•„‡–™‡‡ƒœ‹”ƒ„ƒ†„ƒ””ƒ‰‡ƒ†ŠŽƒ„ƒ””ƒ‰‡”‡†‡”•–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‡˜‡”‡Ž›’‘ŽŽ—–‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒœ‹”ƒ„ƒ†‹ ‡ŽŠ‹ Tributaries of Yamuna

Betwa River

9 Betwa or Vetravati originates in Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and flow through Orchha to Uttar Pradesh. It meets Yamuna at Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Sindh River

9 Sindh River originates on the Malwa Plateau in Vidisha district, and flows north-northeast through the districts of Guna, Ashoknagar, Shivpuri, Datia, Gwalior and Bhind in Madhya Pradesh to join the Yamuna River in Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. 9 Manikheda Dam has been constructed across the Sindh River in Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh. Hindon River

9 Hindo River is a rainfed river that originates in the Saharanpur District. It flows between Ganges and Yamuna rivers and joins Yamuna river just outside Delhi. Chambal River

9 Chambal River is one of the most pollution free rivers of India. 9 It’s a 960 Kilometer long river that originates at the Singar Chouri peak in the northern slopes of the Vindhyan mountains, 15 km West-South-West of Mhow in Indore District in Madhya Pradesh. 9 From there, it flows in a northerly direction in Madhya Pradesh(M.P.) for a length of about 346 km and then in a generally north-easterly direction for a length of 225 km through Rajasthan. 9 It enters U.P. and flows for about 32 km before joining the Yamuna River in Etawah District at an elevation of 122 m, to form a part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. Chambal is a rainfed river and its basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain ranges and on the north-west by the Aravallis. Dams in Chambal Valley Project »

Gandhi Sagar Dam: This is the first of the four Chambal Valley Projects, located on the Rajasthan-Madhya Pradesh border. It is a 64 metre high masonry gravity dam, with a live storage capacity of 6,920 Mm3 and a catchment area of 22,584 km2, of which only 1,537 km2 are in Rajasthan. The dam was completed in the year 1960. The hydro-power station is located at the dam site and comprises five generating units, four of 23 MW each and one 27 MW capacity. The water released after power generation is utilised for irrigation through Kota Barrage. Rajasthan has a 50% share in the power generation of this station.

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Rana Pratap Sagar Dam: Rana Pratap Sagar dam is the second in the series of Chambal Valley Projects, located 52 km downstream of Gandhi Sagar dam across the river Chambal in Rajasthan. This dam was completed in the year 1970. It is a straight masonry gravity structure, 54 meters high. The power house is located on the left side of the spillway and consists of 4 units of 43 MW each, with firm power generation of 90 MW at 60% load factor. The total catchment area of this dam is 24,864 km2, of which only 956 km2 are in Rajasthan. The free catchment area below Gandhi Sagar dam is 2,280 km2. The live storage capacity is 1,566 Mm3.Rajasthan State has a 50% share in the power generation of this station.

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Jawahar Sagar Dam: Jawahar Sagar dam is the third dam in the series of Chambal Valley Projects, located 29 km upstream of Kota city and 26 km downstream of Rana Pratap Sagar dam, across the river Chambal. It is a concrete gravity dam, 45 meter high and 393 m long, generating 60 MW of power with an installed capacity of 3 units of 33 MW. The work was completed in 1972. The total catchment area of the dam is 27,195 Km2, of which only 1,496 km2 are in Rajasthan. The free catchment area below Rana Pratap Sagar dam is 2,331 km2. Rajasthan has a 50% share in the power generation of this station.

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Kota Barrage: Kota Barrage is the fourth in the series of Chambal Valley Projects, located about 0.8 km upstream of Kota City in Rajasthan. Water released after power generation at Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar Dams, is diverted by Kota Barrage for irrigation in Rajasthan and in Madhya Pradesh through canals on the left and the right sides of the river. The work on this dam was completed in 1960. The total catchment area of Kota Barrage is 27,332 km2, of which the free catchment area below Jawahar Sagar Dam is just 137 km2. The live storage is 99 Mm3. It is an earthfill dam with a concrete spillway. The right and left main canals have a headworks discharge capacity of 188 and 42 m3/sec, respectively. The total length of the main canals, branches and distribution system is about 2,342 km, serving an area of 229 kha of CCA.50% of the water intercepted at Kota Barrage has been agreed to be diverted to MP for irrigation. (Source: Ministry of water resources, Rajasthan)

Tributaries of Chambal:

9 Banas River: Banas river is a rainfed river that flows in Rajasthan. Banas means hope of forests. It originates in Khamnor Hills of the Aravalli Range, about 5 km from Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand and flows northeast through Mewar region of Rajasthan, meets the Chambal near the village of Rameshwar in Sawai Madhopur District. The cities of Nathdwara, Jahanpur, and Tonk lie on the river. 9 Kali Sindh River: The Kali Sindh is a river in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, that joins the Chambal River at downstream of Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan 9 Parbati River: Parbati River is a river in Madhya Pradesh, India that flows into the Chambal River. It is one of the Chambal River's three main tributaries, along with the Banas River and the Kali Sindh River. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Brahmaputra River System ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡‰•‹ Žƒ…‹‡”Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹—”ƒ‰‘—–›‘ˆ ‹„‡– ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ”Ž—‰ •ƒ‰’‘ ‹˜‡” ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• •‘—–Š‡” ‹„‡– –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ‹ ‰”‡ƒ– ‰‘”‰‡•Ǥ •ƒ‰’‘‡–‡”• †‹ƒƒˆ–‡”–ƒ‹‰ƒU turn at Namcha Barwaƒ†ˆŽ‘™•‹”—ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†Š‡”‡™‡…ƒŽŽ‹– Dihang River or Siang RiverǤ Š‹•  –—” ƒ”• –Š‡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ† ƒ›‘ǡ ‘™ ƒ• Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyonǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•„‡‡…‘ˆ‹”‡†ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ –‹•Ͷͻ͸Ǥ͵‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ž‘‰ǡͷ͸Ǥ͵ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ž‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ ”ƒ†ƒ›‘ǡ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›…‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Ž‘‰‡•–Ǥ –‹•ͷǡ͵ͺʹ‡–‡”• †‡‡’ǡ —…Š †‡‡’‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ͵ǡʹͲͲ ‡–‡”• ‘ˆ ‡”—̵• ‘Ž…ƒ ƒ›‘ǡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• †‡‡’‡•– …ƒ›‘Ǥ ˆ–‡”–ƒ‹‰–Š‹•Ǧ–—”ǡ‹Šƒ‰‡‡–•‹„ƒ‰‹˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘Š‹–‹˜‡”ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡••ƒƒŽŽ‡›ƒ†–Š‡ ˆŽ‘™• •‘—–Š™‡•– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ••ƒ ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‹• ‘™ ƒ• ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǤ  ••ƒ ‹– „‡…‘‡• ƒ ™‹†‡ •–”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ‹–• ‡–‡”• ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǤ  ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡ –Š‡ ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ‹• Œ‘‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‡‡•–ƒ ‹˜‡”ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• Žƒ”‰‡•––”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ‡Ž‘™–Š‡‡‡•–ƒǡ–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ•’Ž‹–•‹–‘–™‘†‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”›„”ƒ…Š‡•ǤŠ‡™‡•–‡”„”ƒ…Šǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘–ƒ‹• –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”̵• ˆŽ‘™ǡ …‘–‹—‡• †—‡ •‘—–Š ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ—ƒ –‘ ‡”‰‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ž‘™‡”

ƒ‰‡•ǡ…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•–‡”„”ƒ…Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‘”‘Ž†”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǤ –…—”˜‡••‘—–Š‡ƒ•––‘ Œ‘‹–Š‡‡‰Šƒ‹˜‡”‡ƒ”ŠƒƒǤŠ‡ƒ†ƒƒ†‡‰Šƒ…‘˜‡”‰‡‡ƒ”Šƒ†’—”ƒ†ˆŽ‘™‘—–‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽǤ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ‹•͵ǡͺͶͺŽ‘‰ǡƒ†‹–•†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•͹ͳʹǡͲ͵ͷ;Ǥ Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡””ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒƒ”‡•Šƒ”‡†„›Š‹ƒǡ †‹ƒǡƒ†ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǤ –Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ƒ†ʹͲͲͲ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ ™ƒ•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†•’‡…—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–Š‹ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†ƒƒ––Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ǡ™‹–Šƒ˜‹‡™–‘†‹˜‡”––Š‡™ƒ–‡”•–‘–Š‡ ‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•†‡‹‡†„›–Š‡Š‹‡•‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡŽƒ–‡”‘Ǥ

Important Tributaries of Brahmaputra Teesta River:

9 Teesta River is lifeline of Sikkim and makes a border between Sikkim and West Bengal before joining the Brahmaputra as a tributary in Bangladesh. The total length of the river is 315 kilometres . 9 It originates at Tso Lhamo Lake in North Sikkim and is formed by the melting of the Tista Khantse glacier. 9 Just before the Teesta Bridge, which joins Kalimpong with Darjeeling, the river is met by its main tributary, the Rangeet River. 9 At this point, it changes course southwards flowing into West Bengal. The river hits the plains at Sevoke, at a distance of 22 Km from Siliguri, where it is spanned by the Coronation Bridge which links the north-east states to the rest of India. 9 The river then courses its way to Jalpaiguri and then to Rangpur District of Bangladesh, before finally merging with the mighty Brahmaputra at Fulchori. Manas River:

9 Manas River folows in India and Bhutan and is the largest river system of Bhutan. Three other river systems of Bhutan are Amo Chu or Torsa, Wong Chu or Raidak, Mo Chu or Sankosh. It is met by three other major streams before it again debouches into India in western Assam. 9 After flowing a total of 376 kilometers, it meets Brahmaputra River at Jogighopa. Its river valley is home to Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan and the contiguous Manas Wildlife Sanctuary of India which is a Project Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve as well as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Rivers of Peninsular India •ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‘ˆ‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒƒ”‡”ƒ‹ˆ‡†ƒ†–Š‡›•Š”‹†—”‹‰–Š‡†”›•‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ‡ Ž‹‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ†ƒ ‹˜‡” ƒ† ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ‹˜‡” ‹• –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒˆŽ‘™•™‡•–™ƒ”†•‹–Š‡†‡’”‡••‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹†Š›ƒƒ†ƒ–’—”ƒ”ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹•™ƒ–‡”‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ•–ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ†”‹•Šƒ”‹˜‡”•ǤŠ‡‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘””‹˜‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ— ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒǡƒƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡”‹•ŠƒǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡—‡”‘—•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ”‹˜‡”•‘ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 37 –Š‡‡……ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—™Š‹…ŠˆŽ‘™‘•–Ž›‘”–Š–‘•‘—–Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘•‘—–Š–‘‘”–Š‹š‹‰™‹–Šƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‘”‡ƒ•– ˆŽ‘™‹‰ƒŒ‘””‹˜‡”•Ǥ

Mahanadi River Basin Š‡ͺͷͺ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ž‘‰ƒŠƒƒ†‹”‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ†”‹••ƒǤ –‰‡–•ˆ‘”‡†„› —‡”‘—• ‘—–ƒ‹ •–”‡ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆƒ”–Š‡•– Š‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ Š‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ–ƒ”‹ †‹•–”‹…– ‘ˆ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”ŠǤŠ‡•‡Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡‡š–‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆƒ›‘–Š‡”•–”‡ƒ•™Š‹…Š–Š‡ ‰‘‘–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡ƒŠƒƒ†‹ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”ˆ‹”•–ˆŽ‘™•‹‘”–Šƒ††”ƒ‹• ƒ‹’—”Ǥ ˆ–‡” ‹Žƒ•’—”ǡ ‹– ‹• Œ‘‹‡† „› ‹–• ƒŒ‘” –”‹„—–ƒ”› ”‹˜‡” ‡‘ƒ–ŠǤ ˆ–‡”–Šƒ––Š‡”‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ƒ†Œ‘‹‡†„› ‘ǡƒ•†‡‘”‹˜‡”• ƒ†”‡ƒ…Š‡•†‹•ŠƒǤ‡ƒ”ƒ„ƒŽ’—”‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–†ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†‹”ƒ—†ƒ„Ž‘…•‹–•™ƒ–‡”ǡ•’”‡ƒ†„‡–™‡‡ƒ†—‰”‹ƒ† Šƒ†‹Ž‹ —‰—”‹ Š‹ŽŽ•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰ Š‘Ž’—” ‹ †‹•Šƒǡ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ”‘ŽŽ•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†’ƒ••‡•–Š‡ƒ–‘•‹ƒ ‘”‰‡Ǥˆ–‡” …”‘••‹‰–Š‡ ‘”‰‡ǡ‹–‡‡–•–Š‡’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒƒ†”‡ƒ…Š‡•—––ƒǤ ‡ˆ‘”‡‡–‡”‹‰—––ƒ……‹–›ǡ‹–‰‹˜‡•‘ˆˆƒŽƒ”‰‡†‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”›…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ƒ–ŠŒ‘”‹Ǥ—––ƒ…‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘…Šƒ‡Ž•ǤŠ‡ƒ–ŠŒ‘”‹ –Š‡–Š”‘™•‘ˆˆƒ›•–”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡–Š‡—ƒŠƒ‹ǡ‡˜‹ƒ†—”—ƒƒ† „‡…‘‡• ‘–†ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹…ŠˆƒŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒˆ–‡”‡–‡”‹‰ —”‹ †‹•–”‹…–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ •–”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒŠƒ†‹ ‰‡–• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ‹ƒǡ ‹”—’ƒǡ Š‹–ƒ”–ƒŽƒǡ ‡‰—–‹ ƒ† —Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒŽŽ †‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒŠƒ†‹ ‡Ž–ƒ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•–†‡Ž–ƒ•‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒŠƒ†‹”‹˜‡”‡’–‹‡•‹–‘ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ˜‹ƒ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…Šƒ‡Ž•‡ƒ”ƒ”ƒ†‡‡’ƒ– ƒŽ•‡ ‘‹–ǡ ƒ‰ƒ–•‹‰Š’—”Ǥ Importance of Mahanadi River

9 Mahanadi valley is best known for its fertile soil and flourishing agriculture. Before the Hirakud dam was built, the river carried a huge amount of silt and its delta had one of the highest yield per acre in the whole of India. At present, agriculture primarily depends on a network of canals that arise from the river. Rice, oilseeds and sugarcane are the principal crops here. 9 The river was notorious for devastating floods, but the construction of Hirakud Dam has altered the situation. Tributaries of Mahanadi

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆŽ‘™…Šƒ”–•Š‘™•–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆƒŠƒƒ†‹ˆ”‘‘—”…‡–‘‡ƒǤ Š‡ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆƒŠƒƒ†‹ƒ”‡‡‘ƒ–Šǡ ‘ǡƒ•†‘ǡƒ†ǡ „ǡ‰ǡ‡Ž‡–…Ǥ 9 Seonath River: The Seonath River is the longest tributary of Mahanadi. It rises in an undulating region with numerous small groups of hills at Kotgal and flows 383 kilometers to join Mahanadi at its left bank at Khargand. 9 Tributaries of Seonath are Kharahara, Tandula, Kharun, Surhi, Agar, Arpa rivers. The total drainage area of Seonath is 22% of the total drainage area of Mahanadi Basin. o

Jonk River: Jonk River originates from the Khariar Hills of Kalahandi district of Odisha at an elevation of 762 meters. It flows 196 kilometers to join the Mahanadi on ints right at Sheorinarayan.

9 Hasdo River: It rises in the Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh and traverses 333 kilometers to meet Mahanadi at Mahuadih. 9 Gej River is a principle tributary of Hasdo River 9 Mand River: Mand River originates at an elevation of 686 meters in Sarguja district of Odisha and flows 241 kilometers to meet Mahanadi at Chandarpur.

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 38 9 Ib River : Ib originates in Pandrapat of the Raigarh distriuct of Chhattishgarh and flows 251 kilometers to fall into Hirakud Dam. Its a rainfed river. 9 Ong River: It rises at an elevation of 457 meters on a hill in the northern outskirts of hills located on the course of Jonk River and flows 204 kilometers to meet Mahandi at Sonepur. 9 Tel River: Tel river originates in plain in the Koraput of Odisha. It traverses 296 kilometers to meet Mahanadi at Sonepur. Hirakud Dam ƒ —‹Ž–ƒ…”‘••ƒŠƒƒ†‹‹˜‡”ǡƒ„‘—–ͳͷˆ”‘ƒ„ƒŽ’—”‹†‹•ŠƒǤ ƒ —‹Ž–‹ͳͻͷ͹ǡ–Š‡†ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Ž‘‰‡•–‡ƒ”–Š‡†ƒǤ ƒ ‡Š‹†–Š‡†ƒ‡š–‡†•ƒŽƒ‡ǡ‹”ƒ—†‡•‡”˜‘‹”ǡͷͷŽ‘‰Ǥ ƒ ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘’‘•‡†‹”Ǥ‹•˜‡•™ƒ”ƒ”›ƒ‹ͳͻ͵͹ǡ‡–”ƒŽƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ ””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘‹••‹‘–‘‘—’–Š‡ ™‘”ǡƒ†‹ͳͻͶ͸ǡ‹”‘™–Š”‘‡‡™‹•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ”‹••ƒǡŽƒ‹†–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ—†ƒǤ ƒ ƒ†‹– ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ ‡Š”— Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– „ƒ–…Š ‘ˆ …‘…”‡–‡ ‘ ͳʹ ’”‹Ž ͳͻͶͺǤ Š‡ †ƒ ™ƒ• …‘’Ž‡–‡† ‹ ͳͻͷ͵ ƒ† ™ƒ• ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‡† „› ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ ‡Š”— ‘ ͳ͵ ƒ—ƒ”› ͳͻͷ͹Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ …‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡…– ™ƒ• •Ǥ ͳͲͲǤͲʹ …”‘”‡• ‹ ͳͻͷ͹Ǥ ‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ ͳͻͷ͸ǡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ ˆ—ŽŽ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ ͳͻ͸͸Ǥ ƒ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –‘™‡”• ‘ –Š‡ †ƒ ‘‡ ƒ– ‡ƒ…Š •‹†‡Ǥ ‡ ‹• ̶ ƒ†Š‹ ‹ƒ”̶ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‘‡ ‹• ̶‡Š”— ‹ƒ”̶Ǥ‘–Š–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–‘™‡”•’”‡•‡–„”‡ƒ–Š–ƒ‹‰˜‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡Ǥ ƒ ‡Ž’• …‘–”‘Ž ˆŽ‘‘†• ‹ –Š‡ ƒŠƒƒ†‹ †‡Ž–ƒ ƒ† ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡• ͹ͷǡͲͲͲ •“—ƒ”‡ ‹Ž‘‡–”‡• ‘ˆ Žƒ†Ǥ ›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–› ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ƒ ƒ––Ž‡ •Žƒ† ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–”‡‡’‘‹–• ‘ˆ ‹”ƒ—† ‡•‡”˜‘‹”ǡ ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ ™‘†‡”Ǥ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹Šƒ„‹–‡† „› ™‹Ž†…ƒ––Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›–”ƒ…‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ•Ǥ ƒ ‡„”‹‰ƒ”Š™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡•ƒ…–—ƒ”›‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†Š‡”‡Ǥ

Brahmani River ”ƒŠƒ‹ ‹˜‡” ‹•  ƒ –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒŠƒƒ†‹Ǥ –ǯ• ƒ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ”‹˜‡” –Šƒ– ˆŽ‘™• ‹ †‹•ŠƒǤ – ‹• ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŠ ƒ† ‘—–Š ‘‡Ž ”‹˜‡”• ‡ƒ” ƒ—”‡Žƒǡ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…–• ‘ˆ —†ƒ”‰ƒ”Šǡ ‡†—ŒŠƒ”ǡ Š‡ƒƒŽǡ —––ƒ… ƒ† ƒŒƒ’—”Ǥ ‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ”ƒ‹ǡ ‹– ˆ‘”• ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ †‡Ž–ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡–‡”‹‰‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ–Šƒ”ƒǤ‘–ŠŠ‡ƒ†•–”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”ƒŠƒ‹”‹˜‡”˜‹œǤƒŠƒ†‘—–Š ‘‡Ž‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡‹Š‘‘–ƒƒ‰’—”Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ 9 Sankh has its origins near the Jharkhand-Chhatisgarh border, near Netarhat Plateau. 9 South Koel too arises in Jharkhand, near Lohardaga, on the other side of a watershed that also gives rise to the Damodar River. ”ƒŠƒ‹”‹˜‡”‹•ͶͺͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ž‘‰ƒ†‹•–Š‡•‡…‘†Ž‘‰‡•–”‹˜‡”‹”‹••ƒƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒŠƒƒ†‹Ǥ Tributaries of Brahmani River

9 Baitarni River: Baitarani River is another one of six major rivers of Odisha, which earn the name of coastal plains of Odisha as "Hexadeltaic region". The river originates in Guptaganga hills in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Odisha and flows to make a natural boundary between Odisha and Jharkhand. It travels a distance of 360 km to drain into the Bay of Bengal after joining of the Brahmani at Dhamra mouth near Chandabali.

Krishna River Š‡ͳ͵ͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ž‘‰”‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”‘””‹•Šƒ˜‡‹‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–”‹˜‡”•‹‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒǤ –‹•–Š‡ ˆ‘—”–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–”‹˜‡”‹ †‹ƒƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒǤ

Origin & Course: ”‹•Šƒ ‹˜‡” ”‹•‡• ƒ– ƒŠƒ„ƒŽ‡•™ƒ” ‹ †‹•–”‹…– ƒ–ƒ”ƒǡ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•– ƒ† ‡‡–• –Š‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ– ƒƒ•ƒŽƒ†‡‡˜‹ ‹ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•– …‘ƒ•–Ǥ – ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh and KarnatakaǤŠ‡†‡Ž–ƒ‘ˆ–Š‹•”‹˜‡”‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ”‡‰‹‘•‹ †‹ƒƒ†™ƒ•–Š‡Š‘‡–‘ƒ…‹‡–ƒ–ƒ˜ƒŠƒƒƒ† •Š˜ƒ— ›ƒ•–›‹‰•Ǥ‹Œƒ›ƒ™ƒ†ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–…‹–›‘–Š‡‹˜‡””‹•ŠƒǤ Š‡”‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•“—‹…Ž›ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰—…Š‡”‘•‹‘‹ —‡ƒ†—‰—•–Ǥ—”‹‰ –Š‹• –‹‡ǡ ”‹•Šƒ –ƒ‡• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ •‘‹Ž ˆ”‘ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ† ™‡•–‡”†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‹˜‡” Šƒ• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡• „—– —‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒ ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 39 –”‹„—–ƒ”›Ǥ–Š‡”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒŽŽƒ’”ƒ„Šƒǡ‘›ƒǡŠ‹ƒǡ Šƒ–ƒ’”ƒ„Šƒǡ‡”Žƒǡƒ”ƒǡ‹†‹ǡ—•‹ƒ† —†Š‰ƒ‰ƒǤ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒŠƒ„ƒŽ‡•™ƒ”„‡Š‹†ǡ–Š‡”‹•Šƒ–ƒ‡•–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Žƒ‡‹ƒ…Š‰ƒ‹ǡƒ’‘’—Žƒ” Š‹ŽŽ •–ƒ–‹‘ Œ—•– ͳ͹  ˆ”‘ ƒŠƒ„ƒŽ‡•™ƒ”Ǥ ”‹••…”‘••‹‰ ‹–• ™ƒ› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ‹ǡ ƒ”•‘„ƒ…Š‹ ƒ† ƒ†‹ ȋ‡ƒ” ‘ŽŠƒ’—”Ȍ ‹ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ‡–‡”• ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ– —”—†™ƒ†ǡ ͸Ͳ  ˆ”‘ ‘ŽŠƒ’—”Ǥ  ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡Ž‰ƒ—ǡ‹Œƒ’—”ƒ† —Ž„ƒ”‰ƒ†‹•–”‹…–•ǡ…‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ–‘–ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆʹʹͲǤŠ‡”‹•Šƒ ‡–‡”•†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š‡ƒ”‡‘•—‰—”‹ƒ‹…Š—”†‹•–”‹…–ƒ†‡ƒ†‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š‡Š„—„ƒ‰ƒ”ǡ—”‘‘Žǡ —–—” ƒ† ”‹•Šƒ †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ‡”‰‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ– ƒƒ•ƒŽƒ†‡‡˜‹Ǥ ™‘ †ƒ•ǡ ”‹•ƒ‹Žƒ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ”Œ—ƒƒ‰ƒ”ƒ”‡…‘•–”—…–‡†ƒ…”‘••–Š‡”‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”Ǥƒ‰ƒ”Œ—ƒƒ‰ƒ”ƒ‹•™‘”Ž†ǯ•–ƒŽŽ‡•–ƒ•‘”›†ƒ ȋͳʹͶ‡–‡”•ȌǤ Krishna River Basin:

”‹•Šƒƒ•‹‡š–‡†•‘˜‡”ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆʹͷͺǡͻͶͺ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”•™Š‹…Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›ͺΨ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”›Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‹ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š ȋͳͳ͵ǡʹ͹ͳ ʹȌǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ȋ͹͸ǡʹͷʹ ʹȌ ƒ† ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒȋ͸ͻǡͶʹͷʹȌǤ‘•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•„ƒ•‹…‘’”‹•‡•”‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†—†—Žƒ–‹‰…‘—–”›‡š…‡’––Š‡™‡•–‡” „‘”†‡”™Š‹…Š‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›ƒ—„”‘‡Ž‹‡‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǤŠ‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘‹Ž–›’‡•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ „ƒ•‹ƒ”‡„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž•ǡ”‡†•‘‹Ž•ǡƒ–‡”‹–‡ƒ†Žƒ–‡”‹–‹…•‘‹Ž•ǡƒŽŽ—˜‹—ǡ‹š‡†•‘‹Ž•ǡ”‡†ƒ†„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž•ƒ†•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ† ƒŽƒŽ‹‡•‘‹Ž•Ǥƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ͹ͺǤͳͿŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‡••‡†‹–Š‹•„ƒ•‹Ǥ—–‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ ͷͺǤͲ Ϳ ‹• —–‹Ž‹œƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ —Ž–—”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹ ‹• ƒ„‘—– ʹͲ͵ǡͲͲͲ ʹǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ͳͲǤͶΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ …—Ž–—”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ ʹͲͲͻ…–‘„‡”Š‡ƒ˜›ˆŽ‘‘†•‘……—””‡†ǡ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‰͵ͷͲ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰‹ŽŽ‹‘• Š‘‡Ž‡••ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡ˆ‹”•–‘……—””‡…‡‹ͳͲͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ˆŽ‘‘†”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Š‡ƒ˜›†ƒƒ‰‡–‘—”‘‘Žǡ ƒŠƒ„—„ƒ‰ƒ”ǡ —–—”ǡ”‹•Šƒƒ†ƒŽƒ‰‘†ƒ‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Tributaries of Krishna:

ƒŒ‘””‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ”‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ 9 Left: Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Halia, Musi, Paleru, Munneru 9 Right: Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra Tungabhadra:

‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ”‹•Šƒ ‹˜‡” ‹• –Š‡ —‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒ ‹˜‡”ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ —‰ƒ ‹˜‡” ƒ† Šƒ†”ƒ ‹˜‡” –Šƒ– ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ —‰„Šƒ†”ƒ ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ† †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ – ™ƒ• ‘™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡‡’‹…’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‡ƒ‡‘ˆˆƒ‘—•–‘—”‹•–•’‘–ƒ’‹‹•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ƒ’ƒǡ™Š‹…Š‹• –Š‡‘Ž†ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒ‹˜‡”‘™Š‘•‡„ƒ•–Š‡…‹–›‹•„—‹Ž–Ǥ Š‡—‰ƒƒ†Šƒ†”ƒ‹˜‡”•”‹•‡ƒ– ƒ‰ƒ‘‘Žƒǡ‹ƒ”ƒŠƒƒ”˜ƒ–Šƒ‹–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ˆ‘”‹‰’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ —†—”‡—Š ”‘”‡”‘Œ‡…–ǡƒ–ƒ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳͳͻͺ‡–”‡•ǤŠƒ†”ƒˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰ŠŠƒ†”ƒ˜ƒ–‹…‹–›ƒ†‹•Œ‘‹‡† „›—‡”‘—••–”‡ƒ•Ǥ–‘‘†Ž‹ǡƒ•ƒŽŽ–‘™‡ƒ”Š‹‘‰ƒ‹–›ǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ–Š‡–™‘”‹˜‡”•‡‡–ƒ†…ƒŽŽ‡†™‹–Š –Š‡…‘‘ƒ‡—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒǤ ”‘Š‡”‡ǡŠ—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒ‡ƒ†‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’Žƒ‹•–‘ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆͷ͵ͳ ȋ͵͵Ͳ‹Ȍƒ†‹‰Ž‡•™‹–Š–Š‡”‹•Šƒƒ– ‘†‹ƒŽŽƒǡ‡ƒ”ƒŠƒ„‘‘„ƒ‰ƒ”‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ Importance of Tungabhadra River

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ…‹‡–ƒ†Š‘Ž›•‹–‡•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒ‹˜‡”Ǥ 9 At Harihara there is a temple dedicated to Harihareshwara. 9 The river surrounds the modern town of Hampi, where are the ruins of Vijayanagara, the site of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire's capital city and now a World Heritage Site. The site, including the Vijayanagara temple complex ruins, is being restored. 9 Alampur, on the left - northern bank of the river, known as Dakshina Kashi in Mahabubnagar Dist. The Nava Brahma Temples complex is one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India. 9 Bhadravthi, Hospet, Hampi, Mantralayam, Kurnool are located on its bank. Tributaries of Tungabhadra:

9 Tunga River, Kumudvati River, Varada River, Bhadra River, Vedavathi River, Handri River Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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www.gktoday.in 40

Bhima River

Š‹ƒ‹˜‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•‹Š‹ƒ•Šƒƒ”Š‹ŽŽ•‡ƒ”ƒ”Œƒ–‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒƒ†ˆŽ‘™••‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”ͺ͸ͳ–Š”‘—‰Š ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‹ƒ ‹• ƒ ƒŒ‘” –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹•Šƒ ‹˜‡”Ǥ –• „ƒ• ƒ”‡ †‡•‡Ž›’‘’—Žƒ–‡†ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ—”‹‰‹–•ͺ͸ͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”Œ‘—”‡›ǡƒ›•ƒŽŽ‡””‹˜‡”•ˆŽ‘™ ‹–‘‹–Ǥ—†ƒŽ‹‹˜‡”ǡ—ƒ†ƒŽƒ‹˜‡”ǡ Š‘†”‹˜‡”ǡŠƒƒǡ †”ƒ›ƒ‹‹˜‡”ǡ—Žƒ‹˜‡”ǡ—–Šƒ‹˜‡”ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ ‹˜‡” ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” –”‹„—–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‹˜‡” ƒ”‘—† —‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡•‡ †”ƒ›ƒ‹ǡ —Žƒǡ —–Šƒ ƒ† ƒ™ƒƒ ˆŽ‘™ –Š”‘—‰Š—‡ƒ†‹’”‹Š‹…Š™ƒ†…‹–›Ž‹‹–•ǤŠƒ†ƒ‹ǡƒ‹‹ǡ‘•Š‹ǡ‘”‹ǡ‹ƒǡƒǡŠ‘‰™ƒ–‹ƒ†‹”ƒƒ”‡ –Š‡ƒŒ‘”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹‘Žƒ’—”Ǥˆ–Š‡•‡‹”ƒ”‹˜‡”‡‡–•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹ƒ‹ƒ”•‹‰’—”ǡ‹ƒŽ•Š‹”ƒ• –ƒŽ—ƒ‹‘Žƒ’—”†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ 9 The holy city of Pandharpur is on the bank of Bhima River. 9 Bhimashankar is one of the twelve esteemed Jyotirlinga shrines.Other temples are Siddhatek, Siddhivinayak Temple of Ashtavinayak Ganesh Pandharpur Vithoba Temple in Solapur district., Sri Dattatreya Temple, Ganagapura, Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Sri Kshetra Rasangi Balabheemasena Temple in Rasanagi, Jevargi Taluq, Gulbarga district, Karnataka 9 Tributaries of Bhima are: o

Ghod, Sina, Kagini, Bhama, Indrayani, Mula-Mutha, Nira

Malaprabha River

ƒŽƒ’”ƒ„Šƒ ‹˜‡” ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹’‘”–ƒ– –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ”‹•Šƒ ‹˜‡” ǡ ™Š‹…Š ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ – ”‹•‡• ƒ– ƒƒ—„‹‹–Š‡‡Ž‰ƒ—†‹•–”‹…–ƒ†Œ‘‹•”‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”ƒ–—†ƒŽƒ•ƒ‰ƒƒ‹ƒ‰ƒŽ‘–†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰ŠŠƒ”™ƒ”‹•–”‹…–Ǥ—„Ž‹…‹–›‰‡–•‹–•†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘–Š‹•”‡•‡”˜‘‹”Ǥ 9 Tributaries of Malprabha: Bennihalla, Hirehalla and Tuparihalla are the major tributaries to Malaprabha. Ghataprabha River

Šƒ–ƒ’”ƒ„Šƒ ‹• ƒ –”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ”‹•Šƒ –Šƒ– ˆŽ‘™• ‹ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ Š‡ Šƒ–ƒ’”ƒ„Šƒ ”‘Œ‡…– ƒ– ‹†ƒŽ ‹• ƒ Š›†”‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒ†‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒƒ…”‘••–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ ”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ Šƒ–ƒ’”ƒ„Šƒǣ 9 Hiranyakeshi and Markandeya rivers are tributaries of Ghataprabha Other Tributaries of Krishna

–Š‡”–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡—†ƒŽ‹”‹˜‡”ǡ‡ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ‘›ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ‡”Žƒ‹˜‡”ǡƒ”ƒ‹˜‡”ǡ‹†‹‹˜‡”ǡƒŽ‡”— ‹˜‡”ǡ—•‹‹˜‡”ǡ”‘†‹‹˜‡”ǡƒ”Ž‹‹˜‡”ƒ†—†Š‰ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”•‡ƒǡ‘›ƒǡƒ•ƒǡƒ…Š‰ƒ‰ƒǡ —†Š‰ƒ‰ƒǡ Šƒ–ƒ’”ƒ„ŠƒǡƒŽƒ’”ƒ„Šƒƒ†—‰ƒ„Šƒ†”ƒŒ‘‹”‹•Šƒˆ”‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–„ƒǢ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡”Žƒ‹˜‡”ǡ —•‹‹˜‡”ǡƒ‡”—ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‹˜‡”•Œ‘‹–Š‡”‹•Šƒˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–„ƒǤ

Important places on banks of River Krishna: Mahabaleshwar

9 Mahabaleshwar besides being a popular hill station and a weekend getaway from Mumbai is also the source of the Krishna River 9 Mahabaleshwar is located at an altitude of 1,372 meters in the Western Ghats. 9 Mahabaleshwar can also be called the ‘land of five rivers’, since the holy streams Krishna, Koyna, Venna, Gayatri and Savitri emerge from here. 9 There are many places of tourist interest in Mahabaleshwar. Lodwick Point is an important landmark in Mahabaleshwar. It is considered one of the finest locations in Mahabaleshwar from where one can enjoy the beauty of the surrounding area. This point was earlier known as Sydney Point. Arther Point is the queen of all points. It is fascinating to see the barren deep valley Savitri on the left and shallow green valley on the right. 9 Other places of tourist interest in Mahabaleshwar include Elphinstone Point, Tiger’s Spring, Kate’s Point, Bombay Point, Wilson Point, Venna Lake and Kate’s Point. Lingmala, Chinaman and Dhobi Waterfalls are also worth visiting in Mahabaleshwar. Kate’s Point (also known as sunrise point) in particular offers fabulous view of the Krishna River. Srisailam Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 41 9 Leaving Mahabaleshwar behind, the Krishna river takes the form of Dhom in Panchgani, a beautiful hill station close (17 km) to Mahabaleshwar. 9 It meanders through Narsobachi, Wadi in Maharashtra and crisscrosses its way through Karnataka before entering Andhra Pradesh. 9 Srisailam (in Andhra Pradesh) is a holy town located on the banks of the Krishna. Srisailam is surrounded by lush greenery and has beautiful locations around. 9 It is a wonderful weekend getaway from Hyderabad. Srisailam Sanctuary is the main attraction that covers an area of 3568 sq kms. The down waters Srisailam dam is home to a variety of crocodiles. Nagarjuna Sagar

9 Popularly known for the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Nagarjuna Sagar is approximately 170 km from Hyderabad. The dam is an engineering marvel. Stretching across the mighty river Krishna, the barrage also has another distinction to its credit - it has created one of the world's largest man-made lake. 9 The dam has played an important role in agricultural sector of the state. 9 Nagarjunakonda was the largest and most important Buddhist centres in South India . The place derives its name from Acharya Nagarjuna, a renowned Buddhist scholar and philosopher, who had migrated here from Amaravati to propagate and spread the Buddha's message of universal peace and brotherhood. 9 Not too far from Nagarjunakonda is Anupa, where a Buddhist University and Stadium were excavated. Amaravati

9 Situated on the banks of the Krishna, Amaravati is a small town in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Amaravati is an excavation site and was once the capital of Satavahanas. It is one of the important Buddhist sites in India. Amaravati is located about 60 km from Vijayawada. 9 Amareswara Temple is the major tourist attraction in Amaravati. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is believed that Lord Shiva is present here in the form of five lingams -Pranaveswara, Agasteswara, Kosaleswara, Someswara and Parthiveswara. The temple is built in the Dravidian style of architecture and has many legends associated with it. 9 The remains of a 2000-year-old Buddhist settlement along with the great Buddhist stupa are among the main attractions in Amaravati. Mahachaitya or the Great Stupa was constructed approximately 2000 years ago. The stupa is made of brick with a circular vedika and depicts Lord Buddha in a human form, subduing an elephant. Vijayawada

9 Vijayawada being a popular trade and commerce centre is also referred to as ‘the business capital of Andhra Pradesh’. Vijayawada is the 3rd largest city in Andhra Pradesh and is the largest city on the banks of Krishna River.

Kaveri River Basin ƒ˜‡”‹‘”ƒ—˜‡”›ˆŽ‘™•‹ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”…‘˜‡”•ƒ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ͹͸ͷ  ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ† ƒ‹Žƒ†—Ǥ‹–•Œ‘—”‡›–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹•Œ‘‹‡†„›‹–• –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹…Ž—†‡ Š‹•ƒǡ ‡ƒ˜ƒ–Š‹ǡ ‘—Š‘Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ˜ƒ–Š‹ǡ ƒ’‹Žƒǡ ƒ•Šƒƒ Š‡‡”–Šƒǡ ƒ„‹‹ǡ ‘ƒ’ƒ˜ƒ‹ǡ Šƒ˜ƒ‹ǡ ‘›‹Ž ƒ† ƒ”ƒ˜ƒ–Š›Ǥ ƒŽƒ…ƒ—˜‡”› ȋƒŽ•‘ ƒŽƒƒ˜‡”‹Ȍ Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘—– ͷͲͲͲ ˆ– ƒ„‘˜‡ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›Ǥ ƒŽƒ…ƒ—˜‡”› ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘‘”‰ †‹•–”‹…– ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ† ‹• Ͷ͹  ˆ”‘ ƒ‹†‡”‹Ǥ ƒŽƒ…ƒ—˜‡”›‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒˆƒ‘—•’‹Ž‰”‹ƒ‰‡•‹–‡‹ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ––Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–‡’Ž‡ ™Š‡”‡‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”‘—Žƒ•ƒ”ƒƒƒ–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ’‹Ž‰”‹•‰ƒ–Š‡”–‘’ƒ›–Š‡‹””‡•’‡…–•–‘–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›Ǥ

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 42 Š‡ ”‹˜‡” –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š ›•‘”‡ †‹•–”‹…– ™Š‡”‡ –™‘ ‹•Žƒ†• ”‹”ƒ‰ƒ’ƒ–ƒ ƒ† Š‹˜ƒƒ•ƒ—†”ƒ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ  – ‹˜ƒ•ƒ—†”ƒ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” †”‘’• ͻͺ ‡–‡”• ˆ‘”‹‰ ˆƒ‘—• ˆƒŽŽ• ‘™ ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ Š—‹ ƒ† ƒ”ƒ Š—‹Ǥˆ–‡”‡ƒ†‡”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”–Š‡‡–‡”•ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ†ˆ‘”•–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‘†‡ ƒ† ƒŽ‡ †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ—˜‡”› ‹• Œ‘‹‡† „› –Š‡ Šƒ˜ƒ‹ ‹˜‡” ƒ– Šƒ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‘‰‡ƒƒŽ ‹• ƒ ƒŒ‘” Žƒ†ƒ”‘–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—Ǥ”‹…Š›ƒ†ŠƒŒƒ˜—”ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ––‘™•‘–Š‡ „ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›Ǥ Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒˆ–‡”…‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ͹͸ͷ‡”‰‡•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š–™‘’”‹…‹’ƒŽ‘—–Š•Ǥ‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– †‹•–”‹„—–‘”› ‹• ‘ŽŽ‹†ƒ ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” †‹•–”‹„—–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”‹ ‹˜‡” ƒ• ‹– ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ‘ˆŠƒŒƒ˜—”Ǥ –•’Ž‹–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‹„”ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”‹‹˜‡”ƒ––Š‡‹•Žƒ†‘ˆ”‹”ƒ‰ƒƒ† ˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ Summary of Cauvery River

Tributaries ‡ Amaravati · Arkavathy · Bhavani · Chinnar · Hemavati · Honnuhole · Kabini · Kannika · Kollidam · Lakshmana p yy · Pambar · Shimsha · Sujyothi jy Tirtha · Lokapavani · Noyyal Important Dams ‡ Banasura agar · Bangara Doddi Nala · Grand Anicut · Krishna Raja Sagara · Madadkatte · Mettur Dam · Stanley Reservoir · Upper Anaicut · Lower Anaicut Important Cities and Towns ‡ Bhagamandala · Bhavani · Chidambaram · Erode · Karaikal · Karur · Kodumudi · Kodagu · Kudavasal · Kumbakonam · Kushalanagara · Mannargudi · Mand ya · Mayiladuthurai · Mettur · Mysore · Nagapattinam ·Nannilam · Papanasam · Puhar · Peralam · Sakleshpur · Sikkal · Sirkali · Srirangam · Srirangapatn a · Swamimalai · Talakad · Talakaveri · Thanjavur · Tharangambadi · Thirunallar · Thiruvaiyaru · Thiruvarur ·Thiruveezhimizhalai · Tiruchirapalli · Vaith eeswarankoil Riparian States and UTs ‡ Karnataka · Kerala · Pondicherry · Tamil Nadu



Cauvery River Basin: Š‡ ƒ˜‡”‹ „ƒ•‹ ‹• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –‘  ͹ʹǡͲͲͲ ʹ ™‹–Š ƒ› –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹•Šƒǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ˜ƒ–‹ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ˜ƒ–‹ǡ ‘—Š‘Ž‡ǡ ƒ•Šƒƒ ‹”–Šƒǡ ƒ„‹‹ǡ Šƒ˜ƒ‹ ‹˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘ƒ’ƒ˜ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ ‘››ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ˜ƒ–‹ ‹˜‡”Ǥ

Tributaries of Cauvery 9 Amaravathi River: Amaravati River is a tributary of Kaveri River in Coimbatore. It is continuation of the Pambar and Chinnar rivers in Kerala. It begins at Manjampatti Valley between the Annamalai Hills and the Palni Hills in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park. It descends in a northerly direction through Amaravathi Reservoir and Amaravathi Dam at Amaravathinagar. It is joined by the Kallapuram River at the mouth of the Ajanda valley in Udumalaipettai. It joins with the Kaveri at Thirumukkudal, about 10km from Karur. 9 Arkavati River: It originates in Nandi Hills of Karnataka and joins Cauvery at Kanakapura, called Sangama in Kannada, after flowing through Kolar District and Bangalore Rural district. The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million liters of drinking water per day to the city of Bangalore, or about 20% of all the city's water. The river drains into the Chikkarayappanahalli Lake near Kanivenarayanapura. 9 Tributaries of Akravati: o Kumudavathi and Vrishabhavathi rivers are tributaries to this river. 9 Bhavni River: Its is a major tributary of Cauvery River. It originates in Nilgiri Hills, where 12 major rivulets join Bhavani. The west and East Varagar tributaries coming from the Nilgiris are the largest and each have dams in Tamil Nadu. The Bhavani is a 217 km. long perennial river fed mostly by the southwest monsoon and supplemented by the northeast monsoon. Its watershed drains an area of 6,200 km² spread over Tamil Nadu (87%), Kerala (9%) and Karnataka (4%).

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 43 9 Hemavati River: It starts in the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1,219 meters near Ballala rayana durga in the Chikmagalur District of the state of Karnataka, in southern India, and flows through Chikkamagaluru, Hassan District and Mysore district before joining the Kaveri near Krishnarajasagara. Godavari River Basin ‹–ŠƒŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆͳͶ͸ͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‹• †‹ƒ̵••‡…‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–”‹˜‡”–Šƒ– ”—•™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘—–”›ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–”‹˜‡”‹‘—–Š †‹ƒǤ –‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ‡ƒ””‹„ƒ‹ƒ•Š‹‹•–”‹…–‘ˆƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•–ƒ…”‘••–Š‡ ‡……ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ— ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡ƒ” ƒ”ƒ•ƒ’—”ƒ ‹ ‡•– ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ †‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ 9 The river is also known as Dakshin Ganga and Gautami. The Manjra and Indravati rivers are its major tributaries. 9 The Godavari is sacred river and there are several places of pilgrimage on its banks. Trimbakeshwar and Nasik are major pilgrimage sites where one of the four Sinhastha Kumbh Mela takes place. 9 Every twelve years, Pushkaram, a major bathing festival, is held on the banks of the Godavari. The next Pushkaram festival is scheduled to be held in 2015.

Course of Godavari River Š‡”‹˜‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘”‹„ƒƒ†–Š‡ˆŽ‘™•‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ…”‘••–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—–”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ”‹„ƒ‡•Š™ƒ”ǡ ƒ•Š‹ǡ ‘’ƒ”‰ƒ‘ǡ ƒ‹–Šƒǡ ƒ†‡†ǡ ƒŒƒŠ—†”›ǡ †‹Žƒ„ƒ† ƒ† Šƒ†”ƒ…ŠƒŽƒǤ —•– ƒˆ–‡” ƒŒƒŠ—†”›ǡ–Š‡”‹˜‡”•’Ž‹–•‹–‘–™‘•–”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–™‹†‡‹–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡”‹˜‡”†‡Ž–ƒǡ™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹œƒƒ„ƒ††‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡’”‘Œ‡…–‘–Š‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ”‹”ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ” ”‘Œ‡…–Ǥ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ ‡’–‹‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡ƒ” ƒ”ƒ•ƒ’—”ƒ ‹ ‡•–

‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹†‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ 9 A barrage was built on the river at Dowleswaram by Sir Arthur Cotton in 1852. As it was damaged in 1987 floods, it was rebuilt as a barrage and roadway during 1987 and named after him. The roadway connects Dowleswaram in East Godavari and Vijjeswaram in West Godavari. 9 There is also a big dam built just after the source of the river at Trimbakeshwar. The dam is in the town of Gangapur, which literally means a town on a river. The dam provides drinking water to the residents of Nashik and also supplies water to the thermal power station situated downstream at Eklahara, which provides power to the town. 9 There is another multipurpose project on the Godavari River named Sriram Sagar Project on the borders of Adilabad and Nizamabad District. It is in the town of Pochampad, 60 km away from Nizamabad. It irrigates 4 districts of Northern Telangana Region of Andhra Pradesh and supplies power. 9 The Jayakwadi dam near Paithan is one of the largest earthen dam in India. This dam was built to address the problem of drought in Marathwada region and problem of flood along the bank of river. Two 'left' and 'right' canals provide the irrigation to fertile land up to Nanded district. This dam has major contribution in industrial development of Aurangabad Maharashtra. 9 Havelock bridge is on Godavari River. It was constructed under the supervision of F.T. Granville Walton who had constructed the Dufferin Bridge over the Ganges, and Granville Mills, British engineers. Spanning over 3 km in length, it linked the East Godavari and West Godavari districts. The brige has been a vital link enabling trains to run between Chennai and Howrah. Trains continued to ply over the bridge for a century until 1997, when train services over the bridge were suspended after the construction of 2 additional bridges. 9 The Coringa mangrove forests in the Godavari delta are the second largest mangrove formation in the country. Part of this has been declared as the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, renowned for its reptiles. They also provide an important habitat to a wide variety of fish and crustaceans. These forests also act as barriers against cyclones, tropical storms and tidal waves thus protecting the nearby villages. 9 The Krishna Godavari basin is one of the main nesting sites of the endangered Olive Ridley turtle. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography Target 2013 44 Important Places on the Bank of River Godavari 9 Trimbakeshwar: The source of the Godavari – Trimbakeshwar is one of the holy places in the country. It is located about 40 km from Nashik. Trimbakeshwar is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva. It is believed that there is no sacred place like Trimbakeshwar, no river like Godavari and no mountain like Bhrahmagiri. 9 Nashik: Nashik is the first major city on the banks of the Godavari after Trimbakeshwar. Nashik is located about 185 km from Mumbai. It is an important religious center and attracts thousands of pilgrims every year from different parts of the country. 9 Paithan: Famous for its Paithani sarees, Paithan is located on the banks of the Godavari in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. It is 56 km south of Aurangabad, the ancient capital city of the Satvahanas. Paithan is associated with great saint Eknath. His ‘samadhi’ is located here. The Eknath Shrine comes alive during ‘Paithan Yatra’, also known as Nath Shashti, when devotees from Maharashtra and neighbouring states come to pay their respects to the saint. 9 Nanded: Nanded is famous for the Sikh gurudwara - Takhat Sachkhand Shri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib. A town of great antiquity, Naded was earlier known as ‘Nandigram’. Gurudwara Shri Hazur Sahib is the main landmark in Nanded. It is one of the four high seats of authority of the Sikhs. This is the place where Shri Guru Gobind Singhji breathed his last. The gurudwara was built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 9 Bhadrachalam: Bhadrachalam is situated on the banks of the Godavari and is 161 km from Rajahmundry and 200 km from Vijayawada. Bhadrachalam is regarded to be one of the holiest shrines in South India. Tributaries of Godavari 9 Indravati River: Indravati River rises in the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi Orissa, and flows west to join the Godavari, forming the boundary between Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh states at places. The river flows for a length of 535 km with a drainage area of 41,665 sq.km.The Indravati is sometimes known as the "lifeline" of the Bastar District, one of the most green districts in India. 9 Pranahita River: Pranhita River flows on the border of Gadchiroli district in Maharashtra and Adilabad district in Andhra Pradesh. It forms with the confluence of two rivers called Wardha and Wainganga.The Painganga River joins Vainganga near Aheri. The river then flows up to Sironcha before it empties into the Godavari River,near Sironcha in Maharashtra. The River course is mainly through the dense forests which are rich in Sagwan (timber). Other important Rivers of India Narmada River ƒ”ƒ†ƒ ‘”‡™ƒ‹˜‡” ‹• –Š‡–Š‹”†Žƒ”‰‡•– ”‹˜‡” –Šƒ– …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ˆŽ‘™• ™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ‰ƒƬ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹Ǥ – ˆ‘”•–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡‘”–Š †‹ƒƒ†‘—–Š †‹ƒǤƒ”ƒ†ƒˆŽ‘™•‹ƒ”‹ˆ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ–’—”ƒƒ†‹†Š›ƒƒ‰‡•Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡‡–‹‘‡†ƒ•ƒƒ†—•‹–Š‡‡”‹’Ž—•‘ˆ”›–Š”‡ƒ‡ƒǤ Source and Course:

ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‘”‹‰‹•‹ƒ•ƒŽŽ–ƒ…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”ƒ†ƒ—†Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒŠ‹ŽŽ‹–Š‡—’’—”‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ ‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”†‡•…‡†•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒŠ‹ŽŽ”ƒ‰‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‹Ž†Šƒ”ƒˆƒŽŽ•‘˜‡”ƒ…Ž‹ˆˆ ƒ†‡ƒ†‡”•‹–Š‡Š‹ŽŽ•ˆŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šƒ–‘”–—‘—•…‘—”•‡…”‘••‹‰–Š‡”‘…•ƒ†‹•Žƒ†•—’–‘–Š‡”—‹‡†’ƒŽƒ…‡ ‘ˆƒƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ‡–™‡‡ƒƒ‰ƒ”ƒ†ƒ†ŽƒǡȋʹͷȋͳͷǤͷ‹ȌȌǡˆ—”–Š‡”•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡…‘—”•‡‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •–”ƒ‹‰Š–™‹–Š†‡‡’™ƒ–‡”†‡˜‘‹†‘ˆ”‘…›‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡”Œ‘‹•ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”–Š‡”—•‘”–ŠȂ‡ƒ•– ‹ƒƒ””‘™Ž‘‘’–‘™ƒ”†• ƒ„ƒŽ’—”ǤŽ‘•‡–‘–Š‹•…‹–›ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡Š—ƒ†Šƒ”ƒˆƒŽŽ•ǡƒ”ƒ†ƒ‡–‡”•–Š”‡‡ƒ””‘™ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹†Š›ƒ•…ƒ”’•‹–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†–Š‡ƒ–’—”ƒ”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‘—–ŠǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡”‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› ‹• ™‹†‡” ƒ– ‘•– ’Žƒ…‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› •‡…–‹‘• ƒ”‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ …Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ Ž‹‡‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ”’•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–’—”ƒŠ‹ŽŽ•Ǥ –ˆ‘”•–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡‘”–Š †‹ƒƒ†‘—–Š †‹ƒƒ†ˆŽ‘™• ™‡•–™ƒ”†•‘˜‡”ƒŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆͳǡ͵ͳʹ„‡ˆ‘”‡†”ƒ‹‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ„‡›‹–‘–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǡ͵Ͳ ȋͳͺǤ͸‹Ȍ™‡•–‘ˆŠƒ”—…Š‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ– Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2012 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-29 Geography of India-1: Geology & Physiography

www.gktoday.in 45

Basin:

‡–™‡‡‹†›ƒƒ†ƒ–’—”ƒ”ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ”ƒ†ƒ‡š–‡†•‘˜‡”ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͻͺǡ͹ͻ͸;ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‹…‘˜‡”•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šȋͺ͸ΨȌǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ȋͳͶΨȌƒ†ƒ…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ”‡ƒȋʹΨȌ‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤ  –Š‡”‹˜‡”…‘—”•‡‘ˆͳǡ͵ͳʹǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ͷͳ–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‘—–‘ˆ™Š‹…Šʹʹƒ”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–’—†ƒ”ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘ –Š‡”‹‰Š–„ƒƒ”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹†Š›ƒ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ Importance:

ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–•ƒ…”‡†”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤGeologically, Narmada River is older than the river GangesǤŠ‡ ”‹˜‡”Šƒ•„‡‡‡–‹‘‡†„›–‘Ž‡›‹–Š‡‡…‘†…‡–—”›ƒ•ƒƒ†‡Ǥ —”ƒƒ•ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡‡–‹‘‡†ƒ• ‡™ƒǤ  †‹ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡƒƒ†ƒ‡’‡”‘”ˆ”‘ŠƒŽ—›ƒ†›ƒ•–›—Žƒ‡•Š‹ ‹••ƒ‹†–‘Šƒ˜‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†‡’‡”‘” ƒ”•Šƒ˜ƒ”†Šƒƒ‘ˆƒƒ—Œ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‘ˆƒ”ƒ†ƒǤŠ‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›‹•ˆƒ‘—•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘”‰‡‘—•ƒŠ‡•Š™ƒ”‹•ƒ”‹•ǡ ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡Šƒ†™‘˜‡Ǣ…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡‹™ƒ”ƒ†…‘Ž†™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ†”‡••›ƒ†›‡–Ž‹‰Š–Ǣ–Š‡•‡•ƒ”‹•Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡†‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ •‡Ž‡…–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ™‘‡ǤŠ‡Š‹„‡–ƒ…ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹ƒ†›‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ƒ–ƒ„‘—– Ͷͷ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‘ˆŠ‘’ƒŽǤ

Mahi River ƒŠ‹”‹•‡•‹‹†ƒ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹•ƒ”†ƒ”’—”†‹•–”‹…–ƒ†Šƒ›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†ǡƒˆ–‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ†”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ‡–‡”• —Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ„›ƒ™‹†‡‡•–—ƒ”›‡ƒ”Šƒ„Šƒ–ǤƒŠ‹‡…‹”…Ž‡•‡–‹”‡ƒ•™ƒ”ƒ ‹•–”‹…–‹ƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ†ˆ‹”•–†ƒ‘™ƒ•ƒŠ‹†ƒ‹•ƒ–”‹‰Š–•‹†‡‹ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤƒ†ƒƒƒ‹•‘ƒŠ‹‹

—Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ –‹•‘‡‘ˆ‘Ž›–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘””‹˜‡”•‹’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ–Šƒ–”—•ˆ”‘‡ƒ•––‘™‡•–ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ’–‹ ‹˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”Ǥ

Tapti River ƒ’‹‹˜‡”ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ͹ʹͶǡ‹•‘‡‘ˆ‘Ž›–Š”‡‡”‹˜‡”•‹’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ–Šƒ–”—ˆ”‘‡ƒ•––‘™‡•–Ǧ–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”• „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ†ƒ ‹˜‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒŠ‹ ‹˜‡”Ǥ Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ”‹•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ–’—”ƒ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •‘—–Š‡” ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š •–ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• ™‡•–™ƒ”†ǡ †”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š̵• ‹ƒ” ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ̵• ƒ†‡•Š ƒ†‡ƒ•–‹†ƒ”„Šƒ”‡‰‹‘•‹–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–…‘”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ†•‘—–Š —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡’–›‹‰‹–‘ –Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ„ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǡ‹–Š‡—”ƒ–‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ”ƒ†ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡˆ‘”–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡‘”–Šƒ†‘—–Š †‹ƒǤŠ‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‘”ƒŠ›ƒ†”‹”ƒ‰‡•–ƒ”–• •‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’–‹‹˜‡”‡ƒ”–Š‡„‘”†‡”‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤŠ‡ƒ’–‹ȋƒ’‹Ȍ‹˜‡”‡’–‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡ —Žˆ ‘ˆŠƒ„Šƒ–‡ƒ”–Š‡…‹–›‘ˆ—”ƒ–‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥƒ’–‹ƒ•‹Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒȋͷͳǡͷͲͶ;Ȍǡƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•ŠȋͻǡͺͲͶ;Ȍƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–ȋ͵ǡͺ͵͹;ȌǤ

Ghaggar-Hakra River

Šƒ‰‰ƒ”Ǧƒ”ƒ‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•‹‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘‘Ž›Ǥ –‹•‘™ƒ• Šƒ‰‰ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡––—„ƒ””ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ”ƒ †‘™•–”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ””ƒ‰‡Ǥ – ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ Š‹˜ƒŽ‹ ‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ† ˆŽ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Š —Œƒ„ ƒ† ƒ”›ƒƒ •–ƒ–‡• ‹–‘ ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǢ Œ—•– •‘—–Š™‡•– ‘ˆ ‹”•ƒǡ ƒ”›ƒƒ ƒ† „› –Š‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –ƒŽ™ƒ”ƒ ŒŠ‡‡Ž ‹ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ–Š‹••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”‹˜‡”ˆ‡‡†•–™‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘…ƒƒŽ•–Šƒ–‡š–‡†‹–‘ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤŠ‡†‘™•–”‡ƒƒ”ƒ‹•ƒ †”‹‡†—’•–”‡ƒ–Šƒ–’‘••‹„Ž›‡†‹ƒ‘ˆƒ–…ŠǤ

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Conventional General Studies-30

Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India

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Contents

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Part I. Coastal Environment of India Basics of Indian Coasts Introduction to Coasts of India West Coast of India Eastern Coast of India Comparison of the East Coast and West Coast Important Observations about the Coastal Landmarks of India Part II. Islands of India Andaman & Nicobar Islands (ANI) Lakshadweep Islands Diu Island MǙjuli Island Islands Off Mumbai Pamban Island Sri Harikota Part III. India’s Climatology General Observations about the Indian Climate Factors influencing the Indian climate Monsoon and Seasons in India Monsoon Mechanism Seasons in India Winter Season

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Summer Season Rainy south-western monsoon (June-September) Post Monsoon Season Distribution of Rainfall in India El Niño/La Niña–Southern Oscillation Impact of El Niño and La Nina on Indian Weather Part IV. Soils of India The Indian Classification of Soils Alluvial Soils Black Soil Red and Yellow Soil Laterite Soil Arid Soils Saline Soils Peaty Soils Forest Soils Soil Degradation & Soil Erosion Soil Erosion Splash Erosion Sheet Erosion Rill Erosion Gully Erosion

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Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India

Part I.

Coastal Environment of India Basics of Indian Coasts

Introduction to Coasts of India Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›fall within the TropicsǤŠ‡…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹…Ž—†‡ǣ x

‡•–…‘ƒ•–

x

ƒ•–…‘ƒ•–

x

‘ƒ•–‘ˆƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ƒ††ƒƒƒ†‹…‘„ƒ”‹•Žƒ†•Ǥ

Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒ„‘—– ͹ǡͷͳ͹ ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ‘‰ nine coastal states ƒ† four Union Territories.Š‡nine coastal statesƒ”‡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ‘ƒǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ‡”ƒŽƒǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ†Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ†‹•Šƒƒ†‡•–‡‰ƒŽǤŠ‡Four coastal Union Territoriesƒ”‡—†—…Š‡””›ǡƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ǡƒƒƬ ‹—ƒ††ƒƒƬ‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†•Ǥ Largest states by Coastline:

Gujarat is strategically located with largest share in India's coastline, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. (Please note that if you search on web about the second longest coastline in India, you will get confused. The official TN Government sources cite the coastline of Tamil Nadu to be 1076 kilometers which is second after Gujarat. Some other official sources say that Tamil Nadu has an uninterrupted coastline of 922 Kms. Similarly, some government data of Andhra Pradesh say that their state has second largest (972-974Kms). Almost all information on internet is copied from each other and seems that not a single source is authentic. The data in the adjacent table, I have sourced from a report of Centre for Environment Studies and it seems to be correct to my

State Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Kerala Maharashtra Orissa West Bengal Karnataka Goa Daman & Diu Total

Coastline 1915.29 1037 864.73 560 510.31 457.2 374 258.15 113.03 -6089.71

belief, though I am still doubtful. Š‡ ‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ‹Žƒ† ‹• ƒ”‘—† ͸ͳͲͲ ǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• „‡‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†Œƒ…‡– –ƒ„Ž‡Ȍ

˜‡” ʹʹǤ͸Ψ ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ …‘ƒ•–• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‹•Žƒ†• ȋ†ƒƒ ƒ† ‹…‘„ƒ”ǡ ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ ƒ† ‹— ‹•Žƒ†•ȌǤ Š‡ š…Ž—•‹˜‡ …‘‘‹… ‘‡• ȋ•Ȍ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ …‘˜‡” ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ʹǡ͵ͲͷǡͳͶ͵ ;ǡ ‡…Ž‘•‡† ™‹–Š‹ ʹͲͲ ƒ—–‹…ƒŽ ‹Ž‡•ȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǣ͵͹ͲǤͶȌˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ—–‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡͳǡ͸ͶͳǡͷͳͶ;‹••Šƒ”‡†„› †‹ƒǯ•…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆƒ‹Žƒ†™Š‹Ž‡͸͸͵ǡ͸ʹͻ ;‹•‘ˆ†ƒƒƒ†‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–all the areas on the continental shelves (Indian Continental Shelf468,000 km2) are

under national sovereigntyǤ

Model Question - 1. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹…‘–‡š–™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵•š…Ž—•‹˜‡…‘‘‹…‘‡•ȋ•Ȍǣ ͳǤ š…Ž—•‹˜‡…‘‘‹…‘‡•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ‘—––‘ʹͲͲƒ—–‹…ƒŽ‹Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ʹǤ Š‡ ‘”‡‹‰˜‡••‡Ž•ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›‹–Š‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡…‘‘‹…‘‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒ ͵Ǥ †‹ƒ…ƒƒ‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡–ƒšƒ–‹‘ƒ†…—•–‘•‹‹–•š…Ž—•‹˜‡…‘‘‹…‘‡•ȋ•Ȍ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ •™‡”ǣ 1 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘‹–•‘ˆ˜‹‡™ǡ †‹ƒ…‘ƒ•–•ƒ”‡˜‡”›—…Š‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ †‹ƒŠƒ•large coastal wetlands which cover an area of over 41,401 km². Š‹• ‹• ʹ͹Ǥͳ͵Ψ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ …‘˜‡”‡† „› ™‡–Žƒ†• ‹ †‹ƒǤ In contrast with the

1 In this question only first statement is correct. Please note these three things: Territorial waters extend to 12 Nautical Miles from appropriate base Contiguous zone extends to 24 Nautical Miles from baseline Exclusive Economic Zones refers to the area from the edge of the territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from the baseline. In the EEZ, the country has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. The most important reason to introduce EEZ was to halt the clashes over the Fishing Rights and Oil Rights. In the EEZ, the foreign vessels have freedom of navigation and over flight, subject to the regulation of the coastal countries. Foreign states are allowed to lay submarine pipes and cables. Thus statement 2 is incorrect. As far as statement 3 is concerned please note that a country can enforce laws only in 4 areas viz. pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration of the Contiguous Zone i.e. 24 Nautical miles from the baseline.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 3 Inland wetlands, coastal wetlands are much less however. Š‡‹Žƒ†™‡–Žƒ†•‘ˆ †‹ƒ…‘˜‡”ͳͲͷ͸Ͷͻ;ǡ™Š‹…Š ƒ……‘—–• Žƒ†™‡–Žƒ†•‘ˆ †‹ƒ•Šƒ”‡ƒ”‘—†͸ͻǤʹʹΨ‘ˆ‘–ƒŽ™‡–Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒǤȋƒ“—‡•–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ•‡†‹”‡Ž‹•ʹͲͳʹ‘–Š‹•Ȍ ”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ƒ† ‡ƒ•–‡” …‘ƒ•–• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ—Ž–‹‰ ƒ† •—„•‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡…Ž‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‡‡‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–• ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•‡…‘ƒ•–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ˜‡”›”‡…‡–‘”‹‰‹ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘Ž‹‘…‡‡–‘”‡…‡––‹‡•Ǥ

West Coast of India Š‡ ‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹ Ž‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ ‡”ƒŽƒ ƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ– ƒ†•–”‡–…Š‡•ˆ”‘ –Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡‡•–‡”

Šƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š ‘ˆ–Š‡™‡•–‡” …‘ƒ•–• ‹•ͳͶͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ† ‹–• ™‹†–Š ˜ƒ”‹‡• ˆ”‘ͳͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• –‘ͺͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† ”ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ͳͷͲ –‘ ͵ͲͲ ƒ„‘˜‡ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ Žƒ‹ ƒ”‡ sandy beaches, coastal sand-dunes, mud-flats, lagoons, alluvial tracts, estuaries, lateritic -platforms and residual hills. –Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡…‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ„‡–™‡‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ‡†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–‹–‘–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡’ƒ”–•ǣ ͳǤ ‘ƒ•–•ƒ†‘ƒ•–ƒŽŽƒ‹•‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ– ʹǤ ‘ƒ‘ƒ•– ͵Ǥ ƒŽƒ„ƒ”‘ƒ•– Coastal Plains of Gujarat Model Question - 2. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‹˜‡”•ǣ ͳǤ —‹ ʹǤ ƒƒ• ͵Ǥ ƒŠ‹ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡‹Žƒ†”‹˜‡”•ǫ Answer: 2 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š›•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ —Œƒ”ƒ– ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡ ”‡‰‹‘• ˜‹œǤ ƒ‹Žƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ƒ—”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ‡‹•—Žƒ ƒ† ƒ–…ŠǤ —– ‘ˆ –Š‡ǡ –Š‡ Mainland Gujarat …‘•‹•–•‘ˆ‡ƒ•–‡””‘…›Š‹‰ŠŽƒ†•ǡ–Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘—–ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ Žƒ‹• ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡ Saurashtra Peninsula ˆ‘”• ƒ ”‘…› –ƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ† ˆ”‹‰‡† „› –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹•™‹–Š–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ –Š‡ —†—Žƒ–‹‰ ’Žƒ‹ „”‘‡ „› Š‹ŽŽ• ƒ††‹••‡…–‡†„›˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‹˜‡”•ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ˆ”‹‰‡ ‹• ƒ Ž‘™ Žƒ† ™Š‹…Š ƒ”• –Š‡ •‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” •‡ƒ …‘‡…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ —Žˆ• ‘ˆ ƒ–…Š ƒ† —Žˆ‘ˆƒ„ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ǡ –Š‡ Katch region ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ƒ•™Š‹…Š‹•„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ•ƒŽ–‡…”—•–‡†™ƒ•–‡Žƒ†Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™ ‡–‡”•ƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ –‰‡–•†‡—†ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•‘‘Ǥ –‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ ”‡ƒ–ƒ‹–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†‹––Ž‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ǥ‡–™‡‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒƒ†‘…› ƒ‹Žƒ†Ž‹‡•–Š‡Banni PlainsǤ

21&2

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 4 Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ ƒ‡• ‹– …Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ– …‘˜‡” ƒŽ‘•– –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ‡š…‡’– –™‘ †‹•–”‹…–• ˜‹œǤ ƒƒ•ƒ–Šƒ ƒ† ƒ„ƒ”ƒ–ŠƒǤ Š‡•‡ ’Žƒ‹• Šƒ˜‡ „‡…‘‡ ƒ‹Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ †‡’‘•‹–• ‘ˆ ƒ„ƒ”ƒ–‹ǡƒŠ‹ǡ—‹ƒ†‘–Š‡””‹˜‡”•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ™‹†•Ǥ , —‹ƒ†ƒƒ•”‹˜‡”•†‹•…Šƒ”‰‡‹–‘ƒˆ‘”‹‰‹Žƒ††”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡†—”‹‰”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”‡‹Žƒ†”‹˜‡”•Ǥ Konkan Coast

”‘‘—–Š‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–’Žƒ‹ǡ‘ƒ…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘ƒƒ–‘ ‘ƒǤ –•Žƒ•–„‘—†ƒ”›†‘™•‘—–Š‹•

ƒ‰ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹‹˜‡”Ǥ The Konkan coast is generally narrow, not exceeding 65 km. It is widest near Mumbai. It is rocky and uneven, a few hills protrude up to the sea and that is why we find numerous light houses across the costs to warn the ships remain away from the rocky area. The coast is rich in oil resources such as Bombay High. The northern part is sandy while the southern part is rugged. Malabar Coast

Š‡ƒŽƒ„ƒ”‘ƒ•–•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‘ƒ–‘ƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹‘”ƒ’‡‘‘”‹ ‘ †‹ƒ̵• •‘—–Š‡” –‹’ ‡š–‡†•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” —‡”‘—• lagoons ƒƒǤ ƒ›ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹…Š”—’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‹•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ‡”ƒŽƒǤ…Šƒ‹‘ˆ „”ƒ…‹•ŠŽƒ‰‘‘•ƒ†Žƒ‡•Ž›‹‰’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡ƒŽƒ„ƒ”‘ƒ•– ‹‡”ƒŽƒƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ…™ƒ–‡”•ǤŠ‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ‡”ƒŽƒƒ…™ƒ–‡”• ‹…Ž—†‡• ˆ‹˜‡ Žƒ”‰‡ Žƒ‡• Ž‹‡† „› …ƒƒŽ•ǡ „‘–Š ƒƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽǡˆ‡†„›͵ͺ”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ†‡š–‡†‹‰ ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ› ŠƒŽˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ‡”ƒŽƒ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range. ‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– Žƒ†ƒ”• ‘ˆ –Š‹• …‘ƒ•– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡„ƒƒ† Žƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‡•– Žƒ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ National Water Way-3ǡ–Šƒ–•–”‡–…Š‡•‘––ƒ’—”ƒ–‘ ‘ŽŽƒǤ

Importance of Kerala Coasts ‡”ƒŽƒ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ œ‘‡ ‹• ˆƒ‘—• ˆ‘” ‹–• „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž „‡ƒ…Š‡•ǡ „ƒ…™ƒ–‡”• ƒ† Žƒ‰‘‘•Ǥ Š‡ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ „‡Ž–ǡ ƒ ƒ””‘™ •–”‹’ ‘ˆ Ž‘™Žƒ†ǡ‹•–Š‡‘•–’‹…–—”‡•“—‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‡”ƒŽƒǡ‹–‡”•’‡”•‡† ™‹–Š ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ „ƒ…™ƒ–‡”•ǡ Žƒ‰‘‘• ƒ† …ƒƒŽ• ƒ† ˆŽƒ‡† „› Ž—š—”‹ƒ–…‘…‘—–‰”‘˜‡•ƒ†‰”‡‡”‹…‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǤŠ‡Žƒ‰‘‘•ƒ† „ƒ…™ƒ–‡”• ƒ”‡ ‡˜‡” ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ƒ† ƒ– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’Žƒ…‡• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ ’‡”ƒ‡– …‘‡…–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‹–Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ…™ƒ–‡”•ǡ ”‹˜‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ …ƒƒŽ •›•–‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳǡͻʹͲǤ Š‹• ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ —‹“—‡ ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹…Š‡ ™‹–Š ‰”‡ƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” „”ƒ…‹•Š ™ƒ–‡” ˆ‹•Š ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ •‡ƒ ‘ˆˆ ‡”ƒŽƒ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ œ‘‡• ˆ‘” ƒ”‹‡ ˆ‹•Š ‹ †‹ƒǤ ‘…Š‹ ‹• –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ’‘”– Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‹–”‡ …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ ‹• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡ƒ—–› ™‹–Š ˜ƒ•– „‡ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ The tidal implications are felt deep into inland areas through the network of backwatersǤ Š‡•‡ –‹†‡• Šƒ˜‡ high utility for fishing, navigation and boatingǤ

Eastern Coast of India Model Question - 3. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹••’”‡ƒ†‹‘”‡•–ƒ–‡•‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•– ʹǤ Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”‘ƒ•–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›™‹†‡”–Šƒ–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•– ͵Ǥ Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‹•ƒ‡‡”‰‡–…‘ƒ•–ǡ™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–‹••—„‡”‰‹‰…‘ƒ•– Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 3 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•…—––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡three states˜‹œǤƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ††‹•ŠƒǤŠ‡Cauvery delta ‹•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•—„”‡‰‹‘‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ–Š‡Krishna Godavari Delta‹•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Žƒ†ƒ”‹†Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Mahanadi Delta‹•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Žƒ†ƒ”‹†‹•ŠƒǤ ƒ•–‡”‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹Ž‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ†‹•‘”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ†™‹†‡–Šƒ ‹–• ™‡•–‡” …‘—–‡”’ƒ”–Ǥ Š‡› ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ emergent coast ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹–Ǯ• ™‡•–‡” …‘—–‡”’ƒ”– ‹• ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ submerging coastǤŠ‡”‡‰‹‘”‡…‡‹˜‡•„‘–Š–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘”ƒ‹•™‹–Š‹–•ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰„‡–™‡‡ͳǡͲͲͲƒ†͵ǡͲͲͲǤŠ‡™‹†–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‹•˜ƒ”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ͳͲͲ–‘ͳ͵Ͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǤŠ‡ 3 Only 2 & 3are correct.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 5 ”‡‰‹‘ ‹• wider, gets more rainfall, more hot and humid, more discontinuous and more fertile & irrigated in comparison to the western plains. –’Žƒ…‡•–Š‡’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡„‘”†‡”‡†™‹–Š†—‡•Ǥƒ‰”‘˜‡ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒŽ•‘‰”‘™‹–Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘Ǥƒ‰‘‘•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹•’Žƒ‹‹•„”‘ƒ†Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ ͳǤ Coromandal Coast:ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘ƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—–‘False Divi Point‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ™Š‹…Š‹•Œ—•–ƒ––Š‡ƒ’‡š‘ˆ–Š‡”‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”†‡Ž–ƒǤ ʹǤ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‹•Šƒ ƒ† ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ˆ‘”™Š‹…Š ƒ‘Ž† –‡ ‘”–Š‡” ‹”…ƒ”• ‹• •‘‡–‹‡• —•‡†Ǥ‘‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹–ƒ•†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‹•Ǥ ͵Ǥ ƒŠƒƒ†‹‡Ž–ƒǤ‘–Š‡”„”‘ƒ†‡”–‡”—•‡†‹•–ƒŽ‘ƒ•–ǡ™Š‹…ŠƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡Chilika Lake. Model Question - 4. …‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‘’‹…ƒŽ›…Ž‘‡•‹ †‹ƒŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”‹‹–‹ƒŽ‰‡‡•‹•‘˜‡”–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†•–”‹‡–Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ †‹ƒ ʹǤ ‡•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹•‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•„›„‘–Š–Š‡‘—–Š‡•–ƒ†‘”–Šƒ•–‘•‘‘• Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ •™‡”ǣ 4 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Comparison of the East Coast and West Coast x x x x x x

West Coast –”‡–…Š‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ–…Š –‘ ƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹ ƒ• ƒ narrow strip„‡–™‡‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†‡•–‡” Šƒ–• ‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ …‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ‘ƒ ‘ƒ•– ƒ† ƒŽƒ„ƒ”‘ƒ•– ‹‰ŠŽ›‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›south west monsoon Lagoons and Estuaries are common Submerging Coast Less attacked by Cyclones

x x x x x x

East Coast –”‡–…Š‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹ –‘ —†‡”„ƒ• ƒ• ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›broader (than western coast)„‡–™‡‡ƒ•–‡”

Šƒ–•ƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ ‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ ‘”‘ƒ†ƒŽ ‘ƒ•– ƒ† ‘”–Š ‹”…ƒ” …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹• ˆŽ—‡…‡†„› North East Monsoon. Also receives rains from South West Monsoon.  Deltas are common Emergent Coast More attacked by Cyclones

Important Observations about the Coastal Landmarks of India Gulf of Katch Model Question - 5. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ„‘—–ƒƒ”‹‡ƒ‹ƒŽǣ ͳǤ –•ƒƒƒŽǡ™Š‹…Š‘•–Ž›†‡’‡†•—’‘‡ƒǦ‰”ƒ•• ʹǤ –•‹•ˆ‘—†‹ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ–…Š‘ˆˆ–Š‡ƒ—”ƒ•Š–”ƒ‘ƒ•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• —Žˆ‘ˆƒƒ”‹ †‹ƒ ͵Ǥ –‹•…Ž‘•‡–‘‡š–‹…–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•Š—–‹‰ˆ‘”‡ƒ–ƒ†‘‹Ž †‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡‘’–‹‘•ǣ ƒǤ ™ƒ”ˆ’‡”ŠƒŽ‡ „Ǥ —‰‘‰ …Ǥ Ž—‡ŠƒŽ‡ †Ǥ ‡ƒƒ„„‹– •™‡”ǣ 5 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

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Gulf of Katch is the largest coastal habitat in the West coast of India It is a shallow water body with depth extending from 60 m at the mouth to less than 20 m at the head of the Gulf. Average depth is 30 meters. Around the Lushington Island, the depth is just 5 meters. Bordered by Katch in the north and Saurashtra in the south. Home to a Marine National Park and Marine Sanctuary at the southern shore, which includes 42 islands and a complex of fringing reefs backed by mudflats and sand flats, coastal salt marsh and mangrove forests, sand and rocky beaches which support a great diversity of fauna and flora. Many islands are fringed with corals and mangroves which provide disturbance free habitats for many species of nesting birds.

4 Both are incorrect. The Indian subcontinent is one of the worst affected regions in the world. India’s coats are exposed to around 10 per cent of the world’s tropical cyclones. Of these, the majority have their initial genesis over the Bay of Bengal and strike the east coast of India. On an average, five to six tropical cyclones form every year, of which two or three could be severe. More cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than the Arabian Sea and the ratio is approximately 4:1. Tropical cyclones occur in the months of May-June and October-November. 5 Dugong

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Apart from the islands, there are a large number of wavecuts (eroded shallow banks) such as Pirothan, Deda, Donna, Sankhodhar Beyt, Paga, Adatra and Boria, many of them have corals within. Gulf of Katch is the home for more than 800 species of organisms; 32 hard corals (Scleractinia) and 12 soft corals (Alcyonaria), 150-200 species of fishes, more than 100 species of algae, great diversity of sponges and worms, brittlestars, marine turtles and other reptiles, over 200 species of migratory and resident bird species. Gulf of Katch is home to the rare and endangered marine mammal, the dugong (Sea Cow). Gulf of Kutch produces 95% of the salt requirements of the country. Salt pans are located close to inter-tidal area and deep into the land. Gulf of Katch area is home for intermediate and major ports like Kandla, Adani, Okha and Salaya. Kandla is one of the major ports of India. The Asia’s largest oil refinery is located at Jamnagar in the Gulf of Kutch.

Fact Box: Dugong —‰‘‰‘”‡ƒ‘™‹•ƒ•‡ƒǦ‰”ƒ••‡ƒ–‹‰ƒƒŽ™Š‹…Š‹•ˆ‘—†‹™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆƒ•ƒ›ƒ•͵͹…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ –‹•‘™‘˜‡”‰‡‘ˆ‡š–‹…‹–‘ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡‹–Šƒ•„‡‡Š—–‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ–ƒ†‘‹ŽǤ  †‹ƒƒŽ•‘ǡ‹–•‡ƒ–‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒ’Š”‘†‹•‹ƒ…Ǥ‘‡‘–‡•ǣ ƒ ƒš‹—‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—‰‘‰‹•ˆ‘—†‹‡†‡ƒǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›–Š‡‡”•‹ƒ —ŽˆǤ ƒ ƒ”‰‡•–—‰‘‰™ƒ•ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•ͳ͵Ǥͷˆ–ƒ†™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‹ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ–…Š‹ †‹ƒǤ  †‹ƒǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹ —Žˆ‘ˆ —–…Šǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ‹ ™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ƒ† —Žˆ ‘ˆ ƒƒ”Ǥ Š‡ —Žˆ ‘ˆ ƒƒ” ‹‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋ ‘Ȍ Šƒ• –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †—‰‘‰• ‹ †‹ƒǤ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘—† ‡ƒ” –Š‡ †ƒƒ ƒ† ‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†•Ǥ ƒ ‹–Š ˆ‡™‡” –ŠƒʹͲͲ †—‰‘‰•ȋ…‘‘Ž› ‘™ ƒ• •‡ƒ …‘™Ȍ ‹ ‹–• ™ƒ–‡”•ǡ †‹ƒ ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‹–• ‡‹‰Š„‘—”• ‹ ‘—–Š •‹ƒ –‘ •‹‰ –Š‡ —‰‘‰ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• ˜‹”‘‡– ”‘‰”ƒ‡Ȁ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‰”ƒ–‘”›’‡…‹‡•ȋȀȌ‘ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ —””‡–Ž› …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š–‹…–‹‘ —†‡” –Š‡  ‡† ‹•– ‘ˆ Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† ’‡…‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ †—‰‘‰• ƒ”‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Š—ƒǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” Ž‹ˆ‡ Š‹•–‘”› ƒ† †‡’‡†‡…‡ ‘ •‡ƒ ‰”ƒ••‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”‡•–”‹…–‡† –‘ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• —†‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘Š—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ ‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡…Ž‹‡‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ǣ•‡ƒ‰”ƒ••Šƒ„‹–ƒ–Ž‘••ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ‰‹ŽŽ‡––‹‰ǡ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ǡ‹†‹‰‡‘—•—•‡ ƒ†Š—–‹‰Ǥ

Gulf of Cambay ƒ Gulf of Cambay or Gulf of Khambat is a 80 miles long gulf that divides the Kathiawar peninsula to the west from the eastern part of Gujarat state on the east. ƒ Two major rivers of Gujarat viz. Narmada and Tapti empty here. ƒ The Gulf of Cambay is known for its extreme tides. ƒ The Gulf of Cambay is home to Alang shipyard, which is known for marine salvage industry, half of all ships salvaged around the world are recycled here. The state government wants to make it largest International Maritime Organization-compliant ship recycling yard in the world and for that Gujarat has joined hands with Japan. The industry is benefited a lot by the tides here. Large ships are beached during the twice-monthly highest tides, and are dismantled when the tide recedes. ƒ The Gulf is encircled by a string of historical port towns such as Bharuch, Surat, Khambhat, Bhavnagar, and Daman. ƒ The Gulf is shallow and abounds in shoals and sandbanks. Mangroves are also found here, mainly in the Piram island.

Tidal Power Estimates of India ƒ Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ„ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ—–…Š‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–‘–Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒš‹—–‹†ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳͳƒ†ͺ™‹–Šƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –‹†ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͸Ǥ͹͹ƒ†ͷǤʹ͵”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥȋ‘–‡–Šƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡ˆ—”‹‘—•‹ƒ„ƒ›Ȍ ƒ Š‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ‰‡•‡Ž–ƒ‹–Š‡—†ƒ”„ƒ•‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷ™‹–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‹†ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆʹǤͻ͹Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ –Š‡ …‘—–”› Šƒ• ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ͺǡͲͲͲ  ‘ˆ –‹†ƒŽ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ Š‹• ‹…Ž—†‡• ƒ„‘—– ͹ǡͲͲͲ  ‹ –Š‡ —Žˆ ‘ˆ ƒ„ƒ›‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡͳǡʹͲͲ‹–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ—–…Šƒ†ͳͲͲ‹–Š‡ ƒ‰‡–‹…†‡Ž–ƒ‹–Š‡—†‡”„ƒ•”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǤ ƒ ʹͲͳʹǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ…–‹‘‡†•ǤͷͲ…”‘”‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•—…Šƒ–‹†ƒŽ’Žƒ–‹ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ–…ŠǤ

Gulf of Mannar ƒ The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow bay, part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. A chain of low islands and reefs known as Adam's Bridge, also called Ramsethu, which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Strait, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka. ƒ The Thamirabarani River of south India and the Aruvi Aru of Sri Lanka drain into the Gulf of Mannar. ƒ The gulf of Mannar is home to thousands of species of Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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flora and fauna and is known as one of the richest coastal regions in India. The corals, sharks, dugongs, dolphins and sea cucumber. The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park was declared in 1986. The national park and its 10km buffer zone were declared Biosphere Reserve in 1989. The Gulf of Mannar is famous for its pearl banks of Pinctada radiata and Pinctada fucata for at least two thousand years.

Palk Strait ƒ Palk Strait connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay anc connects the Palk bay to Gulf of Mannar in the southwest. It is 53-80 kilometers wide, studded with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Adam's Bridge. This chain extends between Dhanushkodi on Pamban (Rameswaram) Island in Tamil Nadu and Mannar Island in Sri Lanka. ƒ The shallow waters and reefs of the strait make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft carrying coastal trade have navigated the strait for centuries. Large ships must travel around Sri Lanka. Construction of a shipping canal through the strait was first proposed to the British government of India in 1860, and a number of commissions have studied the proposal up to the present day. It is curently in news because of the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project.

Part II.

Islands of India

Model Question - 6. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ †‹ƒŠƒ•‘”‡‹•Žƒ†•‹‹–•–‡””‹–‘”›‹ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ ʹǤ Š‡ •Žƒ†•‘ˆƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›–‡…–‘‹…ƒ†˜‘Ž…ƒ‹… ‹‘”‹‰‹ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹•Žƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ”‡ƒ‹Ž› …‘”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•ƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ •™‡”ǣ 6 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡  ‹•Žƒ†•  ‘ˆ  †‹ƒ  …‘•–‹–—–‡ †ƒƒ  ƒ† ‹…‘„ƒ”  ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ  ‹•Žƒ†•  ȋƒ›  ‘ˆ  ‡‰ƒŽȌǡ ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ •Žƒ†•ȋ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒȌǡ”‹˜‡”‹‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡‹•Žƒ†•ǤŠ‡ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ƒ†–Š‡†ƒƒƬ‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†•ƒ”‡ †‹ƒ̵• –™‘ƒŒ‘” ‹•Žƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹•Žƒ†• ‹ †‹ƒ ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹— ƒƒǡ ƒˆ‘”‡” ‘”–—‰—‡•‡ ‡…Žƒ˜‡ǢƒŒ—Ž‹ǡƒ”‹˜‡”‹•Žƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǢŽ‡’Šƒ–ƒ‹‘„ƒ›ƒ”„‘—”Ǣƒ†”‹Šƒ”‹‘–ƒǡƒ„ƒ””‹‡”‹•Žƒ† ‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤSalsette Island is India's most populous island‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡…‹–›‘ˆ—„ƒ‹ȋ‘„ƒ›Ȍ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ǤͶʹ‹•Žƒ†•‹–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ—–…Š…‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”ǤThe number of islands of India in Bay of Bengal is approximately 5 times the islands in the Arabian Sea. Andaman and Nicobar Islands which are largely tectonic and volcanic in origin, while the islands of the Arabian Sea are mainly coral formations.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands (ANI) Š‡ †ƒƒ ƒ† ‹…‘„ƒ” ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ‘˜‡” ͵Ͷͷ ‹•Žƒ†•ǡ ‹•Ž‡–• ƒ† ”‘…› ‘—–…”‘’•ǡ ™‹–Š Žƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ ‡š–‡†‹‰ —’ –‘ ͺǡʹͶͻ ʹ ƒ† ƒ …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ •–”‡–…Š ‘ˆ ͳǡͻ͸ʹ Ǣ –Š‡ †ƒƒ •Žƒ†•…‘•–‹–—–‡͸ͶͲͺʹƒ†–Š‡‹…‘„ƒ”•ͳͺͶͳʹǤ Š‡†ƒƒ •Žƒ†•ƒ”‡–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„‡”‰‡†Arakan Yoma Tertiary Mountain range of Myanmar ƒ† –Š‡ ‹…‘„ƒ”• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ …‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Mentawai Islands to the south and southeast of SumatraǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ ”‘…• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹•Žƒ†• ƒ”‡ •ƒ†•–‘‡ǡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ƒ† •ŠƒŽ‡ǤŠ‡•‡–™‘‹•Žƒ†‰”‘—’••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ•’ƒ͸qͶͷԢ –‘ͳ͵qͶͳԢȋ͹ͶͲȌƒ†ͻʹqͳʹԢ–‘ͻ͵qͷ͹ԢȋͳͻͲȌǤ Š‡ nearest land mass to Great Nicobar Island is Sumatraǡ ͳͶͷ  •‘—–Š‡ƒ•–Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ›ƒƒ” …‘ƒ•– ‹• ”‘—‰ŠŽ› ʹͺͲ  ‘”–Š ‘ˆ ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ •Žƒ†ǡ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Ǧ‘•–‹•Žƒ†‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–†ƒƒ‰”‘—’Ǥ Š‡ –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒƒ ƒ† ‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†• ‹• Š‹ŽŽ› ƒ† —†—Žƒ–‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ †ƒƒ• ‹• ˆ”‘ Ͳ –‘ ͹͵ʹ ǡ Saddle Peak being the highest in North Andaman 6 Both are correct statements. Regarding second statement, please note that the Physiography of Nicobar Islands is also considered to be Coral origin, yet the statement is correct because it’s a general observation.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 8 IslandǤ  –Š‡ ‹…‘„ƒ”• –Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ”‹•‡• ˆ”‘ Ͳ –‘ͷ͸ͺ ǡ Mt Thuillier being the highest peak on Great Nicobar IslandǤ Š‡ †ƒƒ •Žƒ†• •—’’‘”– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘•– ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ‰”‘˜‡ ‡…‘•›•–‡•Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” Ž‘‰ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡‹•Žƒ†•Šƒ˜‡‡˜‘Ž˜‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆˆŽ‘”ƒƒ†ˆƒ—ƒ™‹–Šƒhigh level of endemismǤ Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͸ͶͲͺ;‹–Š‡†ƒƒ•…‘•–‹–—–‡•90% as reservesƒ†’”‘–‡…–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ™Š‹…Š͵͸Ψ‹• –”‹„ƒŽ ”‡•‡”˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ entire Nicobar group is a tribal reserve ƒ†Šƒ• ˆ‘—”™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ…–—ƒ”‹‡•ǡ–™‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”• ƒ†‘‡„‹‘•’Š‡”‡”‡•‡”˜‡Ǥ Important Observations about the Ecological Profile of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

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The ANI consists of very fragile island ecosystems and some of the most pristine in the world, which supports very unique flora and fauna. The landscape for large islands emerges from sea grass beds, coral reef or rocky outcrops, to beaches, littoral forest, Andaman slope forests, hilltops, into valleys and streams. Some of the dominant tree species in these luxuriant forests reach heights of 40- 60 m. In some areas in the Andamans along the west and the east coast, the landscape starts from reefs or rocky outcrops to steep rock faces with wind blown vegetation. The topography of all large islands in the Andamans, Little Andaman, Little Nicobar and Great Nicobar Islands, is mostly interlaced with perennial and seasonal freshwater streams and in some areas a matrix of mangrove creeks extending into marshes. Little Andaman Island has ecosystems that do not occur anywhere else in the Andamans or the Nicobars, mainly extensive fresh and saline water marshes and peat 85.9% Dense Forests, 1.7% Open Forests, 12% Mangroves. Mangroves cover an area of 929 km² and in the Nicobar the extent is 37 km² (Balakrishnan, 1989; Andrews & Sankaran, 2002). ANI are fringed by one of the most spectacular coral reefs in the world. The only primate, the Nicobar crab eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrasa) occurs in the southern group of the Nicobar Islands. The islands are a birdwatcher's paradise with as many as 250 species recorded. The complex geological history of these islands and the submergence of land bridges leading to isolation have left the islands with high levels of endemism. The widespread distribution of certain species indicates that there was an early evolution and dispersal throughout the archipelago. Endemism in reptiles and amphibians appears relative to species richness, islands with larger diversity have greater number of endemics. Protected areas in the islands are tribal reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, reserve, protected and preserved forest; and a biosphere reserve. An area of 513.70km² along the west coast of South Andaman Island is notified as a tribal reserve for the Jarawa people. This reserve extends north along the same coast into Middle Andaman Island, extending the reserve for another 338. 69 km². A 5 km distance into the sea from the high tide line right along the entire stretch of the Jarawa Reserve is also notified as part of the reserve. Strait Island, 6.01 km² in area, on the east coast of Middle Andaman Island supports a population of 45-50 of the last remaining Great Andamanese people. To the south west of South Andaman Island is North Sentinel Island with an area of 59. 67 km² and is inhabited by the Sentinalese people. The southern most island Little Andaman Island with a geographical area of 731. 57 km² and of this, 706. 49 km² with a distance of 3 km from the high tide line and into the sea along the coast has been notified as a tribal reserve for the Onge people. The entire group of 24 Nicobar Islands is notified as tribal areas; only 1,499.65 ha along the east coast from Campbell bay and up to 35 km is outside the Tribal Area and is inhabited by ex-servicemen, traders, government departments and the residents. Great Nicobar has a total area of 1044. 54 km² and of which 853. 19 km² is the tribal reserve, for both, the 380 Shompen people and the Nicobarese people. There are four national parks in the Andamans, Mahatma Gandhi Marine, Mount Harriet, Rani Jhansi Marine and Saddle Peak National Parks. The Nicobars have two areas notified as national parks and an area in Great Nicobar designated as the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. Within the area of 960.40 km² in Great Nicobar Island, 110 km² is the Galathea National Park, situated on the south east of the island. On the east coast an area of 476. 73 km² is notified as the Campbell Bay National Park. An area of 885 km² includes the Nicobar Biosphere Reserve and all these parks are within the tribal area. The Barren Island in the Andamans has an active volcano. In the Bay of Bengal, there are two volcanic islands (Barren and Narcondam) situated within 80 km east of the Andaman Islands. Rice is the main crop in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Coconut and Arecanut are the main cash crops of Nicobar. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Some other notes on Andaman and Nicobar Islands Model Question - 7. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ͳǤ ‹–…Š‹‡̵•”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘ ʹǤ ƒ˜‡Ž‘… •Žƒ† ͵Ǥ ‡‹Ž •Žƒ† ͶǤ Š‹”‹›ƒƒ’— ͷǤ Š‡‹’‡” •Žƒ† Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǫ •™‡”ǣ 7 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Kalapani

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Andaman & Nicobar were known as 'Kalapani' because of their having been a penal settlement under the British Rule. First establishment of East India Company was in 1789 which was abandoned in 1796. Following the first war of Indian Independence in 1857, the British India Government founded the penal settlement in these islands in 1858, primarily known as Kalapani, for the deportation of freedom fighters from the mainland India, which continued till the Second World War During the Second World War, the Japanese forces occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942. Further following the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Second World War, the British India Government reoccupied these islands in 1945 and continued their administration till the Independence of the country in 1947.

10 Degree Channel

ƒ It is a channel that separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. The channel is approximately 150 km wide, 400 fathoms deep running essentially along an east-west orientation. It is so named because it lies on the 10-degree line of latitude, north of the equator. Landfall Islands

ƒ The northern most point is Landfall Island which is 901kms away from the mouth of Hoogly River and about 190kms from Burma. Indira Point

ƒ The southern-most island is Great Nicobar, the southern-most tip of which Pygmalian Point now Indira Point is about 150kms away from Sumatra (Indonesia). Saddle Peak

ƒ Saddle Peak in North Andaman at a height of 732 meters above sea level is the highest point in these islands. Tribes

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ƒ The original inhabitants of Andaman & Nicobar Islands lived in the forests on hunting and fishing. There are four Negrito tribes; viz., the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa and Sentinalese in the Andaman group of islands and and the Nicobarese and Shompens in the Nicobar group. Around 50 percent of the population is made up of settlers from the mainland India, some people call Andamans as a Little India or a mini-India. The settlers or ancestors of these settlers came either prior to 1947 or after 1947.

Chatam Island

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The centre of activity of the Forest Department is Chatham Island. It has perhaps the biggest Saw Mill of its kind in Asia. Here logs are extracted with the help of elephants.

Mount Harriet

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It is the highest hill around South Andaman and is about 365m . Formerly it was the headquarters of the Chief Commissioner.

Ross Islands

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Seat of British Administration. The place came into decay with the shifting of the Chief Commissioner's Office in 1942 as areas close to the shore had developed serious cracks and it was felt that the building was not safe. Ross Island was occupied by Japanese in March 1942. In October 1945 the Islands were re-occupied by the British. Today the Island is deserted.

Madhuban

ƒ

A training ground for elephants.

Ritchie's Archipelago

ƒ

Ritchie's Archipelago is a cluster of smaller islands which lie some 25–30 km (16–19 mi) east of Great Andaman. The archipelago comprises some 4 larger islands, 7 smaller islands and several islets. The 4 large islands are Havelock Island, Henry Lawrence Island, John Lawrence Island and Sir William Peel Island.

Havelock Island

ƒ

Known for Coral Reefs

Neil Island

ƒ

Known for timbering operations.

Chiriya Tapu 7 All of them

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Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India

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Also known as Bird Island

The Viper Island

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There was a jail prior to commissioning of Cellular jail.

Car Nicobar

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Most of the Nicobarese people are Christians.

Cellular Jail

Regarded by the freedom fighters all over the country as a place of pilgrimage and meant for "dangerous prisoners". The construction of the Cellular Jail was taken up in 1898 and completed by about 1906. Whole jail consists of cells and each cell was meant for one inmate only. Cellular Jail originally had seven, three storied wings with a total of 698 cells, radiating from a central tower which had an additional storey to facilitate watch and ward. "Tyranny of our Freedom Fighters" Convicts who were sentenced to transportation for life were sent to these islands and interned in the Cellular Jail. Many political prisoners and revolutionaries were incarcerated here during the freedom struggle. Against the tyranny of the Jail management political prisoners were not allowed to communicate with their friends and relatives on the mainland except once in a year. Even the letters coming from mainland and newspapers subscribed by the prisoners were censored before being given to them. While fighting against this tyranny some political leaders had to lay down their lives. Many prisoners had gone insane in the Jail and ended their live by committing suicide rather than subjecting themselves to the indignities heaped on them. Damage to Building:

 ͳͻͶͳ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡…ƒ—•‡†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡ ƒ‹Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ”…Š ͳͻͶʹ–‘…–‘„‡”ͳͻͷͶˆ—”–Š‡”†ƒƒ‰‡™ƒ•…ƒ—•‡†–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŽŽ–Š‹•ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†‡‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘—” ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡™‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‹ŽǤ–’”‡•‡––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›–Š”‡‡™‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡•‡•–ƒ†ƒ••‹Ž‡–‘—‡––‘–Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ’ƒ–”‹‘–̵• ƒ† ƒ”–›”• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”‡† ‹ –Š‹• ƒ‹Žǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† –‘ •ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒŽ–ƒ” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” …‘—–”›̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ

Lakshadweep Islands Model Question - 8. …‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ •Žƒ†•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡—‹Šƒ„‹–‡†„›Š—ƒ• ʹǤ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•ŠƒŽŽ‘™Žƒ‰‘‘‘–Š‡‹”™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•– ͵Ǥ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡†„›…‘”ƒŽ•ƒ†• ͶǤ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘†‘‰•ƒ†’‘‹•‘‘—••ƒ‡•‘‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǫ Answer: 8 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Model Question - 9. Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•Žƒ†•‘ˆƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’‹•‘™„›‹–••’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆƒŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ Ǥ ‹‹ Ǥ ‹‹…‘› Ǥ ‰ƒ–‹ Ǥ ƒ†ƒƒ– •™‡”ǣ 9 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’‹•ƒƒ”…Š‹’‡Žƒ‰‘…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆͳʹƒ––‘Ž•ǡ͵”‡‡ˆ•ƒ†͸‡™Ž›ˆ‘”‡†Ȁ•—„‡”‰‡†•ƒ†„ƒ•Ǥ

–‹•…‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆǦͳͳ‹Šƒ„‹–‡†‹•Žƒ†•ǡͳ͸—‹Šƒ„‹–‡†‹•Žƒ†•Ǣ•‹š‡™Ž›ˆ‘”‡†Ȁ•—„‡”‰‡†•ƒ†„ƒ•ƒ†͵ ”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ x

Š‡ Šƒ„‹–‡† ‹•Žƒ†• ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ––‹ǡ ‰ƒ––‹ǡ ƒ‰ƒ”ƒǡ ‹‹ǡ ƒ†ƒ–ǡ ‹Ž–ƒǡ Š‡–Žƒ–ǡ ‹–”ƒǡ †”‘––ǡ ƒŽ’‡‹ƒ†‹‹…‘›Ǥ

x

‹–”ƒ‹•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‘ˆƒŽŽŠƒ˜‹‰‘Ž›ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹ͸͹ȋ‡•—•ʹͲͲͳȌǤ

8 All are correct. 9 Minikoy

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 11 Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‹•‘”ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹•‡‹•‘Ž›͵ʹ“Ǥ•Ǥ–Š‡‹…Ž—•‹‘‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͶʹͲͲ“Ǥ•Ǥ‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ‰‘‘ ƒ”‡ƒǡʹͲǡͲͲͲ“ǤǤ‘ˆ‹–•–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•ƒ†ƒŽ‘•–ͶǡͲͲǡͲͲͲ“Ǥ•‘ˆš…Ž—•‹˜‡…‘‘‹…‘‡ƒ‡•‹–‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”›Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ”ƒ––‹ ‹• ‹–• …ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ȋ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ȌǤ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹•Žƒ†•‹•͸Ͳ͸ͷͲȋƒ•’‡”ʹͲͲͳ…‡•—•ȌǤƒŽƒ›ƒŽƒ ‹• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˜‡”ƒ…—Žƒ” •’‘‡ ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‹•Žƒ†•ǡ

Aminidivi group (All Inhabited)

except Minicoy; where people speak Mahl, which is

‡ Amini . Kadmat . Kiltan . Chetlat. Chetlat Bitra

written in Divehi script and is the language of Maldives.

Laccadive group (First four Inhabited) ‡ Andrott. Andrott Kavaratti. Kavaratti Agatti. Agatti Kalpeni . Kalpitti . Bangaram . Tinnakkara . Parali . Tilakkam . Pitti . Cheriyam . Suheli . Valiyakara . Pakshi Pitti . Kodithala

Š‡‡–‹”‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

Minicoy group (Minicoy Inhabited)

‡…‘‘‹…

‡ Minicoy. Minicoy Veiningili

ƒ†

•‘…‹ƒŽ

„ƒ…™ƒ”†‡••

ƒ†

‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• …Š‡†—Ž‡† ”‹„‡•Ǥ Š‡ –”‹„‡• Šƒ˜‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡” ‘– „‡‡ ƒ‡†Ǥ Š‡

Submerged Reefs ‡ Beliapani. Beliapani Cheriapani Cheriapani. Perumul Par Submerged Banks ‡ Bassas de Pedro . Sesostris Bank . Cora Divh. Divh Amini Pitti . Kalpeni Bank

‹•Žƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡—•Ž‹•„›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡‹•Žƒ†•Ž‹‡ ƒ„‘—–ʹʹͲ–‘ͶͶͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ…‹–›‘ˆ‘…Š‹‹‡”ƒŽƒ„‡–™‡‡ͺ‘ƒ†ͳʹιͳ͵̵̵‘”–Šƒ–‹–—†‡ ƒ†͹ͳ郐†͹Ͷ郕–‘‰‹–—†‡Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ–„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ƒ

ƒ ƒ

ƒ ƒ

ƒ

ƒ ƒ

Each island of Lakshadweep is fringed by coral sands. A common feature of these islands is that a shallow lagoon exists invariably in their western side separating the outer reef rim from low-lying coral islands composed essentially of calcareous sand and soil. Elevation of the Lakshadweep islands range from 0.5-7.0m above mean sea level. This implies that the danger from storm tides is tremendous over here. The origin of Lakshdweep Islands is attributed to theory of Sir Charles Darwin, according to whom the origin of these Islands can be traced to gradual submergence of some of the volcanic ridge into the Indian Ocean followed by accumulation of coralline deposits on the peaks and craters of these mountains. These deposits grew into coral islands resting on submerged mountaintops over a period of time. The islands are mostly coralline and their alignment appears to be in continuation of the Aravalli Strike of Rajasthan. Lakshadweep Islands are rich in marine wealth and an abode of plethora of coastal and marine bio-diversity with pristine Coral Reef Ecosystem which support variety of ornamental and food fishes belonging to various species besides the sedentary and slow moving creature such as Sea Cucumbers, shelled animals (Molluscs) and Hermit Crabs, Lobsters and Shrimps. The common farm species which are tend by the people are Cows, Goats, Ducks and Hens. Cats are common, but dogs are almost wholly absent. There are no poisonous snakes on the islands, and the islands are infested with rats and mosquitoes. The rats bring about a great deal of damage to coconut trees. The flora of Lakshadweep mainly consists of palm trees with coconut as the only commercial crop. Coastal bleaching and Coral erosion is one of the serious problems being faced by the Lakshadweep group of islands. During 1998 the strongest El Nino was recorded in Lakshadweep islands leading to rise in temperature in a range of 35° C above normal which resulted into severe coral bleaching, with mortality rates as high as 90% in some parts of these Islands. Rising sea levels may also lead to potentially acute erosion

Diu Island ‹—‹•ƒ‘ˆˆǦ•Š‘”‡‹•Žƒ†‘–Š‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–ǡ‘ˆˆ–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆƒ„ƒ›ǡ„‘”†‡”‹‰ —ƒ‰ƒ”Š†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ –‹••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡ —Œƒ”ƒ–‘ƒ•–„›ƒtidal creekǤŠ‡…‘ƒ•–Šƒ•Ž‹‡•–‘‡…Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ”‘…›…‘˜‡•ƒ†•ƒ†›„‡ƒ…Š‡•ǡ–Š‡„‡•–‘ˆ ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒ–ƒ‰‘ƒǤƒ••‹˜‡ˆ‘”–„—‹Ž–„›–Š‡‘”–—‰—‡•‡†‘‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡•›Ž‹‡Ǥƒ‰‘ƒ„‡ƒ…Š‹•–Š‡‘•–ˆƒ‘—• ‹‹—Ǥ‘–Š‡”„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž„‡ƒ…Š‹• Š‘‰ŠŽƒ„‡ƒ…ŠǤŠ‡‹—ˆ‘”–™ƒ•…‘•–”—…–‡†„‡–™‡‡ͳͷ͵ͷƒ†ͳͷͶͳƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡…‡ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ …‘…Ž—†‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ —Ž–ƒ ‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ– ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”–—‰—‡•‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘”– …‘ƒ†• ƒ ƒ‰‹ˆ‹…‡–˜‹‡™‘ˆ•‡ƒǤ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 12 Mąjuli Island ¢Œ—Ž‹‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡”‹˜‡”‹•Žƒ†‹–Š‡”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ‹••ƒ™‹–Šƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳǡʹͷͲ•;‘…‡—’‘ƒ–‹‡„—– „—–Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›–‘‡”‘•‹‘‹–Šƒ•Ž‡ˆ–™‹–Š‘Ž›ƒ–Š‹”†‘ˆ‹–Ǥ –™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡††—‡–‘…‘—”•‡…Šƒ‰‡•„›–Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ƒ† ‹–• –”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ƒ‹Ž› –Š‡ ‘Š‹–Ǥ – ™ƒ• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ’‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ† „‡–™‡‡ ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ‹˜‡” ȋ‘”–ŠȌ ƒ† —”Š‹†‹Š‹‰ ”‹˜‡” ȋ•‘—–ŠȌǤ —‡ –‘ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• „ƒ… ‹ ‡†‹˜‡ƒŽ –‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ”‹˜‡”…‘—”•‡…ƒ—•‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ—Ž‹ •Žƒ†Ǥ¢Œ—Ž‹‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ„‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‡••ƒ‡•‡‡‘Ǧ ƒ‹•ƒ˜‹–‡…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ™‡–Žƒ†ǡ¢Œ—Ž‹‹•”‹…Š„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›•’‘–ƒ†‹•Š‘‡–‘ƒ›”ƒ”‡ƒ†‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†ƒ˜‹ˆƒ—ƒ •’‡…‹‡• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‹‰”ƒ–‘”› „‹”†• –Šƒ– ƒ””‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡™‹–‡” •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ‘‰ –Š‡ „‹”†• •‡‡Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ǣ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡” †Œ—–ƒ– –‘”ǡ ‡Ž‹…ƒǡ ‹„‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹•–Ž‹‰ ‡ƒŽǤ ˆ–‡” †ƒ” ™‹Ž† ‰‡‡•‡ ƒ† †—…• ˆŽ› ‹ ˆŽ‘…• –‘ †‹•–ƒ–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹•Žƒ†‹•ƒŽ‘•–’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ˆ”‡‡‘™‹‰–‘–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•ƒ† ƒŽ•‘–Š‡…Š”‘‹…”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ

Islands Off Mumbai Butcher Island ƒ Butcher Island (Jawahar Dweep) is an island off the coast of Mumbai. It has an oil terminal used by the port authorities to offload it from oil tankers. The crude oil is stored in oil containers on the island. From there they are piped to Wadala, in Mumbai where they are refined. This keeps the city relatively safe from a mishap. It is a restricted area and most of the island is covered with dense vegetation. A hillock rises from the centre of the island. It is located 8.25 kilometres (5.13 mi) from the Gateway of India. (wikipedia) Elephanta Island ƒ Elephanta Island or Gharapuri Island is in Mumbai Harbour. It is home to the Elephanta Caves, that have been carved out of rock. Oyster Rock ƒ Oyster Rock is an island in the Mumbai harbour, Mumbai, India. It is fortified, and owned by the Indian Navy.

Pamban Island ƒ

Pamban Island or Rameswaram Island is in Tamil Nadu. The chain formed by Pamban Island, the shoals of Adam's Bridge, and Mannar Island of Sri Lanka separate Palk Bay and the Palk Strait in the northeast from the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest. Pamban Island extends for around 30 kilometres in width from the township of Pamban in the west to the remains of Dhanushkodi towards the south-east.

Sri Harikota ”‹Šƒ”‹‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„ƒ””‹‡”‹•Žƒ†‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ –Š‘—•‡• †‹ƒ̵•‘Ž›•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡Žƒ—…Š…‡–”‡‹–Š‡ ƒ–‹•Š Šƒ™ƒ ’ƒ…‡ ‡–”‡ ȋƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• Ȍ ƒ† ‹• —•‡† „› –Š‡ †‹ƒ ’ƒ…‡ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ –‘ Žƒ—…Š •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡• —•‹‰ —Ž–‹Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ ”‘…‡–• •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‘Žƒ” ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ƒ—…Š ‡Š‹…Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‘•›…Š”‘‘—• ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ƒ—…Š‡Š‹…Ž‡Ǥ”‹Šƒ”‹‘–ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–Š‡—Ž‹…ƒ–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǡƒ†‹•Š‘‡–‘–Š‡–‘™‘ˆ —Ž‹…ƒ–Ǥ

Part III.

India’s Climatology

General Observations about the Indian Climate †‹ƒ‹•Š‘‡–‘ƒ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…”‡‰‹‘•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘–”‘’‹…ƒŽ‹–Š‡•‘—–Š–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ† ƒŽ’‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ‘”–Šǡ ™Š‡”‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ”‡‰‹‘• ”‡…‡‹˜‡ •—•–ƒ‹‡† ™‹–‡” •‘™ˆƒŽŽǤ †‹ƒǯ• …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡ …‡ƒ•ǡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ” ‡•‡”–Ǥ Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ…– ƒ• ƒ „ƒ””‹‡” –‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‹‰‹† ƒ–ƒ„ƒ–‹…™‹†•ˆŽ‘™‹‰†‘™ˆ”‘‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒ‡‡’‹‰–Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–™ƒ”‡”–Šƒ‘•– Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–•‹‹Žƒ”Žƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ Š‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ› „‡ „”‘ƒ†Ž› †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ• tropical monsoon typeǤ †‹ƒǯ• …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹• ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† „› two seasonal winds˜‹œǤ–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‘•‘‘ƒ†–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‘•‘‘Ǥ x

Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‘•‘‘…‘‘Ž›‘™ƒ•™‹–‡”‘•‘‘blows from land to sea™Š‡”‡ƒ••‘—–ŠǦ ™‡•–‘•‘‘‘™ƒ••—‡”‘•‘‘blows from sea to landƒˆ–‡”…”‘••‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒǡ–Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ

x

Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‘•‘‘„”‹‰•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡›‡ƒ”‹–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 13 • •—…Šǡ Žƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ –Š‡‘”–Š ‘ˆ–Š‡ …‘—–”› Šƒ˜‡ƒ …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”‡ •—‡” …‘†‹–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡•™‹–Š…‘Ž†™‹–‡”•™Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•’Ž—‰‡–‘ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰’‘‹–Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•–ƒ”‡–Š‡…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ …‘—–”›ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡™ƒ”–Š‹•—˜ƒ”›‹‰ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ǥ †‹ƒǡ‘–‘Ž›‹–•’Š›•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…†‹˜‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡ †‹˜‡”•‡„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ”‘”‡…‘–”ƒ•–‹‰‹ƒ–—”‡Ǥƒ…Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ȋ‹œ‡ǡŠƒ’‡ǡŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‡š–‡–‡–…ǤǡȌŠƒ•ƒ ‹’ƒ…–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ„‡‹––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…’”‡••—”‡ǡ™‹†•›•–‡‘”’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Factors influencing the Indian climate Location and Latitudinal Extent

x

Š‡”‘’‹…‘ˆƒ…‡”’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–•„‡‹‰…Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡ “—ƒ–‘”ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ† Ž‹‡‹–Š‡™ƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–‡œ‘‡Ǥ‡…‡–Š‡›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ž‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‹™‹–‡”Ǥ

x

‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡™‘—Ž†„‡Š‘––‡”–Šƒ ƒ”‹†ƒ„ƒ†Ǥ”‘ƒ†Ž›•’‡ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–•Ž›‹‰•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’‹… ‘ˆƒ…‡””‡…‡‹˜‡‘”‡•‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ––Šƒ–Š‘•‡Ž›‹‰‘”–Š‘ˆ‹–Ǥ

Distance from the Sea

x

‘—–Š‡”‘”’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ‹••—””‘—†‡†„›–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽǡŠ‡…‡–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹•‡“—ƒ„Ž‡‘”ƒ”‹–‹‡Ǥ

x

‘–”ƒ”› –‘ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‹‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”› ƒ”‡ …—– ‘ˆˆ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘…‡ƒ‹…‹ˆŽ—‡…‡Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡š–”‡‡‘”…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ–›’‡‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ

Altitude

x

Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ „‡…‘‡•Ž‡•• †‡•‡ ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒŽ•‘†‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ …‹–‹‡•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡…‘‘Ž‡”Ž‹‡Š‹Žƒ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡…‹–‹‡•Ž›‹‰‹–Š‡’Žƒ‹•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡Š‘–…Ž‹ƒ–‡ Ž‹‡—†Š‹ƒƒǤ

Mountain Ranges

x

Š‡•‡ ”ƒ‰‡• ’”‘–‡…– †‹ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‹––‡”Ž› …‘Ž† ƒ† †”› ™‹†• ‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ •‹ƒ †—”‹‰ ™‹–‡”Ǥ —”–Š‡” ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ…–ƒ•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ‹„‡ƒ”‹‰•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘•™‹†•–‘…”‘••–Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”ˆ”‘–‹‡”•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ

x

–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡›…Š‡…”ƒ‹„‡ƒ”‹‰‘—–ŠǦ‡•–‘•‘‘™‹†•ƒ†…‘’‡Ž–Š‡–‘•Š‡†–Š‡‹” ‘‹•–—”‡‹ †‹ƒǤ

x

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ˆ‘”…‡”ƒ‹„‡ƒ”‹‰™‹†•–‘…ƒ—•‡Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘–Š‡‡•–‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ

Direction of Surface Winds

x

Š‡ ™‹† •›•–‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒˆˆ‡…–• –Š‡ †‹ƒ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‹• •›•–‡ …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ‘•‘‘ ™‹†•ǡ Žƒ† ƒ† •‡ƒ „”‡‡œ‡ǡƒ†Ž‘…ƒŽ™‹†•Ǥ ™‹–‡”–Š‡™‹†•„Ž‘™ˆ”‘Žƒ†–‘•‡ƒ•‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡…‘Ž†ƒ††”›Ǥ

x

–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹•—‡”™‹†„Ž‘™ˆ”‘•‡ƒ–‘Žƒ†„”‹‰‹‰–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ •‡ƒƒ†–Š‡›…ƒ—•‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ‹‹‘•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ

Upper air Currents

x

‡•‹†‡••—”ˆƒ…‡™‹†•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•–”‘‰ƒ‹”…—””‡–•…ƒŽŽ‡† ‡–•–”‡ƒ•™Š‹…ŠƒŽ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒƒ””‘™„‡Ž–‘ˆˆƒ•–„Ž‘™‹‰™‹†•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ–ͳʹǡͲͲͲ‡–”‡Š‡‹‰Š– ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡› „”‹‰ ™‡•–‡” …›…Ž‘‹… †‹•–—”„ƒ…‡• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ …›…Ž‘‹… ™‹†• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ‡ƒ ƒ† ‘˜‡ ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†•Ǥ  –Š‡‹” ™ƒ›ǡ –Š‡› …‘ŽŽ‡…– ‘‹•–—”‡ ˆ”‘ ‡”•‹ƒ —Žˆƒ†•Š‡†‹–‹–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ†—”‹‰™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠ‡•‡ ‡–•–”‡ƒ••Š‹ˆ– ‘”–Š™ƒ”†•†—”‹‰•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†„Ž‘™‹‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒǤŠ—•Š‡Ž’•‹–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‘•‘‘•Ǥ

Physiography

x

Š‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… ’”‡••—”‡ǡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‹†• ƒ†  –Š‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ

El-Nino & La Nina

ƒ

‡ƒ–Š‡”…‘†‹–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›ŽǦ‹‘™Š‹…Š…ƒ—•‡•™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ††”‘—‰Š–• ‹ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ƒ…‹ˆ‹… ™ƒ–‡”• ƒˆˆ‡…–• –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 14 ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†™‹†•›•–‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‘•‘‘™‹†•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ…‡ƒǤ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ •‡˜‡”‡•–†”‘—‰Š–•‹ †‹ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡…ƒ—•‡†„›ŽǦ‹‘Ǥ ƒ

ƒ‹ƒ‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ †‹ƒƒ•‹–„”‹‰•”ƒ‹•Ǥ

Monsoon and Seasons in India Monsoon Mechanism Model Question - 10. …‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‘‘™‹†•ǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡›ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡‰—Žƒ”ƒ†‡“—ƒŽŽ›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†™‹†• ʹǤ Š‡›•Š‘™ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‹‘†—”‹‰ƒ›‡ƒ” ͵Ǥ Š‡›ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…‹ƒ–—”‡ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ •™‡”ǣ 10 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡ ™‘”† ‘•‘‘ ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹… ™‘”† Ǯƒ—•‹ǯ ™Š‹…Š ‡ƒ• •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‘•‘‘ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ seasonal reversal in the wind direction†—”‹‰ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ—”‹‰•—‡”ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘”–Š †‹ƒŽƒ‹• …‘˜‡”‹‰ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ —Œƒ„ǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ƒ† ‡•–‡” ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ”‡ ‹–‡•‡Ž› Š‘–Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž› ƒš‹— –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’ƒ”–•‹•ƒ•Š‹‰Šƒ•Ͷͷι–‘Ͷ͹ιǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•–Š‡˜ƒ”›‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒ‹ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ LEH SHILLONG DELHI JAISALMER MUMBAI CHENNAI THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

Summer Monsoon

Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall Temp Rainfall Temp Rainfall Temp Rainfall Temp Rainfall Temp Rainfall

January -8 10 10 14 14 21 16 0.2 24 4 25 4 27 23

February -7 8 11 29 17 24 20 0.1 24 2 26 13 27 21

March -1 8 16 56 23 13 25 0.3 24 2 28 13 28 39

April 9 5 19 146 29 10 30 0.1 28 2 31 18 29 106

May 10 5 19 295 34 10 33 0.5 30 18 33 38 29 208

June 14 5 21 476 35 68 34 0.7 29 465 33 45 27 356

July 17 13 21 359 31 186 32 0.9 27 613 31 87 26 223

August 17 13 21 343 30 170 31 86 27 329 31 113 26 146

September 12 8 20 302 29 125 30 14 27 286 30 119 27 138

October 6 5 17 188 21 14 28 1 28 65 28 306 27 273

November 0 0 13 36 20 2 22 0.5 27 18 26 350 27 206

December -6 5 10 10 15 9 17 0.2 25 2 25 135 27 75

Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒš‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ„‘˜‡͵͵鋐–Š‡‘–Š‘ˆƒ›ƒ–‡ŽŠ‹ǡ ‘†Š’—”ƒ† ƒ‹•ƒŽ‡”Ǥ—…ŠŠ‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Š‡ƒ–•—’–Š‡ƒ‹”‘ˆ–Šƒ–”‡‰‹‘Ǥ‘–ƒ‹””‹•‡•ƒ††—‡–‘–Š‹•ƒŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•…”‡ƒ–‡†—†‡”‹–Ǥ Š‹• Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• monsoonal troughǤ – Ž‹‡• ‘–Š‡ Šƒ† „‡–™‡‡ ™‡•–‡” ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ –‘ †‹•Šƒ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘˜‡”

†‹ƒ

…‡ƒ

‹•

”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›

Ž‘™Ǥ

‘ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š

’”‡••—”‡

”‡‰‹‘‹•…”‡ƒ–‡† ‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡ƒǤ Š‡

’”‡••—”‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒ …‡ƒ ƒ† ‘”–Š ‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒ Žƒ‹• …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ ƒ‹” ˆ”‘ Š‹‰Š ’”‡••—”‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‘”–Š †‹ƒǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ‹”‹•‹ —‡‹•ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ

10 Only 2 & 3 are correct statements

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GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

Civil Services Examination 2013

Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 15 …‡ƒ–‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–‹–Š‡‘—–ŠǦ‡•––‘‘”–ŠǦƒ•–†‹”‡…–‹‘ǤŠ‹•†‹”‡…–‹‘‹•‡šƒ…–Ž›‘’’‘•‹–‡–‘ –Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‡™‹†•ȋ‘”–ŠȂƒ•––‘‘—–ŠǦ‡•–Ȍ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰†—”‹‰™‹–‡”‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‹•…‘’Ž‡–‡”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ ™‹††‹”‡…–‹‘ˆ”‘‘”–ŠǦƒ•––‘‘—–Š‡•–ƒ†˜‹…‡Ǧ˜‡”•ƒ‹•‘™ƒ•‘•‘‘•ǤŠ‡™‹†•…‘–ƒ‹ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ ‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡•‡ ‘‹•–—”‡ Žƒ†‡ ™‹†• ‘˜‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ †‹ƒ •—„Ǧ…‘–‹‡– –Š‡› …ƒ—•‡ ™‹†‡ •’”‡ƒ† ”ƒ‹ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– †‹ƒƒ†ˆ”‘ —‡–‘‡’–‡„‡”ǤŠ—•ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹ †‹ƒ‹•…‘ˆ‹‡†–‘–Š‡•‡ˆ‘—” ‘–Š•‘Ž›Ǥ Winter Monsoon

—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ǡNorth-East trade winds’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‘˜‡” †‹ƒǤŠ‡›„Ž‘™ˆ”‘Žƒ†–‘•‡ƒƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š› –Šƒ–ˆ‘”‘•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǡ‹–‹•ƒ†”›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘”–ŠǦƒ•––”ƒ†‡™‹†•„Ž‘™‘˜‡”ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ Š‡› ‰ƒ–Š‡” ‘‹•–—”‡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ—•‡• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‘ƒ†ƒŽ…‘ƒ•–™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›”‡ƒ‹• †”›Ǥ –”‹…–Ž› •’‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ™‹†• ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› ™‹†• ‘™ ƒ• Northeast TradesǤ  †‹ƒ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Žƒ†„‡ƒ”‹‰™‹†•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •‹’Ž‡ •–‘”› ‹• „ƒ•‡† —’‘ ƒ ‡…Šƒ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† „› Halley and is also known as Thermal

‘•‘‘• ™‹†• ƒ”‡ ‹””‡‰—Žƒ” ‹ ƒ–—”‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘‘–‡“—ƒŽŽ› †‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡‡”ƒŽƒ‡•–‡‰ƒŽƒ††‹•Šƒ”‡…‡‹˜‡Š‡ƒ˜› ”ƒ‹ ˆƒŽŽǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹–‡”‹‘” ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‹‡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡ Ž‡•• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ Š‡ ‘•‘‘ ƒ””‹˜‡•ǡ ‹– ‰‹˜‡• Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ™Š‹…Š…‘–‹—‡•ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘™ ƒ• Ǯ„—”•– ‘ˆ ‘•‘‘ǯǡ ™Š‹…Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘……—”• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡”ƒŽƒ …‘ƒ•–Ǥ Š‡‘•‘‘–‡†•–‘Šƒ˜‡Ǯ„”‡ƒ•ǯ‹‹–•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ™Š‹…Š…ƒ—•‡• ™‡–ƒ††”›•’‡ŽŽ•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‘•‘‘”ƒ‹•‘……—”‘Ž›ƒ ˆ‡™†ƒ›•ƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥƒ‹Ž‡••†”›•’‡ŽŽ•‘……—”‹„‡–™‡‡Ǥ

ConceptǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ˆƒ‹Ž• –‘ ƒ•™‡” –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘•ǣ V Why the low pressure areas on land are not stationary and why they suddenly change their location? V Why there is no antimonsoon circulation in the upper troposphere, which must be there if the monsoon winds are thermally induced? V Low Pressure are in northern India is in April and May, but rains start in the end of June or beginning of July. V Monsoon rains are an amalgamation of convectional, orographic and cyclonic rainfall, the thermal concept is unsatisfactory to explain in details. ‘–Š‡” ‰‡–Ž‡ƒ Fohn –”‹‡† –‘ Ž‹ –Š‡ ‘•‘‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡  ‘” –‡”–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‰‡…‡ ‘‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†Dynamic ConceptǤ Š‹•…‘…‡’–•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‘•‘‘‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›™‹†•ƒ†’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–•ƒ”‘—† “—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡ –‡”Ǧ”‘’‹…ƒŽ‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘‡ȋ Ȍ‹•ˆ‘”‡††—‡–‘–Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–ƒ†•‘—–ŠǦ ‡ƒ•– –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ  •—‡” ™Š‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ›• ‘ˆ — ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ”‘’‹… ‘ˆ ƒ…‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” –‡”–”‘’‹…ƒŽ ‘‡ ‰‡–• ‡š–‡†‡† —’ –‘ ͵Ͳι  Žƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ –Š—• …‘˜‡”• –Š‡ ‘—–Š •‹ƒ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘—–Š ƒ•– •‹ƒǡ™Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‹• Šƒ’’‡•ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡‡‡†–‘…”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡ Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ …”‘•• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” „—– ƒ”‡ †‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ”‹‰Š– —†‡” –Š‡ ‘”‹‘Ž‹• ˆˆ‡…–Ǥ  –Š‹• ƒ‡” ƒ ‡™ „‡Ž– ‘ˆ ̶equatorial westerlies̶‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ† †‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ••”‡…‡‹˜‡•–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘†—‡–‘–Š‡•‡™‹†•Ǥ Š‹•–Š‡‘”›ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–‹™‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡ •Š‹ˆ–•–‘™ƒ”†••‘—–Š‘ˆ“—ƒ–‘”ƒ†–Š‡‘”–Šƒ•–”ƒ†‡ ™‹†• Šƒ˜‡ –‘ …”‘•• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘ ”‡ƒ…Š –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡•‡ ™‹†• „Ž‘™‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ –‘ •‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡†‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†Ž‡ˆ–†—‡–‘‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆˆ‡…–ƒ†„Ž‘™ƒ•‘”–Š™‡•–‡”Ž›‘•‘‘–Š‡”‡Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡ ™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡™‹†•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ–Š‡›„Ž‘™ˆ”‘ ‘”–Šƒ•––‘‘—–Š‡•–ƒ†•‘„‡…‘‡–Š‡‘”–Šƒ•–‘•‘‘Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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www.gktoday.in 16

Seasons in India Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”•‡ƒ•‘•‹ †‹ƒƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ ͳǤ ‹–‡”ȋ‡…‡„‡”Ǧ ‡„”—ƒ”›Ȍǡ ʹǤ ‘–™‡ƒ–Š‡”•—‡”ȋƒ”…ŠǦƒ›Ȍ ͵Ǥ ƒ‹›•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”‘•‘‘ȋ —‡Ǧ‡’–‡„‡”Ȍ ͶǤ ‘•–Ǧ‘•‘‘ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‘•‘‘‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”‡‹•—Žƒȋ…–‘„‡”Ǧ‘˜‡„‡”ȌǤ

Winter Season Model Question - 11. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡™‹–‡””ƒ‹•‹—Œƒ„ǡƒ”›ƒƒƒ†‡•–‡”––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ…‡• ʹǤ Š‡™‹–‡””ƒ‹•‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›‘”–Šƒ•–‘•‘‘ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ 11

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Model Question - 12. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•‘˜‡” †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–‹•‘”–Šƒ•–‹ƒ”…Šƒ†‘—–ŠǦ‡•–‹ —Ž› ʹǤ ‘”–ŠǦƒ•–”ƒ†‡™‹†•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„Ž‘™‘˜‡” †‹ƒ•—„…‘–‹‡–‹™‹–‡” Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ 12

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹ †‹ƒˆ”‘ʹͷ鋐‘—–Š–‘‡ƒ” œ‡”‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‘”–ŠǤŠ‹••‡ƒ•‘‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•‡†„› ‘‰ƒ† ”‘•–‹‘”–Šƒ†‘”–ŠǦ‡•– †‹ƒǤŠ‡”‡‹• Ž‹‰Š–”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘†—‡–‘‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ…‡•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ•—•–ƒ‹‡†•‘™ˆƒŽŽ‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ North East Monsoon

 †‹ƒǡ ”ƒ‹• ‘……—” ‹ ™‹–‡” †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ƒ•– ‘•‘‘Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ™‹–‡” •‡ƒ•‘ǡ North-East trade winds ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž ‘˜‡” †‹ƒǤŠ‡›„Ž‘™ˆ”‘Žƒ†–‘•‡ƒƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‘•–’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǡ‹–‹•ƒ†”›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘”–ŠǦƒ•––”ƒ†‡™‹†• „Ž‘™ ‘˜‡” ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽǤ Š‡› ‰ƒ–Š‡” ‘‹•–—”‡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ—•‡• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‘ƒ†ƒŽ …‘ƒ•– ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”› ”‡ƒ‹• †”›Ǥ   –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”› –Š‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‹• ƒ”‡† „› …Ž‡ƒ” •›ǡ Ž‘™ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† Ž‘™ Š—‹†‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ™‹–‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǮƒ„‹ǯ…”‘’•Ǥ Impact of Jet streams in Winter Model Question - 13. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹…‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡ ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ǣ ͳǤ ‡–•–”‡ƒƒ”‡•Ž‘™ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ”ǡ™‹†‡ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡Žƒ†‡™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰‹ –Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ʹǤ Š‡›Š‡Ž’–‘„”‹‰–Š‡‡•–‡”‹•–—”„ƒ…‡• –‘ †‹ƒ ™‹–‡” ͵Ǥ Š‡›‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„Ž‘™ˆ”‘‡•––‘ƒ•– ͶǤ Š‡›‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„Ž‘™‹•–”ƒ‹‰Š–’ƒ–Š Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ •™‡”ǣ 13 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‡– •–”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ fast flowingǡ narrow ƒ‹” …—””‡–• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† near the Tropopauseǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡major jet streams on Earth are westerly windsȋˆŽ‘™‹‰™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ȌǤ Š‡‹”’ƒ–Š•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡ƒmeandering shapeǢŒ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ƒ›•–ƒ”–ǡ•–‘’ǡ•’Ž‹–‹–‘–™‘‘”‘”‡’ƒ”–•ǡ…‘„‹‡ ‹–‘‘‡•–”‡ƒǡ‘”ˆŽ‘™‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹”‡…–‹‘•‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‡–Ǥ

11 Both are correct statements. 12 Both are correct statements 13 2 & 3 are correct statements.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 17 Š‡strongest jet streams are the polar jetsǡƒ–ƒ”‘—†͹Ȃͳʹƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Žǡƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ†•‘‡™Šƒ– ™‡ƒ‡”•—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽŒ‡–•ƒ–ƒ”‘—†ͳͲȂͳ͸ǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡”‡‡ƒ…ŠŠƒ˜‡ „‘–Š ƒ ’‘Žƒ” Œ‡– ƒ† ƒ •—„–”‘’‹…ƒŽ Œ‡–Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ’‘Žƒ” Œ‡– ˆŽ‘™• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ –‘ ‘”–Š‡” Žƒ–‹–—†‡•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒǡ—”‘’‡ǡƒ†•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹”‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‘…‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡’‘Žƒ” Œ‡–‘•–Ž›…‹”…Ž‡•–ƒ”…–‹…ƒƒŽŽ›‡ƒ””‘—†Ǥ Š‡ ‡– •–”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ —’’‡” Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ‹””‡‰—Žƒ”ǡ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†ǡ ‡ƒ†‡”‹‰ „ƒ†• ‘ˆ ™‡•–‡”Ž› ™‹†• –Šƒ– –”ƒ˜‡Ž ƒ– •’‡‡†•‘ˆ͵ͲͲ–‘ͶͲͲ’Šƒ†…‘‡–‘ †‹ƒˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ•‹†‡‹™‹–‡”ǤŠ‹•Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ‹•„‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‡† †—‡–‘–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†‹„‡–ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ‡„”ƒ…Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡…‘†„”ƒ…Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘‡†–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹„‡–ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡”„”ƒ…Š„Ž‘™• ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†••‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ‘‰ʹͷιŽƒ–‹–—†‡ȋƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤǡǡŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Š‡–…ǤȌǤŠ‡•‡ ™‹†• –‡† –‘ †‡•…‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹–‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹… •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†dry conditionsǤ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•„”ƒ…Š‘ˆŒ‡–•–”‡ƒ‡š‡”…‹•‡•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘  –Š‡  ™‹–‡” ™‡ƒ–Š‡” …‘†‹–‹‘• ‹ †‹ƒǤ This jet stream is responsible for bringing western disturbances from the Mediterranean region into Indian sub-continent. ‹–‡” ”ƒ‹ ƒ† Šƒ‹Ž •–‘”• ‹ ‘”–Š ™‡•–‡” ’Žƒ‹• ƒ† ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒ˜›•‘™ˆƒŽŽ‹Š‹ŽŽ›”‡‰‹‘•ƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡•‡†‹•–—”„ƒ…‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›…‘Ž† ™ƒ˜‡•‹™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”’Žƒ‹•Ǥ Western Disturbances

‡•–‡” ‹•–—”„ƒ…‡• ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ temperate cyclones –Šƒ– ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ‡ƒ ƒ† ™‡•– •‹ƒƒ†Šƒ’’‡–‘”‡ƒ…Šˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤ ™‹–‡”•ǡ–Š‡›…”‘••–Š‡‘”–Š‡•–„‘”†‡”•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ† ”‡ƒ…Š—’–‘‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡†‹•–—”„ƒ…‡•„”‹‰•ƒŽŽ™‹–‡””ƒ‹•‹ †‹ƒ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›…ƒŽŽ‡†Mahavat ȋƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡƒ”›ƒƒǡ—Œƒ„Ȍƒ†ƒ”‡„‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‹”‘’•ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘„”‹‰…‘Ž†™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†•‘™ˆƒŽŽ‹–Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”ƒ†‹ƒ…ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ

Summer Season ›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ ‡„”—ƒ”›–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–ƒ”–•”‹•‹‰ƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‘–™‡ƒ–Š‡”•‡ƒ•‘‹ †‹ƒˆ”‘ƒ”…Š–‘ ƒ›Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡•‡‘–Š•–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ‡š’‹”‹‡•‡š–”‡‡Š‘–™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†ƒ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–™Š‹…Š‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘•‘‘ƒŽ–”‘—‰Š…”‡ƒ–‡†ǡ™Š‹…Š‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘ ƒ‹•ƒŽ‡”‹™‡•–‡”ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ–‘

Šƒ”Šƒ†ƒ†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ–‘–Š‡ƒ•–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘˜‡” †‹ƒ…‡ƒ•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–„‡‰‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–Š‹••‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‘”–ŠǦ ‡•– †‹ƒǡƒˆ–‡”‘‘†—•–•–‘”•ƒ”‡…‘‘Ǥ—”‹‰•—‡”ǡ˜‡”›Š‘–ƒ††”›™‹†•„Ž‘™‘˜‡”‘”–Š †‹ƒ ’Žƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ Ž‘…ƒŽŽ› …ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ‘‘ǯǤ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ Ž‘…ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š—†‡”•–‘”•ǡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ˜‹‘Ž‡– ™‹†•ǡ –‘””‡–‹ƒŽ†‘™’‘—”•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›Šƒ‹Ž‘……—”‹ƒ›’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ ƒ ƒ ƒ

In West Bengal, these storms are known as the ‘Kaal Baisakhi’ (calamity for the month of Baisakh). Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common, especially in Kerala and Karnataka, which help in the early ripening of mangoes, and are often referred to as ‘mango showers’. The thunderstorms which occur during summer to bring some rainfall in Karnataka are also known as Cherry Blossom Showers.

Rainy south-western monsoon (June-September)

—‡–‘‡’–‡„‡” ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘–Š• ‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ‘•‘‘ •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ› –Š‡ ‡†‘ˆƒ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘•‘‘ –”‘—‰Šˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡•‘˜‡”‘”–Š †‹ƒ†—‡–‘Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹††—”‹‰–Š‹• •‡ƒ•‘‹•ˆ”‘‘—–ŠǦ‡•––‘‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡•‡™‹†•ƒ”‡•–”‘‰ƒ†„Ž‘™ƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ˆ͵Ͳ’‡” Š‘—”ǤŠ‡•‡‘‹•–—”‡Žƒ†‡™‹†•ˆ‹”•–Š‹–ƒ–†ƒƒƒ†‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†•‹–Š‡Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ˆƒ›ƒ†‡”ƒŽƒ …‘ƒ•–‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–™‡‡‘ˆ —‡™‹–Š˜‹‘Ž‡––Š—†‡”ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ǤŠ‹•‘—–ŠǦ‡•–‘•‘‘–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™•‹–‘ †‹ƒ „”‹‰•ƒ„‘—–ƒƒŒ‘”…Šƒ‰‡‹‹–•™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ™‘„”ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‘•‘‘‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘ǣ ƒ ƒ

Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ”ƒ…Š‘„•–”—…–‡†„›‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‰‹˜‡•

Š‡ƒ˜› ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‘ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ – ”‡ƒ…Š‡•—„ƒ‹„›ͳͲ–Š —‡ǤŠ‡–Š‹•„”ƒ…Š…”‘••‡•–Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ‹– ‰‹˜‡• Ž‡•• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ• ‹– ‹• ƒ ”ƒ‹ •Šƒ†‘™ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ –Š‹• „”ƒ…Š ”‡ƒ…Š‡• ‹ ‘”–Š‡” Žƒ‹ „› ʹͲ–Š —‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘•‘‘ ™‹†• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ •–”‹‡ †ƒƒ ƒ† ‹…‘„ƒ” •Žƒ†• ‘”–ŠǦƒ•–‡” •–ƒ–‡• ƒ† …‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡•–‡‰ƒŽƒ†…‘˜‡”–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ„› –Š‡ ͳͷ–Š ‘ˆ —Ž›Ǥ Š‡› …ƒ—•‡ Š‡ƒ˜› ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ• –Š‡› ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‡•– ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ’Žƒ‹•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡•

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Rains in Bangalore versus Mangalore ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡• Ž‡•• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘ ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹ •Šƒ†‘™ȋ‡‡™ƒ”†‹†‡Ȍ‘ˆ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡ ™‹† „Ž‘™• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–ǡ ‹– ‰‡–• ‘„•–”—…–‡† „› –Š‡ Š‹ŽŽ•Ǥ Š—• –Š‡ ‘‹•–—”‡ Žƒ†‡ ™‹† „Ž‘™• –‘ –Š‡ ™‹†™ƒ”†•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰Šƒ–•ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹–Š‡ …‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ† ‰Šƒ– ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡‹•Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ›‘——•–‘–‡Š‡”‡–Šƒ– †—”‹‰ ™‡ƒ ‘•‘‘ …‘†‹–‹‘ ™Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ’Ž‡ •—•Š‹‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡™ƒ” ™Š‹…Š‰‹˜‡•”‹•‡–‘…‘˜‡…–‹‘…—””‡–ǤŠ‡ƒ‹”‰‘‡•—’ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ …Ž‘—†•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹–Š‡…‹–›Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ Pune ”‡…‡‹˜‡• Ž‡•• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‘Ž‡™ƒ”†•‹†‡‘ˆ™‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ Shillong ƒ† Hyderabad. Š‹ŽŽ‘‰ Ž‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”Ž‡‡™ƒ”†•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•‹‹ŽŽ•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡•Ž‡••”ƒ‹Ǥ

”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ–‘Žƒ–ƒ‹•ͳʹͲ…ǡŽŽƒŠƒ„ƒ†ͻͳ…ƒ†‡ŽŠ‹ͷ͸…Ǥ

Post Monsoon Season …–‘„‡” ƒ† ‘˜‡„‡” ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š• ‘ˆ ’‘•– ȋ‘” ”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰Ȍ ‘•‘‘ •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• †—”‹‰ ‡’–‡„‡”Ǧ…–‘„‡”•–ƒ”–†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹‘”–Š †‹ƒǤ‘•‘‘ƒŽ–”‘—‰ŠƒŽ•‘„‡…‘‡•™‡ƒ‘˜‡”‘”–ŠǦ‡•– †‹ƒǤ Š‹• ‹• gradually replaced by a high pressure systemǤ Š‡ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ‘•‘‘ ™‹†• ™‡ƒ‡ ƒ† •–ƒ”– ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘‘”–Š †‹ƒŽƒ‹•„›‘˜‡„‡”Ǥ …–‘„‡”–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡””‡ƒ‹•Š—‹†ƒ†™ƒ” †—‡–‘…‘–‹—‹‰Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘‹•–Žƒ†‹‘–Š‘ˆ…–‘„‡”ǤIn Northern plains hot and humid weather becomes oppressive at this time. It is commonly called ‘October Heat’. However, towards the end of October, temperature starts decreasing, making nights pleasant. By the month of November, the low pressure of North India shifts to Bay of Bengal ƒ† –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ …›…Ž‘‹… •–‘”•™Š‹…Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡•–‘”•…”‡ƒ–‡Šƒ˜‘…‹…‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ•‘ˆƒŠƒƒ†‹ǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ†”‹•Šƒ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ

Distribution of Rainfall in India ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹ †‹ƒ‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›—‡˜‡‘˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡‹ƒ›‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡™‡•–‡”…‘ƒ•–•ƒ†‘”–Šƒ•– †‹ƒ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘˜‡”ͶͲͲ…Ǥ –‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ͸Ͳ…•‹™‡•–‡”ƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ†ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰’ƒ”–•‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒ”›ƒƒƒ† —Œƒ„Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹• low in the interiors of the Deccan Plateau and east of Western GhatsǤ Š‡ǡ ‡Š ‹ ƒ— ƒ† ƒ•Š‹”‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽ‘™’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‘”‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǣ x

• ™‡ ‘˜‡ ˆ”‘ ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒ –‘ ƒ”›ƒƒ ‘” —Œƒ„ ‹ ‘”–Š‡”’Žƒ‹•ǡ™‡‘„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

x

 ’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒǡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ …‘ƒ•– –‘ ‹–‡”‹‘”’ƒ”–•Ǥ

x

‘”–ŠǦƒ•– †‹ƒǡ–Š‡rainfall increases with altitude.

x

ƒš‹—”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽȋƒ„‘˜‡ʹͲͲ…•Ȍ‹ †‹ƒ‘……—”•‹–Š‡ ™‡•–‡” …‘ƒ•–ǡ •—„ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– ƒ†

ƒ”‘ǡŠƒ•‹ƒ† ƒ‹–‹ƒŠ‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǤ

x

‘†‡”ƒ–‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ȋͳͲͲǦʹͲͲ…Ȍ ‘……—”• ‹ •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽǡ †‹•Šƒ ƒ† ‹Šƒ” ƒ† ƒ›•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 19 x ‘™”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽȋ͸Ͳ–‘ͳͲͲ…Ȍ‘……—”•‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǡƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡƒ†‹–‡”‹‘”‡……ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ x

ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽȋ‡••–Šƒ͸Ͳ…Ȍ‘……—”•‹™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒ†ƒŠƒ†•‘—–Š …‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–”‡…‡‹˜‡•ƒ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆŽ‡••–ŠƒʹͲ…Ǥ

El Niño/La Niña–Southern Oscillation Model Question - 14. (IAS 2011) ƒ‹ƒ‹••—•’‡…–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡…ƒ—•‡†”‡…‡–ˆŽ‘‘†•‹—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ‘™‹•ƒ‹ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘ ‹‘ǫ ͳǤ ƒ ‹‘ ‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› —Ǧ—•—ƒŽŽ› …‘Ž† ‘…‡ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ ‘…‡ƒ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•   ‹‘ ‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›——•—ƒŽŽ›™ƒ”‘…‡ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ’ƒ…‹ˆ‹…‘…‡ƒǤ ʹǤ  ‹‘Šƒ•ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‘•‘‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ„—–ƒ‹ƒŠƒ•no effect‘‘•‘‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‰‹˜‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ •™‡”ǣ 14 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Ž ‹Ó‘ ™ƒ• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† „› ˆ‹•Š‡”ƒ ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ coast of Peru ‹ ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ——•—ƒŽŽ› ™ƒ” ™ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ƒ…‹ˆ‹… …‡ƒǡ ‘……—””‹‰ ‡ƒ” –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ƒ…‹ˆ‹…‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ—’™‡ŽŽ‹‰–Šƒ–‹•Ǧ–Š‡—’•—”‰‡of deep, nutrient-rich cold water–‘–Š‡ ‘…‡ƒǯ• •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ Š‹• …‘Ž† ™ƒ–‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡– „”‡‡†‹‰ ‰”‘—†• ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† …Šƒ‹ ˆ”‘ ’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘–‘–‹›ˆ‹•Š‡•Ǥš’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•ƒŽŽˆ‹•Š‡•‹•™Šƒ–ƒ†‡ Peru–Š‡—„‡”‘‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻ͹Ͳ•Ǥ —–ǡ‡˜‡”›Š”‹•–ƒ••‡ƒ•‘–Š‡™‹†•–Šƒ–„Ž‘™ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡…‘ƒ•–ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–•Žƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ —’™‡ŽŽ‹‰ ™‡ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ surface waters begin to warm and the fish population is less available to the fishing boats. Š‹• ™ƒ”‹‰ –”‡† —•—ƒŽŽ› Žƒ•–• ˆ‘” ƒ ˆ‡™ ‘–Š• ƒ† „› ƒ”…Š ‘” •‘ –Š‡ •–”‘‰ —’™‡ŽŽ‹‰ ”‡•—‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›–Š‡™ƒ”™ƒ–‡”…‘–‹—‡•–‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†…‡–”ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽƒ…‹ˆ‹…ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ™ƒ”•—”ˆƒ…‡™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ƒ••‘ˆ™ƒ”™ƒ–‡”„”‹‰”‡†—…–‹‘‹ –Š‡ˆ‹•Š…ƒ–…Š‡•‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‡”—ƒ†™‹–Š†‡•–”—…–‹˜‡”ƒ‹•–Šƒ–‘……—”‹‘”ƒŽŽ›†”›ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡”—ƒ†Š‹Ž‡Ǥ Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ†”‘—‰Š–‹‘Ž‹˜‹ƒƒ†‘”–Š‡ƒ•–”ƒœ‹Žǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‹’ƒ…–• •—…Šƒ•‘—–„”‡ƒ•‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒ†…Š‘Ž‡”ƒ‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹…ƒǤ Š—•ǡ‹–™ƒ•‘™‹‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ–‹‡•–Šƒ–•—…Šƒ’Š‡‘‡‘Šƒ’’‡•ƒ†‹–™ƒ•ƒ‡†DzŠ”‹•–Š‹Ž†dz‘”DzŠ‡ ‹––Ž‡‘›dz‹–Š‡˜‡”ƒ…—Žƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ Ž ‹Ó‘ …ƒ „‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• an invasion of warm surface water from the western part of the equatorial Pacific into the normally cooler waters of the central and eastern part of the Pacific Basin off the western coast of South America – mainly Peru and Ecuador. ƒ‹Óƒǡ™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•DzŠ‡‹––Ž‡ ‹”Ždz‘”DzŽ‹‡Œ‘dz‘”Dzƒ–‹ǦŽ‹Ó‘dz‘”•‹’Ž›̶ƒ…‘Ž†‡˜‡–̶‘”̶ƒ…‘Ž†‡’‹•‘†‡‹• –Š‡‹•–Š‡cooling of water in the Pacific Ocean. Ž–Š‘—‰ŠŽ‹Ó‘‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘Ž‘…ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‡”—ƒ†…—ƒ†‘”ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”Šƒ• „‡‡ „”‘ƒ†‡‡† „› ƒ› •…‹‡–‹•–• –‘ ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒŽŽ •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™ƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ† …‡–”ƒŽ ƒ…‹ˆ‹…Ǥ‘–ŠEl Ninoƒ†La Ninaƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡”…›…Ž‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ǡ‘”El Niño–Southern OscillationǤŠ‹Ž‡ Ž‹‘may be caused by underwater volcanoes ‹ –Š‡ ƒ…‹ˆ‹…ǡ –Š‡ Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric counterpart ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‡– ™Š‹…Š ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒseesaw-like shift in sea level pressure systems across the Pacific BasinǤ Š‡ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ’”‡••—”‡‹•Š‹‰Šƒ–Darwin, Australiaǡ‹––‡†•–‘„‡ low at Tahitiǡƒ†˜‹…‡˜‡”•ƒǤ 14 Both are incorrect statements. La Niña is characterized by unusually cool ocean surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. It is the opposite of El Niño, which is marked by unusually warm ocean surface temperatures. Both are strongly coupled to the atmospheric circulation in the tropics and are major – but not the only - determinants of the seasonal and year-to-year fluctuations of our climate. La nina is good for Indian monsoon as we have been told.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 20 Š‡Ž‹Ó‘ȋ™ƒ”‡˜‡–Ȍƒ†ƒ‹ƒȋ‘Ž†‡˜‡–Ȍ„‘–ŠŠƒ˜‡‘™‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡•›•–‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ”‡…—””‡–’Š‡‘‡‘™‹–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡”‡–—”’‡”‹‘†‘ˆͶͳȀʹ›‡ƒ”•ǡ„—–…ƒ”‡…—” ƒ• Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ• ʹ ‘” ƒ• —…Š ƒ• ͳͲ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ —…Š ‡˜‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ‘……—””‡† ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡‹ƒǡ ƒ† …ƒ „‡ ‡š’‡…–‡† –‘ …‘–‹—‡–‘‘……—”‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ Š‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆŽ‹Ó‘ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡™‡ŽŽ†‘…—‡–‡†‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Drought in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa Drought-related food shortages in Ethiopia Warm winter in the northern half of the United States and southern Canada Heavy rains in southern Ecuador and northern Peru Drought in northeast Brazil, while Flooding in southern Brazil Drought and fires in Indonesia Drought in the Philippines in the tropical Atlantic Coral bleaching worldwide Droughts in various South Pacific island nations Drought in eastern Australia Heavy rains in southern California

The following table summarizes El Niño and La Nina weather: El Nino Weather Rain and flooding along the Pacific coast Warm water disrupts food chain of fish, birds, and sea mammals Tornadoes and thunderstorms in southern US Fewer than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic

La Nina Weather Snow and rain on the west coast Unusually cold weather in Alaska Unusually warm weather in the rest of the USA Drought in the southwest Higher than normal number of hurricanes in the Atlantic

Impact of El Niño and La Nina on Indian Weather x Ž‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘•–’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž’Š‡‘‡‘‘–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‘™–‘ƒŽ–‡” …Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ…”‘••‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ††”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹’ƒ…–™‡ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ x

˜‡” †‹ƒ •—„…‘–‹‡–ǡ Ž ‹‘ †—”‹‰ ™‹–‡” ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒ” …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ —”‹‰ •—‡”ǡ ‹– Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ †”› …‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† †‡ˆ‹…‹‡– ‘•‘‘Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ †”‘—‰Š– ‹ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡƒ‹ƒ”‡•—Ž–•‹„‡––‡”–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ‘•‘‘‹ †‹ƒǤ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ‹–Šƒ• …ƒ—•‡†ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ

x

 –Š‡ ”‡…‡– ’ƒ•–ǡ †‹ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† †‡ˆ‹…‹‡– ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †—”‹‰ Ž ‹‘ ›‡ƒ”• ʹͲͲʹ ƒ† ʹͲͲͻ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‘•‘‘™ƒ•‘”ƒŽ†—”‹‰Ž‹‘›‡ƒ”•ͳͻͻͶƒ†ͳͻͻ͹ǤThis so far implies that in about 50 per cent of the years with El Nino during summer, India experienced droughts during monsoonǤ

x

Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– El Nino is not the only factor that affects monsoon in IndiaǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”• –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…– †‹ƒǯ•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹…ǡ“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ…‡ƒǡƒ•–•‹ƒ ‡ƒ‡ƒ‡˜‡Ž”‡••—”‡ǡ‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹…‡ƒ‡ƒ‡˜‡Ž”‡••—”‡ƒ†‘”–Š‡–”ƒŽƒ…‹ˆ‹…™‹†ƒ–ͳǤͷ ƒ„‘˜‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ

Part IV.

Soils of India

‘‹Ž‹•–Š‡‹š–—”‡‘ˆ”‘…†‡„”‹•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™Š‹…Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”factors affecting the formation of soil are relief, parent material, climate, time, and biodiversity‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Š—ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘‹Ž ƒ”‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ Š——•ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ƒ‹” ƒ• ™‡ †‹•…—••‡† ‹   ʹ͹Ǥ Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•‘‹ŽǤ‘‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹…‹‡–‹‘‡‘”‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡”• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡† …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ †‹˜‡”•‡ …‘—–”› ™‹–Š ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡŽƒ†ˆ‘”•ǡ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘–›’‡•ǤŠ‡•‡Šƒ˜‡…‘–”‹„—–‡†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –›’‡•‘ˆ•‘‹Ž•‹ †‹ƒǤ  ƒ…‹‡– –‹‡•ǡ •‘‹Ž• —•‡† –‘ „‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ ƒ‹ ‰”‘—’• Ȃ Urvara and Usaraǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ƒ† •–‡”‹Ž‡ǡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ  ‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ –‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ •‘‹Ž• ™‡”‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• •—…Š ƒ• –‡š–—”‡ǡ…‘Ž‘—”ǡ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–‹–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ‘ǡ–Š‡•‘‹Ž•™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ••ƒ†›ǡ…Žƒ›‡›ǡ•‹Ž–› ƒ†Ž‘ƒ›ǡ‡–…ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ…‘Ž‘—”•—…Šƒ•”‡†•‘‹Žǡ›‡ŽŽ‘™•‘‹Žǡ„Žƒ…•‘‹Žǡ‡–…Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 21 Š‡ †‹ƒ•‘‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†„› ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ƒ•’‡”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ȋȌ‘‹Žƒš‘‘›ǤŠ‡•‡–›’‡•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Soil Type Inceptisols Entisols Alfisols Vertisols

Aridisols

Ultisols

Mollisols

Types of Soils in India General Characters / Position in entire world soil classification These are usually the weakly developed young soil though they are more developed than entisols. Usually young or underdeveloped. Lack vertical development of horizons. These are less fertile soils. Pale, grayish brown to reddish in colour with moderate-to-high reserves of basic cations and are fertile. However, their productivity depends on moisture and temperature. They are supplemented by the moderate application of lime and other chemical fertilizers. These are expandable clay soils , composed of more than 30 per cent clays. Vertisol clays are black when wet and become iron hard when dry. When drying, Vertisols crack and the cracks widen and deepen as the soil dries ; this produces cracks 2-3 cm wide. These are productive soils. The regur soils of India are an example of vertisols. Ardisoil is the largest single soil order occurs in dry regions of the world. These soils occupy nearly 19 per cent of the earth’s land surface. These are pale and light near the surface, deficit in moisture. Lack in organic matter. Salinisation is the main problem of these soils. Salinisation complicates farming in Aridisols. Highly weathered forest soil, which tend to be reddish in colour because of residual iron and aluminum oxides in the a horizon. The increased precipitation in ultisol regions means greater mineral alteration, more leaching, and therefore,a lower level of fertility. Fertility is further reduced by certain agricultural practices and the effect of soil damaging crops such as cotton and tobacco. These soils need substantial management. Most productive soils of the earth. They are rich in humus content. They have dark –colored surface. Mollisols are soft, even when dry, with granular pads, loosely arranged when dry. These humus rich organic soils are high in basic cations and have high fertility. Soils of the steppes and prairies of the world belong to this group

Others

Area 130372.9 92131.71 44448.68

% of Total area of India 39.74 28.08 13.55

27960

8.52

14069

4.28

8250

2.51

1320

0.4

9503.1

2.92

The Indian Classification of Soils –Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‰‡‡•‹•ǡ…‘Ž‘—”ǡ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‘‹Ž•‘ˆ †‹ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ǣ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Alluvial soils Black soils Red and Yellow soils Laterite soils Arid soils Saline soils Peaty soils Forest soils

’‘”–ƒ–„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™”‹––‡†‘™‹ –Š‡„‡Ž‘™†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•ǣ

Alluvial Soils Model Question - 15. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž‹•‘•–…‘‘•‘‹Ž‹ †‹ƒ ʹǤ ŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž‹•ƒ‹Ǧ•‹–—•‘‹Ž Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 15 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

x

ŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ •‘‹Ž•ǡ –Š‡ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘‹Ž• –”ƒ•’‘”–‡†„›”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ”‡–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ– –›’‡ ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”›ǡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ Ganga plains and the river valleysǤŠ‡•‡•‘‹Ž•…‘˜‡”ƒ„‘—–40 per cent‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ

x

’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡” ƒ‰‡–‹…’Žƒ‹•ǡ˜‹ƒƒƒ””‘™…‘””‹†‘”‹ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ–Š‡›‡š–‡†‹–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ

—Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ

x

 –Š‡ ‡‹•—Žƒ” ”‡‰‹‘ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ †‡Ž–ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•– …‘ƒ•– •—…Š ƒ• ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ ƒ† ”‹•ŠƒǤ

x

Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›rich in potash„—–poor in phosphorousǤ

15 Only 1 is correct. Please note that in situ or residual soils are the soil which are found where they were formed. Example of in-situ soil is Red Soil. The Alluvial is a transported soil.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 22 x –Š‡’’‡”ƒ†‹††Ž‡ ƒ‰ƒ’Žƒ‹ǡ–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡ˜‹œǤŠƒ†ƒ”ƒ† Šƒ‰ƒ”Ǥ o

Šƒ†ƒ” ‹• –Š‡ ‡™ ƒŽŽ—˜‹— ƒ† ‹• †‡’‘•‹–‡† „› ˆŽ‘‘†• ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡”‹…Š‡• –Š‡ •‘‹Ž „› †‡’‘•‹–‹‰ˆ‹‡•‹Ž–•Ǥ

o

Šƒ‰ƒ””‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”ƒŽŽ—˜‹—ǡ†‡’‘•‹–‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹•Ǥ ƒ

‘–Š–Š‡Šƒ†ƒ”ƒ†Šƒ‰ƒ”•‘‹Ž•…‘–ƒ‹…ƒŽ…ƒ”‡‘—•…‘…”‡–‹‘•ȋƒƒ”•ȌǤŠ‡•‡•‘‹Ž• ƒ”‡‘”‡Ž‘ƒ›ƒ†…Žƒ›‡›‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”ƒ†‹††Ž‡ ƒ‰ƒ’Žƒ‹ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŠƒƒ’—–”ƒ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǤŠ‡•ƒ†…‘–‡–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–Ǥ

x

Š‡…‘Ž‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‰”‡›–‘ƒ•Š‰”‡›Ǥ –••Šƒ†‡•†‡’‡†‘–Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –‡š–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ––ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ–—”‹–›Ǥ ŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ •‘‹Ž• ƒ”‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†Ǥ

x

Coastal Alluvium: Ž‡ƒ•‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‹•—Žƒ”…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ•–”‹’ƒ”‡†ƒ”‡”‹…‘Ž‘—”–Šƒ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ—˜‹— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ’Žƒ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‹•—Žƒ ˆŽ‘™ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡……ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ— …‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ„ƒ•ƒŽ–ǡƒ†‘˜‡”„Žƒ…•‘‹Žƒ”‡‘Ž›–‘†‡’‘•‹– –‹…‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǤƒŠƒ”ƒ•–”ƒŠƒ•‘ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ •‘‹Ž•„—–…‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒŽŽ—˜‹—‹•ˆ‘—†‹–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

Black Soil Model Question - 16. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ ‹•ƒ•‘‹Ž‘™ˆ‘”‹–••‡ŽˆǦ’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘Š‘Ž†‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ ʹǤ ‹•ƒ•‘‹Žˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ˆ‘Ž†…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡”‘…•ǡŽƒ…‹‰‹Š——• †‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡‘’–‹‘•ǣ Ǥ ǦŽƒ…‘‹ŽǡǦ‡†‘‹Ž Ǥ ǦŽƒ…‘‹ŽǡǦŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ‘‹Ž Ǥ Ǧ‡†‘‹ŽǦƒ–‡”‹–‡‘‹Ž Ǥ Ǧƒ–‡”‹–‡•‘‹ŽǦŽƒ…•‘‹Ž Answer: 16 ™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Model Question - 17. …‘–‡š–™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ…•‘‹Ž•ˆ‘—†‹ †‹ƒǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ͳǤ –‹•‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‘”‹‰‹ ʹǤ –Šƒ••‡Žˆƒ‡”ƒ–‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ͵Ǥ –‹•„‡•–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”•—‰ƒ”…ƒ‡ƒ†‘––‘ Š‹…Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•Ȁƒ”‡…‘””‡…–ǫ Answer: 17

x

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†•‘‡ ’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ‹Žƒ†—Šƒ•„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž•Ǥ

x

–Š‡—’’‡””‡ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ†–Š‡”‹•Šƒǡƒ†–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡……ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ •—…Šƒ•’ƒ”–•‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ–Š‡„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž‹•˜‡”›†‡‡’ǤŠ‡•‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡Ǯ‡‰—”‘‹Žǯ‘”–Š‡ ǮŽƒ…‘––‘‘‹ŽǯǤŠ‹••‘‹Ž‹•‘ˆ˜‘Ž…ƒ‹…‘”‹‰‹Ǥ

x

Š‡„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›…Žƒ›‡›ǡ†‡‡’ƒ†‹’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡›•™‡ŽŽƒ†„‡…‘‡•–‹…›™Š‡™‡–ƒ† •Š”‹™Š‡†”‹‡†Ǥ‘ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡†”›•‡ƒ•‘ǡ–Š‡•‡•‘‹Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’™‹†‡…”ƒ…•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡”‡‘……—”•ƒ‹†‘ˆ Ǯself ploughing’Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ•Ž‘™ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ƒ†Ž‘••‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡ǡ–Š‡„Žƒ…•‘‹Ž”‡–ƒ‹• –Š‡‘‹•–—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ˜‡”›Ž‘‰–‹‡ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠ‡Ž’•–Š‡…”‘’•, especially, the rain fed cropsǡ–‘•—•–ƒ‹‡˜‡ †—”‹‰–Š‡†”›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ

x

Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡black soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia and alumina.Š‡›ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹’‘–ƒ•ŠǤ—– –Š‡›Žƒ…‹’Š‘•’Š‘”‘—•ǡ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ǤŠ‡…‘Ž‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹Ž”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘†‡‡’„Žƒ…–‘ ‰”‡›Ǥ

16 Correct answer is A 17 All are correct.

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 23 Red and Yellow Soil x  –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡……ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ –Š‡ ‡† •‘‹Ž †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ‘ …”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ ‹‰‡‘—• ”‘…•Ǥ x

Š‡•‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡ƒ„—†ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ†‹•Šƒƒ†ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ†‹–Š‡ •‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹††Ž‡ ƒ‰ƒ’Žƒ‹Ǥ

x

Š‡ •‘‹Ž †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ƒ ”‡††‹•Š …‘Ž‘—” †—‡ –‘ ƒ wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocksǤ –Ž‘‘•›‡ŽŽ‘™™Š‡‹–‘……—”•‹ƒŠ›†”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ȋ ”‘›†”‘š‹†‡•ȌǤ

x

Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡† ”‡† ƒ† ›‡ŽŽ‘™ •‘‹Ž• ƒ”‡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• …‘ƒ”•‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡† •‘‹Ž• ˆ‘—† ‹ †”› —’Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡poor in fertility due to leaching of the nutrients. Š‡›ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›’‘‘”‹‹–”‘‰‡ǡ ’Š‘•’Š‘”‘—•ƒ†Š——•„—–”‡•’‘†™‡ŽŽ–‘ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Ǥ

Laterite Soil Model Question - 18. Š‡Žƒ–‡”‹–‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡‘–ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡•‘‹Ž•„‡…ƒ—•‡̴̴̴ǣ ͳǤ Š‡›ƒ”‡…‘ƒ”•‡‰”ƒ‹‡†ƒ†‘Ǧ”‡–‡–‹˜‡‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ ʹǤ Š‡›Žƒ…Š——•Ǥ ͵Ǥ Š‡›ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ…‹†‹… ƒ–—”‡ ͶǤ Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‡š…‡••‹”‘ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡…‘””‡…–•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ •™‡”ǣ 18 

x

™™™Ǥ‰–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‹

Š‡ƒ–‡”‹–‡•‘‹Ž•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‡…‘‘‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š ƒŽ–‹–—†‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡‹•—Žƒ”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ

x

ƒ–‡”‹–‡ •‘‹Ž ƒ† ‹• ƒ‹Ž› ˆ‘—† ‘ –Š‡ •—‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ƒ•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ƒŒƒŠƒŽ ‹ŽŽ•ǡ ‹†Š›ƒ•ǡƒ–’—”ƒ•ƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ–Š—•ƒ„—†ƒ–‹ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ‡”ƒŽƒǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ†–Š‡Š‹ŽŽ›ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒƒ†••ƒǤ

x

ƒ–‡”‹–‡•‘‹Ž”‡’”‡•‡–•‹–‡•‡Ž‡ƒ…Š‹‰†—‡–‘Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹•ǡ†—‡–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ†•‹Ž‹…ƒƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ…Š‡† ƒ™ƒ›ǡƒ†•‘‹Ž•”‹…Š‹‹”‘‘š‹†‡ƒ†ƒŽ—‹‹—…‘’‘—†ƒ”‡Ž‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡——•…‘–‡–‘ˆ –Š‡•‘‹Ž‹•”‡‘˜‡†ˆƒ•–„›„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ–Šƒ––Š”‹˜‡•™‡ŽŽ‹Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

x

Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹–‡•‘‹Ž‹•’‘‘”‹‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ǡ‹–”‘‰‡ǡ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ƒ†…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ™Š‹Ž‡iron oxide and potash are in excess. Due to excess of Ironǡ Žƒ–‡”‹–‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘; however, application of manures and fertilisers are required for making the soils fertile for cultivationǤ

x

‡† ƒ–‡”‹–‡ •‘‹Ž• ‹ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—ǡ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ† ‡”ƒŽƒ ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –”‡‡ …”‘’• Ž‹‡ …ƒ•Š‡™—–Ǥ

x

ƒ–‡”‹–‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›…—–ƒ•„”‹…•ˆ‘”—•‡‹Š‘—•‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ

Arid Soils x ”‹†•‘‹Ž•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹••ƒ†›ƒ†•ƒŽ‹‡•‘‹Ž‹•ƒ„—†ƒ–‹ƒ”‹†”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ™‡•–‡”ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤŠ‡•‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡ ’‘‘”ƒ†…‘–ƒ‹Ž‹––Ž‡Š——•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ǤŠ‡…‘Ž‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ˆ”‘”‡†–‘„”‘™Ǥ x

•‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ–…‘–‡–‹••‘Š‹‰Š–Šƒ–…‘‘•ƒŽ–‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ †”› …Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡† ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡› Žƒ… ‘‹•–—”‡ ƒ† Š——•Ǥ ‹–”‘‰‡‹•‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ƒ†–Š‡’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡…‘–‡–‹•‘”ƒŽǤ

x

‘™‡” Š‘”‹œ‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘‹Ž ƒ”‡ ‘……—’‹‡† „› Ǯƒƒ”ǯ Žƒ›‡”• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ …ƒŽ…‹— …‘–‡– †‘™™ƒ”†•ǤŠ‡Ǯƒƒ”ǯŽƒ›‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡„‘––‘Š‘”‹œ‘•”‡•–”‹…–•–Š‡‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†ƒ• •—…Š ™Š‡ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ†‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ •‘‹Ž ‘‹•–—”‡ ‹• ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’Žƒ– ‰”‘™–ŠǤ

18 All are correct

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 24 Saline Soils x ƒŽ‹‡•‘‹Ž•‘”Usara soils…‘–ƒ‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡”’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ•‘†‹—ǡ’‘–ƒ••‹—ƒ†ƒ‰‡•‹—ǡƒ†–Š—•ǡ –Š‡›ƒ”‡‹ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ǡƒ††‘‘–•—’’‘”–ƒ›˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‰”‘™–ŠǤ x

Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘”‡•ƒŽ–•ǡŽƒ”‰‡Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†”›…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†’‘‘”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡›‘……—”‹ƒ”‹†ƒ†•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹† ”‡‰‹‘•ǡƒ†‹™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†ƒ†•™ƒ’›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

x

Š‡‹”•–”—…–—”‡”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘•ƒ†›–‘Ž‘ƒ›ǤŠ‡›Žƒ…‹‹–”‘‰‡ƒ†…ƒŽ…‹—Ǥ o

ƒŽ‹‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡‘”‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†‹™‡•–‡” —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ†‡Ž–ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…‘ƒ•–ƒ†‹—†‡”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǤ

o

 –Š‡ ƒ ‘ˆ —…Š…ŠŠǡ –Š‡ ‘—–Š™‡•– ‘•‘‘ „”‹‰• •ƒŽ– ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ† †‡’‘•‹–• –Š‡”‡ ƒ• ƒ …”—•–Ǥ ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡” ‹–”—•‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ †‡Ž–ƒ• ’”‘‘–‡ –Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‹‡ •‘‹Ž•Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‡š…‡••‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‰”‡‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰•ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ

o

š…‡••‹˜‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š†”›…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•’”‘‘–‡•…ƒ’‹ŽŽƒ”›ƒ…–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒŽ– ‘ –Š‡ –‘’ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘‹ŽǤ  •—…Š ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ —Œƒ„ ƒ† ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ†˜‹•‡†–‘ƒ††‰›’•—–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ

Peaty Soils x ‡ƒ–›•‘‹Ž•ƒ”–‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†Š‹‰ŠŠ—‹†‹–›ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‰‘‘†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡŽƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ†‡ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ƒ……——Žƒ–‡•‹–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†–Š‹•‰‹˜‡•ƒ”‹…Š Š——•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹……‘–‡––‘–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ x

”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”‹–Š‡•‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ›‰‘‡˜‡—’–‘ͶͲǦͷͲ’‡”…‡–Ǥ

x

Š‡•‡•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽŽ›Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ†„Žƒ…‹…‘Ž‘—”Ǥ–ƒ›’Žƒ…‡•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽƒŽ‹‡ƒŽ•‘Ǥ

x

Š‡•‡•‘‹Ž•‘……—”™‹†‡Ž›‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹Šƒ”ǡ•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ––ƒ”ƒ…ŠƒŽƒ†–Š‡…‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǡ”‹••ƒƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†—Ǥ

Forest Soils x ‘”‡•–•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡•‘‹Ž•˜ƒ”›‹•–”—…–—”‡ ƒ†–‡š–—”‡†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‡”‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ o

Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‘ƒ›ƒ†•‹Ž–›‘˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‹†‡•ƒ†…‘ƒ”•‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡—’’‡”•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ

o

–Š‡•‘™Ǧ„‘—†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ–Š‡›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†‡—†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ…‹†‹…™‹–ŠŽ‘™ Š——•…‘–‡–ǤŠ‡•‘‹Ž•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ”‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡Ǥ Major Soils and crops grown in them



Alluvial Soils ‡ Ri Rice Rice, wheat wheat, h t sugarcane sugarcane, cotton and jute all grow well in these soils. soils

Black Soils ‡ Ri Rice Rice, wheat, wheat h t sugarcane and cotton apart from groundnut, groundnut millet and oilseeds. oilseed

Arid Soils ‡O Only l drought-resistant drought d ht resistant crops such as barley and millet can grow in this type of soil.

Laterite Soils ‡ It iis an acidic idi soil il and is rich in iron, iron which gives the soil a somewhat red appearance. ap Cash crops such as cashew, rubber, coconut, tea and coffee.

Red and Yellow Soils ‡D Derive i names from f the th very large amounts of iron oxide & Hydroxides present prese in them. They are sandy and somewhat acidic, and are also low in nitrogen and phosphorous. Despite this, red and yellow soils are used to grow rice, wheat, sugarcane, millet, groundnut, ragi and potato.



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Soil Degradation & Soil Erosion Š‡†‡…Ž‹‡‹•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ǡ™Š‡–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•†‡…Ž‹‡•ƒ††‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹Ž‰‘‡•†‘™†—‡–‘‡”‘•‹‘ ƒ† ‹•—•‡ ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡†‘‹Ž†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘‹Ž †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‹ ˆƒ…–‘” Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‡’Ž‡–‹‰ •‘‹Ž ”‡•‘—”…‡ „ƒ•‡‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ•‘‹Ž†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘’Žƒ…‡–‘’Žƒ…‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ™‹†˜‡Ž‘…‹–› ƒ†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ

Soil Erosion Š‡•‘‹Žˆ‘”‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡”‘•‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•‘ˆ”—‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ†™‹†‰‘‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„ƒŽƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ„ƒŽƒ…‡‹•†‹•–—”„‡†„›ƒ–—”ƒŽ‘” ƒƒ†‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡””ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘‹ŽǤ ¾ ‹–Š ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”‡•–• ƒ”‡ ”‡‘˜‡† ˆ‘” Š—ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡–ǡˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘”‰”ƒœ‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘–Š‡”‡‡†•Ǥ Š‡–™‘‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ•‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ƒ”‡™‹†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ‹†‡”‘•‹‘‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹ƒ”‹†ƒ†•‡‹Ǧ ƒ”‹†”‡‰‹‘•Ǥƒ–‡”‡”‘•‹‘‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹”‡‰‹‘•™‹–ŠŠ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†•–‡‡’•Ž‘’‡•Ǥƒ–‡”‡”‘•‹‘™Š‹…Š‹• ‘”‡•‡”‹‘—•ƒ†‘……—”•‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ƒ‹Ž›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•Š‡‡–ƒ†‰—ŽŽ› ‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—” ‹†• ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž ‡”‘•‹‘ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ „‡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ’Žƒ•Š ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ Š‡‡– ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ ‹ŽŽ ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ —ŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘

Splash Erosion ƒ‹†”‘’•’Žƒ•Š‡”‘•‹‘‹•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆˆƒŽŽ‹‰”ƒ‹†”‘’•…ƒ—•‹‰†‡–ƒ…Š‡–‘ˆ•‘‹Ž’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ† †‘™Ǧ•Ž‘’‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–Ǥƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡‘ˆ‰”‘—†…‘˜‡”ǡ•—…Šƒ•‹”‡†—…‡†Ǧ‘”‘Ǧ–‹ŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ—•‡‘ˆ …‘˜‡”…”‘’•ǡƒ†‡Šƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‘‹Žƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡•…ƒ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹”‡†—…‹‰†‡–ƒ…Š‡–‘ˆ•‘‹Ž ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•Ǥ  Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ƒ—”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡Šƒ…‹‰ •‘‹Ž ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ”‡†—…‹‰ •‘‹Ž ‡”‘†‹„‹Ž‹–› †—‡–‘–Š‡”ƒ‹†”‘’•’Žƒ•Š‡ˆˆ‡…–Ǥ

Sheet Erosion Š‡‡– ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š Ž‡•• ‘–‹…‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ ‘–Š‡” –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‡”‘•‹˜‡ ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ  Š‡‡– ‡”‘•‹‘‹•Ž‡••‘–‹…‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ•‹–†‘‡•‘–Ž‡ƒ˜‡‘„˜‹‘—•…—–•‹–Š‡•‘‹Ž•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ•™‹–Š‰—ŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘ǤŠ‡‡–‡”‘•‹‘ ‹•–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›—‹ˆ‘”ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹ǡŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ•‘‹Žˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ†•—”ˆƒ…‡„›—…Šƒ‡Ž‡†”—‘ˆˆǡ‘” •Š‡‡–ˆŽ‘™Ǥ Š‡‡–‡”‘•‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡‘Ž‡˜‡ŽŽƒ†•ƒˆ–‡”ƒŠ‡ƒ˜›•Š‘™‡”ƒ†–Š‡•‘‹Ž”‡‘˜ƒŽ‹•‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž›‘–‹…‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—–‹–‹• Šƒ”ˆ—Ž•‹…‡‹–”‡‘˜‡•–Š‡ˆ‹‡”ƒ†‘”‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡–‘’•‘‹ŽǤ

Rill Erosion ‹ŽŽ‡”‘•‹‘‹•–Š‡’”‘…‡••„›™Š‹…Š—‡”‘—••ƒŽŽ…Šƒ‡Ž•ǦǦŽ‡••–Šƒ–Š”‡‡‹…Š‡•‹†‡’–ŠǦǦƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ǤŠ‹• –›’‡‘ˆ‡”‘•‹‘”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡”Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•Š‡‡–‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡”‘•‹‘…ƒ „‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›•‡”‹‘—•‘”‡…‡–Ž›…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†Žƒ†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡”‘•‹‘‹•„‡•–‹‹‹œ‡†„›‹‹‹œ‹‰•Š‡‡–ˆŽ‘™ǡ•—…Šƒ• „› ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ …”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡• ƒ† —–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ …‘˜‡” …”‘’•Ǥ  Š›•‹…ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –‡””ƒ…‡•ǡ ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ „ƒ””‹‡”•…ƒ„‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‹•–‘’’‹‰‘””‡†—…‹‰”‹ŽŽ‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ

Gully Erosion

—ŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡…—––‹‰‘ˆƒ””‘™…Šƒ‡Ž•…ƒŽŽ‡†‰—ŽŽ‹‡•ǤŠ‡‰—ŽŽ‹‡•…ƒ„‡…ƒ—•‡†„›•ƒŽŽ…Šƒ‡Ž•‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵–‘ͳʹ‹…Š‡•†‡‡’Ǥ —ŽŽ‹‡•ƒ›„‡‘‡–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆ‡‡–†‡‡’Ǥ —ŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘…—–•†‡‡’ƒ†”‡‘˜‡• –Š‡ surface soil as well as deeper soil –Šƒ– ƒ› •–‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ —–”‹‡–• „—– Ž‡•• …‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•‘‹ŽǤ Gully erosion needs to be prevented, as it is difficult to check once startedǤ —ŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘‹•…‘‘‘•–‡‡’•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ

—ŽŽ‹‡•†‡‡’‡™‹–Š”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ…—––Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†•‹–‘•ƒŽŽˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‡—ˆ‹–ˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr) GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | [email protected] | © 2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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Conventional General Studies-30 www.gktoday.in Geography of India-2: Coastal Environment, Islands, India’s Climatology, Soils of India Target 2013 26 ,  ”‡‰‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‡‡’ ‰—ŽŽ‹‡• ‘” ravines ‹• …ƒŽŽ‡† badland topographyǤ ƒ˜‹‡• ƒ”‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ǡ ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ„ƒŽ „ƒ•‹ǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ …ƒ—•‡† †—‡ –‘ ‰—ŽŽ› ‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ Šƒ„ƒŽ ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ–Š‡”ƒ˜‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ†‡•–‡‰ƒŽǤ Some more observations

Š‡ †‹ƒ •‘‹Ž• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘”‡† —†‡” ˜ƒ”‹‡† ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡” ™‹†‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡‹” ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ž‡˜‡ŽǤMost soils are old and matureǤ ‘‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‹•—Žƒ”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ”‡—…Š‘Ž†‡”–Š‡–Š‡•‘‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‘”–Š‡”’Žƒ‹Ǥ †‹ƒ•‘‹Ž•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†‡ˆ‹…‹‡–‹‹–”‘‰‡ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ••ƒŽ–•ǡŠ——•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Žƒ‹•ƒ†˜ƒŽŽ‡›•Šƒ˜‡–Š‹…Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ•‘‹Ž•™Š‹Ž‡Š‹ŽŽ›ƒ†’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ”‡ƒ•†‡’‹…––Š‹•‘‹Ž…‘˜‡”Ǥ ‘‡ •‘‹Ž• Ž‹‡ ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ ƒ† „Žƒ… •‘‹Ž• ƒ”‡ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” •‘‹Ž• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ–‡”‹–‡ǡ †‡•‡”– ƒ† ƒŽƒŽ‹‡•‘‹Ž•Žƒ…‹ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ††‘‘–›‹‡Ž†‰‘‘†Šƒ”˜‡•–Ǥ †‹ƒ•‘‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†ˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡Ž‘•–—…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ• •—…Š–Š‡”‡‹•—”‰‡–‡‡†‘ˆ‰‹˜‹‰•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…–”‡ƒ–‡––‘‘—”•‘‹Ž•Ǥ †‹ƒ…Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†‘—”•‘‹Ž•‡‡†‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰–Š‡†”›’‡”‹‘†Ǥ †‹ƒ•‘‹Ž••—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘•‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ‹‡†’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ

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Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography

Contents Determinism and Possibilism

1

World Population

2

Census of India and Demography Basics

4

Migration, Demographic Transition and Transhumance

12

Human Development Report and HDI Concepts in Economic Geography - Primary Activities

16 19

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Determinism and possibilism ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Distribution among Continents .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Distribution among countries ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Demography: .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Census Basics...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Basic Population Profile of India ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 India’s Population Policy ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Concept of Total Fertility Rate .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 National Commission on Population (NCP) ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Demographic Transition.................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Age Structure, Demographic Dividend, Dependency Ratio and Longevity Dividend........................................................................................... 14 Age Sex Pyramid: .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Gathering ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Commercial Livestock Rearing........................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Primary Subsistence Agriculture ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Intensive subsistence agriculture ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Plantation Agriculture ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Mixed Farming ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Some Other terms:........................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Determinism and Possibilism Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and sociocultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other.

Determinism and possibilism Determinism and possibilism are two philosophical approaches in human geography. Determinism

Philosophy of Determinism is based upon the interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of

nature. This is an older philosophy which persisted till World War II. It says that the strong forces of environment control the course of human action. This implies that the history, culture, mode of life, and the level of

development of the societal groups and countries are exclusively or largely controlled by the physical environment. •

•

According to Determinism, man is a passive agent, and nature is active agent, which controls and

determines the action and decision-making processes of man.

As per determinism, the human actions can be explained as a response to the natural environment.

Environmental determinism

This philosophy says that aspects of physical geography, particularly climate, influenced the psychological mind-

set of individuals, which in turn defined the behaviour and culture of the society that those individuals formed. For example, tropical climates were said to cause laziness, relaxed attitudes and promiscuity, while the frequent variability in the weather of the middle latitudes led to more determined and driven work ethics. •

The core philosophy is that the supreme achievements of civilisation in any region were always bound up with a particular type of climate and variation in climate led to pulsations in the history and culture of the

people.

These geographers who propound this theory say that the civilisations of Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Indus-

valley, disappeared because of the climatic changes. The attacks of the central Asian nomads in different

directions in the 13th century were also attributed to the drying up of their pastures directions of climatic change. Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Possibilism

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Possibilism is reaction to determinism and environmental determinism. It is based upon the assumption that

environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions. This

theory says that the true and only geographical problem is that to utilisation of possibilities. Essence of Possibilism is that: •

• • • •

Nature provides possibilities and man utilises them according to his culture, traditions, and levels of socioeconomic development.

People are not just the products of their environment or just pawn of natural environment. Nature is never more than an adviser.

There are not necessities but everywhere possibilities.

The range of possibilities in every region is limited more by the price man is willing to pay of what he wants than by the dictates of environment. For instance, man through his technical skill can grow banana,

•

rice and rubber plants in tundra, Greenland, and Antarctica, but he has to take into consideration the

input cost.

The prohibitive cost of production of these crops in the extremely cold conditions of these areas will

compel man not to grow them in the tundra climate.

This approach has been criticised on several accounts. For example, despite numerous possibilities, man, has not

been able to get rid of the obstacles set by the physical forces. The possibilities may be many in the temperate regions but they are very limited in the deserts, equatorial, tundra, and high mountainous regions.

Neo-determinism

Australian geographer Griffith Taylor, in 1920 argued that the limit of agricultural settlements in Australia has been set by factors of the physical environment such a distribution of rainfall. He further said that the best

economic programme for a country to follow has in large part been determined by nature ,and it is the geographer’s duty to interpret this programme. Man is able to accelerate, slow, or stop the progress of a country’s

regions development. But he should not, if he is wise, depart from directions as indicated by natural environment. He is like the traffic controller in a large city who alters the rate but not the direction of progress. •

•

•

This theory is also called ‘’stop and go determinism’’.

It says that man follows nature’s plan only if he is wise, presuming he can act foolishly ,which admits the possible contention that within broad limits set by environment, man can choose at the very least. But wisdom and folly are human concepts. The nature knows nothing of them.\

This theory says that in no environment are the possibilities limitless and for every choice a price must be

paid. Man makes his choice and man himself judges its relative wisdom or folly by reference to goals he himself has established.

World Population The world at the beginning of 21st century recorded the presence of over 6 billion population. Current human

population is 7.062 Billion. As per the United States Census Bureau (USCB), world population exceeded 7 billion on March 12, 2012. According to the United Nations Population Fund, it reached this milestone in 2011.

In the initial phase of human history, human population grew at a very slow speed. The hazardous climatic

conditions the migratory character of hunters and gatherers, poor nourishment and poor technology were unfavourable for the growth of human population.

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Conventional General Studies-31

Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 The first major landmark in growth of human population was agriculture

revolution which refers to the domestication of the animals and plants some 10,000 years ago. The domestication of plants and animals resulted

in somewhat assured supply of food and a settled life in addition to hunting provided better nourishment.

The steady growth in human population till 14th century was briefly

interrupted by the Great Famine and the Black Death in 1350, when it

stood at around 370 million. After that it has increased and has been

Year 8000bc 1 ad 1000ad 1650 ad 1850 ad 1930 ad 1960 ad 1975 ad 1987 ad 1999 ad 2050 ad*

fastest in the 1960s and 1970s. Population growth since the beginning of

www.gktoday.in 3 World Population (millions) 5 200 300 500 1000 (1 biiion) 2000 (2 billion) 3000 (3 billion) 4000 ( 4 billion) 5000 (5 billion) 6000 (6 billion) 7500-10500 ( 7.5-10.5 billion) *Projected figures

agriculture until 1850 was very slow. The estimated population of the world in 1850 was about one billion, which

grew to two billion in 1930, three billion in 1960, and became six billion in 1999. Thus, fastest growth of population occurred between 1960 and 1999. The following table shows the Milestones of the world population. Population 1 1804 Year Years elapsed 123 Figures in Billion.

2 1927 33

3 1960 14

4 1974 13

5 1987 12

6 1999 13

7 2012 15-20

8 2025-2030 20–25

9 2045–50

We observe the above table that   

Time elapsed from 1 billion to 2 billion was maximum i.e. 123 years. This elapsing time decreased till 1999, when Population became 6 Billion. The projected time elapsed is now increasing till the population becomes 9 Billion.

Important Observations

•

•

Current projections show a continued increase in population in the near future (but a steady decline in

the population growth rate), with the global population expected to reach between 7.5 and 10.5 billion by 2050.

•

Broadly, 90 per cent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area

•

these 10 countries, 6 are located in Asia.

•

The 10 most populous countries of the world contribute about 60 per cent of the world’s population. Of Most dense areas of the world are the North -Eastern part of U.S.A., North-Western part of Europe, South,

South-East and East Asia

Other areas like those near the North and South Poles, the hot and the cold deserts and high rainfall zones

near the Equator have very low density of population. These are the sparsely populated regions of the world with less than 01 person per sq km.

Distribution among Continents • Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.2 billion inhabitants accounting for over 60% of the world •

population.

•

world's population.

• • •

The world's two most-populated countries alone, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the Africa is the second-most-populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population

Europe's 733 million people make up 11% of the world's population, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million (9%).

Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%).

Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population, based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 4 summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.

Distribution among countries • The following table shows the top 10 most populous countries of the world: Rank

Country / Territory

Population

% of world Population

1

China

1.36 Billion

19.20%

2

India

1.21 Billion

17%

3

United States

31 Million

4.46%

4

Indonesia

24 Million

3.37%

5

Brazil

20 Million

2.80%

6

Pakistan

18 Million

2.58%

7

Nigeria

17 Million

2.41%

8

Bangladesh

16 Million

2.28%

9

Russia

14.3 Million

2.01%

10

Japan

12.7 Million

1.81%

Demography: • Earth's overall population density is around 50 people per km², without including Antarctica. Nearly two•

• • •

thirds of the population lives in Asia and is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 1.3 billion in the country of China.

The World's fairly low literacy rate (83.7%) is attributable to impoverished regions. Extremely low

literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, the Arab states, South and West Asia, and Sub-Saharan

Africa.

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are the four largest religions encompassing a little over 75% of the total world population.

The world's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese.

Although English (4.83%) is spoken by many as a second language, Mandarin Chinese (12.44%) and

Spanish (4.85%) are the languages with the highest number of speakers.

•

Urban population has increased from 29% in 1950; to 50.5% in 2005. Tokyo is the largest urban

•

conglomeration in the world. Second largest urban conglomeration in the world is Delhi.

•

replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1.

• •

The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman, which is above the World population growth is unevenly distributed, going from .91 in Macau, to 7.68 in Niger. There are approximately 3.38 billion females in the World. The number of males is about 3.41 billion. World sex ratio is thus: 991

People under 14 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population (26.3%), and people age 65 and over made up less than one-tenth (7.9%) in 2011.

Current growth rate of the world population is approximately 1.09%.

Census of India and Demography Basics

Census Basics The earliest references of Census in India can be traced back to the Mauryan period in Kautilaya’s ‘Arthashastra’ (321-296 BC) and later during the Mughal period in the writings of Abul Fazl (1595-96) in the ‘Ain-e-Akbari’.

Census, in its present scientific form was conducted non-synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts

of the country. This effort culminating in 1872 has been popularly labelled as the first Census of India. This Census was not a synchronous census.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 5 • The first synchronous Census in India was carried out in 1881. An unbroken chain of censuses since then gives the Indian Census a unique historical legacy unparalleled in the world. Census 2011 is the fifteenth Census in this continuous series from 1872 and the seventh since Independence.

Indian population census organisation is considered as the largest administrative network in the world. For full

utility of the data, Indian census attempts to collect information on various socio-economic characteristics of the entire population

Census Act 1948

For the success of an operation of such magnitude and importance as the Population Census, it needs necessary backing of legislation by parliament, so that the Census Organisation is armed with necessary authority to have access to households and canvass the prescribed questionnaires and to expect the people to answer truthfully.

The law should also protect the interests of the people by guaranteeing the secrecy of the information collected.

Most countries have permanent Census law requiring periodic censuses to be taken in accordance with a scheme to be notified from time to time.

If in any country no such permanent law exists, suitable ad-hoc legislative approval should be obtained before launching on a census operation.

India also has a permanent legislation viz the Census Act of India 1948. This act empowers Central Government to notify the date for the census and to appoint a Census Commissioner and Superintendents of Census Operations in

States. The Act enjoins upon every citizen to assist in the taking of census. The Act lays down that services of any

citizen can be requisitioned for census work and takes obligatory on every person occupying a house, enclosure etc. to allow access to census officers, and to allow them to paint on or affix to the place such letters, marks or numbers as may be necessary for census purposes. Obligations of Citizens

Under the Census Act, the following are obligations of the Citizens of India: •

•

The law makes it obligatory on the part of every citizen to answer the census question truthfully.

The Act provides penalties for giving false answer or not giving answers at all to the census questionnaire.

Obligations of the Census Officers

•

The law calls upon the census officers to discharge their duties faithfully and warns them against putting any question to a person which is not covered by the questionnaire and they are required to record the

•

answers as given by the person enumerated.

•

maintenance of secrecy of the information collected at the census of each individual.

Secrecy of Information

•

One of the most important provision of the Census Act 1948 is that it makes provisions for the The Act requires strict secrecy to be maintained about the individual's record which should not be used for any purpose against the individual except for an offence in connection with the census itself.

The census records are not open to inspection and also not admissible in evidence. The answers

ascertained at the census can be used only for statistical purposes in which the individual data get

•

submerged.

•

area in a great territory, without omission or overlapping.

Universal Coverage

In organising a Population Census the primary objective to be achieved is to ensure coverage of the entire Therefore, a fundamental task in preparing for a census involves the location of every local area and building up of a suitable organisation to adequately cover it.

Operational Unit of enumeration:

•

The Household Census aims at enumerating every individual. But the operational unit is not the Individual but the physical entity of the household which is generally understood as a group of persons commonly living together and partaking of food from Facebook the sameGroup: kitchen. Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 6 • A household may occupy an entire house, or more than one household may share a house. In organising a census, one should locate every house and household. In order to achieve this clear delimitation of territory has to be undertaken by which every single household is accounted for.

Territorial Units

•

The country is divided into states and sub-divided into districts and further sub-divided into sub-districts,

sub-divisions, taluks etc. The smallest unit of administration will ultimately be a village or a town.

What is a Census Village?

•

A village may not be mere cluster of houses with a local name. It may be made up of the chief area of

habitation and the surrounding area falling within certain demarcated boundaries. Hamlets or scattered farm houses within such areas will have to be assigned to definite villages.

What is a Town / Urban Area?

•

Generally all places with local administration of its own such as a City Corporation, Municipality etc., are automatically treated as urban. For others, a minimum limit of population size is recognised for qualifying

a place as urban. It is 5,000 in some countries and in some others as little as 1,500 or 2,000. A minimum density of population is also laid down as a criterion to qualify a place as urban. It may be 1,000 per sq. Mile (or say 400 per sq. Km) as in India.

Model Question - 1. The method of Census followed in India is ___: A. De-facto Canvasser Method B. De-jure Household Method C. De-facto Household Method D. De-jure Canvasser method Answer: 1

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'Canvasser' method and 'householder' method of enumeration

'Canvasser' and the 'Householder' methods are the two recognised methods of census enumeration. Under the 'Canvasser' method the enumerator approaches every household and records the answer on the schedules

himself after ascertaining the particulars from the head of the household or other knowledgeable persons in the household. This is followed in India.

Under the 'householder' method the enumerator distributes the census schedules to each household in his jurisdiction and the head of the household is expected to fill the answer for all members of his household and the

enumerator later collects back the answered schedules soon after the census day is over. Since literacy is still low, the 'canvasser' method is the only practical method in India.

The Census of India is conducted once in a decade, following an extended de facto canvasser method.

Under this approach, data is collected from every individual by visiting the household and canvassing the questionnaire all over the country, over a period of three weeks. The count is then updated to the reference date

and time by conducting a Revisional Round. In the Revisional Round, changes in the entries that arise on account of births, deaths and migration between the time of the enumerator’s visit and the reference date/time are noted down and the record is updated.

De facto and De Jure Enumeration

An important question pertaining to enumeration that always arises at a Population Census is whether the population should be counted on a de-facto basis i.e. at the place where a person is actually found on the reference date of the census or on a de-jure basis i.e., count a person only according to the place of normal residence.

Of these, the enumeration on de-jure basis is more difficult to achieve without the risks of omission or double

count. Enumeration of de-facto population though may appear simple will be difficult unless the movement of

population is restricted on the census day and the entire enumeration is got through on a single night which is operationally difficult specifically when large population has to be covered by canvasser method.

1 De-facto Canvasser Method

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 7 In practice, therefore, enumeration on a 100 per cent de-facto or de-jure basis is impossible and often times a variation or even a combination of the two is resorted to. The census instructions should clearly lay down who are

the persons who should be enumerated during the census enumeration period. Census as a Union List Subject

In India, the population census is a Union subject (Article 246) and is listed at serial number 69 of the seventh schedule of the constitution. The Census Act 1948 forms the legal basis for conduct of census in independent India. Although the Census Act is an instrument of Central legislation, in the scheme of its execution, state hierarchy is setup at all levels by State Governments for the purpose of carrying out census.

The Census Organisation under the Union Home Ministry has been functioning on permanent footing ever since 1961 and provides a vital continuity to conceive, plan and implement the programme of census taking in country. The Organisation headed by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India has field offices in thirty three States and Union territories.

These are permanent Directorates headed by the Directors of Census Operations, who are mainly responsible for

the conduct of census in their respective jurisdiction. The states appoint State Co-ordinators for furthering coordination between the Directorate, Government of India and the State Government. Deputy Commissioners under the guidance of Divisional Commissioners function as Divisional Census Officers at the Division level in

states. District Collectors as Principal Census Officers are responsible for the census work in their respective districts.

Objective of conducting a Census

India is a welfare State. Since independence, Five Year Plans, Annual Plans and various welfare schemes have been launched for the benefit of the common man. All these require information at the grass root level. This

information is provided by the Census. Census is the basis of how the number of seats in Parliamentary/Assembly

Constituencies, Panchayats and other local bodies are determined. Similarly, Census helps on how the boundaries of such constituencies are demarcated. Census provides information on a large number of areas. House listing and

Housing Census has immense utility as it provides comprehensive data on the conditions of human settlements, housing deficit and consequently a wide range of data on amenities and assets available to the households,

information much needed by various departments of the Union and State Governments and other non

Governmental agencies for development and planning at the local level as well as the State level. This would also provide the base for Population Enumeration. Two Phases of Census 2011

The Census of India 2011 was conducted in two phases as follows: •

•

House listing and Housing Census

Population Enumeration.

The first phase of the Census was conducted in the period April to September, 2010 in different States/Union

Territories depending upon local conditions. The field work of the second phase (Population Enumeration) was carried out during February-March, 2011. Services of Teachers in census

Section 27 of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Primary Education Act, 2009 reads as follows : “No teacher shall be deployed for any non-educational purpose other than the decennial population Census, disaster relief

duties or duties relating to elections to the local authority or the State Legislatures or Parliament, as the case may

be.” This Act overrides all the existing judgments, whatsoever, on the subject matter ofappointment of teachers for performing Census related duties. In view of the above it is clear that the services of teachers can be used for works

of national importance like Census. (Kindly note this). It’s a legal obligation for a teacher to work for Census. Can records of census be used as evidence?

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 8 No person shall have a right to inspect any book, register or record made by a Census officer in the discharge of his duty as such, or any schedule delivered under section 10, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, no entry in any such book, register, record or schedule shall be admissible as evidence

in any civil proceeding whatsoever or in any criminal proceeding other than a prosecution under this Act or any other law for any act or omission which constitutes an offence under this Act. Meaning of Square and Triangle boxes in Enumeration lists of Census

A square means a pucca house. A triangle means a kuccha house as follows.

Basic Population Profile of India All Figures are approximate: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Total Population: 1.21 Billion = 1210 Million = 121 Crore Males: 623.7 million = 62.37 Crore

Females: 586.5 Million = 58.65 Crore National Sex Ratio: 940

Urban Population: 377.1 Million Rural Population: 833 Million

Rural Population as percentage of Total: 68.84%

Urban Population as percentage of Total: 31.16% Urban males: 195.8 Million

Urban Females: 181.3 Million Urban Sex Ratio: 926

Rural Males: 427.9 Million

Rural Females: 405.1 Million Rural Sex Ratio: 947

Population Density of India: 382

Growth Rate of Population

The population of India has increased by more than 181 million during the decade 2001-2011

The absolute addition is slightly lower than the population of Brazil, the fifth most populous 10 country in the world The population of India, at

1210.2 million, is almost equal to the combined population of U.S.A., Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan put together (1214.3

million) 2001-2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911- 1921) which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade. The percentage decadal growth 14 during 2001-2011 has registered the sharpest decline since Independence - a decrease of 3.90 percentage points from 21.54 to 17.64

percent Uttar Pradesh (200 million) is the most populous State in the country - population is more than the

population of Brazil. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra (312 million), is greater than the population of USA.

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Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography

To 10 states with highest and lowest population Rank State Population(2011 Census) Uttar Pradesh 19,95,81,477 1 Maharashtra 11,23,72,972 2 Bihar 10,38,04,637 3 West Bengal 9,13,47,736 4 Andhra Pradesh 8,46,65,533 5 Madhya Pradesh 7,25,97,565 6 Tamil Nadu 7,21,38,958 7 Rajasthan 6,86,21,012 8 Karnataka 6,11,30,704 9 Gujarat 6,03,83,628 10

Rank 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

State Jammu and Kashmir Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh Tripura Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Goa Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram Sikkim

Population(2011 Census) 1,25,48,926 1,01,16,752 68,56,509 36,71,032 29,64,007 27,21,756 19,80,602 14,57,723 13,82,611 10,91,014 6,07,688

States of India with equivalent countries of the World in Terms of Population State in India Population-2011 Country Uttar Pradesh 199.6 Brazil Maharashtra 112.4 Japan Bihar 103.8 Mexico West Bengal 91.3 Philippines Andhra Pradesh 84.7 Germany Madhya Pradesh 72.6 Turkey Tamil Nadu 72.1 Thailand Rajasthan 68.6 France Karnataka 61.1 United Kingdom Gujarat 60.4 Italy Orissa 41.9 Argentina Kerala 33.4 Canada Jharkhand 33 Morocco Assam 31.2 Iraq Punjab 27.7 Malaysia Chhattisgarh 25.5 Saudi Arabia Haryana 25.4 Australia State of World Population 2010

Population (2010) 195.4 127 110.5 93.6 82.1 72.7 68.1 62.8 61.9 60.1 40.7 33.9 32.4 31.5 27.9 26.2 21.5

Top District in terms of Population

1. Thane : 1 Crore 10 Lakh

2. North Twenty Fourth Pargana (WB) : 1 crore 82 Thousand Bottom Districts in terms of Population

1. Dibang Valley : 7948 2. Anjaw: 21089

Both in Arunachal Pradesh

Growth rate observation

All top populated states show decline in decadal growth rate in 2001-2011 in comparison to 1991-2001. State Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh

• • • • •

Growth Rate 1991-2001 25.85% 22.73% 28.62% 17.77% 14.59% 24.26%

Growth Rate 2001-2011 20.09% 15.99% 25.07% 13.93% 11.10% 20.30%

Highest Decadal Growth rate among states is that of : Meghalaya: 27.80%

Lowest Decadal Growth Rate among states is that of Nagaland : Negative 0.47% Highest Decadal Growth Rate among Uts : Dadra & Nagar Haveli : 55% Lowest decadal Growth rate among Uts : Lakshadweep: 6%

During 2001-2011, as many as 25 States/UTs with a share of about 85% of the country’s population registered an annual growth rate of less than 2% as compared to, 15 States/UTs with a share of

about 42% during the period 1991-2001 15 States/UTs have grown by less than 1.5 percent per annum during 2001-2011, while the number of such States/UTs was only 4 during the previous decade.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 10 • District with highest decadal growth rate was Kurung Kumey in Arunachal Pradesh that registered •

111% growth rate.

District with lowest decadal growth rate was Longleng in Nagaland which registered -58.39% Growth rate.

Age Group 0-6 Years

•

The total number of children in the age-

group 0-6 is 158.8 million (-5 million since

2001). Uttar Pradesh (29.7 million), Bihar (18.6 million), Maharashtra (12.8 million), Madhya • •

Pradesh

(10.5

million)

and

Rajasthan (10.5 million) constitute 52% Children in the age group of 0-6 years.

The proportion of Child Population in the age group of 0-6 years to total Population is 13.1 percent while the corresponding figure in 2001 was 15.9 percent. The decline has been to the extent of 2.8 points. The proportion of Child Population in the age group of 0-6 years to total Population is indicative of fall/rise in fertility.

Gender Composition

•

Overall Sex ratio at the National level has increased by 7 points since Census 2001 to reach 940 at Census 2011 .

•

This is the highest Sex Ratio recorded since Census1971 and a shade lower than 1961.

•

Increase in Sex Ratio is observed in 29 States/UTs

•

decline in Sex Ratio as compared to Census2001.

• • • •

Three major States (J&K, Bihar & Gujarat) have shown Top Sex Ratio: Kerala,

Lowest Sex Ratio : Daman & Diu

District with highest sex ratio: Mahe

District with lowest sex ratio: Daman

Child sex ratio in India (0-6 years) is lowest since independence that is 914.

Literacy in census

• •

•

2011 India’s literacy rates stands at 74.04 % for age 7 and above. The literacy has increased by 9.2% from 2001 Census.

Male literacy stands at 82.14 and female literacy stands at 65.46.

Ten States and Union Territories viz., Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman & Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have achieved literacy rate of above 85 per cent, the target

set by the Planning Commission to be achieved by 20112012.

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Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 • The gap of 21.59 percentage points recorded between male

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and female literacy rates in 2001 Census has reduced to

16.68 percentage points in 2011. Planning Commission has

set up target of reducing this gap to 10 percentage points by the year 2011-2012

Population Density

As per the provisional data of Census 2011, population density of

India stands at 382, which is 17.5% more than 325 in Census 2001.

NCT of Delhi with 11297 is has highest density in India, followed by Chandigarh where population density stands at 9252. •

•

Population density of Arunachal Pradesh is 17, lowest among

all states and Uts in India.

Lowest Population density among Uts is of Andaman & Nicobar Islands (46).

India’s Population Policy India was the first country to realise the importance of population as early as in 1951-52 , but a rigid policy was not adopted to check the population growth.

Government has adopted a National Population Policy in February, 2000. The main objective is to provide or undertake activities aimed to achieve population stabilisation, at a level consistent with the needs of sustainable

economic growth, social development and environment protection, by 2045. The other objectives are: •

• •

To promote and support schemes, programmes, projects and initiatives for meeting the unmet needs for contraception and reproductive and child health care.

To promote and support innovative ideas in the Government, private and voluntary sector with a view to achieve the objectives of the National Population Policy 2000.

To facilitate the development of a vigorous people’s movement in favour of the national effort for population stabilisation.

Concept of Total Fertility Rate Total Fertility Rate may be defined as average number of children that would be born to a woman if she experiences

the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span (15-49 years). The total fertility rate is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows

the potential for population change in a country. A TFR of 2.1 i.e., two children per women is considered the

replacement rate for a population, resulting in relative stability in terms of total population numbers. Rates above

two children per woman indicate population growing in size and whose median age is declining. Rates below two

children per woman indicate population decreasing in size and growing older. Office of Registrar General, India estates TFR annually through Sample Registration System, a large scales demographic Survey Conducted by them.

National Commission on Population (NCP) With a view to monitor and direct the implementation of the National Population Policy, the NCP was constituted in 2000 and it was re-constituted in 2005. The Chairman of the re-constituted Commission continued to be Prime

Minister of India, whereas Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission and the Minister of Health & FW are the two Vice-Chairmen and Secretary, H&FW, is the Member-Secretary of the Commission. 20 states also have their own population commission.

Janasankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK)

The Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK) has been set up as an autonomous body in the Ministry of Health and Family

Welfare, duly registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The objective of JSK is to facilitate

the attainment of the goals of National Population Policy 2000 and support projects, schemes, initiatives and Facebook Group: Indian Administrative Service ( Raz Kr)

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 12 innovative ideas designed to help population stabilization both in the Government and Voluntary sectors and provide a window for canalizing resources through voluntary contributions from individuals, industry, trade organizations and other legal entities in furtherance of the national cause of population stabilization.

Migration, Demographic Transition and Transhumance Migration, fertility and mortality are the basic fundamental elements determining population growth and

demographic structure of a country. Migration may be international, intra-national, interregional, intra-urban, rural-to-urban, , and urban-to-rural.

Migration is permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a

significant distance. On the basis of distance, it may be long or short distance. On the basis of number, migration

may be individual or mass; it may be politically sponsored or voluntary. On the basis of social organisation, migration may be that of family, community, clan, or individual. On the basis of causes, migration may be

economic, social, cultural, religious or political. Migration may be stepwise or direct from the place of origin to the destination.

There can be various causes of migration such as over population, economic causes, Technology, Political causes,

socio-religious causes, demographic causes and wars.

People migrate for a better economic and social life. There are two sets of factors that influence migration. •

•

The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment, poor

living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.

The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate

Migration has a direct and indirect consequence on society, demography, economy, and environment. Some of the main consequences of migration are:

Reallocation of resources

Generally, people from the crowded and overpopulated areas emigrate to the areas of sparse population with better re-source base, which helps in maintaining a balance between population and physical resources. Change in demographic characteristics

Migration brings tangible change in demographic characteristics of place of origin and place of destination. The

absolute number of population, the density of population, age composition, and literacy rates are either favourably or adversely affected. Change in sex ratio

The sex ratio at the place of destination drops as the male members have been added while the sex ratio at the place of origin increases. Economic gains

There is more intensive and judicious utilisation of physical resources at the place of destination, leading to

higher agricultural and industrial production. The migrants send money back to home to their families which brings prosperity to the place of origin of migration also.

Transformation of ethnic characteristics

The physical and marital contacts of people belonging to different ethnic groups may change the biological characteristic of the migrants and that of the host population. Transformation of cultural values

When large scale migration takes place, the cultural values of the people undergo radical transformation. The

dietary habits of the people are also significantly transformed.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 13 Demographic Transition As mentioned above, there are three components of population change viz. births, deaths and migration. Crude Birth Rate

The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is expressed as number of live births in a year per thousand of population. It is calculated as:

Where: Bi= Live Births during the year

𝐶𝐵𝑅 =

P= Mid-year population of the area.

𝐵𝑖 𝑋 1000 𝑃

Death rate plays an active role in population change. Population growth occurs not only by increasing births rate but also due to decreasing death rate. Crude Death Rate

Crude Death Rate (CDR) is a simple method of measuring mortality of any area. CDR is expressed in terms of number of deaths in a particular year per thousand of population in a particular region 𝐶𝐷𝑅 =

𝐷 𝑋 1000 𝑃

Where: D= Number of deaths

P=Estimated mid year population

By and large mortality rates are affected by the region’s demographic structure, social advancement and levels of its economic development.

Model Question - 2. (IAS 2012) Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development: 1. Low birth rate with low death rate 2. High birth-rate with high death rate 3. High birth-rate with low death rate Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below : [A]1 2 3 [B]2 1 3 [C]2 3 1 [D]3 2 1 Answer: 2

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The theory of Demographic transition is used to describe and predict the future population of any area. The

theory tells us that population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.

First Stage:

The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more

to compensate for the deaths due to

epidemics and variable food supply. The

population growth is slow and most of the

people are engaged in agriculture where

large families are an asset. Life expectancy 2 2, 3 1 is the correct order.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 14 is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage. Second stage:

Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap

the net addition to population is high. Third stage

In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly.

The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical knowhow and deliberately controls the family size. This shows that human beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust their fertility. In the present day, different countries are at different stages of demographic transition.

Age Structure, Demographic Dividend, Dependency Ratio and Longevity Dividend Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups. This is an important indicator of population composition, since a large size of population in the age group of 15-59 indicates a large working

population. A greater proportion of population above 60 years represents an ageing population which requires more expenditure on health care facilities. Similarly high proportion of young population would mean that the region has a high birth rate and the population is youthful.

Demographic Dividend Model Question - 3. (IAS 2011) India is regarded as a country with “Demographic Dividend’’. This is due to? (a) Its high population in the age group below 15 years. (b) Its high population in the age group of 15-64 years. (c) Its high population in the age group above 65 years. (d) Its high total population. Answer: 3

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India is a nation of young people - out of a population of above 1.1 billion, 672 million people are in the age-group

15 to 59 years, - which is usually treated as the “working age population”.

A few years back, it was proposed that India in near future (30 years) will see a sharp decline in the dependency ratio over, which will constitute a major ‘demographic dividend’ for India. In 2001, 11% of population of the

country was in age group of 18-24 years which is expected to rise to 12% by the end of XI Five Year Plan. However, recent data says that India’s old age dependency ratio is increasing consistently:

Model Question - 4. Consider the following statements: 1. The Government data shows that India's old age dependency ratio is increasing consistently 2. Increased old age dependency ratio has no impact on productive part of the population Which among the above statements is / are correct? [A]Only 1 is correct [B]Only 2 is correct [C]Both 1 & 2 are correct [D]Neither 1 nor 2 is correct

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The increasing dependency ratio brings more economic pressure on working population. As the ratio increases

there may be an increased burden on the productive part of the population to maintain the means of livelihood of the economically dependent. This results in direct impacts on financial expenditures on things like social security, as well as many indirect consequences.

Longevity Dividend

When people live longer, it offers society a chance to reap a ‘longevity’ dividend. This implies that the elderly continue to contribute significantly for an unprecedented period of time. However, in order to reap that benefit, it is necessary that the challenges of an ageing population and understood and effective policy are made in time. 3 Correct Answer is B.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 15 Age Sex Pyramid: The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population.

The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population and also indicates whether the

population is experiencing growth or decline or stability.

In an age sex pyramid, the left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age group.

Triangle Shaped Pyramid:

A Triangle shaped pyramid with a wide base

reflects that the number of people with lower age groups is larger and thus there would be high birth rates.

This kind of age sex pyramid is typical for Nigeria,

Bangladesh or Mexico or such less developed countries. These have larger populations in

lower age groups due to high birth rates. If you construct the pyramids for Bangladesh and Mexico, it would look the same.

Bell shaped Pyramid tapered at top

Australia’s age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population. Bell shaped Pyramid tapered at top and bottom

The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative. India’s Age Sex Pyramid

India's population is to grow by just over 57% between 2000 and 2050. This overall growth will, in part, be due to increased life expectancy and, therefore, a larger elderly population - around 10 million aged 80 years and over in

2005 to grow to around 50 million in 2050. However, the population is expected to begin to decline beyond 2050,

with the 0-4 year old group falling from over 110 million in 2005 to just over 105 million. This means that India's Age Sex Pyramid was on stage 1 in past and expected to be at stage 4 in 2050.

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Human Development Report and HDI (Note: The next Human Development Report – “The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World” – will be published in March 2013. This section takes reference from 2011 report)

The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual publication of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The report was first launched in 1990 by the Pakistani Economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel

laureate Amartya Sen. Its goal was to place people at the centre of the development process in terms of economic debate, policy and advocacy. Development was characterised by the provision of choices and freedoms resulting in widespread outcomes.

People are the real wealth of a nation

•

“People are the real wealth of a nation,” was the opening line of the first report in 1990.

Independent Report

•

•

• •

Objective:

The United Nations General Assembly has formally recognized the Report as “an independent intellectual exercise” and “an important tool for raising awareness about human development around the world.”

Human Development Report does NOT represent UN policy or UNDP Policy.

Human Development Report is an independent report, commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and is the product of a selected team of leading scholars, development practitioners

and members of the Human Development Report Office of UNDP.

The Report depends on statistics from a wide array of UN and other multilateral agencies, but its analysis and conclusions are the product and responsibility of the Report’s authors alone.

Its editorial autonomy is protected by a special resolution of the General Assembly (A/RES/57/264),

which recognizes the Human Development Report as “an independent intellectual exercise” and “an important tool for raising awareness about human development around the world."

Report’s ultimate goal is to help advance human development. This means placing as much emphasis on health, education, and the expansion human freedoms and abilities as economic growth. 2011 Human Development Report

•

•

The 2011 Report – “Equity and Sustainability: A Better Future for All” – addresses the integral links

between long-term environmental protection and greater social equality.

The main message of the Report is that continuing human development progress must be both sustainable and equitable – or it will be neither.

Countries Covered

•

The 2011 HDI covers a record 187 countries and territories, 18 more than the 169 included in the 2010 HDI.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 17 • This major expansion of HDI coverage is the result of intensified efforts by the Human Development Report office to work with international data providers and national statistical agencies to obtain

required development indicators for the HDI which had been unavailable for some countries in previous years.

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: • • •

A long and healthy life Access to knowledge

A decent standard of living.

The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices measuring achievements in each dimension. They are

shown in the following graphics:

How HDI is calculated?

There are two steps to calculating the HDI. •

•

Step 1. Creating the dimension indices

Step 2. Aggregating the subindices to produce the Human Development Index

In the first step, the Minimum and maximum values (goalposts) are set in order to transform the indicators into indices between 0 and 1. •

•

The maximums are the highest observed values in the time series (1980–2011). The minimum values can be appropriately conceived of as subsistence values. The minimum values are set at 20

years for life expectancy, at 0 years for both education variables and at $100 •

for per capita gross national income (GNI).

The low value for income can be justified by the considerable amount of unmeasured

subsistence

and

nonmarket production in economies close to the minimum, not captured in the official data. The following table shows the Goalposts for the Human Development Index in the 2011 report.

Having defined the minimum and maximum values, the subindices are calculated as follows: Dimension Index =

actual value – minimum value

maximum value – minimum value

After that, the HDI is calculated as geometric mean of the three dimension indices. Example: The following calculation shows an example of Vietnam:

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Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

•

• •

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequality in distribution of each dimension across the population.

The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimensions by “discounting” each dimension’s average value according to its level of inequality.

The IHDI equals the HDI when there is no inequality across people but is less than the HDI as inequality rises. In this sense, the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for this inequality),

•

while the HDI can be viewed as an index of “potential” human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no inequality.

The “loss” in potential human development due to inequality is given by the difference between the HDI and the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentage.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

•

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects women’s disadvantage in three dimensions—reproductive

health, empowerment and the labour market—for as many countries as data of reasonable quality allow. •

The index shows the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in these dimensions.

It ranges from 0, which indicates that women and men fare equally, to 1, which indicates that women fare as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) identifies multiple deprivations at the individual level in health,

education and standard of living. It uses micro data from household surveys, as basis of deprivation of Cooking fuel, Toilet, Water, Electricity, Floor, Assets. Each person in a given household is classified as poor or nonpoor

depending on the number of deprivations his or her household experiences. These data are then aggregated into the national measure of poverty.

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3. Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at national level Select the correct answer using the codes given below: [A]1 Only [B]2 & 3 Only [C]1 & 3 Only [D]1, 2 & 3 Answer: 4

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Top 10 Countries in Human Development Index 2011-11-26 Rank Country HDI 0.943 1 Norway 2 3 4

Australia

Netherlands United States

New Zealand 5 Canada 6 Ireland 7 8 Liechtenstein 9 Germany 10 Sweden Bottom 10 Countries with Lowest HDI

Rank 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187

India’s Rank

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0.929 0.910 0.910 0.908 0.908 0.908 0.905 0.905 0.904

Country

Guinea Central African Republic Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Liberia Chad Mozambique Burundi Niger Democratic Republic of Congo

HDI 0.344 0.343 0.336 0.331 0.329 0.328 0.322 0.316 0.295 0.286

India has been placed at 134th Place in the HDI 2011. When inequality is factored in, it experiences a 30%

drop in human development values, ranking 129th out of 146 countries. India’s Gender Inequality Index (GII)

worsened slightly between 2008 and 2011, and India now ranks 129 out of 146 countries on the GII, better only than Afghanistan in south Asia.

The Goalposts for calculation of HDI for India were as follows:

In the 2010 Human Development Report, prepared by UNDP, India had been ranked at 119 out of 169 countries.

But the new report for 2011 says it is misleading to compare values and rankings with those of previously published reports, because the underlying data and methods have changed, as well as the number of countries included in the Human Development Index. India's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2011 was 0.547

positioning the country in the 'medium human development category'. Neighbouring Pakistan was ranked at 145 (0.504) and Bangladesh at 146 (0.500) respectively in terms of HDI.

Concepts in Economic Geography - Primary Activities Human activities which generate income are known as economic activities. Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.

Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to utilisation of earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals. It, thus includes, hunting and gathering, pastoral 4 1 Only

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 20 activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying. We have already studied the primary sector of India economy, this section focuses on some core concepts. Red Collar workers

People engaged in primary activities are called red collar workers due to the outdoor nature of their work.

Gathering Gathering and hunting are the oldest economic activity known.

Gathering is practised in regions with harsh climatic conditions. It often involves primitive societies, who extract both plants

and animals to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and clothing. The main features of Gathering and Hunting activities are: •

• •

Low Capital / Skill Investment Low Yield Per Person

No Surplus in production

Gathering is practised in the following areas of the world: •

•

Northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile (High Altitude Areas)

Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior

parts of Southeast Asia.

Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals

for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport. They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water, thus there is an irregular pattern of movement. It is different from Transhumance in which there is a fixed seasonal pattern of movement.

Nomadic pastoralism is commonly practised in regions with little arable land, typically in the developing world. Of the estimated 30–40 million nomadic pastoralists worldwide, most are found in central Asia and

Northern and western region of Africa, some parts

of southern Africa and Tundra regions. Transhumance

Transhumance is the seasonal movement of people

with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In montane regions (vertical transhumance)

it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter. Herders have a

permanent home, typically in valleys. Only the herds

travel, with the people necessary to tend them. In contrast, horizontal transhumance is more susceptible to being disrupted by climatic, economic or political change.

Transhumance in India & World

In mountain regions, such as Himalayas, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate from plains to the

mountains in summers and to the plains from the high altitude pastures in winters. In Rajasthan also the herders from desert regions move towards central India during summer season.

Similarly, in the tundra regions, the nomadic herders move from south to north in summers and from north to south in winters. The number of pastoral nomads has been decreasing and the areas operated by them shrinking. This is due to imposition of political boundaries and new settlement plans by different countries.

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Conventional General Studies-31 www.gktoday.in Essential Concepts of Human Geography, Census Data & Economic Geography Target 2013 21 Commercial Livestock Rearing Commercial livestock rearing is more organised and capital intensive activity in comparison to the Nomadic pastoralism. It is generally practised in permanent ranches. Ranches

Ranches refers to the large stock farms, usually fenced in, where animals are bred and reared on a commercial scale. They are found especially in the United States.

Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed

and packed scientifically and exported to different world

markets emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement,

disease control and health care of the animals. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States

of America are important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practised.

Primary Subsistence Agriculture Subsistence agriculture is one in which the farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It is of two types viz. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture and Intensive Subsistence Agriculture.

Primitive subsistence agriculture is also known as Shifting Cultivation. It is widely practised by many tribes in

the tropics, especially in Africa, south and Central America and south East Asia.

When the vegetation is cleared by fire, and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil, it is called slash and burn agriculture. After sometime (3 to 5 years) the soil

looses its fertility and the farmer shifts to another

parts and clears other patch of the forest for cultivation.

The farmer may return to the earlier patch after

sometime. Major problem of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of jhum becomes less and less due to

loss of fertility in different parcels. It is prevalent in tropical region in different names, e.g.           

Jhuming in North eastern states of India Milpa in central America and Mexico Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysia, Caingin in Philippines, Ray in Vietnam, Taungya In Myanmar Tamrai in Thailand, Chena in Sri Lanka, Conuco in Venezuela, Roca in Brazil, Masole in central Africa.

Intensive subsistence agriculture Intensive subsistence agriculture is predominant in the densely populated regions of monsoon Asia. There are two types as follows:

Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation

This is dominated by the paddy crop and is prevalent in the Eastern India. The Land holdings are very small due

to the high density of population. Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour. Farm yard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, 

The yield per unit area is high

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Per labour productivity is low.

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Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy:

Wheat, soyabean, barley and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and

North Japan. In India wheat is grown in western

parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India. Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used.

Plantation Agriculture Plantation agriculture

was

introduced

by

Europeans in their tropical colonies. Some of the

important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, bananas and pineapples. The characteristic features of this type of farming are • • • • • • •

Large estates or plantations, Large capital investment,

• •

Managerial and technical support

•

Single crop specialisation

•

Scientific methods of cultivation Cheap labour,

Good system of transportation which links the

•

The French established cocoa and coffee plantations in West Africa. The British set up large tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka, rubber plantations in Malaysia and sugarcane and banana plantations in West Indies. Spanish and Americans invested heavily in coconut and sugarcane plantations in the Philippines. The Dutch once had monopoly over sugarcane plantation in Indonesia. Some coffee fazendas (large plantations) in Brazil are still managed by Europeans.

estates to the factories and markets for the export of the products.

Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the midlatitudes. Wheat is the

principal crop, other crops being corn, barley, oats and rye . This is characterised by very large farms and entire operation mechanised. Predominant in Eurasian steppes, the Canadian and American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South Africa, the Australian Downs and the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand.

Mixed Farming Mixed Farming is a type of farming in which cultivation of crops and raising of livestock go hand in hand.

Both these activities play an important part in the economy.

Mixed Farming is predominant in highly developed parts of the world, e.g. North-western Europe, Eastern North

America, parts of Eurasia and the temperate latitudes of Southern continents. The important features of Mixed Farming are: •

Medium to large size farms

•

Crop rotation and intercropping for maintaining soil fertility.

•

Crop cultivation and equal importance on animal husbandry.

Animals like cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry provide the main income along with crops. Mixed farming is

characterised by high capital expenditure on farm machinery and building, extensive use of chemical fertilisers and green manures and also by the skill and expertise of the farmers.

Dairy is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals. It is highly capital intensive.

Some Other terms:

Rotation of Crops

A systematic succession of different crops on a given piece of land carried out in order to avoid exhaustion of the

soil.

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Farming practised more or less permanently on the same piece of land, the same as settled agriculture. Truck Farming

Growing of vegetables around the urban centres to meet the daily demand of the people is known as truck farming. It is governed by the distance a truck can cover overnight between the farm and the market.

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