Global developments have had an increasing impact on contemporary cities, regions and territories from the societal, economical and geographical points of view. Since 1998 the impact of word cities into globalization has been extensively studied by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network.1 GaWC provides a geographic and economic-based overview of the world and its evolving configuration. Particularly relevant in this discourse is its categorization of world cities into α, β and γ tiers2, based upon their international connectedness.3 If the world is observed from the point of view of the connectivity of the world cities, a new image emerges, where each city is virtually oriented to other cities of the same level of inter-connectivity. National or continental maps give way to a new world configuration intended as an archipelago, where each city appears utterly separated from its geographical surrounding and closer to other cities of same level. The leading parameters for the new configuration are based on mutual connections, primarily in the global economic system. The atlas shows the world cities according to the GaWC categorization of 2010. From this, a new configuration emerges, where expected national and local boundaries are presented in their real disposition based upon their international connectedness.
α+ city α city α- city connection with α group city β+ city β city β- city connection with β group city γ+ city
The world of β cities
γ city γ- city
Shape of connectivity amongst world cities of same tier and Proportional Global Network Connectivity (GNC) Scores 2010, according to GaWC
OSAKA OK_25.20 BRISBANE BB_28.98
CALGARY CG_25.36
DENVER DV_27.90 ST. LOUIS SL_26.74 DETROIT DT_28.43 CLEVELAND CV_25.74 RIO JANEIRO BIRMINGHAM RJ_29.48 BM_29.51 CASABLANCA COLOGNE CS_27.44 CO_26.82 LAGOS GENEVA STUTTGART LG_25.88 GN_28.59 ST_27.10 BRATISLAVA HELSINKI BV_27.55 SOFIA HL_26.73 NICOSIA SO_26.91 NC_29.58 MANAMA MM_27.11 PORT LOUIS ABU DHABI PL_27.44 AB_29.84 CALCUTTA PERTH CC_28.47 PE_25.82 SHENZHEN SZ_25.80
SAN DIEGO SD_26.07 MONTERREY MY_27.81 GUATEMALA GT_25.30 PANAMA PN_26.14 SAN JUAN SN_25.45
NAGOYA 18.40 WELLINGTON 18.29
PUNE 19.84 COLOMBO 19.06
TALLIN 19.97
MUSCAT 18.56 ISLAMABAD 18.85
ALMATY 22.56
18.37 LJUBLJANA 18.92
γ- cities
DURBAN 18.52
HO CHI MINH HC_33.86
AUCKLAND AK_33.53
GUANGZHOU GZ_34.12
KARACHI KR_31.21 CHENNAI CN_32.81 VALENCIA 22.92 LYON 22.55
MANCHESTER MC_31.43 OSLO OS_33.51 MONTEVIDEO MV_30.45
PHOENIX EDMONTON 22.77 GUADALAJARA 20.00 22.55 SAN SALVADOR KANSAS CITY 21.41 22.79 INDIANAPOLIS QUITO 20.28 22.46 TAMPA COLUMBUS SANTO DOMINGO 20.85 20.38 22.33 PITTSBURGH 20.25
β cities
LUXEMBOURG CAPE TOWN LX_34.56 CT_30.69 BUCHAREST BU_32.38
DALLAS DA_42.96 MIAMI PHILADELPHIA MI_46.20 PH_40.42 ATLANTA BOSTON AT_42.45 BS_43.35
KUALA L. KL_49.88 JAKARTA JK_48.87
MUMBAI MB_55.16
BEIJING BJ_58.37 SEOUL SU_49.78
FRANKFURT FR_52.61 MOSCOW MS_54.29
MADRID MD_55.23 MILAN MI_58.86
BRUSSELS BR_49.74 AMSTERDAM AM_51.85
α+ cities
SAO PAULO SP_55.73
TORONTO TR_58.26 WASHINGTON WC_47.51
α cities
BUENOS AIRES BA_50.15
MEXICO CITY MX_52.50
Sources: - Clasification of cities: Classification of GaWC 2010. Geography Department, Loughborough University. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/ world2010t.html - Global network connectivity scores 2010: Geography Department, Loughborough University. - City codes: GaWC Research Bulletin 355. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/ rb/rb355.html
S. FRANCISCO SF_48.76 LOS ANGELES LA_55.11
α++ cities 1. GaWC is a research network based in the Geography Department at Loughborough University (UK), founded by Peter J. Taylor in 1998 . GaWC studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. http://www.lboro.ac.uk. 2. The classification is based upon the office networks of 100 advanced producer service firms in 315 cities. Cf. GaWC Research Bulletin 43. http:// www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000.html. 3. Definition is from: Taylor, Peter J. (2004). World city network: a global urban analysis. Routledge.
PARIS PA_68.28
CHICAGO CH_61.60
NEW YORK NY_94.35
LONDON LN_100
The world of γ cities
HONG KONG HK_72,96
Map of Global Cities 2010. The map clearly shows areas of the world rather dense and others almost irrelevant in terms of world city connectivity
TURIN. 18.37. L. JUBL. JANA. 18.92. MUSCA. T. 18.56. PUNE. 19.84. DURBAN. 18.52. COL. OMBO. 19.06. WELLINGT. ON. 18.29. ISLAMABAD. 18.85. NAGO. Y. A. 18.40. ORLANDO. 19.51. CURITIBA. 18.16. TEGUCIGALP. A. 18.88. GU. A. Y. AQUIL. 18.41. POR. T. O ALEGRE. 19.77. The world of α cities. The world of β ...
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